Krasta Manual English 9.7

KRASTA
Program for statical and modal

analysis of spatial frames
MANUAL
Khne BSB GmbH, DE 64295 Darmstadt, Mina-Rees-Strae 5A, Tel:+49-(0)6151/397690-0, Fax: -200
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Contents iii
Contents
1 KRASTA ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 POSSIBILITIES AND FIELDS OF USAGE OF KRASTA ............................................................................ 3
1.2 CALCULATION ACCORDING TO THEORY 2ND ORDER ............................................................................. 3
1.3 LOADS AND PREDISPLACEMENTS ...................................................................................................... 3
1.4 MASS DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 PAS ................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.6 STAB88 / NODYA .......................................................................................................................... 3
2 LEGAL ISSUES.................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 LICENSE AGREEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 LIABILITY ......................................................................................................................................... 6
3 INSTALLATION.................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 KRASTA ........................................................................................................................................ 7
3.1.1 Obtaining the latest KRASTA Version .................................................................................... 7
3.1.2 Start of Installation .................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.3 First start of KRASTA ............................................................................................................. 7
3.1.4 Directory for manager system and temporary files ................................................................ 8
3.1.5 Start of KRASTA .................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.6 Closing KRASTA .................................................................................................................. 10
3.2 LICENCE FILES............................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 File extension and location of the Licence File .................................................................... 11
3.2.2 How to check your Licence File ........................................................................................... 11
3.2.3 Changes to the Licence File ................................................................................................. 11
3.2.4 Protection against misuse .................................................................................................... 11
4 BASICS IN PROGRAM USAGE ........................................................................................................ 13
4.1 USER SETTING AND SETUP............................................................................................................. 15
4.1.1 The KRASTA-Manager ........................................................................................................ 15
4.1.2 The User Profile ................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 KRASTA BASICS .......................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.1 Main Window ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.2.2 Left mouse button ................................................................................................................. 20
4.2.3 Middle mouse button / mouse wheel .................................................................................... 20
4.2.4 Right mouse button .............................................................................................................. 20
4.2.5 Orbit-Mode ........................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.6 Hotkeys................................................................................................................................. 22
4.2.7 KRASTA Objects .................................................................................................................. 22
4.2.8 Single Object Selection ........................................................................................................ 23
4.2.9 Multiple Object Selection ...................................................................................................... 24
4.2.10 OK and Cancel ..................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.11 Saving of texts and pictures ................................................................................................. 24
4.2.12 Input Controls ....................................................................................................................... 25
4.3 HANDLING OF KRASTA SYSTEMS................................................................................................... 27
4.3.1 Purge System ....................................................................................................................... 27
4.3.2 KRASTA archives ................................................................................................................. 27
4.4 SELECTION OF BEAMS AND NODES ................................................................................................. 29
4.4.1 Current Selection .................................................................................................................. 29
4.4.2 Selection Mode ..................................................................................................................... 29
4.4.3 Changing the current selection, graphically interactive ........................................................ 29
4.4.4 Changing the current selection, in respect to beam or node properties .............................. 30
4.5 VIEW, DISPLAY, PROJECTION ......................................................................................................... 31
4.5.1 Display Subset ..................................................................................................................... 31
4.6 COLOURS AND CAPTIONS ............................................................................................................... 33
4.6.1 Colours ................................................................................................................................. 33
4.6.2 Captions ............................................................................................................................... 33
iv Contents KRASTA 9.7 Manual
4.6.3 Text and symbol sizes .......................................................................................................... 34

4.7 PRINTING ....................................................................................................................................... 35
4.8 PAGE LAYOUT ................................................................................................................................ 36
4.9 OPTIONS........................................................................................................................................ 37
4.9.1 Units ...................................................................................................................................... 37
4.9.2 Languages ............................................................................................................................ 37
4.9.3 Text and Graphic Sizes ........................................................................................................ 37
4.9.4 Colours ................................................................................................................................. 37
4.9.5 Orbit-Settings ........................................................................................................................ 37
4.9.6 Save / Open .......................................................................................................................... 38
4.9.7 Handling of inactive beams .................................................................................................. 38
4.9.8 Administration ....................................................................................................................... 38
5 MODELLING ....................................................................................................................................... 41
5.1 COORDINATE SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................. 43
5.1.1 Inertial System ...................................................................................................................... 43
5.1.2 Subsystem Coordinate System ............................................................................................ 43
5.1.3 Beam Coordinate System ..................................................................................................... 43
5.1.4 Principal Axes Coordinate System ....................................................................................... 44
5.2 BEAMS AND NODES ........................................................................................................................ 45
5.2.1 Beam and Node Name ......................................................................................................... 45
5.2.2 Beam Properties ................................................................................................................... 46
5.2.3 Node Properties .................................................................................................................... 49
5.3 CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 51
5.3.1 Split Beam ............................................................................................................................ 51
5.3.2 Reverse Beams .................................................................................................................... 52
5.3.3 Translation, Stretching, Copying and Mirroring .................................................................... 52
5.3.4 Rounding .............................................................................................................................. 53
5.3.5 Check for double beams or nodes ....................................................................................... 53
5.4 CROSS SECTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 55
5.4.1 Points for Proof of Stresses .................................................................................................. 55
5.4.2 Direct Input Cross Section .................................................................................................... 56
5.4.3 Partial Rigid Cross Sections ................................................................................................. 56
5.4.4 Thin-Walled Cross Sections ................................................................................................. 58
5.4.5 Parametric Cross Sections ................................................................................................... 59
5.4.6 Standard Cross Sections ...................................................................................................... 70
5.4.7 Import Cross Sections .......................................................................................................... 70
5.4.8 Plot Cross Sections .............................................................................................................. 70
5.4.9 Clean Up Cross Sections ..................................................................................................... 70
5.5 MATERIAL ...................................................................................................................................... 71
5.5.1 Clean Up Materials ............................................................................................................... 71
5.6 CLASSIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 73
5.6.1 Classification of Materials ..................................................................................................... 73
5.6.2 Notch Case Classifications ................................................................................................... 73
5.7 LISTS............................................................................................................................................. 77
5.7.1 Simple Beam or Node Lists .................................................................................................. 77
5.7.2 Other simple lists .................................................................................................................. 77
5.7.3 Composition Lists ................................................................................................................. 78
5.7.4 Filter Lists ............................................................................................................................. 78
5.7.5 Clean Up of Lists .................................................................................................................. 78
5.8 MASS CASES ................................................................................................................................. 79
5.8.1 Permanent Mass .................................................................................................................. 79
5.8.2 Basic Mass Cases (BMC) ..................................................................................................... 79
5.8.3 Combination Mass Cases (CMC) ......................................................................................... 82
5.8.4 Situation Dependent Mass Case (SMC) .............................................................................. 82
5.8.5 Sum of Masses ..................................................................................................................... 82
5.9 LOAD CASES .................................................................................................................................. 83
5.9.1 Basic Load Case (BLC) ........................................................................................................ 83
5.9.2 Combination Load Case (CLC) ............................................................................................ 88
5.9.3 Situation Dependent Load Case (SLC) ................................................................................ 88
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Contents v
5.9.4 Load Case 2nd Order Theory (TH2) ...................................................................................... 88

5.9.5 Geometrical nonlinear Load Case (S88) .............................................................................. 89
5.9.6 Logic Load Case (LLC) ........................................................................................................ 89
5.9.7 Nonlinear Logic Load Case (NLL) ........................................................................................ 90
5.10 SITUATION DEPENDENT LOAD AND MASS CASES ......................................................................... 91
5.11 LOAD EVENTS ............................................................................................................................ 93
5.12 LOAD SEQUENCES ...................................................................................................................... 95
5.13 DESIGN SPECTRA....................................................................................................................... 97
5.14 CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS .......................................................................................................... 99
5.14.1 Types of Constraint Conditions ............................................................................................ 99
5.14.2 Consideration in Display and Results ................................................................................ 100
5.14.3 Example: Constraint Conditions ......................................................................................... 100
5.14.4 Sensor degrees of freedom and optimised coupling ....................................................... 104
5.14.5 Assistant for Constraint Conditions .................................................................................... 106
5.14.6 Buffer for Constraint Conditions ......................................................................................... 109
5.14.7 Error Bounds ...................................................................................................................... 110
5.14.8 Compatibility with KRASTA 9.3 and prior ........................................................................... 110
5.15 SUBSYSTEMS ........................................................................................................................... 111
5.15.1 Hierarchy, Organization ...................................................................................................... 111
5.15.2 Import Subsystems............................................................................................................. 111
5.15.3 Simplified orientation after copy or import .......................................................................... 113
5.15.4 Geometrical Orientation of a Subsystem ........................................................................... 113
5.15.5 Current Subsystem ............................................................................................................. 113
5.15.6 Beams and Nodes of a Subsystem .................................................................................... 113
5.15.7 Beams between subsystems ............................................................................................. 113
5.15.8 Split off Marked Nodes as New Subsystem ....................................................................... 114
5.15.9 Melt a subsystem ............................................................................................................... 114
5.15.10 Colouring Subsystems .................................................................................................... 114
5.16 CONNECTIONS AND CONTACTS ................................................................................................. 115
5.16.1 Means for the orientation of the structure .......................................................................... 115
5.16.2 Display setting with subsystem factor ................................................................................ 115
5.16.3 Example for a subsystem structure .................................................................................... 116
5.16.4 Examples for Contacts ....................................................................................................... 118
5.16.5 Connection ......................................................................................................................... 119
5.16.6 Contact ............................................................................................................................... 120
5.16.7 Error messages (Contact) during connection of subsystems ............................................ 120
5.17 ORIENTATION ........................................................................................................................... 121
5.17.1 Basic Orientation ................................................................................................................ 121
5.17.2 Relative Orientation ............................................................................................................ 122
5.17.3 Orientation Modification...................................................................................................... 123
5.17.4 Methods of orientation ........................................................................................................ 124
5.17.5 Notifications during the execution of orientations .............................................................. 124
5.18 KINEMATICS ............................................................................................................................. 125
5.18.1 Dialog: Kinematic ............................................................................................................... 126
5.18.2 Error messages (Kinematic) ............................................................................................... 129
5.18.3 Example: (Kinematic) ......................................................................................................... 130
5.18.4 Further possibilities to model kinematic displacements ..................................................... 132
5.19 SITUATION ............................................................................................................................... 133
5.19.1 Methods of situations ......................................................................................................... 133
5.19.2 Dialog Situation ................................................................................................................ 134
5.19.3 Inactive Beams ................................................................................................................... 135
5.19.4 The situation $uncertain................................................................................................... 135
5.19.5 Create situations for orientations ....................................................................................... 135
6 CALCULATION ................................................................................................................................ 137
6.1 CALCULATION SUITE .................................................................................................................... 139
6.1.1 Available solvers and computation theories ....................................................................... 139
6.1.2 Methods of calculation suites ............................................................................................. 139
6.1.3 The default calculation suites PAS linear and PAS ThII ............................................... 139
6.1.4 Dialog: Calculation Suite .................................................................................................... 140
vi Contents KRASTA 9.7 Manual
6.1.5 Calculate specific Results ................................................................................................... 142

6.2 CALCULATION ACCORDING 2ND ORDER THEORY ............................................................................. 143
6.2.1 2nd Order Theory, Basics .................................................................................................... 143
6.2.2 Th. II, Modelling techniques ................................................................................................ 143
6.3 SITUATION-INDEPENDENT CALCULATION ........................................................................................ 145
6.4 CONTENT OF THE RESULT FILE ...................................................................................................... 147
6.5 PROCESS SOLVER INPUT FILES .................................................................................................... 149
6.6 CALCULATION LOG ....................................................................................................................... 151
6.7 PAS ERROR MESSAGES................................................................................................................ 153
6.7.1 Error/Warning Nr. 229 ........................................................................................................ 153
6.7.2 Error/Warning Nr. 451 ........................................................................................................ 153
6.7.3 Error/Warning Nr. 453 ........................................................................................................ 156
6.7.4 Error/Warning Nr. 455 ........................................................................................................ 158
6.8 MODAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 161
7 ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION .............................................................................................. 163
7.1 PROOFS ...................................................................................................................................... 165
7.1.1 Proof of fatigue based on damage accumulation ............................................................... 167
7.1.2 Proof of Fatigue acc. DIN 15018 ........................................................................................ 171
7.1.3 Proof of Fatigue acc. DIN 22261 ........................................................................................ 175
7.1.4 Proof of Fatigue according to DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005-03 ........................................ 177
7.1.5 Proof of Fatigue according to EN 13001-3-1:2012-09 ....................................................... 183
7.1.6 Common information to proof of fatigue according to EN 13001-3 .................................... 189
7.1.7 Proof of Fatigue according to EN 1993-1-9:2005 (EC 3) ................................................... 193
7.1.8 Proof of Fatigue acc. FEM 1.001 ........................................................................................ 201
7.1.9 Proof of Fatigue acc. ISO 5049-1 ....................................................................................... 205
7.1.10 Proof of Fatigue according to DASt-Ri 011 ........................................................................ 209
7.1.11 Proof of Fatigue acc. AS 4100:1998 .................................................................................. 213
7.1.12 Proof of Stresses el.-el. acc. DIN 18800:1990-11 .............................................................. 219
7.1.13 Proof of Stresses, Buckling acc. DIN 4114-1:1952-07 (Omega-Method) .......................... 221
7.2 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 223
7.2.1 Delta Stress Results ........................................................................................................... 225
7.3 PROOF- / RESULT-CONTROL-SETS ............................................................................................... 227
7.3.1 Options for search of extreme values ................................................................................. 227
7.3.2 Evaluation ........................................................................................................................... 228
7.3.3 Output ................................................................................................................................. 228
7.3.4 Evaluation Pattern .............................................................................................................. 229
7.3.5 Details of Output ................................................................................................................. 232
7.4 OUTPUT FORMAT ......................................................................................................................... 233
7.5 PALETTES .................................................................................................................................... 234
7.6 SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................................................ 235
7.6.1 Textual Documentation ....................................................................................................... 235
7.6.2 Graphical Output ................................................................................................................ 235
8 BRIEF INFORMATION FOR REVIEW ............................................................................................. 237
8.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................... 237
8.2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................ 238
8.3 PROPERTIES OF BEAMS ................................................................................................................ 240
8.3.1 Beam Spring ....................................................................................................................... 240
8.3.2 Joints .................................................................................................................................. 240
8.3.3 Material ............................................................................................................................... 240
8.3.4 Force Conditions ................................................................................................................ 240
8.3.5 Beam Buckling Data ........................................................................................................... 240
8.4 PROPERTIES OF NODES ............................................................................................................... 240
8.4.1 Support Conditions ............................................................................................................. 240
8.5 CROSS SECTION .......................................................................................................................... 241
8.6 MASS CASES ............................................................................................................................... 243
8.7 LOAD CASES ................................................................................................................................ 244
8.8 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 246
8.9 SIGN DEFINITION OF INNER FORCES AND STRESSES........................................................................ 246
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Contents vii
9 INDEX ............................................................................................................................................... 247

KRASTA 9.7 Manual KRASTA 1
1 KRASTA
KRASTA is a program system for structural and
modal analysis of spatial framework in the fields of
material handling and general steel engineering.
Structures or parts of it can be moved in different
configurations for calculation. Results from several
positions can be evaluated together.
The idea for KRASTA was born in 1973 at the Fach-
gebiet Frdertechnik und Lasthebemaschinen
(Institute for Material Handling and lifting appliances)
of the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Prof. Dr.-
Ing. R. Neugebauer. The program has been
developed at the institute in cooperation with the
industry first of all for mainframe- and minicomputers.
The work has been supported by the
Fachgemeinschaft Frdertechnik im VDMA (Verband
Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau e.V.) and FKM (Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau). Since
1980 the program is used in the industry. In 1987 the program was ported to PC under DOS.
Since 1990 the graphical-interactive in- and output was developed. The idea to this was brought in by the
Lehrstuhl fr Frdertechnik und Maschinenelemente of the RU Bochum, Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Wagner.
Since 1991 further development, maintenance and sale are done by Khne BSB GmbH.
The program system was ported to Windows in 1995.
Program authors:
Holger Ackermann
Georg Kohlhas
Michael Khne
Alfried Lautermann
Hans Lautner
Frank Meier-Drnberg
Gerhard Wagner
and others
PAS III, developed parallel to KRASTA at the Institut fr Statik und Stahlbau of the TH Darmstadt, Prof. Dr.-
Ing. H. Ebel, respectively version PAS IV, enhanced by Khne BSB, is used as solver.
As an alternative to PAS the program STAB88, developed by the Lehrstuhl fr Frderwesen of the
TU Mnchen, can be used.
2016 Khne BSB GmbH

KRASTA 9.7 Manual KRASTA 3
1.1 Possibilities and fields of usage of KRASTA

KRASTA is a program system for structural and modal analysis in the fields of general steel engineering,
material handling and plant manufacturing. The structural model is created graphical interactive by means
of beam elements and nodes.
The calculation continues up to the proof of stresses and fatigue. The proof of stresses can be made
independent of standards or according to DIN 18800, the proof of fatigue can be made according several
standards e.g. DIN 15018, DIN 22261 and EN 1993-1-9 (EC3) incl. damage accumulation.
The nominal stresses are determined on the base of technical bending theory of the beam and the
St. Venant torsion theory.
1.2 Calculation according to theory 2nd order

For a calculation according to theory 2nd order, partial safety coefficients and predisplacements can be
considered.
1.3 Loads and predisplacements

Loads and predisplacements (concentrated, evenly distributed or trapezoidal) can act on parts of a beam
or on the complete beam.
1.4 Mass Distribution

The mass distribution can be described exactly. Loads resulting from translational or rotational
accelerations or rotational velocities are generated automatically on the base of the mass distribution.
Structures or parts of it can be brought to different positions for calculation. The results from different
positions can be evaluated together.
1.5 PAS
PAS theoretical foundation

The program PASIII or PASIV used as solver has the following theoretical foundation.
For the single beam the differential equation system (DES) is solved according to the technical beam
bending theory. As the inhomogeneous DES is solved loads and predisplacements can be placed inside
the beams without definition of intermediate nodes.
The calculation may be according to theory 1st or 2nd order. The equilibrium is calculated in the deformed
state.
Theory 2nd order iterates over the normal force of the beam.
The buckling load (Eigen value) can be determined iteratively.
PAS contains a theory of small displacements which means that the plan of displacement is built linear.
Partial rigid cross sections

Each of the 6 cross section values (area, shear areas, bending- and torsional inertia moments) can be set
rigid or elastic. Elasticity equations for rigid values are replaced by equilibrium conditions. Structures that
show great differences in elasticity or regions that cannot be modelled by beams, can be modelled in this
way so that the global flow of forces can be determined correctly without numerical difficulties in solving
the equations.
1.6 STAB88 / NODYA

The optional solver program STAB88 resp. the successor NODYA is a finite element program with
geometrical nonlinear calculation of beam -, bar - and rope structures.
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Legal Issues 5
2 Legal Issues
2.1 License agreement
1. The license agreement exists between the end user as licensee and the company Khne BSB GmbH.
2. Concession of a license. The license agreement gives you the right to install and to use a copy
of the program KRASTA on your computer (single user license). In case you have several
licenses of KRASTA you are allowed to install it on as many computers as licenses exist. If you
have a network license there is no numerical limitation of computers on which the program is installed
in one location. If the program is supplied with a dongle it may be installed on several computers.
3. The program is property of the company Khne BSB GmbH and it is protected by copyright.
Copying of the program or the manual without written permission is prohibited. The licensee is
authorized to make a backup of the original data media for his own use (exception see 5.).
4. The program must not be leased or hired. However there is the possibility to definitely transfer the
license to a third party. The license can be transferred only if this contract is accepted by the new
licensee. All available program versions as well as all manuals have to be passed on to the new
licensee, no copy is allowed to remain with the person who transfers the license. Decompilation and
disassembly of the program is not allowed.
5. If a user wants to install a version that is not provided with a dongle on other computers for testing or
does he want to copy the manual in parts or in total a written permission of the company
Khne BSB GmbH is required.
6 Legal Issues KRASTA 9.7 Manual
2.2 Liability
The company Khne BSB GmbH takes no liability for secondary damages which are caused by
using the program.
The responsibility for the correctness of the results is exclusively up to the user.
Should you have any questions about this contract, please contact the company Khne BSB GmbH at the
following address:
Khne BSB GmbH Phone +49 (0) 6151 397690-0

Mina-Rees-Strae 5A Fax +49 (0) 6151 397690-200
DE 64295 Darmstadt Hotline +49 (0) 6151 397690-222
KRASTA, KRACAD, KRAMOD
Copyright 1991-2016 Khne BSB GmbH. All rights reserved.
KRASTA and KRACAD are registered trademarks.
AutoCAD is a registered US-trademark of Autodesk, Inc.; MS-DOS, Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation.
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Installation 7
3 Installation
3.1 KRASTA
KRASTA can be installed at present under the following different operating systems:
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista
Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP
Should any problems occur during the installation or later our hotline will be available for help.
3.1.1 Obtaining the latest KRASTA Version

KRASTA customers with an active maintenance agreement may access the Customers area at
www.krasta.de after login with their username and password:
In the customers area the latest KRASTA version and according release notes are available for download.
To use all licensed feature of KRASTA, you may need additionally a licence file and a dongle Sentinel
Driver. The licence file will usually be send via e-mail directly from us if needed. The handling of the licence
files is described in chapter "Licence Files (p.11)". The latest Sentinel Driver can be found on the
manufacturers website.
3.1.2 Start of Installation

The actual installation is done by running the installation program (e.g. "krasta_970_full.exe"). After
the confirmations of security warnings and the question of the installation language, the complete KRASTA
version info is shown. (e.g. "KRASTA 9.7.0.4750"). Please follow the instructions and questions.
By default, KRASTA is stored in a directory like C:\Program Files)\KUEHNE_BSB\KRASTA_9.7\".
This directory is known as the "KRASTA root directory
Within this directory the executables are stored to subdirectory BIN, the cross section library to sub-
directory LIB and the program documentation to subdirectory MANUAL.
3.1.3 First start of KRASTA

When launched for the first time, some information is still missing for running KRASTA.
A dialogue window appears for the selection of the language, which is used by KRASTA by default. Later
(and for individual projects), it is possible to select another language at any time.
KRASTA automatically creates a so called manager system and therein a first KRASTA user. The name
of this KRASTA user is based on the current windows user name. It is possible to change user names or
to add further user at any time.
8 Installation KRASTA 9.7 Manual
The manager system is used to centrally store global and user related settings.
3.1.4 Directory for manager system and temporary files

The manager system is placed in the windows AppData folder by default since KRASTA version 9.7.
By this, the manager system is available for the windows user at %APPDATA%\KRASTA\manager.* on
every pc in the domain.
You can choose other locations and/or file names for the KRASTA manager system. This allows for multiple
user access to a shared manager system. KRASTA users need write permission to this file.
KRASTA automatically stores temporary files within the actual windows temp directory in a separate
subdirectory KRASTA.
You can choose a different location for the KRASTA temp directory. Access to this directory should be as
fast as possible. Therefore, it should be located on the local hard drive and should be locally accessed,
too. KRASTA users need have write permission for this directory.
Changing the paths for Manager System and temporary files

Name and directory of the manager system and the temporary files can be set directly from KRASTA via
the menu item "Options | ... | Administration".
Environment variable: Displays the current setting of the environment variable. This line is only for repre-
sentation, the contents cannot be changed permanently.
Registry: Computer setting: The setting is made in the computer-specific branch of the windows registry
and thus is available to any user of the respective computer.
Registry: User setting: The setting is made in the user-specific branch of the windows registry and thus
is available to the current windows user at any computer in the network.
The settings have increasing priority from top to bottom, i.e. the lowest setting is used.
[Browse] button opens a directory dialog to enter the path.
3.1.5 Start of KRASTA

The first window to appear is the KRASTA Start Window. In this window the name of the user has to be
selected and possibly an according password entered.
KRASTA Start Window

10 Installation KRASTA 9.7 Manual
KRASTA Main Window
After the selection of a user the main window of KRASTA appears.
The main window of KRASTA includes the following elements:

Main menu
Tool bar
Status bar
Working area
Object tree
Information window
KRASTA opens a new, empty system automatically
when started.
You can select an existing system, by selecting a
directory, which contains KRASTA systems.
There, you can select a system to open it click Open
or double-click the system name.
3.1.6 Closing KRASTA

You can close KRASTA by using the submenu item
Close in the main menu item File.
3.2 Licence Files

Program features (e.g. regarding Network/Dongle or Basic/Fatigue/Full version) are activated by a
Licence-File.
In order to be able to use all licensed KRASTA features, customers with network and/or customers with
full version must have an appropriate Licence File.
3.2.1 File extension and location of the Licence File

The KRASTA Licence File has the file extension *.liz.
The licence file it must be located in the same directory as the program executable (KRASTA.EXE). If
the default settings were accepted during the installation of KRASTA, this should be
C:\Program Files\Kuehne_BSB\KRASTA_9.7\BIN or similar.
Make sure that multiple Licence Files are not present at the same time. KRASTA will always analyse the
first licence file found
3.2.2 How to check your Licence File

You are able to check your currently licensed KRASTA features at any time through the KRASTA menu
item ? | About....
3.2.3 Changes to the Licence File

Changes to the license file, e.g. the individual identification used by KRASTA, can be done by us at any
time.
Please contact our support:
Email: support@krasta.de
Phone: +49 (0) 6151 / 397690 222
Fax: +49 (0) 6151 / 397690 200
3.2.4 Protection against misuse

Secure the Licence File (in particular in network environments) against misuse and unauthorized third
party access.
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Basics in Program Usage 13
4 Basics in Program Usage

The following chapter describes usage of KRASTA itself and handling KRASTA systems. Items regarding
configuration, basic usage concepts and some special controls are covered.
4.1 User Setting and Setup

KRASTA may be used by single users or work groups that are managed by KRASTA themselves. A special
user, the manager, is responsible for the organization of users and data.
Every user has a user profile, which, among other preferences, defines the dialog and output language of
KRASTA.
Users are ordinary "objects" with respect to the database and they can be generated, copied, edited and
deleted.
4.1.1 The KRASTA-Manager

If functions are called, that are only allowed for the "Manager", the program asks for the manager password.
After input of this password the user is authorized as Manager until the end of the current KRASTA session.
4.1.2 The User Profile

In the user profile the dialog- and output language as
default settings by
well as the physical units can be set.
KRASTA
The user profile is organized hierarchically:
settings by the
By this means settings with higher priority overwrite KRASTA-manager
lower ones.
4.1.2.1 In- and Output Units: increasing

priority settings by the user
length : m, cm, dm, mm, in, ft
force : N, kN, pond, kp, Mp,
lbs, Dyn, daN, MN fixed settings in the
system
mass : kg, t, g, lbs
time : sec, min, h
temp. settings in the
temperature : centigrade, Fahrenheit system
angle : rad, Grad, gon, rev., mrad
fraction : part, percent, per mill
In the database all data is saved in SI-units. The units used for in- and output can be changed at any time.
4.1.2.2 In- and Output Language

Texts for dialog and textual output are saved in a file and may be translated into other languages. German
and English language databases are delivered with the program system. The user can specify which
languages he wants to use for dialog and output separately.
4.2 KRASTA Basics

In the following chapter, KRASTA basics and common usage pattern are covered.
4.2.1 Main Window

The main screen of KRASTA provides the following items:
Titlebar, here you see the topical system name with path.
Working Area - In the working area you see the display of the entered structure, loads, masses, inner
forces, deformation and stresses as well as the selection of beams and nodes.
Object Tree, here all objects of the current model are displayed in a tree structure.
Information Window, here information concerning the picture is displayed.
Status Line, here you see topical settings and prompts.
Toolbar, here you see different tools for information and display.
Main Menu - gives the user access to all functions of the program.
KRASTA Main Window

18 Basics in Program Usage KRASTA 9.7 Manual
4.2.1.1 Working Area

In the working area the structure, cross sections, loads, masses, inner forces, deformation and stresses
are displayed.
Using the mouse you can select (p.29) subsystems, beams, and nodes.
Viewing direction, size and center can be changed directly by mouse in the so-called "Orbit-Mode (p.21).
Additionally, you can use the scroll-bars to scroll the view or use the toolbar to zoom or to vary the view
direction stepwise.
Window: Working Area

4.2.1.2 Object Tree

On the left side of the screen all objects of the current system are displayed in a tree view.
Window: Object Tree

Object tree branches can be expanded by clicking the plus icon or double clicking the name.
For reasons of clarity some object types are divided into sub branches.
Pressing the right mouse button in the tree view brings up a context
menu that offers the options that are usually connected with that type
of object.
Some object types can be dragged and dropped onto the working
area.
The results depend on the object type:
Display and Projection Settings are applied to the current display
Mass Cases turn on mass case display for the selected mass case
Load Cases switch load dependent displays (load, bending line,
inner forces) to the current load case, if such a display is active;
else it turns on load display.
Beam or Node Lists are used as under the menu item "selection
by list
Cross Sections and Materials are assigned to the currently
selected beams
The seperation line between object tree and working area can be
moved left or right.
By pressing the button Minimize Tree the tree is collapsed to the main
level.
User Defined Folder in Object Tree

Below the most object types in the object tree, it is possible to use user defined folder to further sub-divide
the object groups.
By the context menu of the respective object group, user defined folders can be created, edited or
dissolved:
New Folder Creates a new folder and opens the folder edit dialog.
Edit Folder Opens the folder edit dialog of an already existent folder.
Dissolve Folder Removes the folder and reinsert the contained objects in superior object
group.
Each KRASTA object is represented exactly once in the object tree, never simultaneously in multiple
folders.
4.2.1.3 Information Window

In a window situated between working area and status line, information concerning the currently displayed
graphics (description of display, scaling factor for figures, load and mass totals) is shown.
Sums and totals in the information window consider the currently displayed subset, which may be only a
part of the entire system. In case the totals may be partial, i.e. not all objects with masses or loads are
currently displayed, this is indicated by the note "partial summation".
Window: Information
The dseperation line between information window and working area can be moved up or down. This may
also be used to adjust the aspect ratio of the display for output.
4.2.1.4 Items of the Status Line

In the status line selected units, beam and node selection state and current time is displayed.
Additionally prompts for input in dialogs and information about the menu items are displayed. For
operations which may take some time a progress bar is shown.
4.2.2 Left mouse button

In the working area is possible to select or deselect beams and nodes by the left mouse button. Details
can be found in Section Selection of Beams and Nodes (p.29).
If the left mouse button is pressed down in Orbit-Mode (p.21), the view direction is changed.
4.2.3 Middle mouse button / mouse wheel

In the working area a menu to control selection modes is opened by pressing the middle mouse button /
the mouse wheel.
Turning the mouse wheel, if not set otherwise in the orbit-settings (p.37), the view size is changed
(zoomed). By zooming by the mouse wheel, the model location under the mouse cursor stay fixed.
If the middle mouse button / mouse wheel is pressed down in Orbit-Mode (p.21), the view is rotated
around the viewing axis.
4.2.4 Right mouse button

In the working area you can pop up a menu by clicking the right mouse button.
If you click the right mouse button in the working area, the menu contains items to Zoom the view, to
change the displayed Subset and to Copy the current view into the clipboard (in meta file and in bitmap
format).
If the mouse points to a beam or node additional menu items Edit Beam and Edit Node appear for the
individual beams or nodes.
If the right mouse button is pressed down in Orbit-Mode (p.21), the view is moved (panned).
4.2.5 Orbit-Mode
In Orbit-Mode it is possible to quickly change
view direction (left mouse button to roll around lateral axis),
vertical axis (middle mouse button to rotate around view axis),
view size (roll mouse wheel to zoom) or
view center (right mouse button to pan).
If the Orbit-Mode is active (p.21), then the current center of rotation is displayed and a small orbit symbol
is attached to the mouse cursor ( ).
4.2.5.1 Orbit - Settings

The Orbit-Setting is stored in the windows registry as user settings.
The menu item Options | Orbit-Settings opens den configuration dialog shown below.
Dialog: Orbit-Settings
Orbit - Activations
Available are the following methods of activation:
Via Context menu: In the context menu of the working area a menu item Orbit is available. The
Orbit-Mode is deactivated by a click with the right mouse button. Therefore the usual context menu
is not available in Orbit-Mode.
Key for activation / deactivation: The Orbit Mode is activated/deactivated by pressing/releasing
the chosen Key.
Orbit - Center of Rotation

The current Center of Rotation is determined by the cursor position at the time the Orbit-Mode is activated.
The spatial center of the nodes displayed near to the actual mouse position is used as center of rotation.
The indication of the current Center of Rotation can be controlled.
Sensitivity / Direction
These parameters are used to scale the speed of movement. The sign switched the direction of the move-
ment
4.2.6 Hotkeys
Beside the standard windows behavior to select menu items via keyboard by pressing [ALT]-Key and an
underlined letter of the menu item, KRASTA offers the following short cut keys for common actions
additionally:
CTRL+N open new (empty) model
CTRL+O open existing model
CTRL+S save model
CTRL+P print
CTRL+R refresh display
STRG+Q quit KRASTA
4.2.7 KRASTA Objects

The expression "object" as used in this context means things like beams, nodes, load cases or cross
sections as well as users, page layouts etc. All objects have a Name, a Comment and Information about
creation and modification date.
Using the relevant menu item the user can create objects New, Edit them, Copy existing ones or Delete
them. Most objects types can also be Imported from other systems and stored in Lists (p.77). A list is also
an object.
4.2.7.1 Name
All objects, e.g. beams, nodes, load cases, cross sections, etc. have a Name. The name can consist of up
to 16 letters and 4 figures.
The program proposes a standard name for a new object. It consists of the standard name part for the type
of object and a number.
4.2.7.2 Comment
For all objects a Comment can be entered. Here, further explanations may be specified, to make the
function of this object clearer.
4.2.7.3 Information
For each object the system stores the date and the time of the creation and the date and time of the last
modification. This data as well as the internal number of the object can be reviewed by clicking the button
Information.
4.2.7.4 Create an Object

On creation of a new object KRASTA creates a standard object of the respective type with standard
attributes and opens the relevant dialog to edit this type of object.
KRASTA proposes a unique name for the new object consisting of the standard name of the specific object
and a number, that is automatically incremented.
In some cases the menu item New is followed by a submenu for the specification of the subtype of object
to create.
4.2.7.5 Edit an Object

The menu item Edit calls the corresponding object dialog for the chosen object.
Example: Edit an Object

After selecting the menu item Edit in the main menu item load case, a selection box appears where all
existing load cases are listed. After selecting a load case and confirming by pressing OK or double clicking,
the corresponding load case is opened for editing.
4.2.7.6 Copy an Object

The menu item Copy copies an object and opens the corresponding object dialog for the copy.
Example: Copy an Object

Click main menu item load case and then Copy. A selection box appears, where all existing load cases
are listed. After selecting a load case and confirming by pressing OK or by a double click, the corresponding
load case is copied into a new load case. This new load case is opened for edition.
4.2.7.7 Delete an Object

With the menu item Delete you can delete an existing object.
Example: Delete an Object
After clicking Delete in the main menu item load case a multiple object selection appears, where all
existing load cases are listed on the left. After selecting the desired load cases (moving them to the right
side) and confirming by clicking OK the load cases are deleted.
4.2.7.8 Import an Object

Objects can be imported from other KRASTA systems.
To import an object, the system from which to import has to be selected first.
In the next step the desired objects can be selected in a multiple object selection dialog.
If the names of imported objects conflict with already existing ones, the number part of the name is
automatically incremented for the imported objects.
4.2.7.9 Object Lists

Object lists are used to manage a group of objects of one type. They can be used for example to define a
list of nodes that carry a specific load.
Lists (p.77) are KRASTA objects and have a name and a comment.
Usage of a list in other objects is registered. If a list is no longer used, KRASTA asks the user if it should
delete the specific list.
Lists can be created new, copied, edited or deleted.
Multiple object selections are usually used to edit simple object lists. On the right side the selected objects
are shown, on the left the unselected ones.
Beam and node lists use special dialogs to graphically interactive select the object on the screen.
In addition to Simple Lists of objects, in which individual objects are explicitly listed, there are so-called
Filter (p.78)- and Composition-Lists, (p.78) whose contents follow an individually defined rule.
4.2.8 Single Object Selection

When it is necessary to select a single object usually
a corresponding selection dialog appears. By
marking the object and clicking the button OK or by
double clicking on the corresponding entry an object
can be selected. In most cases the dialog caption
shows the purpose of the selection.
4.2.9 Multiple Object Selection

Several objects can be selected in the multiple object selection sialog. The caption shows the purpose of
this selection. The available objects are listed on the left. The selected objects are shown on the right.
An object can be added by
selecting on the left and
clicking the button Add or by
double clicking. The button
All > moves all objects to the
right.
An object can be removed by
selecting on the right and by
clicking the button Delete or
by double clicking. The button
< All moves all objects to the
left.
More than one object can be selected at a time. Pressing and holding the left mouse button while moving
the cursor over objects selects the objects. An object range can also be selected by pressing and holding
the SHIFT key and selecting start and end object of the range.
More than one object can also be selected holding the CTRL key and clicking objects.
The objects can be sorted alphabetical or according to other eligible criteria.
4.2.10 OK and Cancel

All input dialogs can be shut down by OK or Cancel, clicking the button OK stores the input, clicking
Cancel leaves the object as is.
4.2.11 Saving of texts and pictures

Saving picture or text is done in similar manner.
Saving a plot file

Besides Name and Comment a Position Number can be given to
the text that is to be saved. KRASTA needs a page layout (p.36).
The file name for the file can be input directly or selected by pressing
Browse.
Checking Minimal Text Only leads to a plot text that does not contain
load, mass or support force sums.
By activated option Automatic trimming, KRASTA is choosing a
minimal frame to plot the currently displayed picture. The button
Select Picture Details allows to select a smaller frame of the picture
to be saved.
By clicking the button Print the picture is printed directly to the currently configured printer (p.35) without
keeping a plot file.
Saving a text
There are the same items for saving a text as for saving a plot
except for the button Select Picture Details.
A text or a plot file represents one or more output pages which may
later be printed via the printing dialog (p.35).
By clicking the button Print the text is printed directly to the currently
configured printer (p.35) without keeping a text file.
4.2.12 Input Controls

In KRASTA dialogs often have input controls with specialized properties e.g. for simplified entering of points
or vectors, to automatically adjust values in regard of physical units or for in place calculation of simple
math expressions.
4.2.12.1 Input of points and vectors

It is necessary to define a point or a vector at several places in the program.
The input can be made by setting the coordinates via keyboard into the corresponding input fields or by
graphical selection.
Input of point coordinates

To select point coordinates graphically you can click the button Graphical Selection. In the following you
can select a node in the working area of which the coordinates are set as point coordinates.
It is also possible to place the cursor in an input control of a component (x, y, z) and click a node afterward.
This only copies the corresponding component of the node.
Input of a vector
To select a vector graphically you can click the button Graphical Selection. In the following you can to
select two nodes in the working area; the difference of the node coordinates is set as the vector.
It is also possible to place the cursor in an input control of a component (x, y, z) of the vector and click two
nodes afterwards. This only copies the corresponding component of the vector.
4.2.12.2 Display of physical units

All numerical input lines have their current physical units displayed next to the input field.
4.2.12.3 Input of numerical values

While entering numerical values, one can use either decimal points or commas to divide the fraction from
the integer part (required for input on the German numeric keypad). The output is displayed with a decimal
point only.
In addition calculations may be made on the input line. Expressions can be used that contain "+", "-", "*",
"/", "(", ")", "**"(exponentiation) "sqrt"(square root), "sin", "cos" und "tan". Trigonometric functions always
expect degrees as input.
4.3 Handling of KRASTA systems

The term KRASTA system refers to all data stored under a specific system name, e.g. nodes, beams,
masses, loads, calculation results, proofs and plots. All these data are stored in separate files. The file
names consist of system name and different suffixes.
With KRASTA you are able to create new, open, save, or delete KRASTA systems. As usual, the menu
items for these purposes you can find at the main menu item File. There, additionally a list of recently
edited systems is offered to open.
4.3.1 Purge System

KRASTA systems may be purged in various steps to save disk space. The files which store the selected
data will be deleted.
Dialog: Purge System
The following options can be selected to purge:

Solver log-file (p.151)
Inner forces and node displacements (p.147)
Textual output files
Graphical output files
Solver input data (p.149)
Undo Files
The selected files (or the files representing the selected data) will be deleted by clicking OK.
To purge the current system is default. By clicking the Browse button you can purge any other system
instead.
4.3.2 KRASTA archives

To save individual development stages of a KRASTA system, it is sufficient to create a so called KRASTA
archive. It is compact, if so complete and unambiguous named.
As archive format, the widely-used ZIP-format is used.
Archive / Dearchive
In Save and archive some details are queried in the dialog Put KRASTA systems into archives, before,
if necessary, the current changes of the KRASTA system are stored and the KRASTA system is archived.
After choosing the archives in Unpack and open the compressed KRASTA-System is extracted and the
system opened. If necessary a further inquiry takes place whether an existing system of same name is to
be overwritten or not.
The KRASTA System is archived under its original name, but in general, the name of the archive is
individualized by e.g. a time stamp.
Dialog: Put KRASTA System into archives
put system into: Shows the name of the archive, as it results from the specifications in the zip file.
Zip File Name: Specifies the name and location of the archive. It is possible to add automatically Date,
Time and an individual Add-On to the archive name. Thus, archives have clear individual and informative
names.
In addition: Specifies the contents of the archive in addition to the actual core data of a KRASTA system,
which is archived by default, some additional data can be selected for archiving.
The input shown in the dialog here corresponds to the default settings plus an add-on V01 for the
archiving of a KRASTA system named Gantry Crane.
AutoBack.zip
A special form of the KRASTA archive is an automated backup when
saving. Each time the system is saved; the Auto-Backup will be
created or overwritten.
This ensures that the most important information of a KRASTA
system is stored compressed in a file. This file allows to handle a
KRASTA system easily with conventional backup strategies and to
save it completely and consistently in itself.
Only the most crucial data, e.g. no computation results, are stored
into the archives.
4.4 Selection of Beams and Nodes

At any time a Current Selection (p.29) exists of beams and, independently from that, of nodes, which
contains the currently selected beams or nodes respectively.
The Current Selection is used in KRASTA e.g. for construction (p.51), to set beam or node properties
(p.45), to create lists (p.77) or even to control (p.31) what is displayed.
4.4.1 Current Selection

At any time a Current Selection exists of beams and, independently from that, of nodes, which contains
the currently selected beams or nodes respectively.
The selection of beams or nodes is modifiable in many ways. On way is graphically interactive by selecting
single or multiple beams or nodes by picking with the mouse, another way by selecting existing lists or by
selecting specific beam or node properties (menu item Selection)
If a selection acts additive or subtractive to the current selection is controlled by the Selection Mode (p.29).
4.4.2 Selection Mode

Single or multiple beams resp. nodes can be
selected, i.e. be added to the selection,
deselected, i.e. subtracted from the selection, or
inverted, i.e. selected be deselected and deselected be selected.
These selection modes are applied all same kind for graphical interactive, for selection in respect to
properties and for selection of an existent list.
4.4.3 Changing the current selection, graphically interactive

The selection is done with the left mouse button by clicking single objects or by drawing a rectangular area.
Always, there are
only beams or
only nodes
selected.
But by choice
single beams or nodes,
subsystems
subsystem branches or
all.
When selecting "subsystems", "subsystem branches" or "all", not the single beams or nodes are selected,
but the entire subsystem. This difference is important for simple beam and node lists, as this selection
state is adopted exactly in the list. Nodes and beams which are added to subsystems subsequently are
automatically included in the beam list if the subsystem is included in the list.
The current selection state is shown in a status line in the bottom right corner. It is differentiated between
beams and nodes in general and single beams or nodes, subsystems and subsystem branches.
If subsystems are selected and according single beams or nodes are to be unselected, the selection
state of the subsystem is transferred to the single nodes and beams and then the subsystem and the
single objects are unselected. There is no selection state "whole subsystem without beam <xyz>".
4.4.4 Changing the current selection, in respect to beam or node properties

The current selection may change in respect to specific beam or node properties. At first a property type
is chosen, KRASTA then offers a choice of all varieties present in the system.
All beams or nodes with the specified property are selected.
4.5 View, Display, Projection

The way how structural details or results are shown can be controlled in detail in many aspects, which can
be stored for a quick reuse later. KRASTA here distinguishes between projections and display settings.
Projection Settings
Projection settings define from which spatial direction the model is shown.
In newly created KRASTA systems the projections setting Dimetrie, a diagonal view is available by
default.
Display Settings
Defines extent and details of structural and result views.
In newly created KRASTA systems the display setting Minimal that shows beams and nodes is available
by default.
4.5.1 Display Subset

KRASTA is able to switch between displaying the whole structure or a subset of beams and nodes.
Therefore four menu items below main menu item View and at the context menu of the plot area are
available:
Display Subset
Only the currently selected nodes and beams are shown as a subset. Unselected nodes of selected beams
remain in the subset while unselected beams with selected nodes are removed from the subset.
Hide Subset
The currently selected nodes and beams are removed from the display subset.
Expand Subset
The subset is expanded at it edges by one beam and according node.
Display Everything
The whole structure is displayed. Beams and nodes of the previous subset are selected.
4.6 Colours and Captions

The settings of screen colours and text sizes reside at the main menu item Options
4.6.1 Colours
The user (p.38) can set individual colours to be used by KRASTA.
You can reset the colours to default by the button Standard Colours.
Independently of the colours described here, freely definable "palettes" (p.234) may be used to represent
extremation and proof results as well as for colouring subsystems (p.114).
Dialog: Colours
You find a button next to each colour box for changing the colour display.
4.6.2 Captions
You can define the header text of plot and text pages. Project Name, System Text and User Text can be
set by the user, the Company Text can only be changed by the manager.
Dialog: Captions
The Project Name, System Text and Comment (white) are stored by the system. The User Text (blue) is
stored individually for the current user. The Company Text is stored globally into the manager system and
common to all users.
4.6.3 Text and symbol sizes

The user (p.38) can set individual text and graphic symbol sizes to be used by KRASTA.
Dialog: Text and Graphic Sizes
In the dialog you can make the following settings:

The relative size of texts, node boxes, beam arrows and joints on the screen or printer resp. "1" is
about 1.5% of the picture diagonal.
The relative distance to the margin
The pick sensitivity radius in pixel
The thickness of lines [approximately in mm]
In multiplication to the above (common) text size factor the field Text Sizes provides particular text size
factors.
4.7 Printing
By the menu item File | Print one can arrange text and plot files for output.
Dialog: Printing
For printing, you can find and select your previously saved Text- and Plot-Files of this system in the
according list boxes. You can also print out Other Text Files in ANSI text format, which are not created
by KRASTA.
For the selected text or plot files the page layout is shown which was selected during creation of the file.
Plots can be output in normal (position as on the screen), rotated or optimal adapted in the existing frame.
The Info Text of each plot can be (de)activated.
Selected text or plot files can be added to the Files to Print by clicking the button Add or by double click,
putted back by button Remove or by double click, displayed by the button Show or deleted by the button
Delete.
For the entire print job, the Page Features Header, Footer, Frame and Page Nr. can be (de)activated
and a Start Page Nr. can be committed. You can enter a chapter heading and/or number for the files which
are to print at Chapter (or similar).
You can change the printer settings by clicking the button Printer Setup. By checking the Black/White-
Option. KRASTA will create a monochrome print.
4.8 Page Layout

You can define Page Layouts for text and plot prints. Paper Size
Page Partitioning
Header
The user can set the following parameters: Lines
Number of header and
footer lines Printable
Top Margin Area
Margins left, right, top and
bottom
Font size of header and
footer lines
Frame
Font size of text/plot area
Width of the frame lines
Plot Area
The sheet is partitioned as
shown.
Left Margin
There is a different size of print-
able area on the sheet
dependent on the used printer
Right Margin
and printer driver.
Dialog: Page Layout

You can set the margins for left,
right, top and below in
millimeters. The distance to the
margins always relate to the
printable area.
Bottom Margin Footer
Additionally you can define
header and/or footer lines
within the frame. The size of the
head or bottom lines is
dependent on the used font size
(default: font size 10 point).
The area, where pictures or texts can
be displayed, result from the frame
minus the header and footer area.
The number of lines and columns which
can be displayed on the sheet (default:
font size 10 point) are dependent on
the used text font.
This number of lines is calculated by
the program to fit within the margins,
considering the font size and number of
header and footer lines and the
currently set standard printer.
4.9 Options
In the main menu item Options different settings can be made.
4.9.1 Units
The units can be set individually in Global (green), For current user (blue) and
For current system (white) (see User Setting and Setup (p.15)). The Global unit settings are used if no
other values are set.
Setting an arrow (->) instead of the dimension, the dimension of the unit is taken over from the column
which stands right beside it.
Dialog: Units
4.9.2 Languages
Languages can be set for the current system (white) and/or User (blue) separately for screen Dialogs and
textual Output individually.
If an arrow (->) is selected instead of a language, the language selected on the right is used.
Dialog: Languages
4.9.3 Text and Graphic Sizes

The details of setting of text and graphic sizes are described in chapter "Colours and Captions" (p.33).
4.9.4 Colours
The details of setting of colours are described in chapter "Colours and Captions" (p.33).
4.9.5 Orbit-Settings
The details of orbit-settings are described in chapter "Orbit-Mode" (p.21).
4.9.6 Save / Open

KRASTA is able to automatically save or remind the user saving in certain intervals.
Dialog: Save/Open
For further information see chapter KRASTA-Archives (p.27).
4.9.7 Handling of inactive beams

Beams and nodes can be inactive in certain situations (p.133). For further information see chapter
Inactive Beams (p.135).
4.9.8 Administration
Under the menu item "Options | Administration" less frequently needed administrative settings are listed.
4.9.8.1 User
Users can be created, edited, copied or deleted. Changing of the user setting (p.15) can only be done by
the KRASTA-manager. The manager has to authorize before manipulating users by his
Manager Password.
4.9.8.2 Manager System

KRASTA automatically creates a so called manager system to centrally store global and user related
settings. The manager system is placed in the windows AppData folder by default.
Details to select an alternate storage location are described in chapter "Directory for manager system and
temporary files (p.8).
4.9.8.3 Temporary Files

KRASTA automatically stores temporary files within the actual windows temp directory in a separate
subdirectory KRASTA.
Details to select an alternate storage location are described in chapter "Directory for manager system and
temporary files (p.8).
4.9.8.4 Dialog Positions

Window positions are stored for many dialogs. The window position is determined and restored relative to
the (respective) KRASTA main window.
Dialog: Positions
The dialog Positions is accessible by menu item Options | Administration | Dialog-Positions and
contains options to:
activate or deactivate saving dialog-positions
purge all dialog position information
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Modelling 41
5 Modelling
This chapter contains all topics in regard of the formulation of the physical model.
5.1 Coordinate Systems

KRASTA provides 4 types of coordinate systems:
Inertial System (p.43)
Subsystem Coordinate System (p.43)
Beam Coordinate System (p.43)
Principal Axes Coordinate System (p.44)
5.1.1 Inertial System

The inertial system (IN-CS) is the fixed global Cartesian coordinate system.
5.1.2 Subsystem Coordinate System

Each subsystem has its own subsystem coordinate system (SS-CS), in which the according objects are
defined. In the KRASTA-basic version the SS-CS is equivalent to the IN-CS.
5.1.3 Beam Coordinate System

For each beam a beam coordinate system (BM-CS) (x0, y0, z0) is defined. The SS-CS is defined by the
start of the beam, the end of the beam and an auxiliary vector. Cross sections are defined in the BM-CS.
The x0 points from beam start to the beam end.

The positive local x0 axis and the auxiliary vector define the plane in which the local y0 axis lies.
44 Modelling KRASTA 9.7 Manual
The definition of the local beam coordinate system can be described as follows:
The local x0-axis is defined by start and end node of the beam.
An auxiliary vector, described in subsystem coordinates, is input to the set the other local axes.
The cross product of x0 and auxiliary vector gives the local z0- axis.
The cross product of z0 and x0 gives the local y0- axis.
Section banks are set according to the convention positive inner forces point into positive coordinate
direction at the end of the beam (positive section bank).
At the start of the beam positive inner forces point into negative coordinate directions (negative section
bank).
During input of objects and attributes the user may choose among different coordinate systems. Beam
loads, for example, may be input in IN-, SS- or BM-CS.
5.1.4 Principal Axes Coordinate System

The principal axes coordinate system (PA-CS) is rotated by a principal axis angle against the BM-CS.
At double or single symmetrical cross sections the PA-CS corresponds to the BM-CS. Inner forces and
beam deformations are given in principal axes.
Cross sections are described in the local y0, z0 plane. If cross sections have principal axis angles different
to 0, the local beam axes are transformed into the principal axes for the solver input file.
5.2 Beams and Nodes

The structure consists of beams, which have six degrees of freedom at each end. They can transmit normal
forces, shear forces as well as bending and torsional moments.
A beam is determined by a start and an end node.
At one node several beams may start or end.
Beams are physically connected with each other by assignment of identical nodes.
Beams and nodes can be given beam properties or node properties respectively.
Nodes are described in a spatial Cartesian coordinate system.
Beams and nodes are associated with just one, their subsystem.
In this chapter the individual properties of beams and nodes are described.
The description of how to compose a structure (p.51), handling of subsystems (p.111), mass cases (p.79)
or load cases (p.83) is given in further chapters.
Beams and nodes are KRASTA objects (p.22) and have a name and a comment.
The beam and node properties can be edited individually for a certain beam or node by the appropriate
edit dialog.
Additionally, most beam and node properties can be changed for all beams and nodes of the Current
Selection at once. The corresponding menu items can be found below the main menu item Property.
5.2.1 Beam and Node Name

The name is unique in the subsystem, but possible repeated in another subsystem. A global unique
identifier is given with the combination with its subsystem name.
Beams and nodes, as well as all KRASTA objects, may be renamed at every time.
Dialog: Name Assignment

5.2.2 Beam Properties

Beams can have the following properties:
Name (p.45) and Comment
Joints (p.46)
Springs (p.46)
Auxiliary Vector (p.46)
Beam Mass Factors (p.47)
Material (p.47)
Cross Sections (p.47)
Section Points (p.47)
Beam Masses (p.47)
Force Conditions (p.47)
Beam Buckling Data (p.48)
Beam Notch Case Classifications (p.48)
5.2.2.1 Joints
Beam joints provide translational and rotational degrees of freedom between beam end and node.
Beam joints are beam properties, they are defined in the beam coordinate system of the beam.
If the beam coordinate system does not correspond with the desired directions of the joint axes a short
(rigid) beam with the desired local axes can to be created.
Joints at the beams 1 and 2 in the left part of the figure do not result in rotational degree of freedom around
the dashed axis, but joints at the auxiliary beams 7 and 8 do.
5.2.2.2 Beam Springs

The connection between beam and node is rigid by default. Springs may be used to define elasticity
between beam and node.
5.2.2.3 Auxiliary Vector

The auxiliary vector describes the orientation of the beam coordinate system. The usage of the auxiliary
vector is described in the chapter coordinate systems (p.43). All components of the auxiliary vector are
initially zero.
For the H-section girder in the following figure several possibilities for the position of the inertial coordinate
system are represented together with the corresponding auxiliary vector definition.
5.2.2.4 Beam Mass Factors

The "constant" beam net mass, calculated from the cross section area and material density, can be
modified by the input of a beam mass factor.
The overall mass distribution can be adapted to given material lists by the usage of beam mass factors,
beam masses and node masses. With the mass distribution described in that way, all acceleration (inertia)
loads (including dead weight) can be generated easily.
5.2.2.5 Material
KRASTA allows the definition of different materials like steel or aluminum by the input of specific material
properties.
For proofs a material may need to be classified according to a standard.
5.2.2.6 Cross Sections

KRASTA provides four different types of cross sections:
Thin-Walled Cross Sections (p.58)
Direct Input Cross Sections (p.56)
Standard Cross Sections (p.70)
Parametric Cross Sections (p.59)
Please refer to chapter Cross Sections (p.55) for details.
5.2.2.7 Section Points

By default inner forces and beam displacements are calculated at the start and the end of beams only.
Additional section points can be defined in order to evaluate inner forces and stresses for specific locations
along the beam.
5.2.2.8 Beam Masses

Concentrated or distributed beam masses which are stored as "Permanent Mass" (p.79) with the beams
can be applied to any location on the beams. A beam can have several beam masses.
5.2.2.9 Force Conditions

For elements that can only transmit forces that are higher or lower than a certain value, force conditions
can be defined. They behave like an ideal elastic-plastic material.
Typical applications for such elements are ropes that only transmit tension, wheels and legs, that only
transmit pressure or hydraulic buffers that only transmit a limit force.
A more general form of force conditions, e.g. across multiple beams, can be formulated via
Constraint Conditions (p.99).
Caution: These elements can only be used with linear theory!
5.2.2.10 Beam Buckling Data

Beam Buckling Data define beam buckling properties of an individual beam. They are used in proofs of
buckling (e.g. acc. DIN 4114 (Omega-Method)).
The Beam Buckling Data is defined for each principle axis separately by the user.
Slenderness
If required, KRASTA evaluates the actual beam slenderness for each principle axis separately, based on
the directly or indirectly defined beam buckling length and cross section properties and or :
, , , ,
= =

For conical beams the smaller of the inertia radii associated to the end cross sections is used, separately
for each principle axis ( min( , )). This results in a save upper approximation of the slenderness
of a conical beam.
Dialog: Beam Buckling Data
Separately for each principle axis, the following options to specify the beam buckling length are available:
Specification of a buckling length coefficient
Specification of a buckling length .
The values of buckling length and buckling length coefficient are both stored independently from each
other.
If a buckling coefficient is specified for a principle axis then KRASTA determines the according buckling
length = based on the current beam length .
The beam length is defined as the distance between start and end node of a beam. Therefore, the beam
length may differ from the net length of the buckling beam / of the buckling problem.
If beam buckling data is edited for multiple beams at once, the already associated beam buckling data is
not shown in the dialog. In this case it is possible to keep the data unchanged or to delete the data
separately for each axis.
5.2.2.11 Beam Notch Case Classifications

Beam Notch Case Classifications allow setting notch case classifications at beam-start and beam-end.
An overview how to set notch case classifications is given in chapter Notch Case Classifications (p.73).
5.2.3 Node Properties

Nodes can have the following properties:
Name (p.45) and Comment
Node Masses (p.49)
Support Conditions (Joints/Springs) (p.49)
Displacement Conditions (p.49)
5.2.3.1 Node Masses

Node masses can be assigned to the nodes. These masses are stored as "permanent mass" with the
nodes.
5.2.3.2 Support Conditions (Joints/Springs)

Each individual degree of freedom can be defined as rigid, jointed or can be given a spring rate.
5.2.3.3 Displacement Conditions

For nodes with displacement conditions, KRASTA automatically determines the outer reaction forces
necessary to meet the conditions. These reaction forces are displayed and documented as ordinary
support forces.
If limit displacements are specified, there is no reaction if the limit is already kept.
Dialog: Displacement Conditions
Displacement Conditions are always defined in the global inertial coordinate system. The following types
are available: Lower limit, Upper limit, Target and unchanged.
Caution: Displacement conditions can only be used with linear theory!
5.3 Construction
The term construction refers to the various steps to create and modify the structure made of nodes and
beams.
These steps are
creating, editing or deleting nodes or beams,
translation, stretching, copying and mirroring of nodes and enclosed beams
splitting and reversing beams
checking for double nodes and beams
5.3.1 Split Beam

The splitting options defined in the dialog are applied to all currently selected beams.
Beams can be split in two or more beams at one or more (split-) points. For each point a new node and a
new beam is created automatically. The new nodes and beams get node and beam properties
automatically to form a statically equivalent system. Note: Loads and Masses may not be transformed
in a proper way and may be adjusted manually.
Beams can be split in different ways:
Number of points: The beam is split into equidistant sections.
Equidistant: Sections with the given length are split off the beam, beginning at the start (or end) of
the beam. The last section may be shorter than the given length.
Single point absolute: The section, where the beam is to be divided, is defined by an absolute
distance from the start (or end) of the beam.
Single point relative: The section, where the beam is to be divided, is defined by a relative distance
from the start (or end) of the beam.
At Plane: The beam is divided at the intersection with a defined plane.
Dialog: Split Beams
To split beams at a plane, the Coordinate System has to be selected first. The inertial system (p.43) or
the subsystem coordinate system (p.43) may be selected to define a point and a normal vector.
A point in the plane is to be defined. The coordinates of the point can be entered via keyboard or by a
Graphical Selection of a node.
Then a normal vector is entered, which is perpendicular to the plane. This vector can be entered via
keyboard or by a Graphical Selection of two nodes.
All selected beams, which are intersected by the defined plane, are divided at the intersection points.
5.3.2 Reverse Beams

Reversing Beams allows to change the beam orientation without changing the static properties. In this
sense it is complete to swap start and end node and swap all beam properties in regard to the new beam
orientation as well. To handle nonsymmetric cross sections or cross sections with an angle of principle
axes different from 0 the auxiliary vectors and cross sections have to be readjusted by the user properly.
Dialog: Reverse Beam
5.3.3 Translation, Stretching, Copying and Mirroring

Translating, stretching, copying or mirroring parts of the structure is done in a very similar manner.
The current selection (p.29) of nodes specifies the substructure to be copied or to translated.
Geometrical Specifications
A translation is defined by a distance vector.
A rotation is defined by an axis and an angle.
A mirror plane is defined by a locational point and a normal vector perpendicular to that plane.
A stretch is defined by an origin, a direction and a stretch factor.
Move
For moving a structure you may select
If coincident objects should be merged. Objects in identical locations will be merged by deleting the
newer object (refer Merging (p.53)).
Copy
For copying a structure you may select
If (and for which) nodes a new beam shall be created between master and copy.
Mirroring
For copying a structure you may select
If (and for which) nodes a new beam shall be created between master and copy.
Which beam axis (for the purpose of right-handed coordinates) should not be mirrored.
Since the beam coordinate system must always remain right handed, not all of the three beam axes can
be mirrored. If the longitudinal beam axis is not mirrored, an additionally choice is available, if physical
characteristics should be adapted. If the longitudinal beam axis is not mirrored but physical characteristics
should be adapted, this is similar to a beam reversal without switching start and end nodes.
Stretching
The distance to the origin, projected in the direction of stretch is scaled by the factor. Consequently, scaling
by zero is Projecting the structure into the plane.
Scaling
To scale a substructure by a certain factor, three sequel stretches have to be done in each of the three
spatial directions
Insert new objects into lists

After copying, mirroring and splitting a dialog Insert new objects into lists occurs if necessary.
KRASTA examines in which beam and/or node lists the master objects are included. KRASTA offers to
select to which lists the copies shall be added.
5.3.4 Rounding
Allows to round the Coordinates and Aux.-Vector components of currently selected nodes and beams to
the defined precision.
Dialog: Rounding
5.3.5 Check for double beams or nodes

Multiple nodes and/or beams can be defined at the same location. Beams or nodes at the same location
are not connected in respect to the static system, as long as this is not explicitly defined.
KRASTA can check for coincident beams and/or nodes. If found, KRASTA offers to merge coincident
nodes and selects coincident beams.
Merging
Merging is done in regard to structural interconnection, but not in regard to masses or loads.
Caution: By discarding nodes all mass and/or loads applied to them are omitted.
5.4 Cross Sections

In KRASTA four different types of cross sections are available:
Direct Input (p.56), also Partial Rigid Cross Sections (p.56)
Thin Walled Cross Sections (p.58)
Parametric Cross Sections (p.59)
Standard Cross Sections (p.70)
Cross Sections can be provided in libraries from where they can be imported.
For common standard cross sections, libraries are provided.
5.4.1 Points for Proof of Stresses

Points for proof of stresses define locations within cross sections for which KRASTA calculates stresses.
These points are already defined for parametric and thin-walled cross sections. For direct input cross
sections points for proof of stresses may be defined manually.
Classification
Where appropriate, the stresses are taken into account according to specific proofs. Additional
classifications (p.73) according to standards may be required. Example: Proof of fatigue according
DIN 15018 (p.171).
Selection
Point for proof of stresses can be selected (active) or not selected (inactive). Only selected (active) points
for proof of stresses are taken into account by proofs or results.
Structural Thickness
For some proofs direct input cross sections require a thickness to be defined for the points for proof of
stresses. Example: Proof of Stresses elast.-elast. according DIN 18800 (p.219). If no thickness is specified
KRASTA assumes the best case for thickness dependend values.
Welding seams
Points for proof of stresses can be specified to represent a longitudinal welding seam. This information will
be considered at proof of fatigue according DIN 15018, for example.
Scope
All attributes of points for proof of stresses (e.g. notch cases) are effective for all beams with this cross
section and at all section points of these beams unless there is no individual beam notch case classification
(p.74) set.
If on single points for proofs of stresses on a certain section point other attributes are to be used, a copy
of the cross section can be used and modified as desired. Then, individual beam notch case classifications
at the particular section point have to be removed.
5.4.2 Direct Input Cross Section

Six cross section values can be input::
Ax Cross sectional area
Ay Shear area
Az Shear area
Ix Polar area moment of inertia
Iy area moment of inertia around y-axis
Iz area moment of inertia around z-axis
Optionally it is possible to specify points for proof of stresses (yp, zp) and their unit stresses, which will be
used in proof of stresses.
It is possible to specify one or more section values as rigid, see Partial Rigid Cross Sections (p.56).
Dialog: Cross Section - Direct Input
5.4.3 Partial Rigid Cross Sections
(Partial) rigid cross sections are cross sections, with one or more rigid cross section values.
A checkmark indicates the corresponding cross section property as rigid. Note: Even rigid cross sections
have a weight calculated by
For example, fully rigid direct input cross sections can be used for auxiliary beams at excentric connections
or to meet correct load and mass points.
Beams representing ropes usually have a partial rigid cross section with elastic cross sectional area only
and rigid other cross section values. Additionally the beams may have joints at the ends in order to transfer
normal forces only.
Notes on using rigid cross sections

When using (partial) rigid cross section be careful not to limit elastic deformations of adjacent elastic cross
sections. This can lead to a stiffness bandwidth within the structure that may result in numerical problems
during calculation. There are no warnings in this matter.
Example: Use of rigid cross sections

The mass of a control cabin shall be applied in the
correct location (Fig. Cabin).
Cabin
For this purpose a rigid set of beams is modelled at the
platform consisting of a bracing in the platform and a
rigid beam from the center of the bracing to the
appropriate height (Fig: rigid bracing),
Fig. Cabin
The rigid bracings prevent elastic deformation of

rigid bracing
adjacent elastic beams. This region of very high
stiffness may attract inner forces massively higher
than the applied loads. In regions of normal stiffness
the numerical precision may then some percent of the
applied loads. A symptom may be a significant
difference between applied loads and according
support reactions.
Fig. rigid bracing no distortion
possible
It is better to add joints that way that the angles within

the rigid bracing can vary freely (Fig.: joints).
Adjacent beams may distort and the inner forces are
about the magnitude of applied loads.
Fig. joints possible

distortion
5.4.4 Thin-Walled Cross Sections

For thin-walled cross sections the plate thickness has to be
small in comparison to the dimension of the cross sections.
The thin-walled cross section has to be decomposed into
individual parts before input. The input of the parts is done in
the beam coordinate system. The number of cells is not
limited.
The length of the parts can be input or calculated, if the start
and end point of the part in question are defined by other
parts. The plate thickness and optionally a point area have to
be given.
Dialog: Structural Input of thin-walled Cross Sections
Point areas can be used to replace cross section parts which are small in comparison to the total
dimension. In this way rolled radii, welds or stiffeners for example can be input as point areas. For the point
areas only the Steiner-parts only are taken into consideration for the determination of moments of inertia.
The following basic cross section properties are calculated from the input:
Areas and moments of inertia
Center of gravity, center of shear forces, principal axis angle
Unit stresses as a result of bending, shear and torsion in the plate centerline
Unit warp coefficients and normal shear forces
Shear forces per plate to carry partial inner forces
It is possible to define conical beams by assignment of two geometric similar thin-walled cross sections to
start and end of a beam. The unit stresses are determined for any beam section points by interpolation of
the existing cross section geometry.
5.4.5 Parametric Cross Sections
Parametric cross sections are described by a limited number of geometrical parameters.
The cross section values and the unit stresses are calculated as a function of the parameters.
5.4.5.1 Calculation formulas

To determine cross-section properties, KRASTA uses following calculation formulas:
Cross sectional area

The area is directly calculated from the cross sectional dimension. The cross sectional area is used for the
calculation of the cross sectional weight.
Shear Areas
The shear areas are calculated using the factor .
2
= with = ( )
2

Statical Moment
= =

Center of Gravity
The center of gravity is calculated relative to the input coordinate system.
Center of Shear Forces

The center of shear forces is calculated relative to the input coordinate system.
Torsional Moment of Inertia

(2 )2
= (2nd Bredt Formula)

For thin-walled open cross sections (H, C and L-Sections) the Bredt Formula extends to:
1
3 = 1,2, ,
3

For determination of IT a correction factor is used for thin-walled sections. The exact value is shown in the
description of the specific cross sections.
Moments of Inertia
The moments of inertia are calculated with the help of the Steiner Theorem, radii are considered with their
moment of inertia and the Steiner part. More complicated cross sections are decomposed into partial cross
sections, for which the individual moments of inertia are calculated and combined.
= 2 = 2 =

For asymmetric cross sections (L-Sections) the principal axis angle and the moments of inertia about the
principal axes are calculated.
Principal Axis Angle:

The principal axis angle defines the rotation of the principal axes against the beam coordinate system.
2
tan 2 =

Moments of Inertia about the Principal Axes:

The moments of inertia about the principal axes follow are determined as follows:
1 1
= ( + ) + ( ) cos 2 + sin 2
2 2
1 1
= ( + ) ( ) cos 2 sin 2
2 2
Torsional Moment of Resistance

The torsional moment of resistance for St. Vernant torsion is calculated according to the Bredt Formula.
= 2 (1st Bredt Formula)
For thin-walled sections
1 3
1 = 1,2, ,
3
Bending Moment of Resistance

The bending moment of resistance is calculated from the moment of inertia and the distance of the section
center line to the outmost edge.

= =

Normal Stresses as a result of Normal Force

The stresses as a result of normal force are calculated from the force acting in longitudinal direction of the
beam and the cross sectional area.
Bending Stresses
The bending stresses are calculated from the bending moment and the bending moment of resistance.

= =

Torsional Shear Stresses

The torsional shear stresses are calculated from the torsional moment and the torsional moment of
resistance.

=

Shear Force induced Shear Stresses

The shear force induced shear stresses are calculated from the shear force, the statical moment, the
moment of inertia and the thickness according to the "Dowel" Formula.

= =

Sign definition:
At open cross sections the shear stresses resulting from torsion and shear forces are positive in positive
beam coordinate direction, at closed cross sections (tube and rectangular tube) in mathematical positive
direction of rotation.
Plastic Moment of Resistance

The plastic moment of resistance is determined to the double of the statical moment.
, = 2 , = 2
5.4.5.2 Types of Parametric Cross Sections

In KRASTA at the following parametric cross sections are available:
H-Section (p.63)
C-Section (p.64)
L-Section (p.65)
Rectangular Tube (p.66)
Rectangle Section (p.67)
Round Section (p.68)
Circular Tube (p.69)
H-Section
Input parameters for the H-Section:
Width b
Height h
Flange thickness tg
Web thickness ts
Rounding radius r
All cross sectional values except the shear areas and torsional moment of inertia are calculated exactly for
the shown H-Section (equivalent to IPE or HE). The cross sectional values for "old-style" H-Sections
(sloping flanges) can be approximately calculated with this model.
The shear areas and are determined according to thin-walled theory.
The torsional moment of inertia is calculated with the formula for St. Venant torsion for thin-walled cross
sections. The formula is extended with a factor for consideration of the radii.
1
= (2 3 + ( 2 ) 3 ) = 1.16, = 1.33, = {
3 >
For the H-Section 11 points for proof of stresses are available.
C-Section
Input parameters for the C-Section:
Width b
Height h
Flange thickness tg
Web thickness ts
Rounding radius r
All cross sectional values except the shear areas and the torsional moment of inertia are calculated exactly
for the shown C-Section (equivalent to UAP). The cross sectional values for simple C-Sections (sloping
flanges) can be calculated approximately with this model.
The torsional moment of inertia is calculated with the formula for St. Venants torsion for thin-walled
composed cross sections. The formula is extended with a factor for consideration of the radii.
1
= ( 3 + 2 ( ) 3 ) = 1.12
3
For the C-Section 9 points for proof of stresses are available.

L-Section
Input parameters for the L-Section:
Height a
Width b
Thickness s
Rounding radius r1
Rounding radius r2
The shear areas for the L-Section are simplified determined to the area of the flanges.
= =
The values for the moments of inertia and the moments of resistance are output in the principal axes
coordinate system.
For the L-Section 3 points for proof of stresses are available.

Rectangular Tube
Input parameters for the rectangular tube:
Width b
Height a
Thickness t
Rounding radius r
For the rectangular tube 8 points for proof of stresses are available.
Rectangle Section
Input parameters for the rectangle section:
Width b
Height h
The shear areas are calculated from the cross sectional area using a correction factor.
12 + 11
= = =
10 (1 + )
For the torsional moment of inertia and the torsional moment of resistance the following approximation
equations are used:
3 5
= [1 0.63 + 0.052 ( ) ] <
3
3 5
= [1 0.63 + 0.052 ( ) ] >
3
2 2
= [1 0.63 + 0.25 ( ) ] <
3
2 2
= [1 0.63 + 0.25 ( ) ] >
3
For the rectangle section 9 points for proof of stresses are available.
Round Section
Input parameter for the round section:
Diameter d
The shear area is calculated from the cross sectional area using a correction factor.
7+6
= = =
6 (1 + )
The unit stresses resulting from shear force are calculated according to the formula:
4
=
3
The number of points for proof of stresses is variable for the round section.
Circular Tube
Input parameters for the circular tube:
Diameter d
Wall thickness t
The shear areas are calculated from the cross sectional area using a correction factor.

= =

(7 + 6 ) (1 + 2 )2 + (20 + 12 ) 2
= > 0.1
6 (1 + ) (1 + 2 )2
2
with ( )

4+3
= < 0.1
2 (1 + )
The number of points for proof of stresses on the tube is variable.

5.4.6 Standard Cross Sections

Standard cross sections like e.g. H, L and C sections are standardized cross sections where cross sectional
values are directly taken from manufacturers lists. Additional values are calculated according to the
corresponding parametric cross sections.
5.4.7 Import Cross Sections

A cross section, as all other KRASTA Objects (p.22) can be imported from other KRASTA systems or from
KRASTA standard cross section libraries.
If the user selects Other KRASTA system, a dialog appears to select the system to import from. If you
open a system for import, a multiple selection appears, listing all available cross sections on the left hand.
On confirmation, all cross sections shown on the right hand will be imported.
5.4.8 Plot Cross Sections

To print (p.35) cross section plots, the menu item Cross Section | Plot is available. A Multi-Selection-
Dialog (p.24) is opened, listing all currently defined cross sections.
For each selected cross section, a Plot-File is created. The plot file contains the graphical representation
and additionally common cross sections data as name, section values, principle axis angle and center of
shear forces.
A detailed list of all cross sections properties is available by Text Documentations (p.235).
5.4.9 Clean Up Cross Sections

A way to clean up the system of currently unused cross sections (or to list such) is available by the menu
item Cross Section | Clean up. A Multi-Selection-Dialog (p.24) is opened, listing all currently unused
cross sections.
5.5 Material
KRASTA allows the definition of different materials like steel or aluminum by the input of specific material
properties.
A material needs a classification (p.73) according to each standard, with which it is to be used.
Dialog: Material
The following material characteristics have to be entered in the
current selected units:
Elasticity Modulus
Shear Modulus
Density
Thermal Expansion coefficient
The following values are optional:
Yield Point
Tensile Strength
Classification
In the Classification field you can select a classification (p.73)
in the scope of several Standards. The list of available
classifications depends on the standard you have selected. Use
the button Add > to add the current classification on the left hand
to the list of Chosen classifications. The button < Remove to
remove the selected one from the list.
5.5.1 Clean Up Materials

A way to clean up the system of currently unused cross sections (or to list such) is available by the menu
item Material | Clean up. A Multi-Selection-Dialog (p.24) is opened, listing all currently unused
materials.
5.6 Classifications
Classifications are used in KRASTA to identify individual objects in respect to certain standards. Currently
KRASTA classifications utilized to identify:
Materials (p.73)
Notch Cases (p.73)
for uses in proofs of fatigue (p.165).
5.6.1 Classification of Materials

KRASTA allows the definition of different materials (p.71) such as steel or aluminum by specific material
properties.
A material has to be classified in respect to any standard it is to be used later. That means, the material
must be identified as (similar to) one of the materials known by the particular standard.
As an example a classification as follows:
The material "S235_ " is in the sense of DIN 5018 classified as (to be treated like) "St 37".
Example: Classification of Material S235
The material-dialog (p.71) contains a section to show and edit classifications. The example shown here
belongs to the default material "S235_.
5.6.2 Notch Case Classifications

For each cross-section (p.55) locations can be defined for which KRASTA calculates stresses from inner
forces. These locations are known as points for proof of stresses.
Where appropriate, the stresses are taken into account according to specific proofs. Additional
classifications according to standards may be required. In particular to proof fatigue, notch case
classifications are needed.
Notch case classifications can be set in different ways:
At proofs of fatigue (p.73), as default notch case classification for all points for proof of stresses
not classified otherwise.
At cross section (p.73), for all beams with this cross section, if no classification of the currently
evaluated beam section is present.
At beam sections (p.74) at the start or end of the beam.
5.6.2.1 Notch Case Classification in Proof of Fatigue

To proof fatigue, notch case classifications are needed for all points for proofs of stresses to be evaluated.
Setting a default notch case allows to proof points for proof of stresses for which otherwise in respect to
the respective stress component no classification are set.
5.6.2.2 Notch Case Classification of Cross Section Points

Each cross-section has points for proof of stresses to determine stresses from inner forces. These
stresses are rated to proof fatigue strength.
The required additional information may be assigned to the individual point for proof of stresses of the
cross-section (see button "Classification Fatigue" in cross section dialog).
This classification is used for all beams with this cross section, if no classification of the currently evaluated
beam section point (p.74) is present.
Dialog: Classification of Points for Proof of Stresses of Cross Section
In every cross section dialog a button "Classification Fatigue" is available to edit the classifications of
individual points for proof of stresses in respect to certain fatigue standards.
Contain classifications resp.: lists all standards, for which currently at least one point for proof of
stresses is classified for.
Standard allows choosing the certain fatigue standard to display and edit.
On the left side are not yet classified "Points for Proof of Stresses" and on the right side the "Already
Classified Points" listed with their classification respective the currently chosen standard.
5.6.2.3 Notch Case Classification of Beam Section Points

Each beam has section points for which inner forces are available and for which stresses can be evaluated.
These stresses are rated to proof fatigue strength.
The required additional information in form of beam notch case classifications may be assigned to the
start and end of beams.
If a notch case classification is assigned to a certain beam section point, this classification is taken into
account prior to all alternative ways to assign a classification. A notch case classification of a beam section
applies to all cross section points for proof of stresses on the respective beam section point.
If for several points for proofs of stresses on a certain beam section different classifications are to be used,
a copy of the cross section with according classifications can be used. Then, an individual classification at
the particular beam section point has to be removed. The beam may be split (p.51) appropriately in
advance.
Dialog: Beamwise Notch Case Classification
In every beam dialog a button "Notch Case Class. is available to edit the classifications of its start and
end with respect to several fatigue standards.
The main menu item Property | Beam Notch Case Class. opens the dialog to apply classifications
to all currently selected beams.
Beam start (end) is classified regarding: lists all standards, for which the start and end currently is
classified for.
Under Standard a fatigue standard can be displayed and edited.
KRASTA stores the last edited fatigue standard as "current standard".
Displaying Beam Notch Case Classifications

The dialog Display Settings, register Beam offers the option to display beam notch case classifications
of the current standard or a selected fatigue standard.
KRASTA stores the last displayed fatigue standard as " current standard ".
Selecting by Property Beam Notch Case Classifications

The main menu item Selection | Beam Property | Beam notch case classification opens a dialog to
select beams with certain beam notch case classifications (p.74). All pairs of classifications at beam start
and end are listed for the currently shown subset.
5.7 Lists
Object lists are used to manage a group of objects (p.22) of one type. For example loads can be applied
to a list of nodes or a list of beams can be set inactive for a solver run.
Lists are KRASTA Objects (p.22) and have a name and a comment. Lists can be created new, copied,
edited or deleted.
The used by-box contains the objects (e.g. Load Cases) already using this beam list. If a list is no longer
used, KRASTA asks the user if it should delete the specific list.
Below the main menu item List, the commands to create beam- or node-lists can be found. List for other
objects are located close to the menu items for these objects.
Along with simple lists, which contain single objects, there are composition lists, with which other lists can
be related with operators, and filter lists, where the content is created dynamically according to filter criteria.
Additionally to user defined lists, KRASTA knows some generic lists like $all_nodes or $all_beams.
5.7.1 Simple Beam or Node Lists

Creating and editing of simple beam or node lists is based on the Current Selection (p.29) as follows:
Beam or Node Lists creation

If a simple beam or node list is newly created, the dialog to edit beam or node lists is opened. As pre
selection, the Current Selection (p.29) will be taken over to edit.
Beam or Node Lists editing

By editing a simple beam or node list, the selection specified by the list is made the Current Selection
(p.29) and the dialog edit beam or node lists is opened.
Dialog: List
If this dialog is present, the Current Selection (p.29)
represents the content of the just edited list. The
selection can be edited, i.e. changed.
Use Select Model to select the objects of other list.
5.7.2 Other simple lists

Multiple Object Selections (p.24) are usually
used to edit simple object List except node and
beam lists. On the right side the selected objects
are shown, on the left the remaining ones.
The sequence [1] of lists can be explicitly set [2].
The sequence is important for executable lists in [2]
particular.
In the example dialogue the situations are
evaluated in the result set "In Service" in the
sequence shown. [1]
Lists of Results or Proofs

It is possible to create lists of result and/or proof control sets (p.227). These lists are executable, i.e. the
result resp. proof result sets are computed one after the other in a specified order.
The textual output (p.228) from individual results and proofs are cumulated in single text output. The textual
output can be narrowed to the intrinsic result data (minimized output) or fully documented.
5.7.3 Composition Lists

Lists and single objects can be composed with
composition lists, using the operators "Add",
"Subtract" and "Intersect". The composition is
performed according to the sequence shown,
accordingly, every compostion step uses the
result of previous steps. This should be
considered when using operators "Subtract" and
"Intersect". It is not possible to put parantheses to
influence the composition order. Instead,
composition lists can be used in composition lists.
The composition is done every time the list is
evaluated; it is not just an assistance to generate
a fixed list of single objects.
5.7.4 Filter Lists

List contents can be created
dynamically with filter lists according
to up to three filter criteria. The criteria
are related using logical operators
"and" and "or".
The criterion Name must be
mentioned explicitly, as it refers to the
base name of objects only. For
names a few comparison options are
available. By comparison option
"begin with", objects will be found if the object name begins with the filter string. For example, by a filter
"Name" "begin with" "Susp" all objects with the base name "Suspension as well as objects with the base
name "Susp. Pylon will be caught.
An extension of a filter criterion by "and" adds a further restriction, "or" opens an alternative. In the above
example the beam name has to begin with Susp and the beam cross-section have to be "HE M 280_"
to let the beam be in the list.
The filtering is done every time the list is evaluated; it is not just an assistance to generate a fixed list of
single objects.
5.7.5 Clean Up of Lists

A way to clean up the system of currently unused or empty lists (or to list such) is available by the menu
item List | Clean up Lists.
The following cases are handled separately:
All empty Lists
All unused Lists
List which are empty and unused
For each case, a Multi-Selection-Dialog (p.24) is opened, offering the according lists to delete.
5.8 Mass Cases

Mass cases can be used for modelling fixed, variable or moveable masses placed on the structure.
Mass distributions are usually composed of permanent available masses, masses variable in magnitude
(e.g. counter weight, pay load) and moveable masses (e.g. trolley positions).
The net mass distribution of the construction is calculated as the product of cross sectional area and
density. Usually the real mass is larger than that. Connections, transverse diaphragms, electrical
equipment and further parts are added, which are not included in the statical model. To describe the mass
distribution more exactly, beam mass factors can be applied to represent evenly distributed additional
masses. For local mass concentrations node- and beam masses (concentrated or distributed) can be
defined.
5.8.1 Permanent Mass

The special basic mass case "Permanent Mass" comprises masses which are directly stored for beams
and nodes and therefore remain with these objects if they are copied or imported with subsystems
[OPTION]. Masses can be applied to beams and nodes in the Property menu or in the beam or node
dialog.
Example: Permanent Mass
5.8.2 Basic Mass Cases (BMC)

Basic mass cases containing mass factors and individual masses can be defined for variable or moveable
masses or to describe parts of a model that are to be accelerated
Mass factors can be applied to the permanent mass where you can select whether it should be applied on
the distributed mass (resulting from sectional area and density) and/or on the beam and node masses.
This mass information is assigned to beam and node lists. On calculation of the mass the permanent mass
(beam mass factors, beam masses, node masses) of the given objects in the lists is then multiplied by the
respective mass factor. Additional individual masses are added.
Dialog: Basic Mass Case
A basic mass case, as well as all KRASTA Objects (p.22), have a name and a comment.
Additionally, it contains a list of individual mass components of type
Mass Factor,
Beam Mass or
Node Mass.
Each of these mass items is assigned to an individual list of nodes or beams charged by this mass item.
5.8.2.1 Mass Factor

The mass specified in a basic mass case by a mass factor ,, is in general form:

= ,, [, (
+
+ ) +
]
" " " " " "

mit: = |, | resulting netto beam mass

(distrib.) or (conzentr.) (additionally) mass, specified at beam.
, mass factor, specified at beam.
node mass, specified at node.
Herein, the mass items Mass Distribution, Beam Mass and Node Mass can be activated or de-
activated individually.
Dialog: Mass Factor
Note: Mass items with type mass factor are assigned to a beam list, and adjacent nodes. Node masses of
the end nodes of the beams in the beam list are applied with the factor. To calculate the assigned node

mass of the bordering nodes, the node masses are considered as equally distributed over the
beams connecting there.
Basic Mass Case: Permanent Mass

The basic mass case $Permanent Mass is defined internally as mass factor 1.0 applied to the beam and
node mass of all beams and nodes. Thus, the permanent mass is the sum of all masses which are
assigned to beams and nodes directly.
5.8.2.2 Beam Mass

As a component of a basic mass case (p.79), a list of beams can carry concentrated, uniform or trapezoidal
distributed (additionally) masses.
Dialog: Beam Mass

5.8.2.3 Node Mass

As a component of a basic mass case (p.79), a list of nodes can carry concentrated (additionally) masses.
Dialog: Node Mass
5.8.3 Combination Mass Cases (CMC)

Basic mass cases can be supplied with factors and combined to combination mass cases.
Different mass distributions can easily be described by this means. Basic or combination mass cases are
used in description of inertia load cases and for the modal analysis. With a consequently mass orientated
input all inertia loads can be generated with ease.
Dialog: Combination Mass Case

The assembly of a combination mass case is done analogue to that of combination load cases (p.88).
If selected, the mass case gets the current specified Factor as combination factor. The combination factor
can be reassigned to the currently selected mass case.
Combination mass cases are able to contain combination mass cases themselves. To get an overview
over all mass cases contained in a combination mass case, the combination mass case can be displayed
expanded.
5.8.4 Situation Dependent Mass Case (SMC)

A Situation Dependent Mass Case allows to refer to different mass cases in respect to the currently
evaluated situation. Individual masses or even individual mass factors can be taken into account for each
situation in an explicit and centralized manner.
Situation Dependent Mass Cases are similar to Situation Dependent Load Cases. Both cases are
described together in the chapter Situation Dependent Mass and Load Cases (p.91).
5.8.5 Sum of Masses

The Sum of Masses of a basic or combination load case is shown as a part of the information window
(p.20), during textual documentation (p.235) of mass cases or for individual mass cases with the menu
item. The total mass and the center of gravity of the currently displayed subset is calculated.
The Sum of Masses may depend on the inactive beams of the given situation.
Example: Sum of Masses

5.9 Load Cases

In load cases the loads on the structure resulting from outer forces or predeformations acting on beams
and/or nodes is defined.
5.9.1 Basic Load Case (BLC)

A basic load case can consist of directly input loads and/or generated loads. The loads described below
can be used with the solver PAS. For STAB88, which supports node loads only, all beam loads are
converted automatically into equivalent node loads
Dialog: Basic Load Case
Basic mass cases, as well as all KRASTA objects (p.22), have a name and a comment.
It contains a list of individual load components of type
Beam Load,
Beam Predeformation,
Node Load,
Temperature,
Acceleration,
Wind,
Rope,
Linear Beam Predeformation,
Parabolic Beam Predeformation
Each of these load items is assigned to an individual list of nodes or beams charged by this load item.
5.9.1.1 Beam Loads and Beam Predeformation

It is possible to define concentrated, uniform or trapezoidal distributed beam loads or beam
predeformations.
Loads with fixed directions can be described in the inertial (global) coordinate system. Loads that are to be
moved with a subsystem or beam, can be described in the subsystem or beam coordinate system. If there
are any principal axis angles, loads will automatically be transformed to the principal axes for solver input.
Loads distributed over a length can be projected for spatial beams if desired, where the force or the moment
per unit of length is input in the inertial or subsystem coordinate system. The program projects loads
according to fig. Load Projection. The load is adjusted so that the resultant is constant.
5.9.1.2 Node Loads

Node loads can be input in the according subsystem or in the inertial (global) coordinate system. One node
load can consist of up to 6 components.
5.9.1.3 Acceleration Loads

The structure or parts of it can be accelerated translational or rotational and rotated (centrifugal forces).
For a translational acceleration the direction of acceleration and its magnitude have to be described. For a
rotational acceleration the axis of rotation, the rotational acceleration and/or the angular velocity are to be
input.
The acceleration loads are generated from acceleration
description and the mass distribution of a mass case.
As a special case of translational acceleration the accel-
eration due to gravity is implemented, where only the
direction of action of the weight has to be given.
Dialog: Acceleration Load

Here, specification of type, direction, magnitude and which
mass to accelerate are made. The specifications may differ
depending on the type.
Gravity Load
The Directions of Gravity specifies the direction of the
gravity load and the Coordinate System in which the
direction is defined. The absolute value of this directional vector is irrelevant.
Translational Acceleration Load

A translational acceleration is specified exactly like gravity acceleration, but it is possible to enter the
acceleration magnitude.
Note:
KRASTA is toggling the direction of the gravity load vector
when switching between Gravity and Translational in
order to keep the load direction.
Rotational Acceleration Load

A rotational acceleration is defined by
The Acceleration, which is the magnitude of the
angular acceleration.
The Angular Velocity, which causes centrifugal forces.
The Location of Rotation Axis (Pivot), given by
Reference Point and Distance to that point.
The Direction of Rotation Axis (axis direction).
Example: Rotational Acceleration Load

5.9.1.4 Wind Loads

The definition of wind loads is split into two parts, by specifying the wind pressure distribution in a wind
(velocity) profile and by specifying beamwise wind resistance coefficients.
The wind profile is the same for all wind load items defined in one basic load case. Even it can be changed
in each wind load subdialog.
Wind Profile
Different wind profiles can be defined. You have to input:
Wind direction (IN-CS or SS-CS)
Height ranges with according pressure
Direction of the height range gradation
Dialog: Wind Profile

If no distribution profile needs to be specified, a Default
Wind Pressure and the Vector of Wind Direction is
sufficient.
To specify a profile the direction of the profile and the
wind pressure at each altitude range is needed.
The default wind pressure is taken above as well as
below individually specified altitude ranges.
Wind resistance
For the wind loads a factor with an according beam list is input. With this factor the resistance coefficient,
cross sectional height, wind shadowing, aerodynamic effective length etc. is considered.
Dialog: Wind
Wind load on beams is specified by the Start Value and End Value (for
Conical beams) of the dimension (drag coeff. * height) and a
Wind Profil.
Wind load on nodes is specified by a wind area .
The wind profile is stored by the basic load case, so all wind loads of one
basic load case use the same wind profile.
5.9.1.5 Rope Loads

The rope force and a series of nodes, which the rope shall follow, have to be input. To model a pulley the
rope force can be given a different factor between two nodes. This calculation is suitable for 1 st order theory
only, as the course of the rope is modelled by forces with constant load directions.
Dialog: Rope Load

A rope load is defined by the following items:
The Rope Load.
The Pulley Factor, which multiplies the rope load for
each part of rope specifically.
The Rope Polygon defined by a sequence of nodes. The
route of the rope follows the order of the nodes. You
have to select them graphically.
And in case of a Free End of Rope exists:
The Coordinate System, in which the free end of rope
is described
The Rope Vector to define the direction of the free end.
5.9.1.6 Temperature Loads

For temperature loads a steady and a different warming at beam upper side and beam underside is
possible. From the coefficient of thermal expansion, which is saved in material data and the temperature
details, substitute predeformations are applied.
Dialog: Temperature
To edit temperature loads the corresponding dialog
offers different sets of items, depending on the selected
Temperature Profile along Beam Cross Section.
Commonly available are Start and End distance of the
temperature load along the beam in Absolute or
Relative beam coordinates probably measured
From End.
In case of a Uniform temperature profile additionally
only one Temperature(difference) can be entered.
In case of a Trapezoidal temperature profile the dialog
offers the following description details:
Temperature at Edge Distance of Upper Side and
Lower Side measured across the cross section.
The Direction of Cross Section Gradient to indi-
cate in which direction the "upper side" is.
The temperatures and edge distances are used to
determine the mean temperature(difference) plus the magnitude of the temperature gradient across the
beam section.
The gradient direction vector is an auxiliary vector to determine the gradient direction angle in the cross
section plane.
5.9.1.7 Linear Beam Predeformation

This type of load provides pre-distortion of particular beams, e.g. to take into consideration corresponding
imperfections. For that purpose the angle and the axis of distortion is defined.
The linear beam predeformation internally consist of two beam predeformations at the start and the end of
a beam.
5.9.1.8 Parabolic Beam Predeformation

This type of load provides pre-curvature to particular beams. Similar to the linear one the parabolic beam
predeformation is also used to model imperfections.
To define a parabolic beam predeformation the distance and the direction of the apex from the middle of
the beam is used. The distance will be given in relation to the beam length by a fraction
( = ; e.g. with = 400 ).
With regard to universal use, the apex direction does not have to be perpendicular to the respective beam.
Via appropriate longitudinal expansion it is possible to locate the "apex" in the requested direction.
5.9.2 Combination Load Case (CLC)

Basic load cases can be combined with partial safety coefficients (factors). These combination load cases
can be combined with other combination and basic load cases again. The depth of combination levels is
not limited.
Dialog: Combination Load Case
The assembly of a combination load case is done analogue to a multi select dialog with an additional factor.
If added the load case gets the current specified Factor as combination factor. The combination factor can
also be reassigned to the currently selected load case.
Example: Expanded Combination Load Case

Combination load cases are able to contain combination load
cases themselves. To get an overview over all load cases
contained in a combination load case, the combination load
case can be displayed expanded.
5.9.3 Situation Dependent Load Case (SLC)

A Situation Dependent Load Case allows to refer to different
load cases in respect to the currently evaluated situation.
Individual loads and individual load factors can be taken into account for each situation in an explicit and
centralized manner.
Situation Dependent Load Cases are similar to Situation Dependent Mass Cases. Both cases are
described in chapter Situation Dependent Mass and Load Cases (p.91).
5.9.4 Load Case 2nd Order Theory (TH2)

Structures can be calculated according to 2nd order theory (p.143). The equilibrium is formulated in a
deformed condition, so that in the differential equation for bending,
+ =
the term is considered.
The torsion is considered according to St. Venant theory. Single beam matrices are assembled
geometrically linear (Williot plan of displacement). The solution of the equation system is iterated on the
normal forces.
Buckling loads can be determined by iterative increments of the loads. The buckling condition is met, if the
denominator determination becomes zero.
Load cases 2nd order theory can be combined with "or" in nonlinear logic load cases (p.90) to ease building
load patterns for finding of extreme values (p.227) across all Situations (p.133).
5.9.5 Geometrical nonlinear Load Case (S88)

The program STAB88/NODYA [OPTION] (p.139) allows for geometrically nonlinear calculation of beam
structures.
Using this type of load case, individual loads can be gradually applied according to a time function. After
each load step the equilibrium between inner and outer forces is improved by an equilibrium iteration. Basic
and combination load cases can be multiplied by factors, provided with according time functions and
combined to a geometrical nonlinear load case.
5.9.6 Logic Load Case (LLC)

In many cases , especially when many acceleration loads are involved (as often used in material handling),
it is not safely possible to tell, which combination of loads leads to the highest stresses in one certain point.
Logic load cases can be defined for this purpose.
The following parameters describe a logic load case:
Of the load cases in the logical combination acts "Exactly One", "One or None", "All" or "All Possible
Combinations".
Each load case can be given a factor and can possibly be defined to act in positive or negative direction.
The depth of nested logic load cases is not limited.
Dialog: Logic Load Case

Example: Logic Load Case
Wind
Wind "In-operation" can occur in four directions (or may not act at all)
LLC wind_in_operation = [ BLC wind_trans; BLC wind_along]; "One or None"
Accelerations by drives
Trolley drives and hoisting unit may operate simultaneously. Crane travelling only occurs, if hoisting unit
and trolley drive are not in use.
BLC crane driving, CLC trolley driving, BLC lifting, BLC lowering
LLC hoisting unit = [BLC hoisting; BLC lowering]; "Exactly One"
LLC trolley+hoisting = [CLC trolley driving; LLC hoisting unit]; "All"
LLC movement = [BLC crane driving; LLC trolley+hoisting]; "Exactly One"
(Results in 6 possible combinations)

Variant: The crane can travel, while hoisting unit and trolley drive operate. In the last logic load case the
option "Exactly One" is replaced by "All":
LLC movement = [BLC crane driving; LLC trolley+hoisting]; "All"
(Results in 8 possible combinations)
5.9.7 Nonlinear Logic Load Case (NLL)

Nonlinear load cases can also be arranged in a logic load case.
The nonlinear logic load case corresponds to the logic load case with the restrictions that the included load
cases can only be considered with the factor 1, acting in positive direction only, and combined with
"Exactly One" or "One or None".
5.10 Situation Dependent Load and Mass Cases

Situation dependent load or mass cases allow to refer to different load or mass cases in respect to the
currently evaluated situation. (In the further reading, "load case" is synonym to "load or mass case".) A
situation dependent load case does not define loads itself, but refers to another load case including an
additional factor.
In a situation dependent load case, the correlation between load and situation can be described in an
explicit and centralized manner without any impact to the remaining load case pattern. The whole load
case pattern can be significantly laid out more clearly, easier to maintain and expand for additional
situations.
Example: Situation Dependent Load or Mass Case

A practical application is a luffing crane with a hoist load depending on the outreach. One situation
dependent mass case can list all hoist loads individual to the outreach situation. The remaining evaluation
pattern stays simple by including situation dependent load cases and remains unaffected by situation and
load relations.
A load pattern can be clearly laid out and general structured on the one hand and individual for each
situation on the other hand.
Dialog: Situation Dependent Load or Mass Case
Explicitly listed cases

For each considered situation a case is defined by a triplet of Situation or List of Situation, Factor and
Load Case and added to the listed cases.
While evaluating a situation dependent load case, KRASTA scans through the sequence of listed cases
for an applicable entry for the currently evaluated situation. If a matching entry exists, the referred basic or
combination load case multiplied by the load factor is used.
Because a listed case can refer to a situation and to a list of situations as well, eventually a certain situation
is referred more than once in the whole list. Nevertheless KRASTA always picks the first matching entry in
the sequence of cases. All subsequent matching cases are ignored.
Default Load or Mass Case

The user can opt for three different policies, if no applicable entry is defined in the list of cases:
The evaluation is stopped with a warning message (default)
A zero load case is used
A defined load case is used
5.11 Load Events

The term load event is used in KRASTA to refer a particular Load Case (p.83) in a particular Situation
(p.133). The KRASTA object Load Event gives such a pair of load case and situation a name.
Wherever in KRASTA pairs of load cases and situations are used, they can put together ad hoc or an
already known Load Event object can be used.
Load Events are used to
define Evaluation Pattern (p.229) or Load Sequences (p.95),
calculate Results,
plot results or
document and describe relevant/decisive load events (p.228).
Methods of Load Events

Create New Load Events can be newly created, edited, copied or deleted just like other
Edit, Copy, Delete KRASTA objects (p.22).
Execute The execution of load events can be initiated from the applicable menus or from
the editing dialog or by dragndrop.
The execution of a load event leads to execution of the associated situation
(p.133) and (where applicable) display of the associated load case.
Calculate Provide or (re)calculate result data for the specific Load Event.
See Calculate specific Results for Details.
Dialog: Load Event
For new Load Events, the current Situation and (if applicable) the currently displayed load case is used as
a preset.
The dialog to edit Load Events offer to
change the Situation or Load Case,
execute (p.133) the currently selected situation or
edit, copy or show the currently selected load case.
5.12 Load sequences

A load sequence is an ordered list of load events, which describes a working cycle or a part of it. It is used
by damage accumulation (p.168) based proof fatigues.
Load sequences are regular KRASTA objects with a name and a comment. A certain order of load events
is defined, logic load cases cannot be used. Load sequences may be assembled from other (partial) load
sequences to create complex work cycles.
When assembling load sequences it is possible
to reuse already defined partial sequences
to use repetitions and modify the sequence order
to consider additional base loads
Dialog: Load Sequence

Load Sequence:
The ordered list of load events may include the following:
Load Event: Object

This kind of load event refers to an existing load event object (p.93).
Load Event: [Situation, Factor * Load Case]

This kind of load event is an ad-hoc combination of particular load case in a particular situation. The
loads can be provided with an individual factor.
Sequence:
Already defined load sequences can be used as a partial sequence. The loads can be provided with
an individual factor and the partial sequence can be modified in respect due repetition and sequence
order.
The following sequence orders are available:
"forward": The partial sequence of events is used in original order.
"reverse": The partial sequence of events is used reversed order.
"forth & back": The partial sequence is extended by the reverse of the partial sequence. The last
load of the original partial sequence of events is taken only once.
The number of repetitions is considered for partial sequences. It multiplies the number of load events to be
evaluated. Thus, only small repetitions counts (<10) should be used. The number of repetitions within a
load sequence is not meant to indicate how often the load sequence will occur within the survival period.
This is done by the weighting factor of the load sequence in the design spectrum.
Base Load:
The base load can be used to add a constant load, superimposed to all load events of the load
sequence. It is possible to use a situation depended load (p.88) here.
If the list includes partial sequences with their own base load, these base loads are not replaced. The
extra base load acts additive.
Example: Load Sequence PS 15t D->A

In the above dialog, the load sequence "PS 15t D->A represents a trolley movement under load. The
load case remains the same, but the trolley is moving through multiple situations.
Example: Load Sequence cycle 15t A<>D
The load sequence, "cycle 15t A<>D" represents a complete working cycle and is composed of partial
sequences.
5.13 Design Spectra

A design spectrum is an unordered set of load sequences (p.95) weighted by the number life time
occurrences.
Design spectra are regular KRASTA objects with a name and a comment. They define load spectra for
damage accumulation for proofs of fatigue (p.167).
To perform damage accumulation based proofs in KRASTA a design spectrum has to be defined. With this
design spectrum the operation during lifetime of the machine is described completely. The design spectrum
replaces load group and evaluation pattern (p.229) of classic proofs of fatigue.
Dialog: Design Spectrum

5.14 Constraint Conditions

Static systems may have properties not regarded by linear calculation theories. This could be tension
elements failing at pressure, bearing play or friction elements. From version 9.4 on those properties can
be modelled in KRASTA using constraint conditions.
Constraint conditions are not regarded during a calculation run but afterwards by superposing correction
loads with the user defined load pattern. For example pressure on a tension element can be compensated
by shortening the tension element (predeformation load generating tension).
Because of the method using superposition of results, it can only be use when superposition is allowed
(linear calculations). When performing calculation according to theory 2 nd order (or when using solver
STAB88 or NODYA) constraint conditions are ignored.
In earlier versions of KRASTA force conditions, a subset of constraint conditions, are already available.
Constraint conditions exceed the capabilities of force conditions, now including displacement conditions
on single beams and nodes and even coupling degrees of freedom.
5.14.1 Types of Constraint Conditions

Constraints in respect to forces, to displacements or any linear combination of both can be imposed to the
calculation model. These types of constraint conditions may be defined in KRASTA in various ways.
5.14.1.1 Force Conditions

Force Conditions are beam properties und can be applied to inner forces Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My and Mz at
start and end of a beam. Force conditions may have a limit or a target. Targets will always be achieved,
limits only when exceeded.
Compensation loads are created automatically using predeformations in constraint degrees of freedom.
Predeformations are free of resulting loads having no effect on sums of loads or sums of support forces.
5.14.1.2 Displacement Conditions

Displacement Conditions are node properties und can be applied to nodal displacements Ux, Uy, Uz, Rotx,
Roty and Rotz. Displacement conditions may have a limit or a target. Targets will always be achieved,
limits only when exceeded.
Compensation loads are created automatically using single forces or moments in constraint degrees of
freedom. These compensation loads have resulting loads that are displayed as support forces.
5.14.1.3 General Constraint Conditions

General constraint conditions contain one or more condition component, a limit or target value and
eventually user defined compensation load cases. Components consist of a beam or nodal degree of
freedom and a combination factor. For each component a compensation load case can be generated
automatically in its degree of freedom. The sum of components is restricted by a limit or target value.
Targets will always be achieved, limits only when exceeded.
Different degrees of freedom may have different units. The user has to consider units during input of
combination factors. Combination factors are not dimensionless in general.
In general constraint conditions the beam degrees of freedom Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz (inner forces) and
Ux, Uy, Uz, Rotx, Roty, Rotz (displacements) at beam ends may be selected. Automatically generated
compensation load cases for inner forces are predeformations in the constraint degree of freedom.
Predeformations are free of resulting loads thus having no effect on sums of loads or sums of support
forces. Automatically generated compensation load cases for displacements are single forces or
moments in constraint degrees of freedom. These compensation load cases have resulting loads that
are displayed as load at the constraint degree of freedom.
As nodal degrees of freedom the displacements Ux, Uy, Uz, Rotx, Roty and Rotz may be selected.
Automatically generated compensation load cases are single forces or moments in constraint degrees
of freedom. These compensation load cases have resulting loads that are displayed as support forces.
User defined compensation load cases are always displayed as loads.
Dialog: Constraint Conditions
1 2
5 4
In the group box component of constraint condition (1) a single component is defined or edited. This
component has to be added (use button Add >) to the list of defined components (3). In group box
constraint condition (2) the constraint condition is displayed. The sum of defined condition components
(3) is restricted by a limit or target value (4). In the group box user defined compensation load cases basic
load cases can be selected to fulfil the condition. In the left selection box available load cases are displayed,
in the right selection box already selected only. The input data is permanently checked. If the input data is
not sufficient, a note is displayed in the status line (6).
5.14.2 Consideration in Display and Results

Consideration of constraint conditions (force, displacement and general constraint conditions) on display
(graphical output of loads, inner forces, support forces etc.) can be switched on and off as necessary. This
can be done with the button consider constraint conditions ( = not considered, = considered) or the
similar option in the dialog display settings.
Depending on consideration compensation loads are displayed as loads, support forces or are not
displayed at all (see also chapter types of constraint conditions). Compensation loads are included in
sums of loads and sums of support forces when displayed.
Constraint conditions are always considered in results and proofs. In the textual output of permutations at
the end of results and proofs the compensation loads and the load factors are shown.
5.14.3 Example: Constraint Conditions

On the basis of the following examples, some practical use cases are illustrated and according
specifications by user explained. Where applicable, alternative definitions are compared.
5.14.3.1 Tension element, rope

A tension element cannot bear pressure forces. To avoid pressure forces, the beam is shortened.
Using force condition

In dialog force conditions press button Rope (N>0) or adjust condition and limit force manually.
Using general constraint condition

In dialog general constraint condition input values in group box component of condition according to
example dialogue shown below. Select a beam and add the component to the list of defined components.
As limit choose >= 0 kN.
Comparison between force condition and general constraint condition

The results from modelling a tension element using force condition or using general constraint condition
are identical. The modelling itself is much quicker using force conditions, especially if you want to define
many tension elements. This can be done in a single step. When using general constraint conditions you
have to define the conditions for each beam separately.
5.14.3.2 Overload Clutch

An overload clutch can bear a maximum moment. Exceeding this moment will result in rotation of the clutch
adverse the adjacent structure. The moment remains at its maximum during and after rotation.
Using force condition

The maximum moment is defined positive as upper limit or negative as lower limit at the correct section of
the beam (in example dialog: beam start, momentum about local y-Axis).
Using general constraint condition

In dialog general constraint condition input values in group box component of condition according to
example dialogue shown below. Select a beam and add the component to the list of defined components.
As limit choose absolute value <= limit value unit. Because of the limit being not zero, the correct unit
for the component and for the limit value has to be selected.
Comparison between force condition and general constraint condition

Additionally to the remarks in the last chapter tension element, rope force conditions have a massive
disadvantage for problems of the overload clutch type: only one limit can be defined (either an upper limit
or a lower limit). With general constraint conditions limits can also be defined as absolute values (with limit
<= only).
5.14.3.3 Friction Element

At contact points between structural members or between one structural member and its support friction
may be important. In beam structures the friction coefficient may be interpreted as maximum ratio
between transferable shear force and normal force (pressure):
||
where shear force at beam end section

normal force at beam end section (negative value, pressure)
As a sum of degrees of freedom it is
|| + 0
This inequality cannot be defined in one general constraint condition because single components cannot
be defined as absolute (only the sum on components). The inequality is split into two inequalities.
Additionally the condition on the normal force (pressure only) is defined:
+ 0
+ + 0
0
These three inequalities can be modelled using constraint conditions. For the first two of them only general
constraint conditions can be used because more than one degree of freedom (component) has to be
considered. In both of these conditions a compensation load case must be generated in the shear degree
of freedom (as a result only one compensation load case is created which is used in both conditions).
With = 0.1 the following general constraint conditions have to be defined:
+ 0
+ + 0
Restriction of normal force (tension or pressure) is absolutely necessary to solve the constraint problem.
The inequality for an unconstraint normal force is as follows:
|| + || 0
Replace the absolute shear value, you get
+ || 0
+ + || 0
Solution space for a positive normal force:
Solution space for a negative normal force:
When positive and negative normal forces shall be considered and the condition shall be valid all in all, the
resulting solution space is the intersection of the two solution spaces shown above. The intersection is
reduced to a single point (N=0, V=0). The condition cannot be met for normal forces different from 0.
A friction element capable of transmitting tension and pressure can be modelled using two friction elements
with constraint normal forces. These two friction elements can be pressure friction elements arranged as
a nipper or one pressure element and one tension element arranged parallel. In any case, two different
beams must be used as friction elements.
5.14.4 Sensor degrees of freedom and optimised coupling

In which degrees of freedom compensation load cases are applied influences the results. Thus, it is
important for compensation load cases to match the real structure that is to be calculated. In the following
example the displacements are considerably dependent on the compensation load cases.
A double-span girder (Beams S and S1) with adjacent cantilever (Beam S2) is to be calculated. At the end
of the cantilever a single load is applied. Two supports are modelled using additional support beams
(Beams DGF1 and DGF2). Various constraint conditions shall be applied on the support beams. In the
graphical output the load (turquoise), support forces (red), beam displacements (red and blue border line)
and the beam name is displayed.
Basic system without constraint condition

No constraint condition is applied to the support beams. Support forces and beam displacements are as
follows:
Sensor and actuator, case 1

Support beam DGF1 is a sensor measuring normal force. Support beam DGF2 is a hydraulic press. The
normal force of DGF 2 is adjusted actively to match the normal force of DGF1. At the end of the adjustment,
the normal forces in both support beams are the same. In a matching constraint condition, no compensation
load is applied to DGF1. In DGF2 a compensation load case is generated automatically.
Sensor and actuator, case 2

Sensor and actuator of case 1 are interchanged. DGF1 is now the active degree of freedom with
compensation load case, DGF 2 is a sensor degree of freedom without a compensation load case
Hydraulics with constant hydraulics volume

Beams DGF1 and DGF2 are both hydraulic presses that share a constant hydraulics volume. The plunger
areas of both presses are the same size. Two constraint conditions match that state:
- equal normal forces of DGF1 and DGF2 with an automatically generated compensation load
case in DGF2
- the sum of elongations of DGF1 and DGF2 is zero, a user defined compensation load case
(predeformation, contraction) is applied to DGF1
Optimised coupling
Support beams DGF1 and DGF2 have equal normal forces. One constraint condition with automatically
generated compensation load cases for both beams is created. No other condition is defined. In this case,
there is only one condition but two compensation load cases. Theoretically there are infinite solutions for
this problem. An internal optimisation during solution of constraint conditions assures a unique and
repeatable solution. Every constraint problem with more compensation load cases than conditions is solved
using an optimisation algorithm and can therefore be called optimised. An optimised solution cannot be
considered optimal meaning the best solution. The need for optimising a solution can even mean that
important conditions are defined falsely or are left (e.g. constant volume of hydraulics or the distinction into
sensor and actuator).
5.14.5 Assistant for Constraint Conditions

For certain constraint problems there are assistants assisting input of constraint conditions. Assistants
create and manage general constraint conditions. When changing input values of an assistant the
managed constraint conditions are updated.
General constraint conditions and compensation loads that are managed by an assistant cannot be altered
manually. Managed constraint conditions can be released from an assistant by breaking up an assistant.
The assistant will then be deleted.
5.14.5.1 Assistant: Equality
With an assistant equality any number of similar degrees of freedom of beams or nodes can be
coupled.
For a number of n beams/nodes n-1 constraint conditions are generated. In each constraint condition the
chosen degree of freedom of the first beam/node is coupled with the degree of freedom of another
beam/node.
Compensation load cases for inner forces degrees of freedom of beams are predeformations. When
choosing option first beam is sensor only there is no compensation load case applied to the first beam in
the list. For the other beams compensation load cases are created automatically. With option optimised
compensation compensation load cases are created for every beam.
Compensation load cases for displacement degrees of freedom of beams and nodes are pairwise
forces or moments. There is one compensation load case per generated constraint condition, therefore
there is no option optimised compensation for displacement degrees of freedom. Caution: Pairwise
forces on nodes may have a resulting moment. Pairwise forces on beams may even have resulting
forces and moments.
The ratio between the factors defines the ratio of constraint inner forces or displacements.
In the example dialogue it is 1.0*Fx(Beam S 0) = 1.5*Fx(Beam S 7), the normal force of beam S 0 is 1.5
times greater than the normal force in beam S 7
Inner forces and displacements of beams and displacements of nodes can be coupled. Beams and nodes
cannot be mixed.
5.14.5.2 Assistant: Hydraulics
With the assistant hydraulics normal forces in beams can be coupled.

For a number of n beams n-1 constraint conditions are generated. In each constraint condition the normal
force of the first beam is coupled with the normal force of another beam.
The ratio of factors plunger area defines the ratio of the plunger areas of the hydraulic presses. The ratio
of plunger areas equals the ratio of normal forces.
In the example it is Fx(Beam S 1) / 1.0 = Fx(Beam S) / 2.0 which means that the normal force of beam S
is twice the normal force of beam S 1.
When choosing option first beam is sensor only there is no compensation load case applied to the first
beam in the list. For the other beams compensation load cases are created automatically. With option
optimised compensation compensation load cases are created for every beam.
The option constant hydraulics volume is equal to first beam is sensor only with an additional constraint
condition on elongations of all beams. The plunger area weighted sum of all elongations results to zero.
As compensation load case for this condition a predeformation (contraction) is applied to the first beam in
the list. With this option there is no elastic elongation of any hydraulics beam, it is compensated during
solution. Thus, the normal stiffness of the beams is irrelevant.
5.14.5.3 Assistant: Rope Polygon
With the assistant rope polygon normal forces in beams can be coupled.
For a number of n beams n-1 constraint conditions are generated. In each constraint condition the normal
force of the first beam is coupled with the normal force of another beam.
The ratio of factors reevings defines the ratio of the reevings of the rope beams. The ratio of reevings
equals the ratio of normal forces, i.e. it is inverse to the pulley factor.
In the example it is Fx(Beam S 1) / 1.0 = Fx(Beam S) / 2.0 which means that the normal force of beam S
is twice the normal force of beam S 1.
When choosing option first beam is sensor only there is no compensation load case applied to the first
beam in the list. For the other beams compensation load cases are created automatically.
The option constant rope length is equal to first beam is sensor only with an additional constraint
condition on elongations of all beams. The reevings weighted sum of all elongations results to zero. As
compensation load case for this condition a predeformation (contraction) is applied to the first beam in the
list. With this option there is no elastic elongation of any rope beam, it is compensated during solution.
Thus, the normal stiffness of the beams is irrelevant.
5.14.5.4 Assistant: Friction Element
With the assistant friction element normal and shear force at one beam end are coupled. For a description
of constraint conditions please see chapter Friction element (p.102).
5.14.5.5 Assistant: Slotted Hole
With the assistant Slotted Hole displacements at two beam ends are coupled. The two coupled beams
must share a node. Beam 2 must have a local beam axis that is parallel to the chosen degree of freedom
of beam 1. The coupled degree of freedom of beam 2 is determined automatically.
The total tolerance is cut into halves for the positive and the negative direction. The compensation load
case consists of a single force or moment in each of the two degrees of freedom. The compensation load
case has no resulting load. In the coupled degree of freedom of beam one a joint is defined automatically
which may not be changed by the user.
5.14.6 Buffer for Constraint Conditions

When a load permutation is evaluated for the first time, the determined compensation loads are stored in
a buffer for constraint conditions. For following evaluations of that permutation the compensation loads are
taken from that buffer and are not determined again. Repeated evaluations of the same load permutation
are significantly faster.
The buffer for constraint conditions is cleared when
force conditions are altered
displacement conditions are altered
beams with force conditions are deleted
nodes with displacement conditions are deleted
general constraint conditions are created, edited or deleted
a calculation suite is executed
the buffered compensation loads are determined using older results than those actually available
the load combination of any permutation has changed (e.g. after editing combination or logic load
cases)
KRASTA is restarted
a different KRASTA model is opened
Clearing the buffer is reported in the log window.
5.14.7 Error Bounds

The solution algorithm permits minor exceedance of limits and minor differences to target values. The
tolerance is that small that is has no relevant influence on the results.
5.14.8 Compatibility with KRASTA 9.3 and prior

Force conditions with limits (inequalities) are absolutely compatible with every version that supports force
conditions. Due to different solution algorithms minor differences may occur between solutions of
KRASTA 9.4 and prior versions.
Force conditions with target values (equality), displacement conditions and general constraint conditions
are ignored by versions 9.3.x and older. When selecting beams according to beam value force condition
and during textual documentation of beams target values are interpreted as lower limits.
5.15 Subsystems
KRASTA allows for the subdivision of a structure. This enables the user to create a construction kit of
substructures, as e.g. the parts of a tower crane, which can be assembled into different construction
phases.
Further, adjustable kinematic systems such as polar kinematics or linear guides in different situations can
then be represented as one KRASTA system and can be evaluated across all situations (see section
Situations).
5.15.1 Hierarchy, Organization

The topological arrangement of subsystems is hierarchical and forms a tree structure. In this hierarchy we
talk about parent and child subsystems. The tree hierarchy is independent from the topological
arrangement of the subsystems in the model structure.
If subsystems are to be geometrically oriented or kinematic adjustments several rules have to be followed
(see kinematic adjustments of subsystems). Furthermore, it is helpful for the general overview to orient the
tree structure according to the model structure.
Each subsystem can be composed of other subsystems and/or beams.
The depth of the subsystem tree is not limited.
As well as all KRASTA objects, subsystems can be newly created, edited, copied, deleted etc. But since
the hierarchically structure of subsystems has to been taken into account, this is partly done in a special
way.
5.15.1.1 Delete Subsystems

This menu item allows deleting a subsystem. Nodes, beams, connections and contacts using these
connections are deleted too.
5.15.1.2 Cut Subsystems

This menu item initializes moving of a subsystem inside the tree. The program retains the name of this
subsystem until the next Paste command and then moves the subsystem. The position of subsystems in
the tree is independent of their topographical position.
5.15.1.3 Copy Subsystems

This menu item initializes copying of a subsystem inside the tree. The program retains the name of this
subsystem until the next Paste command and then copies the subsystem.
5.15.1.4 Paste Subsystems

This menu item completes a copy or move command. Depending on the previous command Cut or Copy,
the subsystem is copied or moved under the current subsystem.
5.15.2 Import Subsystems

This menu item allows importing one or more subsystems into the current model. After selecting the model,
from which to import, a second tree view appears, showing the subsystems of the other model.
Dialog: Subsystem Import
After selecting a subsystem in this second tree view an pressing the button Add, the corresponding
subsystem is copied into the current system as a child of the subsystem that was the current subsystem
when initializing the import function.
5.15.3 Simplified orientation after copy or import

After copying or importing a subsystem, KRASTA automatically brings up the subsystem dialog that allows
positioning the new subsystem. The outline of the new subsystem is shown in reverse colour in the working
area.
Screen after copying a subsystem
The subsystem can now be moved by pressing the left mouse button inside this area and moving the
mouse while holding the button down.
This can be used to bring the subsystem into a more convenient position for further work. On the other
hand KRASTA recognizes if the connection nodes of the moved subsystem get near connection nodes of
another subsystem when the mouse button is released. If a connection is found and the number of nodes
in the two connections is equal, KRASTA offers to connect them. If this offer is accepted, the program
creates a new contact and saves this subsystem with the option "oriented by vector and angles" set.
5.15.4 Geometrical Orientation of a Subsystem

The topmost subsystem is orientated in the inertial system. The displacement and the rotation are initially
zero by default, so that this subsystem coordinate system corresponds to the IN-CS. These values as well
as the proposed name "root" can be modified.
Each subsystem has its own coordinate system (SS-CS) and it is orientated in his parent subsystem by
means of a vector and a rotary matrix (Euler angles). Those orientations are created in several ways (see
below).
5.15.5 Current Subsystem

There is always a current subsystem (shown in the right hand combo box control in the button bar). It can
be changed by the combo box control or by selecting a subsystem from the tree structure. This is
independent from the current selection of beams and nodes.
5.15.6 Beams and Nodes of a Subsystem

Newly created nodes always belong to the current subsystem and there is no off-hand way to transfer them
into another subsystem. Newly created beams will belong to the subsystem of its end nodes.
5.15.7 Beams between subsystems

A beam cannot be drawn between two nodes in different subsystems.
One has to either create a new node in one subsystem and connect this one by a new connection to the
other subsystem or create a new subsystem which contains this beam only.
If one tries to create a beam between two nodes which are in different subsystems, the system inquires
automatically whether it is to put in a new subsystem and create the appropriate connections and contacts.
Wizard: Beam as Subsystem

With a set of dialogs the names of the new objects can be set. If the default name is acceptable it is
sufficient just to press next several times. The end node of the new beam is automatically set a free
node, since the system assumes that the new beam will change its length in different situations (e.g.
suspension, hydraulic cylinder etc.).
Example: Suspension between tower and boom
5.15.8 Split off Marked Nodes as New Subsystem

An existing model can be split into subsystems. As a result, the selected nodes are moved into a new
subsystem which is a child of the current subsystem. Connections and contacts are created automatically.
Only nodes from the same subsystem can be selected for splitting off at a time.
5.15.9 Melt a subsystem

Melting a subsystem means to delete a subsystem while moving its contents. Beams, nodes and
connections are transferred to the parent subsystem. Contacts referring to that subsystem are deleted.
5.15.10 Colouring Subsystems

Once in a system exists more than one subsystem, KRASTA automatically creates a colour palette
"sequential" for optional colouring of subsystems. This palette is of type "sequence palette".
Available sequence palettes and the option "[no subsystem palette]" can be selected from the toolbar
(p.17). If "[no subsystem palette]" is selected; the beams are uniformly coloured across all subsystems with
the same colour set for it (p.33).
If a subsystem palette is selected, each beam of a subsystem is coloured with the corresponding colour in
the subsystem palette. If there are more subsystems than colours in the palette, the colours are repeated.
The number of colours and the colours themselves can be freely defined by the user. However, the order
in which KRASTA relates the colours with subsystems cannot be influenced.
5.16 Connections and Contacts

The objects "connection" and "contact" are used to describe the physical contact of subsystems (p.111).
A connection is a set of nodes within one subsystem.
A contact connects two compatible connections in two different subsystems.
If the relative position of two subsystems is not clear by the two contacts alone, one or two auxiliary vectors
can be defined for each contact (see below and examples (p.118)).
KRASTA gives a warning if a distorting transformation matrix results from the geometry of the connections.
5.16.1 Means for the orientation of the structure

The spatial orientation of a subsystem is defined in regard to the superior (parental) subsystem. This
information is stored internally by a distance vector and a rotation transformation matrix. This specification
is usually not entered by the user explicitly. For the user, three ways to specify the subsystem orientation
are available.
Each individual configuration of orientations and contacts can be stored in the KRASTA object Orientation
and may be reused in evaluation and documentation thereafter. More details are available in the chapter
Orientation (p.121).
Orientation by Vector and Angles

A subsystem is oriented in the parent subsystem by the input of a distance vector and three Euler angles.
To avoid warnings, contacts and connections (if present) may not interfere with this geometry.
Orientation by Contact
Subsystems are positioned relatively to other subsystems by one or more contacts. The vector and the
rotation matrix is then calculated in order to be able to transform coordinates from one coordinate system
to another. If the contact consists of nodes in a straight line, one auxiliary vector is needed. If the contact
consists of one node only, two auxiliary vectors are needed. For each connection the auxiliary vectors are
defined in the individual subsystem coordinate system. KRASTA rotates the child subsystem to match the
auxiliary vectors of the connections.
Orientation by Contact and Angles

A subsystem is oriented against the parent subsystem by a contact and three Euler angles. The vector is
defined by the contacts while the angles have to be entered for the subsystem. If the contact allows rotation
about one axis only, the other angles have to meet the orientation defined by the contact. If a kinematic is
used, the subsystem orientation will be set to Connection and Angles automatically.
5.16.2 Display setting with subsystem factor

To get a view of the structure separated into their subsystems, there is an option subsystem factor in the
dialog display settings. If the factor is smaller than 1, then the individual subsystems are shrunk towards
their geometrical centre. The connection nodes are not displayed on top of each other, but separated.
5.16.3 Example for a subsystem structure

A subsystem tree for a tower crane may look as follows: tower crane
tower base
The total system and the subsystems of the 1st and the 2nd level are tower
tower part 1
shown on the next pages. tower part 2
tower part 3
Simple model of a tower crane (total system) tower part 4
tower part 5
swivel joint
sj bottom
sj top
pinnacle
jib
jib base
jib part 1
jib part 2
tow er crane jib part 3
jib part 4
jib end
counter weight jib
bracing
brc counter weight
brc jib
First level subsystems
pinnacle bracing
counter w eight jib

sw ivel joint
jib
tow er
tow er base
Second level subsystems

brc counter w eight brc jib
jib base
sj top
sj bottom jib end
jib part 1
jib part 2
jib part 3
jib part 4
tow er part 5
tow er part 4
tow er part 3
tow er part 2
tow er part 1
5.16.4 Examples for Contacts

In the following, three types of contacts are shown, which differ in the number of required auxiliary vectors.
If the orientation is determined by such auxiliary vectors, simple kinematical movements (twisting of the
crane, luffing of the jib) can be done by modifying the auxiliary vector of the connection.
Contact without auxiliary vectors:

jib base - jib part 1:
1 = 1
2 = 2
3 = 3
Contact with one auxiliary vector:

Pinnacle-jib base:
1 = 1
2 = 2

(
1 2 1 ) (1 2 1 ) = 0
Luffing of the jib
Contact with two auxiliary vectors:

SJ top - SJ bottom:
1 = 1
2 2 = 0
(1 2 ) (1 2 ) = 0
Twisting of the jib

Simple kinematical movements (twisting of the crane, luffing of the jib) can be done by modifying the
auxiliary vector in the description of the connection.
5.16.5 Connection
A connection consists of a group of nodes and is used to connect two subsystems physically.
Dialog: Connection
The nodes of the connection are selected graphically. Therefore the cursor is to be set into the list box
below Graphical Selection. Then the nodes can be selected in the desired order. If required, up to two
auxiliary vectors may be defined. By pressing Delete Node the selected node can be removed from the
connection. Insert Node makes room for a new node, which can be input afterwards.
Display of Connections
Connections are represented on screen by their name in geometric center, lines to the nodes as well as
the ordinal number of the node in the connection.
5.16.6 Contact
A contact connects two connections to a physical contact.
Dialog: Contact
The two connections need to have the same number of nodes and auxiliary vectors (if any). The order of
the nodes and their position in the connections must coincide. The first two conditions are checked by the
program; as long as the number of nodes and/or auxiliary vectors is different, the OK button remains
inactive. The second condition has to be checked by the user himself.
5.16.7 Error messages (Contact) during connection of subsystems

On completion of the dialogs Subsystem and Contact or upon users request the program tries to recalculate
the positions of the different subsystems. While trying to do so the program may produce the following
error messages:
"Number of nodes/vectors in connections not equal"
Meaning: Two connections connected by a contact do not have the same number of nodes or vectors.
"Subsystem globally inaccessible!"
Meaning: The specific subsystem is neither oriented by vector and angles, nor does it have connections,
so its position cannot be calculated.
"Beam Vector Component does not fit locally! Probably subsystem oriented and
connected"
Meaning: A subsystem is oriented by vector and angles or by connection. Additionally further connections
(or nodes in a connection) exist, that do not fit to their corresponding counterparts.
"Subsystem Vector/Matrix not calculable!"
Meaning: The specific subsystem is meant to be oriented by contacts, but the current number of nodes
and/or auxiliary vectors is insufficient.
If a subsystem is to be oriented by a single contact, the used connections must alternatively consist of at
least:
Three nodes, that do not lie on a line
Two nodes and one auxiliary vector not parallel to the connection between the two nodes
One node and two non-parallel auxiliary vectors
5.17 Orientation
Structures can be divided into subsystems. The geometrical arrangement of these subsystems (p.111) in
relation to each other is subject of the KRASTA object orientation which will be described in the following.
Orientations are used to store, modify and re-establish the state of spatial orientation of a structure which
consists of subsystems. Orientations can be used on its own, but especially as a component of so-called
"situations" (p.133).
The orientation is a regular KRASTA object with a name and a comment.
Orientations can be accessed through:
The tree structure on the left hand side of the screen
The menu Subsystem | Orientation
Three different types of orientation are available, depending on their purpose:
Basic Orientation A snapshot of the structure to easily reproduce a certain orientation.

Relative Orientation A certain orientation based on a basic orientation with additional
orientational changes.
Orientation Modification A named sequence of orientational changes.
5.17.1 Basic Orientation

A basic orientation includes all subsystem orientational information (subsystem (p.111) / joints (p.46) /
contacts (p.120)) in order to describe the geometrical position of a subsystem and its referred connections.
It is able to fully describe and reproduce an orientation state.
The basic orientation does not contain any information about the modelling history of an orientation state.
It is just a snapshot of the orientation state at a certain time.
In contrast to the multiple execution of kinematics (such as a Relative Orientation) the situation will always
be reproduced numerically exact.
The reproduction of orientations states of all subsystems can only be successful, if subsequent changes
to system are not contrary to the orientation object. Deleted subsystems cannot be reproduced.
Subsystems that have been redefined from orientation by contact to orientation by vector and angle or
vice versa will be transferred back into their old state. Newly created subsystems will retain their current
position relative to the parent subsystem within the subsystem hierarchy.
Dialog: Basic Orientation
Read actual Orientation Data

The information stored within an orientation will be replaced by those of the current state. New information
will be added and obsolete information deleted.
Refresh
The orientation item chosen in the window (marked blue) will be newly read from the current state.
Delete
The orientation item chosen in the window (marked blue) will be deleted from the basic orientation.
Execute
Wherever possible, all orientation items are applied to the corresponding structural parts. The model is
changed to reflect the basic orientation.
1st Col.: Concurrence

The equal sign shows that the represented orientation information coincides with the current model
conditions. An exclamation mark warns of problems within the orientation information.
2nd Col.: Type of the orientation item

There are different types of orientation information:
Subsystem: The subsystem [in Col. 3] is oriented relatively to the subsystem [in Col. 4].
Contact: The contact [in Col. 3] connects connection [in Col. 5] and connection [in Col. 6].
Contacts can include information of geometrical positions of subsystems relative to each other. If the
subsystem is oriented by vector and angle then both information have to concur. If the subsystem is
oriented by contact then one contact has to be sufficient to define the position of the subsystem
coordination system.
5.17.2 Relative Orientation

The relative orientation is capable (as the basic orientation) to fully rearrange a subsystems (p.111)
orientation state.
A relative orientation refers to a start orientation of the type basic orientation (p.121) or relative
orientation. Based on that start orientation several steps changing the orientation state are defined in the
relative orientation. Such steps could be:
A kinematical adjustment, i.e. the call of a kinematic (p.125) that includes or excludes the information
about the target value. If there is no target value defined in the orientation, the target value of the
kinematic will be used.
Change of a contact (p.120), i.e. connecting a new set of connections.
A saved orientation modification

The relative orientation allows execution of kinematics automatically without the need to consider further
parts of the subsystem structure. A relative orientation is more flexible to deal with changed basic data
(e.g. longer subsystems) than a basic orientation.
Dialog: Relative Orientation
Start Orientation Defines a start orientation.

Modification Sequence A sequence of different types of orientation changes.
Kinematic Executes a polar kinematic with a defined objective value.
Contact Creates or changes defined contacts.
Orientation Modification Executes an already defined sequence of orientation changes.
[Edit] The [Edit] buttons open a short menu including the most important aspects for
the editing of the relevant object.
[Add] The add buttons attaches the chosen modification item information to the end
of the sequence.
[Up], [Down] The selected (highlighted) entry of the sequence can be moved or deleted.
[Delete]
[Execute] Saves and executes the modification sequence. The basic orientation will be
reproduced first and then the modification sequence will be executed step by
step.
5.17.3 Orientation Modification

A change of orientation is basically a relative orientation without a basic orientation and therefore cannot
reproduce a subsystem orientation state in total.
It can be used as part of change sequence within a relative orientation.
Dialog: Orientation Modification

As dialog Relative Orientation without start orientation.
5.17.4 Methods of orientation

Create New Orientations can be newly created, edited, copied or deleted just like other KRASTA
Edit objects (p.22).
Copy
Delete
Execute Orientations can be executed.
The execution of orientations can be initiated from the applicable menus or from the
editing dialog or by dragndrop.
Execution of a basic orientation means that a certain system orientation is
reproduced.
Execution of a relative orientation means that a certain system orientation is
reproduced from a start orientation and subsequent executions of orientation
changes.
Execution of an orientation modification means that starting from the current state a
sequence of orientational changes is executed. Usually this will not lead to a
certain system orientation.
5.17.5 Notifications during the execution of orientations

For the execution of kinematic KIN So far, the position of the subsystem SUB was defined
subsystem SUB will be changed to solely by the contact (subsystem orientation by contact). This
orientation by contact and angle needs to be changed.
The subsystem SUB uses the contact only to determine its
coordinate origin. The position of the angle will be calculated
and determined by the kinematic (now the subsystem
definition is orientation by contact and angle)
unknown Orientation subtype XX The type of the orientation XX is not known in this KRASTA
version. The orientation cannot be executed.
"unknown orientation type 'yy' in The type the subsystems are arranged relatively to each
Execute_BasicOrientation()" other is not known in this KRASTA version. This information
cannot be considered.
5.18 Kinematics
Kinematics are capable of performing planar kinematic movements consisting of any number of
substructures which must not have more than one degree of freedom.
Therefore, a predefined substructure, the so-called leading kinematic part, is being moved in small
increments. Auxiliary substructures, which have to be made of two substructures, are adjusted afterwards.
This will be repeated until a certain objective is achieved (node coordinates, angle, coordinate difference).
The increments may be lessened closer to the objective in order to attain certain accuracy.
This process will be stopped if substructures are clamped (shut position) or a given number of iterations
is exceeded.
Modelling with kinematics

In KRASTA the substructures of kinematics have to be individual subsystems.
For every kinematic the leading kinematic part has to be connected to a fixed point (relatively to the
individual kinematic), the so-called ground plane.
The orientation of the subsystems relative to the superior (parental) subsystem may be automatically
changed from Distance and Angle to Contact and Angles.
The different substructures have to be assigned to the same level within the subsystem hierarchy beneath
the parent subsystem.
Subsystems which are child of a substructure will be kinematically moved with those as being rigidly
connected.
Kinematic Plane
The definition of the plane within which the kinematic movement is done can be a principal plane (X-Y, Y-
Z, and Z-X plane) of any subsystem coordinate system. This subsystem containing the coordinate system
must not be a part of the kinematic substructure. The normal vector of this plane is then automatically the
axis of rotation of the individual substructures. The contacts in between the subsystems, which connect
the substructures, have to be capable to rotate around this axis. E.g. the nodes of a connection consisting
of several nodes have to be located on the same axis parallel to the axis of rotation.
The objective (coordinates, angle, etc.) is defined in the same coordinate systems as the kinematic plane.
Kinematic movability vs. static flexibility

The rotational movability of substructures only exists for kinematics. The joints necessary for the static
calculations are not influenced by kinematics in any case and have to be defined as beam attributes.
Likewise, two parts which are jointed together can be regarded as rigidly connected bodies.
Modelling of actuators
Contacts of subsystems to other subsystems which are not part of a kinematic are regarded as a contact
to the ground plane (unchanging basic rotation points) for the concerned subsystem. The sole exemption
is made if the connection nodes of the other subsystem have free coordinates. This allows e.g. to model
actuators, such as cylinders, spindles, or control shafts which have alternating lengths throughout the
movement process. Since this kind of free contacts can partly be used to orientate subsystems the
contacts have to be explicitly defined to be free in specific kinematics.
The leading kinematic part has to be a subsystem with a (direct or indirect) connection to the ground plane.
Interaction of multiple kinematics

Any number of kinematic objects can be generated, allowing for different combinations of subsystem
movements. I.e. a section which has been of variable length in one kinematic can be moved as a rigid body
in another one.
Structural parts that are not kinematically dependent but still have to be moved in a certain relation towards
each other can be modelled using several kinematic displacements that have to be executed one after the
other. Such a sequence can be defined through a relative orientation.
Any position or orientation that has to be available for calculation purposes has to be generated by hand
only once and then can be saved and later recalled as an orientation object. This has to be done only if
changes at the structure have been generated. More about orientation, situation and calculation suite can
be found in the according chapter.
The subsystems, contacts and connections can be displayed similar to the display dialog through an
explosion view. Here subsystems will be reduced in size relative to their geometrical center and hence
the contact nodes and connections will diverge.
5.18.1 Dialog: Kinematic
General information
A kinematic has a name and optionally a comment like every other KRASTA object
5.18.1.1 Target Settings

The following settings are used to define the plane and target of the kinematic movement:
Plane and Reference System

The frame of reference and the plane in which the kinematic is located in has to be defined in the second
section. The chosen subsystem must not be a child system of the subsystems which will be moved later
on. The frame of reference itself can admittedly be displaced during another kinematic, e.g. the revolving
platform of a tower crane will be the frame of reference for the displacement of the boom subsystem.
Target
The target that describes the goal of the displacement can be defined in the third section. It is possible that
the target coordinate difference can yield two results. This situation depends on the quadrant in which the
structure in its initial position was located. In order to achieve a certain solution the structure possibly has
to be rotated into the proper quadrant with another kinematic by changing the angles. The following options
are available for the target definition:
Angle to Axis
Two nodes have to be chosen of which at least one has to be located on the subsystem which will be
displaced. The subsystem will be displaced until the vector from the first to the second node has reached
an angle relatively to the chosen axis which is equivalent to the defined in a mathematical positive sense.
Node Coordinate
A node located within one of the substructures has to be chosen. The subsystem will be displaced until the
node has reached the defined coordinate within the chosen frame of reference.
Coordinate Difference
displaced. The subsystem will be displaced until the distance between the two nodes has reached the
defined value.
Projected Coordinate Difference

displaced. The subsystem will be displaced until the distance from the second to the first node has reached
the defined value in the chosen coordinate direction. The positive and negative value of the number will be
observed.
Angle of three Points

Three nodes (P1 , P2 , P3 ) have to be chosen of which at least one has to be located on the subsystem which
will be displaced. The subsystem will be displaced until the angular between the legs P1 P2 and
P1 P3 has
reached the defined value in the chosen value. The positive and negative value of the number will be
observed.
Switch: Best possible

This switch allows the kinematic to be executed even if the target cannot be reached with the predefined
accuracy (to be defined under options). E.g. the smallest possible value is sought and the substructure
adjusted to this value if the distance is given as zero and the switch best possible is ticked. This can be
used to adjust two independently modelled structures which are supposed to be joined within a bi-polar
system by repeated executions of two kinematics, so that the connections will finally be as close as possible
and can then be connected to each other via a connection.
5.18.1.2 Substructures of a kinematic

The substructures of the displacement are defined on the right hand side of the dialog box.
Leading Kinematic Part

The option for the leading kinematic part can be found right on top of the section. The selection of the
leading kinematic part can occur by selecting the substructure in the drop down menu or by pressing the
button graphical selection and the subsequent selection of the substructure in the view.
Other Kinematic Parts

Other kinematic parts can be added through the drop down menu and by pressing the button add. They
can be deleted by choosing a substructure and pressing remove.
Kinematically Free Connections

Those contacts that have free nodes and are to be defined as free themselves within this kinematic have
to be chosen (moved to the right hand window) in the section kinematically free connections.
The program will try to execute the displacement after pressing the button execute. If this is successful
the system will be displayed in its new position. The system will remain in its current position if any errors
should occur.
The button Clear Kinematic Trace can be used to delete any display of the displacement process from
the view.
Pressing the button Options allows for the definition of parameters for the kinematic algorithms. The
predefined values should usually suffice.
5.18.1.3 Options (Kinematic)

Options are the starting step with which the leading kinematic part will be moved with (standard: 0.1 ), the
target precision which has to be reached (standard: 1e-5 m), the maximum number of iterations after which
the kinematic will be stopped (standard: 10 000), and the number of steps that will be displayed for the
optical control (standard: 0 = none).
Dialog: Parameters of Kinematic

5.18.2 Error messages (Kinematic)

During input, while saving or during executing of a kinematic, warning and/or error messages can occur.
Below, possible KRASTA error messages concerning kinematics are listed.
5.18.2.1 Error messages (Kinematic), during the input

Please select subsystem first! Add was pressed without having chosen a substructure first.
Subsystem already in list! A subsystem which is already chosen was to be added to the list.
5.18.2.2 Error messages (Kinematic), while saving the object

No reference subsystem selected! The rotary plane and the frame of reference for the target have to be defined.
No leading kinematic part selected! At least one structure that has to be displaced has to be chosen.
Number of other kinematic parts has to The number of other kinematic parts always has to be even, see explanations in
be even! previous chapters.
No target node selected! The node necessary to define the target was not selected.
No second target node selected! For a function where two nodes are necessary (angle, coordinate difference)
only one has been selected.
5.18.2.3 Error messages (Kinematic), during the execution of a polar kinematic

Reference subsystem is part of The frame of reference is identical with the child subsystem of one of the
kinematic part! kinematic subsystems.
Leading kinematic part has no contact The leading kinematic part is not directly connected to the ground plane (the
to ground! fixed part, relatively to the given kinematic).
Connection nodes are not in direction of In a contact with multiple nodes between two subsystems of different
rotation axis! substructures not all of the nodes are located on the common axis of rotation.
This can only be due to numerical inaccuracies. If necessary the nodes of one
subsystem (preferably of the fixed subsystem) can be forced into a straight line
by manually entering the exact coordinates and the connection nodes of the
second subsystem can then be relocated graphically.
Connection nodes are not in direction of Several contacts may exist between two substructures which are not located on
rotation axis! the common axis of rotation. Again, this can only be due to light numerical
inaccuracies.
No target node on kinematic part! None of the nodes used to define the target are located on the moving part of
the structure, therefore the target can never be reached.
Disconnected kinematic parts! The substructures are not connected with the leading kinematic part, with each
other or are free at one end and not on the ground plane or another kinematic
part.
Too many iterations, abort! The program aborts the calculation due to exceeding the maximum number of
iterations. Either the number of allowed iterations is too small, or the target
precision too high, or an unknown error inhibits a proper solution. In order to help
finding the reason the last situation is displayed graphically.
Unreachable target! The program cannot execute any further displacements (clamping). In order to
help finding the reason the last situation is displayed graphically.
5.18.3 Example: (Kinematic)

For example we will look at a double jointed crane, which will be moved kinematically.
First the existing system will be subdivided into the subsystems boom, actuator bar, tension bar, coupler
bar, counter weight, and base using the function split off marked nodes as new subsystem. The node at
the end of the hydraulic actuator will be defined as free.
Secondary member 1
Boom
Tension bar
Secondary member 2
Counter weight
actuator (leading
kinematic part) Coupler bar
Base
Now it is possible to describe a kinematic object (see Dialog: Kinematic (p.126)).

The subsystem base will be defined as the reference subsystem with its X-Y plane as the plane of
displacement.
The chosen leading kinematic part will be the actuator. Boom, tension bar, coupler bar, and counter weight
(the order is of no matter here) will be the other kinematic parts.
The program will offer a contact (cylinder DL) containing free nodes. This contact is supposed to be free
within the kinematic, hence it will be chosen.
The user can now choose a target. In this example it will be the X coordinate of the node at the tip of the
boom, which will be moved to the position x=-26500mm. After pushing the button execute the boom will
be moved into its new position.
Another possibility to describe the target could be the length of the actuator.
The figure above shows such an example. The actuator will be moved into a position where its length will
be 3500mm.
Pay attention to the selection of the two nodes. One of both (in this case [Drucklenker] DL 8) has to be part
of a kinematic substructure, otherwise no change in length can be achieved. The free node on the other
side will only be displaced later during the reassessment of all coordinates.
5.18.4 Further possibilities to model kinematic displacements
Alternating connections
In order to display different orientations a subsystem can be connected to different connections so that it
can be oriented in a different way relative to its connection mate. Thus, substructures can be displaced
linearly (e.g. a travelling trolley of a bridge crane) or rotated (e.g. a rotation assembly sluing wreath).
In contrast to the kinematics of multiple substructures described above, only the different angles of the
substructures relative to each other will be changed via the orientation vectors of the contacts.
Usually it is sufficient to alternate one of the contacts used in a connection to generate a new orientation
of the whole structure. I.e. one side of the connection or one contact usually remains unchanged, whereas
alternative, though similar, contacts will be used on the other side.
The respective alternative contacts can be generated through a copy of an exemplar contact, where only
the individual orientation vectors have to be changed.
Afterwards, the connection of this contact will be transferred to the new contact (edit connection) and the
new orientation can be saved. Free nodes, attached to the displaced structure, will be displaced
automatically.
The rotating assembly of a rotating substructure can alternatively be represented by a polygon. Different
angles of rotation can then be generated through within the separation by relatively shifting the sequence
of assigned contacts.
Modified angles within the subsystem
The coordinates and angles in a subsystem oriented through vector and angle or contact and angle will be
saved within the orientation. Thus, they can be used to display kinematic displacements too by directly
editing the orientation of a subsystem and subsequently saving this object as a new orientation.
5.19 Situation
Situations are used to reproduce and calculate certain states of a system repeatedly (e.g. construction or
operating states of a structure) with their specific system definitions, orientations, bearing conditions and
load cases. A situation includes an orientation (p.121), a list of associated load cases and a list of beams
to be inactivated.
The situation includes the formerly known position and additionally incorporates administrative tools that
had to be executed manually within older KRASTA versions. The descriptor position will therefore be
omitted in future to account for the technical nature of a situation and to avoid any confusion with the tasks
of the object type orientation.
For further description of a calculation result, a reference to a situation object will appear instead of a
position number. Now, the name of the situation will appear on the surface instead of a number. Internally
a position number will be used for the PAS calculations sequence which coincides with the internal sorting
number of the situation.
Situation can be accessed via:
The tree structure on the left-hand side of the screen
The menu Calculation | Situation
If no user defined situations are present for KRASTA system the program will simplify input and output
accordingly. An internal situation $uncertain (p.135) will instead be automatically entered and used.
5.19.1 Methods of situations

Create New Situations can be newly created, edited, copied or deleted just like other
Edit, Copy, Delete KRASTA objects (p.22).
Execute Orientations can be executed.
The execution of orientations can be initiated from the applicable menus or from
the editing dialog or by dragndrop.
The execution of a situation leads to execution of an associated orientation
(p.121).
If calculation results are represented graphically KRASTA can reproduce the
relevant situation. The results shown match with the current situation.
Calculate Provide or (re)calculate result data for the specific Situation.
See Calculate specific Results for Details.
5.19.2 Dialog Situation
Orientation Refers to an orientation.

Active Load Cases Specifies which load cases will be calculated for the situation.
A list of load cases can be selected. The content of that list is shown as
additional information.
Inactive Beams Specifies which beams will not be considered during calculation for this
situation.
NOTE: Loads and masses of inactive beams are not considered.
A list of beams can be selected. The content of that list is show as additional
information.
Calculate Compensation If ticked, compensation load cases for constraint conditions are calculated.
Load Cases
[Edit] The [Edit] buttons open a short menu with the most important topics for
editing of the relevant object.
[Execute] Saves and executes a situation. I.e. the chosen orientation will be
reproduced.
5.19.3 Inactive Beams

For each situation a list of inactive beams can be set.
The inactive beams of the situation are not considered in the static system. To evaluate the section forces,
deformations and support reactions in any given situation, the static system is passed to the solver without
the inactive beams and possibly indirectly inactive nodes. Stiffness, mass, support conditions and e.g.
constraints on these inactive beams and nodes are inexistent for the solver.
Independently from the evaluated section forces, deformations and support reactions, KRASTA allow to
balancing of load and masses. In prior KRASTA versions all inactive beams take part in loads and masses
balances regardless activity status.
Since KRASTA 9.7 it is possible to choose
whether the inactive beams and nodes included in the load or mass balances and
how the inactive beams and nodes to be displayed.

As a user-specific default setting balanced, marked is set, so that the load and mass balances initially do
not differ to older KRASTA versions but the inactive beams and nodes can be recognized as such in the
plot.
It is recommended to the individual user to intentionally change this default to be not balanced, marked.
Menu item Options | Handling of inactive beams is meant to do this.
If needed, it is possible to over-rule the default setting individually for each system. The detail-option
Setting at [x] Toolbar enables this possibility.
5.19.4 The situation $uncertain

For systems without user defined situations (p.133), calculations and evaluations show no relation to a
certain situation. No information about orientations is available in the model, all load cases and all members
are active. The situation $uncertain cannot be edited and only calculation suites can access this situation.
Thus, calculations can be done without having to define orientations, situations and calculation suites first.
KRASTA implies the uncertain state, as long as no explicitly defined situation can be found in the system,
not even in the solver result file. In this case, KRASTA does not ask for situations in dialogs and shows no
certain situation in outputs. Nevertheless, internally the situation $uncertain is used in all cases.
Referring to the situation $uncertain means:
When creating solver input sets:
No (certain) situation is set before, the static system is used in its current state.
When evaluating result sets:
There is no (certain) situation associated with the individual result. KRASTA cannot determine that
situation, which leads to the result. The result is shown in the current, maybe different, situation.
5.19.5 Create situations for orientations

Apart from creating situations "manually", there is assistance in creating situation for existing orientations.
Situations can be created automatically for specified orientations. The newly created situations share the
base name of the orientation and the orientation is referred to in the situation.
For single orientations this can be done by right-clicking on an orientation in the object tree and selecting
"Create Situation". If multiple situations shall be created the menu item "[Situation] Create for
Orientations..." in the main menu "calculation" can be used.
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Calculation 137
6 Calculation
The following chapter describes components of KRASTA involved solving the statical problem, such as
calculation suite, core solver, result and log files.
Error and warning messages that can occur during a PAS solver run are listed as well.
6.1 Calculation Suite

A calculation suite is used for the repeatable calculation of a list of situations (p.133). Apart from a list of
situations it contains information about the chosen solver, the method of calculation and further solver
settings.
Two standard calculation suites are available for PAS, 1st and 2nd order theory with the situation
$uncertain (p.135).
Standard calculation suite can be edited. Copies can be made and edited in order to copy the default
settings.
Calculation suite can be accessed via:
The tree structure on the left-hand side of the screen
The menu Calculation | Calculation suite
6.1.1 Available solvers and computation theories

KRASTA supports the following solvers:
6.1.1.1 PAS III

Calculation of a spatial framework according to 1st and 2nd order theory, considers mass load cases, knows
(semi-)rigid and/or conical cross sections. It is shipped with the KRASTA package.
6.1.1.2 PAS IV
The same capabilities as PAS III with accelerated calculation core.
6.1.1.3 MOD (modal analysis)

The modal analysis of spatial frameworks, calculates natural frequencies and natural modes, it considers
bearing rigidity and mass cases. It is shipped with the KRASTA package.
6.1.1.4 STAB88 / NODYA (Option)

Calculation of a spatial framework according to 1st and 2nd order theory, capable of nonlinear calculations
for both geometry and material. STAB88 / NODYA is a third party solver and is not shipped with the
KRASTA package.
6.1.2 Methods of calculation suites

Create New Calculation suites can be newly created, edited, copied or deletedjst like other KRASTA
Edit objects.
Copy
Delete
Execute Calculation suites can be executed.
The execution of calculation suites can be initiated from the applicable menus or from
the editing dialog or through the menu Calculation | Execute >.
The execution of a calculation suite means the reproduction and calculation of
predefined situations.
6.1.3 The default calculation suites PAS linear and PAS ThII
The calculation suites PAS linear and PAS ThII are available by default. The program starts the solver
PAS IV when executing these calculations suites in order to calculate all basic or ThII load cases. All
140 Calculation KRASTA 9.7 Manual
members are considered active and all compensation load cases are calculated if necessary. The results
are assigned to the situation $uncertain (p.135) instead of any defined situation.
The calculation suites PAS Linear and PAS ThII can be edited and deleted.
6.1.4 Dialog: Calculation Suite
Calculate immediately ticked: Solver input files are created and sent to the solver.
unticked: Solver input files are created but are not sent to the solver. The
solver may be started for these input files manually.
Clear results before All results are deleted before. This does also include results for situations which
are not to be calculated with this calculation suite.
Clear calc log before The log file with messages from previous calculations is deleted before.
Available The list in the left window shows which situations are available to solve.
Calculate The list in the right window shows which situations are to be solved.
Solver Specifies which solver and which theory will be used.
[Solver settings] Opens a dialog with detailed solver settings when available (see below).
No setting details are required for PAS III and PAS IV.
6.1.4.1 Dialog: Solver Options Modal Analysis

Mass load case The mass case for which natural modes and frequencies are to be
determined.
Number of natural modes The number of the natural modes and frequencies to be determined.
6.1.4.2 Dialog: Solver Options NODYA
Register: General
For descriptions of the individual entries refer to the NODYA documentation.
Register: Nonlinear Calculation
For descriptions of the individual entries refer to the NODYA documentation.

6.1.5 Calculate specific Results

The KRASTA object tree provides a quick way to calculate or update results (internal forces, displacements
and support reactions) for specific Situation (p.133)s or Load Event (p.93)s.
The following context menu items (right mouse button) are available for situations and situation lists:
Calculate with PAS linear
Calculate with PAS THII
Available for Load Events is the context menu item:
Calculate with PAS.
The default settings for calculations with PAS are used. In case of Situations, results to all individually
active load cases are (re)calculated. In case of Load Events, only the particular associated result set is
(re)calculated and the actual load case type determines the method of calculation theory.
6.2 Calculation according 2nd Order Theory
6.2.1 2nd Order Theory, Basics

The following theory is implemented for 2nd order calculation of PAS:
For the single beam the differential equation system (DES) is solved according to the technical bending
theory. The equilibrium is formulated in a deformed condition in order to consider term is considered
for bending:
+ =
The stiffness matrices for beams with constant cross section is determined analytically, the stiffness
matrices for beams with conical cross section is determined numerically with a tolerance of approx. 1 0/00.
geometrically linear (Williot plan of displacement). The solution of the equation system is iterated over the
normal forces.
A prerequisite of 2nd order calculation is, that in spatial frames the differential equations for bending of both
cross section axes are decoupled, both for strain and for torsion. In [1] prerequisite conditions to this
decoupling are discussed and shown.
In which conditions these can prerequisite can be seen as fulfilled is shown in [1].
For 2nd Order theory calculations the equilibrium is formulated for the deformed framework. Inner forces
refer to axes of the deformed beams. Loads and predeformations are considered in undistorted working
direction but with a relocated working point. Geometrical effects due to inner beam deflection or shortening
are neglected in general. If this seems to be not appropriate this can be corrected by creating additional
nodes along the beam. Load components in beam direction may have an influence on the beam stiffness.
This influence is only taken into account correctly if the loads are applied at start or end of the beams.
Beam loads and beam predeformations are already considered to calculate inner forces in the 1 st load
step. Loads applied at the start node of beam (L=0) are considered for the beam itself, further loads (L>0)
are considered at the start of the next beam.
It is possible to determine the ideal bifurcation load (ideal buckling load). This is done by iterative
increments of the loads up to the factor when the stiffness matrices determinant denominator becomes
zero (or negative).
Literature: 2nd Order Theory

[1] Mller, K.-H. , Mrchen, H., Vlkel, G.
Zur Berechnung ebener und rumlicher Stabwerke
Theoretische Grundlagen zu PAS (mit weiteren Literaturangaben)
Verffentlichungen des Institutes fr Statik und Stahlbau der TH Darmstadt, Heft 9, 1970.
6.2.2 Th. II, Modelling techniques

The count of the equilibrium iteration steps needed depends on the nature of the system. Criterion to
check is the determinant dominators rate of change. Often, one equilibrium iteration step is sufficient,
especially if the load steps are not too wide.
Relevant steps in normal forces should only be present at beam ends, i.e. at nodes. If needed, one
should create intermediate nodes to be able to distribute beams loads and masses concentrated to
these nodes.
Using wider beam lengths or relevant non-constant normal forces, affected beams should be split up
to appropriate shorter beams parts.
See also:
Load Case 2nd Order (p.88)
Brief Information for Review (p.237)
6.3 Situation-independent calculation

Using the menu item Situation independent calculation KRASTA allows to create solver input (resp.
result) sets indicated by position numbers.
The Situation independent calculation is equivalent to the solver interface of version 9.2 and older. That
way to specify a position is obsolete and should not be used anymore. Please use the more modern and
flexible calculation suite introduced with version 9.3 instead.
Obsolete Idiom Position

In KRASTA 9.2 and older, the idiom position was used. The user was able to identify result data, loosely
specified at the time of solver execution. The user had to track position numbers and according structural
system himself. No means were available to automatically recreate the static situation referred to by the
position number.
Since KRASTA 9.3 the concept of Situations allows switch between different static situations in a
systematic and comfortable manner.
For favour of the more general situations the usage of position numbers has become obsolete.
6.4 Content of the result file

The result file contains inner forces of beams at particular sections points (p.47) and support forces (p.49)
of nodes, resulting from certain load cases (p.83) in certain situations (p.133).
If the result file already contains inner forces for a given load and a certain situation these results are
overwritten.
Only the results of basic load cases (p.83) and (if any) TH II load cases (p.88) are stored into the result
file. Load combinations are always superposed according to their actual definition. Stresses are newly
determined referring the actual cross sections (p.55).
6.5 Process Solver Input Files

A solver input file is a self-consistent calculation order for a specific solver (p.139).
Input files are created by calculation suites (p.139). Usually the according solver is started to process the
solver input file. The results are stored in the Result File (p.147) for later analysis (p.228).
However, calculation suites may just create solver input files without starting the solver. Such suspended
input files may be sent to the solver with the menu item Calculate solver input file.
6.6 Calculation Log

The calculation log stores messages, which occur during the execution of a solver input file (p.149), e.g.
start and end time, available disk space, storing places etc. as well as all output of the solver (p.139).
The solver may fail to solve a problem due to numerical problems or an insufficiently constraint model.
Even if the solver finishes the solution errors and warnings may have occurred (refer to e.g. PAS error
messages (p.153)).
A 2nd order theory (p.143) calculation may be used to determine the maximum stable load factor (Euler
buckling). In this case an error 455 indicates unstable load factors.
The calculation log can be reviewed after the solver finishes through menu item Show Log-File.
6.7 PAS error messages

This chapter describes the most frequent PAS error messages/warnings, their causes and methods to
identify the sources of error.
Assistance and suggestion are given to eliminate the errors. Usually different options to eliminate the
source of error are available for the desired static system.
6.7.1 Error/Warning Nr. 229

Error message
Fehler oder Warnung (229) aufgetreten!
Cause
No support conditions were defined, the structure is not supported.

Error message
Warnung Nr.
451 : DAS TRAGWERK ODER TEILE DAVON SIND KINEMATISCH UEBERBESTIMMT.
451 : The structure or parts of are kinematically underdetermined
Cause
There is a closed structure of (partially) rigid beams (example #1)
There is an open structure of (partially) rigid beams but rigidly supported (example #2)
Finding the culprit
Mark all beams with rigid and/or partly rigid cross sections (menu item Selection | Beam property | Cross
Section) and display all support conditions. Places, in which several (partly) rigid beams are present, must
be examined for closed and/or rigidly supported beam chains.
Example: Error/Warning Nr. 451, #1

A massive structural element in your structure is modelled using rigid
beams. This could be a casting with several beams of the structure
attached.
Since the casting is quite rigid and not in the scope of your calculation
anyway, you have decided to model the outline shape of the casting
with rigid beams. The individual rigid beams are connected rigidly to
each other.
The closed ring causes an error Nr. 451 during the calculation.
Fault repair
Open the ring by deleting one segment of the beam chain. The rigid
beams and their rigid connection remain a rigid and distortionless
structure.
Example: Error/Warning Nr. 451, #2

Next to supports you model a shear panel with the help of rigid beams.
Therefore, you introduce a bracing with a coupling node at the
intersection of the bracings. All four rigid beams use this node as an
end node.
Rigid beams and rigid support together, achieve a rigid structure (Fig.
Rigid Support, dashed line) and cause an error Nr. 451.
Fault repair:
Here, several possibilities are available to remove the fault. You have
to decide which one is compatible with the needs of your static system.
Release a support in direction of the connection line between
the support nodes (Fig. Release Support).
Apply a joint condition to three of the four beams to enable a
cross angle change (Fig. with Joint).
Please also consider chapter Notes on using rigid cross sections


Error message
Warnung Nr.
453 : DAS TRAGWERK ODER TEILE DAVON SIND BEWEGLICH.
453 : The structure or parts of are free to move.
Cause
Joint and/or support conditions allow a part of the structure to move/rotate without resistance. The movable
part can be an underconstraint node, a rotating beam as well as a larger kinematic part of the structure.
Modelling faults, which cause warning 453, fall into two categories: real movability and rotating objects.
Fault finding
Looking for the fault, the knowledge of the linkage between nodes and beams as well as between nodes
and inertial system (fixed base, earth) is necessary
fixed base
support cond.
beam
joint cond.
node
Fig. Degrees of Freedom
The linkage between beam and nodes is determined by joint conditions of the beam (beam property), the
linkage between nodes and fixed base by support conditions (node property). In each case, six degrees of
freedom are available, three translational and three rotational (Fig. Degrees of Freedom).
6.7.3.1 Real Movability

Generally real movability can be sought out easily by examining the bending line. Uncommonly large
deflections indicate the movability.
If there is no load in the direction of the movability, it may necessary, to introduce additional loads in this
direction (e.g. additional load cases with horizontal acceleration).
Approach:
Display a selected bending line and show the whole system (fully zoomed out).
If no extra ordinary deformation is shown then either the load case is inappropriate or there is no real
movability.
If the display looks like fig. huge deformation, select the beams with the huge deformation (in mode beam
selection click the bending line with left mouse button and select all offered beams).
Choose the display setting minimal and show the whole system (fully zoomed out). The selected beams
indicate the area of movability (fig. Area of movability).
6.7.3.2 Rotating Objects

In order to find this error, the KRASTA model must be scanned for usual error patterns. Here all joint and
support conditions should be displayed.
In large systems it can be helpful to cut the model into smaller parts. Eventually delete a part of the model,
supporting the remaining part if necessary and evaluate again. If the error still occurs then the error is part
of the remaining structure otherwise of the deleted part. Keep attention of not producing further errors by
dividing the model.
Node can rotate

Type of Fault: At a bearing support in the model both a support condition (ball
bearings) and a joint condition (ball joint) is defined as shown in fig.
rot. Node #1. The node is neither rotational linked with the fixed base system
nor with the beam, thus it can rotate freely.
Proposal: Modelling bearing condition, one should always use support
condition wherever possible. Connect the beam rigidly to the support node and
apply the desired support conditions to the node.
If this is not applicable, because the desired support condition cannot be
defined in the node coordinate system, fix the node in all degrees of freedom
and apply the joint conditions to the beam.
Type of Fault: All beams are connected to a node with joints
(Fig. rot. Node #2). The node is rotational connected with none of the beams,
thus it can rotate freely.
Proposal: Connect one of the beams rigidly with the node.
Beam (chain) can rotate

Type of Fault: A beam or a beam chain is not fixed against rotation about the center line (Fig. rot. Beam
#1, Fig. rot. Beam #2, Fig. rot. Beam #3).
Proposal: Define support conditions, joint conditions of the beam (chain) or adjoined beams in a way to
fix the rotation.

Error message
Warnung Nr.
455 : DIE BELASTUNG LIEGT BER DER NIEDRIGSTEN VERZWEIGUNGSLAST
455 : THE LOAD LIES OVER THE LOWEST BIFURCATION LOAD
Cause
Calculation according 1st order theory:
In 1st order calculations error 455 usually occurs in combination with warning 453. Eliminating warning 453
eliminates error 455.
Calculation according 2nd order theory:
In 2nd order calculations this error message occurs if a beam or a structural part exceeds the ideal buckling
load (bifurcation load).
Note: Unfortunately there is no way to spot out the affected beam(s). Buckling, in the sense of applied
theory, is a system fault not caused by single beams. The bending line of the 2nd order results just below
the buckling load may be evaluated to get an idea of the failing members or substructure.
6.8 Modal Analysis

KRASTA supports the calculation of natural frequencies and according Eigen vectors (modes) of elastic
systems. Rigid, partially rigid or conical cross sections have to be replaced with elastic or constant cross
sections.
A modal analysis requires the selection of a mass case (usually the "Permanent Mass") and a maximum
number of natural frequencies to calculate. The results of the analysis can be output in textual form for
further computations.
Eigenvectors can be displayed and animated in a user defined scale by the menu item
View | Eigen Vector.
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Analysis and Documentation 163
7 Analysis and Documentation

The following chapter describes the possibilities to analyse, evaluate and document KRASTA systems.
7.1 Proofs
Proofs and results (p.223) are handled by KRASTA in similar manner (see Proof- / Result-Control-Sets
(p.227)). In both cases, the evaluation pattern, the type of evaluation, extremation and textual output are
specified.
In contrast to result controls sets, proof controls sets compare a result value to a permissible value
according to a standard leading to an utilization.
Classifications
To determine permissible values according to a standard it is usually necessary to provide additional
information, e.g. for materials (p.71). Usually this information is a so called classification (p.73).
E.g. a classification can be something like this:
The material named StE 355 is in terms of DIN 15018 to be classified as St 52
7.1.1 Proof of fatigue based on damage accumulation

Modern proofs of fatigue are based on damage accumulation to evaluate the operating characteristics in
detail. Therefore, the operation is summarized in form of particular load sequences and design spectra.
Load sequences result in unique stress time histories at every point in the structure. KRASTA performs a
rainflow analysis to determine the stress ranges and associated number of occurrence.
The fatigue damage analysis is done according the linear damage accumulation hypothesis by Palmgren-
Miner as described below. The analysis results in a total sum of damage which is often reformulated to
damage equivalence factors or effective stress history parameters.
The partial damages are evaluated in respect to S-N curves and safety factors according to individual
standards.
The current KRASTA version offers the following proofs of fatigue based on damage accumulation:
EN 13001-3-1:2012-09 (p.183) resp. DIN 13001-3-1:2005-03 (p.177)
EN 1993-1-9:2005 (EC 3) (p.193)
The specification of a design spectrum replaces the specification of a S class (or similar) as well as the
load evaluation pattern.
168 Analysis and Documentation KRASTA 9.7 Manual
7.1.1.1 Linear damage accumulation according to Palmgren-Miner

The following description is kept standards independent, no additional factors according to standards are
considered..
Diagram: Linear damage accumulation acc. Palmgren-Miner
As an example, one S-N (Whler) curve from [EC 3] is shown, whereas:

1 Inverse slope of S-N curve above fatigue limit according to notch case.
Inverse slope of S-N curve below fatigue limit and above cut-off limit acc.
2 21 1 [StK].Chap.1.1.4.2.
stress range , number of stress cycles
, actual number with stress range
, = 2 106 characteristic stress range
1
= 5 106
, fatigue limit stress range

2
= 1 108
, cut-off limit stress range

1
( ) :

Number of stress cycles to failure for periodic stress range with
= 2 (constant) amplitude .
( ) : >

{ : >
The partial damage for a given stress range is the ratio of actual number of stress

cycles to the number of stress cycles to failure .
Linear accumulation of partial damages gives the total damage.

= (Damage summation according Palmgren-Miner rule)

The proof is fulfilled if (e.g.: lt. [EC 3].Appendix A)
1.0 Some standards allow values different from 1.0 for the total damage.
The linear damage accumulation hypothesis according to Palmgren-Miner assumes that partial damages
are independent from each other. Thus, they are independent from the earlier stress history. The non-
linearities of the S-N curve are already included in each partial damage.
Therefore, linear damage accumulation allows to
evaluate and document normal and shear stress damage separately
associate a partial damage to a particular working cycle
7.1.1.2 Result values of a damage accumulation

Additionally to the result items commonly used in KRASTA proof of fatigues (notch case, maximum stress
range, tolerable stress range and utilization) there are items specific to damage accumulation such as
stress collective values and sum of damage.
For the point of proof of stresses showing the highest utilization the textual output additionally lists the
partial damages (see example below).
Example: Textual Output in case of Damage Accumulation
Example of a textual output of a proof acc. EN 13001-3-1:

For each point an individual stress history parameter () is determined and listed.
It is possible to show the stress utilization as well as the damage
For the point of proof of stresses with the maximum utilization the partial damages ,( ) are
shown for each component (working cycle) of the design spectrum ( = ,() ).
Literature: Damage Accumulation

[EC 3] EN 1993-1-9:2005
Ausgabe: 2005-07
Eurocode 3: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten -
Teil 1-9: Ermdung
[StK] Stahlbaukalender, 2006

8. Jahrgang, Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann
Abschnitt 2: Grundlagen und Erluterungen der neuen Ermdungsnachweise nach Eurocode 3
Dr.-Ing. Alain Nussbauer, Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Gnther
7.1.2 Proof of Fatigue acc. DIN 15018

A proof of fatigue according to DIN 15018 requires the classification of the used materials (p.73) and the
classification of the points for proof of stresses (p.73) into notch conditions.
The loading group may be determined for every individual proof.
Points for proof of stresses, that have not been given a notch case, may be supplied with a default notch
condition. If no default is selected, only points with classified notch conditions are considered for the proof.
The proof may be applied to normal stresses only, shear stresses only or combined stresses. These three
possibilities can also be used together.
For each subtype of proof an individual output format has to be selected.
In the case of normal and shear stresses the search for extreme values is carried out along the utilization
of the permissible stresses, for combined stresses along the resulting comparison value of the two
utilizations, that is to be compared to 1.1 (DIN 15018, Part 1, 7.4.5).
If more than one subtype of proof is carried out simultaneously, it is possible to output the worst case only.
The worst case is the one with highest utilization.
The proof of combined stresses can either be done "simplified" by combining the two maxima of normal
and shear stress without consideration of their coincidence or as proposed by the standard.
It can be selected whether the permissible () shall be calculated according to the formula for structural
elements or welded joints (DIN 15018, Part 1, Table 19).
Proof: DIN 15018

Def.: | | | | ;

| | | | ;

Table 18 (DIN 15018)

Equations for permissible upper stresses depend on , . (1) according to Table 17 and
(tensile strength) according to the classification (p.73) of the material.
0 5
. () . (1)
(tension) 32
1 < < 0
(alternating domain) < 0 2
. () . (1)
(pressure) 1
5
. (0) . (1)
3
0
. (0)
(tension) . ()
. (0)
0 < < +1 1 (1 )
0.75
(swelling domain)
. (0) 2 . (1)
< 0 . (0)
. ()
(pressure) . (0)
1 (1 )
0.9
Furthermore is considered: . () 0.75 (yield point acc. classification (p.73) of the material).

Permissible stress . () for structural elements and welding.
. ( ) 1
Structural Elements . ( ) . ( )
(acc. W0) 3
. ( ) 1
Welding . ( ) . ( )
(acc. K0) 2

proof of normal stresses: 1
. ( )

proof of shear stresses: 1
. ( )
2 2
combined proof: ( ) +( ) 1.1
. ( ) . ( )
For non-simplified combined proofs, the comparison value is maximized. For simplified combined
proofs the maximum normal stress and maximum shear stress utilization are evaluated first. They are
combined later.
Output Formats: DIN 15018

The layout of an Output Format (p.233) can be defined freely. To build up or edit output formats the
following items are available:
General data (e.g. beam, section point, sectional point, load case or stresses)
Proof data (e.g. origin of extremes or if proof(-portion) is satisfied)
Specific items of the individual proof (e.g. parameter of the proof, intermediated results or utilizations)
Specific items, available in the output format:

Symbols Tab.-Head Value
, max sig, min sig
max tau, min tau stress components, causing stress ranges.
,
, kappa s, kappa t stress ratio
, adm sig, adm tau admissible stresses
part of proof fulfilled if:

uti sig normal stress utilization .
uti tau shear stress utilization .
comp res resulting comparison value *)
.
1.1 uti res resulting utilization 1.0
*) The resulting comparison value resp. comp res is extremated and plotted where required.
The resulting utilization resp. uti res can be added to the output format.
Prepared Output Formats

Type of Proof Format
one line, wide page, contains
Proof of normal stresses: DIN 15018 sigma
normal stress proof values.
Proof of shear stresses: DIN 15018 tau
shear stress proof values.
three lines, wide page, contains both groups from
Combined Proof: DIN 15018 res
above and the res. comparison value comp res.
Materials: DIN 15018

St 37
St 52-3
Notch Cases: DIN 15018

W0
W1
W2
K0
K1
K2
K3
K4
Loading Groups: DIN 15018

B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
7.1.3 Proof of Fatigue acc. DIN 22261

A proof of Fatigue according to DIN 22261 requires the classification (p.73) of the points for proof of
stresses into notch cases.
Points for proof of stresses, that have not been given a notch case, may be supplied with a default notch
case (p.73) for the proof. If no default is selected only classified points are considered for the proof.
The proof may be applied to normal stresses or shear stresses. These two proofs can also be used
together.
Extreme values are searched for the utilization of the admissible stress differences (Cond. 66 and
Cond. 67). The fatigue factor can be specified.
If both subtypes of proof are carried out simultaneously, it is possible, to output the worst case only. The
worst case is the one with highest utilization.
Notch Cases: DIN 22261

Notch cases for DIN 22261 are:

Notch case G0 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
adm [kN/cm] 25,0 22,4 20,0 18,0 16,0 14,0
Notch case G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
adm [kN/cm] 18,0 16,0 14,0 12,5 (11,2)* ) 10,0
*) Notch case G5 is not specified in Table 17 explicitly and is added here analogous to K5 .

Notch case K1 K2 K3 K4 K5, K5 K6, K6
adm , [kN/cm] 18,0 16,0 14,0 12,5 11,2 10,0
Notch case K7, K7 K8, K8 K9, K9 K10, K10 K11, K11 K12, K12
adm , [kN/cm] 9,0 8,0 7,1 6,3 5,6 5,0
Proof: DIN 22261

Consideration of fatigue factor :
.
.
1.4
.
.
1.4
Conditions of the proof of fatigue:
The stresses are signed.
Def.: > , >
1.) Parts beyond zones of welded joints:

normal stress :
1 1
1.1) 0, > Cond.66: 1.0 1 . ( Row 1 )
2 2
2
1 1
1.2) 0, Cond.66: 1.0 . ( Row 2 )
2 2
1.3) < 0 Cond.66: 1.0 2 . ( Row 3 )
shear stress :
1.4) Cond.67: . ( Row 4 )
2.) (Welds) and Parts within zones of welded joints:

normal stress :
2.1) 0 Cond.66: 1.0 1.0 . ( Row 7 )
2.2) < 0 Cond.66: 0.9 1.0 . ( Row 8 )
shear stress :
2.3) Cond.67: . ( Row 9 )
The -condition in universal form is:

. .
The utilization is calculated by:

.
At small stress differences at a high pressure stress level, it is possible to calculate negative utilization
values. These values satisfy the proof.
7.1.4 Proof of Fatigue according to DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005-03

In the following the concept of the proof is explained first. After that, the implementation in KRASTA and
used calculation formula are shown. Finally according program dialogs, output formats and value tables
are described.
DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005, Method of Proof

Based on the operating method, notch case and accessibility, permissible stress ranges are determined
and compared against characteristic stress ranges. The workflow in detail is as follows:
Operating Method:
In general, the operating method is specified by a range of load working cycles of which each is weighted
with a relative frequency, i.e. by a certain load spectrum.
S-Class:
The S-class is derived from a load spectrum considering further parameters like the class of load spectrum
factors Q0 to Q5 (see [13001-3-1:2005], Tab 4) and the S-class S0 to S9 (see [13001-3-1:2005], Tab. 11
and Tab. 12) respectively. Alternatively, a guidance for empiric selection of S-classes is given in [13001-
3-1:2005], Annex B.
Notch Cases:
Structural details are covered by classification (p.73) of notch cases (see [13001-3-1:2005], Annex A and
E).
With the classification of a certain notch case, a characteristic stress range or and the inverse
slope of the /N-curve is determined. Notch cases consider connection geometry, weld characteristics
and (partly) material and structural part thickness.
Characteristic stress range and slope can be determined by fatigue testing (see [13001-3-1:2005], Chap.
6.2.4) also. Thus, a slope between = 3 (material in welded connections) and = 5 (flat material or
shear in longitudinal welds) can be taken into account by the proof.
Notch cases are specified individually for normal and for shear stresses.
Resistance Factor :
To consider fail-safe or non fail-save components, accessibility and hazards for persons a fatigue strength
specific resistance factor is used according to [13001-3-1:2005], table 10:
Inspection and access Fail-safe components Non fail-save components

without with
hazards for persons hazards for persons
Periodic inspection and
maintenance = 1.00 = 1.15 = 1.25
Accessible joint detail
maintenance = 1.15 = 1.25 = 1.35
Poor accessibility
Stress History Parameter () :

Each load cycle causes individual nominal stress cycles in every location and therefore individual stress
spectra. Based on the shape of the stress spectra and the slope values specified by the notch case
individual stress history parameters () are calculated according to [13001-3-1:2005], Chap. 4.3.4.
For each stress component (normal or shear stress) a unique stress history parameter is associated.
Permissible stress ranges:

The permissible (limit) stress range is calculated for each stress component separately as follows:

=
()
The dependency between S-classes and (=3) is defined as follows:
Class S02*) S01*) S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

(=3) 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.016 0.032 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0
*) The table is expanded by the S-Classes S02 and S01 according [13001-3-1:2009].
The formulation may be transformed using stress spectrum factors () and (=3) according to [13001-3-
(=3) (=3)
1:2005] Chap. 4.3.4. Because of = it is:
() ()
(=3)
= mit 1.0
(=3)
The stress spectrum shape is covered by the ratio parameter . All other parameters are independent
from the stress spectrum.
Analysing the stress spectrum shape is done for a proof based on damage accumulation (p.181). A proof
following the simplified procedure (p.180) is using = 1.0 as a substitute, as mentioned in DIN-Chap.
6.5.3.4. This allows a save approximation of permissible stress range independent from the actual stress
spectrum.
Design Stress Range:

In general, the design stress range is the difference between maximum and minimum stress component
present in the stress spectrum.
For thermally stress relieved or non-welded structural members the compression portion of the stress
range may be reduced to 60%.
Utilizations:
For different stress components the proof shall be executed separately. To each stress component an
utilization is calculated by comparison of permissible to design stress range.
Additionally a combined utilization may be determined. See Types of proof below.
DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005, Implementation in KRASTA
Classification (p.73) of notch cases:

A proof of fatigue according to DIN 13001 requires the classification (p.73) of the Points for Proof of
Stresses (p.55) in regard to:
characteristic stress ranges and
inverse slope of /N-curve and .
For or values out of a given list are available (see Chapter Notch Cases 13001-3 (p.191)).
The slopes or can be chosen in a range of 3.0 to 5.0.
The combined specification of characteristic stress range and inverse slope is called notch case in the
following. For a point for proof of stresses individual notch cases for normal and for shear stresses are
assigned (see Dialog: Classification of Points for proof of Stresses according to EN 13001-3 (p.189)).
Consideration of material and part thickness by the user:

When selecting the notch cases in the scope of [13001-3-1:2005] tables A.1 and A.2 the user himself has
to consider part thickness or the yield stress of the material.
Welding thicknesses have to be considered by the user.
Proof Control Sets:

For each proof the following is specified (see Dialog: Proof of fatigue according to DIN 13001-3 (p.182)):
Either a design spectrum or a s-Class according to DIN Tab. 11 and DIN Tab. 12 or Appendix B (see
Loading Groups: DIN 13001-3 (p.191))
A fatigue specific resistance factor according to DIN-Tab. 10
If the compression portion of the stress range shall be reduced to 60%
Optionally default notch cases for unclassified points for proof of Stresses.
Thus, the proofs have to be formulated separately for different S-Classes, specific resistance factors,
compression stress evaluation and (if any) default notch cases. But proofs can be combined into lists to be
evaluated together.
If no default notch case is specified only classified points for proof of Stresses are proven. If no
classification is given the point is not taken into account. The notch case to be taken into account is
determined for normal and for shear stresses independently.
Types of proof:
The proof can be done separately
for normal stresses,
for shear stresses
combined
It is also possible to do all three types simultaneously. For each of these proofs a specialized output format
is available.
If more than one type of proof is done simultaneously it is possible to output the worst case only. The worst
case is the proof with highest utilization.
Proof: DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005 (simplified procedure)
Stress History Parameter:

In the simplified procedure, the stress history parameter (=3) is given by the specified S-class according
to [13001-3-1:2005] Tab. 13.
Evaluation pattern:
The evaluation pattern is a list of load events consisting of load case and situation. The S-class (see above)
is used as an indication on load ranges and frequencies within the evaluation pattern; it implies a certain
load spectrum.
Extremation:
KRASTA determines stress differences or design stress ranges for every possible combination of two load
cases out of the evaluation pattern. For each stress difference the according utilizations are computed.
The cases which result in highest utilizations are documented.
KRASTA assumes = 1.0 for the simplified method.
Def.: max min or max min
whereas compression portions are reduced to 60%, optionally.

=3: =
3(=3)
c
3: =
; Rd = m
k
(=3) Mf s(m=3)
, bzw. according to individual classification of the points for proof of Stresses.

according to Proof Control Set.
with:
(=3) according to [13001-3-1:2005] Tab.13 for an S-class according to proof control set.
= 1.0 save approx.*)
Type of Proof Utilization

Proof of normal stresses: 1.0

Proof of shear stresses: 1.0

( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) 1.0
Combined proof:
with max( , ) and () = (=3) save approximated*).
*) KRASTA is using KRASTA = 1.0, given by DIN Chap. 6.5.3.4 Simplified method for slope 3
(see: DIN 13001-3, Method of Proof, Permissible stress ranges (p.177)).
Proof: DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005 (damage accumulation procedure)
Design Spectrum:
The design spectrum completely specifies the mode of operation with load sequences and their
frequencies.
Time History Parameter:

The time history parameter () is determined by a damage analysis according to the hypothesis of linear
damage accumulation (Palmgren-Miner rule) of stress histories specified by design spectra.
DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1 uses a simplified S-N curve with a constant slope parameter with consideration
of fatigue limit and cut off stress ranges.
The result of the analysis, given in form of collective coefficient and relative total number , is listed in
combined form as the time history parameter () .
Def.: max min resp. max min

( ) ( )

( ) = ( ) =

= Analogue to the simplified procedure. The design stress range is the difference between
= maximum and minimum across all load events present in the design spectrum.
with:

relative total number of cycles, , = 2 106

= =
() ()
, bzw. according to individual classification of the points for proof of stresses.
with: according to Proof Control Set.
() according to design spectrum, determined for each point for proof of stresses
individually.

stress related value damage related value
1.0

( = )
1.0

( = )

( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) 1.0
Combined proof:

with
max( , )
Dialog: Proof of Fatigue according to DIN 13001-3

In the Proof of area of the dialog, design spectrum or S-Class (Loading Group), specific resistance
factor and the kind of consideration of compression portion are specified.
If specifying a design spectrum (damage accumulation procedure)
If specifying a S-Class (simplified procedure)
Default notch cases enable proof for points for proof of stresses without individual classifications according
to DIN 13001.
The stress components for the proof can be selectable independently from each other. If desired, the
textual output can be limited to the worst case.
For each stress component a specialized Output Format (p.190) is available.
Literature: DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005-03

[13001-3-1:2005] DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:
Ausgabe: Mrz 2005
Krane, Konstruktion allgemein, Teil 3-1: Grenzzustnde und Sicherheitsnachweis von Stahltragwerken
Deutsche Fassung CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004
Cranes General Design Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structure
German Version CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004
[13001-3-1:2009] prEN 13001-3-1:2009

Ausgabe: 2009-10
7.1.5 Proof of Fatigue according to EN 13001-3-1:2012-09

are described.
EN 13001-3-1:2012-09, Method of Proof

Operating Method:
S-Class:
The stress history parameter () is derived from the total damage considering further parameter.
Alternatively, the damage equivalence factor may be specified by selecting a certain S-Class S0 to S9 (s.
[13001-3-1:2012] Chap. 6.3.4).
Notch Cases:
Structural details are covered by classification (p.73) of notch cases (see [13001-3-1:2012], Anhang D und
H).
slope of /N-curve is determined. Notch cases consider connection geometry, weld characteristics and
(partly) material and structural part thickness.
Characteristic stress range and slope can be determined by fatigue testing (see [13001-3-
1:2012] chapter 6.2.3) also. Thus, a slope between = 3 (material in welded connections) and = 5 (flat
material or shear in longitudinal welds) can be taken into account by the proof.
Resistance Factor :
To consider fail-safe or non-fail-save components, accessibility and hazards for persons a fatigue strength
specific resistance factor is used according [13001-3-1:2012] tab. 9:
Inspection and access Fail-safe components Non fail-save components

without with
hazards for persons hazards for persons
maintenance = 1.00 = 1.15 = 1.25
Accessible joint detail
maintenance = 1.15 = 1.25 = 1.35
Poor accessibility
Stress History Parameter () :

Each load cycle causes individual nominal stress cycles in every location and therefore individual stress
spectra. Based on the shape of the stress spectra and the slope value specified by the notch case
individual stress history parameters () are calculated according [13001-3-1:2012] chapter 6.3.3.
For each stress component (normal or shear stress) a unique stress history parameter is associated.
Permissible stress ranges:

The permissible (limit) stress range is calculated for each stress component separately as follows:

=
()
The dependency between S-classes and (=3) is defined as follows:
Class S02 S01 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

(=3) 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.016 0.032 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0
The formulation may be transformed using stress spectrum factors () and (=3) according to
(=3) (=3)
[13001-3-1:2012] Chap. 6.5.3.3. Because of = it is:
() ()
(=3)
= mit 1.0

(=3)
The stress spectrum shape is covered by the ratio parameter . All other parameters are independent
from the stress spectrum.
Analysing the stress spectrum shape is done for a proof based on damage accumulation. A proof following
the simplified procedure is using = 1.0 as a substitute, as mentioned in [13001-3-1:2012] Chap. 6.5.3.4.
This allows a save approximation of permissible stress range independent from the actual stress spectrum.

In general, the design stress range is the difference between maximum and minimum stress component
present in the stress spectrum.
For thermally stress relieved or non-welded structural members the compression portion of the stress
range may be reduced to 60%.
Utilizations:
For different stress components the proof shall be executed separately. For each stress component the
utilization is calculated by comparing permissible to design stress range.
EN 13001-3-1:2012-09, Implementation in KRASTA
Classification of notch cases:

A proof of fatigue according to EN 13001-3-1:2012-09 requires the classification (p.73) of the Points for
Proof of Stresses (p.55) in regard to:
For or values out of a given list are available (see chapter Notch Cases EN 13001-3 (p.191)).
The slopes or can be chosen in a range of 3.0 to 5.0.
following. For a point for proof of stresses individual notch cases for normal and for shear stresses are
assigned (see Dialog: Classification of Points for Proof of Stresses according to EN 13001-3 (p.189)).

When selecting the notch cases in the scope of [13001-3-1:2012] Tables D.1 and D.2 the user himself has
to consider part thickness or the yield stress of the material.
Proof Control Sets:

For each proof the following is specified (see Dialog: Proof of fatigue according to EN 13001-3 (p.188)):
Either a design spectrum or a S-Class according to [13001-3-1:2012] Tab. 10 (see Loading Groups:
EN 13001-3 (p.191))
A fatigue specific resistance factor according to [13001-3-1:2012] Tab. 9
If the compression portion of the stress range shall be reduced to 60%
Optionally default notch cases for unclassified points for proof of stresses
Thus, the proofs have to be formulated separately for different S-Classes, specific resistance factors,
compression stress evaluation and (if any) default notch cases. But proofs can be combined into lists to be
evaluated together.
If no default notch case is specified only classified points for proof of stresses are proven. If no classification
is given the point is not taken into account. The notch case to be taken into account is determined for
normal and for shear stresses independently.
Types of proof:
for normal stresses
for shear stresses
combined
is available.
Proof: EN 13001-3-1:2012-09 (simplified procedure)
Stress History Parameter:

In the simplified procedure the stress history parameter (=3) is given by the specified S-class according
to [13001-3-1:2012] Tab. 10.
Evaluation pattern:
load spectrum.
Extremation:
KRASTA assumes = 1.0 for the simplified method.
Def.: max min or max min

=3: =
3(=3)
c
3: =
; Rd = m
k
(=3) Mf s(m=3)

according to proof control set.
with:
(=3) according to [13001-3-1:2012] Tab. 10 for an S-class according to proof control set.
= 1.0 save approx.*)



( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) 1.0
Combined proof:
with max( , ) and () = (=3) save approximated*).
*) KRASTA is using KRASTA = 1.0, given by [13001-3-1:2012] Chap. 6.5.3.4 Simplified method for
slope 3 (see: DIN 13001-3, Method of Proof, Permissible stress ranges (p.183)).
Proof: EN 13001-3-1:2012-09 (damage accumulation procedure)
Design Spectrum:
frequencies.
Time History Parameter:

The time history parameter () is determined by a damage analysis according to the hypothesis of linear
damage accumulation (Palmgren-Miner rule of stress histories specified by design spectra.
DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1 is using a simplified S-N curve with a constant slope parameter with
consideration of fatigue limit and cut off stress ranges.
The result of the analysis, the collective coefficient and relative total number , is shown in combined
form as the time history parameter () .
Def.: max min bzw. max min

( ) ( )

( ) = ( ) =

with:

relative total number of cycles, , = 2 106

= =
() ()
with: according to Proof Control Set.
() according to design spectrum, determined for each point for proof of stresses
individually.

1.0

( = )
1.0

( = )

( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) 1.0

Combined proof:
( = = + 1.0 )
Dialog: Proof of Fatigue according to EN 13001-3-1

In the Proof of area of the dialog, design spectrum or S-Class (Loading Group), specific resistance
factor and the kind of consideration of compression portion are specified.
Default notch cases enable proof for points for proof of stresses without individual classifications according
to DIN 13001.
For each stress component a specialized Output Format (p.190) is available.
Literature: EN 13001-3-1:2012-09
[13001-3-1:2012] EN 13001-3-1:2012-09
Ausgabe: 2012-09
7.1.6 Common information to proof of fatigue according to EN 13001-3

This chapter describes common dialogs, output formats and load groups available in KRASTA for proofs
of fatigue according to EN 13001-3.
Details of the individual proof and their implementation in KRASTA are given in the chapter Proof of
Fatigue according to EN 13001-3-1:2012-09 (p.183) and Proof of Fatigue according to
DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005-03 (p.177).
Dialog: Classification of Points for proof of stresses according to EN 13001-3
Classification (p.191) of points for proof of stresses according to DIN 13001-3 is done by specifying
characteristic stress ranges and and associated inverse slope of /N-curve and , see
Implementation in KRASTA (p.185).
Specification of a specific resistance factor as well as a reduced compression portion is done by proof
control sets, see below.
Output Formats: EN 13001-3


ds c
, dt_c characteristic stress ranges
m(s)
m , m m(t) inverse slope of the /N-curve
sig max
, sig min
tau max stress components, causing stress ranges.
,
tau min
gamma Mf fatigue specific resistance factor
60% information, if reduced compressive portion is to be considered.
ds Sd
, dt Sd design stress range (may be reduced).
ds Rd
, dt Rd permissible stress range.
N sig
, N tau total number of cycles
nue sig
, nue tau relative total number of cycles
k sig
, k tau collective coefficient (solidity ratio)
s sig
() , () stress history parameter
s tau

uti sig normal stress utilization 1.0
uti tau shear stress utilization 1.0
uti res resulting utilization 1.0
comp res resulting comparison value 1.0
*) In the scope of EN 13001-3, KRASTA does not distinguish resulting utilization and comparison value.

Proof of normal stresses: EN 13001-3 sig
EN 13001-3 tau one line, wide page, contains

Proof of shear stresses:
Combined Proof: EN 13001-3 res
Notch Cases: EN 13001-3

Standard sequence with a ratio of 1.125.
See also section EN 13001-3, Method of Proof (p.183).
355 N/mm
315 N/mm
280 N/mm
.
.
.
8.0 N/mm
7.1 N/mm
6.3 N/mm
Loading Groups: DIN 13001-3 (S-Classes)

See also section EN 13001-3, Method of Proof (p.183).
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
7.1.7 Proof of Fatigue according to EN 1993-1-9:2005 (EC 3)

are described.
EN 1993-1-9:2005, Method of Proof

Operating Method:
Damage Accumulation:
The damage parts of each working cycle defined in the load spectrum are calculated based on the
Palmgren-Miner rule (p.168). These individual damages parts are, weighted by their relative frequencies,
accumulated to a total sum of damage
S-Class:
Damage equivalence factors and are derived from the total damage considering further parameter.
Alternatively, the damage equivalence factor may be specified by selecting a certain S-Class S0 to S9
(see [EC 1] Tab.2.12).
Notch Cases:
Structural details are covered by classification (p.73) of notch cases (see [EC 3] Tab.8]).
slope of /N-curve is determined. Notch cases consider connection geometry, weld characteristics and
(partly) material and structural part thickness.
Resistance Factor :
To consider the safety concept and consequences of failure a partial safety factor for fatigue strength
is used according to [EC 3] tab. 3.1:
Safety Concept Consequence of failure
low high
Damage tolerance concept = 1.00 = 1.15
Safe life concept = 1.15 = 1.35

In general, the design stress range is the difference between the maximum and the minimum stress present
in the stress spectrum.
For thermally stress relieved or non-welded structural members the compress in portion of the stress range
may be reduced to 60%.
Damage Equivalence Factor :

Each load sequences cause individual nominal stress range collectives for each location. Based on the
shape of this stress range collectives and the S-N curve specified by the notch case the damage
equivalence factor is determined according to [EC 1] Eqn.2.16.
An individual damage equivalence factor is determined for each stress component (normal or shear stress).
If a S-class is specified for the structural part is given by [EC 1].Tab.2.12:
S-Class S02*) S01*) S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
0.126 0.159 0.198 0.250 0.315 0.397 0.500 0.630 0.794 1.000 1.260 1.587 m=3
0.289 0.331 0.379 0.436 0.500 0.575 0.660 0.758 0.871 1.000 1.149 1.320 m=5
*) The S-Classes S02 and S01 are not natively known by this standard. Use them is not compliant with the standard.

They are additionally available following EN 13001 (02 0.002, 01 0.004)
Equivalent constant amplitude stress range ,2 or ,2

The equivalent stress range related to = 2 106 cycles is determined based on damage equivalence
factor or and design stress range or :
,2 and ,2
Utilization:
For the stress components the proof shall be executed separately. For each stress component an utilization
is calculated by comparison of equivalent stress range to characteristic stress range.
EN 1993-1-9:2005, Implementation in KRASTA

A proof of fatigue according to to EN 1993-1-9:2005 requires the classification (p.73) of the Points for
Proof of Stresses (p.55) in regard to:
For and values out of a given list are available (see chapter Notch Cases EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3)).
The slopes an can be chosen in a range of 3.0 to 5.0.
following. For a point of proof of stresses individual notch cases for normal and shear stresses are assigned
(see Dialog: Classification of Points for Proof of Stresses according to EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3) (p.198)).

When selecting notch cases in the scope of [EC 3] Tab.8 the user himself has to consider part thickness
or the yield stress of the material.
Welding thicknesses (p.55) have to be considered by the user.
Proof Control Sets:

For each proof the following is specified (see Dialog: Proof of fatigue according to EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3)
(p.198)):
Either a design spectrum or a S-class according to [EC 1] Tab.2.12
(see S-Classes: EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3))
A fatigue specific resistance factor according to [EC 3] Tab.3.1
If the compressive portion of the stress range shall be reduced to 60%
Optionally a default notch cases for unclassified points for proof of stresses
Thus, the proofs have to be formulated separately for different design spectra or S-classes, specific
resistance factors, compression stress evaluation and (if any) default notch cases. But proofs can be
combined into lists to be evaluated together.
If no default notch case is specified, only classified points for proof of stresses are proven. If no
classification is given, the point is not taken into account. The notch case to be taken into account is
determined for normal and for shear stresses independently.
Types pf proof:
for normal stresses
for shear stresses
combined
is available.
Proof: EN 1993-1-9:2005 (simplified procedure)
Damage Equivalence Factors:

In the simplified procedure, the damage equivalence factors or are given by the specified S-Class
according to [EC 1] Tab.2.12.
Evaluation Pattern:
load spectrum.
Extremation:
whereas compressive portions are reduced to 60%, optionally.
,2 = ,2 =

= The design stress range is the difference between maximum and minimum across all
mit: = load events present in the evaluation pattern.
, According to [EC 1] Tab.2.12 for an S-Class according to proof control set.

for the purpose of comparison
stress related value recalculated as damage related value
Ff ,2
1.0

Mf
Ff ,2

1.0

Mf

+ 1.0
Combined proof:
( = = + 1.0 )
Currently, KRASTA uses Ff = 1.0. All load safety factors have to be already considered at the load
definition.
Proof: EN 1993-1-9:2005 (damage accumulation procedure)
Design Spectrum:
frequencies.
Damage Equivalence Factors:

The damage equivalence factors or are determined by a damage analysis according to the
hypothesis of linear damage accumulation (Palmgren-Miner rule) of stress histories specified by design
spectra.
The result of the analysis, the coefficient or 1 and relative total number or 2 , is shown in combined
form as the damage equivalence factor .
whereas compressive portions are reduced to 60%, optionally.
m , m ,
= 1, ( ) = 1, ( )

= 2, = 2,

1, 2, = 1, 2, =

with:
Total number of stress cycles (, )
= 2 106 Reference number of stress ranges
,2 = ,2 =
, According to the design spectrum, determined for each point for proof of stresses
with: individually.

Ff ,2
1.0

Mf
Ff ,2

1.0

Mf

+ 1.0
Combined proof:
( = = + 1.0 )
Currently, KRASTA uses Ff = 1.0. All load safety factors have to be already considered at the load definition.
Dialog: Proof of Fatigue according to EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3)

In the Proof of area of the dialog, either a Design Spectrum (p.97) or a S-Class (p.200) (Loading Group),
specific resistance factor and the kind of consideration of compression portions are specified.
It is not possible to enter a safety coefficient for loads or stresses. Where needed, safety factors can
be considered at definition of the loads. KRASTA is using the loads specified by the evaluation pattern or
the design spectrum without any further factors.
Default notch cases enable proofs for points for proof of stresses without individual classifications
according to EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3) (p.200).
For each stress component a specialized output format is available.
Dialog: Classification of Points for Proof of Stresses according to EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3)
Classification (p.200) of points for proof

of stresses according to EN 1993-1-
9 (EC 3) is done by specifying
characteristic stress ranges or
and associated inverse slope of the
/N-curve or , see
Implementation in KRASTA (p.195).
Specification of a specific resistance
factor as well as a reduced
compression portion is done by proof
control sets, see below.
Output Formats: EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3)


ds c
, dt c characteristic stress ranges
m sig
m , m m tau inverse slope of the /N-curve
sig max
, sig min
tau max stress components, causing stress ranges.
,
tau min
gamma Mf fatigue specific resistance factor
60% information if reduced compressive portion is to be considered.
ds Sd
, dt Sd design stress range (may be reduced).
ds E2
,2 , ,2 dt E2 equivalent stress range
N sig
, N tau total number of cycles
k sig
, k tau
solidity ratio
lam1 sig
1, , 1, lam1 tau
nue sig
, nue tau
relative total number of cycles
lam2 sig
2, , 2, lam2 tau
lam sig
, lam tau damage equivalence factor (stress history parameter)

A sig
, D sig normal stress utilization 1.0 resp. 1.0
A tau
, D tau shear stress utilization 1.0 resp. 1.0
Ausn ges resulting utilization 1.0

Verg ges resulting comparison value*) 1.0
*)
In the scope of EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3), KRASTA does not distinguish between resulting utilization and comparison value.

Proof of normal stresses: EN 1993-1-9 sig one line, wide page, contains normal stress proof values.
Proof of shear stresses: EN 1993-1-9 tau one line, wide page, contains shear stress proof values.
three lines, wide page, contains both groups from above
Combined Proof: EN 1993-1-9 res
and the res. comparison value comp res.
Notch Cases: EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3)

Standard sequence with a ratio of 1.125.
355 N/mm
315 N/mm
280 N/mm
.
.
.
8.0 N/mm
7.1 N/mm
6.3 N/mm
Loading Groups: EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3) (S-Classes)

Damage Equivalence Factor
S-Class , (m=3) , (m=5)
S02*) 0.126 0.289
S01*) 0.159 0.331
S0 0.198 0.379
S1 0.250 0.436
S2 0.315 0.500
S3 0.397 0.575
S4 0.500 0.660
S5 0.630 0.758
S6 0.794 0.871
S7 1.000 1.000
S8 1.260 1.149
S9 1.587 1.320
*) The S-Classes S02 and S01 are not known by the standard. Use is not compliant with this standard.

They are additionally available following EN 13001 (02 0.002, 01 0.004)
Literature: EN 1993-1-9:2005
[EC 1] prEN 1991-3:2002
Ausgabe: 2002-09
Eurocode 1: Einwirkung auf Tragwerke -
Teil 3: Einwirkungen infolge von Kranen und Maschinen
[EC 3] EN 1993-1-9:2005
Ausgabe: 2005-07
Eurocode 3: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten -
Teil 1-9: Ermdung
[StK] Stahlbaukalender, 2006

8. Jahrgang, Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann
Abschnitt 2: Grundlagen und Erluterungen der neuen Ermdungsnachweise nach Eurocode 3
Dr.-Ing. Alain Nussbauer, Dr.-Ing. Hans-Peter Gnther
7.1.8 Proof of Fatigue acc. FEM 1.001

The proceeding is analogue to DIN 15018.
Classification of materials (p.73),
Classification of points for proof of stresses (p.73) in notch cases (or specifying a default notch case
(p.73)),
Specification of a loading group (called structural element group in FEM).
Proof: FEM 1.001

Def.: | | | | ;

| | | | ;

Equations for permissible upper stresses, depend on ,
according to Table T.A. 3.6.1 and (tensile strength) according to classification of the material.
0 5
() =
1 < < 0 (tension) 32
() =
(pressure) 1
0 = 1.66
0 +1 = 0.75
(tension)
0
0 < < +1 () = 0
(swelling domain) 1 (1 )
+1
< 0
() = 1.2 ()
(pressure)
Furthermore is considered: 0.75 (yield point acc. classification of the material).
Permissible stress for structural elements and welding.
1
Structural Elements () = ()
(acc. W0) 3
1
Welding () = ()
(acc. K0) 2



2 2

combined later.
Output Formats: FEM 1.001


, max sig, min sig
,

comp res resulting comparison value *) .

FEM 1.001 sig one line, wide page, contains

Proof of normal stresses:
Proof of shear stresses: FEM 1.001 tau
Combined Proof: FEM 1.001 res
Materials: FEM 1.001

St 37
St 44
St 52-3
Notch Cases: FEM 1.001

W0
W1
W2
K0
K1
K2
K3
K4
Loading Groups: FEM 1.001

E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
7.1.9 Proof of Fatigue acc. ISO 5049-1

The proceeding is analogous to DIN 15018.
(p.73)),
Specification of a loading group (called cycle classes in ISO).
Since in ISO 5049-1 the values for the permissible fatigue strength are given only in graphic form, the
arithmetic values had to be determined by measuring several points.
Proof: ISO 5049-1

Def.: | | | | ;

| | | | ;

Equations for permissible upper stresses, depend on , have been taken over from FEM
0 5
() =
1 < < 0 (tension) 32
() =
(pressure) 1
0 = 1.66
0 +1 = 0.75
(tension)
0
0 < < +1 () =
(swelling domain) 1 (1 0 )
+1
< 0
() = 1.2 ()
(pressure)
Furthermore is considered: 0.75 (yield point acc. classification of the material).
Permissible stress for structural elements and welding.

1
Structural Elements () = ()
(acc. W0) 3
1
Welding () =
()
(acc. K0) 2
The values for are measured from tables 19, 20 und 21 of the standard!



2 2

combined later.
Output Formats: ISO 5049


, max sig, min sig
,

comp res resulting comparison value *) .

ISO 5049-1 sig one line, wide page, contains

Proof of normal stresses:
Proof of shear stresses: ISO 5049-1 tau
Combined Proof: ISO 5049-1 res
Materials: ISO 5049

Fe 360
Fe 430
Fe 510
Notch Cases: ISO 5049

W0
W1
W2
K0
K1
K2
K3
K4
Loading Groups: ISO 5049

A
B
C
7.1.10 Proof of Fatigue according to DASt-Ri 011

The proceeding is analogue to DIN 15018.
(p.73)),
Specification of a loading group.
Proof: DASt-Ri 011

Def.: | | | | ;

| | | | ;

Table 12 (DASt-Ri 011)

Rows 4-7: Equations for tolerable upper stresses, depend on ,
. (1) acc. Table 12 acc. classification of the material.
1 < < 0 5
. () . (1)
32
(alternating domain)
0 (swelling domain) notch cases W0 and K0 other notch cases

(tension) 5 10
0 < < 0.8 . () . (1) . () . (1)
32 65
57 1
0.8 < < 1 . () . (1) . () . (1)
1 1
< 0 2
1 < < 1 . () (1)
(pressure) 1
Furthermore is considered: . () 1.0 (yield point acc. classification of the material).
Rows 8-9: Tolerable stress . () for structural elements and welding.

. ( ) 1
Structural Elements . ( ) . ( )
(acc. W0) 3
. ( )
1
Welding acc. Col. other notch cases with . (1) . ( ) . ( )
acc. DIN15018: Material St52-3, notch case K0 2
for B0 und B7 added analogous.

. ( )

. ( )
2 2
. ( ) . ( )
combined later.
Output Formats: DASt-Ri 011


, max sig, min sig
,

comp res resulting comparison value *)
.

Proof of normal stresses: DASt-Ri 011 sig
Proof of shear stresses: DASt-Ri 011 tau
Combined Proof: DASt-Ri 011 res
Materials: DASt-Ri 011

StE 460
StE 690
Notch Cases: DASt-Ri 011

W0
W1
W2
K0
K1
K2
K3
K3/4
K4
Loading Groups: DASt-Ri 011

B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
7.1.11 Proof of Fatigue acc. AS 4100:1998

are described.
AS 4100, Method of Proof

Based on the operation method, notch cases and accessibility, permissible stress ranges are determined
Operation method:
In general, the operation method to analyse is specified by a list of load working cycles, each of them
weighted with own relative frequency, i.e. by specifying of a certain load spectrum.
Stress range weighting:

For hollow sections, other cross sections and connections the stress ranges are multiplied by a factor
between 1.0 and 2.0 (ref. AS 4100, Tab. 11.3.1).
For each load oscillation event a partial damage is determined and accumulated according to its individual
number of stress cycles (ref. AS 4100, Chap. 11.8.2). Hints on how to determine a single, effective
number of load cycles are given in chapter 11.3.2.
Notch cases:
Detail categories are covered by classification (p.73) of notch cases (p.218) (ref. AS 4100, Tab. 11.5.1).
With the classification of a certain notch case the reference stress range or is determined. The
notch case accounts for stress concentration, material and material thickness. Notch cases are specified
individually for normal and for shear stresses.
S-N Curve:
The inverse slope of the S-N Curve is a function of the number of stress cycles.
3: 5 106
normal stress: = {
5: 5 106 < 108
shear stress: = 5
Uncorrected fatigue strength:

The uncorrected fatigue strength is determined by reference stress range and number of stress cycles:
3 3 2 106
: 5 106

normal stress: =
5 5 108
: 5 106 < 108
{
5 5 108
shear stress: = : 108

Thickness effect
A material thicknesses correction factor is taken into account to determine the corrected fatique strength
as follows:
1 : 25mm
0.25
= with ={ 25mm
( ) : > 25mm

Comparison fatigue strength determined by capacity factor:

The proof is made by comparing of design stress range against a corrected fatigue strength scaled
by the capacity factor .
The comparison fatigue strength is = ..
The maximum capacity factor is 1.0. According to accessibility, type of stress determination, regularity of
stress cycles and redundancy of the load path even smaller. Especially for non-redundant load paths a
capacity factor 0.7 has to be chosen.
Utilizations:
For different stress components the proof shall be executed separately. For each stress component the
utilization is calculated by comparing the design stress range with the comparison fatigue range.

1.0 (proof of constant stress ranges)

A combined proof (, ) is defined according to AS 4100-Suppl-1999 Section C11.3.1.b as:
3 5
( ) +( ) 1.0 with defined in chap. 11.1.6

AS 4100, Implementation in KRASTA
Stress range weighting:

No stress range weighting according to table 11.3.1 is done by KRASTA. If required, the weighting factor
can be considered by the user by an attenuated capacity factor (see below). This is not applicable for
combined proofs.
The proof is done acc. AS 4100, chap. 11.8.1 for a certain number of load cycles . By this, the maximum
stress range is considered as constant stress range in the sense of the standard.
Individual number of load cycles , assigned to different stress ranges (damage accumulation) is not
implemented in KRASTA for proofs according to AS 4100.

A proof of fatigue acc. to AS 4100 requires the classification (p.73) of the Points for Proof of Stresses
(p.55) in regard to:
Reference fatigue strength
For reference fatigue strength values out of a given list are available (see Chapter
Notch Cases AS 4100 (p.218)). Intermediate values are covered safely by specifying the next smaller
value available.
N
The reference fatigue strength for shear stresses is fixed in KRASTA to = 80mm.

When selecting the notch cases in the scope of AS table 11.5.1(2) the user himself has to take into account
the according part thickness of the material.
Proof Control Sets:

For each proof the following is specified (see Dialog: Proof of fatigue acc. AS 4100 (p.217)):
A number of load cycles
A capacity factor
Optionally a default notch case for unclassified points of proof of stresses.
Thus, the proofs have to be formulated separately for different number of load cycles, specific capacity
factors and (if any) default notch cases. But proofs can be combined into lists to be evaluated together.
If no default notch case is specified, only classified points of proof of stresses are proven. If no classification
is given, the point is not taken into account. The notch case to be taken into account is determined for
normal and for shear stresses independently.
Types of Proof:
for normal stresses,
for shear stresses
combined
It is also possible to do all three types simultaneously. For each of these proofs, an individual, specialized
output format is available.
If more than one type of proof is done simultaneously, it is possible to output the worst case only. The
worst case is the one with the highest utilization.
Evaluation pattern:
The evaluation pattern is a list of load events consisting of situations and load cases. At present, there is
no information in regard of frequency of load cycles associated. Analysing load spectra is not implemented
in KRASTA.
Extremation:
KRASTA determines stress differences and design stress ranges for every possible combination of two
load cases out of the evaluation pattern. For each stress difference the according utilizations are computed.
The cases which result in highest individual utilizations are documented.
Proof: AS 4100
Def.: max min
max min
3 3 2 106

5 106 : .
5 5 2 106

.
5 5 108

> 5 106 : .

1 : 25mm
= { 25mm 0.25
( ) : > 25mm

with: according to individual classification of the points of proof of stresses.
N
= 80
mm
, according to proof control set.

.

.
3 5
Combined proof*): . ( . ) + ( . ) 1.0

*) The definition of the combined proof in AS 4100-Supplement-1999, C11.3.1 use non-defined
parameter and . Therefore KRASTA offers a combined proof in an analogue sense but not in a
form defined by the standard. For that purpose KRASTA includes the following assumptions:
= , = ,
=
resp. = , = ,
=
Note: To interpret under- or over-utilizations, please consider the different power law of single and
combined stress utilization.
Dialog: Classification of Points of Proof of Stresses acc. AS 4100
Classification (p.73) of point for proof of stresses according to AS 4100 is done by specifying a reference
fatigue strength for normal stress , see Implementation in KRASTA (p.214).
Specification of a specific capacity factor is done in proof control sets, see below.
Dialog: Proof of Fatigue acc. AS 4100
In the Proof of area of the dialog, number of load cycles and the capacity factor are specified.
Default notch cases enable consider of points for proof of stresses without individual classifications
according to AS 4100.
The stress components to proof are selectable independently. If desired, the textual output can be limited
to the worst case.
For each type of proof, a specialized Output Format (p.218) is available.
Output Formats: AS 4100

Proof data (e.g. origin of extreme values or if proof(-portion) is satisfied)
Specific items for the individual proof (e.g. parameter of the proof, intermediated results or util.)

max sig
max , min min sig
max tau stress components, causing stress ranges.
max , min
min tau
delta s
delta t design stress ranges

, fr_n, fr_s reference fatigue strengths (notch cases)
beta thickness correction factor
, fc_n, fc_s corrected fatigue strength
. , . fa_sig, fa_tau admissible comparison fatigue strength

A sig normal stress utilization 1.0
A tau shear stress utilization 1.0
. Ausn ges resulting utilization . 1.0
. . Verg ges resulting comparison value . 1.0
*) In the scope of AS 4100 KRASTA does not distinguish resulting utilization and comparison value.

Proof of normal stresses: AS 4100 sig one line, wide page, contains normal stress proof values.
Proof of shear stresses: AS 4100 tau one line, wide page, contains shear stress proof values.
three lines, wide page, contains both groups from above
Combined Proof: AS 4100 res
and the res. comparison value comp res.
Notch Cases: AS 4100

See also section AS 4100, Method of Proof (p.213).
180 N/mm
160 N/mm
140 N/mm
.
.
.
45 N/mm
40 N/mm
36 N/mm
7.1.12 Proof of Stresses el.-el. acc. DIN 18800:1990-11

A proof of stresses elastic-elastic according to DIN 18800, element (747) requires the classification of the
used materials (p.73) as well as the input of the according material thickness at every point for proof of
stresses.
Proof: DIN 18800 el.el.

It can be selected for the proof to consider normal stress utilization only

(Cond. 33): 1
,
or the shear stress utilization

(Cond. 34): 1
,
or the combined value in detail (Cond. 33 - 35):

(Cond. 35): 0.5 and 0.5 and 1
, , ,
with = 2 + 3 2
Extreme values are searched for the utilization of the permissible stresses.
If, in the case of a combined proof, the normal or shear stress utilization is lower than 0.5 the higher one
of the two is used a combined utilization.
Materials: DIN 18800

Materials may be classified for DIN 18800 as:
St 37
St 52-3
StE 355
GS-52
GS-20 Mn 5
C 35 N
Element Thickness: DIN 18800

Structural element thickness for DIN 18800:
Steel Thickness Yield Point Tensile Strength

[mm] , [N/mm] , [N/mm]
St 37 40 240 360
40 < 80 215 360
St 52-3 40 360 510
40 < 80 325 510

For the points for proof of stresses to be considered in the proof the according part thickness must be
defined. For standard, parametric and thin-walled cross sections these are known from cross sections
geometry. For direct input cross sections the user has to enter a thickness for every point for proof of
stresses.
Points for proof of stresses that have no according thickness are considered to fall into the class with the
least thickness.
7.1.13 Proof of Stresses, Buckling acc. DIN 4114-1:1952-07 (Omega-Method)

are described.
Proof: DIN 4114 Buckling (Omega-Method)

As a function of beam slenderness , material and cross section the coefficient = (, . , ) is
determined based on the tables. The permissible stress . is to be chosen according the applied
standards, material and security concept.
The proof to satisfy is:
() () + 0.9 () .
DIN 4114 Buckling (Omega-Method), Implementation in KRASTA

KRASTA evaluates the mono-axial defined proof separately for both principal axes. KRASTA allows taking
into account bending stress components. According to [DIN 4114] bending stress components will be
weighted uniformly with = 0.9.
The normal stress coefficient is determined in respect to the slenderness of the actual axis:
( , ) , ( , )
The proofs are:
() ( ) + , ( ) + , ( ) .
() ( ) + , ( ) + , ( ) .
The associated utilizations are defined as:
() ()
, resp. max( , )
. .
Dialog: Proof of Stresses Buckling DIN 4114 (Omega-Method)
The extremation can be chosen to cover the maximum utilization or to cover only the utilization of
one particular axis or .
Only results of that chosen utilization are shown in text or plots. Therefore, the normal use case will be to
perform an extremation of max( , ).
There is no classification of materials or cross sections in respect to the omega method in KRASTA. The
classification is part of the proof control set and has to be done by individually for each proof control set.
The available classifications cover tables according to [DIN 4114] (Steel) and additionally tables
according to [DIN 4113] (Aluminium).
Output Formats: DIN 4114 Buckling (Omega-Method)

General data (e.g. beam, section point, sectional point, load case or stresses),
Proof data (e.g. origin of extremes or if proof(-portion) is satisfied),
Beam Buckling data (e.g. beam length, buckling length (coeff.) or slenderness) and
Specific items for the individual proof (e.g. parameter of the proof, intermediated results or utilizations)

om_y,
, normal stress coefficients acc. -table
om_z
s_om_y,
() , () -stress for proofs of y- resp. z-axis
s_om_z
Effective coefficient of resulting moment ( ) ( ) + ( )
for proofs of y- resp. z-axis:
b(M)y,
( ) , ( ) ( ) = (, ( ) + , ( ))( )
b(M)y
( ) = (, ( ) + , ( ))( )
, a_y, a_z utilization for proofs of y- resp. z-axis

max( , ) a_max maximum of both utilizations 1.0

Proof of y-axis: Omega-Verf.(y) one line, wide page, contains proof values regarding y-axis.
Proof of z-axis: Omega-Verf.(z) one line, wide page, contains proof values regarding z-axis.
one line, wide page, contains proof values regarding both axes,
Combined Proof: Omega-Verfahren
effective coeff. and maximum utilization.
Literature: DIN 4114 Buckling (Omega-Method)

[DIN DIN 4114-1:1952-07
4114] Ausgabe: Juli 1952
DIN 4114: Stahlbau
Blatt 1: Stabilittsflle (Knicken, Kippung, Beulen); Berechnungsgrundlagen, Vorschriften
[DIN DIN 4113-1:1980-05

4113] Ausgabe: Mai 1980
DIN 4113: Aluminiumkonstruktionen
Teil 1: Aluminiumkonstruktionen unter vorwiegend ruhender Belastung; Berechnung und bauliche Durchbildung
7.2 Results
Proofs (p.165) and results are handled by KRASTA in a similar manner (see Proof- / Result-Control-Sets
(p.227)). In both cases, the evaluation pattern, the type of evaluation, extremation and textual output are
specified.
The following result control sets are available:
inner forces,
stresses,
delta stresses (p.225),
beam displacements,
node displacements,
spring forces and
support forces.
7.2.1 Delta Stress Results

The result control set Delta Stresses allows to search and document maximum normal stress ranges or
shear stress ranges respectively.
Extremation:
KRASTA determines stress differences for every possible combination of two load cases out of the
evaluation pattern. The cases with highest delta stresses are documented.
Types of extremation:
sigma : delta of normal stresses caused by normal forces and bending
tau : delta of shear stresses caused by lateral forces and torsion
Dialog: Extremation of delta stresses
In the Extremation of area of the dialog, the type of delta stress to be evaluated is specified.
The extremation can be done for structural elements or welded joints separately.
For each type of proof a specialized Output Format (p.233) is available.
Output Formats: Delta Stresses

The layout of an output format can be defined freely. To build up or edit output formats the following items
are available:
General data (e.g. beam, section point, sectional point, load case or stresses),
Extremation data (e.g. origin of extremes or if proof(-portion) is satisfied) and
Specific items for the individual extremation (e.g. extreme and according stress components)

Tab-Head Item
s max, s min normal stress components, building the normal stress range
ds max maximum normal stress range
t(smax), t(smin) acc. shear stress components
dt(dsmax) acc. shear stress difference
t max, t min shear stress components, building the shear stress range
dt max maximum shear stress range
s(tmax), s(tmin) acc. normal stress components
ds(dtmax) acc. normal stress difference

Type of Extremation Format
delta normal stresses: Delta Normal-St.
normal stress extremation values.
delta shear stresses: Delta Shear-St.
shear stress extremation values.
Delta Stresses three lines, wide page, contains both groups from above.
7.3 Proof- / Result-Control-Sets

Proofs and results are treated in a similar way by KRASTA. In both cases the load cases to be evaluated,
the type of evaluation, extremation and output have to be described.
In contrast to a result a proof considers permissible values depending on certain standards to calculate
utilizations.
Dialog: For Proofs and Results

The information to be specified by the user is grouped into four groups Options for search of extreme
values, Evaluation, Eval. Pattern and Output
7.3.1 Options for search of extreme values

Whether you want to search extreme values indicated by the check box.
Extreme values of which type, e.g. in case of inner forces:
normal force x,
shear force y or z
torsional moment x,
bending moment y or z,
resulting shear force, 2 + 2
resulting bending moment, , 2 + 2
resulting section force 2 + 2 + 2
resulting section moment. 2 + 2 + 2

The Type of Extremum, generally:

maximum
minimum
maximum magnitude
minimum magnitude
The extend of the Output of extreme values: extreme value of all beams (1 value), extreme value per
beam (1 value per beam), extreme value per section, extreme value per point for proof of stresses (if
applicable), and all values.
7.3.2 Evaluation
It is possible to do the evaluation for all section points, at the start, at the end or at start and end of beams
and for following Beams referred to in a list of beams.
With the option Filter, the extend of result output can be limited. It is possible to output only values which
are greater (or smaller) than a selectable value. Several conditions can be combined via "and" or "or".
The filtering is done before any extremation. Therefore, the extreme values of the already pre-filtered data
set are shown.
Dialog: Filter
7.3.3 Output
At the output area of the dialog the way to show the results is specified.
7.3.3.1 Textual Output

Output formats define which result items are listed, how they are arranged in a result table and what a
format is to be used.
For the textual output of results and proofs default output formats are available. Additionally, output formats
can be modified, added or imported.
The amount of the textual output can be specified in more detail by the Details-Button. Section Details
of Output (p.232) gives a description of the available options.
Textual Output Format

An output format for the results is to be select here.
7.3.3.2 Creation of load event objects according relevant load events

Sometimes it is required to further analyse a load event that has been relevant for a certain point (e.g. a
certain Permutation of a Logic Load Case (LLC)). For this purpose the context menu (right mouse button)
offer individual for each relevant load event:
To create an according load event object using the related situation and according created
Combination (CLC) or 2nd Order (THII) Load Case.
To create an according Combination (CLC) or 2 nd Order (THII) Load Case (without relation to a
certain situation).
7.3.3.3 Border Lines

A Border Line is used to display extreme values graphically by border lines with a certain numbering style
and an adjustable view factor.
7.3.3.4 Colour Gradation

A Colour Gradation is used to display extreme values as coloured gravity axis using an adjustable colour
palette. Colour palettes are defined in specific physical dimensions, palettes using unit can be adapted
to the range of result values by using the button Adaption. Use Remove to remove them.
7.3.4 Evaluation Pattern

The Evaluation Pattern is used to select the load cases in corresponding situations for which results are to
be evaluated.
Using List of Situations

Especially in systems with some structural degrees of freedom many different orientations and/or situations
have to be considered. To simplify the handling of these sets of situations so-called Lists of Situations
exist.
Lists of Situations can be used for a clear definition of evaluation patterns, as they are found in the
KRASTA result and proof control dialogs.
Example: Evaluation Pattern

The number of situation/load case couples
to be analysed (the evaluation pattern)
may be extensive.
The list of situations 0 bis 90 e+a

contains the required situations [1]
defined in a correct order [2],
[1]
[2]
Using a list of situations the same

evaluation pattern can be formulated in a
substantially simpler fashion.
The list of situations is a replacement for its expanded content. To analyse a given evaluation pattern
all used lists of situations will be expanded internally to a simple linear list of situation / load case couples.
Evaluate each line separately means that each line of the expanded simple list is evaluated
independently. This, there will no evaluation across different situations if lists of situations are used.
The list of situations
can also be used in
calculation suits:
Example: Adopt existing evaluation pattern (automatically)

Longer lists of individual situation / load case couples may be required for an evaluation pattern. The same
evaluation pattern may be needed for different result and/or proof controls. For this purpose, it is possible
to adopt evaluation patterns from other result or proof control sets.
The evaluation pattern does not have to be defined locally (as defined here), but can be copied from any
other result control.
The local evaluation pattern copy is updated automatically every time the result control set is evaluated
(used) or edited. The template evaluation pattern (e.g. the evaluation pattern of the result control SigmaV)
is copied to the local evaluation pattern again.
Even if the template result control set is deleted the evaluation pattern remains accessible locally. The
evaluation pattern is redefined as defined here.
7.3.5 Details of Output

The amount of the textual descriptions can be specified in detail separately for the pure textual list of results
(text output) and the text description of plots (plot output).
Dialog: Details
The following options are available:

Description of Options: A detailed description of the proof. If not wanted, only the name of the proof
is listed.
Description of Evaluation Pattern: Each load event to evaluate is listed. If not wanted, only the
statistical summary is listed.
Expand Lists of Objects: The content of the lists of beams or nodes to proof are listed. If not selected,
only the name of the list is listed.
Description of Tables as well as Bounds: The parts of the table (of the format) and (if any) specified
limits to regard small values as zero are described in detail. If not selected, nothing in this regard is
listed. In particular, this can be reasonable, if several results are listed in series and this type of
information is redundant.
Description of Load Events (p.93): The composition of the decisive load events mentioned in the
result table. If not selected no description is given.
In the Description of Load Events, can be listed including Compensation Load Cases (p.100) and with
individual Timestamps of associated Calculation Results. If no individual Timestamps are wanted,
only a summary of the timestamps is listed at the end of the text block.
Warnings: If any.
Description of Filter (p.228)
7.4 Output Format

Output formats define which result data are to be output at which line and column in which length and
precision.
Standard formats are supplied for every type of proof/result. Individual formats can be defined by the user.
Dialog: Output Format
The list of items Text and Results summarizes the layout of the output format. Additionally, a preview is
available (see below). The items can be arranged in the table layout at fixed columns (as shown here) or
relative to each other with given spacing. It is easier to (re-)arrange new topics in relative mode. It is
possible to toggle between the absolute and the relative mode at any time.
A specific item is created or edited in the edit pane Topic Layout. The Topic selection box lists all
available items in regard of the actual output format. In a format for inner forces, utilization items will not
be available. The extend of item layout specification depends on the item type. Common to all types of
items is the positioning part.
All Columns: Column positions can be set absolute or relative manner. If set absolutely (as in the
example dialog above), the number is used as column position, if set relatively, the position is determined
by the prior position and width plus the number as gap in between. The default number is 0, i.e. without
gap.
All Widths: The widths of individual items can be set explicitly, by a width number > 0 (as in the example
dialog above) or as automatic; by a width number = 0. An item width set to automatic, is replaced by the
actual default width at the time of usage.
The current Text Output Layout is displayed in an extra window:
Preview: Text Output Layout

7.5 Palettes
A colour gradation palette defines according colours for ranges of values. The border values of the colour
sections may have dimensions (stress, force, moment, length, angle and fraction) or may be
dimensionless.
The dialog to edit a Palette offers the following items:
Dialog: Palettes
The dimension of the Value needs to be specified.

The Number of Colours and the border values can be determined by user. For values with dimensions
these values are the border values. For dimensionless palettes have to be scaled to fit the displayed values.
The border values must have an increasing order from bottom to top.
For values outside the defined colour range black is used as a fall-back. This may be avoided by very large
upper and very low lower limits.
Interpolation may be used for your convenience. After pressing the buttons Values or Colours a column
of buttons appears next to the values, adjusted to the values or the colours. As soon as two buttons are
pressed the colours or values in between are interpolated.
Adaption of a Palette
When adapting a dimensionless palette for values with a dimension, the dimensionless values (e.g. 0 and
1) are related to the corresponding absolute values in the adequate unit (e.g. 0 N/mm and 180 N/mm).
The reference values may be generic (e.g. minimum or maximum of values to display). Each dimensionless
palette has a default adaption (pre-set to 0=minimum; 1=maximum) so it can be used without changes. It
is certainly possible to adapt the palette for proofs or results individually.
Palette Sequential
Once in a system exists more than one subsystem (p.111), KRASTA automatically creates if necessary, a
colour palette "sequential" to optional colouring the subsystems (p.114). This palette is of type "sequence
palette". Sequence palettes define colour sequences without the colours to match values.
7.6 System Documentation

All textual and graphical output is stored in files. The system tracks which files were created and allows
printing in user defined orders with consecutive page numbering.
7.6.1 Textual Documentation

The textual documentation is controlled by output controls that contain information on which attributes of
which objects are to be output.
Additionally it can be selected whether the output should be object oriented (e.g. all data of one beam
together) or attribute oriented (e.g. each type of beam attribute in table form).
7.6.2 Graphical Output

The structure can be output with different properties or results displayed (e.g. cross sections on beams,
loads, inner forces). All plots may be created with hidden lines. Plots of thin walled or parametric cross
sections can also be produced.
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Brief Information for Review 237
8 Brief Information for Review

In this short information you find the essential information and definitions about the program system
KRASTA.
KRASTA has been developed at the Fachbereich Frdertechnik und Lasthebemaschinen der TH
Darmstadt (Institute of Lifting Appliances at the Technical University of Darmstadt ) in cooperation with the
industry. The work has been supported by the Fachgemeinschaft Frdertechnik im VDMA (Verband
Deutscher Maschinen und Anlagenbau) and FKM (Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau)
The program KRASTA/PAS is maintained and purchased by Khne BSB GmbH since 1991 and will be
further developed in cooperation with universities and industry. The program system has been ported on
Windows and other operating systems since 1995.
KRASTA is used in material handling, mechanical and structural steel engineering.
KRASTA and KRACAD are registered trademarks.
KRASTA is a program system for beam
statical and modal analysis of spatial Further information are available by:
structures in the fields of general steel Khne BSB GmbH Phone +49 (0) 6151 397690-0
construction, material handling and plant Mina-Rees-Strae 5A Fax +49 (0) 6151 397690-200
DE 64295 Darmstadt Hotline +49 (0) 6151 397690-222
manufacturing. Structures or parts of
structures can be moved in different positions Web www.krasta.de
for calculation. Results can be evaluated Email support@krasta.de
across positions.
The structural model is created graphical interactive by means of beam elements and nodes.
8.1 General
The calculation continues up to the proof of stresses (e.g. acc. DIN 18800 or Omega-Method acc.
DIN 4114) and fatigue incl. damage accumulation (e.g. acc. DIN 15018, DIN 22261, DIN 13001, AS 4001,
ISO 5049-1, EN 1993-1-9 (EC3) and other).
The nominal stresses are determined on the base of technical bending theory of the beam and the St.
Venant torsion theory.
For a calculation according to theory 2 nd order partial safety coefficients and predeformations can be
considered.
Input and output of data can be done in German and English.
The program PAS used as solver has the following theoretical foundation.
For the single beam the differential equation system (DES) is solved according to the technical beam
bending theory. As the inhomogeneous DES is solved the loads and predisplacements can be placed
inside the beams without definition of intermediate nodes.
The calculation may be according to theory 1st or 2nd order. The equilibrium is calculated in the deformed
state. Theory 2nd order iterates over the normal force of the beam. The buckling load (eigenvalue) can be
determined iteratively.
PAS contains a theory of small displacements which means that the plan of displacement is built linear.
Each of the 6 cross section values (area, shear areas, bending- and torsional inertia moments) can be set
rigid or elastic. Elasticity equations for rigid are replaced by equilibrium conditions. Structures that show
great differences in elasticity or regions that cannot be modelled by beams, can be modelled in this way
so that the global flow of forces can be determined correctly without numerical difficulties in solving the
equations.
The optional solver program STAB88 is a finite element program with geometrical nonlinear calculation of
beam -, bar - and rope structures. Loads are increased step by step according to a time function. After
each step of load the equilibrium between inner and outer forces is improved by a iteration of equilibrium.
238 Brief Information for Review KRASTA 9.7 Manual
8.2 Coordinate Systems

KRASTA provides 4 coordinate systems:
Inertial System
Subsystem Coordinate System
Beam Coordinate System
Principal Axes Coordinate System
The Inertial System (IN-CS) is a space fixed Cartesian coordinate system.
Each subsystem has its own Subsystem Coordinate System (SS-CS), in which the according objects
are described. In the KRASTA-basic version the SS-CS is equivalent to the IN-CS.
For each beam a Beam Coordinate System (BM-CS) (x0, y0, z0) is defined, whose relative position to the
SS-CS is described by start of beam, end of beam and an auxiliary vector (Aux.). The longitudinal axis
shows into the x0- direction. The cross sections are described in the BM-CS.
The direction of the longitudinal axis runs from the start node to the end node. It defines the x0- axis.
The other two axes are defined by input of an auxiliary vector like this:
The positive local x0- and y0-axis form a semi plane. By input of an auxiliary vector (H) in this semi plane,
the position of the local beam coordinate system is defined in the subsystem or in the inertial system
respectively.
The definition of the local beam coordinate system can be described as follows:
The local x0-axis is known by input of the start- and end node.
An aux.-vector (H), described in global coordinates, is input to the set the other local axes.
The cross product of x0 and aux. results in the local z0- axis.
From the cross product z0 with x0 follows the local y0- axis.
Example: Input of Aux.-Vectors (H):
The Principal Axes Coordinate System (PA-CS) is rotated by a principal axis angle against the BM-
CS. At double- or single symmetrical cross sections the PA-CS corresponds to the BM-CS. Inner forces
and beam deformations are described in principal axes.
8.3 Properties of Beams

In KRASTA, beams are defined statically by the location of the end nodes, the cross section geometry and
orientation, a material, an opt. additionally mass and specifications of end hinges and springs resp.
8.3.1 Beam Spring

The connection between beam and node is rigid by default. To represent elasticity between beam and
node, springs can be defined.
Beam springs are described in the local beam coordinate system.
8.3.2 Joints
Beam joints provide translational and rotational degrees of freedom between beam end and node. Beam
joints are beam properties, they are described in the beam coordinate system of the beam.
If the beam coordinate system does not correspond with the desired directions of the joint axes a short
(rigid) beam with the desired local axes has to be created.
8.3.3 Material
KRASTA allows the definition of different materials like steel or aluminium by the input of specific material
properties.
8.3.4 Force Conditions

For elements that can only transmit forces that are higher or lower than a certain value, force conditions
can be defined. They behave like an ideal elastic-plastic material. Typical applications for such elements
are ropes, which only transmit tension, wheels and legs, which only transmit pressure or hydraulic buffers,
which only transmit a limit force.
Each load combination is calculated first without consideration of the force conditions. At each force
condition a unit beam predeformation is applied at the affected degree of freedom. After the elastostatic
calculation the force conditions are met by superposition of the unit predeformations multiplied by factors.
The factors are calculated by iterative solution of an equation system.
These force conditions work only in connection with linear theory and cannot be used with nonlinear theory
or 2nd order theory.
8.3.5 Beam Buckling Data

Beam Buckling Data define beam buckling properties of each individual beam. They are used in proof of
beam buckling (e.g. acc. DIN 4114 (Omega-Method)).
Slenderness
For each principal axis separately, the actual beam slenderness is evaluated based on the directly or
indirectly defined beam buckling length and cross section properties and resp. :
, , , ,
= resp. =

In case of conical beams the minor of both inertia radii associated to the end cross sections is taken (
min( , )). This is results in a save upper approximation of the slenderness of a conical beam.
8.4 Properties of Nodes
8.4.1 Support Conditions

Support nodes can be defined as rigid, jointed or elastic. Each individual degree of freedom can be defined
as rigid, jointed or can be given a spring rate.
8.5 Cross Section

Cross sections differ in standardized cross sections, thin-walled input cross sections, parametrical cross
sections and directly input cross sections.
For the usual standardized cross sections libraries are delivered.
Thin-Walled Cross Sections can be described individually. The input of the parts takes place in the beam
coordinate system. The cell distribution is determined independently. The number of the cells is not limited.
Point areas can be used to substitute parts, which are small compared to the total dimensions (rolled
radius, welds, etc.) For the inertia moments only the Steiner-parts of the point area are considered.
For each plate part the unit stresses at start and end point (stresses as a result of inner forces = 1.0) are
calculated. Negative point numbers mean part start, positive signs mean part end.
Shear stresses are positive in arrow direction.
With the Direct Input Cross Sections the six cross section values have to be input.
Individual (or even all) cross section values may be set rigid by input of a negative number in the specific
field. The weight of the cross section is calculated from the magnitude of the cross sectional area A x.
Examples for the use of rigid cross sections are offsets as used for the modelling of eccentric connections
or points of application of load.
Ropes are usually defined with the cross sectional area Ax only. All other cross section values are set rigid.
For Parametrical Cross Sections the shear areas are calculated by means of a shear factor from the
cross section.
The center of shear forces is calculated relative to the input system.
Statical Moment
= =

The Center of Gravity is calculated relative to the input system.
Torsional Moment of Inertia

(2 )2
= (2nd Bredt Formula)

For thin-walled open cross sections (H, C and L-Sections) the Bredt Formula extends to:
1
3 = 1,2, ,
3

For determination of IT a corrective factor is used at thin-walled sections. The exact value is shown at the
description of the specific cross sections.
Moments of Inertia
The moments of inertia for the individual cross sections are calculated with the help of the Steiner Theorem,
radii are considered with their moment of inertia and the Steiner part. More complicated cross sections are
decomposed in partial cross sections, for which the individual moments of inertia are calculated and
combined.
= 2 = 2 =

For asymmetric cross sections (L-Sections) the principal axis angle and the moments of inertia round the
principal axes are calculated.
Moments of Resistance
The torsional moment of resistance for St. Venant torsion is calculated according to the Bredt Formula.
= 2 (1st Bredt Formula)
For thin-walled sections
1 3
1 = 1,2, ,
3
The bending moment of resistance is calculated out of the moment of inertia and the distance of the section
center line to the outer fibre.

= =

Stresses
Stresses as a result of normal forces are calculated out of the force acting in longitudinal direction of the
beam and the cross sectional area.
Bending stresses are calculated from the bending moment and the bending moment of resistance.

= =

Torsional shear stresses are calculated from the torsional moment and the torsional moment of resistance.

=

Shearing force shear stresses are calculated out of the shear force, the statical moment, the moment of
inertia and the thickness according to the "Dowel" Formula.

= =

At open cross sections the shear stresses resulting from torsion and shear forces are positive in positive
beam coordinate direction, at closed cross sections (tube and rectangle tube) in mathematical positive
direction of rotation.
Plastic Moment of Resistance

The plastic moment of resistance is determined from the double statical moment round the area bisectric.
, = 2 , = 2
8.6 Mass Cases

Mass cases are useful for modelling fixed, variable or moveable masses placed on the structure.
Mass distributions, as occurring in practice, are composed of permanent available masses, masses
variable in magnitude (e. g. counter weight, pay load) and moveable masses (e. g. trolley positions).
The net mass distribution of the construction is calculated from product of cross sectional area and density.
Usually the real mass is greater. Connections, transverse diaphragms, electrical equipment and further
parts are added, which are not included in the statical model. To describe the mass distribution more
exactly, beam mass factors can be applied to represent evenly distributed additional masses. For local
mass concentrations node- and beam masses (concentrated or distributed) can be defined.
In KRASTA three kinds of mass cases are distinguished:
Mass case "Permanent Mass"
Basic mass cases
Combination mass cases
Permanent Mass comprises masses which are directly stored with the objects beam and node and
therefore are carried with these objects if they are copied or imported with subsystems [OPTION].
Basic Mass Cases containing mass factors and individual masses can be defined for variable or moveable
masses or to describe parts of a model that are to be accelerated.
Mass factors can be applied to the permanent mass where you can select whether it should be applied on
the distributed mass (resulting from sectional area and density) only or also on the beam- and node
masses.
This mass information is assigned to beam- and node lists. On calculation of the mass the permanent mass
(beam mass factors, beam masses, node masses) of the given objects in the lists is then multiplied by the
respective mass factors. Additional individual masses are added.
Basic mass cases can be supplied with factors and combined to Combination Mass Cases.
Different mass distributions can easily be described by this means. Basic- or combination mass cases are
used in description of inertia load cases and for the modal analysis. With a consequently mass orientated
input all inertia loads can be generated with ease.
8.7 Load Cases

In load cases the loads on the structure resulting from outer forces or predeformations acting on beams
and/or nodes is described.
In KRASTA different types of load cases can be defined:
Basic load cases
Combination load cases
Logic load cases
Load cases for 2nd order theory (PAS)
Load cases for geometrical nonlinear calculation with STAB88
Nonlinear logic load cases
A Basic Load Case can consist of directly input loads and/or generated loads. The loads described below
can be used with the solver PAS. For STAB88, which supports node loads only, all beam loads are
automatically converted into equivalent node loads
On beams it is possible to define any concentrated, uniformly or trapezoidal distributed beam loads or
beam predeformations.
Loads with constant directions can be described in the inertial system, loads that are to be moved with a
subsystem or beam, can be described in the subsystem- or beam coordinate system. If there are any
principal axis angles, loads will automatically be transformed to the principal axes at creation of solver input
file.
The following described loads can be used in connection with PAS:
Distributed Loads can be projected for spatial beams if desired, where the force or the moment per
unit of length is input in the inertial- or subsystem coordinate system. The program carries out a load
projection. The load is adjusted so that the resultant is constant.
Node Loads can be input in the according subsystem- or in the inertial system. One node load can
consist of up to 6 components.
With Temperature Loads a steady and a different heating at beam upper side or beam underside is
intended. Out of the coefficient of thermal expansion, which is saved in material data and the
temperature details, substitute predeformations are determined.
The complete structure or parts of it can be accelerated translational or rotational and rotated
(centrifugal forces). For a translational acceleration the direction of acceleration and its magnitude has
to be described. For a rotational movement the axis of rotation, the rotational acceleration and/or the
angular velocity are to be input. The acceleration loads are generated from acceleration description
and the mass distribution described by a mass case. As a special case of translational acceleration
the acceleration due to gravity is implemented, where the direction of action of the weight has to be
given only.
Different Wind Profiles can be defined. Only the wind direction, the height range with according
pressure and the direction of the height range gradation is input. Effects as resistance coefficient, cross
sectional height, wind shadowing, aerodynamic effective length etc.) can be considered by input of one
factor per beam
At Rope Loads the rope force and a series of nodes, which the rope shall touch, have to be input. To
model a pulley the rope force can be given a different factor between each two nodes. This calculation
is suitable for 1st order theory only, as the course of the rope is modelled by constant-directed forces.
Basic load cases can be provided and combined with partial safety coefficients (factors). These
Combination Load Cases can be combined with other combination- and basic load cases again. The
number of combination levels is not limited.
This kind of load case corresponds to the current standardization (CEN, ISO) as well as DIN 15018, part
3, which intends the working with partial safety coefficients according to the method of limit states.
In many cases, especially such where many acceleration loads are involved (as often used in material
handling), it is not always possible to tell in advance, which combination of loads leads to the biggest
stresses in one certain point. That is why logic load cases can be defined.
The following parameters describe a logic load case:
Of the load cases in the logical combination acts "Exactly One", "One or None", "All" or "All Possible
Combinations".
Each load case can be given a factor
Each load case can possibly be defined to act in positive or negative direction.
The level of logic load cases is not restricted.
Structures can be calculated according to theory 2 nd order. The equilibrium is formulated in a deformed
condition, so that in the differential equation for bending,
+ =
the term is considered.
geometrically linear (Williot plan of displacement). The solution of the equation system is made by iteration
of normal forces.
Buckling loads can be determined by iterative increase of the loads. The condition is, that the denominator
determination becomes zero.
The program STAB88/NODYA [OPTION] allows the Geometrical Nonlinear Calculation of beam
structures.
Using this type of load case, individual loads can be gradually applied according to a time function. After
each load step the equilibrium between inner and outer forces is improved by an equilibrium iteration.
Basic- and combination load cases can be multiplied by factors, provided with according time functions
and combined to a geometrical nonlinear load case.
Geometrically nonlinear load cases can be comprised to a Nonlinear Logic Load Case. Then they are
connected with or.
8.8 Results
Solver input files can be created for different kinds of calculation. Calculations according to theory 1st or
2nd order or nonlinear calculations respectively are possible. The input can be made for the calculation
programs PAS and STAB88 [OPTION]. Different positions of the systems can be considered.
Proofs and Results are treated in a similar way by KRASTA. In both cases the load cases to evaluate,
the type of evaluation, extremation and output have to be described.
In contrast to a result a proof considers permissible strain values, depending on certain standards to
calculate utilizations.
The following categories of results of calculations can be output
inner forces
stresses
delta stresses (stress ranges)
beam displacements
node displacements
spring forces
support forces.
8.9 Sign definition of inner forces and stresses

Inner forces and beam deformations are output in the local principal axis system.
Section banks are set according to the convention that at the end of beam positive inner forces show into
positive coordinate direction (positive section bank).
At the start of beam positive inner forces show into negative coordinate direction (negative section bank).
Stresses as a result of normal force, bending, torsion and shearing force can be output individually each
or in combination.
In addition the combined stress can be output according to the theory of v. Mises (GEH), the shear stress
hypothesis (SH) or the Normal stress hypothesis (NH).
KRASTA 9.7 Manual Index 247
Mass Factor .................................................. 47

9 Index Mirror ...................................................... 52, 53
Move ............................................................. 52
on top of each other ...................................... 53
$ Predeformation ............................................. 84
$uncertain, Situation ..................................... 135 Reverse ........................................................ 52
Split ......................................................... 51, 53
Spring ........................................................... 46
2 Beam (chain) can rotate ................................ 158
2nd Order Theory ............................................. 88 Beam Buckling Data ........................................ 48
Beam Length ................................................... 48
Beam list.......................................................... 77
A Beam Loads and Beam Predeformation ......... 84
Acceleration .................................................... 85 Beam Mass ..................................................... 81
Acceleration Loads ......................................... 85 Beam Mass Factors ........................................ 47
Adaption of a Palette ..................................... 234 Beam Masses.................................................. 47
Alternating connections ................................. 132 Beam Notch Case Classifications ............. 48, 74
Altitude Range................................................. 86 Beam or Node Lists
Angle of three Points ..................................... 127 Drag'n'Drop ................................................... 19
Angle to Axis ................................................. 126 Beam or Node Lists creation ........................... 77
Archive / Dearchive ......................................... 27 Beam or Node Lists editing ............................. 77
Area Moments of Inertia .................................. 56 Beam Springs .................................................. 46
AS 4100 ........................................................ 213 Bending Moment of Resistance ...................... 60
AS 4100, Implementation in KRASTA .......... 214 Bending Stresses ............................................ 61
AS 4100, Method of Proof ............................. 213 BLC 83
Assistant: Equality ......................................... 106 Border Lines .................................................. 229
Assistant: Friction Element ........................... 108 Bredt Formula............................................ 59, 60
Assistant: Hydraulics ..................................... 107 Brief Information ............................................ 237
Assistant: Rope Polygon ............................... 108 Buckling ................................................... 48, 221
Assistant: Slotted Hole .................................. 109
AutoBack.zip ................................................... 28 C
Auxiliary Beams .............................................. 56
Auxiliary Vector ................................. 43, 46, 118 Calculate with PAS ........................................ 142
Calculation formulas ........................................ 59
Calculation Suite ........................................... 139
B Default ........................................................ 139
Balance / Total ................................................ 20 Methods ...................................................... 139
Basic Load Case (BLC) Center of Gravity ............................................. 59
Acceleration .................................................. 85 Center of Rotation ........................................... 21
Beam Load ................................................... 84 Center of Shear Forces ................................... 59
Beam Predeformation .................................. 84 Changing the paths for Manager System and
Node Load .................................................... 84 temporary files ........................................... 8
Rope Load .................................................... 86 Circular Tube ................................................... 69
Temperature Load ........................................ 87 Classification ....................................... 55, 71, 73
Wind Load .................................................... 86 Material ......................................................... 71
Basic Mass Case (BMC) ................................. 79 Clean Up
$Permanent Mass ........................................ 81 Cross Sections.............................................. 70
Beam Mass................................................... 81 Lists .............................................................. 78
Mass Factor .................................................. 81 Materials ....................................................... 71
Node Mass ................................................... 82 Colour Gradation ................................... 229, 234
Basic system without constraint condition .... 104 Colour Palettes ...................................... 229, 234
Beam Colouring Subsystems .................................. 114
Auxiliary ........................................................ 56 Colours .............................. 33, 37, 114, 229, 234
Coordinate System ................................. 43, 46 Combination Mass Case (CMC) ..................... 82
Copy ....................................................... 52, 53 Comment ......................................................... 22
Displacement ................................................ 47 Comparison between force condition and
Inactive ........................... 38, 82, 133, 134, 135 general constraint condition .......... 101, 102
Joints ............................................................ 46 Compensation loads ....................................... 99
Load .............................................................. 84 Composition list ............................................... 78
Mass ....................................................... 47, 79 Connection .................................... 113, 115, 119
248 Index KRASTA 9.7 Manual
Alternation ................................................... 132 D

Display ........................................................ 119
Consideration of constraint conditions .......... 100 Damage Accumulation .................... 97, 167, 193
Constraint Conditions Damage Equivalence Factor ......................... 193
Assistant DASt-Ri 011 ................................................... 209
Equality..................................................... 106 Dead Weight ............................ 47, 56, 59, 79, 85
Friction Element ....................................... 108 Default Wind Pressure..................................... 86
Hydraulics ................................................ 107 Delete an Object .............................................. 23
Rope Polygon ........................................... 108 Delete Subsystems........................................ 111
Slotted Hole .............................................. 109 Delta Stresses ............................................... 225
Buffer .......................................................... 109 Design Spectrum ..................................... 97, 167
compatibility ................................................ 110 Details ............................................................ 228
Consideration .............................................. 100 Diagram: Linear damage accumulation acc.
Error bounds for .......................................... 110 Palmgren-Miner ..................................... 168
Example Dialog Positions ............................................... 39
Friction Element ....................................... 102 Dialog: Acceleration Load ............................... 85
Overload Clutch ....................................... 101 Dialog: Basic Load Case ................................. 83
Tension element, Rope ............................ 101 Dialog: Basic Mass Case................................. 80
General ......................................................... 99 Dialog: Basic Orientation ............................... 122
Contact .......................................... 113, 115, 120 Dialog: Beam Buckling Data ............................ 48
Auxiliary Vector ........................................... 118 Dialog: Beam Mass ......................................... 81
Error Messages .......................................... 120 Dialog: Beamwise Notch Case Classification.. 75
Examples .................................................... 118 Dialog: Captions .............................................. 33
Contact and Angles ............................... 115, 125 Dialog: Classification of Points for proof of
Contact with one auxiliary vector: ................. 118 stresses according to EN 13001-3 ........ 189
Contact with two auxiliary vectors: ................ 118 Dialog: Classification of Points for Proof of
Contact without auxiliary vectors: .................. 118 Stresses according to EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3)
Context Menu ...................... 19, 21, 31, 142, 229 ............................................................... 198
Coordinate Difference ................................... 127 Dialog: Classification of Points for Proof of
Coordinate System Stresses of Cross Section ....................... 74
Beam............................................................. 43 Dialog: Classification of Points of Proof of
Inertial ........................................................... 43 Stresses acc. AS 4100 .......................... 217
Subsystem .................................................... 43 Dialog: Colours ................................................ 33
Copy ................................................................ 52 Dialog: Combination Load Case ...................... 88
Copy an Object ................................................ 23 Dialog: Combination Mass Case ..................... 82
Copy Subsystems ......................................... 111 Dialog: Connection ........................................ 119
Create an Object ............................................. 22 Dialog: Constraint Conditions ........................ 100
Creation of load event objects according Dialog: Contact .............................................. 120
relevant load events .............................. 229 Dialog: Cross Section - Direct Input ................ 56
Cross Section Dialog: Design Spectrum ................................. 97
Conical ........................................................ 161 Dialog: Details ............................................... 232
Direct Input ................................................... 56 Dialog: Displacement Conditions .................... 49
Parametric .................................................... 59 Dialog: Extremation of delta stresses ............ 225
Rigid .............................................................. 56 Dialog: Filter .................................................. 228
Standard ....................................................... 70 Dialog: For Proofs and Results ..................... 227
Thin-Walled ................................................... 58 Dialog: Force Conditions ............................... 101
Cross sectional area.................................. 56, 59 Dialog: General Constraint Condition .... 101, 102
Cross Sections ................................................ 47 Dialog: Kinematic ........................................... 126
Clean Up ....................................................... 70 Dialog: Languages ........................................... 37
Drag'n'Drop ................................................... 19 Dialog: List ....................................................... 77
Import ............................................................ 70 Dialog: Load Event .......................................... 93
Plot ................................................................ 70 Dialog: Load Sequence ................................... 95
C-Section ......................................................... 64 Dialog: Logic Load Case ................................. 89
Current Selection Dialog: Mass Factor ......................................... 81
Changing by beam or node prop. ................. 30 Dialog: Material ................................................ 71
Changing graphical interactive ..................... 29 Dialog: Name Assignment ............................... 45
Current Standard ............................................. 75 Dialog: Node Mass .......................................... 82
current subsystem ......................................... 113 Dialog: Orbit-Settings ...................................... 21
Cut Subsystems ............................................ 111 Dialog: Orientation Modification .................... 124
Cycle Classes ................................................ 205 Dialog: Output Format ................................... 233
Dialog: Page Layout ........................................ 36
Dialog: Palettes ............................................. 234 Distance and Angle ....................................... 125

Dialog: Parameters of Kinematic .................. 128 Drag'n'Drop
Dialog: Positions ............................................. 39 Beam or Node Lists ...................................... 19
Dialog: Printing ................................................ 35 Cross Sections.............................................. 19
Dialog: Proof of Fatigue acc. AS 4100 .......... 217 Display Setting .............................................. 19
Dialog: Proof of Fatigue according to DIN Load Case .................................................... 19
13001-3 ................................................. 182 Mass Case .................................................... 19
Dialog: Proof of Fatigue according to EN 13001- Material ......................................................... 19
3-1 ......................................................... 188 Orientation .................................................. 124
Dialog: Proof of Fatigue according to EN 1993- Projection Setting ......................................... 19
1-9 (EC 3) .............................................. 198 Situation ................................................ 93, 133
Dialog: Proof of Stresses Buckling DIN 4114
(Omega-Method) ................................... 221 E
Dialog: Purge System ..................................... 27
Dialog: Put KRASTA System into archives ..... 28 EC 3 .............................................................. 193
Dialog: Relative Orientation .......................... 123 Edit an Object .................................................. 22
Dialog: Reverse Beam .................................... 52 Eigen Vectors ................................................ 161
Dialog: Rope Load .......................................... 86 Element Thickness: DIN 18800..................... 219
Dialog: Rounding............................................. 53 EN 13001 ...................................................... 183
Dialog: Save/Open .......................................... 38 EN 13001-3-1:2012-09, Implementation in
Dialog: Situation Dependent Load or Mass Case KRASTA ................................................ 185
................................................................ 91 EN 13001-3-1:2012-09, Method of Proof ...... 183
Dialog: Solver Options Modal Analysis" ........ 140 EN 1993 (EC 3) ............................................. 193
Dialog: Solver Options NODYA" ................... 141 EN 1993-1-3 (EC 3)
Dialog: Split Beams ......................................... 51 Types of proof ............................................. 195
Dialog: Structural Input of thin-walled Cross EN 1993-1-9:2005, Implementation in KRASTA
Sections ................................................... 58 ............................................................... 195
Dialog: Subsystem Import ............................. 112 EN 1993-1-9:2005, Method of Proof ............. 193
Dialog: Temperature ....................................... 87 Error messages (Kinematic), during the
Dialog: Text and Graphic Sizes ...................... 34 execution of a polar kinematic ............... 129
Dialog: Units .................................................... 37 Error messages (Kinematic), during the input
Dialog: Wind .................................................... 86 ............................................................... 129
Dialog: Wind Profile ........................................ 86 Error messages (Kinematic), while saving the
Dimetrie ........................................................... 31 object ..................................................... 129
DIN 13001 ............................................. 177, 183 Evaluation Pattern ......................................... 229
DIN 13001-3 Event ............................................................... 93
Permissible stress ranges .................. 177, 183 Example: Acceleration by drives ..................... 90
Types of proof..................................... 179, 185 Example: Adopt existing evaluation pattern
DIN 15018 (automatically) ....................................... 231
Proof of Fatigue .......................................... 171 Example: Classification of Material "S235" ..... 73
DIN 18800 Example: Constraint Conditions .................... 100
Materials ..................................................... 219 Example: Contacts ........................................ 118
Proof of Stresses el.-el. .............................. 219 Example: Copy an Object ............................... 23
Thickness ................................................... 219 Example: Edit an Object .................................. 22
DIN 22261 Example: Error/Warning Nr. 451, #1 ............. 154
Proof of Fatigue .......................................... 175 Example: Error/Warning Nr. 451, #2 ............. 155
DIN 4114 ....................................................... 221 Example: Evaluation Pattern ......................... 230
DIN 4114 Buckling (Omega-Method), Example: Expanded Combination Load Case 88
Implementation in KRASTA .................. 221 Example: Input of Aux.-Vectors (H): ............. 239
DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005, Implementation in Example: Load Sequence "cycle 15t A<>D" ... 96
KRASTA ................................................ 179 Example: Load Sequence "PS 15t D->A" ....... 96
DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005, Method of Proof Example: Logic Load Case ............................. 90
.............................................................. 177 Example: Permanent Mass ............................. 79
Direct Input Cross Section .............................. 56 Example: Rotational Acceleration Load .......... 85
Displacement Conditions .......................... 49, 99 Example: Situation Dependent Load or Mass
Display of Connections ................................. 119 Case ........................................................ 91
Display of physical units .................................. 25 Example: Subsystem Structure ..................... 116
Display Settings ................................ 31, 34, 100 Example: Sum of Masses ............................... 82
Drag'n'Drop ................................................... 19 Example: Suspension between tower and boom
Displaying Beam Notch Case Classifications . 75 ............................................................... 114
Example: Textual Output in case of Damage Example ...................................................... 130

Accumulation ......................................... 169 Free Connections ........................................ 127
Example: Use of rigid cross sections .............. 57 Interaction of ............................................... 125
Execute Leading Part ................................................ 127
Calculation Suite ......................................... 139 Modelling ............................................. 125, 132
Load Event .................................................... 93 Movability vs. Static Flexibility .................... 125
Orientation .................................................. 124 Options ........................................................ 127
Extreme Values ............................................. 227 Other Parts .................................................. 127
Parameters of ............................................. 128
F Plane ................................................... 125, 126
Switch: Best Possible.................................. 127
FEM 1.001 ..................................................... 201 Target .......................................................... 126
Filter list ........................................................... 78 Kinematically "Free Connections" ................. 127
First level subsystems ................................... 116 KRASTA Main Window.............................. 10, 17
Folder .............................................................. 19 KRASTA Objects ............................................. 22
Force Conditions ....................................... 47, 99 KRASTA Start Window ...................................... 9
Format ........................................................... 233
Friction Element .................................... 102, 108
L
G Language ................................................... 15, 37

Layout ............................................................ 233
General Constraint Conditions ........................ 99 Leading Kinematic Part ................................. 127
General information ....................................... 126 Left Mouse Button ..................................... 20, 29
Geometrical Specifications .............................. 52 Lifetime ............................................................ 97
Graphical Output ............................................. 27 Linear Beam Predeformation .......................... 87
Graphical Selection ......................................... 25 Linear damage accumulation according to
Gravity ............................................................. 85 Palmgren-Miner ..................................... 168
Gravity Load .................................................... 85 List 77
Clean Up ....................................................... 78
H composition list ............................................. 78
filter list .......................................................... 78
Height ranges .................................................. 86 proof list ........................................................ 77
Hotkeys............................................................ 22 result list ........................................................ 77
Hotline ............................................................. 11 simple beam list ............................................ 77
H-Section ......................................................... 63 simple node list ............................................. 77
Hydraulics with constant hydraulics volume.. 105 simple object list............................................ 77
Lists of Objects ................................................ 23
I Lists of Situations .......................................... 229
Calculate with PAS ..................................... 142
Import an Object ........................................ 23, 70 Literature: 2nd Order Theory ......................... 143
In- and Output Language ................................ 15 Literature: Damage Accumulation ................. 169
In- and Output Units: ....................................... 15 Literature: DIN 4114 Buckling (Omega-Method)
Inactive Beams .................. 38, 82, 133, 134, 135 ............................................................... 222
Inertial Coordinate System .............................. 43 Literature: DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005-03 . 182
Information ...................................................... 22 Literature: EN 13001-3-1:2012-09................. 188
Information Window................................... 17, 20 Literature: EN 1993-1-9:2005 ........................ 200
Inner Forces .................................................... 47 Load
Input of numerical values ................................ 25 Rope.............................................................. 86
Input of points and vectors .............................. 25 Temperature ................................................. 87
Insert new objects into lists ............................. 53 Load Case ....................................................... 93
ISO 5049-1 .................................................... 205 Basic ............................................................. 83
Items of the Status Line................................... 20 Combination .................................................. 88
Drag'n'Drop ................................................... 19
J Logic.............................................................. 89
Nonlinear ....................................................... 89
Joints ............................................................... 46 Nonlinear Logic ............................................. 90
Situation Dependent ..................................... 88
K Load Event .................................. 93, 95, 96, 232
governing / relevant .................................... 229
Kinematic Load Event Object ............................. 93, 96, 229
Error Messages .......................................... 129
Calculate with PAS ..................................... 142 MOD (modal analysis) ................................... 139
Methods ........................................................ 93 Modal Analysis .............................................. 139
Load Sequence ........................... 93, 95, 97, 167 Modelling ......................................................... 41
Loading Groups: DASt-Ri 011 ...................... 211 Actuators..................................................... 125
Loading Groups: DIN 13001-3 (S-Classes) .. 191 Fault ............................................................ 153
Loading Groups: DIN 15018 ......................... 173 Kinematics .......................................... 125, 132
Loading Groups: EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3) (S- Masses ......................................................... 79
Classes) ................................................ 200 Modified angles within the subsystem .......... 132
Loading Groups: FEM 1.001 ......................... 203 Moments of Inertia .................................. 60, 241
Loading Groups: ISO 5049 ........................... 207 Moments of Inertia about the Principal Axes: . 60
Logic Load Case (LLC) ........................... 89, 229 Moments of Resistance ................................. 242
L-Section ......................................................... 65 Mouse
Left Button ...................................... 20, 29, 113
M Middle Button / Wheel .................................. 20
Right Button .................................................. 20
Main Menu ...................................................... 17 Move ................................................................ 52
Main Window................................................... 17 Multiple Object Selection ................................. 24
Manager .................................................... 15, 38
Manager System ............................................. 38
N
Mass
Permanent .................................................... 79 Name ............................................................... 22
Sum of .......................................................... 82 Natural Frequencies ...................................... 161
Mass Case .............................................. 79, 161 Net Length ....................................................... 48
Basic ............................................................. 79 New Object ...................................................... 22
Combination ................................................. 82 Node
Drag'n'Drop ................................................... 19 Copy ....................................................... 52, 53
Permanent .................................................... 81 Free ............................................................ 132
Situation Dependent ..................................... 82 Joint .............................................................. 49
Sum of .......................................................... 82 Load .............................................................. 84
Mass Factor .............................................. 79, 81 Mass ....................................................... 49, 79
Mass of Beam ................................................. 47 Merging ......................................................... 53
Mass of Node .................................................. 49 Mirror ...................................................... 52, 53
Material ..................................................... 47, 71 Move ............................................................. 52
Classification ................................................ 71 on top of each other ...................................... 53
Clean Up ....................................................... 71 Spring ........................................................... 49
Drag'n'Drop ................................................... 19 Node can rotate ............................................. 158
Materials: DASt-Ri 011 ................................. 211 Node Coordinate ........................................... 126
Materials: DIN 15018 .................................... 172 Node list .......................................................... 77
Materials: DIN 18800 .................................... 219 Node Loads ..................................................... 84
Materials: FEM 1.001 .................................... 203 Node Mass ...................................................... 82
Materials: ISO 5049 ...................................... 207 Node Masses .................................................. 49
Melt a Subsystem.......................................... 114 NODYA / STAB88 (Option) ... 3, 89, 99, 139, 141
Menu item Nonlinear Load Case ...................................... 89
Calculation Nonlinear Logic Load Case ............................. 90
Calculate solver input file ......................... 149 Normal Stress Ranges .................................. 225
Show Log-File .......................................... 151 Normal Stresses as a result of Normal Force . 60
Situation independent calculation ............ 145 Notch Case Classification in Proof of Fatigue . 73
File ................................................................ 27 Notch Case Classification of Beam Section
List ................................................................ 77 Points....................................................... 74
Options ......................................... 8, 21, 33, 37 Notch Case Classification of Cross Section
Property ........................................................ 45 Points....................................................... 73
Selection ................................................. 19, 29 Notch Cases .................................. 177, 183, 193
Sum of Masses ............................................. 82 Notch Cases: AS 4100 .................................. 218
View ...................................................... 31, 161 Notch Cases: DASt-Ri 011............................ 211
Merging ........................................................... 53 Notch Cases: DIN 15018 ...................... 171, 172
Methods of Load Events ................................. 93 Notch Cases: DIN 22261 .............................. 175
Middle Mouse Button / Mouse Wheel ............. 20 Notch Cases: EN 13001-3 ............................ 191
Minimal ............................................................ 31 Notch Cases: EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3) ................ 200
Minimal Text Only ........................................... 24 Notch Cases: FEM 1.001 .............................. 203
Mirroring .......................................................... 52 Notch Cases: ISO 5049 ................................ 207
Notes on using rigid cross sections ................. 56 Page Partitioning ............................................. 36

Palette "Sequential" ............................... 114, 234
O Palettes .................................................. 229, 234
Parabolic Beam Predeformation ..................... 87
Object .............................................................. 22 Parametric Cross Section ................................ 59
Comment ...................................................... 22 Partial Rigid Cross Sections .................... 56, 161
Copy.............................................................. 23 Partial Summation ........................................... 20
Delete............................................................ 23 PAS
Edit ................................................................ 22 Error/Warning Nr. 299 ................................. 153
Import ............................................................ 23 Error/Warning Nr. 451 ................................. 153
Information .................................................... 22 Error/Warning Nr. 453 ................................. 156
Multiple Selection .......................................... 24 Error/Warning Nr. 455 ................................. 158
Name ............................................................ 22 Partial rigid cross section ................................ 3
New ............................................................... 22 Theoretical foundation .................................... 3
Single Selection ............................................ 23 PAS III............................................................ 139
Object Lists ................................................ 23, 77 PAS IV ........................................................... 139
Object Tree ................................................ 17, 19 PAS linear ...................................................... 139
OK and Cancel ................................................ 24 Paste Subsystems ......................................... 111
Omega-Method ............................................. 221 Permanent Mass ............................... 79, 81, 161
Operating Method .......................... 177, 183, 193 Permutation ................................................... 229
optimised coupling ................................. 104, 106 Picking with the Mouse .................................... 29
Options ............................................ 8, 21, 33, 37 Picture.............................................................. 24
Options (Kinematic) ....................................... 127 Plane and Reference System ................ 125, 126
Orbit - Activations ............................................ 21 Plastic Moment of Resistance ................. 61, 242
Orbit - Center of Rotation ................................ 21 Plots ................................................................. 27
Orbit - Settings ................................................ 21 Details ........................................................... 24
Orientation ..................................................... 115 Minimal Text.................................................. 24
by Contact ................................................... 115 Print ............................................................... 24
by Contact and Angles................................ 115 Save .............................................................. 24
by Vector and Angles.......................... 113, 115 Point for Proof of Stresses ...................... 55, 171
Drag'n'Drop ................................................. 124 Position, obsolete idiom................................. 145
Execute ....................................................... 124 Predeformation
Modification ................................................. 122 Linear ............................................................ 87
Modification Sequence ............................... 123 Parabolic ....................................................... 87
Modified Subsystem Angles ....................... 132 Pressure .......................................................... 86
Orientation Modification................................. 122 Preview: Text Output Layout ......................... 233
Other Kinematic Parts ................................... 127 Principal Axes .................................................. 44
Output Principal Axis Angle: ........................................ 60
Border Lines ............................................... 229 Printer Settings .......................................... 34, 35
Colour Gradation ................................ 229, 234 Printing ......................22, 24, 34, 35, 36, 70, 235
Layout ......................................................... 233 Projected Coordinate Difference ................... 127
Palettes ....................................................... 234 Projection Settings ........................................... 31
Plots .............................................................. 27 Drag'n'Drop ................................................... 19
Text ....................................................... 27, 233 Proof list ........................................................... 77
Output Format ............................................... 233 Proof of Fatigue
Output Formats: AS 4100.............................. 218 acc. AS 4100 ............................................... 213
Output Formats: DASt-Ri 011 ....................... 210 acc. DASt-Ri 011 ........................................ 209
Output Formats: Delta Stresses .................... 226 acc. DIN 13001 ........................................... 183
Output Formats: DIN 15018 .......................... 172 acc. DIN 13001 ........................................... 177
Output Formats: DIN 4114 Buckling (Omega- acc. DIN 15018 ........................................... 171
Method) ................................................. 222 acc. DIN 22261 ........................................... 175
Output Formats: EN 13001-3 ........................ 190 acc. EN 1993 (EC 3) ................................... 193
Output Formats: EN 1993-1-9 (EC 3) ........... 199 acc. FEM 1.001 ........................................... 201
Output Formats: FEM 1.001 .......................... 202 acc. ISO 5049-1 .......................................... 205
Output Formats: ISO 5049 ............................ 206 Proof of Stresses
Overload Clutch ............................................. 101 Buckling acc. DIN 4114 (Omega-Method) .. 221
el.-el. acc. DIN 18800 ................................. 219
P Proof: AS 4100 .............................................. 216
Proof: DASt-Ri 011 ........................................ 209
Page Layout .............................................. 24, 36 Proof: DIN 15018 ........................................... 171
Proof: DIN 18800 el.el. .................................. 219 Section Points ................................................. 47

Proof: DIN 22261 .......................................... 175 Select Picture Details ...................................... 24
Proof: DIN 4114 Buckling (Omega-Method) . 221 Selecting by Property Beam Notch Case
Proof: DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005 (damage Classifications ......................................... 75
accumulation procedure) ....................... 181 Selection.......................................................... 55
Proof: DIN CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005 (simplified Graphical ...................................................... 25
procedure) ............................................. 180 Multiple Objects ............................................ 24
Proof: EN 13001-3-1:2012-09 (damage Single Object ................................................ 23
accumulation procedure) ....................... 187 Sensitivity / Direction ....................................... 21
Proof: EN 13001-3-1:2012-09 (simplified Sensor and actuator, case 1 ......................... 105
procedure) ............................................. 186 Sensor and actuator, case 2 ......................... 105
Proof: EN 1993-1-9:2005 (damage Sensor degrees of freedom ........................... 104
accumulation procedure) ....................... 197 Sequence Palette .......................................... 114
Proof: EN 1993-1-9:2005 (simplified procedure) Sequential ............................................. 114, 234
.............................................................. 196 Shear Areas .............................................. 56, 59
Proof: FEM 1.001 .......................................... 201 Shear Force induced Shear Stresses ............. 61
Proof: ISO 5049-1 ......................................... 205 Shear Stress Ranges .................................... 225
Pulley Factor ........................................... 86, 108 Simple beam list .............................................. 77
Simple model of a tower crane (total system)116
R Simple node list ............................................... 77
Simple object list ............................................. 77
Rainflow Analysis .......................................... 167 Single Object Selection ................................... 23
Real Movability .............................................. 157 Situation .......................................... 93, 133, 229
Rectangle Section ........................................... 67 $uncertain ................................................... 135
Rectangular Tube............................................ 66 Calculate with PAS ..................................... 142
Redo/Undo ...................................................... 27 create for Orientations ................................ 135
Reeving ......................................................... 108 Drag'n'Drop ........................................... 93, 133
Register: General .......................................... 141 Execute ....................................................... 133
Register: Nonlinear Calculation .................... 141 Methods ...................................................... 133
Resistance Factor ......................... 177, 183, 193 SLC 88
Result list ......................................................... 77 Slenderness .................................... 48, 221, 240
Result values of a damage accumulation ..... 169 Slotted Hole ................................................... 109
Results .......................................................... 223 SMC ................................................................ 82
Review .......................................................... 237 Solver Input File ............................................ 149
Right Mouse Button ........................................ 20 Spring .............................................................. 46
Rigid ................................................................ 56 St. Venant torsion ...................................... 63, 88
Rope Loads ..................................................... 86 STAB88 / NODYA (Option) ... 3, 89, 99, 139, 141
Ropes .......................................... 3, 86, 101, 108 Standard
Rotating Objects............................................ 157 Current .......................................................... 75
Rotational Acceleration Load .......................... 85 Standard Cross Section .................................. 70
Round Section................................................. 68 Statical Moment....................................... 59, 241
Status Line ................................................ 17, 20
S Stress Differences ......................................... 225
Stress History Parameter ...................... 177, 183
S88 89 Stress Range
safety factor for fatigue strength ................... 193 Design Value .............................. 177, 183, 193
Scaling ............................................................ 53 Stresses ........................................................ 242
S-Class .......................................... 177, 183, 193 Stretching ........................................................ 53
Scope .............................................................. 55 Structural Thickness ........................................ 55
Screen after copying a subsystem ................ 113 Subset
Screen Settings ............................................... 34 Changing of .................................................. 20
Second level subsystems ............................. 117 Display .......................................................... 31
Section Display Everything ........................................ 31
C 64 Expand.......................................................... 31
Circular Tube ................................................ 69 Hide .............................................................. 31
H 63 Partial Summation .................................. 20, 82
L 65 Selection on .................................................. 75
Rectangle ..................................................... 67 Substructure
Rectangular Tube ......................................... 66 Copy ............................................................. 52
Round ........................................................... 68 Mirror ............................................................ 52
Move ............................................................. 52 Units..................................................... 15, 20, 37

Project ........................................................... 53 User 15, 38
Scale ............................................................. 53 User Defined Folder in Object Tree................. 19
Stretch........................................................... 53 Using force condition ..................................... 101
Substructures of a kinematic ......................... 127 Using general constraint condition ........ 101, 102
Subsystem ..................................................... 111 Using List of Situations .................................. 229
Colouring ............................................ 114, 234
Cut, Copy, Paste ......................................... 111 V
Delete.......................................................... 111
Error Messages .......................................... 120 Vector and Angles ................................. 113, 115
Hierarchy .................................................... 111
Import .......................................................... 111 W
Melting ........................................................ 114
Orientation .................................. 113, 115, 132 Weight...................................... 47, 56, 59, 79, 85
Splitting ....................................................... 114 Welding seams ................................................ 55
Subsystem Coordinate System ....................... 43 Williot plan of displacement ............................. 88
Support ...................................................... 11, 49 Wind direction .................................................. 86
Support Conditions (Joints/Springs) ................ 49 Wind Loads ...................................................... 86
Switch: Best possible .................................... 127 Wind Profile ..................................................... 86
Wind resistance ............................................... 86
Window: Information ........................................ 20
T
Window: Object Tree ....................................... 19
Table 10 (DIN 22261) .................................... 176 Window: Working Area .................................... 18
Table 12 (DASt-Ri 011) ................................. 209 Wizard: Beam as Subsystem ........................ 114
Table 17 (DIN 22261) .................................... 175 Working Area ................................. 17, 18, 20, 25
Table 18 (DIN 15018) .................................... 171
Table 19 (DIN 15018) .................................... 171
Table 20 (DIN 22261) .................................... 175
Target ............................................................ 126
Target Settings .............................................. 126
Temperature Loads ......................................... 87
Temporary Files .............................................. 38
Tension element, rope................................... 101
Text 27
Print............................................................... 24
Save .............................................................. 24
Text Output Layout ........................................ 233
Textual Documentation ................................. 235
Textual Output ......................................... 27, 228
Textual Output Format .................................. 228
TH2 \b .............................................................. 88
Thin-Walled Cross Section .............................. 58
Titlebar............................................................. 17
Toolbar ............................................................ 17
Torsional Moment of Inertia..................... 59, 241
Torsional Moment of Resistance ..................... 60
Torsional Shear Stresses ................................ 61
Total / Balance ................................................ 20
Tower Crane .................................................. 116
Translational Acceleration Load ...................... 85
Trimming picture .............................................. 24
Tube
Circular.......................................................... 69
Rectangular .................................................. 66
Types of Parametric Cross Sections ............... 62
U
uncertain, Situation ........................................ 135
Undo/Redo ...................................................... 27

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KRASTA

Program for statical and modal

4.6.3 Text and symbol sizes .......................................................................................................... 34

5.9.4 Load Case 2nd Order Theory (TH2) ...................................................................................... 88

6.1.5 Calculate specific Results ................................................................................................... 142

9 INDEX ............................................................................................................................................... 247

2016 Khne BSB GmbH

1.1 Possibilities and fields of usage of KRASTA

1.2 Calculation according to theory 2nd order

1.3 Loads and predisplacements

1.4 Mass Distribution

PAS theoretical foundation

Partial rigid cross sections

1.6 STAB88 / NODYA

Khne BSB GmbH Phone +49 (0) 6151 397690-0

3.1.1 Obtaining the latest KRASTA Version

3.1.2 Start of Installation

3.1.3 First start of KRASTA

3.1.4 Directory for manager system and temporary files

Changing the paths for Manager System and temporary files

3.1.5 Start of KRASTA

KRASTA Start Window

KRASTA Main Window

After the selection of a user the main window of KRASTA appears.

The main window of KRASTA includes the following elements:

3.1.6 Closing KRASTA

3.2 Licence Files

3.2.1 File extension and location of the Licence File

3.2.2 How to check your Licence File

3.2.3 Changes to the Licence File

3.2.4 Protection against misuse

4 Basics in Program Usage

4.1 User Setting and Setup

4.1.1 The KRASTA-Manager

4.1.2 The User Profile

4.1.2.1 In- and Output Units: increasing

4.1.2.2 In- and Output Language

4.2 KRASTA Basics

4.2.1 Main Window

KRASTA Main Window

4.2.1.1 Working Area

Window: Working Area

4.2.1.2 Object Tree

Window: Object Tree

User Defined Folder in Object Tree

4.2.1.3 Information Window

4.2.1.4 Items of the Status Line

4.2.2 Left mouse button

4.2.3 Middle mouse button / mouse wheel

4.2.4 Right mouse button

4.2.5.1 Orbit - Settings

Orbit - Center of Rotation

4.2.7 KRASTA Objects

4.2.7.4 Create an Object

4.2.7.5 Edit an Object

Example: Edit an Object

4.2.7.6 Copy an Object

Example: Copy an Object

4.2.7.7 Delete an Object

4.2.7.8 Import an Object

4.2.7.9 Object Lists

4.2.8 Single Object Selection

4.2.9 Multiple Object Selection

4.2.10 OK and Cancel