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Thomas G unther1
Hessenstr. 16, D-59067 Hamm, Germany
Is the method which transforms Schwarzschilds metric into McVitties line element also applicable to de Sitters
metric? With a simple coordinate replacement, one can get McVitties interval from the Schwarzschild metric in
isotropic form. McVitties model interpolates between a space-time, which is generated by a local mass (Schwarzschild
solution) and an expanding global (FLRW) universe. This article presents a similarly generated exact solution of
Einsteins equations with cosmological constant: The line element can be obtained analogously to the construction
of McVitties metric from Schwarzschilds isotropic interval, but it is based on a static transformation of de Sitters
metric. The radial coordinate and its differential is modified by a scale factor a (t). Einsteins empty space equations
with cosmological constant lead to a simple solution for a (t). Additionally, this metric admits a cosmic fluid solution
of Einsteins equations with nonzero stress energy momentum tensor. Suitable functions for density and pressure are
presented in the article. The second section is concerned with a transformation of the line element into a spherical
symmetric but anisotropic form.
1. Line Element and Einsteins Equations method will be used to deduce a new metric from
de Sitters interval. Let q be the radial coordinate
Schwarzschilds solution is a good approximation in an isotropic frame {t, q, , } with time t, incli-
to describe the local geometry of our solar sys- nation and azimuth , further let
tem or the gravitational field of a black hole,
but it is not able to represent the global ge- dq2 = dq 2 + q 2 d2 + q 2 sin2 () d2 (1)
ometry of our expanding universe. The lat-
ter can be appropriately described by the ho- Schwarzschilds metric with respect to the isotropic
mogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Lematre- frame reads
Robertson-Walker (FLRW) solution. Vice versa,
the standard cosmological picture is not applica- r !2 4
1 4qg
2 2 2 rg
ble for dealing with the field in the vicinity of a ds = r c dt 1 + dq2 (2)
star such as our Sun [1]. 1933 McVittie presented 1 + 4qg 4q
a new solution of Einsteins equations in his arti-
cle The mass-particle in an expanding universe, Where, rg = 2M /c2 , cf. [6]. The coordinate re-
cf. [2]. The McVittie solution has many of the placement operates as follows: Replace the q coor-
features one would expect of a black hole embedded dinate by a (t) q and the dq differential by a (t) dq in
in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmol- (2). This is different from a coordinate transforma-
ogy [3]. As for example, mentioned by Carrera tion q = aq , since the a
q dt term in dq = a
q dt + ad
q
and Giulini, there is an easy method to deduce is ignored. The coordinate replacement in (2) gives
McVitties metric from the Schwarzschild interval: #2
" rg 4
Write down the Schwarzschild metric for the mass 1
2 4a(t)q 2 2 2 rg
parameter m in isotropic coordinates, add a con- ds = rg c dt a (t) 1 + d 2
1+ 4a (t) q
formal factor a2 (t) to the spatial part, and allow 4a(t)q
de Sitters metric (Eqn. (4)) transforms into the 1.1. The empty space solution
static line element
Let L 12 , the interval in Eqn. (8) represents an
" 2 # exact empty space solution of Einsteins equations
2 r 1
ds = 1 c2 dt2 2 2
2 dr r d
2 in case of
r r
1 r " 1/2 #
(5) a (t) = a0 exp 4L ct (10)
3
Where, d2 = d2 + sin2 d2 . The latter metric
is static but does not have an isotropic form. By
cf. [5]. Here, a0 is a constant of integration. The
introducing another radial coordinate, one gets an
corresponding equations Gik = 0 are not very cum-
isotropic and static intervall. This transformation
bersome, see Einstein tensor (Eqn. (9)). For
is determined up to an arbitrary constant, say L,
L = 12 , the interval (8) reduces to a static line
as
element, which represents the transformed de Sit-
ter solution (7). In case of L < 12
, the metric
2qr L
r= (6) components gik of Eqn. (8) depend on the time
1 + Lq 2
coordinate t. But what happens if the model uni-
verse is not empty, i.e., if there is a nonzero stress
Using the radial coordinate (Eqn. (6)), Eqn. (5)
energy tensor?
transforms into the isotropic and static line ele-
Consider a universe which contains a kind
ment
of cosmic fluid with density (t) and pressure
2 2
1 Lq 2
2 2 2 1
ds = c dt d 2 (7)
1 + Lq 2 1 + Lq 2
3 8
The following considerations are based on the lat- Einsteins field equations are Gik = Tik , with
c4
ter interval. Naturally, the above mentioned coor- 1
Gik := Rik R gik gik , cf. [10]. Multiplying Ein-
dinate replacement can be used in Eqn. (7). It 2
steins equations by the contravariant metric tensor
is reasonable to check whether the result is also a 8
gives Gik = 4 Tki , where ki = 1 for i = k,
solution of Einsteins equations. The coordinate c
1
ki = 0 for i 6= k and Gik = Rki Rki ki .
2
Ricci tensor and curvature Pscalar are given by
+ b ab kn a
a a a b b
P
Rnk = kb an
Pa Pa knnk k an
2 r2 + r2 d2 + r2 sin2 d2 , cf. (1).
r2 = d
It is d and R = n k g Rnk .
The African Review of Physics (2015) 10:0008 61
p (t, q). The ansatz in Eqn. (8) again admits an the pressure p is also homogeneous, see Eqn. (13).
exact solution in this case. But in case of H 6= 0, the pressure depends on the
spatial coordinate q. This inhomogeneous pressure
diverges together with the Ricci-scalar
1.2. The cosmic fluid solution
6 1 + La2 q 2
Assume that the stress energy tensor of our cosmic R = 48L + 2H 2 H
c2 1 La2 q 2
fluid has the form
1
Ttt = c2 ; Trr = T = T = p; and Tki = 0 if i 6= k at q = a L .
(11)
Einsteins equations Gik = 8 i
c4 Tk prescribe the
relation of and p to (Eqn. (9)). Accordingly, we 2. Coordinate Transformation
should assume that the density depends on the
time t and the pressure p depends on t and the In [3] Kaloper Kleban and Martin claimed that
spatial coordinate q. In following, conditions for McVitties metric can be transformed to a metric,
and p are determined. which in the notation corresponding to (3) reads