CVE 372 HYDROMECHANICS

CVE 372
HYDROMECHANICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS

II
Dr. Bertu Akntu

Department of Civil Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Northern Cyprus Campus
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 1/54

2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
Overview
2.2 Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits
2.2.1 Derivation of Darcy-Weisbach Equation
2.2.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes
2.2.3 Turbulent Flow in Pipes
2.2.4 Moody Chart

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Consider a steady fully developed flow in a prismatic pipe
V1=V2=V
A1=A2=A
1=2=1
1=2=1
Assumptions:
- Fully developed flow (uniform) - Incompressible fluid
- Circular tube (pipe) - Constant diameter
- Steady Flow

(a) Relationship between wall shear stress
and head loss
Continuity Equation
Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2 = VA = constant
Momentum Equation
0, since 1= 2
p1 A1 p2 A2 + W sin F f = Q( 2V2 1V1 )
where W sin = AL sin and F f = w PL

= A( z1 z 2 ) P: wetted perimeter


Momentum Equation gives
p1 A1 p2 A2 + A( z1 z 2 ) w PL = 0
p1 w LP w L
p2
z1 + z 2 = =
A RH
A D 2 4 D R
where RH is hydraulic radius RH = = =
P D 4 2
W sin = AL sin
= A( z1 z 2 ) P: wetted perimeter


Momentum Equation gives
p1 wL p2
z1 + z 2 =
RH wL
hf =
RH 4 w L
Energy Equation gives
2 L hf =
hf = w D
p1 p2 R
z1 + z2 = hL

Note that the above equation is applicable for both laminar and
turbulent flows and for open channel flows as well.


(b) Relationship between wall shear stress
and velocity
Dimensional Analysis
w = F (V , D, , , )
w shear stress
1 = = f
V 2
dynamic pressure 1 = ( 2 , 3 )
VD VD
2 = = Reynolds Number w VD
= ,
D
2
V

3 = Relative Roughness
D
w = f V 2

(c) Relationship between head loss and velocity
w
f= = function Re,
V 2
D
w = f V 2
4 w L 4 f
V 2L
hf = =
D D
let 8f'=f and g=/
L V2
hf = f f = function Re,
D 2g D

Local acceleration is zero. Convective acceleration is zero as
well as a result of fully developed flow
Motion of a cylindrical fluid element within a pipe.

Assumptions:
- Fully developed flow (uniform) - Incompressible fluid
- Circular tube (pipe) - Constant diameter
- Steady Flow

Local acceleration is zero. Convective acceleration is zero as well as a
result of fully developed flow
Free-body diagram of a cylinder of fluid

Momentum Equation
p1r 2 ( p1 p )r 2 2rl = 0
p 2
=
l r

Shear stress distribution within the fluid in a pipe

(laminar or turbulent flow) and typical velocity profiles.
2 w r 4l w Small shear stress can produce large

= p = pressure difference if l/D is large
D D (relatively long pipe)
CVE 372 Hydromechanics

Applicable to both laminar and turbulent flow in pipes11/54

For laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid, the shear stress is
simply proportional to the velocity gradient (Section 1.6)
= (du/dr). For our pipe flow,
p du
= r =
2l dr
The negative sign is included to give > with du/dr < 0 ( the
velocity decreases from the pipe centerline to the pipe wall)


du p p 2
= r integration yields u ( r ) = ( )r + C1
dr 2 l 4 l
We can evaluate the integration constant using the no slip
condition at the pipe wall so that u = 0 at r=D/2 and
C1=(pD2/(16l)). Hence
Centerline (max) velocity
Velocity: Vc=(pD2/(16l)).
pD 2 2r 2r 2
2
u (r ) = 1 = Vc 1
16l D D



Integration of u(r) over the pipe area gives volume flowrate
R
R 2Vc
Q = udA = u (r )2rdr =
0
2
by definition, the average velocity is the V=Q/A = Q/R2
R 2Vc Vc pD 2 D 4 p
V= = = Q=
2 R 2
2 32 l 128l
Above equation is referred to as Poiseuilles Law.
Recall that all of these results are restricted to laminar flow in
a horizontal pipe.
D 4 p
Flowrate: Q=
128l
Proportional to the pressure drop
Inversely proportional to viscosity
Inversely proportional to the pipe length
Proportional to the pipe diameter to the fourth power


For Non-horizontal pipe, the adjustment is required by
replacing p by (p-l sin) where is the angle between
the pipe and the horizontal.
Free-body diagram of a fluid cylinder for flow in a nonhorizontal pipe.
p l sin 2 (p l sin ) D 2 (p l sin ) D 4

= V= Q=
l r 32 l 128l

Example 3: An oil with a viscosity of = 0.40 N.s/m2 and
density = 900 kg/m3 flow in a pipe of diameter D = 0.020 m.
a) What pressure drop, p1-p2, is needed to produce a flowrate of
Q = 2.0 x 10-5 m3/s if the pipe is horizontal with x1=0 and x2=10 m?
b) How steep a hill, , must the pipe be on if the oil is to flow

through the pipe at the same rate as in part (a), but with p1 = p2?
c) For the conditions of part (b), if p1 = 200 kPa, what is the

pressure at section x3 = 5 m, where x is measures along the pipe?
Solved in the class room


From dimensional analysis:
Assume that p is a function of
p = f (V , l , D, )
# of variables = 5 and # of dimensions = 3 (M,L,T)

According to the result of dimensional analysis
(CVE 371), this flow can be described in terms of 5-3=2 dimensionless
Group. One such represents Dp l
= ( )
V D
A further assumption: the pressure drop is directly proportional to the
pipe length
Dp Cl p CV ( / 4C ) pD 4
= = Q = AV =
V D l D 2
l

The same functional form as theory implies
( / 4C )pD 4
Q = AV =
l
Recall average velocity was found to be
D 2 p
V =
32l
1
We can divide both sides by the dynamic pressure V 2
2
(recall from Chapter 3)
p 32 lV / D 2 l 64 l
= = 64 =
1
V 2
1
V 2 VD D Re D
2 2 19/54

This is often written as
l V 2
p = f
D 2
where the dimensionless quantity
D 2
f = p
2 Darcy friction factor
l V
64
For a fully developed laminar flow the friction factor is f =
Re
8 w
Alternate expression as a dimensional wall shear stress f =
V 2

Energy Consideration
Recall from Chapter 5 (in the absence of energy sources)
p1 V 21 p2 V 22
+ 1 + z1 = + 2 + z2 + hL
2g 2g
where alpha values (always >=1) compensate for the fact that
velocity profile across the pipe is not uniform (Chapter 5).
For fully developed flow velocity profile is constant

1 = 2
1V12 / 2 g = 2V22 / 2 g
p1 p2
Hence + z1 + z 2 = hL
21/54

Remember
p1r 2 ( p1 p )r 2 2rl = 0
p 2
=
l r
p1 p2 2l
( + z1 ) ( + z 2 ) = hL hL = h f =
r
Using the shear stress at the pipe wall, we have No minor loss
4l w Friction loss is proportional to the shear stress,

hf = which is proportional to viscosity.
D

In summary
max. velocity Vc = umax
Velocity:
pD 2 2r 2r 2
2
u (r ) = 1 or u (r ) = Vc 1
16 l D D

Average Velocity:
Vc pD 2 1V12 / 2 g = 2V22 / 2 g
V= =
2 32 l


In summary
Wall Shear Stress:
pD 8V
w = or w =
4l D
Shear Stress:
du 2r
= or =w
dr D


In summary
Flow Rate:
D 4 p
Q = VA =
128l
Friction Loss:
4l w 32lV l V2
hf = hf = hf = f
D D 2 D 2g
Friction Factor:
64 8 w
f = f =
Re V 2

Example 4: The flow rate Q of corn syrup through the horizontal pipe shown in
the figure is to be monitored by measuring the pressure difference between
sections (1) and (2). The variations of the syrups viscosity and density with
temperature are given in the following table
T (C) (kg/m3) (N.s/m2)
a) Determine the wall shear stress and 15 1067 1.9152
the pressure drop p=p1-p2 for Q=14 lt/s 25 1062 0.9097
for T=40C. 40 1057 0.1819
b) For the condition of part (a), determine 50 1051 0.0211
the net pressure force and the net shear 60 1046 0.0044
force on the fluid within the pipe between 70 1041 0.0011
the section (1) and (2).
2m
10 cm

Solved in the class room 26/54

Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow

We slowly increase the flowrate in a long section of a pipe. 27/54

Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
u(t): instantaneous velocity in the x-direction

u(t): fluctuating part of u(t)
The time-averaged, , and fluctuating, , description of a parameter for tubular flow.


Turbulent Shear Stress
We can write the velocity vector as
u = u + u' Fluctuation (time average of fluctuations is zero)
t o +T
1
Average velocity:
Fluctuations are equally
u=
T u ( x, y, z, t )dt
to
distributed on either side of
the average. However, the
square of fluctuation is
always greater than zero.
t o +T
1
(u ' ) = dt > 0
2 2
(u u )
T to

The structure and characteristics of turbulence may vary
from one flow situation to another. A measure of turbulence
is called turbulence intensity
2
1 t o +T

t 2
(u u ) dt
(u ' ) 2 T

= o
u u
As this parameter increases, the fluctuations of the velocity
increases. Well designed wind tunnels have typical values of
0.01 or smaller.

The random velocity components result in momentum transfer in
turbulent flow resulting in an additional term in the shear stress
expression:
du
= u ' v' = lam + turb
dy
If the flow is laminar, then fluctuations vanish and we recover the

viscosity expression for Newtonian fluids. The second term is called the
turbulent shear stress and it is always positive. Hence the shear stress in
turbulent flow is always greater than shear stress in laminar flow.


lam is
dominant
turb is
dominant
Structure of turbulent flow in a pipe. (a) Shear stress. (b) Average velocity.

Typically turbulent shear stress is 100 to 1000 times

greater than the shear stress in the laminar region, while
the converse is true in the viscous sublayer.
Note that an accurate model of turbulent flow requires the

knowledge of Reynolds stresses which require the
knowledge of velocity fluctuations which can not be solved
for most turbulent flow problems.


Turbulent Velocity Profile
Fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe can be broken into
three regions which are characterized by their distances
from the wall:
Viscous sublayer: The viscous shear stress is dominant
compared with the turbulent (or Reynolds) stress and the
random (eddying) nature of flow is absent. In this layer fluid
viscosity is important parameter.
Overlap region: Transition region
Outer turbulent layer: The Reynolds stress is dominant, and
there is considerable mixing and randomness of the flow. In
this layer density is important parameter.


In the viscous sublayer:
u yu
=
u *

where
w
y = Rr u = friction velocity

u = the time av. x component of the velocity
Law of the wall, valid
y = s: thickness of the viscous sublayer very near the smooth wall
for 0 yu / 5
R 5
s =
u*
r
y

In the overlap region:
u yu
= 2.5 ln + 5.0

*
u
where
R
y = Rr y
r
u = the time av. x component of the velocity

Law of the wall, valid
w
u = friction velocity
very near the smooth wall
for 0 yu / 5

In the turbulent region:
Vc u R
*
= 2.5 ln
u y
or
1/ n
u r Figure 8.17
= 1 Exponent, n, for power-law velocity profiles.
Vc R Power-Law velocity profile

Typical laminar flow

and turbulent flow
velocity profiles.


Example 5: Water at 20C (=998 kg/m3 and =1.004 x 10-6 m3/s) flows
through a horizontal pipe of 0.1 m diameter with a flowrate of Q=4x10-2 m3/s
and a pressure gradient of 2.59 kPa/m.
a) Determine the approximate thickness of the viscous sublayer.
b) Determine the approximate centerline velocity, Vc.
c) Determine the ratio of the turbulent to laminar shear stress, turb/ lam at a
point midway between the centerline and the pipe wall (r=0.025 m).


Most turbulent pipe flow analyses are based on
experimental data and semi-empirical formulas which are
expressed in dimensionless forms.
We need to determine the head loss. For convenience,
we will consider two types of energy losses; minor (local)
and major (friction) losses
hL = hLmajor + hLminor
Note that major and minor losses do not necessarily reflect the magnitude
of the energy losses


Consider the pipe flow again. Pressure drop is
a function of a number of physical and
geometrical parameters:
p = F (V , D, l , , , )
This time we included a parameter which is

a measure of the roughness of the pipe
wall (unit is length)


There are seven parameters and three
reference dimensions.
p ~ VD l
= ( , , )
1 / 2 V 2
D D
Reynolds number
Dynamic pressure


Lets assume that pressure drop is proportional to the length of the pipe:
p l
= (Re, )
1 / 2 V 2
D D
pD
Recall that f = is the friction factor. Then we have f = (Re, )
lV / 2
2
D
The energy equation for steady, incompressible flow is given by
p1 1V 21 p2 2V 2 2
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL
2g 2g


For constant diameter, horizontal pipe with fully
developed flow (alphas are equal)
l V2
hLmajor = f This is called Darcy-Weisbach equation
D 2g
For nonhorizontal pipes

l V2
p1 p2 = ( z1 z 2 ) + hLmajor = ( z1 z 2 ) + f
D 2g

Fully Developed Flow in Closed

Conduits

The Moody Chart.
For laminar flow:

f=64/Re
For turbulent flow:

1 / D 2.51
= 2 log +
f 3.7 Re f
for large values, f is independent of 45/54
Re

Smooth Pipe and Hydraulically Smooth Flow
1 2.51
= 2 log
f Re f

Colebrook White Transition Flow
1 / D 2.51
= 2 log +

f 3.7 Re f
Rough Pipe Hydraulically Rough Flow
1 / D
= 2 log
f 3. 7

Conduits
2.2.4 Moody Diagram


Conduits
2.2.4 Moody Diagram

Fully Developed Flow in

Closed Conduits
2.2.4 Moody Diagram
Loss coefficient for a sudden expansion.
Conservation of mass
A1V1 = A3V3
Conservation of momentum
p1 A3 p3 A3 = A3V3 (V3 V1 )
2
Note that: K L = hL /(V1 / 2 g )
Conservation of energy
p1 V 21 p3 V 2 3
+ = + + hL A1 2
2g 2g K L = (1 )
A2
Example 6:
A soft drink with the properties of 10C water is
sucked through a 4 mm diameter, 0.25 m long
straw at a rate of 4 cm3/s. Is the flow at the outlet
of the straw laminar? Is it fully developed?

Example 7:
0.5 m
D=10 mm
Entrance K=0.5
L=2 m
Given Q=3.6 lt/min
a) Determine the state of the flow and velocity in the pipe.
b) Draw E.G.L. and H.G.L. and determine the kinematics viscosity.

Exercise 1:
Water at 20C flows in a 15 cm diameter pipe with a
flowrate of 60 lt/s.
a) Determine the centerline velocity. (Ans: 4.06 m/s)
b) What is the approximate velocity at a distance 5 cm

away from the wall? (Ans: 3.86 m/s)

Exercise 2:
For a smooth pipe of diameter 75 mm, the head
loss for a distance of 150 m is 21 m. When the
flowrate is 8.5 lt/s. Is the flow laminar or
turbulent? (Ans: laminar)

Exercise 3:
The pressure heads measured in a 2 cm diameter circular pipe are
p1/ = 22 m and p2/ = 21.5 m. The distance between two measuring
points is 1500 m. Taking =9810 N/m3, = 1000 kg/m3, =1x10-6 m2/s
determine:
a) State of the flow
b) The equation of velocity and shear stress profiles
c) Maximum velocity
d) Velocity and shear stress at r=5 mm and y=4 mm.
e) Discharge
ANS: (a) laminar, (b) u=0.0816-816r2, =1.635r, (c)=0.0816 m/s,
(d) u(r=5mm)=0.0612 m/s, (r=5mm)=0.008175 N/m2
u(y=4mm)=0.0522 m/s, (y=4mm)=0.00981 N/m2,
(e) 1.282 x 10-5 m3/s

CVE 372 HYDROMECHANICS - 2 Flow in Closed Conduits 2 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CVE 372 HYDROMECHANICS - 2 Flow in Closed Conduits 2 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CVE 372

FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS

Dr. Bertu Akntu

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 1/54

2.2 Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

2.2.1 Derivation of Darcy-Weisbach Equation

2.2.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes

2.2.3 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

2.2.4 Moody Chart

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 2/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

where W sin = AL sin and F f = w PL

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 4/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 5/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

2.1.1 Derivation of Darcy-Weisbach Equation

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 6/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Motion of a cylindrical fluid element within a pipe.

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Free-body diagram of a cylinder of fluid

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Shear stress distribution within the fluid in a pipe

2 w r 4l w Small shear stress can produce large

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

2.2.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 12/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 13/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

2.2.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

2.2.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 15/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Free-body diagram of a fluid cylinder for flow in a nonhorizontal pipe.

p l sin 2 (p l sin ) D 2 (p l sin ) D 4

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

b) How steep a hill, , must the pipe be on if the oil is to flow

c) For the conditions of part (b), if p1 = 200 kPa, what is the

Solved in the class room

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

# of variables = 5 and # of dimensions = 3 (M,L,T)

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

2.2.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

For fully developed flow velocity profile is constant

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

4l w Friction loss is proportional to the shear stress,

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 23/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

CVE 372 Hydromechanics 24/54

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits

CVE 372 Hydromechanics

Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits