I.

TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTATION

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE
The scope of this project shall be the construction of a new motorway from Gradsko to
junction Drenovo as part of the road corridor X-d. The actual length of this section is 15.50 km.
The contract for construction shall be in accordance with contractual conditions of FIDIC
(red book first edition 1999, Contractual conditions). The contract for construction shall include
works related to the construction of a new motorway with a length of 15.50 km, construction of 5
viaducts with a length from 70 to 200 meters, two junctions, four underpasses, four overpasses,
some culverts.
According to the project assigned, the limit elements of the plan and the profile are strictly
defined depending on the project speed, so that for certain project speeds we shall have the
following sizes on elements of the plan and profile:
project speed V - 100(80) kmph
lanes 2x3,50 m
edge lanes 2x0,20 m
stopping lane 2x2,50 m
lane profile 12.40 m
shoulders 2x1,00 m
gutter + berm 2x(0,75+1,0) m
roadbed 14.40 m
max. transverse slope 7%

Provisioned is an earthy or concrete water channel with section to 4 m, depending on

longitudinal slope, while in sections greater than 4 m, the asphalt gutters with width of 75 cm.
provisioned shall end with the concrete curbs, 18/ 24 cm. and the berm with a width of 100 cm.
As the drainage system in plan and profile of the motorway shall have sewage pipes,
drainage of surface water and muddying from drainage system and manholes shall be with
minimum diameter 1500.
In the section from junction Drenovo to junction Gradsko shall be provided for the
construction of 5 bridges /viaducts with a length of 70 to 200 m.
Section from km 10+197.60 to km 25+706.97
4
Culvert F1500 11+017,51
1
4
Slab culvert 11+126,71
2
5
Culvert F1500 12+201,78
3
5
Culvert F1500 12+473,28
4
5
Culvert F1500 12+635,70
5
5
Culvert F1500 12+706,68
6
5 Culvert F1500 12+787,27
7
5
Culvert F1500 13+073,81
8
5
Viaduct 13+340,98
9
5
Overpass 13+707,88
10
5
Culvert F1500 13+773,73
11
5
Viaduct 14+200,01
12
6
Viaduct 14+619.94
13
6
Culvert F1500 14+928,13
14
6
Culvert F1500 15+383,50
15
6
Culvert F1500 15+570,38
16
6
Viaduct 16+104.10
17
6
Overpass 16+281,00
18
6
Underpass 16+937,60
19
6
Viaduct 17+124,22
20
6
Underpass 17+977,60
21
6
Culvert F1500 18+554,38
22
7
Slab culvert 18+882,60
23
7
Slab culvert 19+061.98
24
7
Overpass 19+408,90
25
7
Slab culvert 20+040,60
26
2
Underpass 20+337,00
27
7
Culvert F1500 22+465,31
28
7
Underpass 22+797,60
29
7 Slab culvert 23+596,21
 30
7
Culvert F1500 24+070,00
31
8
Culvert F1500 24+596,54
32
8
Slab culvert 24+653,50
33
8
Overpass 25+705,97
34

Interchange "Rosoman" at km 19+400

Interchange "Gradsko" at km 25+700

2. LABORATORY AND TEST EQUIPMENT

The Contractor shall provide appropriate equipped and accredited laboratory under the
Macedonian law for carrying out the tests, specified or agreed upon as part of the quality
assurance system. The Contractor shall provide the Engineer unlimited access and use of this lab,
all of its facilities, equipment, personnel and testing and, if necessary, at its request, to carry out
independent tests.
The equipment necessary for carrying out all tests on building materials and work shall be
supplied, and it shall be used to carry out checks under the requirements of the standards and the
regulations of the Republic of Macedonia.
If the Contractor fails to provide some piece of equipment, the necessary tests shall be
carried out by an independent licensed laboratory for the Contractors account.
 3. GEODETIC WORKS
The Contractor shall be responsible for the correct positioning and the outlining of the
works on the site to the baselines and levels. When tracing the position of the points shall be
determined based on a project, plan or a digital model that shall be applied over the existing
terrain.
The Contractor shall take reasonable precautions, including the installation of safety
facilities to protect from damage and keep the anchor points of the geodetic network.
By geodetic works shall be outlined the elements of the trace and the facilities on the
ground, and shall be outlined as many times as necessary in order to:
delineation of earthworks
check of the achieved positions and elevations

Tracing of the site shall include, but shall not be limited to:
acceptance and reconstruction of the geodetic basis polygon
acceptance and reconstruction of the grid of the bench marks
checking the elevations of terrain bottom, including the terrain of the sites originally
designated for excavation
laying out the axes, geometric contours (toe/tops of the slopes) and areas of
earthwork and embankment of the road bed , including of the temporary roads;
laying out the axes and the foundations of the facilities (culverts, bridges, viaducts,
underpasses and overpasses with a hole greater than 5 m, bulkhead walls, retaining-
curtain walls, etc.)
laying out the axes of the trenches.
 The Contractor shall provide, at its own expense, all necessary tools and equipment for
conducting the geodetic surveys, observation and control of the construction works.
The chief supervisor, as part of the quality assurance system established shall report on the
status of geodetic devices by regularly completing and keeping the register of instruments for
their condition and calibration.

4. TEMPORARY WORK
In the implementation of the temporary works, the Contractor shall comply with the
approved by the Engineer documentation.
The Contractor shall build all temporary facilities such as relocations, scaffoldings, road
connections with the roads in the area, approach spots, ramps and other necessary facilities to
carry out of the construction works of the site. The Contractor shall provide their removal after
completion of work on the site.
Temporary roads
When constructing temporary roads the following shall not be allowed:
loading and unloading on temporary roads with a slope greater than 1%;
transport on temporary roads with the technical-operational status not conforming to
the requirements of the project;
construction of temporary single lane roads with width of 3.5/6,0m without
widenings for passing, situated within the limits of visibility from both directions
and at a distance from each other not greater than 300 m;
crossing rivers and gullies of the temporary road facilities with the width of the
roadway less than 4.0 m for single-lane roads and 5.0 m- for two-lane ones.
After the completion of the construction, the areas of temporary road connections shall be
re-cultivated and restored in their original form, and all temporary facilities shall be taken apart
and removed.
Temporary traffic organization and safety
Temporary traffic organization shall be implemented in accordance with the approved and
coordinated work projects.
 The signalling of CAW within the road limits shall be clearly visible and understandable for
the travellers at any time of day or night and in all weather conditions, and shall provide timely
and sufficient information about the changed road conditions.
Temporary signalling shall be placed before the section, where the CAW shall be
implemented, providing sufficient time for the users to comply with the amended road conditions
and to carry out the prescribed manoeuvres for safe passage.
The Organization of the traffic shall be done so as to ensure:
fast, safe and economical transportation of passengers and freight;
convenience to road users;
efficient use of the traffic-carrying capacity of the existing road network and its
equipment;
compliance with environmental protection requirements and limiting the harmful
effects of road transport;
complete and reliable information to the participants for the traffic situation.

the Contractor shall use independent or combined road marking, traffic signs, light signals
and other means of signalling and road equipment when organizing the traffic,.
The Contractor shall create the necessary signalling for the introduction of temporary traffic
organization in and around the site in strict compliance with the requirements in the Contract .
5. CONSTRUCTION SITE CLEANING
Cleaning and removal of vegetation
Cleaning of the building site shall be done prior to the commencement of the excavation
out. Areas of road excavation, embankment and borrow pits shall be cleaned of trees, grass,
shrubs, stumps, roots, other vegetation, and all other obstacles, waste or inappropriate material.
The roots of trees and bushes shall be removed to a depth greater than 60 cm below the level of
the ground at the embankments or below the level of the bed in the excavations. In areas out of
the zone of road earthwork, the roots of vegetation shall be removed to a depth greater than 30
cm below the level of the neighbouring ground. Excavators, loaders and others shall be used for
the clean-up.

Removal of humus
 The upper humus layer of the earth's surface of the partial construction site shall be
excavated and removed in all its depth, but not less than 0.15 m. The material excavated shall be
transported and stored at a depot in a suitable place or shall be used for its intended purpose.
These works shall be carried out in consultation with the local authorities and in
compliance with the environmental requirements and limitations.
The removal of the top humus layer of soil shall precede all other operations with the
exception of the cleaning of the building site. Removal of humus shall be made until it is taken
away in its entire layer thickness.
During construction of the backfills, the deposited hummus shall be returned on the slopes
for the humusing and subsequent landscaping.
Thickness of humus layer shall be tested on site. The humus layer of the route bed and
under facilities, shall be of a greater thickness and below the levels for the execution of the CAW
that shall be have to be proved and shall be removed until a healthy soil shall be reached.

Demolition of pavement
The clean-up of the work site includes the demolition of pavement, curbs, sidewalks,
fences, and where there is a need to do this in accordance with the project, this shall include
excavation/dismantling, loading, transport, unloading and storage of materials in a regulated
depot for construction waste. Used shall be excavators, flatbed trucks, loaders, and other
necessary resources.
 Removal the massive structures
Existing massive structures, subject to removal, shall be demolished to the ground.
Construction materials and waste shall be loaded, transported and stored in the depots. In case of
structures, impeding the free drainage shall not be removed, shall be made appropriate drainage
holes.
When demolition of reinforced concrete structures shall be needed, drawbars shall be used
for the excavator arm with hammer jaw crusher, with the help of which the concrete shall be
separated from the reinforcement.
All types of construction waste shall be sorted, loaded, transported and unloaded on
designated regulated landfills, in accordance with the legislation in force in the Republic of
Macedonia.

6. EARTH WORKS
These requirements shall apply to the execution of earthworks, the works related to the
clearing of the construction site, temporary construction and road-building bed frame and road
facilities. These shall include all the trench, sloped and borrow pits and trenches for foundations
and building pits, backfillings, etc.
 A. Conditions for starting and suspension of execution of earthworks
Execution of earthworks shall start in the following conditions:
under the relevant terms of the contract and the regulations implemented;
an inventory of the trees, the buildings and facilities of construction site and around it made,
which shall have to be protected by workers and passing construction machinery, with
instructions for the relevant protective measures;
when permanent geodetic outlining of the axes and the geometric contours, the areas of
excavation and bulk work, of provisional roads, ramps and other facilities provided in the
project shall be made;
when the appropriate measures for the safety and health-built protective enclosures, performed
temporary signalling of construction, etc. shall be implemented;
after removal and disposal of the humus layer and its landfilling and storage;
when temporary and permanent drainage facilities located in bulk areas shall be implemented;
when the construction site shall be cleaned of shrubs, trees, stumps and large stones;
when the approved and coordinated design for temporary traffic organization.

Execution of earthworks shall be suspended when there is any of the following conditions:
a) breach of integrity of the identification signs and the geodetic marking;
b) detection of archaeological objects and underground facilities, not reflected in the document
of acceptance of the construction site until total clarification of the nature and intended use of
the facility;
c) occurrence of adverse geological and hydrogeological conditions, as a result of natural
disasters.
 Execution of earthworks shall continue after:
under point a) after the restoration of the identification signs and the geodetic marking;
under point b) after received written consent from the relevant government departments;
under point c) after normalization of the conditions.
B Materials and equipment.
The Contractor shall use to perform earthworks, earth-moving, spreading and compacting
machines (excavators, scrapers, earthmover, loaders, graders, rollers, etc.), equipment and
working methods that shall meet the requirements to the materials using in digging and use in
land facilities.
Earthworks and land facilities shall be implemented only with machines and equipment
with technical qualities, with proven technical passports and documents for their technical shelf
life.
Earthworks shall be implemented at the profiles and dimensions of project drawings and
their level shall not exceed elevations of the road construction. The slopes shall be with a flat
surface, without the presence of non-compacted material.
The materials produced and subsequently used in the implementation of all earthly works
shall meet all the requirements of current regulations in the Republic of Macedonia.
C Excavation work.
The implementation of the excavations shall include the digging of the material within the
clean lines of transverse profiles of the excavation. Excavation works shall comply with the
foundations of the facilities. Excavations for pipe culverts, pipes, drains, drains and channels
shall be limited by the excavation to the specified depth and breadth needed to build the facility.
In the trenches for slab culverts, bridges, abutments, retaining-curtain walls, columns, column
heels, separation walls and all similar structures, the excavation works shall be within the limits
of excavation, derived from the vertical planes, parallel to and matched with the clean lines of the
foundations, the slabs or steps of the structures.
All types of excavation work (for the road, for the facilities, for trenches for foundations of
bridges, rectangular, pipe, mouth-shaped and slab culverts, walls and other structures) shall be
implemented to the levels and dimensions given in the drawings or to the required levels and
sizes.
When reaching the project level the excavation shall be shaped and the road surface shall
be prepared.
The Contractor shall use for the implementation of the excavation such machinery and
working methods that shall meet the requirements for excavation of materials. The Contractor
shall be responsible for maintaining the properties of the suitable materials so that when they
shall be nested in the backfill and compacted, the same shall be in accordance with the
requirements of the technical specification and the regulations in force in the Republic of
Macedonia.
Before starting the excavation, the Contractor shall stop the access of the free-flowing
waters to the work site.
Existing irrigation channels shall be held up; with the agreement of the authorities
concerned or shall be entered in the draw-off pipes, or shall be otherwise isolated.
At the time of the excavation works shall be guaranteed the maximum drainage of the
excavation. All trenches for foundations of facilities shall be well-drained, at any time, including
pumping of water and strengthening of side walls with thick wooden pile sheathing (or with steel
fences, steel pile, sunk foundations) or other special equipment. In the event that the excavation
shall be filled with water as a result of the poor quality of surface drainage and atmospheric
water or due to delay in implementation, the subsequent damage and costs shall be borne by the
Contractor.
The Contractor shall build temporary gutter facilities to ensure the rapid removal of surface
and flowing waters outside the area of the site.
The transportation of materials to the place of backfilling or landfilling shall continue until
this place shall have sufficient capacity and sufficient workable, spreading and compacting
mechanization or when the appropriate kind of work shall be completed.
The excess material and all inappropriate material shall be stored at appropriate depots.
During excavation works shall not be allowed mixing of a suitable with inappropriate material.
The Contractor shall perform excavation works in such a way as to ensure the integrity of
the slopes. In case of collapsing of slopes, all damage to people, machines and equipment
received shall be for its account.
Excavations for the foundations, channels and trenches shall be strengthened throughout the
excavation works. The facing and other reinforcement of the excavation shall be removed in the
advancing of the backfilling, except where provided for in the project that they remain in place.
Excavations requiring backfilling, shall remain open only for the minimum period.
The excavation can be suspended at any stage of its implementation when a secure layer,
over the left elevation of the bed shall be provided as protection against frost and direct
atmospheric influences, whose thickness shall be determined for each individual case, as this
thickness should not be less than 0.3 m.
When implementing excavations shall not be allowed:
increase of the widths or lengths of the various types of excavation, as well as the change
of the slopes;
implementing earthworks through undermining and correspondingly leaving of shields
over walls and longitudinal cracks in the upper edges of excavations;
re-digging of excavations in earth soils.
The implementation of excavations in soils with a high level of groundwater shall not be
allowed until the system of water drainage facilities shall be built (wells, well-points and others)
and the placing of the pumps operating for the lowering of the groundwater level under the
project elevation at the bottom of the excavation and construction of a pile sheathing.
In borrow pits shall be implemented measures for the construction of drainage ditches for
drainage of rain waters of the lowest parts of the excavation. The slope of the bottom shall not be
less than 3%. In borrow pits groundwater level shall be under the elevation of the pit.
For pits in rocky soils the implementation of the measures and requirements for conducting
the drill-and-blast works shall be strictly controlled. The availability of the warning alarm and
security of the zone in which the blasting shall be carried out shall be controlled. No blasting
operations shall be allowed in the immediate vicinity of the facilities just concreting before the
expiry of seven days from laying the final concrete.
When implementing excavation work in winter conditions, shall be allowed any frozen soil
salinity at less than ten feet from areas provided for laying of pipes, concrete or metallic
structures. Prohibited shall be the leaving of the excavation pits and trenches in frozen soils with
incomplete construction works until vernal warming without and fortification walls.
Monitoring for compliance with the design requirements and quality on excavation works
shall include:
the slope and the storage location for temporary and permanent slopes of trench and
borrow pits;
depths and stability of excavations with vertical slopes without strengthening;
depths and ensuring stability in the trenches with vertical slopes implemented with
reinforcement;
widths to the bottom of trench excavation;
achievement of project elevations at the bottom of the excavations, including
removal of the protective layer left in accordance with the requirements of not
allowing and pre-digging and re-diggings;
monitoring for not allowing of re-diggings;
monitoring the quality and type of material when it reaches the ground floor;
construction of pressure samples or samples through a sand replacement;
monitoring and sampling of suitable material that can be used for backfilling;
works to strengthen the foundation for local differences in the project, shall be
done only with approved material and then explicitly recorded operations and
technology in Order book by the designer.

Excavation of rock material without blasting

Rock materials are hard materials or rocks, revealed as main rock or mass in their natural
location. Their extraction shall be performed by breaking or blasting with explosives. These
include individual rock formations or broken rock pieces over a quarter of a cubic meter in the
trenches with a meter or less width, as well as ones over half a cubic meter in common pits and
trenches with a width of over one meter.
Digging in the rocky soils without blasting shall be implemented only where technology
permits. When necessary excavators with adjustable hammers breaking big stones shall be used.
The final shape of the excavation shall be implemented with a hand-held electric or
pneumatic breakers.

Excavation for the formation of the ground bed of the road surface
The excavation shall conform to the transverse profiles given in the project. Project level
shall be reached when the ground bed of the road shall be arranged and prepared. The
implementation shall take place after removal of topsoil and vegetation.
Required after examination of the elevations reached shall be the compacting on the ground
and shall start with the implementation of the deposits for the next layers or straight for the
execution of the construction of the road pavement, depending on the project.
The ground bed shall be considered as built when in every one cross section the elevation
correspond to the transverse profiles from the project.
Excavation for the formation of the slopes
Excavations for the shaping of the slopes shall be carried out jointly with mass pits or after
them according to the conditions and possibilities of the terrain, but before reaching the bottom of
the bed on the road.
Excavation for the foundation of facilities
The excavation for the facilities shall consist of all excavation referred to in transverse
profiles, which shall necessary for building of bridges; rectangular, pipe, shaped and slab
culverts; abutment walls; post; retaining-curtain walls, reinforcement walls and thresholds.
The bottom of all trenches for foundations shall be arranged in accordance with grade lines
and levels referred to in the plans. It may be necessary to perform additional redigging to
eliminate pockets of soft crumbly soil or rock. The resulting hollows shall be embankment ed
with approved material. After laying of the lean concrete shall not be performed alignment of the
side surfaces of the excavation for twenty-four hours.
The excavation shall be implemented above or below the specified in the project elevation
of foundations, depending on where load-bearing soil layer shall be reached.
 Great care to the bottoms of the excavations for facilities in rainy periods shall be given
In hard rock or similar materials, excavation shall continue another 20 centimetres in the
rock or hard material so as to obtain nests for fastening on the concrete foundation or to such
additional depth, as is indicated in the drawings. The bottom of the foundation pit shall be
cleaned from material excavated up and excavated to a hard surface, aligned step-like or ridged.
The bottom of the foundation pit for the abutment wall base shall even and step-like, as
indicated on the drawings, and the side of the foundation pit behind the abutment wall shall be
cut exactly along the drawing lines, that shall allow the laying of concrete to non-broken material.
Excavations for facilities shall be carried out mainly with combined excavators. Under
appropriate soils, the material shall left on the bank and eventually shall be used for backfilling or
shall be used in the backfilling. For inappropriate soils, they shall be removed to the landfills. The
last 10 cm of the excavation shall be carried out by hand to form the bottom and to achieve the
prescribed in the project elevation. The sections of soft material, crumbly and porous rock in
foundation pits and trenches shall be removed and the holes shall be embankment with suitable
material.

Excavation for coated and uncoated trenches

The excavation for coated and uncoated trenches shall be carried out with excavators with
special buckets, with profile corresponding to the project.
 D. Backfilling
All backfilling works shall be carried out with material approved by the Engineer and in
accordance with the technical specification of the Contracting authority.
Before starting of the backfilling works shall be checked:
the compliance of the measures approved in the project and the actual physical and
mechanical parameters of soils;
the exact position of the center line on the surface of the foundation in plan and
profile;
density and load-bearing capacity of the foundation of the backfilling before laying of
the backfilling layers;
the homogeneity of the soil for use;
evenness and slope of the surface of the ground of the backfilling;
the width of the base of the backfilling;
the proper execution of the outfall and drainage facilities.
No implementation of backfilling shall be allowed without individual project when:
the height of the backfilling is greater than 8 m;
the backfilling shall be built on the foundation with a slope steeper than 1:5;
the backfilling shall be implemented in the aquatic environment;
the backfilling shall be subject to permanent or temporary flooding of water;
the base of the backfilling shall lie in the swampy weak or rising areas.

The mixing and incorporation in the backfilling of the associated soils with different
physico-mechanical parameters shall not be allowed.
During the implementation of the backfilling in winter conditions shall be banned:
laying and compaction in layers on the frozen surfaces of the ground of backfilling and
the backfilling;
laying of frozen soil in backfilling bed frame;
salinization of the soil in the bed frame of the backfilling at a distance of less than ten
meters to the places where they are made or shall be made of metal or reinforced concrete
structures and pipelines, unprotected with bitumen or other insulation.
incorporation of soils with a water content higher than that prescribed in the project;
 laying of frozen sands in the filters of drainage facilities.

The material for the backfilling shall be laid in successive layers on the full width of the
cross section plus the necessary reserve width and at lengths that are comfortable for
moisturising, blending and alignment, as well as the methods of compaction, which shall be
adopted.
Each layer shall be laid with uniform thickness with the help of a bulldozer, grader, or other
approved equipment. Before compacting, the thickness of each layer shall not exceed the
maximum thickness of the insulation, depending on the type of soil and compacting equipment
used by the Contractor. It shall be determined on test section, after proving the ability to achieve
the desired density or degree of compaction on the methods referred to in the specification. In the
presence of lumps or pieces, it shall be broken completely through the diskers, cultivators, or by
other approved methods.
The thickness of layer laid and the number of passes of compacting machines at one point
shall be in accordance with the requirements of the project for test compaction.
Every layer of backfilling laid shall be controlled for the density of the area or degree of
compaction.
The backfilling material used shall be with approximately optimal moisture content or
lower at the start of the compacting. In case of adverse weather conditions where the moisture
content of soil used cannot be reduced to an acceptable degree, the work shall be suspended.
Control of soil compaction shall include:
laboratory determination of the maximum density of the skeleton and the optimum water content
of the material incorporated;
determination of density of embedded soils on site through the cutting ring, on the sandy-bulk
method or by radioisotopic densimeter;
instead of the methods in the previous subsections, the degree of compaction of the layers can be
determined through the use of circular pressing plate;
tests for the reached density (degree of compaction) shall be performed on randomly determined
area and throughout the compacted area in that section. Each layer shall be considered to be
compacted, where no more than 10% of the samples taken show a density less than that required
by the distinction between the necessary and the resulting density of these samples shall be not
more than 2%;
additional control of density shall be conducted on each compacted layer of backfilling around
the culverts, cones of bridges and behind their abutment walls.
7. DRAINAGE
The work covered in this section, shall include, but shall not be limited to the
implementation of all works related to the provision of the drainage of the road during and after
construction, by making appropriate drainage system.

A. Culverts
Facilities, with opening less than or equal to 5 m. belong to the category "small facilities "
or so-called culverts. They shall provide both continuity of the roadway and free-flowing of
constantly running water through the road bed, without compromising the bed frame. Their
number and location shall depend mostly on the weather conditions and terrain, and shall be fully
consistent with line and the location of the projected route. the following elements shall be
outlined during construction of culvert main structural parts: abutment walls, limbs,
superstructure, front walls, runway (foundation or cushions), container and cones.
The implementation of culverts shall be in accordance with the specified places, as given in
the project, the specified opening and type, and in accordance with the technical specification of
the Contracting authority.
The materials, which shall be incorporated in the implementation of culverts shall be
proposed prior to the commencement of the work to the Engineer for review and approval in
accordance with the contractual terms and conditions. Only after their approval shall be
proceeded to execution.
All prefabricated elements shall be delivered to the site with the corresponding quality
certificates.
The waterproofing of culverts shall be implemented on the outside of the bed frame of
culvert and on the backfilled surfaces of the walls and limbs.
Backfilling of the installation shall be implemented after its acceptance. The backfilling on
both sides of the pipes, and behind the limbs shall be performed by drain soil in layers in
accordance with the project. The implementation of the backfilling shall be performed
simultaneously on both sides of the pipe and the compaction shall be with good compacting
machines without vibration.
After the completion of the construction, the culvert shall be cleaned and washed with
water along the entire length to remove any dirt and traffic jams.
The materials used in the implementation of the drainage facilities shall meet the objectives
set out in the project.
 B. Drainage trenches

For the construction of drain trenches under the project shall be done with finished
prefabricated reinforced concrete elements, complying with the technical specifications of the
Contracting authority.
The main problem with factory-fabricated elements is their transport. They are transported
in a way not allowing hitting of the elements. They shall be properly arranged and reliably
strengthened. The elements shall be delivered to the site with a flatbed truck equipped with
hydraulic cranes. They shall be unloaded on the length of the route. With the help of a small crane
they shall be laid in the prepared trench excavation. The joints between the individual elements
shall be concreted with a cement-sandy solution.

C. Drains

Excavations for pipe drains shall be implemented in accordance with the technical
specification of the Contracting authority. In the presence of weak soils and areas with
inappropriate material at depth under the defined in the project, they shall be removed, and the
resulting as a consequence hollow shall be filled and well compacted with suitable material
depending on the depth of the excavation and the type of the surrounding material.
The bed of drains of mineral material, shall be implemented in layers with a thickness in
accordance with the project. In the case of a widening or connection of pipes with a sleeve, the
bed and the trench shall be widened.
After preliminary cleaning of the pipes, shall be laid the profiled parts, that shall be
connected and anchored, so as at the completion of the work, shifting or entering the soil or
mineral material shall be prevented. No pipe elements shall have zero slope.
All necessary tests shall be carried out in accordance with the current regulations of the
Republic of Macedonia and the technical specification of the Contracting authority.
8. REINFORCEMENT OF ROAD SLOPE
Reinforcement of slopes shall be implemented where there is a real danger of erosion or
landslides. The places, mode and materials for reinforcement shall be under the specific projects.
The slopes shall be reinforced through:
removal of unstable blocks;
steel mesh;
anchoring;
grassing;
lining with concrete slabs;
facing with stone masonry;

Individual ways of reinforcement can be applied alone or in combination with one another
one depending on the specific conditions of the site.

Removal of unstable blocks

Before implementing the reinforcement of cliff slopes with steel mesh, the unstable parts
of the material on the slope shall be caved and the sloping surface shall be aligned. Caving and
alignment shall be done with ladders and basket cranes, and at very high slopes in the climbing
techniques.

Reinforcement of slopes with a protective galvanized mesh with local non-systematic

anchoring
The steel meshes are designed to protect the roadway from falling on its surface of rock
materials caved from the surface of the slope. Reinforcing shall observe the project, detailing and
justifying the type of the selected steel mesh, the number and manner of fastening of anchors, the
number and manner of placement of the reinforcing steel ropes, as well as their connection with
the steel mesh. The mesh shall be stretched so that it shall not form hollows (hangings).
 Reinforcement of slopes by grassing
Reinforcement of slopes by grassing helps the landscape shaping of the road. Grassing is
the quick and easy way to implement reinforcement of the slopes. It can be done by hand
or machine sowing of grass seed or by arrangement of turf.
Areas for grassing can be treated in the following manner:
I-type of processing: humusing, fertilizing and seeding, fertilizers and seeds; may, if not
otherwise stated in the drawings, be laid using hydraulic mulch;
II-nd type processing : humusing, fertilizing and turfing;
III-type processing : without humusing, with seeding and fertilizing through hydraulic
mulch.
 Reinforcement of embankment cones of the facilities with behaton plates and
stonework
The surfaces of the slopes that shall be reinforced this way shall be compacted and aligned.
The arrangement of concrete or stone elements on the surface of the slopes shall be done
manually or with an appropriate technique from bottom to top. The shape and dimensions of the
concrete plated and stone masonry shall meet the requirements set out in the project.
9. RETAINING-CURTAIN WALLS
Execution of monolithic reinforced concrete retaining-curtain walls shall be done according
to the design and technical specification of the Contracting authority.
Excavation, formwork, reinforcement and concrete works shall be implemented in
accordance with the requirements of the technical specification of the Contracting authority, and
shall take into account the specific conditions for their implementation on site. All sizes shall be
under those referred to in the project.
The quality of the delivered reinforcing and concrete shall be proved with certificates and
statements of the manufacturer.
The depth of the foundation shall be in accordance with the project and shall be subject to
acceptance. The bed for the wall shall be laid on exposed concrete, and arranged along the
segments length with transverse joints. The length of the segments shall be indicated in the
project and shall depend on the type of soil. Before concreting of the foundation, the
reinforcement shall have to be accepted. The foundation completed shall be accepted on levels
and dimensions. For the lead of the spreading waters shall be made drainage.
10. BACKING LAYER
These layers shall be implemented directly onto the bed and shall be part of the
construction of the road surface.
Prior to the commencement of construction of the backing layer, the ground bed of the road
surface shall meet the requirements of the technical specification.
The material shall be clean and free of organic impurities, clay, bonding particles and other
inappropriate material. The material shall be stored on a hard, clean surface, as the stacks shall
not be higher than 5 m. No entry of foreign materials in a landfill or pile shall be allowed.
The materials used to build the backing layers, untreated with the binders shall be approved
in advance by the Engineer and shall comply with the requirements of the technical specification.
The Contractor shall perform quality control of materials and compacting the layers and the
final surface.
11. ASPHALT WORKS
Materials
The materials used shall meet all the quality requirements in the contract for the
implementation of the site. All materials shall be tested and approved before their use for the
production of asphalt mixtures. The Contractor shall deliver the materials of the site only from
pre-approved sources.
The supply of materials shall be accompanied by a statement of performance of the
construction product or a statement of performance by the manufacturer with a test report in an
approved laboratory showing that the materials comply with the requirements of the technical
specification of the Contracting authority.
The materials shall be stored and transported in a way ensuring preservation of their
qualities. Materials, approved and accepted before storage and transport, can be checked and
tested before their use. Access to the landfill shall be easy to check and control of stored
materials.
Disintegration and pollution shall be avoid at all costs when transporting and storing the
rock material. The storage of materials in landfills , mixing materials, differing in genetic origin
and physical-mechanical indicators shall not be allowed, except when specification provides.
Samples shall be taken and the tests shall be carried out on any material delivered to the
construction site to determine whether it meets the requirements of the technical specification of
the Contracting authority.
Production of asphalt mixes
Coarse-grained and small grain rock material shall be stored at landfills in asphalt plant in
a way not allowing mixing of the material of individual landfills . The amount of fractions that
each landfill shall have, shall be enough for a week-long continuous production of asphalt
mixture.
Fractions transported form asphalt plant shall be tested and approved before their use in the
asphalt mixing installation. The asphalt mixing installation shall ensure the continuous mode of
production of asphalt mix with exactly defined tolerance (acceptable deviation) of the recipe.
The number and size of the hopper s shall be consistent with the nature and quantity of the
materials used and set for the production of mineral mixture with granulation in accordance with
the recipe.
The temperatures of the mineral material and bitumen before mixing shall be approximately
the same with the specified temperature of the mix, given by the recipe.
 Transportation of the ready asphalt mix
The means of transport that shall be used for the transport of asphalt mix shall have clean,
smooth metal bottom and shall be cleaned from the dust, cooled asphalt mixture, oil, petrol or
other dirt that may damage the transported material.
For the prevention of asphalt mix of weathering, the trucks shall be covered with canvas or
other suitable material. To maintain the temperature of the asphalt mixture the tarpaulin cover
shall be tight. When the asphaltic mix disintegrates, cools, due to the truck stop, pollution of oil
or other products, the truck shall be removed to bring it in working order.
To ensure uninterrupted transportation of the asphalt mixture, the Contractor shall provide
an appropriate number of vehicles with suitable tonnage, speed of movement and possibilities.
The body of the vehicles shall be completely cleaned before loading with the mix. The mix
shall be transported protected from contamination and de-sorting.
 Preparation for the implementation
The section, which shall be asphalted, shall be with a transverse and longitudinal profile
and slopes under the project and before the beginning of asphalt works, the surface shall be in
accordance with the requirements of the technical specification of the Contracting authority.
All parts of the drainage system on the road in the scope of the roadway on which the
asphalt works shall be implemented, shall be made to the level before the start of the laying.
The vertical edges of the layers already implemented at the technological longitudinal and
transverse joints and all parts of the installation - curbs, shafts and others shall have contact with
the asphalt layer, shall be evenly coated with bitumen emulsion to provide tightly bonding and
watertight connection.
All lids and grids of existing or newly built gully and catchments shall be mounted on the
project level and slope before the start of laying.
Laying of the asphalt mixes
All the technical equipment used for the laying and control of the asphalt mixed shall be in
good working condition. All equipment shall be checked and/or calibrated before being used. The
Contractor shall support and maintain the equipment for the entire duration of the construction of
the site.
The equipment shall be used after its approval by the Engineer. The Contractor shall respect
certain technical methods of work and shall hire trained and experienced operators, drivers or
workers for the implementation of all works .
Asphalt mixes shall be spray into the hopper of the asphalt laying machine directly from
trucks.
The equipment for laying of asphalt mixes shall be of an approved type, self-propelled,
with electronic control of the operations, with the possibility of allocating and placing the mix in
accordance with the slope and the cross-sectional profile.
Each layer of asphalt shall be uniform, built at the specified levels, and after compaction
shall ensure smooth surfaces without unevenness. To start building the next asphalt layer, the last
layer made shall be tested and approved, it shall meet all the conditions relating to the level of
homogeneity and thickness of layers in accordance with the requirements of the technical
specification of the Contracting authority
 Compaction of the asphalt mixes
To achieve good compaction and completion of the asphalt layer shall be static rollers with
smooth steel band tyres, rollers with steel band tyres and vibration and pneumatic rollers. If there
is no other indication, the rollers shall be equipped with reversible or double control that allows
movement forward and backward, the operator shall always be facing in the direction of the
movement.
The equipment used for compacting of asphalt mixes shall meet the requirements of the
technical specification of the Contracting authority
 After compacting the longitudinal joints and the edges, rolling shall be lengthwise and shall
start from the outside edges of the surface and gradually shall progress toward the axis of the
road. In sections with single-sided cross slope, rolling shall start from the lower side to the higher
side, with an overlap of each previous track with at least half of the width of the band tyre of
roller.
The rollers shall move slowly with a steady speed and motor wheel forward, next to the
asphalt laying machine. The edges of the asphalt layer shall be compacted at the same time or
immediately after rolling of the longitudinal joints.
All compaction operations shall be carried out in close sequence and in accordance with the
technical specification of the Contracting authority.
Each completed asphalt layer shall be tested and approved in accordance with the
requirements before laying the next asphalt layer and satisfying the construction tolerances.
The frequency of sampling and testing shall be in accordance with the technical
specification of the Contracting authority.
 12. FIRST AND SECOND BITUMEN POURING
A. First bitumen pouring
Immediately prior to the laying of the first bitumen pouring, all the dust and other free
materials shall be removed from the surface with an approved type mechanical brush and/or
compressor. After the acceptance of the surface shall be done the bituminous pouring. When the
surface on which shall be made the first bitumen pouring is very dry and/or dusty, it shall be
poorly and evenly sprayed with water, immediately prior to the pouring of the bitumen material
for easier penetration of the bitumen. Bituminous material shall not be spray until the water
disappears form the surface.
Immediately after the preparation and its acceptance surface, the bituminous material shall
sprayed from a bitumen sprayer at the appropriate temperature and quantity.
Bituminous material shall be sprayed even at all points of the surface, particular attention
shall be paid to the implementation of the connections.
After laying of the bitumen pouring on the surface, no movement shall be allowed
movement until it penetrates and dries. The Contractor shall maintain the treated with bitumen
surface in good and clean condition and before laying the next layer of the surface, shall be
removed any unevenness on the surface and shall be removed the excess covering material, dust,
or other impurities.
B. Second bitumen pouring
The full width of the surface that shall be processed with pouring, shall be cleaned with
mechanical brush of an approved type and/or compressor to remove dust, dirt, mud and other
available materials. All oily or inappropriate spots, cracks or fine embankment ers on the joints
and all excess bitumen material shall be corrected. The surface shall be dry when treated with the
second bitumen pouring.
Immediately after the surface preparation, the cutback bitumen emulsion shall be sprayed
using a bitumen sprayer at the appropriate temperature and quantity.
The second bitumen pouring shall be made after the necessary time for good gluing of the
first one.
After laying, the surface shall be left to dry to the time it shall be in good condition for the
next layer. The Contractor shall prevent second pouring from damage until the spraying of the
next layer.
13. ASPHALT MIXES
The materials used in asphalt mixes shall comply with the project and the requirements of
the technical specification of the Contracting authority.
The Contractor shall submit for approval the proposed working recipe for the mixes,
together with all data associated with the design of the recipe, at least two weeks prior to the
commencement of the work. The working recipe shall contain the granulometric curve, indicating
the single percentage, passing on each sieve, and the percentage of each material used in the mix.
The recipe of the mix shall also determine the temperature of the mixing and compaction.
No start of the asphalt work shall be allowed before the Contractor shall obtain the written
approval of the recipe from the Engineer.

14. CURBS AND TRENCHES

Installation of the curbs shall start after the good levelling and compacting of the bottoming
of crushed stone. Curbs shall be placed and arranged on the concrete bed. The arrangement of the
curbs shall be carried out by a specialized team with experience in this activity. During their
placing the quality of the curbs, the brand of the concrete and the cement mortar, and the line and
level of all curbs shall be controlled.
Trenches represent part of or the entire wayside, shaped with a greater transverse slope and
intended for the collection and removal of surface water from the roadway.
The materials that shall be used shall be approved in advance by the Engineer, and the
technology of laying shall comply with the technical specification of the Contracting authority.
 15. SHOULDERS
Shoulders will be mechanically stabilized in thickness and a width performed exactly
according to the designed profile with the necessary super-elevation to account for the
compaction.
The material used for stabilizing of shoulders should be of the same characteristics as those
for the sub-base and material produced by scrapping of existing asphalt.
All the works will be performed according to the detailed drawings of the project
documentation and the Technical specification.
The material for an backfilling and for the stabilized shoulders will be compacted. The area
of the embankment ed layer will be performed with transversal and longitudinal inclinations
according to the project, taking into consideration the lowering of the vertical alignment for the
thickness of the compacted layer of sand or quarry fines.
The horizontal edges of the shoulders will be performed according to the project. The
deviations from the designed lines are allowed only to the limits, which provide avoiding of
visual obstacles. The elevations of the final areas of the shoulders are allowed within 1 cm below
the designed area. The deviation in the thickness of the cover layer in compacted state, with
respect to the project, is allowed within the limits of 1 cm.

16. SHUTTERING, REINFORCEMENT AND CONCRETE WORKS

A. Shuttering and scaffolding
The main requirements which shall be achieved in the implementation of the various types
of shuttering can be described as follows:
The framework shall be dense enough to prevent leakage of grout from the concrete
through all phases of construction, and shall be fit for the method of laying and
compaction.
Where necessary, the shuttering shall be so arranged, that the visible surface of the
shuttering panel, respectively laying against the supports, so it shall remain in place
for the period required by the conditions for the strengthening of the concrete.
When the element shall be prestressed, while still in the shuttering, elastic
deformation and the change in the mass distribution shall have to be possible.
When shuttering is re-used, it shall be cleaned thoroughly and shall be brought in
 good form before its second fitting.
No internal metal connections that require pulling out in the hardened concrete with visible
surfaces shall be used.
Where necessary, shall be left openings in the forms for the placing of reinforcement or
fastening pieces and shall be taken measures for the grout not to leak off when concreting or not
to damage it when de-shuttering .
The shuttering shall be removed in such a way as not to damage the concrete and to protect
it from creation in it of any further tensions.
For the calculation of bearing capacity of scaffolding shall be taken into account the loads
in accordance with the relevant regulations, including: weight of the fresh concrete, dead load of
the shuttering, loading of the vehicles transporting the concrete and working for its laying and
others.
The scaffolding shall be seated on rigid and inflexible bottom. In the absence of such, shall
be provide relevant additional events (pilots, concrete anchors and other) to ensure this
requirement.
The lengths of lay on which shall rest the scaffolding shall be able to withstand the
maximum load foreseen on them without exceeding the previously calculated settlement. In
lengths of lay on a rock or gravel shall be done alignment with exposed concrete subjected to
uniform distribution of the load.
The supporting systems of the scaffolding shall allow its smooth removal (de-shuttering ).
When the scaffolding shall be mounted over transport routes in operation, all measures shall be
taken to ensure the safe and with no restraint and holding the passage of vehicles using them
during construction.
The construction of the scaffolding shall be controlled, accepted and the installation of the
shuttering shall be authorized in writing.
B. Reinforcement
Reinforcement is labor intensive and heavy construction work which requires qualified
personnel (both workers and managers), with small possibilities for mechanization. In practice
the process of reinforcement consists of two separate technologies of reinforcement
prefabrication and installation of reinforcement in the shuttering frame.
The implementation shall be in line with the project. For details on hooks, bending
diameters, anchoring lengths and concrete coating shall be used the details of the project and the
specifications of the reinforcement.
Reinforcement steel shall be protected from damage at any time, including when fixed to
the structure, before and during the concreting, and on it there shall be no dirt, rust, paint, oil and
other foreign substances during fixing and in the subsequent concreting.
Jointing of the reinforcement shall be carried out only on the designated in the project
places.
The coating of the reinforcement shall be as specified in the project.
Retaining clips (spacers), providing the necessary concrete coating of the reinforcement,
shall be as small as possible in size and with the same strength and type as the concrete. They
must be firmly fixed to the reinforcement.
Reinforcement steel shall meet the following Macedonian state standards and the Technical
specifications:
 EN 10080:2006;
EN 10060:2009;
EN ISO 14284:2009;
EN 10021:2009;
EN 10204:2007;
EN 10168:2009;

Reinforcement mesh shall comply with EN 10080:2006.

C. Concrete works.
The implementation of the concrete works shall be carried out in accordance with the
requirements of the Technical specification and EN 13670:2010.
The implementation of the concrete works shall be performed in accordance with the
provisions of the Technical specification and the project.
As Contractor, we shall be responsible for all equipment, materials, labour and labour
safety, and for the implementation of the works necessary for the proper carrying out of concrete
works.
Classification of concretes shall be in accordance with CEN/TR 15868:2009.
The technical requirements for extra materials shall be specified in EN
12620+A1:2009. The maximum size of the grain shall be indicated in the project. The size shall
not exceed one-third of the smallest size of the element that shall be concreted. The grain size
shall be smaller than the distance between the adjacent reinforcement bars and from the distance
to the shuttering .
Preparation, transportation and delivery of concrete mixtures shall be carried out in
accordance with the technical specification and CEN/TR 15868:2009. Concrete mixture
shall be classified as consistency under CEN/TR 15868:2009.
The Contractor shall use only concrete mixtures, which are produced in approved and
tested recipes on the site with concrete evidence of quality reports from an accredited laboratory.
For concrete classes from 10 to 25 the aggregate shall contain at least two factions,
one of which shall be 0-5 mm, and for higher classes-three or more factions.
The sand shall be obtained from the natural destruction of rocks (natural sand) or through
the forced breaking of rocks (crushed sand). The mixing of the two types of sand and their ratio
shall be approved.
Technical requirements for sand shall be as specified in EN 12620+A1:2009.
The cement that shall be used shall be classified, approved and satisfying the requirements
of EN 197-1:2012.
Probing and cement probes preparation shall meet the requirements of EN 196-
7:2012.
 The cement shall be tested in accordance with the technical specification and the
Macedonian standards mentioned below:

chemical analysis of Clinker for

EN 196-2:2014 Portland cement
EN 196-1:2016 physical and mechanical properties
EN 196-2:2014
EN 196-3+A1:2009
EN 196-5:2012
EN 196-6:2012

The cement shall be delivered in strong and well-sealed bags or in bulk. The quantities
supplied shall be sufficient, so there shall be no interruptions in concrete works. Batches of
different plants or different brands or series shall be stored separately. Cement, affected by
moisture or deteriorated for other reasons, shall be removed from the site.
The water used for the production of concrete and mortars, water for sprinkling when
concrete bonding and to flush out the large aggregate and the sand shall meet the requirements of
EN 10080:2006.
The analysis of the quality of water shall be made during the organization of concrete
production and at each change of the water source or the composition of its mixtures. Water with
proven drinking quality shall not be analysed. Methods for the determination of impurities shall
be according to EN 10080:2006.
Chemical additives which, after the approval of the Engineer shall be added to the concrete
in small controlled amounts to improve the properties of the concrete mixture or concrete, shall
meet the requirements of EN 934-2+A1:2013. The use of additives shall be permitted only
if it is specified in the project or provided that it is proved with preliminary tests to satisfy
EN 934-2+A1:2013. The use of additives shall not influence negatively the hardening of cement,
the strength, durability of concrete or of corrosion protection of reinforcement.
Aggregates shall not be mixed with other materials during transportation and storage at the
site. Individual fractions shall be stored on ballast or concrete platforms, or on an appropriate
solid and clean surface to avoid mixing with other materials. The aggregate composed of factions
taken from different sources, shall be stored on separate piles. No storage of aggregates directly
on the ground shall be allowed.
The cement shall be protected from the effects of moisture and cold during transportation
and storage. The cement shall be stored immediately after delivery to the site. When it is packed
in bags, it shall be stored in appropriate storehouses - clean and watertight. The bags shall be
sorted so that free access shall be provided for identification and control of each batch. Supplied
in bulk cement shall be mechanically moved to watertight silos, resistant to weathering. The use
of cement lumps shall not be allowed. Cement that has been stored for longer periods and its
quality is questionable, shall be analysed again.
In the implementation of small-sized works with a short time to produce concretes with
compressive strength class lower than 10, open storage may be allowed. In this case, water-
resistant roof shall be provided.
Any supply of cement shall be checked for compliance of packaging marking, delvery
document relating to the type, brand under strength and other qualities according to EN
197-1:2012, as well as to the conformity with the Technical documentation.
Large and small aggregate shall be subject to constant visual inspection in respect of
particle-size distribution, as well as other properties, standardized in EN 12620+A1:2009.
In case of doubt, the aggregate shall be checked completely, in accordance with the instructions
of the above standard and other relevant standards.
Screening shall be carried out at the first delivery, or in the event of a change of the
supplier. Testing shall be conducted every month, and every time in case of a change found.

17. ROAD EQUIPMENT

A. Steel guard rail for vehicles

The steel guardrail is technically a safety structure whose purpose is to prevent vehicles go
out of the road surface, i.e., to keep the vehicle on the road at turning.
The work involves procurement, transport and assemblage of the guardrail in accordance
with the project on road furniture, the instructions of the producer of the rail and the MKS
Y.S4.110 standards.
Its constituent elements are:
- Guard;
- Bumper;
- Post - for supporting the spacer and/or the guard;
- End elements; separately moulded guards placed on the beginning or at the end of
the protective fence.
- Disassembling crossing part of the guard rail
- Fixation devices (bolts, washers, anchor plates, etc.)

The guard is made of steel or aluminium, but mainly of profiled steel plate. The posts for
the guardrail are made of steel of I, U, C profile. The fixation devices will be made of a material
that enables fixing of two types of material. The flexible guard rail will satisfy the following
minimal conditions:
- type of the flexible guard: "A"
- the length and positioning of the holes on the bumper to be the same as on
the guard rail used for the national and regional road network in the
Beneficiary Country. This is especially important for the purposes of
maintenance.
- bumpers to be produces with sheet steel C.0361, thickness 3 mm
- the columns to be produces with sheet steel C.0361, thickness 4 mm
- all particular elements of the guard rail (bumper, column, connecting
material) to be galvanized with hot procedure, in accordance with prescribed
regulations
- the guarantee against corrosion 20 years

The guardrail will be placed as follows:

- The upper edge of the guard rail will be at 0,75m above the pavement surface;
- The distance between the pavement edge and the guardrail will be min. 0,50m.
- The greatest allowable distance between the posts is 4,00m, and 2,00m at the end
parts of the rail and the facilities.
- The length of the posts will be 1,90m. Exceptionally, short posts can be used in
which case they are embedded (with their foundation slab) up to a depth of 0,70m.
- The posts are pounded in the ground up to the necessary depth (care should be
taken to avoid deformation of the part of the posts which is above ground in order
to enable proper assemblage) or are fixed to retaining-curtain walls by an anchor
plate and the necessary connecting devices.
The constituent parts of the guardrail will be transported carefully in order to prevent
damage to their protection against corrosion. The posts and the spacers will be palletized.
- Disassembling crossing with guard and safety lock is placed on the spots where
there are breaks of the central reserve. The posts of the disassembling crossing are
put into steel tube, which is cast into the road.
- The end elements of the protective guard are made by lowering on length of 12m,
or 4m , and digging in parallel to the edge of the road.
The guardrail will be constructed in such a way that it cannot be broken through or crossed
by vehicles. Upon hitting into the guardrail, the vehicle will not be thrown out on the traffic lane.
The damage of vehicles hitting the guardrail will be as light as possible. The structure of the rail
will be such that the replacement of its elements is fast and simple. Attests proving the necessary
quality will be submitted for all the materials and the constituent parts of the guardrail. All the
parts of the guardrail will be protected against corrosion. The nuance of the colour of the
finishing coat of paint will be the same as the nuance of a hot galvanized structure.

B. Vertical signalling
The vertical signalling will be placed such that the traffic participants may timely and easily
see it day or night and react, in due time, in accordance with its meaning.
The works involve procurement and placement of traffic signs according to type and
dimensions, in compliance with the project on road signalling and furniture as well as the
Standards and the Book of Regulations for Traffic Signs on Roads (Official Register SFRJ no.
48/81).
The vertical signalling consists of:
a) foundation
b) supporting structure
- with one post or a number of posts
- lattice girder structure
- portal.
c) traffic signs
- Warning signs (equilateral triangle);
- Signs giving orders and obligations (circle, octagon);
- Information signs (circle, square, rectangle, and rhombus);
- Additional traffic signs - rectangular boards
The proportions of the traffic signs will be according to the road category and the Technical
specification.
The foundation is constructed of Portland cement concrete with concrete strength MB25.
The proportions of the foundation will be defined depending on the effect of wind, the size and
the number of the signs on the supporting structure.
The supporting structure must basically be made of a durable material: steel, aluminium,
cement concrete or plastic material.
The supporting structure will be proportioned depending on the size and the number of
traffic signs and the effect of wind in the zone of the road in which it is placed. The thickness of
the steel or the aluminium tubes will be at least 2mm. On the upper side, the post of the bearing
structure will be protected against rain, i.e., closed by a plastic dowel or welded.
The supporting structure will be protected against corrosion. The control of the quality of
protection of the steel elements of the structure against corrosion is carried out in accordance with
the corresponding technical terms.

C. Horizontal signalling
The markings on the pavement the horizontal signalling will be such that it enables
definition of the mode of utilization of the pavement surface.
The works involve drawing of markings for regulation of traffic on the pavement, in
accordance with the project on the road furniture, the Book of Regulations for the Traffic Signs
and the valid standards.
Used for the road markings are materials that satisfy the Technical specifications for roads
and are of a quality that makes them well noticeable day and night as well as durable and rough
for the required time period. The properties and the quality of the material must comply with the
traffic load of the road. The composition of the material and the mode of elaboration of the
markings must be such that they have reflecting properties.
The quality of the material used to mark the road surface will comply with the anticipated
road documentation and the corresponding valid MKS Z.S2.240/83 standards.
The edges of the lines and the symbols will be sharp and flat, with deviation from the
theoretical lines of 5mm at the most. The allowable deviation from the proportions given in the
project may be 5% at the most.
The Contractor will submit to the Engineer prospectus and attests document on the required
quality of all the materials to be used for marking of the road surface.
 II. TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IMPLEMENTATION OF
LARGE STRUCTURES (BRIDGES, VIADUCTS, UNDERPASSES AND
OVERPASSES WITH A HOLE GREATER THAN 5 M)

The big-size facilities along GRADSKO PRILEP EXPRESSWAY SECTION:

GRADSKO DRENOVO from km 10+197.60 to km 25+705.72 are as follows:
Bridges and viaducts
RC VIADUCT, at km 13+340.00;
RC VIADUCT, at km 14+200.00;
RC VIADUCT, at km 14+627.00;
RC VIADUCT, at km 17+124.00;
RC BRIDGE, at km 16+104.00;
The structure of the bridge and the viaducts is solved in the substructure by solid reinforced
concrete abutments and poles foundations, walls and collar beams. It is anticipated that the
superstructure should be executed of collapsible beams of prestressed reinforced concrete with
double section, and formwork reinforced concrete panels will be mounted after the
assembly of the beams. The beams will be united in a common structure with a monolithic
reinforced concrete road slab. Expansion joints and transitional structures for them will be fitted
at their ends and the bearing will be performed by means of elastomeric bearings.

Overpasses
OVERPASS, at km 19+408.90;
OVERPASS, at km 13+707.88;
OVERPASS, at km 16+281.00;
OVERPASS, at km 25+705.97;
The structure of the overpasses is solved in the substructure by solid reinforced concrete
abutments and poles foundations, walls and collar beams. It is anticipated that the upper
structure of the overpasses should be executed of collapsible beams of prestressed reinforced
concrete with double section.
After the assembly of the beams, the same will be united through crossbeams and a
monolithic reinforced concrete road slab in a common structure. Expansion joints and transitional
structures for them will be fitted at their ends. The bearing will be performed by means of
elastomeric bearings.
 Underpasses
UNDERPASS, at km 10+098.72;
UNDERPASS, at km 17+977.60;
UNDERPASS, at km 22+797.60;
UNDERPASS, at km 24+653.50;
The underpasses were solved through reinforced concrete abutments with wings retaining-
curtain walls and foundations or foundation slabs.
It is anticipated that the superstructure of the underpasses should be executed of
prefabricated panels which will lie down onto the abutments and will serve as formwork and a
monolithic reinforced concrete road slab. Expansion joints and transitional structures for them
will be fitted at their ends. The abutments will be founded with the help of flat foundations.
1. GEODETIC WORKS

Laying out on the ground at various points, straight lines, planes or surfaces, coordinate
data known in advance, is called tracing. In tracing, the mutual position of the points is
determined on the basis of a project, plan or a digital model that shall be applied over the existing
terrain.
Using geodetic works are laid out the trace elements, the machinery and its accessories
onto the area, by laying out as many times as necessary.
The purpose of the tracing is:
To outline the limits of earth works;
To check the project positions and elevations.

The contractor shall provide, at its own expense, all necessary tools and equipment for
conducting the geodetic surveys, observation and control of the construction works.

The contractor shall use the already existing work geodetic base (WGB).
Tracing of the site shall include:
acceptance and reconstruction of the bearing traverse;
acceptance and reconstruction of the network of the bench marks;
checking the elevations of terrain bottom;
laying out the axes, geometric contours (toe/tops of the slopes) and areas of
earthwork and embankment of the road bed , including of the temporary roads;
 laying out the axes and the foundations of the facilities (culverts, bridges, viaducts,
underpasses and overpasses with a hole greater than 5 m, bulkhead walls, retaining-
curtain walls, etc.);
laying out the axes of the trenches.

2.
SHUTTERING, WORKING AND BEARING SCAFFOLDINGS

The main requirements which shall be achieved in the implementation of the various types
of shuttering can be described as follows:
The framework shall be dense enough to prevent leakage of grout from the concrete
through all phases of construction, and shall be fit for the method of laying and
compaction.
Where necessary, the shuttering shall be so ranged, that the visible surface of the
shuttering panel, respective laying against the supports, so it shall remain in place
for the period required by the conditions for the strengthening of the concrete.
When the element shall be prestressed, while still in the shuttering, elastic
deformation and the change in the mass distribution shall have to be possible.
When shuttering is re-used, it shall be cleaned thoroughly and shall be brought in
good form before its second fitting.

No internal metal connections that require pulling out in the hardened concrete with visible
surfaces shall be used.
Where necessary, shall be left openings in the forms for the placing of reinforcement or
fastening pieces and shall be taken measures for the grout not to leak off when concreting or not
to damage it when de-shuttering.
The shuttering shall be removed in such a way as not to damage the concrete and to protect
it from creation in it of any further tensions.
 De-shuttering shall be allowed to be performed according to the instructions in the project,
and if there are no such for the common constructive concrete made only with ordinary Portland
cement, in the absence of control test pieces and under normal conditions of curing (air
temperature 18-20 C, relative humidity 60%), the de-shuttering shall be in accordance with the
times given below unless otherwise ordered:
shuttering for columns, walls and beams-2 days
shuttering slabs-8 days
bottoms of the joists-10 days

When shuttering road slabs, depending on the type of construction of the superstructure
shall be used several ways of shuttering:
For larger distances between the beams-reinforced concrete panels (pre-slabs) as
permanent shuttering ;
In wide-flange beams and small distance between the beams -cement-fibreboard
strips;
In the monolithic slabs with greater thickness-plain shuttering in combination with
heavy supporting scaffolding;

For the calculation of bearing capacity of scaffolding shall be taken into account the loads
in accordance with the relevant regulations, including: weight of the fresh concrete, dead load of
the shuttering, loading of the vehicles transporting the concrete and working for its laying and
others.
The scaffolding shall be seated on rigid and inflexible bottom. In the absence of such, shall
be provide relevant additional events (pilots, concrete anchors and other) to ensure this
requirement.
The lengths of lay on which shall rest the scaffolding shall be able to withstand the
maximum load foreseen on them without exceeding the previously calculated settlement. In
lengths of lay on a rock or gravel shall be done alignment with exposed concrete subjected to
uniform distribution of the load.
The supporting systems of the scaffolding shall allow its smooth removal (de-shuttering ).
When the scaffolding shall be mounted over transport routes in operation, all measures shall be
taken to ensure the safe and with no restraint and holding the passage of vehicles using them
during construction.
 The construction of the scaffolding shall be controlled, accepted and the installation of the
shuttering shall be authorized in writing. When shuttering the paving cantilevers, depending on
the complexity of the shape of the end side, shall be used cantilever formwork fixed to the road
slab and reinforced for the assembling beams.

3. REINFORCEMENT OF BUILDING STRUCTURES

Reinforcement is labour-consuming and heavy construction work which requires qualified

personnel (both workers and managers), with small possibilities for mechanization. In practice,
the process of reinforcement consists of two separate technologies - prefabrication of the
reinforcement and installation of reinforcement in the framework.
Rebar of periodic profile for reinforcement of concrete structures shall be supplied of
ribbed round steel bars.
Reinforcement meshes shall meet the requirements of the Bulgarian standards and the
specifications of the Contracting authority.
The implementation shall be in line with the project. For details on hooks, bending
diameters, anchoring lengths and concrete coating shall be observed the details of the project and
the specifications of the reinforcement.
Reinforcement steel shall be protected from damage at any time, including when it is
anchored to the structure, before and during the concreting, and when there shall be no dirt, roll
scales and rust, paint, oil and other foreign substances during its anchoring and in the subsequent
concreting.
Reinforcing wire for fastening shall be soft tempered iron wire with a diameter of 1.2 mm
to 1.6 mm.
Jointing of the reinforcement shall be done only at the designated in the project places.
The cover of the reinforcement shall be as specified in the project.
The retaining clips (spacers), providing the required concrete coating of the reinforcement
shall be as small as possible in size and with the same strength and type as the concrete. They
must be firmly anchored to the reinforcement. The use of the retaining clips made of pieces of
the reinforcement shall not allowed. The use of the retaining clips (spacers) shall be required in
the implementation of all types of concrete structures and elements.
Reinforcement steel shall meet the following Macedonian state standards and technical
specifications:

EN 10080:2006;
EN 10060:2009;
EN ISO 14284:2009;
EN 10021:2009;
EN 10204:2007;
EN 10168:2009;

Reinforcement meshes shall comply with EN 10080:2006.

 4. CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR FACILITIES

The implementation of the concrete works shall be done in accordance with the
requirements of the technical specification and EN 13670:2010.
The implementation of the concrete works shall done in accordance with the provisions of
the technical specification and the project.
As Contractor we shall be responsible for all equipment, materials, labour and labour
safety, and for the implementation of the works necessary for the proper carrying out of concrete
works.
Classification of concrete shall be in accordance with CEN/TR 15868:2009.
The technical requirements for extra materials shall be specified in EN
12620+A1:2009. The maximum size of the grain shall be indicated in the project. The amount
shall not exceed one-third of the smallest size of the element that shall be concreted. The grain
size shall be smaller than the distance between the adjacent bars and from the distance to the
shuttering.
Preparation, transportation and delivery of concrete mixtures shall be carried out in
accordance with the technical specification and CEN/TR 15868:2009. Concrete mixture
shall be classified as consistency under CEN/TR 15868:2009.
The contractor shall use only concrete mixtures, which are produced in approved and tested
recipes on the site with concrete evidence of quality reports from an accredited laboratory.
For concrete classes from 10 to 25 the aggregate shall contain at least two factions,
one of which shall be 0-5 mm, and for higher classes-three or more factions.
The sand shall be obtained from the natural destruction of rocks (natural sand) or through
the forced breaking of rocks (crushed sand). The mixing of the two types of sand and their ratio
shall be approved.
Technical requirements for sand shall be as specified in EN 12620+A1:2009.
The cement that shall be used shall be classified, approved and satisfying the requirements
of EN 197-1:2012.
Probing and cement probes preparation shall meet the requirements of EN 196-
7:2012.
The cement shall be tested in accordance with the technical specification and the
Macedonian standards mentioned below:
chemical analysis of Clinker for
EN 196-2:2014 Portland cement
EN 196-1:2016 physical and mechanical properties
EN 196-2:2014
EN 196-3+A1:2009
EN 196-5:2012
EN 196-6:2012

The cement shall be delivered in strong and well-sealed bags or in bulk. The quantities
supplied shall be sufficient, so there shall be no interruptions in concrete works. Batches of
different plants or different brands or series shall be stored separately. Cement, affected by
moisture or deteriorated for other reasons, shall be removed from the site.
The water used for the production of concrete and mortars, water for sprinkling when
concrete bonding and to flush out the large aggregate and the sand shall meet the requirements of
EN 10080:2006 and the Technical specification.
 The analysis of the quality of water shall be made during the organization of concrete
production and at each change of the water source or the composition of its mixtures. Water with
proven drinking quality shall not be analysed. Methods for the determination of impurities shall
be according to EN 10080:2006.
Chemical additives which, after the approval of the Engineer shall be added to the concrete
in small controlled amounts to improve the properties of the concrete mixture or concrete, shall
meet the requirements of EN 934-2+A1:2013. The use of additives shall be permitted only
if it is specified in the project or provided that it is proved with preliminary tests to satisfy
EN 934-2+A1:2013. The use of additives shall not influence negatively the hardening of cement,
the strength, durability of concrete or of corrosion protection of reinforcement.
Aggregates shall not be mixed with other materials during transportation and storage at the
site. Individual fractions shall be stored on ballast or concrete platforms, or on an appropriate
solid and clean surface to avoid mixing with other materials. The aggregate composed of factions
taken from different sources, shall be stored on separate piles. No storage of aggregates directly
on the ground shall be allowed.
The cement shall be protected from the effects of moisture and cold during transportation
and storage. The cement shall be stored immediately after delivery to the site. When it is packed
in bags, it shall be stored in appropriate storehouses - clean and watertight. The bags shall be
sorted so that free access shall be provided for identification and control of each batch. Supplied
in bulk cement shall be mechanically moved to watertight silos, resistant to weathering. The use
of cement lumps shall not be allowed. Cement that has been stored for longer periods and its
quality is questionable, shall be analysed again.
Open storage may be allowed when implementing small-sized works with a short time to
produce concretes with compressive strength class lower than MV10. In this case we shall
provide water-resistant roof.
Any supply of cement shall be checked for compliance of packaging marking, delivery
document relating to the type, brand strength and other qualities according to EN 197-
1:2012, as well as to the conformity with the technical documentation.
Large and small aggregate shall be subject to constant visual inspection in respect of
particle-size distribution, as well as other properties, standardized in EN 12620+A1:2009.
In case of doubt, the aggregate shall be checked completely, in accordance with the instructions
of the above standard and other relevant standards.
Screening shall be carried out at the first delivery, or in the event of a change of the
supplier. Testing shall be conducted every month, and every time in case of a change found.
The particle-size distribution of mixed aggregates shall be considered acceptable if
compared to the standard guidelines, the percentage of the quantities of grains passing each sieve
shall not differ by more than 5% of the total weight. When the standard for the size of sand differ
significantly from the one given in the certificate or from initially defined or the material
granulometry requires other quantity process water for concrete, then shall be have to be made a
change in the recipe for concrete. For a fraction with particle size 0-2,5 mm the permitted
deviation from the standard shall not exceed 3%.
5. IMPLEMENTATION OF LEAN CONCRETE AND FOUNDATIONS OF BRIDGE
STRUCTURES

This section covers the different types of works and works in the implementation of the
main road bridge structures.
The type of foundation is defined in the design of the facility, in compliance with the
specific geological conditions.
Planar foundation
Foundations shall be implemented of technology, levels and sizes, defined in the project for
each facility and shall be approved, provided that the geological conditions, established in the
execution of the construction pit shall not require adjustments.
Foundations shall be implemented of concrete or reinforced concrete in accordance with the
project. Concrete, cement, small and large aggregates, water and additives, as well as steel
reinforcement shall meet the technical specification.
Just before you start of the foundation building, the bottom of the construction pit shall be
cleaned to the project level and shall be accepted by the Engineer.
In the presence of water flow, the water from the excavation shall be pumped, not allowing
pouring of freshly laid concrete. The water shall be limited by water catchment wells or ditches,
built on the side of the foundation , in order not to cause the extracting of solution from the
foundation block.
When pumping water from the construction pit, in a timely manner shall be implemented,
when provided for in the project, reinforcing of the walls of the excavation.
 In strong water inflow, the construction of the foundation shall be done under an individual
project . All kinds of works on the construction of the foundation shall be controlled, as the
finished foundation shall be accepted in levels and dimensions.
Excavations for the foundations of the facilities shall consist of all excavations referred to
in transversal profiles, necessary for the construction of the facilities. The bottom of all trenches
for foundations shall be arranged in accordance with grade lines and levels referred to in the
project, and when can be executed an extra digging over to eliminate cavities of soft or crumbly
rock. The resulting gaps shall be filled with concrete or other suitable material. After laying of
the lean concrete alignment of the side surfaces of the excavation shall not performed for twenty-
four hours. The excavation may have to be filled above or below the specified in the project
elevation of the foundations depending on where bearing soil layer shall be reached. Each
additional digging to or lower than the bottom of the foundations, including that produced by the
digging over of the material deteriorated by weather conditions, shall be compensated with
concrete or other suitable material. All excavations shall be continuously drained. Before
concreting earth foundations shall be accepted by the Engineer. The concrete foundations shall be
worked continuously in layers less than 70 cm, in parallel with the laying shall be made the
concrete compaction with vibration.
Foundations are an important structural element that carries out and redistributes the
operating and dead loads of the whole structure on the ground. On the already laid and having
acquired strength lean concrete, under the projects and in full compliance with the technical
specification and other normative documents shall be implemented the shuttering and
reinforcement.
There is a possibility to perform a direct concreting from a cement mixer (with facilities).
Where the terrain does not allow, shall be used a concrete pump thus easing the distribution of
concrete mixture over the surface area of the foundation and minimizing the likelihood of
displacement of the formwork.
With a prior order to the ready-mix plant shall be specified the following parameters of the
process:
Type of the concrete mixture compressive strength class, consistency, specific
properties, chemical additives and other required indicators;
Laying start time and pace of feeding of the concrete mixture to the site;
 Arranged shall be the way of a permanent connection between the site manager, the
controller of the ready-mix plant and concrete technical support team.
The concrete shall be laid in such a way as to avoid disintegration of the materials and the
displacement of the reinforcement and shuttering. Open beds and channels shall be with a metal
casing. Pipes made of aluminium alloys shall not be used. All channels and pipes shall be clean
and without hardened concrete, and other similar material damaging to the concrete mixture.
During laying, the concrete shall not fall from a height greater than 1.5 m. Pipes shall be
used to avoid such cases.
The concrete feeding pipes shall be filled with concrete and their lower edges shall be
placed under the surface of the freshly laid concrete.
The concrete pump, including the receiving hopper and pipes shall be clean and without
hardened concrete, and other similar material damaging to concrete mixture.
The concrete pump shall be positioned in a way to avoid vibrations that can damage the
freshly laid concrete. The concrete pump shall work to ensure a continuous flow of the concrete
mixture without air bubbles. After the completion of feeding, the rest of the concrete mixture in
the pipes shall be removed in a way as not to cause disintegration of its composition, when used
in works or contamination of the lean concrete.
The concrete shall be compacted during the laying and before the beginning of the cement
bonding. Compaction shall be performed with a mechanical compacting device in accordance
with the instructions given below.
Vibration can be deep or shallow, but the method used shall be co-ordinated with the
Engineer. Vibration of concrete mixture shall be carried out as agreed.
The contractor shall provide the required number of vibrating devices, including spare
ones, in order to achieve the necessary immediately compacting of each part of concrete after
laying on the shuttering.
Vibration shall be performed in the fresh concrete areas. Deepwater vibrators shall be
driven in and out slowly of the fresh concrete areas. Vibration of the concrete shall continue until
it stops leaving air bubbles. Vibration shall be carried out so long and with such intensity that the
compaction of the concrete shall be achieved without causing the disintegration of the mixture.
Vibration shall not be performed at one point, as it can cause leakage of grout.
Where necessary, the concrete vibration shall be accompanied by hand-compacting to
produce a dense concrete in the corners and places inaccessible to the vibrators. Manual
compaction shall be allowed only for small quantities of concrete and upon written consent of the
Engineer. No vibrating of concrete shall be allowed to, after a period of 4 to 24 hours of
compaction.
During the implementation of concrete works, when for both, the foundations and all other
structures of reinforced concrete, due to deliberate or by any coercive reasons shall be imposed
short interruptions in the concreting, shall be made the so-called working joints. In foundations,
for example, this is the implementation of the second and more steps, where an interruption shall
be needed to build the shuttering for the next steps.
Working joints are border (contact surface) between concrete parts made at different times
due to the schedule of concrete works or due to the interruption for technological reasons.
The location of the working joints and technological operations, accompanying their
leaving, shall be specified in the programme of the concrete works, which shall be prepared by
the Contractor and agreed with the Engineer. They shall comply with the requirements of the
project.
When the laying of concrete shall be interrupted, the surface of the grout shall be prepared
as required (slope, camber or concavity, connecting reinforcement etc.). For structural elements
subjected to bending, the joint shall be formed with the shuttering, placed perpendicular to the
axis. The elements under pressure (columns, walls, etc.) working joints shall be formed with the
horizontal surface. When close to visible concrete surfaces, the grout shall be shaped so that the
angle between the grout and concrete surface shall be 90 and the edge shall be straight without
bends. When you get a new concrete on the solidified, shuttering shall be additionally reinforced.
The grout shall be cleaned of debris, remnants of inert material, cement milk and shall be washed.
The new concrete shall be poured on damp, but not wet working joint. The first portions of the
new concrete shall have greater cement-sandy content and shall be vibrated very carefully in
order to achieve a good bonding between the two layers. Construction joints shall be made under
the project.
Concrete surfaces exposed to conditions causing evaporation of the water, shrinking and
cracking shall be protected with canvas, Burlap, or treated with a surface coating of an approved
manufacturer, which shall keep them moist. The covering shall be carried out as soon as the
concrete is stiff enough not to damage the surface. The type of coverage shall be approved and it
depends on the circumstances. If it is decided that these are not necessary, that covered the
concrete surface shall be kept damp by spraying and watering with water.
The use of moisture retaining coatings shall be authorised in writing by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall take care during the whole period of ageing of the concrete, until the
cubic compressive strength of concrete on the 28th day, assessed according to EN 206:2014
shall be achieved.
The implementation of the following elements of the building structure shall be continued
on the existing foundations. Part of it, together with the foundation shall be backfilled during the
recovery of the terrain or building of the embankments. Before the backfilling the surfaces of the
foundations, they shall be processed twice with hot bitumen or other type of waterproofing shall
be laid, provided for in the project. This shall protect the concrete coating from the penetration of
aggressive waters and gases, which over time shall reduce its resistance and shall expose the
bearing reinforcement to corrosion.

6. ABUTMENT WALLS AND POSTS FOR ROAD BRIDGE STRUCTURES

Concrete abutment walls and posts shall be implemented with the help of scaffolding and
shuttering under accepted and approved in advance project.
All operations in the building monolithic abutment walls and posts as: implementation of
scaffolding and shuttering, concreting, compacting of concrete mixture, de-shuttering , etc., shall
be implemented in accordance with the requirements of the relevant parts of the technical
specification.
Posts concreting
These elements of road facilities are characterized by their small cross-section and
substantial height, and when concreting they are loaded with many forms of shuttering.
This rarely leads to opening, deformation or lifting of the shuttering and thus compromises
the quality of the concrete in the element being implemented. Furthermore, they are elements
with visible surface, which in addition creates the aesthetic impact of the design. All rules of
concreting already considered for the foundation are also valid here. We shall discuss the
necessary actions that Contractor shall implement in order to ensure the required quality of the
constructive element. These refer to the surfaces of the concrete and the probing, proving the
design qualities of concrete.

Control of texture and colour

For each structure each process material shall be produced by a single stable source.
Aggregates shall not contain impurities that can cause spotting. The proportions of mixing and
grain size distribution especially for the small-size aggregate shall be monitored continuously.
One and the same type of shuttering shall be used (plywood, timber or metal shuttering panels)
on all exposed surfaces.
Shuttering oils
Shuttering oils shall be subject to approval by the Engineer. Where the concrete surface is
visible, only one shuttering oil shall be used the entire section. Shuttering oils shall be laid
uniformly, without allowing to come into contact with the reinforcement, prestressed connections
and anchors. Where coating shall be laid over the concrete, the shuttering oil shall be compatible
with the concrete.
Visible surfaces
The resulting completion of surfaces that shall be continually uncovered after completion of
the work, shall be smooth and with uniform composition and appearance. Formwork facing shall
not leave stains on the concrete and shall be connected and fixed to its bottom in a way that shall
prevent creating superficial defects. It shall be of the same type and shall be supplied by only one
source for all constructions. The contractor shall repair all flaws in completeness prior to
acceptance.
The surface shall be protected from traces of rust and stains of any kind. Unless otherwise
specified in the Contract, all shuttering connections for the uncovered concrete surfaces shall
form a correct form, subject to approval, with continuous horizontal and vertical lines in each
structure and all structural joints shall coincide with the horizontal or vertical lines.

7. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CROSSBARS FOR ROAD BRIDGE

STRUCTURES

When concreting the crossbars, important conditions that shall be observed, is building a
safe jobsite for workers guaranteeing safety for the people when going up and the necessary
tools. A firm railing shall be built and safe energy supply for little mechanization. It is
recommended that the operator of the concrete pump with a remote control to be close to.
 All technological rules for laying the concrete mixtures described in this explanatory note
for other constructive elements shall be observed. The crossbars shall be concreted for another
time after the main concrete acquires strength without undue delay concreting of the bearing
pedestals (quadras) and earthquake resistant blocks under the Project. They shall be encased with
shuttering on the finished crossbar with exceptional accuracy of the location and project
elevation, with an absolute horizontal surface. The head of the concrete works shall control the
quality of the concrete mixture, which due to the small quantities and the slow processing, often
dries over in the concrete truck and "burns". Small quantities shall be ordered. The organization
for concreting shall be consistent with the condition to be carried out in appropriate weather
conditions, in daylight, after a very good geodetic preparation and very good care of the
compound. The latter is prompted by the fact that bearing pedestals are of thin concrete, exposed
directly to sun, weather-beaten at great height and difficult access.
 Model scheme of the shuttering of posts and crossbars for bridges and viaducts

Technological sequence

1. Building of the foundation (lean concrete, reinforcement, shuttering, concreting and de-
shuttering).
2. Assembling of shuttering elements to make the first step of the ladder.
3. Placement of the shuttering on one side, verticalizing, anchoring and the necessary for the
next bar height, reinforcement of the column, closing of the shuttering and concreting. The
bundles can be with a height of 4 m and 6. Subsequent de-shuttering after reaching the required
strength of the concrete.
1. Suspension of climbing formwork on the pre-set suspension points in the sequence shown
below.

2. Mounting of the shuttering on one side, anchoring for the next bar, reinforcement, closing of
the shuttering, concreting, de-shuttering .
3. Shifting of the shuttering to the next bar with placement of the suspension staging (mounting
of the shuttering one-sided, anchoring for the next bar, reinforcement, closing of the
shuttering , concreting, de-shuttering ). This sequence repeats for all subsequent bars.
4. At the last beat of shuttering of the ladder shall be anchored the supporting frame constructions
and climbing formwork over which shall step the shuttering for the crossbar.

5. Suspended shall be the supporting frame constructions bearing the tower scaffolding and
shuttering girder system for forming the bottom of the crossbar.

8. BEARINGS

All materials and products for the bearings shall be delivered to the site with the certificate
of quality and detailed installation instructions.
The bearings or parts thereof, which shall be produced under individual projects, shall be
supplied by the manufacturer with a long-lasting and clear indication of the places where they
shall be installed.
The bearings shall provide more favourable and reliable way to:
Transfer the efforts of the top design of lower building;
Possible spins and displacements between top construction and the substructure.

The bearings shall have the following qualities:

 Types, construction and functional characteristics shall correspond exactly to the
requirements of the project and the technical specification;
There shall be a high reliability and durability;
Easy installation;
They shall have the ability for control, minimum maintenance costs and the
opportunity for easy replacement during operation

Transport, storage and installation of the bearings shall comply with EN 1337-
11:2009.

Materials
Elastomeric bearings shall comply with the requirements of EN 1337-3:2006.
Elastomeric reinforced (neoprene rubber-metal multilayer) bearings consist of elastomeric
(rubber) layers and reinforcing steel sheet between them joint to each other under the hot-
pressing (vulcanization) method.
Elastomeric unreinforced bearings are frames of vulcanized elastomer without internal
voids.
Steel roller bearings are removable bearings consisting of cylindrical roller, two steel
plates, connected respectively with top construction and the substructure of the bridge.
In order to ensure the anticorrosion protection, the steel plates of elastomeric bearings shall
have cover of elastomer no less than 2 mm. The anticorrosion coating of the open parts of the
bearings must meet EN 1337-9:2009.
Other types of anti-corrosion coatings are approved after submission of detailed technical
documentation.
The construction, dimensions and materials shall be specified in the technical
documentation of the manufacturer and shall satisfy EN 1337-5:2006, EN 1337-
6:2006, EN 1337-7:2006 EN 1337-8:2009.
The contractor shall provide quality certificate and test records of the manufacturer.

Implementation
Before starting the bearing installation works they shall be approved by the engineer:
the executive drawings and results of control measurements of places for the
bearings and joints in bridge structure;
detailed schedule of the works on the implementation of assembly works.

Assembly works shall be carried out by specialists with qualifications and experience for
this type of activity. Bearing assembly works may be carried out by specialists of the
manufacturer or by its authorized and trained representatives.
Mounted bearings shall be accepted by the designer and the Engineer before their grouting
to the construction of the facility.
The bearings shall be installed on a clean, horizontal, flat surfaces of concrete or cement-
sandy solution.
The orientation of the bearings at their installation shall comply completely to the project
requirements.
No clearance shall be allowed between the bearing and the adjacent elements of the bridge
structure.
For the longitudinal slope of the top construction greater than that specified in the technical
documentation of the manufacturer, the bearings shall be placed above the wedge-shaped steel
compensating plates.
The mounting limiters of the roller bearings shall be removed immediately after the
installation of the top construction.
All mounted bearings shall be subject to acceptance by the Engineer.
 9. TOP CONSTRUCTIONS FOR ROAD BRIDGES OF PRESTRESSED
REINFORCED CONCRETE

Depending on the method of execution, the top structures of prestressed reinforced concrete
will be monolithic and prefabricated. As the requirements for prestressing are practically the
same in both types of structures here they will be discussed together.
The Contractor will provide for approval full details of the method, the materials and the
equipment that they offer to use for the tensioning operations; the stressing work projects; a
method description and a sequence of the reinforcement prestressing, anchoring devices, anchor
accessories, type of channel maker, places of air traps, injection program, work premises and
everything else, necessary to perform the work.
For the protection of the bundles against corrosion and bonding with the concrete in the
construction, the channel makers will be injected with an approved solution of ordinary Portland
cement and water.
In addition to those referred to in Technical specification, the concrete, formwork and
reinforcement works as regulatory documents also will be applied the ones under which is
designed the structure of prestressed reinforced concrete.
The elements are manufactured in such a way so that the required quality and compliance
with the requirements of the technical specification and EN 15050:2013+A1:2013 are
ensured.
The implementation of the monolithic structures for road bridges of prestressed reinforced
concrete shall comply strictly with the requirements of EN 13670:2010.
Materials
The materials used for the implementation of the elements and structures of prestressed
reinforced concrete shall meet the general requirements of the Technical specification.
All products for prestressing will be delivered to the site with a document (certificate) of
conformity assessment. Wires, steel for prestressing and other accessories will be stored in a dry
place, free of mud and protected against corrosion causing substances. For longer storage will be
provided ventilation, in order to protect the steel of water condensation and corrosion.
Steel for prestressing
Steel for prestressing will be of high strength steel wire, high strength steel ropes or high-
strength steel rods, as indicated in the project.
The steel wire, ropes and rods for prestressing shall have characteristics in compliance with
the project requirements.
The wires for prestressing will be of a diameter of at least 5 mm or for those with non -
round cross-section with area larger than 30 mm2.
The ropes shall consist of no more than 7 (seven) wires.
The steel for prestressing and the relevant system will be supplied with a quality certificate
that is subject to preliminary approval.
For each batch of steel for prestressing, the Contractor shall provide a test certificate for
preliminary testing, carried out in an accredited laboratory. The record must contain test data for
all specified requirements and additionally, for the net weight of each batch.
Each batch of steel for prestressing is accompanied by a metal plate, showing the
manufacturer, the quality of the steel, dimensions, the batch number, the site number and the
date. Only steel and bundles of high-strength steel with a certificate may be used.
The steel for prestressing will be carefully stored and protected against damage and
corrosion, without contamination by mud, rust, oil, grease and other foreign matter, when finally
mounted or before injecting the solution into the channel makers.
The steel for prestressing will be transported by means of transport that are closed or with
watertight cover, to the arrival at the construction site, to the space prepared for storage in
advance. During transport it must be protected from contact with contaminants.
No welding operations are allowed near the steel for prestressing.
When protective additives for temporary protection of steel against corrosion are used, they
need to be approved. The required qualities of the solution for injection and the necessary
bonding are checked for damaging by the protective additives.
The batch number and the delivery date are indicated for all wires, ropes or rods when they
are sent to the site.
Solutions for injection
The solution will consist of cement, water and possibly aggregates (against disintegration
and for the purpose of better workability). The mixture workability and the properties of the
composite materials are checked by means of preliminary testing.
The results of preliminary testing are submitted for approval by the Engineer before starting
the injection of the electrical ducts (holes).
The required ratio, production and processing of this solution are prescribed in the project
and is subject to approval.
All materials used for the solution for injection preparation are in the ratio as prescribed in
the approved prescription.
The injectable solutions shall meet EN 447:2009.
If the injection is likely to be carried out at low temperatures, the solution will need to be
tested for frost resistance. The requirement for frost resistance are verified and demonstrated
through testing of test pieces in an accredited laboratory.
 Only cements with compressive strength class at least 32,5 MPa according to EN
197-1:2012 may be used. The cement is delivered in bags of 25 kg and may not be older than 3
(three) weeks, effective as from the date of dispatch from the cement plant. Up to the time of use,
the cement is stored in closed premises, protected from moisture.
The water-cement factor may not exceed 0.44. The water volume in the solution is
according to the recipe that guarantees the solution properties. No use of seawater for the
production of injectable solutions is allowed. The Contractor shall submit the prescription of the
injection solution and lab test reports for approval.
For the purpose of better workability of the solution can be added aggregates. The additive
will prevent the precipitation of the cement in the fresh mixture and will ensure the necessary
frost resistance of the solution.
The factory-made dry mixtures for the solution can be applied only when permission for
their use is granted by an accredited laboratory and/ or when their use is approved.
Anchoring devices
The anchoring devices shall ensure minimum tensile strength of the steel for prestressing
and will provide even distribution at the ends of the wire. Protection against corrosion of the
anchors is provided, and the measures, proposed for this purpose, are subject to approval.
Channel makers
The channel makers that are used for inserting of the wire for prestressing after concreting,
represent bendable pipes of metal or other approved material.
The channel makers shall meet EN 523:2006, and tests are carried out under:
EN 524-1:2007, EN 524-2:2007, EN 524-3:2007, EN 524-4:2007, EN
524-5:2007, EN 524-6:2007.
Equipment
Prestressing facilities
Prestressing presses shall meet the following basic requirements:
The connections of all pipelines (oil pipes) for working fluid feeding need to
ensure leakproofness, and the pipelines need to be supplied with automatically operating
devices that reducing the pressure in case of unacceptable increase (emergency valves);
the press pressure must grow smoothly (with constant speed), without surges;
the presses shall have at least two calibration devices for the pressure
determination.
 The following conditions are met (regardless of the equipment used) in the selected
prestressing system:
The hydraulic presses are connected with pressure gauges or dynamometers for
prestressing power and with an appropriate device for the resulted extension
measurement. This equipment is calibrated. When other presses are used, the Contractor
shall submit for approval a detailed diagram of the used equipment, technical parameters
of the press and the control equipment, together with a certificate of their metrological
verification.
The equipment, used for the extension of the wires are verified before their first use and
periodically (required at intervals of half a year) in order to ensure that the deviation
from the prescribed value matches to the preliminary calibration. When these deviations
depend on external influences (i.e. on the oil temperature, when the presses work with
oil), they are taken into account.
No use of equipment with an error exceeding + 5 % is allowed, compared with the chart for
testing to final prestressing force.
Implementation
The following conditions must be satisfied:
1. Before starting of the concreting of any part of the structure, which is prestressed, the
Contractor shall provide for approval by the Engineer description of the method, the materials
and the equipment, intended for use for prestressing.
2. The description shall include the construction and technological procedures, complete
specification of the steel to be prestressed, anchoring devices, type of channel makers and
accessories thereto and all other data, referring to the prestressing operations.
3. The Contractor shall provide at no extra charge (i.e., it is considered included in the
tender), a specialized team for the proposed prestressing method, including a highly qualified
expert, to assist and provide relevant instructions during the whole construction process of
implementation of the concrete structure.
4. The controlled prestressing power, indicated in the project that defines the required
tension, is retained, regardless of the losses due to the selected systems and prestressing material.
5. For all prestressing systems proposed in the project are provided:
security of the anchoring devices, the prestressed wires and their stability for the transfer
of forces on the concrete under load effect;
 suitability of the proposed steel for the selected prestressing system;
the actual losses caused by friction must correspond to the calculated ones;
the length of power transfer in the concrete when anchoring the prestressed steel
elements is achieved through friction and minimum concrete strength that is necessary
later when prestressing on the relevant systems;
the protection measures of the prestressing wires from corrosion, not only until the final
implementation of the prestressing, but also after that;
certificate of the prestressing system issued by a laboratory, authorized for this purpose.
The prefabricated elements are produced in a manner ensuring their required quality and
must meet the requirements of EN 15050:2013+A1:2013.
In the implementation of monolithic structures for road bridges of prestressed reinforced
concrete are observed the requirements of EN 13670:2010.
The steam curing for strength acquiring of the elements are implemented under the
executed technological project.
The Contractor shall compile a precise for the prestressing program. In addition, the
sequence (in time) of prestressing of every wire is specified, taking into account the shortening of
the concrete, friction and sliding. The Contractor shall take into account the exact time when the
prestressed reinforcement begins to expire tensions after stretching, as from this moment begin
the recording of extensions.
The sequence of prestressing and removing of the formwork is selected in such a way that
no unacceptable stresses occur. If the structure, that will be prestressed, bears on mobile (roller or
other) bearings, before the start of prestressing works, the fixing devices must be released.
All measurements, made during prestressing, are recorded by the Contractor in a special
records book of form and content, subject to approval. When the sum of the percentage deviation
of the extension of an individual wire from the one calculated in advance is more than 15 % or
when a deviation from the prescribed prestressing force or of the calculated extension sum up to
more than 5 % for all wires, located in one cross-section, the Contractor must immediately inform
about that,
The maximum temporary tension, transmitted in the steel for prestressing, may not exceed
65 % of the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength of the steel for prestressing.
The working (operational) strength and operational tension are defined as the force and
tension, remaining in the steel for prestressing, after exclusion of all losses, including sliding,
shrinking of the concrete, elastic deformation, steel relaxation, losses in steel for prestressing
after concreting, due to the sequence of prestressing, friction, sliding in the anchors and any other
specific losses for the method used or the prestressing system.
No injection may be undertaken at structure temperature under +5 C. If it is necessary to
inject at air temperature under +5C, the construction is kept warm enough until the 5 th day after
injection. In the part, where bundles are located, the temperature must be maintained at least
+5C. In these cases the frost resistance of the solution must be checked in advance.
In addition, prestressed beams are installed and grouted no later than 6 /six/ months after
the date of manufacture. The difference in the date of manufacture of the two adjacent beams
may not exceed 14 days. The difference in the exceedance between adjacent beams may not be
more than 5 mm.
In the event that the six-month deadline is exceeded, it is necessary to perform calculative
verification, taking into account the actual age of the prefabricated elements of prestressed
reinforced concrete at the time of their presumable use, in order to ascertain the actual losses in
prestressing from shrinking and sliding of the concrete. The permission for use of these items in
construction is issued by the Engineer when the calculated final prestressed state of the structure
meets the requirements of the standards for the design of prestressed concrete structures.
Anchoring devices
The anchoring devices of all systems for prestressing after concreting are placed
perpendicularly to the direction of the axis of the prestressing wires.
An accurate measurement of losses of the prestressing force of slippage of the anchoring
devices at both ends of the wire is made. The losses are compared with the total losses in the table
of prestressing after concreting and when necessary, a correction is made.
Channel makers
Their ends must allow free insertion of the anchors. The channel makers must be
compacted in order not to allow entry of concrete solution into the channel. In the highest points
of the trajectory of each channel are left exhalation outlets, and in the lowest points - drainage
outlets. The channel makers are subject to approval before use.
Plastic sleeves are used when prestressing the elements before concreting in order to isolate
sections of the separate ropes. The location, length and diameter of these sleeves are specified in
the project.
Making and installation of bundles
The execution of bundles is executed pursuant to the instructions of the manufacturer's
certificate and in addition, it is required as follows:
before the preparation of steel surfaces for prestressing, they are cleaned of all
corrosion or other stains. The cleaning can be done by hand with a soft cloth, soft steel
wool or by means of a cleaning machine. Damaged steel pieces or sections need to be
removed;
the Contractor shall ensure that the channel makers are not damaged - crushed,
displaced, cracked, etc.;
the connections are made carefully and in such a way as not to leak solution.
Damaged channel makers are removed from the construction site;
anchors are mounted to the bundles to create a connection, not allowing
displacement from project location during installation and concreting;
The Contractor shall check the installation for faults or inaccurate installed bundles before
laying of concrete. The bundles are supported and secured during the periods, designated in the
project, in order to prevent displacement during concreting.
When installing the bundles special care to respect their position according to the project
will be taken. When a change of position is required, the bundles are lifted from their supports
in order to protect the pipes from twisting.
The position of the bundles under the plan and elevation are precise, as indicated in the
project, with a view to obtain the required bearing capacity of structural elements. The use of
chairs and spacers is required. The chairs are places immediately behind all anchoring devices.
The anchors may not bear the weight of the bundle.
Distance pedestal bases in the formwork of the beams is shaped and positioned so, that
the soft steel reinforcement is laid without any difficulty in successive horizontal rows.
The anchors are reliably fastened in order to avoid displacement during concrete.
When prestressing after concreting, all items placed in the formwork (pipes, bundles,
anchors, etc.), are carefully checked before the start of the concrete pouring, to prevent shifting
or damage when performing the work on laying and compaction of the concrete.
When using the prestressing method before concreting, the stands, by means of which this
method is realized, shall meet the following basic requirements:
to fully absorb all the force of the prestressing reinforcing and ensure the preservation of
 the value of this force throughout the entire period of preparation of the structure (the
element);
to be equipped with devices for smooth relief of the prestressing reinforcement. The
transfer of the prestressing on the concrete will not be allowed to be made by cutting of
the prestressing reinforcement;
to provide the possibility for the production of structures (elements) of varying
length and cross-section;
to provide the possibility for easy and fast implementation of all works of the
technological process;
to ensure that the requirements of the machinery safety during all processes for
the preparation of the elements (structure).
Prestressing
The order of prestressing of individual bundles and ropes is specified in the project. There
must be indicated also the prestressing forces. The Contractor shall prepare a detailed schedule
of the prestressing that is subject to approval.
Prestressing before concreting is made after the project positioning of the reinforcement
frame and bundles of high strength wire.
No prestressing after concreting may be performed until the concrete has achieved the
sufficient strength, specified in the project and necessary to take on the forces of pressure of the
prestressing and high local stresses in the concrete at the anchors and when not stated otherwise,
the requirements of the technical specification are observed.
When the prestressing elements are implemented under the method "prestressing before
concreting", the forces transfer from the prestressing reinforcement to the concrete are made
after the compressive strength reaches the one prescribed in the project for this stage and
verified with the preparation and testing of the control test pieces.
The following requirements are observed:
the construction is released from the formwork and certified prior to the
transfer of the prestressing of the concrete;
the construction will be supported on the locations, indicated in the project,
there will be freedom of movement and no unrecorded projects loads will be received;
the prestressing is transferred to the concrete of the structure gradually
pursuant to the order and the sequence of the individual bundles, set out in the project,
and it must comply with the prestressing technology.
 In order to avoid cracks from shrinking and temperature differences, and due to early
release from the formwork of the separate parts of the structure, it will be possible to execute
part of the prestressing in advance. This is permitted only provided that the concrete tests show
that the cube compressive strength, defined by the cubes ageing under the conditions of the
element, has reached the required values. In this case, the partial prestressing forces of each
wire and the tensions in the concrete of the structure may not exceed 3% of the permissible
prestressing in terms of anchors and 30% of the permissible tensions.
The Contractor may obtain approval for partial prestressing and shifting of elements, but
the full responsibility for the appropriateness of these operations bears the Contractor
nevertheless.
Prestressing after concreting is not be allowed unless established that the steel for
prestressing is free and it is not connected to the channel makers, and the verification is subject to
approval.
Solutions for injection
The mixing must be done in the following sequence: water, cement, aggregates (If any).
They are mixed for 4 (four) minutes. The cement is added slowly. Later the solution ingredients
are added in the same way, in order to ensure their smooth mixing and the effective action of the
aggregates. The solution is processed mechanically in order to avoid disintegration and lumps.
The temperature of the freshly prepared solution after the end of mixing may not exceed +35C.
The cement mortar is injected in all channel makers no later than 2 (two) days after
prestressing is completed and approved.
When injecting at high temperatures, the water for the mortar must be cooled and, when
necessary, the other ingredients, too.
The injection is carried out using a pump ensuring uniform injection of the mortar. The
pumping pressure value and the flowing speed of the mortar is specified depending on the
specific type of wires.
Before injecting, the channel makers are checked for blockages. The blocked channel
makers are cleared before the injection with a chisel by drilling and other appropriate methods.
After washing the channel makers with water, blowing with compressed air is done, since
the openings provided for in the drainages in the lowest points of their trajectory are insufficient
to drain the water in them completely. The water, used for washing of the channel makers, shall
comply with the same requirements as the water for the mortar making.
The technology of injection shall comply with EN 446:2009.
The injection will continue until at the other side of the channel makers or air traps flows
sufficient volume of completely homogenized mortar, as the flow time is at least 30 s.
With regard to the mortar rising, the openings of the channel makers that serve to drain
the free water, will not be pre-closed.
The mortar flowing from the channel makers may not be used repeatedly. The use of
mortar remained unused for half an hour is not be permitted.
The injection will continue uninterrupted in every channel maker until the channel is
filled.

Tests
The batch number and the delivery date for all wires, ropes or rods when delivered on the
site are indicated.
The number of probes taken must be representative for the delivered batch. The
Contractor is required to provide testing probes, extracted from each batch.
For testing purposes are delivered:
for wire - 1.50 m;
for bundles of wires - sufficient wire length, in order to make cable length L=1.50
m, consisting of the same number of wires in the bundle, that will be delivered or
made on the site;
for ropes - to be delivered with the connections, and the length between the ends
of the connections must be 1.50 m;
for rods - to be supplied with reverse edges and heads in length 1.50 m between
reverse ends.
Two anchoring devices of every size or type planned for use are delivered, together with
distribution plates, if the anchoring devices are not be enclosed to the reinforcement samples.
The Physical and mechanical tests of injectable solutions must be carried out pursuant to
EN 445:2009 and EN 934-4:2009.

10. TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF 2 T-BEAMS

Production technology of 2 T-beams
 The polygon for the production of the prestressed elements are large enough for the
production of 8 beams simultaneously. There must be a designated storage area and
reinforcement yard.
For the production of the beams are used 2 formwork frames and 8 formwork bottoms.
The relocation of the formwork frames is executed with a hoisting crane, servicing the
production zone.
The formwork and reinforcement works for one beam are carried out within 2 days. The
concrete laying is executed by means of an auto concrete pump with production capacity of 60
m3/ hour. Partial prestressing of the beams is carried out on the fourth day after concreting in
order to allow for their moving into the storage area, where they are additionally prestressed. The
prestressing of one beam takes 1 day. The cement mortar injection is carried out at once for 6 to 8
beams.
It is planned that one week after the production start one beam per day is produced.

The equipment for insertion of wires into the channel makers will consist of:
- One or more unwinding stands;
- A machine to push on the ropes (1 or 2-speed), equipped with a leading pipe;
- A set of leading points "thimbles".
 The prestressing operations are carried out by a qualified person with a prestressing
certificate. The prestressing is checked once by measuring the force at the anchor and again
through the wire extension.

The equipment for wire prestressing will consist of:

- Hydraulic jacks;
- A hydraulic pump, equipped with a pressure gauge

The initial data for prestressing is:

- The pressure acting on the main plane of the anchor (power or tension);
- The wire extension between the two anchors (between the surfaces of the tees).

Using these data, the person responsible for prestressing shall set the required parameters
for prestressing:
- Pressure P0, the jacks shall apply in the anchor areas, considering the losses
caused by friction in the jack and in the anchor devices;
- The extension E0 of the wires, considering the extra length for the catching of the
jack.
For the prestressing of every wire is drawn up a record, containing the following
information:
Name of the element;
Number of the wire;
Type of wire;
Type of the jack;
Documents related to the equipment: jack (s), pump (s) and gauges;
The name of the person responsible for prestressing;
End (final) pressure in the jack-P0;
Pressure for warning stage Pw;
Intermediate pressures;
Key pressure;
Final theoretical extension-E0;
 Tolerances of the extension at the final stage;
Theoretical extension at the warning stage-Ew;
Tolerances of the extension at the warning stage;
Correction of calculation of the net feeding in the keys.
The prestressing works are generally performed in stages with proportional increase in the
prestressing force. Required are at least:
3 stages of prestressing under 0.90 P0;
1 warning stage Pw, close to 0.95 P0;
Final stage P0, or almost, if the required extensions are reached.
The hydraulic pumps and jacks will have two separate routes, each one with its own
pressure gauge:
Of prestressing route;
Of return route (blocking of the keys).
Before the prestressing operations, the two hoses are mounted to the jack and to the pump.
The return route is closed. The route feeding the prestressing chamber on the jack must be open.
The prestressing is done by means of gradual pressure increase in the prestressing chamber,
according to the stages of expansion. At each level, the pump will stop and the relocation of the
marker is measured. The measured value is registered in the prestressing record immediately.
For the next pressure increase the pump is turned on again and the operation is repeated.
In case of a long wire, or when prestressing is done from one end, the extension under the
project will often be greater than the stroke of the piston of the jack, in this case the prestressing
wont be possible in one jack operation of the. One or more additional steps are necessary.
The further prestressing operations are carried out, if possible, with minimal pressure.
Reaching the maximum pressure must be avoided, so caution must be paid there is a risk of
rope or ropes breaking.
After the final stage, the keys are blocked by means of a special piston in the jack. The
operation consists of pushing the keys into their housings in the anchor blocks, preventing the
risk of slippage on the ropes during the force transfer from the temporary to the permanent keys,
thus reducing the loss from the slipping of the keys.
These operations are performed before loosening the ropes (until the pressure in the
prestressing chamber is constant). The rise in the pressure in the chamber for blocking (connected
to the return chamber) increases a little the pressure in the prestressing chamber. It is important
not to exceed the maximum pressure when blocking the keys.
When the prestressing forces are transferred from the temporary to the permanent keys,
through riving off the temporary ones, permanent sliding in the taper hole of the anchor block
thus causing loss in extension called: net yielding of the keys.
The net yielding of the keys is measured at the end of the prestressing. Its average value is
6 mm. The minimum and maximum values are respectively 4 and 8 mm.
After measuring of the extensions of the wires and checking of their compliance with the
project, they are cut to approximately 30 mm after the end of the keys by means of an angle
grinder. Blowtorch cutting is prohibited. Air tests are done before the injection and its hall aim to
establish "leakage" along the channel makers length and in the lids.
At the time of injection the following parameters are monitored:
Injection pressure it may not exceed 15 bars;
Pressure after injection - after the end of injection (mortar leakage on the other side) the
pressure needs to be kept at 5 bar for 1 minute;
Temperature - the air, water and cement temperatures are recorded;
Injection - it must correspond to the injection v.
Concrete and reinforcement works on the beams
The concrete for the preparation of 2T-beams for bridges and viaducts is classified pursuant
to MKTI CEN/ TR 15868:2009. The concrete mixtures are made in the form of ready concrete
mixtures at two ready-mix plants, located close to the polygon and where the cement, aggregate,
chemical additives and water are added and mixed by the manufacturer. The reinforcement steel
is stored and prepared in the reinforcement yard, located on reinforced concrete surfaces in
immediate vicinity of the production zone. Records books for the reinforcement, welding and
concrete works for site quality control shall be kept daily.
The laying of the concrete mixture for one beam is executed continuously with an auto
concrete pump, and its consistency is S3 according to the classification of MKTI CEN/ TR
15868:2009 or as referred to in the project and the technical specification. In order to ensure the
required amount of concrete mixture for a continuous concreting process, one ready mix truck
with capacity 9 m3 will arrive every 10 minutes. The schedule provides for concreting one beam
every day. The concrete laying is executed in the presence of the manager for the concrete
production or his explicitly appointed deputy.
A sliding shed will protect the beams of adverse weather conditions (rain) during
concreting in the first hours of strengthening of the concrete. Concrete surfaces, exposed to
conditions causing water evaporation, shrinking or cracking will be prevented with a material
that will keep them moist. When considered that no covers are needed, the concrete surface can
be kept moist by spraying and spraying with water.
In order to protect the concrete from the effects of low and high temperatures the following
measures will be taken:
-When the air temperature is under + 5 C, no concreting is done until the formulation
complies with the winter conditions and the distance from the ready-mix plant;
- The temperature of the concrete surface at the time of laying may not be under + 5 C (+
10 C, when the cement content in the concrete is under 240 kg/m3 or when using the low-
thermal cement) and it may not exceed + 30 C;
Before concreting the formwork, the common and the prestressed reinforcement and every
surface with which the concrete is in touch, are cleaned from snow, ice and freeze;
- A boiler for heating of formwork frames will be provided on the polygon. All resources
will be provided (protective, insulating covers, etc.) in order to protect the concrete from
freezing.
- When the concrete has to be laid in hot weather (air temperature exceeding + 35 C in the
shade), the concrete formulation must be consistent with the concreting conditions and the
distance to the ready-mix plant; the transportation time can be reduced to a minimum; the
formwork and the concrete laid are sprayed with water;
The concrete compressive strength is specified by means of test cubes that are prepared and
matured according to the requirements of EN 12390-2:2009, pressure tested pursuant to the
requirements of EN 12390-3:2009/AC:2013 in half-finished forms.
Concrete strength testing probes are taken from the place of preparation of the concrete
and/ or from the place of laying.
On the polygon are provided vibrators in order to ensure the required compaction of the
concrete mixture, after pouring into the formwork frame. The internal vibrators are inserted and
removed from the concrete slowly. The vibration continues until the concrete stops releasing air
bubbles. The vibration intensity will insure the compaction of the concrete without causing
mixture disintegration.
Storage and transportation of prestressed elements
All prefabricated elements, with the exception of the vertical ones, are stored and
transported in a position specified for their final assembly.
The prefabricated reinforced concrete beams represent oversized load and their
transportation on the State road network is performed after the execution and coordination of
specific projects with schedules on specifically selected routes. All requirements of the Road
Traffic Law and the traffic provisions of the municipal authorities within the boundaries of
settled areas will be observed.
The transport of oversized pre-stressed beams is carried out by means of specially
designated vehicles (towing vehicles and trailers) in compliance with the prescribed traffic
regime.
The beams are loaded on the vehicles vertically, one and more (depending on the carrying
capacity of the vehicle, the permissible axle load, etc.). They are set under the project on the
specified places and fixed in order to avoid overturning (during motion and in curves) with
fencing tools in order to protect the elements edges and surfaces from damage.
The beams production and delivery starts immediately with signing of the contract for the
implementation with schedule until the start of the works on beams installation on the site
(building sites).

Technology of installation of 2 T-beams

The beams are installed in stages for each facility by using a motor hoisting crane. 6 8
beams are installed when pre-delivered and positioned on the exact position bearings.
 The reinforced concrete beams in superstructure of installations are of different sizes and
weights. Cranes of different capacity are involved depending on the particular installation for the
different ways of installation.
Before beginning of the installation is executed a comprehensive plan-scheme for the
location of the hoisting facility, maneuvering of the beam transporting vehicle and the approach
to the crane, the lifting of the crane jib to the optimal length and the lifting capacity. Cranes that
can mount multiple beams from one position will be involved.
The crane areas and the approaches to the cranes are prepared according to the selected
hoisting facility and the developed installation schemes. They must have sufficient load-bearing
capacity and be well levelled. These areas and approaches are prepared in every opening of the
facilities. For the lifting of the beams from the transport vehicle and their installation at the
appropriate place on the bearings are used slings marked pursuant to the standard, with length
that must correspond to the distance between the suspension openings of the beams. In order to
adjust the length and to comply with this requirement are used fours of calibrated and marked.
The beam movement from its transport vehicle to the place of installation is executed by means
of ropes long enough, fastened at both ends of the beam, and the installation workers must stay at
safe distance. No people or equipment may stay in the area below the beam. Supported by
geodetic preparation are specified the correct bearing positions on the under-bearing grounds and
the location of the beam end on the axis.
The bearings are placed in the appropriate compensating plates (if any), considering their
direction.
The mounted beam is immediately strengthened with beech keys against turning at the
lower flange and the bearing pedestals. Subsequently, all beams are further reinforced to each
other until their concreting. The beams installation is subject to acceptance and signing the
necessary documents.
As already said, the installation will usually be carried out from the bottom, i.e. using auto-
and excavator-cranes standing on the ground. Under overpasses and viaducts the terrain are
usually flat, and the height of the bridge will allow the use of construction mechanization,
available in almost all construction organizations.
This installation will be also applied to a large number of bridges over rivers. The rivers of
the territory of the country are with unstable water regime, that is, over the course of months or
even years the flow of water quantity is significantly less than the dimensioning one. This allows
that part of the watercourse is filled up and the elements of the superstructure are installed from
the ground. The progressive infilling is favorable for the implementation of the foundation and of
the supports.
 11. ROAD SLAB, PAVING BLOCKS AND TRANSITIONAL SLABS IN
INSTALLATIONS
The concrete mixture in the slab is placed after the final completion of all prior to
construction works and their acceptance and signing of the necessary records. This is the
formwork between the beams (formwork or pre-slabs), flatbed formwork (lengthwise and
crosswise) and formwork of the individual sections if any, reinforcement of the road slab,
connecting slabs and transverse beams at the dilatation joints and reinforcement of pavement
blocks, placed in the slab.
The roadway of the bridge facilities is implemented with levels and sizes (dimensions)
according to the presented drawings.
All structural elements - beams, slabs, curbs, traffic safety fences and others are
implemented so that the grade lines and the final formation of the other structural parts
correspond exactly to those given in the project for levels and sizes.
The surface of the slab is processed so that it wont require installation of smoothing
concrete or further processing for laying of the waterproofing.
 The works on designing the roadway are subject to control and acceptance. Particular
attention is paid to facilities covered in the horizontal or vertical curves or both together.
The pavement block of the road bridge structures will be implemented immediately after
the completion of the work on the superstructure and accepted under the approved drawings and
details. The pavement block is implemented from reinforced concrete in monolithic way. The
technology of execution is subject to approval. The implementation works for the pavement
block is controlled and accepted by the Engineer.
Transitional slabs are used in order to ensure good transition between the end of the facility
and the embankment behind it and prevention of the formation of dangerous thresholds and
sinking before the facilities.
The transitional plates are monolithic, normal and slanted, well provided with connection
to the abutment wall. The length, the width and the thickness of the transitional slabs are
specified in the project.
 12. WATERPROOFING LAYING ON BRIDGE STRUCTURES
This section covers the requirements for the provision of facilities, materials and
implementation of the waterproofing of concrete and reinforced concrete road facilities.
Waterproofing is a system of materials with primary function - protection of the concrete
structure from the impact of water, chemical agents and other aggressive factors causing
corrosion of the concrete and the reinforcement of the construction elements.
Materials
The type of materials used for the implementation of the waterproofing is determined
pursuant to the project requirements and the technical specification.
The primer, used for priming of the concrete foundation before the implementation of sheet
waterproofing, is of viscosity that allows smooth absorption in concrete without crust formation.
The sheet waterproofing polymer modified bitumen based materials shall meet the
requirements of the Technical specification and of the project. The delivered sheet waterproofing
is accompanied by a statement of performance.

TEST METHOD
SPECIFICATIONS Measure REQUIREMENT
Mass per area unit g/ m2 EN 1849-1:2009 at least 4500 g/ m2
Total thickness Mm at least 4.5
Maximum tensile strength N/ 50 mm
- longitudinal at least 700
EN 12311-1:2009; at least 700
- cross EN 12311-2:2013
Elongation at maximum tensile
strength: %
- longitudinal at least 40
at least 40
- cross
Water tightness, 2 bar, 24 h EN 1928:2009 water-proof
Water absorbability, % EN 14223:2009 not more than 5
Bending at -10 ,
d = 30 mm, 5 s EN 1109:2013 no cracking
no seepage of
bitumen to be
Stability of seepage at 120, 2 h EN 1110:2009 noticed
Adhesion strength N/mm2 EN 13596:2009 at least 0.4

The liquid polymer composition based waterproofing materials represent a system of a

layer for bonding with the concrete foundation, main waterproofing layer and a layer for bonding
with the bituminous concrete. All liquid polymer composition based waterproofing systems shall
comply with the requirements of the regulations in force. Upon delivery the liquid polymer
composition based waterproofing compositions are accompanied by a statement of performance.
Necessary tools
The bitumen waterproof sheets are executed using gas-flame sticking. This requires a gas
ring in a set with a gas tank, pressure-reducing valve and hose (min. 10 m), a trowel with rounded
edges, a sword and gloves.
Implementation
The project for the implementation of the waterproofing is subject to approval and shall
contain:
horizontal and vertical sections of the installation with the instructions for the type
and the general waterproofing laying;
details on the implementation of the waterproofing around drainers, curbs,
expansion joints and other typical structure elements;
 detailed textual part about: the concrete surface preparation, the class of
compressive strength of the structural concrete or smoothing layer, forming the
waterproofing foundation; soil composition (if necessary), preparation and
application; type of the waterproofing system, number of layers, method of
installation and overlapping of individual roadways in longitudinal and cross
direction, a way of shifting of the overlaps in the individual layers waterproofing
set; type of road surface, thickness of the layers and methods of laying and
compaction.
The surface moisture on the concrete bottom at the time of the waterproofing laying,
measured using an appropriate express method, may not exceed 4%, unless the adopted type of
waterproofing requires otherwise.
The waterproofing foundation will have a degree of flatness on the following tolerances for
the clearances:
of the longitudinal slope 5 mm;
of the cross slope 5 mm;
single unevenness 5 mm.
The flatness is established by means of 4 meter surveyor's rod pursuant to the requirements
of EN 13036-7:2007.
The waterproofing will run on dry and clean concrete bottom at bottom surface and air
temperature of at least + 5 C, unless the adopted type of waterproofing requires otherwise.
The execution of the waterproofing will start after a record of acceptance of the bottom is
drawn up.
The waterproofing will be duly protected from possible mechanic damage before and
during the laying of the road surface. Movement of equipment and installations with rubber
wheels will only be permitted on the waterproofing, with the aim of laying an extra protective
layer. The surface of the tires is checked on a regular basis, and the embedded stones are
removed.
No stay and movement of the steam rollers are permitted on the insulation.
The laying of the road surface is permitted only after acceptance of the final waterproofing
system by the Engineer.
The surface on which the material is laid, must be clean, even cement coating or smoothing
concrete, with the necessary slope, dry, without jutting up objects or dents. The dust, oil and other
residues are cleaned up before laying.
The concrete surface will be primed. This will ensure optimum adhesion to the bottom.
The sheet is pressed against the bottom and on the overlaps. The edges of the sheet are
shaped with a trowel in order to achieve water-tight bonding.
During the implementation of the waterproofing of two layers, the second ones are shifted
towards the first ones at 50 cm. No overlaps may match those of the previous layers.
Places that are not well pasted, are processed further by carefully raising the overlapping
edge using a preheated trowel and pressed again to the bottom in order to obtain water-tight
bonding.
The edges that has not been well pasted wont be repaired over by heating of the sheet on
top.
Pasting of the reel waterproofing material with a gas burner on the underboarding is
prohibited.
Recommendations for proper storage and operation with waterproof sheets
1) Rolls are unload gently, without being thrown on the ground.
2) During work with the materials it is absolutely forbidden to move rolls without
supporting pallets.
3) Rolls, both single and palletized, must be stored in a vertical position in one row to
prevent beating of the edges and crushing of the rolls.

Tests
Each individual layer of the roof waterproofing system is subject to interim acceptance by
checking of the adhesion to the concrete bottom and the overlap of sheet materials. At every new
300 m2 is performed a test consisting of 3 single evenly distributed tests of the waterproofing
layer in terms of adhesion to the bottom. When the single values received are less than the
permissible ones, two new additional tests in the vicinity of the original test are made. When the
additional two tests satisfy the requirements, the originally received lower than the permissible
value are ignored.
Affecting the quality and durability of the roof waterproofing system can be checked and
proved depending on the project requirements other indicators.
 13. SURFACE IMPREGNATION
Surface impregnation is applied on outdoor concrete surfaces. The impregnation shall be
implemented in strict compliance with the instructions of the manufacturer.

Materials
The materials for surface impregnation (hydrophobic impregnation and impregnation) shall
satisfy the requirements of the regulative documents. In the case of supply, all materials must be
accompanied by a statement of performance.
Warehousing and storage of materials for surface impregnation are carried out pursuant to
the instructions and requirements of the manufacturer.
Implementation
Surface areas intended for impregnation are dried for at least 24 hours before impregnation. No
drying of surfaces in an artificial way is permitted. The surfaces are cleaned with wire-solid
brushes, water blasting and/ or other means in order to achieve elimination of dust and
construction waste on them pursuant to the technological requirements to the impregnated
material.
The impregnation is carried out in sequence and in a way, agreed and approved by the
Engineer in advance.
Impregnation can begin after achieving the necessary moisture and compressive strength of
the concrete bottom and after its acceptance by the Engineer.
During impregnation reliable protection of all areas adjacent to the elements subject to
superficial impregnation shall be ensured.
At the time of impregnation and at least six hours after its completion protection of the
processed surfaces from rain and spraying water from the movement must be ensured.
Impregnation of the exposed concrete surfaces wont be executed when:
the ambient temperature is under + 5 C;
the concrete surface temperature is higher than + 25 C.
During implementation the requirements of the technical specification are met.

14. JOINTS
Transitional structures for joints (expansion joints) may provide more favorable and
reliable way to do any of the following:
the relative displacements between the superstructure and abutment walls (posts),
and between individual sections of the superstructure without creating forces not
included in design calculations;
comfortable and safe passage of vehicles over the joint;
waterproofing protection (water tightness) for the bridge construction in the area of
the joint.
The joints shall have the following qualities:
types, construction and functional characteristics shall correspond exactly to the
requirements of the project and to the technical specification;
high reliability and durability;
easy installation;
ability to control, minimum maintenance costs and the opportunity for easy
 replacement in the operation.
The used constructive joints that are of two types:
indoor type, where the asphalt concrete coating of the flooring wont be cut over
the joint, and the coating in the joint area is implemented with special compositions
with modified bitumen;

open type, where the asphalt concrete coating of the surface is cut over the joint,
and in the joint area, on the place of the surface is placed an elastic element,
anchored in the road slab or in specially fitted profiles, and no all-steel structures
will be allowed for open type joints.
 The dilation of the joint, and data for adjustment during installation, are subject to
specification in the project and the type of the joint will be offered by the Contractor and is
subject to approval by the Engineer. The constructive height of the joint may not exceed the
thickness of the pavement of the asphalt concrete bridge. The joint is anchored in the slab of the
superstructure with anchor bolts, as the anchoring wont require making of a special bed in the
road slab.
Particular attention is to be paid to the connection between the joint and the waterproofing
of the bridge, the removal of the water, penetrated through the road surface, and reparability of
the joint.
The size of the gap, and the data for the adjustment when fitting, are specified in the
project.
The joint type is specified after detailed study of the materials provided by the Contractor
for the specific qualities of the joint, and complied with the requirements of the project and the
technical specification.
Materials
The materials shall meet the requirements of the technical specification of the company-
manufacturer.
The elastomer shall have physical and mechanical qualities, similar to those in the
elastomeric bearings and additionally high durability and frost resistance.
The modified ones will have a high atmospheric, ozone and thermal resistance, they will
provide the elasticity of asphalt concrete coverage in the joint area and meet the necessary
requirements.
The metal parts are made of high-quality steel or stainless steel. The open parts of the joints
are of stainless alloy or with durable corrosion protection.
The qualities of the materials are ensured by means of accompanying certificate and control
tests.
Implementation
The installation of the joint is carried out in strict compliance with the technological
requirements of the company and those provided in the project. Particular attention shall be paid
to the adjustment of the joint to the temperature of the bridge construction of at the time of
installation. For this purpose, during the installation of the joint, at intervals of 4 hours are taken
the temperatures of the air and of the superstructure.
A record will be drawn for the adjustment of joint and mounting temperature, which are
kept in the bridge facility file.
The installation of the joint is subject to control and acceptance.
Special attention must be paid to the connection between the joint, the waterproofing and
the road surface of the bridge. For the removal of the water that penetrated through the surface
will be installed a drainage system pursuant to the project.
For the lead of the water penetrated from the roadway of the bridge though the construction
joint, directly below the joint is made an additional groove that leads this water out of the bridge
structure. The groove can be of elastomer (reinforced with fabric) or steel with a durable
anticorrosive coating.
Before the beginning of the installation works of the joint the Engineer must approve:
the executive drawings and the results of the control measurements of the places
for the bearings and the joints in the bridge structure;
detailed work schedule on the implementation of the assembly work.
When mounting the dilatation joints, they are regulated pursuant to Instruction on the
requirements to be observed when fitting that accompany the joint. The joint installation works
must be executed by experts of the manufacturer or his authorized and trained representatives.
The mounted joints are subject to acceptance by the designer and the engineer before
concreting to the facility construction.
Rubber-metal joints open type
Implementation
The joint assembly location and the selection of the corresponding size are to be verified,
and the laying of the last layer of the asphalt coating with accurate measurement of its thickness
will be verified.
The axles of the dilatation joints will be marked.
The asphalt coverage is to be cut.
The two parallel sides of the axis, where the asphalt coating is cut, will be marked with
chalk or colored rope, then cut with a disc grinder (with a diamond disc).
In order to achieve smooth cuts in the asphalt, it would be advisable to make their depth so
as to reach the reinforced concrete slab, but without damaging it.
The seals assembly will be executed pursuant to the project. They will be attached to the
bridge structure by means of steel bolts, reinforced in the anchor holes, made in the bridge slabs,
pre- filled with anchor resin.
Before the installation are checked:
the compliance of the configuration and the dimensions of the openings left or cut
in the asphalt surface, with those in the assembly project;
the conformity of the opening, the holes and "bolt" beds, with those in the assembly
project;
the conformity of the works of concreting in the area of anchoring;
the vertical position of the seals will be checked every 6 meters from the location of
the modules to the grade line of the road, in at least 6 measuring points located
along the axis of the roadway and on both sides of the dilatation system, and the
deflection of the vertical positioning in any measuring point may not exceed 3 mm;
the air temperature at the time of installation of the seals must be at least 0 C and it
may not exceed 30 C.
The findings of the above works are registered in the Construction records book.
Metal joints
Metal joints - technical requirements
The WD joint is extremely durable due to the principle applied in the bonding of its metal
elements to the structure, based on the selection of the materials used and the method of
installation control.
 They are designed towards frequent and heavy loads.
The triangular teeth of the metal components must allow uninterrupted traffic motion, free
of joint noises and shaking.

The easy access to the anchor bolt and reduced element length facilitate the joint
maintenance and shifting, without traffic interruptions, except for the plates in repair.
The WD joints allow 30 degrees distortion without any changes in their main qualities.
Metal joints - installation method
All joint elements are equipped with anchor bolts. The extensions are removed through
cutting of the end elements observing the required dimensions.

The preparation for the joints in the pavement block is the same.
During asphalting the sinking of the joints is prevented by means of sand or gravel filling
and covering with a steel or wooden plate.
At the end of asphalting, the joints are marked with chalk and string, in order to achieve
perfect alignment. The outlined size must be parallel to the metal plate that is put on the place of
the joint.
Using joint cutter, the asphalt will be cut carefully along the bridge width, so that the depth
of the cut shall reach the waterproofing membrane.
Using electric or pneumatic hammer, the asphalt is removed and cleared from the bridge.
The cover plate will also be removed and the bed of joint will be cleared of sand and gravel.
The joint bed is reinforced by means of additional eyehooks to the existing reinforcement in
order to strengthen the joint anchoring.
Polystyrene, giving the size of the opening of the joint, is placed (the alignment is done
with great care). Then the extension of the opening between the two concretes is placed.
Each element is installed and fixed in the hole crosswise and longitudinal, according to the
final asphalt level. Each element will be connected to the other in order to avoid displacement
during concreting.
Some counter weights are placed on channels in order to ensure the stability of the
installation at the time of concreting.
After placing the joints and their fixation are added some lengthwise poles in order to
complete the reinforcement.
Before starting the concreting, the entire surface of the joint is protected with bonding
concrete that is thin enough to be filled in all of the holes, especially under the anchor bolt. Its
vibration is particularly important for the achievement of good concrete density.
The surface finishing is executed by means of a brush, trowel or a plastering darby.
All additional reinforcement will be removed after 24 hours of the concrete hardening.
The probes are tested after two days and when the values are acceptable, all anchor bolts
are re-tightened with a special key, according to the joint specifications.
All anchor bolt holes are filled with bitumen.
The area is cleared of remnants of construction materials before the traffic release.
Metal joints Description of the equipment
Joint cutter 1 piece;
Air hammer - 2 pieces;
Compressor 1 piece;
Special wrench with a capacity of up to 20 N.m to 800 N.m - 3 pieces.
Metal joints Logical sequence
I stage - preparatory work;
II stage - cleaning;
III stage adding reinforcement;
IV stage - placing the joint;
V stage - fixing and final reinforcement;
VI stage concreting and concrete hardening;
VII stage - bolts tightening and final arrangement.
Removal of asphalt cuttings
Asphalt cuttings from the cuts in the pavement are broken by means of "Hilti" or are
crushed with an air hammer, and then removed from the ''bed" of the joint, until their full
elimination. After removal of the cuttings, the reinforced concrete plate on the bottom of the bed
is cleaned, aligned and processed in order to ensure best adhesion with the grout to be poured on
it.
Then the ready "bed" for the joint in the structure will be carefully cleared from dust,
cement, pebbles and other unnecessary items. The walls of the "bed" are cleaned carefully with a
dry brush.
The bottom of the bed of the joint will be layered with a special high strength epoxy
solution, which will then be laid a smoothing epoxy resin layer. The intention is that the
construction of the structural foundation ensures greatest strength and integrity of the "bed" on
the joint, achieving the necessary vertical thickness of the "bed" at the same time.
After hardening of the solution placed in the "bed" for 3 to 24 hours, depending on the
weather conditions, the module seal will be placed in the "bed" for the purpose of marking and
drilling the attachment points in the reinforced concrete plate with bolts. Marking and drilling are
executed by means of "Hilti" or with a drill. The module will then be removed from the "bed". So
after a careful cleaning the anchor holes for the bolts are filled with epoxy resins.
The seals, once placed in the "beds" for marking and drilling of the anchor holes may no
longer be removed, due to their large dimensions and weight significantly. After making of all
anchor holes, they are cleaned by blowing with a compressor.
The minimum depth and the hole diameters, the size of the anchoring bolts and of the joint
washers and the tightening of the nuts that are used for the final fixing of the joints to the bridge
facility shall comply with the various types of seals.
The hole filling is executed with anchor epoxy resin, recommended and listed in the
project. It should be considered that the holes are filled only up to 50% of their volume. The
anchor bolts then are inserted into the holes carefully and slowly, with a rotating motion, in order
to avoid the formation of air bubbles between the bolt and the anchor hole wall. After anchoring
of the anchor bolts it is necessary to verify of maximum and minimum limits of their projection
on the upper part (above the upper level of the "bed").
After processing of the anchor holes, a test for hardening of the laid anchor resin will be
made, respectively for the strength of the bonding of the anchor bolts with the resin and their
tight fixing in the "bed" of the seal and the bridge slab.
Then the modules seals will be returned in their places in the bridge structure. After the
arrangement of the seals in the bridge joint to its completeness, on the bolts already fixed are
placed the washers, and the tightening nuts are screwed on the bolts with a torque wrench,
keeping the force values of tightening.
In order to build elastic transition /transition/ between the seal and asphalt paving, i.e. the
filling and adhesion between the vertical walls of the asphalt sections with the joint walls, the
places of treatment are well dried and cleaned from contaminants.
The cleaning is done with brushes, brooms or a compressor. Then, the walls of these
sections of the asphalt sections, those of the joint and the "bed" are primed with recommended
epoxy based products, using a short hair brush or a paint roller.
Before primer drying, another product of epoxy-based mixture will be prepared - epoxy
resin with fine silica sand, and it will be used for the filling of the spaces, formed between the
asphalt and the seals.
The epoxy product are laid with a trowel, moistened in solvent in advance, in order to
facilitate the treatment. At the same time, the product will be well aligned to the asphalt surface
and that of the seals, possibly undistinguishable.
After hardening of the epoxy product, the transfer /transition/ will be painted with clear or
colored epoxy resin. For the purpose of obtaining aesthetic appearance when painting the
"transition" is used "painting tape" that is removed after painting.

15. BACKFILLING
The backfilling will be formed to the levels of the slopes, and the technology and the stages
of application of the different layers are approved by the Engineer. The backfilling is formed to
the levels and slopes, referred to in the drawings. If necessary, the operation on the backfilling
and/or excavations, representing part of the approaches to equipment are suspended, until the
requirements in terms of the time limits for strengthening of the equipment are complied with.
The backfill of the trenches and foundations is implemented after verification and approval of the
foundation and work on the facilities within the excavations. When building the backfilling to the
pipe or drainage, the necessary measures are taken in order to build the backfilling
simultaneously on both sides of the facility. The bottoms of all trenches for the facilities that are
backfilled again and all the approaches to the facilities are compacted up to 98% of the maximum
dry density of the material at a distance of at least 5 m measured from the top of the facility. The
compacting with mechanical equipment is executed in such a way as to avoid passing on the
already existing facilities. The compaction is executed with the tire and rubber tire, static,
vibratory and oscillation rollers. In areas that are difficult to access or have little cover over the
facility, the compaction is executed with oscillation rollers, vibratory plates and manual ramming.
No backfilling is allowed by filling of non broken rock material behind the equipment.

16. DRAINS
The leading of surface water from the roadway of the bridge without having any contact
with the structure are specified in the project and performed by inserting drains in certain
locations.
The water from the drains is led with horizontal and vertical drainage system in the
superstructure and the substructure at specified in the project areas.
The drains for the bridge facilities are placed on both sides in straight line (double-sided
cross slope of the roadway). In facilities with single-sided slope, the drains are placed in the
lower part of the roadway.
The extension pipes shall reach at least 20 cm below the lower edge of the main beams.
For environmental considerations or in cases of high posts (8 - 10 m), darn water is
removed with horizontal and vertical drainage systems in the superstructure and substructure at
certain area places.
Materials
All parts of the cast iron drains are made of cast iron under EN 1561:2011. The
elements of the drain system are of metal or plastic, produced and approved by specialized
companies. All metal parts and cast iron drains are anti-corrosion treated by hot dip galvanizing
pursuant to EN ISO 1461:2010 with an average mass of coating at least of the values
referred to in Table 3 of the standard.
Performance
Along the length of the construction, the drains shall be placed according to the Instructions
for implementation and technical documentation for the drainage of road bridge structures. The
drains are delivered by approved specialized companies. The individual parts are executed
according to individually developed drawings. The manufacturer shall guarantee the quality of
the materials used with appropriate certificates. The finished drains are subject to approval.
On site, the drains are installed manually in the following sequence:
Pipe;
Cup;
Grid.
The pipe is concreted in the road slab of the equipment in a way ensuring that the upper end
coincides with the slab surface. The cup of drain is mounted after the implementation of the
insulation, which passes from the slab through the expansion part of the pipe and is pressed by
the cup. The upper edge of the cup shall coincide with the level of the road surface. The grid is
mounted last.
The implementation of the paving around the drains is carried out carefully in order to
avoid their displacement and to ensure good drainage of the surface water.
All activities of production, supply and installation of the drains are subject to control.

17. RAILING AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

Pedestrian railings
On the paving blocks shall be provided for a steel railing for pedestrians and a restraining
system for vehicles.
 Materials
The type, manufacture, dimensions and tolerances, the method of installation of pedestrian
railings will be executed pursuant to Projects of the manufacturer, drawn up in advance, in
compliance with the requirements of the project and the technical specification and MKTI
CEN/TR 1317-6:2012.
The main construction elements for railings as posts, lattice panels, rails, handles, corners,
bearing and connecting components and parts are produced from materials according to the
design of the manufacturer and with proven qualities with the applicable tests for statement of
performance.
The materials used by the Contractor on the Site and the elements received finished,
produced outside, shall also be accompanied by a statement of performance indicators, pursuant
to the relevant product standards.
Implementation
The Contractor shall provide verified and secure appropriate technical equipment before
commencement of the construction works.
All welding and assembly works are implemented in the manner and pursuant to the project
of the manufacturer. In order to ensure the quality of installation there will be instruction on the
execution and mode of operation for each type of activity. There will be evidence of the quality of
the materials used - statement of performance, test reports and evidence of the competence of the
executive staff.
All steel elements for railings are anti-corrosion treated by hot dip galvanizing pursuant to
EN ISO 1461:2010, with the average mass of the coating at least 500 g/m2, and appearance
without any dendrites, bubbles, packs, unevenness or sharp rises and uncovered areas. The repair
of damaged galvanized areas is performed by the plant, implemented with hot galvanizing
pursuant to item 6.3 of EN ISO 1461:2010.
The anchor bolts, nuts, washers, etc. are hot dip galvanized according to Table 4 of
EN ISO 1461:2010, for example, the average mass of the coating for a piece with > 6 mm is at
least 360 g/ m2 and for a piece with < 6 mm at least 180 g/m2. No subsequent operations will
be allowed such as drilling, welding, cutting and other similar activities related to taking off
material after hot galvanizing of the pieces.
All additional facilities built in connection with the installation and operation of the railing
are under the pre-approved project.

Combined railings for cars and pedestrians

The manufacture of combined safety railings for cars and pedestrians on the road bridge
structures is executed according to projects drawn in advance pursuant to the regulations for
design of roads and bridges and technical rules for the application of restraint systems for roads
on the road network of the Republic of Macedonia.
The combined safety railings for cars and pedestrians are placed in the areas with a risk of
falling from a height over 2 m, with insufficient clearance of the facility and lack of opportunity
for mounting of both falling from a height over 2 m, with insufficient clearance of the facility and
the lack of opportunity for mounting both of a restrain system and a railing for pedestrian traffic,
and at the insufficient width of the paving block.
Materials
The structural elements for the construction of the railings for cars are executed of steel and
the fasteners as indicated in the test record specified in EN 1317-2:2012 and the statements
of performance pursuant to EN 1317-5:2008+2:2012/ AC:2012, and the structural
elements building the pedestrian railings are drawn up pursuant to the prior projects and with a
height > = 1100 mm.
The materials used by the Contractor on the site and the elements supplied finished, being
produced out of the site, are accompanied by a statement of performance, documents, certifying
the qualifications of contractors, and quality tests.
All elements for the construction of combined safety railings for cars and pedestrians are
anti-corrosion treated by means of hot dip galvanizing pursuant to the requirements of EN
ISO 1461:2010. The average mass of the coating is at least 500 g/ m2, no dendrites, bubbles,
packs, unevenness or sharp rises allowed, or any uncovered areas. The repair of damaged
galvanized areas is performed exclusively by the factory, implementing the hot galvanizing
activities pursuant to item 6.3 of EN ISO 1461:2010.
Implementation
When a railing for vehicle is required to function as a combined railing for vehicles and
pedestrians, it shall meet the requirements both for vehicles and for pedestrians. In this case the
testing under EN 1317-2:2012 has priority to the testing under MKTI CEN/TR 1317-
6:2012.
The manner of construction, the type and sizing of the safety railings for cars shall provide
increased or very high degree of restraint from H1 to L4b, depending on the project requirements
and pursuant to EN 1317-1:2012 and EN 1317-2:2012, the pedestrian railings shall
have a height > = 1100 mm.
 No cutting and welding of finished elements is allowed on the site, if they are delivered
ready for installation. In order to ensure the quality of construction there must be approved
project for the site that shall be complied with, with approved technology and mode of operation
for each type of activity. There must be evidence of the quality of the materials used statements
of performance, test reports and evidence of the competence of the executive staff.
No use of bolts, nuts, washers for the safety railings, processed by electrochemical manner
is allowed. They are hot dip galvanized according to the requirements of Table 4 of EN ISO
1461:2010 with an average mass of the coating of at least 360 g/m2 for pieces with > 6 mm
and at least 180 g/m2 for pieces with < 6 mm. No subsequent operations will be allowed after
the hot galvanizing of the pieces, like drilling, welding, cutting and similar activities related to
material taking off.
All additional facilities built in connection with the installation and operation of the railings
for cars are executed according to a coordinated and approved project.

Restraint systems
Materials
The properties of the restraint systems are evidenced by documents of conformity pursuant
to the requirements of the current regulations and EN 1317-5:2008+2:2012/ AC:2012.
All steel materials are anticorrosion treated by hot dip galvanizing pursuant to Table 3 of
EN ISO 1461:2010, with the average mass of the surface at least 500 g/ m2.
The appearance of the zinc coating of all steel elements shall be pursuant to EN ISO
1461:2010 without any dendrites, bubbles, packs, unevenness or sharp rises, or uncovered areas.
No subsequent operations after the hot galvanizing of the pieces such as drilling, welding,
cutting and other similar activities related to the taking off material are allowed.

Implementation
The construction of the restraint systems shall meet the project, technical specification and
the requirements of EN 1317-1:2012 and EN 1317-2:2012.
For the equipment and the high retaining walls shall apply restraint systems for facilities
where the degree of retention is specified in the project, but may not be less than H1.
 All additional protective devices such as buffers, guiding devices or road restraint systems
for pedestrians, are implemented in an approved project of the locations and manner, meeting the
requirements of EN 1317-1:2012 in its applicable parts.
Steel restraint systems
Materials
The profile of the guiding rail will have a wavy shape with two or more waves. The
material for the bus and the bars, bearing the anchor plates, consoles, anti-vibration clamps,
tensioners, beams fasteners, and others are implemented of steel as specified in the test record
according to EN 1317-2:2012 or a document under EN 1317-5:2008+2:2012/
AC:2012.
The use of bolts, nuts, washers, keys and chains for the protective fences, processed by
under electrochemical manner wont be allowed. They are hot dip galvanized according to the
requirements of Table 4 of EN ISO 1461:2010 with an average mass of the coating of at
least 22 of 360 g/ m2 for pieces with > 6 mm and at least 180 g/m2 for pieces with < 6 mm.

Implementation
The overlap of individual elements in the places of connection of the guiding rail are in the
traffic direction so that there are no corners against it. The places of transition from a fence with
one degree of retention to the fence with another degree of retention or from one type to another,
and the locations of joints in facilities are implemented with transition elements.
The bearing posts are driven in the wayside or the dividing strip of road to the appropriate
depth. No cutting of the posts is allowed in order to reach the appropriate size, and this shall
apply for their concreting. The elements for beginning/end are dug in and connected with the
posts for neutral grounding under the ground level. Concreting of the posts is permitted only
when their driving are impossible and there is an agreed and approved project for this operation.
The height of the completed restraint system, measured from the upper edge of the cover to
the upper edge of the fence is 750 mm 30 mm or according to the manufacturer's tests.
The finished steel restraint system will be lined up by length 30 mm/100 m and height
30 mm/100 m.
The length of the dismountable part in the case of manually dismountable restraint systems
is at least 8 m. The elements will have a geometry identical to that before and after the cut off and
are connected to transitional elements.
The upper side of the restrained flange is aligned with the level of the roadway, so that after
the dismantling of the manually dismountable steel restraint system it wont exceed it.
The neutral grounding at the start/ end of restraint systems is implemented in a way
identical with the one shown in the qualification test and with the elements so that it shall
correspond to EN 1317-2:2012 and EN 1317-5:2008+2:2012/AC:2012.
In the short neutral grounding, the railing are tilted towards the ground at an angle of 10
1 in the longitudinal axis and laterally 2 1 to the wayside. In the event of long neutral
grounding, the railings are tilted towards the ground at an angle of 4 1 in the longitudinal
axis and laterally 2 1 to the wayside. The end post are entirely in the hole formed in
advance, allowing connection with the grounding head.
Reinforced concrete restraint systems New Jersey
Materials
All elements are made of reinforced concrete.
Concrete, reinforcement and coupling elements are with qualities that meet the
requirements of the technical specification and of the project.
The sizes of the systems, depending on the type and purpose, are described in the test
records under EN 1317-2:2012 and according to EN 1317-5:2008+2:2012/
AC:2012.
 Implementation
The geometric elements of the finished restraint system are identical to those of a tested and
system and proven degree of retention.
The assembly shall meet the requirements of EN 1317-2:2012 and EN 1317-
5:2008+2:2012/AC:2012, including the implementation of "beginning/ end", which are
implemented through sloping to the terrain and connection with the steel safety fence or building
a buffer against attack.

18. SAFETY UPON THE PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION-AND-ASSEMBLY

WORKS
. Technical Safety
The contractor shall bear the sole and complete responsibly for the safe conditions on the
Site, including the safety of all people inside or in the proximity of the Site during the
performance of the construction-and-assembly works.
These requirements shall apply constantly and wont be limited to the normal working
hours or be subject to other time limits.
The contractor shall be fully responsible for the safety of workers and all other persons
working at or visiting the Site, including employees of other Contractors and for the protection of
the citizens who are close to the Site.
The contractor shall formulate and implement a Safety Plan pursuant to the requirements.
Within 30 days from the Commencement Date, the Contractor shall hand over the proposed
Safety Plan, which will after receipt of a no objections letter from the Engineer becomes the
Contractors Safety Plan.
The contractor shall guarantee that all actions are in all respects in compliance with the
applicable laws and provisions in the Republic of Macedonia as regards the conditions for safety
and health.
The contractor will appoint a Safety Manager who will be in charge of safety and are free to
report directly to the Engineer all issues regarding safety.
The contractor will provide and maintain an organizational structure of safety staff to
perform and control effectively the safety and health at work on the Site.
The safety staff shall only be committed to safety related issues.
 The responsibilities are clearly defined in the Safety Plan and will show the communication
lines and the reporting between the Contractors Safety Manager and the Executive Management,
the Project Manager and the Engineer.
The Safety Manager, appointed by the Contractor will have obligations during all of his
time, which shall only be related to safety issues, including Work aspects affecting:
Environment;
Industrial;
Health and hygiene safety;
The experience and qualification of the Safety Manager are subject to consideration by the
Engineer who may reject the proposed candidate. Once the Safety Manager is appointed, the
Contractor may not substitute him without the Engineers preliminary consent. The Safety
Manager shall prepare, maintain and observe the compliance with the Safety Plan and all the
safety procedures and are on a full-time basis on the Site.
The contractor will authorize the Safety Manager and the safety staff to take emergent and
appropriate action to make the Site safe and to prevent any work that is not safe, violations of the
Safety Plan, or the Application laws.
The contractor wont commence any work on the Site, until a Safety Manager is appointed
and has started fulfilling his obligations on the Site.
B. Contents of the Contractors Safety Plan
The Safety Plan is subject to regular discussion upon a change in the legislation or the
scope of the Works, change in the prevailing conditions, or as ordered by the Engineer.
The plan shall contain, but is not limited to:
Statement of policy signed by the Contractors Main Contractor stating that the health and
safety at work will enjoy top priority in all aspects of the Contract.
It will clearly state that the Contactors representative is directly responsible for all Site
safety issues.
An organizational timetable determining the full-time safety staff and site other staff with
specific safety responsibilities, both under the Contract, and in the Safety Plan. The timetable will
show the seniority and the reporting lines.
The link between the Safety Manager and the Contractors Manager will be shown. The
safety responsibilities will be specified and enclosed to the timetable, for each job specified in it.
The powers of the Safety Manager and the safety staff that entitle them to take appropriate
action in case of a violation of the Safety Plan or the applicable laws are described.
Details about the means of communication ensuring the effective communication of the
Safety Manager and the Main Staff of the Contractor on the safety issues with the Contractors
staff and the Engineer.
Emergency procedures for organization of rescue teams that will deal with emergency
situations on the site.
The Emergency procedures shall determine the equipment and its position. The frequency
of the practical trainings will be determined.
With regard to these orders, the Contractor will determine the training and communication
of information to the staff.
The orders for health and safety training of the staff on the site are described, including
training reports storage.
The orders for briefing upon appointment and special staff health and safety briefing will
be described.
The proposals will include the schedule, the frequency and the application of the courses
of training, and appropriately trained persons will conduct the training. The workers will be given
a briefing before they are allowed to start work on the Site.
Orders that will allow the Contractor to designate the persons who completed a safety
training. Persons who are not able to prove that they have passed a training will not be allowed to
work on the site.
Details of the quantity and characteristics of the equipment for monitoring of the
conditions of safety that will include at least devices for measuring the level of noise and
appropriate equipment for determining the presence of gases.
The means and frequency of checking, testing and maintaining the safety devices and
equipment, including:
scaffolding
staging
lifting gears
special transport machinery and mechanization
signalization
railing
stairs and other means of access
lighting
equipment security, etc.
The maintenance and monitoring reports for the above elements will be kept.
The Contractor will guarantee that all the inspections and certifications will be carried out
by qualified and competent staff.
Details of how the Contractor will guarantee the protection of authorized visitors and
prevention of unwanted entry into the site.
Details of the proposed first aid, and on-demand medical staff and equipment, which will
also include orders for transportation of injured staff.
Details of how and where safety-related reports will be prepared and kept.
In addition to these reports, the Safety Manager will have to keep a safety log that will be
available to the Engineer upon request, which shall contain daily records of all safety related
activities and events.
Details of the Contractors orders on safety inspections on the site, which shall take place
at least once a month. Inspection report that will include the action taken for resolution of
revealed problems and will be available to the Engineer.
Full checklist for health and safety inspections to be used by the staff upon a site visit.
The checklist will show the standard that must be achieved and will classify the points as critical
and non-critical safety issues. Critical safety problems will be resolved immediately and will be
respectively ticked. Non-critical safety issues that are not immediately resolved are brought to the
respective supervisors attention for subsequent resolution, within the definite period. The
completed checklist will be kept as a report.
Details about a safety check system that will be prepared by the Contractor, both for the
safety management system and for the physical conditions of the site. The safety checks will be
carried out for the conditions specified in the Safety Plan at least on a quarterly basis. The
documentation for this process will be available for the Engineer and will be kept as a report.
Such procedures covering the health and safety aspects under the Contract, including, but
not limited to, the following list, where applicable.
Work at heights
Dust control
Work in confined areas
Traffic control and traffic
Openings in floors and walls and stairs
Welding/cutting and equipping
Cranes, gigs and lifting gears, clothing
Scaffolding and staging
Equipment, machinery and vehicles of the Contractor
Protection from falling objects
Noise control
Temporary lighting
 Workers hygiene facilities
Manual electric tools
Fire-safety measures and procedures
Temporary electricity distribution grid
Personal protective equipment
Rigging chains, clamps, etc.
Control over hazardous substances
Installation of construction steel
Stairs
C. Amendments to the Safety Plan
The Engineer may demand amendments to the Safety Plan or to any safety procedure in
order to ensure compliance with the Project.
Following the discussion with the Engineer, the Contractor shall prepare and issue such an
amendment within seven days from the Engineers order.
The Contractor shall constantly review the Safety Plan and the procedure and he shall
amend them as required. The aim of the amendments is to improve the safety standards
maintained on the Site.
New procedures are prepared and issued when the nature or scope of any activity is
changed or a new activity is introduced that isnt covered by the existing procedures.
The Contractor shall make an official review of the Safety Plan and the procedures on an
annual basis on the anniversary of the Commencement Date, and the review shall take 10 days.
The review shall affect new information on the issues related to safety planning and
implementation, including:
Accident reports;
Inspections;
Results from the risk check;
Reviews of the safety analyses;
New information from the Engineer;
New information from conducted meetings;
Other new information.
Within 7 days from the end of the review, the Contractor shall amend the Safety Plan and
issue a review report for the Engineer.

D. Emergency and Rescue Procedures

 The Contractor will develop emergency and rescue procedures before the commencement
of the work on the Site.
The procedure will give clear instructions that must be followed in case of an accident, and
will include:
Names of the responsible staff, including contact details;
Determination of the rescue services and other appropriate bodies;
Contact names and telephone numbers of these services and bodies;
Proposals for communication and cooperation with these services and bodies;
Evacuation methods and other necessary measures;
Ready and on-demand available equipment and its location.
The emergency procedures giving complete instructions and telephone number will be
posted and kept in good condition at appropriate places on the site in widely used languages.
Trainings for emergency situation actions, including the rescue staff and external rescue and
emergency services will be conducted within 30 days from the commencement of construction
and will be repeated at least every 6 months.
The Engineer may demand from the Contractor to carry out emergency trainings more
frequently.
E. Public Comfort and Safety
The Contractor shall consult and follow the orders of the Permanent Commission on
Transport, Organization and Safety. The work will be carried out in a way that protects the
convenience and safety of citizens, the disturbance of traffic flows is minimized and the real
estates are protected from any resulting damages.
This will be achieved through the use of barriers, warning and guide signs and other
appropriate means. Temporary sidewalks will be ensured and they will have appropriate
temporary lighting.
The Contractor shall ensure, install and maintain buildings, temporary lighting, signals,
warning signs and other means of traffic control pursuant to the Applicable Laws and to such an
extent as necessary for the safe maintenance of traffic flows.
Main constructive or heavy components will not be lifted or situated above roads in a way
that may be a potential risk for the people.
F. Personal Protective Equipment
The Contractor will guarantee that all people working on or visiting the site will bear at
least an approved protective helmet and appropriate shoes.
The Contractor will evaluate the working areas and the operations carried out in them, as
the Contractor will determine the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment that must be worn
according to the Applicable Laws, standards and practice.
The Contractor shall have at his disposal such Personal Protective Equipment for the staff
as specified for the specific area or working task.
The entire Personal Protective Equipment will include:
Appropriately maintained;
Replaced if damaged;
Replaced before the expiry date.
The Contractor will guarantee that all people on the site will be equipped with and will use
Personal Protective Equipment that is appropriate for the working area or the nature of the work
task. Training will be conducted for the staff to learn how to use it.
The use of protective helmets on the site will be mandatory, except for specially designated
areas.
G. Control over Hazardous Substances
By a survey of the data from the manufacturer the Contractor will determine the materials
that are toxic, explosive, carcinogenic, inflammable or that may otherwise create danger.
If appropriate, the Contractor shall develop a presentation of the method determining the
safe method of use or application of hazardous substances that will be submitted to the Engineer
before being used, for information purposes.
The Contractor will keep the manufacturers data for the material, which will include safe
use and recommendations on disposal for all hazardous substances on the site. The data will be
stored as safety reports.
Control will be established and maintained in order to prevent people under the influence of
drugs or alcohol from entering and working on the Site. No alcohol or non-prescribed medicines
will be allowed on the site.
H. First Aid
Appropriately equipped first-aid kits will be provided at the locations where work is being
performed and in all offices on the Site.
The first-aid kits will be in weather resistant boxes that are clearly labelled in English or
marked by the use of internationally recognized marking. They will be placed at visible and
easily accessible places.
All working places will have easily accessible and appropriately equipped first-aid means
that will be handled by appropriately trained staff during working hours.
The means will be able to provide urgent medical aid for serious injuries and handle lighter
injuries. The Contractor will maintain a ratio of 1 trained person in basic first aid per 100
employees.
I. Fire Protection
The Contractor will established a fire-safety strategy for the works and will ensure
appropriate fire-fighting equipment, facilities and trained staff for fire-fighting.
Warning systems will be installed at all places where risk of fire may exist for the people
and the staff will be given instructions for evacuation procedures.
J. Noise
Procedures will be established and maintained for protecting the staff working on the site,
or the citizens from exposure to too high noise levels, as specified in the Applicable Laws and
provisions of the Republic of Macedonia.
Where appropriate, sound-deadening barriers will be envisaged as well as provision of
protective equipment to the staff working in areas determined as noise-dangerous.
K. Facility, Equipment and Transport Means of the Contractor
The construction equipment, facilities and means of transport on the site will be checked,
tested and will completely meet the appropriate laws and provisions in the Republic of
Macedonia.
The Contractors facilities, equipment and means of transport will have unique
identification numbers that will be clearly indicated on the machine.
Where appropriate, the equipment will be appropriately licensed and certified and it will be
maintained pursuant to the manufacturers specification. Copies of all such licenses, certificates
and maintenance sheets are kept in the safety reports as it is clearly noted which equipment they
refer to.
A system for control over the supplied means of transport and the facilities rented for a
short time will be established.
L. Communications and Signs
Main communication requirements
 All signs, boards, warnings, posters and information about safety that relate to the people
working on the site will be in English and in any other language used by a considerable number
of people working on the Site.
Electronic communications
The Contractor will guarantee that there is a telephone connection at any time between all
parts of the site and the main office the site.
The communication system will ensure a certain emergency line for cases including
incidents, injuries, accidents, serious damages or dangers.
M. Temporary Access and Temporary Work
The Contractor shall ensure all the necessary temporary access facilities that will be
constructed, installed and maintained pursuant to the Applicable Laws and practice. In particular,
stairs and any strengthening constructions will be regularly checked in order to guarantee that
they are fit for the purpose and are faulty free.
The temporary access will be provided against removal as it will ensure good surface for
walking and provide for measures against falling. Temporary works will be checked before being
used.
Employees and visitor control
Employees of the Contractor working on the Site, and all site visitors, including staff and
representatives of the Employer will be bound to comply with the requirements of the Safety
Plan.
Employees
All the Contractors employees and all employees of other contractors who work on the
Site will at any time have appropriate identification while on the site. It will be in English and
will clearly show the persons name and his employer.

Visitors
Visitor admission procedures will be established on the site. Visitors are understood all the
people that are not regularly on the site and that have not passed a safety briefing.
All visitors will be given a pass before they enter.
The Contractor will provide the visitors viewing or inspecting the work site with Personal
Protective Equipment and will carry out a safety briefing that is appropriate given the needs. The
Visitors will be accompanied at any time by a Contractors employee working on a full-time basis
on the site.
Visitors will not be allowed to enter highly dangerous areas, except for inspection purposes.
Highly dangerous areas will include areas requiring the use of protective belts, areas of temporary
works that are not officially approved, areas of lifting works and other areas.
N. Lifting Activities
Competent operators and Lifting Operation Controllers
Only persons holding certificates or licenses issued by appropriated bodies in Macedonia
and authorized in writing by the Contractors Safety Manager will be allowed to operate the
Contractors lifting facilities, equipment and means of transport.
A trained and authorized person will be appointed to control each and every lifting activity.
Lifting operation controllers will be furnished with communication equipment in order to ensure
constant connection with the crane operator.
Lifting accessories
Prior to being used on the Site, the lifting accessories, such as chains, rigging chains and
clamps will be tested and certified pursuant to an approved standard, in compliance with the
Applicable Laws.
Each and every element will be clearly and permanently marked by a unique identifier and
its safe working load. The original certificate will be stored in a register for lifting accessories, as
a part of the Contractors safety reports.
The Contractor will organize the conduction of careful review every three months during
the project implementation. Each lifting accessory that is not marked or registered will be
immediately taken out of use.
Gigs will only be operated by trained and authorized staff. Each gig will clearly show the
procedures for the use thereof.
Work at height
Any work at height exceeding 2 m will be performed in an appropriately secured or
otherwise protected area.
If such fencing and defense is not practical, work will only be authorized if well-secured
belts and ropes are used.
All the staff at such locations must wear approved and tested protective belts at any time
and be protected by such ropes.
. Hygiene, Household and Inspection
Hygiene
Appropriate sanitary facilities will be provided at all working places nearby and in view of
the nature corresponding to the applicable provisions.
Household
The site will be kept clean and free of obstacles and dangers.
All materials and equipment that are not used will be removed or moved in order to
minimize the presence of obstacles or danger. The access roads will be free of obstacles and kept
materials, or equipment at any time.
Inspection
The Contractor shall regularly inspect, test and maintain all the safety equipment, including
but not limited to:
Scaffolding;
Railings;
Staging;
Gigs;
Stairs;
Lifting facilities;
Lighting;
Signs;
Other means of access.
Inspection reports will be drawn up for each inspection and will be kept in the form of
reports.
The site will be equally lighted during work at night or when the visibility is poor due to the
weather conditions.
Signs will be clearly displayed and will be maintained clean and free of anything that may
prevent them from being visible.
The Contractor will establish and maintain a system for the issue of safety problem reports
by the Safety Manager, which reflect the safety disturbance and envisage subsequent restorative
action.
P. Communication of Information about Health and Safety, Safety Meetings
Communication of information about health and safety
 The Contractor will guarantee that health and safety issues are paid great attention to at the
Site.
Posters and signs in languages comprehensible for most of the workers will turn the
attention to safety working practices and labor safety matters.
Posters and signs will be elaborated on the site or will be obtained from appropriate
manufacturers and will be posted around the site and in the offices.
Safety meetings
Contractors on-site safety meetings
The Contractor will put in place safety meetings at the site chaired by the Contractors
Manager. The attendance will include the Contractors Safety Manager and the main construction
staff.
The meetings will take place at least once a month. The time, place and agenda of the
meetings will be communicated in advance to the Engineer who may attend the meeting or send a
representative. The minutes of meeting will be kept as reports and handed over to the Engineer
for information and comments.

Engineer safety meetings

The Employer will determine a Management Safety Team (MST), which will review the
performance of the Contractors safety management and monitor the implementation and
adequacy of the Safety Plan.
The Engineer or a nominated person will act as a chairperson of the Management Safety
Team, with appropriate members from the Employers staff who must attend.
The Contractors attendance will include the Contractors Manager, the Safety Manager and
appropriate Main Staff.
The Engineer may invite third parties representatives, including legally required bodies, as
guests that monitor or make presentations during the meetings.
The committee will meet at least once a quarter, as the frequency may be increased to once
a month if serious safety problems arise.
The Contractor will act without any delay on resolutions or recommendations made at these
meetings.
Q. Documentation, Problem Reporting System, Reporting of Adverse Events and
 Monthly Safety Report
Documentation
The safety related documentation will be kept on the site at an accessible location and
through the use of an indexed system. The documentation will include, but is not limited to:
Permissions;
Certificates;
Report statements;
Reports.
Problem reporting system
The Contractor will introduce a system for the Safety Manager to issue safety disturbance
problem reports.
A procedure for timely performance and recording of the safety disturbance remedial
actions will maintain this system.
Reporting of adverse events
The Contractor will report to the Engineer the occurrence of dangers or accidents resulting
in a body injury, which causes reduced ability to work of an employee or citizen for more than 3
days.
The initial report may be oral but in any case it will be accompanied by a detailed report
describing the performed follow-up, within 5 days.
The Contractor will at the same time provide to the Engineer a copy of the statutory
accident, injury or danger report, which must be submitted to the Statutory Body as provided for
in the national or local provisions.
Monthly safety report
The Contractor will hand over a comprehensive safety report to the Engineer on a monthly
basis in a contracted format, as the Contractors representative will sign the report before
handover.
The report will exhaustively deal with all aspects related to health and safety at work. The
report will include a statement of the construction matters forthcoming in the next 3 months, in
the aspect whether they could possibly cause certain dangers.
R. Site Safety
When taking possession of the Site or a part of it, the Contractor will be responsible for the
Site safety, as well as for the Works safety.
 This will include taking all precautions for protection of:
Offices;
Offices and facilities of the Engineer;
Equipment;
Materials;
Construction areas;
From damages, including vandalism, flood, earthquake, hurricane, fire, theft.
The Site will be appropriately protected at any time in order to prevent the access of
unauthorized persons, especially to areas posing high safety risk. The protection will include a
security fence with locked or guarded doors at all points of access to the Working Areas, the
Engineers facilities and other areas used by the Contractor. The necessary public access through
the Site areas will be fenced or appropriately protected otherwise.
Lighting and security
The Contractor will ensure appropriate lighting and will ensure uniformed security guards
for the main secured areas, including offices, facilities of the Employer, working areas and
warehouse areas. The Engineer may give instructions for the provision of additional lighting and
uniformed security guards to a part of the Site, if the Engineer considers it necessary, which will
be on account of the Contractor.
Passes
The Contractor will maintain and manage an admission system for all persons who are
entitled to access the Site, which shall include numbered passes.
The system will include authorization levels for certain parts of the site such as warehouse
areas and particularly risky or secured areas.
Visitors
The Contractor will establish and maintain an official visitor system. The system will
envisage that appropriate staff will control and lead visitors so that no visitor will be granted
uncontrolled access to any part of the Works, at any time.
Analysis of the possible dangers
The Contractor will make a risk evaluation for the scope and nature of the contractual
works and the specific conditions on the site, in order to be able to develop a specific Project
Safety Plan.
The risk evaluation will be carried out by qualified staff with appropriate experience lead
by the Safety Manager. The documentation from this process will contain a timetable of the
established risks and proposed measures for elimination or mitigation, as necessary for risk
management.
Risk prevention measures
All workers and specialists working on the project implementation will have passed a
preliminary briefing and will be bound to comply with all regulations, ordinances, instructions
and legal instruments concerning the safe conditions of work.
For danger elimination the technical manager of the site are bound:
not to allow hiring of workers aged under 18;
not to allow the performance of work under conditions that are harmful and dangerous for
the health of the workers and to take them out of the construction site in case of danger for their
health or life;
to remove from the site persons who are drunk;
to make sure that the personal protective devices are used;
to control the correct ordering and storage of the materials and facilities on the
construction site;
not to allow the use of damaged machinery and facilities, and the workers using them
must have the required qualification;
to control the use of common protective devices fences around excavations and shafts, if
necessary lighting of the construction site;

Analysis of the possible risks of damaging the equipment and measures that will be taken to
prevent it
The technical manager of the site will organize the load-unload and installation activities in
order to make sure that no damage is caused to the materials.
All managers, workers and specialists working on the project implementation shall have
passed a preliminary briefing and are bound to comply with the Contractors Safety and Health
Plan and all regulations, Ordinances, Instructions and Legal Instruments concerning the safe
working conditions.

19. QUALITY
. Quality Assurance
The Contractor shall develop and put in place a quality management system in compliance
with EN ISO 9001:2015. The quality management system will be developed with the idea
of constant improvement in the process of use thereof. This system will be conformed to the
specific requirements of the Employer, as well as the requirements set in the project itself, i.e. it
will serve specifically and only this project. This development will be entirely conformed and
fully subordinated to the Contractual Conditions and the Requirements of the Employer. The
project manager will be in charge of the quality control system. This responsibility may not be
delegated.
The person in charge with the quality assurance will be responsible for the launching of the
quality management system (in its full scope), its effective operation and its constant maintenance
and improvement, which guarantees the Contractors successful operation. He will manage the
quality management system processes.
The quality officer will be responsible for the maintenance of all the documentation,
including the quality reports.
All the Contractors staff will be responsible for the compliance with the quality control
system and reporting of arising discrepancies.
B. Materials
All the supplied electric materials and facilities and their constituent components must be
factory tested and certified and fit for operation under the respective weather conditions in
Macedonia. The quality of the facilities installed on the site is proven by submission of the
necessary certificates and records by the Contractor. The necessary certificates of use of the
devices in the Republic of Macedonia are specified by the current legal framework.
The Contractor shall establish a systematic process of control through regular tests whereby
the satisfaction by the used materials of the necessary requirements set out in the project will be
proven.
C. Maintenance of Documentation and Archive
All the necessary records and notes will be submitted to the Employer who will issue a
certificate of acceptance of the work after all the requirements for each stage of the work are
satisfied. The documents will be executed and approved by all parties.
D. Additional Conditions
In the course of performance of the order we will use such equipment, including technical
equipment that will ensure quality control over the performed construction-and-assembly works.
The quality of the supplied goods will be certified by the respective certificates of quality and
origin, declarations of conformity or equivalence.

Depending on the method of execution, the top structures of prestressed reinforced concrete
shall be monolithic and prefabricated. As the requirements for prestressing are practically the
same in both types of structures here they shall be generally considered.
The Contractor shall provide for approval full details of the method, materials and
equipment , who shall offer to use the tense operations , work projects for exemption , a
description of the method and sequence of the reinforcement prestressing, anchoring devices,
anchor accessories, type of channel maker, places of air traps, program for injection, work
premises and everything else, necessary to perform the work.
For the protection of the bundles against corrosion and bonding with the concrete in the
construction, the channel makers shall be injected with an approved solution of ordinary Portland
cement and water.
In addition to those referred to in Technical specification, the concrete, shuttering and
reinforcement works as a normative documents shall be also applied the ones under which is
designed the structure of prestressed reinforced concrete.
The elements shall be manufactured in such a way as to ensure the required quality and
compliance with the requirements of the technical specification and EN
15050:2013+A1:2013.
The implementation of the monolithic structures for road bridges of prestressed reinforced
concrete shall comply strictly with the requirements of EN 13670:2010.

Materials
The materials used for the implementation of the elements and structures of prestressed
reinforced concrete shall meet the general requirements of the Technical specification.
All products for prestressing, shall be delivered to the site with a document (certificate) of
conformity assessment. Wires, steel for the prestressing and other accessories shall be stored in a
dry place, without mud and protected against substances causing corrosion. For long storage shall
be provided ventilation, in order to protect the steel of water condensate and corrosion.
Steel for the prestressing
Steel for prestressing shall be of high strength steel wire, high strength steel ropes or high-
strength steel rods, as indicated in the project.
The steel wire, ropes and rods for prestressing shall have characteristics complying with the
requirements of the project.
Wires for prestressing shall be of a diameter not less than 5 mm or for those with non-
round cross-section with area larger than 30 mm2.
The ropes shall consist of no more than 7 (seven) wires.
The steel for prestressing and the relevant system shall be accompanied with and approved
in advance certificate of quality.
For each batch of steel for prestressing, the Contractor shall provide record for the tests
carried out in an accredited laboratory. The record shall contain test data for all specified
requirements and additionally, for the net weight of each batch.
Each batch of steel for prestressing shall be accompanied by a metal plate, showing the
manufacturer, the quality of the steel, dimensions , the number of the batch, the number of the
site and the date. Steel and bundles of high-strength steel without a certificate shall not be used.
Steel for prestressing shall be carefully stored and protected against damage and corrosion,
without contamination by mud, rust, oil, grease and other foreign matter, when finally mounted
or before injecting a solution into channel makers.
Steel for prestressing shall be transported by means of transport, covered or with watertight
cover, to the arrival at the construction site, to the space prepared for storage in advance. During
transport it shall be kept from contact with contaminants.
Welding operations near the steel for prestressing shall not be allowed.
When protective additives for temporary protection of steel against corrosion shall be used,
they shall have to be approved. The required qualities of the solution for injection and the
necessary bonding shall be checked for damaging by the protective additives.
The number of the batch and the delivery date shall be indicated for all wires, ropes or rods
when they are sent on the site.

Solutions for injection

The solution shall consist of cement, water and possibly aggregates (against disintegration
and better workability of the mixture). Processibility of the mixture and properties of the
composite materials shall be checked by preliminary test.
 The preliminary test results shall be submitted for approval by the Engineer before starting
the injection of electrical ducts.
The required ratio, production and processing of this solution shall be prescribed in the
project and shall have to be approved.
All materials used for preparation of solution for injection shall be in the ratio as prescribed
in the approved prescription.
Injectable solutions shall meet EN 447:2009.

If the injection is likely to be carried out at low temperatures, the solution shall have to be
tested on frost resistance. The requirement for cold resistance shall be checked and demonstrated
through testing of test pieces in an accredited laboratory.
Used shall be only cements with compressive strength class not less than 32,5 MPa
according to EN 197-1:2012. The cement shall be delivered in bags of 25 kg and shall not
be older than 3 (three) weeks, with effect from the date of dispatch from the cement plant. Up to
the time of use, the cement shall be stored in closed premises, protected from moisture.
The water-cement factor shall not exceed 0.44. The amount of water in the solution shall be
in accordance with the recipe, to guarantee the properties of the solution. The use of seawater for
the production of injectable solutions shall not be allowed. The Contractor shall submit the
prescription of the injection solution and lab test reports for the approval.
Aggregates can be used to the solution for better processibility. The additive shall prevent
the precipitation of the cement in the fresh mixture and shall ensure the necessary cold resistance
of the solution.
Factory-made dry mixtures for the solution can be applied only when permission shall be
granted for their use by an accredited laboratory and / or when their use shall be approved.

Anchoring devices
Anchoring devices shall ensure minimum tensile strength of the steel for prestressing and
shall provide even distribution at the ends of the wire. Protection against corrosion of the anchors
shall be provided, for this purpose, as the proposed measures shall have to be approved.
Channel makers
Channel makers that shall be used for inserting of the wire for prestressing after concreting,
represent the bendable pipes of metal or other approved material.
Channel makers shall meet EN 523:2006, and tests shall be carried out under:
EN 524-1:2007, EN 524-2:2007, EN 524-3:2007, EN 524-4:2007, EN
524-5:2007, EN 524-6:2007.

Equipment
Facilities for prestressing
Prestressing presses shall meet the following basic requirements:

all pipelines (oil pipes) for feeding of the working fluid shall have compounds
to ensure leakproofness and automatically operating devices, reducing the pressure in
unacceptable increase (emergency valves);
presses pressure shall grow smoothly (with constant speed), without surges;
presses shall have at least two calibration device for the determination of the
pressure.

The following conditions shall be met (regardless of the equipment used) in the selected
prestressing system:
Hydraulic presses shall be connected with pressure gauges or dynamometers
for prestressing power and with an appropriate device for the measurement of the
extension. This equipment shall be calibrated. When other presses shall be used, the
Contractor shall submit for approval a detailed diagram of the used equipment, technical
parameters of the press and the control equipment, together with a certificate of their
metrological verification.
The equipment, used for the extension of the wires before their first use and periodically
(required at intervals of half a year) shall be checked and ensured that the deviation from
the prescribed value matches to the preliminary calibration. When these deviations
depend on external influences (i.e. on the oil temperature, when the presses work with
oil), this shall be taken into account.

The use of equipment with an error, compared with the chart for testing to final prestressing
force , exceeding + 5 % shall not be allowed.

Implementation
The following conditions shall be satisfied:
1. Before starting of the concreting of any part of the structure, which shall be prestressed,
the Contractor shall provide for the approval of the Engineer a description of the method ,
materials and equipment intended to be used for the prestressing.
2. The description shall include the construction and technological procedures, a complete
specification of the steel to be prestressed, anchoring devices, type of channel makers and the
accessories thereto and all other data referring to the prestressing operations.
3. The Contractor shall provide at no extra charge (i.e., it shall be considered included in
the tender), a specialized team for the proposed prestressing method, including a highly qualified
expert, to assist and give relevant instructions during the whole construction process of
implementation of the concrete structure.
4. The controlled prestressing power indicated in the project and defining the required
tension, shall be retained, regardless of the losses due to the selected systems and prestressing
material.
5. For all prestressing systems proposed in the project shall be provided:
security of the anchoring devices, prestressed wires and their stability for the transfer of
forces on the concrete under load effect;
suitability of the proposed steel for the selected prestressing system;
the actual losses caused by friction shall coincide with the calculated ones;
length of power transfer in the concrete when anchoring of the prestressed steel elements
shall be achieved through friction and minimum strength of concrete required later when
prestressing of the relevant systems;
measures for the protection of prestressing wires from corrosion, not only to the final
implementation of the prestressing, but after that;
certificate of the prestressing system issued by the authorized laboratory for this
purpose.

The prefabricated elements shall be produced in a manner ensuring their required quality
and shall meet the requirements of EN 15050:2013+A1:2013.
In the implementation of monolithic structures for road bridges of prestressed reinforced
concrete shall comply with the requirements of EN 13670:2010.
The steam curing for strength acquiring of the elements shall be implemented under the
prepared technological project.
The contractor shall compile a precise programme for the prestressing. In addition, the
sequence (for time) of prestressing of every wire shall be specified, taking into account the
shortening of the concrete, friction and sliding. The Contractor shall take into account the exact
time when the prestressed reinforcement begins to receive tensions, after stretching as from this
moment shall begin the recording of extensions.
The sequence for prestressing and removing of the shuttering shall be selected so as
unacceptable stresses shall not occur. If the structure, that shall prestressed bears on mobile
(roller or other) bearings , before the start of prestressing works shall cleared of the fixing
devices.
All measurements, made during prestressing, shall be recorded by the Contractor in a
special journal in an approved form and content. When the sum of the percentage deviation from
the previously calculated extension of an individual wire shall be more than 15 % or when a
deviation from the prescribed prestressing force or of the calculated extension shall be a total of
more than 5 % for all wires, located in one cross-section, the Contractor shall have to
immediately inform about that,
The maximum temporary tension, transmitted in the steel for prestressing must not exceed
65 % from that specified minimum ultimate tensile strength of the steel for prestressing.
The working (operational) strength and operational tension shall be defined as a force and
tension, remaining in the steel for prestressing, after the exclusion of all losses, including sliding,
shrinking of the concrete , elastic deformation , relaxation of steel , losses in steel for prestressing
after concreting , due to the sequence of prestressing, friction, sliding in the anchors and any
other specific losses for the method used or prestressing system.
Injection shall not done when the temperature of the structure is lower than +5 C. When it
is necessary to inject at a temperature of the air lower than +5C, the construction shall be kept
hot enough to the 5th day after injection. In the part, where bundles shall be located, the
temperature shall be maintained at lower than +5C. In these cases prior checking of the cold
resistance of the solution shall be required.
In addition, prestressed beams shall be installed and grouted not later than 6 /six/ months
after the date of its manufacture. The difference in the date of manufacture of the two adjacent
beams shall not exceed 14 days. The difference in the exceedance between adjacent beams shall
not be more than 5 mm.
In the event that the six-month deadline shall be exceeded, mandatory computing
verification shall be made that shall take into account the actual age of the prefabricated elements
of prestressed reinforced concrete at the time of their presumable use, in order to ascertain the
actual losses in prestressing from shrinking and sliding of the concrete Permission for use in the
construction of these items shall be issued by the Engineer when the calculated final prestressed
state of the structure meets the requirements of the standards for the design of prestressed
concrete structures.

Anchoring devices
Anchoring devices of all systems for prestressing after concreting shall be placed
perpendicular to the direction of the axis of the prestressing wires.
An accurate measurement of losses of the prestressing force of slippage of the anchoring
devices at both ends of the wire shall be made. The losses shall be compared with the total losses
in the table of prestressing after concreting and when necessary, a correction shall be made.

Channel makers
Their ends shall allow free insertion of anchors. Channel makers shall be compacted, so as
not to allow entry of concrete solution in the channel. In the highest points of the trajectory of
each channel shall be left outlets, and in the lowest points - outlets for drainage. Channel makers
be approved before use.
Plastic sleeves shall be used when prestressing of the elements before concreting to isolate
sections of the separate ropes. The location, length and diameter of these sleeves shall be
determined in the project.

Making and installation of bundles

Preparation of bundles shall be fulembankment ed in accordance with the instructions of
the manufacturer's certificate and in addition, shall be required:
before the preparation of steel surfaces for prestressing, they shall be cleansed
 of all corrosion or other stains. The cleaning can be done by hand with a soft cloth, soft
steel wool or with the help of the cleaning machine. Damaged steel pieces or sections
shall be removed;
the Contractor shall ensure that the channel makers shall not be damaged-
crushed, displaced, cracked, etc.;
connections shall be made carefully and in such a way as not to leak solution.
Damaged channel makers shall be removed from the construction site;
anchors shall be mounted to the bundles to create a connection, not allowing
displacement from project location during installation and concreting;

The Contractor shall check the installation for faults or inaccurate installed bundles before
laying of the concrete. The bundles shall be supported and secured in designated in the project
spaces to prevent displacement during concrete.
When installing the bundles special care to respect their position shall be taken. When a
change of position shall be required, the bundles shall be lifted from their supports in order to
protect the pipes from twisting.
The position of the bundles under the plan and elevation shall be precise, as indicated in
the project, with a view to obtaining the required bearing capacity of structural elements. The
use of chairs and spacers shall be required. The chairs shall be places immediately behind all
anchoring devices. Anchors shall not bear the weight of the bundle.
Distance pedestal bases in the shuttering of the beams shall be shaped and positioned so,
that the soft steel reinforcement shall be laid without difficulty in successive horizontal rows.
Anchors shall be reliably fastened in order to avoid displacement during concrete.
When prestressing after concreting, all items placed in the shuttering (pipes, bundles,
anchors, etc.), shall be carefully checked before the start of the concrete pouring, to prevent
shifting or damage when performing the work on laying and compaction of the concrete.
When using the prestressing method before concreting, the stands, by means of which this
method is realized, shall meet the following basic requirements:
to fully absorb all the force of the prestressing reinforcing and ensure the preservation of
the value of this force throughout the entire period of preparation of the structure
(element);
to be equipped with devices for smooth relief of the prestressing reinforcement. The
transfer of the prestressing on the concrete shall not be allowed to be made by cutting of
 the prestressing reinforcement;
to provide the possibility for the production of structures (elements) of varying
length and cross-section;
to provide the possibility for easy and fast implementation of all works of the
technological process;
to ensure that the requirements of the machinery safety during all processes for
the preparation of the elements (structure).

Prestressing
The order of prestressing of individual bundles and ropes shall be determined in the
project. There shall also be given the prestressing forces. The Contractor shall prepare a detailed
shedule of the prestressing, which shall have to be approved.
Prestressing before concreting shall be made after the project positioning of the
reinforcement frame and bundles of high strength wire.
Prestressing after concreting shall not be performed, when the concrete has not achieved
the sufficient strength specified in the project and needed to take on the forces of pressure of the
prestressing and high local stresses in the concrete at the anchors and when not stated otherwise,
the requirements of the technical specification shall be observed.
When the prestressing elements shall be implemented under the method "prestressing
before concreting", then the forces transfer from the prestressing reinforcement to the concrete
shall be made after the compressive strength reaches the prescribed in the project for this stage
and verified with the preparation and testing of the control test pieces.
The following requirements shall be observed:
the construction shall be de-shuttered and certified prior to the transfer of the
prestressing of the concrete;
the construction shall be supported in the indicated locations in the project,
there shall be freedom of movement and no unrecorded projects loads shall be received;
prestressing shall be transferred to the concrete of the structure gradually, as
the order and sequence of the individual bundles shall be set out in the project and shall
comply with the prestressing technology.

In order to avoid cracks from shrinking and temperature differences, and due to early de-
shuttering of the separate parts of the structure, shall be possible to doe a part of the prestressing
in advance. This shall be allowed only, when the concrete tests show, that the cube compressive
strength, defined by the cubes ageing under the conditions of the element, has reached the
necessary values. In this case, the partial prestressing forces of each wire and the tensions in the
concrete of the structure shall not exceed 3% of the allowable prestressing in terms of anchors
and 30% of the allowable tensions.
For partial prestressing and shifting of elements, the Contractor may obtain approval, but
the full responsibility on the appropriateness of these operations shall be of the Contractor.
Prestressing after concreting shall not be allowed, until it shall be established that the steel
for prestressing is free and is not connected with the channel makers as the verification shall have
to be approved.

Solutions for injection

Mixing shall be done in sequence: water , cement , aggregates (If any). This shall be mixed
for 4 (four) minutes. The cement shall be added slowly. Later the constituent materials of the
solution shall be added in the same way, in order to ensure their even mixing and effective action
of the aggregates. The solution shall be processed mechanically so as to avoid disintegration and
lumps. The temperature of the freshly prepared solution, after mixing completion, shall not
exceed +35C.
Cement mortar shall be injected in all channel makers not later than 2 (two) days after
prestresing shall be completed and approved.
When injecting at high temperatures, shall be provide water for cooling of the mortar and
when necessary for the component elements.
The injection shall be carried out using a pump ensuring uniform injection of the mortar.
The pumping pressure value and speed of flowing of the mortar shall be according to the specific
type of wires.
Before injecting, the channel makers shall be checked for blockages. The blocked channel
makers shall be cleared before the injection with a chisel by drilling and other appropriate
method.
After washing of the channel makers with water, blowing with compressed air shall be
done , since openings provided for in the drainages in the lowest points of their trajectory shall
not be sufficient to fully drain the water in them. The water , used for washing of the channel
makers shall comply with the same requirements as to the water for the mortar making.
The technology of injection shall correspond with EN 446:2009.
The injection shall continue until at the other side of the channel makers or air traps shall
flow a sufficient amount of completely homogenized mortar, as the flow time shall be not less
than 30 s.
With regard to the mortar rising, the openings of the channel makers that serve to drain
the free water, shall not be pre-closed.
The mortar flowing from the channel makers shall not be used again. The use of the
mortar remaining unused for half an hour shall not be permitted.
The injection shall continue uninterrupted in every channel maker until the channel shall
be embankment ed.

Tests
The number of the batch and the delivery date for all wires, ropes or rods when delivered
on the site shall be indicated.
The number of probes taken shall be representative of the delivered batch. The Contractor
shall be required to provide testing probes, selected of each batch.
The test shall be delivered:
for wire - 1.50 m;
for bundles of wires - sufficient wire length, in order to make the cable L=1.50 m,
consisting of the same number of wires in the bundle that shall be delivered or
made on the spot;
for ropes - to be delivered with the connections, as the length between the ends of
the connections shall be 1.50 m;
for rods - to be supplied with reverse edges and heads in length 1.50 m between
reverse ends.

Two anchoring devices shall be delivered, complete with distribution plates, of every size
or type that shall be used when the anchoring devices shall not be enclosed to the samples of
reinforcement.
Physic - mechanical tests of injectable solutions shall to be carried out in accordance with
EN 445:2009 and EN 934-4:2009.
 10. TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF 2 T-BEAMS
Production technology of 2 T-beams
Polygon for the production of the prestressed elements shall be large enough to be able to
produce 8 beams simultaneously. There shall be a designated storage area and reinforcement
yard.
For the production of the beams shall be used 2 shuttering frames and 8 formwork bottoms.
Relocation of the suttering frames shall be done with a hoisting crane, servicing the
production zone.
Shuttering and reinforcement works for one beam shall be carried out within 2 days. The
laying of the concrete shall be done with a autoconcrete pump with productive capacity of 60
m3/hour. Partial eprestressing of the beams shall be carried out on the fourth day after concreting
to allow for their moving into the storagew area, where they shall be additionally prestressed.
Prestressing of one beam takes 1 day. The cement mortar injection shall be carried out at once for
6 to 8 beams.
Envisaged is, a week after the start of production to produce one beam per day.

The equipment for insertion of wires in channel makers shall consist of:
- One or more unwinding stands;
 - A machine to push on the ropes (1 or 2-speed), equipped with a leading pipe;
- A set of leading points "thimbles".
The prestressing operations shall be carried out by a qualified person with a certificate for
prestressing. Prestressing shall be checked once by measuring the force at the anchor and once
through the wire extension.

1. The equipment for wir prestressing shall consist of:

2. - Hydraulic jacks;
3. - Hydraulic pump equipped with a pressure gauge
4.
5. The initial data for prestressingshall be:
6. - The pressure acting on the main plane of the anchor (or tension);
7. - The wire extension between the two anchors (between the surfaces of the tees).
8.
9. Using these data, the person responsible for prestressing shall set the required parameters for
prestressing:
10. - Pressure P0, the jacks shall apply in the anchor areas, considering the losses
caused by friction in the jack and in the anchor devices;
11. - The extension E0 of the wires, considering the extra length for the catching of the
jack.
For the prestressing of every wire shall be drawn up a record, containing the following
information:
Name of the element;
Number of the wire;
Type of wire;
Type of the jack;
Documents related to the equipment: jack (s), pump (s) and gauges;
The name of the person responsible for prestressing;
End (final) pressure in the jack-P0;
Pressure for warning stage Pw;
Intermediate pressures;
 Key pressure;
Final theoretical extension-E0;
Tolerances of the extension at the final stage;
Theoretically extension at the warning stage-Ew;
Tolerances of the extension at the warning stage;
Correction of calculation of the net feeding in the keys.
Prestressing works are generally performed in stages with proportional increase in the
prestressing force. The requirement shall be to have at least:
3 stages of prestressing under 0.90 P0;
1 warning stage Pw, near 0.95 P0;
Final stage P0, or a little less, if the required extensions are reached.
The hydraulic pumps and jacks shall have two separate routes, each with its own pressure
gauge:
Of prestressing route;
Of return route (blocking of the keys).
Before the the prestressing operations, the two hoses shall be mounted to the jack and the
pump. The return route shall be closed. Route feeding the prestressing chamber on the jack shall
be open. Prestressing shall be done through a gradual increase in pressure in the prestressing
chamber, according to the stages of expansion. At each level, the pump shall stop and the
relocation of the marker shall be measured. The measured value shall be registred in the record
for prestressing immediately.
For the next increase in pressure, the pump shall be turned on again and the operation shall
be repeated.
In case of a long wire, or when prestressing is done from one end, the extension under the
project shall often be greater than the stroke of the piston of the jack, in this case the prestressing
shall not be possible in one operation of the jack. One or more additional steps shall be needed.
The further prestressing shall be carried out, if possible, with minimal pressure. Reaching
the maximum pressure shall be avoided, so caution shall be paid there is a risk of breaking the
rope or ropes.
After the final stage, the keys shall be blocked by means of a special piston in the jack. The
operation consists of pushing of the keys into their housings in the anchor blocks, preventing the
 risk of slippage on the ropes during te force transfer from the temporary to the permanent keys,
thus reducing the loss from the slipping of the keys.
This operation shall be performed before loosening of the ropes (while in the prestressing
chamber the pressure shall be constant). The rise in the pressure in the chamber for blocking
(connected to the return chamber) increases a little the pressure in the prestressing chamber. It is
important not to exceed the maximum pressure when blocking the keys.
When the prestressing force shall be transferred from the temporary to the permanent keys,
through riving of the temporary, permanent sliding in the taper hole of the anchor block and
creating loss in extension called: net yielding of the keys.
Net yielding of the keys shall be measured at the end of the prestressing. The average value
for him is 6 mm. The minimum and maximum values are respectively 4 and 8 mm.
After measuring of the extensions of the wires and checking of their compliance with the
project, they shall be cut to approximately 30mm after the end of the keys with the help of the
angle grinder. Cutting with a blowtorch shall be prohibited. Air test shall be done before the
injection and its hall aim to establish "leakage" on the length of channel makers and lids.
12.
At the time of the injection the following parameters shall be monitored:
Injection pressure it shall not exceed 15 bars;
Pressure after injection - after the end of the injection (flow of the mortar on the other
side) the pressure needs to be kept 5 bar for 1 minute;
Temperature-the temperature of the air, water and cement shall be recorded;
Injection-it shall correspond to the speed of the injection.
Concrete and reinforcement works on the beams
The concrete for the preparation of 2T-beams for bridges and viaducts shall be classified in
accordance with CEN/TR 15868:2009. Concrete mix shall be made in the form of ready
mix concrete at two ready-mix plants, situated near to the polygon and where the cement,
aggregate, chemical additives and water shall be added and mixed by the manufacturer.
Reinforcement steel shall be stored and prepared in the reinforcement yard placed on reinforced
concrete surfaces in the immediate vicinity of the production zone. Journals for the
reinforcement, welding and concrete works for site quality control shall be daily kept.
The laying of the concrete mix for one beam shall be done continuously with autoconcrete
pump, and the consistency shall be S3 according to classification of CEN/TR
15868:2009 or as referred to in the project and the technical specification. To ensure the required
amount of concrete mix for a continuous process of concreting, 1 ready mix truck with capacity 9
m3 every 10 min shall arrive. The plan shall be to concrete one beam every day. Laying of the
concrete shall be done in the presence of the technical manager of the site or its specially
appointed deputy.
Sliding shed shall protect the beams of adverse weather conditions (rain) during concreting
in the first hours of strengthening of the concrete. Concrete surfaces exposed to conditions
causing evaporation of the water, shrinking and cracking shall be protected with a material that
shall keep them moist. When considered that no covers shall be needed, the concrete surface can
be kept moist by spraying and spraying with water.
To protect the concrete from the effects of low and high temperatures the following
measures shall be taken:
-When the air temperature is lower than + 5 C, no concreting shall be done until the
formulation shall comply with the winter conditions and the distance from the ready-mix plant;
-The temperature of the surface of the concrete at the time of laying shall be not less than +
5 C (+ 10 C when the cement content in the concrete shall be less than 240 kg/m3 or when
using the low-thermal cement) and shall not exceed + 30 C;
Before concreting of the shuttering, the common and prestressed reinforcement and every
surface with which the concrete shall be in touch, shall be cleaned from the snow, ice and freeze;
- A boiler for heating of shuttering frames shall be provided on the polygon. All resources
shall be provided (protective, insulating covers, etc.) to protect the concrete from freezing.
- When the concrete has to be laid in hot weather (air temperature higher than + 35 C in
the shade), formulation of the concrete shall be consistent with the conditions for the concreting
and the distance from the ready-mix plant; transportation time can be reduced to a minimum; the
shuttering and the concrete laid shall be sprayed with water;
The concrete compressive strength shall be determined using test cubes that shall be
prepared matured according to the requirements of EN 12390-2:2009, pressure tested in
accordance with the requirements of EN 12390-3:2009/AC:2013 in half-finished forms.
Concrete strength testing probes shall be taken from the place of preparation of the
concrete and/or from the place of laying.
 Available on the polygon shall be vibrators ensuring the required compaction of the
concrete mix, after pouring in shuttering frame. Internal vibrators shall slowly be inserted and
removed from the concrete. Vibration shall continue the concrete stops releasing air bubbles. The
intensity of the vibration shall insure the compaction of the concrete without causing
disintegration of the mix.
Storage and transportation of prestressed elements
All prefabricated elements, with the exception of the vertical ones, shall be stored and
transported in a position specified for their final assembly.
The prefabricated reinforced concrete beams are oversized load and their transportation on
the State road network shall be implemented after the preparation and coordination of specific
projects with schemes on specifically selected routes. All requirements of the Road Traffic Law
and the provisions of the municipal authorities for movement within the limits of settled areas.
Transport of oversized pre-stressed beams shall be carried out with specially designated
vehicles (towing vehicles and trailers) in compliance with the prescribed regime of movement.
The beams shall be loaded on the vehicles vertically, one and more (depending on the
carrying capacity of the vehicle, the allowable axle load, etc.). They shall be set under the project
on the specified places and to avoid turning shall be fixed (during movements and turns) with
secure resources that shall not damage the edges and surfaces of the elements.
Production and delivery of the beams shall begin with the signing of the contract for the
implementation with calculation to the start of the works on beams installation on the site
(building sites).

Technology of installation of 2 T-beams

The beams shall be installed in stages for each facility by using a motor hoisting crane. 6
8 beams shall be installed when pre-delivered and positioned on the exact position bearings.
 Reinforced concrete beams in superstructure of facilities shall be of different sizes and
weights. Cranes of different capacity depending on the particular installation shall be used of the
different ways of installation.
Before beginning of the installation shall be made a comprehensive plan-scheme for the
location of the hoisting facility, manoeuvring of the beam transporting vehicle and approach to
the crane, the lifting of the jib of the crane to the optimal length and the lifting capacity. A crane
that shall mount multiple beams from one position shall be used.

The crane areas and the approach spots to the cranes shall be prepared according on the
selected hoisting facility and the developed installation schemes. They shall be with sufficient
load-bearing capacity and good horizontalising. These areas and approach spots shall be prepared
in every opening of the facilities. For the lifting of the beams from the transport vehicle and their
installation at the appropriate place on the bearings shall be used slings marked under the
standard, with length that shall correspond to the distance between the suspension openings of
the beams. To adjust the length and to comply with this requirement, shall be used fours of
chains that shall be calibration and marked. The movement of the beam from its transporting to
the place of installation shall be done with long enough ropes, fastened at both ends of the beam,
as the installers shall stay at a safe distance. In the space below the beam there shall be no people
and equipment. In advance, together with the geodetic preparation, shall be set the right places of
the bearings on the under-bearing grounds and location on the axis at the end of the beam.
The bearings shall be placed in the appropriate compensating plates (if any), considering
their direction.
The mounted beam shall be immediately strengthened with beech keys against turning at
the lower flange and the bearing pedestals. Subsequently, all beams shal be further reinforced
one to the other to their concreting. The installation of the beams shall be accepted and the
necessary documents shall be signed.
As we said the the installation shall normally be carried out at the bottom, i.e. using auto-
and excavator-cranes standing on the ground. Under overpasses and viaducts the terrain shall
usually be flat, and the height of the bridge shall allow the use of mounting mechanical available
to almost all construction organizations.
This method of mounting is also beapplied in a large number of bridges over rivers. The
rivers of the territory of the country are with unstable water regime, that is, over the course of
months or even years the flow of water quantity is significantly less than the dimensioning. This
allows a part of the watercourse to be embankment ed up and the elements of the superstrcture to
be installed from the ground. The progressive inembankment ing is favourable for the
implementation of the foundation and of the supports.

11. ROAD SLAB , PAVING BLOCKS AND TRANSITIONAL SLABS IN FACILITIES

Concrete mixture in the slab shall be placed after the final completion of all prior to
construction works and their acceptance and signing of the necessary records. Thisisthe
shuttering worksbetween the beams (formwork or pre-slabs), flatbed shuttering (lengthwise and
crosswise) and shuttering of the individual sections if any, reinforcement of the road slab,
connecting slabs and transverse beams at the dilatation joints and reinforcement of pavement
blocks, placed in the slab.
The roadway of the bridge facilities shall be imlemented with levels and sizes (dimensions)
according to the presented drawings.
All structural elements - beams, slabs, curbs, traffic safety fences and others shall be
implemented so as the grade lines and the final formationof the other structural parts shall
correspond exactly to those given in the project for levels and sizes.
 The surface of the slab shall be processed so that it shall not require installation of
smoothing concrete or further processing for laying of the waterproofing.
Work on designing the roadway shall be controlled and accepted. Particular attention shall
be paid to facilities covered in the horizontal or vertical curves or both at the same time.
The pavement block of road bridge structures shall be implemented immediately after the
completion of the work on the superstructure and accepted under the approved drawings and
details. The pavement block shall be implemented of the reinforced concrete in monolithic way.
The technology of execution shall be approved. Works on the implementation of the pavement
block shall be controlled and accepted by the Engineer.
Transitional slabs shall be used to ensure a good transition between the end of the facility
and the embankment behind it and prevention of the formation of dangerous thresholds and
sinking before the facilities.
Transitional plates shall be monolithic, normal and slanted, well provided with connection
to abutment wall. The length, width and thickness of the transitional slabs shall be determined in
the project.
 12. LAYING THE WATERPROOFING OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES
This section covers the requirements for the provision of facilities, materials and
implementation of the waterproofing of concrete and reinforced concrete road facilities.
Waterproofing is a system of materials with their primary function protection of the
concrete structure from the impact of water, chemical agents and other aggressive factors causing
corrosion of the concrete and the reinforcement of the construction elements.
Materials
The type of materials used for the implementation of the waterproofing shall be in
accordance with the requirements of the project and the technical specification.
The used primer for priming of the concrete foundation, before the implementation of sheet
waterproofing shall be with viscosity allowing smooth absorption in concrete without the
formation of a crust.
Sheet waterproofing materials on the basis of polymermodified bitumen shall meet the
requirements of the technical specification and the project. The delivery of the sheet
waterproofing shall be accompanied by a statement of performance.
 TEST METHOD
SPECIFICATIONS Measure REQUIREMENT
Mass per unit area g/m2 not less than 4500 g/m2
EN 1849-1:2009
Total thickness mm not less than 4.5
Maximum tensile strength N/50
- longitudinal not less than 700
EN 12311- not less than 700
1:2009;
EN 12311-
- cross 2:2013
Elongation at maximum tensile
strength: %
- longitudinal not less than 40
not less than 40
- cross
Water tightness, 2bar, 24h EN 1928:2009 water-proof
Water absorbability, % EN 14223:2009 not more than 5
Bending at -10 ,
d = 30mm, 5 s EN 1109:2013 no cracking
not seepage of
Stability of seepage at 120, 2h EN 1110:2009 bitumen to be noticed
2
Adhesion strength N/mm EN 13596:2009 not less than 0.4

Waterproofing materials on the basis of the liquid polymer composition shall represent a
system of layer for bonding with the concrete foundation, main waterproofing layer and a layer
for bonding with the bituminous concrete. All waterproofing systems based on liquid polymer
composition shall comply with the existing regulations. Upon delivery of the waterproofing based
on liquid polymer compositions shall be accompanied by a statement of performance.
Necessary tools
Bitumen waterproof sheets shall be made using gas-flame sticking. This requires a gas
ring, complete with gas tank, pressure-reducing valve and hose (min. 10 m), trowel with rounded
edges, sword and gloves.
Implementation
The project for the implementation of the waterproofing shall be approved and shall
contain:
 horizontal and vertical sections of the installation with the instructions for the type
and the general layingt of the waterproofing;
details on the implementation of the waterproofing around drainers, curbs,
expansion joints and other typical places of the structure;
detailed textual part of: the preparation of concrete surfaces, the class of
compressive strength of the structural concrete or smoothing layer, forming the
basis of the waterproofing; composition of the soil (if necessary), preparation and
application; type of the waterproofing system, number of layers, method of
installation and overlapping of individual roadways in longitudinal and cross
direction, a way of shifting of the overlaps in the individual layers waterproofing
set; type of road surface, thickness of the layers and methods of laying and
compaction.
Surface moisture on the concrete bottom at the time of the laying of the waterproofing,
measured with a suitable express method, shall not be more than 4%, unless the adopted type of
waterproofing shall not require otherwise.
The base of the waterproofing shall have a degree of flatness on the following tolerances
for the clearances:
of the longitudinal slope 5 mm;
of the cross slope 5 mm;
single unevenness 5 mm.
Defining the evenness shall be done with 4 metre surveyor's rod in accordance with the
requirements of EN 13036-7:2007.
The waterproofing shall run on dry and clean concrete bottom for the surface temperature
of the bottom and air not lower than + 5 C, unless the adopted type of waterproofing requires
otherwise.
A record for the acceptance of the bottom for the implementation of the waterproofing shall
be drawn up.
The waterproofing shall be duly protected from possible machanic damage before and
during the laying of the road surface. Movement of equipment and facilities with rubber wheels
shall only be permitted on the waterproofing, with the aim of laying an extra protective layer. The
surface of the tires shall be checked on a regular basis, with removing of the imbedded stones.
No stay and movement of the rollers on the insulation shall be permitted.
 Laying of the road surface before the acceptance of the final waterproofing system by the
Engineer shall be prohibited.
The surface on which the material shall be laid, shall be clean, even cement coating or
smoothing concrete, with the necessary slope, dry, without jutting up objects and dents. The dust,
oil and other residue shall be cleaned up before laying you.
The concrete surface shall be primed. This shall ensure optimum adhesion to the bottom.
The sheet shall be pressed against the bottom and the overlaps. The edges of the sheet shall
be shaped with a trowel to get water-tight bonding.
During implementation of the waterproofing of two layers, the second shall be shifted
towards the first at 50 cm. Overlaps shall not match those of the previous layers.
Places that are not well pasted, shall be processed further by carefully raising the
overlapping edge using a preheated trowel and pressed again to the bottom so as to obtain water-
tight bonding.
The edges that has not been well pasted shall not be repaired over by heating of the sheet on
top.
Forbidden shall be the pasting of the reel waterproofing material with a gas burner on the
underboarding.
Recommendations for proper storage and operation with waterproof sheets
1) Rolls shall be unload gently, without being thrown to the ground.
2) During work with the materials shall be absolutely forbidden to move rolls without
supporting pallets.
3) Rolls, both single and palletized, must be stored in a vertical position in one row to
prevent beating of the edges and crushing of the rolls.

Tests
Each individual layer of the roof waterproofing system shall be subject to interim
acceptance by checking of the adhesion to the concrete bottom and the overlap of sheet materials.
At everyone 300 m2, started shall be done a test consisting of 3 evenly assign on the area single
teats of adhesion of the waterproofing layer relative to the bottom. When the single values
received are less than the allowable, two new additional tests in the vicinity of the original test
are made. When the additional two tests satisfy the requirements originally received lower than
the permissible value shall be ignored.
Affecting the quality and durability of the roof waterproofing system can be checked and
proved depending on the project requirements other indicators.
 13. SURFACE IMPREGNATION
Surface impregnation shall be applied in outdoor concrete surfaces. The impregnation shall
be implemented in strict compliance with the instructions of the manufacturer.

Materials
Materials for surface impregnation (hydrophobic impregnation and impregnation) shall
satisfy the requirements of the normative documents. In the case of supply, all materials shall be
accompanied by a statement of performance.
Warehousing and storage of materials for surface impregnation shall be carried out in
accordance with the instructions and requirements of the manufacturer.
Implementation
Surface areas intended for impregnation shall be dried for at least 24 hours before impregnation.
No drying of surfaces in an artificial way shall be permitted. The surfaces shall be cleaned with
wire-solid brushes, water blasting and/or other means to achieve elimination of dust and
construction waste on them in accordance with the technological requirements to the impregnated
material.
The impregnation shall be carried out in sequence and shall be done in a previously agreed
and approved by the Engineer way.
Impregnation shall begin after achieving the necessary moisture and compressive strength
of the concrete bottom and after its acceptance by the Engineer.
During impregnation reliable protection of all areas adjacent to the elements subject to
superficial impregnation shall be ensured.
At the time of impregnation and not less than six hours after its completion protection of
the processed surfaces by rain and spraying water from the movement shall be ensured.
Impregnation of the exposed concrete surfaces shall not run when:
the ambient temperature shall be lower than + 5 C;
the concrete surface temperature shall be higher than + 25 C.
During implementation the requirements of the technical specification shall be met.

14. JOINTS
Transitional structures for joints (expansion joints) shall provide more favourable and
reliable way to do any of the following:
the relative displacements between the superstructure and abutment walls (posts),
and between individual sections of the superstructure without creating unmeasured
forces in design calculations;
comfortable and safe passage of vehicles over the joint;
waterproofing protection (water tightness) for the bridge construction in the area of
the joint.
The joints shall possess the following qualities:
types, construction and functional characteristics shall correspond exactly to the
requirements of the project and the technical specification;
shall have a high reliability and durability;
easy installation;
ability to control, minimum maintenance costs and the opportunity for easy
 replacement in the operation.
The used constructive joints that shall be of two types:
indoor type, where the asphalt concrete coating of the flooring shall not be cut over
the joint, and the coating in the joint area shall be implemented with special
compositions with modified bitumen;

open type, where the asphalt concrete coating of the surface shall be cut over the
joint, and in the joint area, on the place of the surface shall be placed an elastic
element, anchored in the road slab or in specially fitted profiles, such as all-steel
structures for the joints of an open type shall not be allowed.
 The dilation of the joint, and data for adjustment during installation, shall be determined in
the project and the type of the joint shall be offered by the Contractor and shall be approved by
the Engineer. Constructive height of the joint shall not be greater than the thickness of the
pavement of asphalt concrete bridge. The joint shall be anchored in the slab of the superstructure
with anchor bolts, as the anchoring shall not require the making of a special bed in the road slab.
Particular attention shall be paid to the connection between the joint and waterproofing of
the bridge, the removal of the penetrated through the road surface the water, and repair fitness of
the joint.
The size of the gap, and the data for the adjustment when fitting, shall be determined in the
project.
The type of joint shall be determined after a detailed study of the materials provided by the
Contractor for the specific qualities of the joint, and complied with the requirements of the
project and the technical specification.
Materials
The materials shall meet the requirements of the technical specification of the company-
manufacturer.
Elastomer shall have physical and mechanical qualities, similar to those in the elastomeric
bearings and moreover high durability and frost resistance.
The modified ones shall have a high atmospheric, ozone and thermal resistance, shall
provide the elasticity of asphalt concrete coverage in the area of the joint, and shall meet the
necessary requirements.
Metal parts shall be made of high-quality steel or stainless steel. The open parts of the
joints shall be of stainless alloy or with durable corrosion protection.
The qualities of the materials shall be ensured with the accompanying certificate and
control tests
Implementation
The installation of the joint shall be carried out in compliance with the technological
requirements of the company and those given in the project. Particular attention shall be given to
the adjustment of the joint for the temperature of the construction of the bridge at the time of
installation. For this purpose, during the installation of the joint, at intervals of 4 hours shall be
measured the temperature of the air and the superstructure.
A record shall be drawn for the adjustment of joint and mounting temperature, which shall
be kept in the bridge facility file.
The installation of the joint shall be controlled and subject to acceptance.
Special attention shall be paid to the connection between the joint, waterproofing and road
surface of the bridge. For the removal of the water penetrated through the surface shall be
installed a drainage system in accordance with the project.

For the lead of the water penetrated from the roadway of the bridge though the construction
joint, directly below the joint shall be made an additional groove, which shall lead this water out
of the bridge structure. The groove can be of elastomer (reinforced with fabric) or steel with a
durable anticorrosive coating.
Approved by the Engineer before starting the installation works of the joint, shall be:
executive drawings and results of control measurements of places for bearings and
joints in the bridge structure;
detailed work schedule on the implementation of the assembly work.
When mounting the dilatation joints, they shall be regulated in accordance with the
accompanying joint instruction on the requirements to be observed when fitting. Works on
installation of the joint shall be done by specialists of the manufacturer or authorized and trained
representatives.
The mounted joints shall be accepted by the designer and the engineer before concreting to
the construction of the facility.
Rubber-metal joints open type
Implementation
The place for the assembly of the joints, and the selection of the corresponding size shall be
checked, and laying of the last layer of the asphalt coating with accurate measurement of its
thickness check shall be done,.
The axes of the dilatation joints shall be marked.
The asphalt coverage shall be cut.
The two parallel sides of the axis, where the asphalt coating shall be cut, shall be marked
with chalk or colored rope, then cut with a disc grinder (with a diamond disc).
In order to achieve smooth cuts in the asphalt, it would be advisable to make their depth so
as to reach the reinforced concrete slab, but without damaging.
The assembly of the seals shall be done in accordance with the project. They shall be
attached to the bridge structure with the help of steel bolts, reinforced in the anchor holes made in
the bridge slabs, pre- embankment ed with anchor resin.
Before the installation shall be checked:
the compliance of the configuration and dimensions of the openings left or cut in
the asphalt surface, with those in the assembly project;
the conformity of the opening, the holes and "bolt" beds, with those in the assembly
project;
the conformity of the work of concreting in the area of anchoring;
the vertical position of the seals shall be checked every 6 meters from the location
of the modules to the grade line of the road, in at least 6 measuring points located
along the axis of the roadway and on both sides of the dilatation system, as the
deflection of the vertical positioning in any measuring point shall not exceed 3 mm;
the air temperature at the time of installation of the seals shall be not less than 0 C
less and not higher than 30 C.
The findings of the above works shall be entered in the diary of the construction works .

Metal joints
Metal joints-technical requirements
WD joint is extremely durable due to the principle used in the bonding of metal and
elements in the structure, based on the selection of the materials used and the method of control
of the installation.
They are designed for frequent and heavy loads.
The triangular teeth of metal components shall allow movement of traffic without
interruption, noises of the joint and shaking.

The easy access to the anchor bolt and shortened length of the elements facilitate the
maintenance and shifting of joint, without interrupting traffic, with the exception of the plates,
undergoing repair.
WD joints allow distortion of 30 degrees without any changes in their basic qualities.
Metal joints-install method
All elements of the joint shall be equipped with anchor bolts. Extensions shall be removed
through cutting of the end elements observing the required dimensions.

Preparation for joints in the pavement

block shall be the same.
During asphalting the sinking of the joints shall be prevented by their embankment with
sand or gravel and covering with a steel or wooden plate.

At the end of the asphalting, the joint shall be marked with chalk and string, to achieve
perfect alignment. The outlined size shall be parallel with the metal plate that shall be put on the
place of the joint.
Using joint cutter, the asphalt shall be cut carefully along the width of the bridge, so that the
depth of the cut shall reach the waterproofing membrane.
Using electric or pneumatic hammer, the asphalt shall be removed and removed from the
bridge. The cover plate shall also be removed and the bed of joint shall be cleared of sand and
gravel.
The bed of joint shall be reinforced with additional eyehooks to the existing reinforcement
in order to strengthen the anchoring of the joint.
Polystyrene, giving the size of the opening of the joint shall be placed (the alignment shall
be done with great care). Then the extension of the opening between the two concretes shall be
placed.
Each element shall be installed and fixed in the hole, shall be fixed crosswise and
longitudinal, according to the final level of the asphalt. Each element shall be connected to the
other to avoid displacement during the concreting.
Some counter weights shall be placed on channels to ensure the stability of the installation
at the time of concreting.
After placing the joints and their fixing, shall be added some lengthwise poles to complete
the reinforcement.
Before starting the concreting, the entire surface of the joint shall be protected with a
bonding concrete, which shall be thin enough to be embankment ed in all of the holes, especially
under the anchor bolt. Vibration shall be particularly important to achieve a good density of
concrete.
Finishing of the surface shall be done with a brush, trowel or a darby.
 All additional reinforcement shall be removed after 24 hours of the hardening of the
concrete.
The probes shall be tested after two days and when the values shall be acceptable, all
anchor bolts shall be re-tightened with a special key, according to the specifications of the joints.
All holes of anchor bolts shall be embankment ed with bitumen.
The area shall be cleared of remnants of construction materials before the release for the
movement.

Metal joints Description of the equipment

Joint cutter 1 piece;
Air hammer - 2 pieces;
Compressor 1 piece;
Special wrench with a capacity of up to 20 N.m to 800 N.m -3 pieces.
Metal joints Logical sequence
I -stage preparatory work;
II stage-cleaning;
III stage adding reinforcement;
IV stage-placing the joint;
V stage-fixing and final reinforcement;
VI stage concreting and hardening of concrete;
VII stage - tightening of the bolts and final arrangement.
Removal of asphalt cuttings
Asphalt cuttings from the cuts in the pavement shall be broken with the help of "Hilti" or
shall be crushed with an air hammer, and then shall be removed from the ''bed" of the joint, to
their full elimination. After removal of the cuttings, the reinforced concrete plate on the bottom of
the bed shall be cleaned, aligned and processed so as to ensure best adhesion with the grout,
which shall be poured on it.
The ready "bed" for the joint in the structure shall then be carefully cleared from dust,
cement, pebbles and other unnecessary items. The walls of the "bed" shall be cleaned carefully
with a dry brush.
The bottom of the bed of the joint shall layered with a special high strength epoxy solution,
which shall then be laid a smoothing epoxy resin layer. The objective is the construction of a
structural foundation ensuring the greatest strength and integrity of the "bed" on the joint, and at
the same time to achieve the necessary vertical thickness of the "bed".
After hardening of positions of the solution in "bed" for 3 to 24 hours, depending on
weather conditions, the module seal shall be placed in the "bed" for the purpose of marking and
drilling the attachment points in the reinforced concrete plate with bolts. Marking and drilling
shall be done with "Hilti" or with a drill. The module shall then be removed from the "bed". So,
the anchor holes for the bolts, after a careful cleaning, shall be embankment ed with epoxy resins.
The seals, once placed in the "beds" for marking and drilling of the anchor holes shall no
longer be removed, due to their large dimensions and weight significantly. After making of all
anchor holes, they shall be cleaned by blowing with a compressor.
The minimum depth and diameters of the holes, the size of the anchoring bolts and joint
washers and tightening of nuts that shall be used for the final fixing of the joints to the bridge
facility shall comply with the various types of seals.
Embankment ing of the holes shall be implemented with a recommended and listed in the
project anchor epoxy resin. Considered shall be that the holes shall be embankment ed only up to
50% of their volume. The anchor bolts then shall be inserted into the holes carefully and slowly,
with rotating motion, in order to avoid the formation of air bubbles between the bolt and the wall
with the anchor hole. After anchoring of the anchor bolts shall necessarily be made verification of
maximum and minimum limits of their projection on the upper part (above the upper level of the
"bed").
 After processing of the anchor holes, a check for hardening of the laid anchor resin shall be
made, respectively for the strength of the bonding of anchor bolts with the resin and their tight
fixing in the "bed" of the seal and the bridge slab.
Then the modules seals shall again be returned in the places in their places in the bridge
structure. After the arrangement of the seals in the bridge joint to its completeness, on the bolts
already fixed shall be placed the washers, and the tightening nuts shall be screwed on the bolts
with a torque wrench, keeping the force values of tightening.
To build elastic transition /transition/ between the seal and asphalt paving, i.e. the
embankment ing and adhesion between the vertical walls of the asphalt sections with the walls of
the joint, places of treatment shall be well dried and cleaned from contaminants.
The cleaning shall be done with brushes, brooms or a compressor. Then, the walls of these
sections of the asphalt sections, those of the joint and the "bed" shall be primed with
recommended products on epoxy base, using a brush with short hair or painters' roller.
Before drying of the primer, another product of epoxy-based mixture of epoxy resin with
silica sand shall be made, and it shall be used for the embankment ing of the spaces formed
between the asphalt and the seals.
The epoxy product shall be laid with a trowel, previously moistened in solvent, with a view
to the facilitating the treatment. At the same time, the product shall be well aligned with the
asphalt surface and that of the seals, if possible to inconspicuousness.
After hardening of the epoxy product, the transfer/ transition /shall be painted with clear or
colored epoxy resin. For the purpose of obtaining aesthetic appearance when painting of the "
transition " shall be used " painting tape " which shall be removed after painting.

15. BACKFILLINGING
The backfilling shall be formed to the levels of the slopes, as the technology and the stages
of the application of the different layers shall be approved by the Engineer. The backfilling shall
be formed to the levels and slopes, referred to in the drawings. If necessary, the operation on the
backfilling and/or excavations, representing part of the approach spots to equipment shall be
suspended, to the time with the requirements as to the time limits for strengthening of the
equipment shall be complied. The backfilling of the trenches and foundations shall be
implemented after verification and approval of the foundation and work on facilities within the
excavations. When building the backfilling to the pipe or drainage necessary measures shall be
taken to build the backfilling simultaneously on both sides of the facility. The bottoms of all
trenches for facilities that shall be backfillinged again and all the approach spots to the facilities
shall be compacted up to 98% of the maximum dry density of the material at a distance of at least
5 m measured from the top of the facility. Compacting with mechanical equipment shall be done
in such a way as to avoid passing on the already existing facilities. Compaction shall be done
with the tyred and rubber tire roller, static, vibratory and oscillation. In areas that are difficult to
access or have little cover over the facility, compaction shall be done with the rollers with
oscillation, vibratory plates and manual ramming. No backfilling shall be allowed embankment
ing of non broken rock material behind the equipment.

16. DRAINS
The leading of surface water from the roadway of the bridge without having any contact
with the structure shall be given in the project and shall be performed by inserting drains in
certain locations.
The water from the drains shall be led with horizontal and vertical drainage system in the
superstructure and the substructure at specified in the project areas.
The drains for the bridge facilities shall be placed on both sides in straight line (double-
sided cross slope of the roadway). In facilities with single-sided slope, drains shall be placed in
the lower part of the roadway.
Extension pipes shall reach at least 20 cm below the lower edge of the main beams.
For environmental considerations or n cases of high posts (8-10 m), darn water shall be
removed with horizontal and vertical drainage system in the superstructure and substructure at
certain places on the field.

Materials
All parts of the cast iron drains shall be made of cast iron under EN 1561:2011. The
elements of the system of drains shall be metal or plastic, produced and approved by specialized
companies. All metal parts and cast iron drains shall be anti-corrosion treated by hot dip
galvanizing in accordance with EN ISO 1461:2010 with an average mass of coating not
less than the values referred to in Table 3 of the standard.

Performance
Along the length of the construction, the drains shall placed according to the Instructions
for implementation and technical documentation for the drainage of the road bridge structures.
The drains shall be delivered by approved specialized companies. The individual parts shall be
under individually developed drawings. The manufacturer shall guarantee the quality of the
materials used with the appropriate certificates. The finished drains shall be approved.
On site, the drains shall be installed manually in the following sequence:
Pipe;
Cup;
Grid.
The pipe shall be concreted in the road slab of the equipment in a way ensuring that the
upper end shall coincide with the surface of the slab. The cup of drain shall be mounted after the
implementation of the insulation, which from the slab shall pass through the expansion part of the
pipe and shall be pressed by the cup. The upper edge of the cup shall coincide with level of the
road surface. The grid shall be mounted last.
The implementation of the paving around the drains shall be carried out carefully to avoid
their displacement and to ensure good drainage of surface water.
All works of production, supply and installation of the drains shall be controlled.

17. RAILING AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

Pedestrian railings
On the paving blocks shall provided for a steel railing for pedestrians and a restraining
system for vehicles.
 Materials
Type, manufacture, dimensions and tolerances, the method of installation of pedestrian
railings shall be fulembankment ed under preliminarily prepared Projects of the manufacturer in
compliance with the requirements of the project and the technical specification and
CEN/TR 1317-6:2012.
The main construction elements for railings as posts, lattice panels, rails, handles, corners,
bearing and connecting components and parts shall be produced from materials according to the
design of the manufacturer and with proven qualities with the applicable tests for statement of
performance.
The materials used by the Contractor on the Site and the elements received finished,
produced outside, shall also be accompanied by a statement of performance indicators, in
accordance with the relevant product standards.

Implementation
The Contractor shall provide verified and secure appropriate technical equipment before
commencement of the construction works.
All welding and assembly works shall be implemented in the manner and in accordance
with the project of the manufacturer. To ensure the quality of installation there shall be instruction
on the execution and mode of operation for each type of activity. There shall be evidence of the
quality of the materials used - statement of performance, test reports and evidence of the
competence of the executive staff.
All steel elements for railings shall be anti-corrosion treated by hot dip galvanizing in
accordance with EN ISO 1461:2010, with the average mass of the coating not less than 500
g/m2, and appearance without dendrites, no bubbles, no packs, uneveness and sharp rises and
uncovered areas. Reparation of damaged galvanized areas shall be made by the plant,
implemented with hot galvanizing in accordance with item 6.3 of EN ISO 1461:2010.
The anchor bolts, nuts, washers, etc. shall be hot dip galvanized according to Table 4 of
EN ISO 1461:2010, for example, the average mass of the coating for a piece with > 6
mm shall be not less than 360 g/m2 and for a piece < 6mm not less than 180 g/m2. Subsequent
operations shall not allowed after the hot galvanizing of the pieces such as drilling, welding,
cutting and other similar works related to taking off material.
All additional facilities built in connection with the installation and operation of the railing
shall be under the pre-approved project.

Combined railings for cars and pedestrians

 Manufacture of combined safety railings for cars and pedestrians on the road bridge
structures shall be fulembankment ed under preliminary drawn projects in accordance with the
regulations for the design of roads and bridges and technical rules for the application of restraint
systems for roads on the road network of the Republic of Macedonia.
Combined safety railings for cars and pedestrians shall be placed in the areas with a risk of
falling from a height greater than 2 m, with insufficient clearance of the facility and the lack of
opportunity for mounting of both falling from a height greater than 2 m, with insufficient
clearance of the facility and the lack of opportunity for mounting both of a restrain system and a
railing for pedestrian traffic, and at the insufficient width of the paving block.
Materials
The structural elements for the construction of the railings for cars, shall be implemented of
steel and fasteners as indicated in the test record specified in EN 1317-2:2012 and
statements of performance in accordance with EN 1317-5:2008+2:2012/AC:2012 and the
structural elements building the pedestrian railings shall be drawn up in accordance with the prior
projects and with a height > = 1100 mm.
The materials used by the Contractor on the site and the elements supplied finish and
produced out of the site, shall be accompanied by a statement of performance, documents
concerning the qualifications of contractors and quality tests.
All elements for the construction of combined safety railings for cars and pedestrians shall
be anti-corrosion treated by hot dip galvanizing in accordance with the requirements of EN
ISO 1461:2010. The average mass of the coating shall not less than 500 g/m2, no dendrites,
bubbles, packs, unevenness and sharp rises, and uncovered areas. Reparation of damaged
galvanized areas shall be performed exclusively by the factory, implementing the hot galvanizing
works are in accordance with item 6.3 of EN ISO 1461:2010.

Implementation
When a railing for vehicle is required to function as a combined railing for vehicles and for
pedestrians, it shall meet the requirements both for vehicles and for pedestrians. In this case the
testing under EN 1317-2:2012 shall be a priority to testing under CEN/TR 1317-
6:2012.
The manner of construction, the type and sizing of safety railings for cars shall provide
increased or very high degree of restraint from H1 to L4b, depending on the project requirements
and in accordance with EN 1317-1:2012 and EN 1317-2:2012, pedestrian railings
shall have with a height of > = 1100 mm.

No cutting and welding of the site of finished elements delivered for installation shall be
allowed. To ensure the quality of construction shall have and shall comply with the approved
project for the site, approved technology and mode of operation for each type of activity. There
shall be evidence of the quality of the materials usedstatements of performance, test reports and
evidence of the competence of the executive staff.
No use of bolts, nuts, washers for the safety railings, processed by electrochemical manner.
They shall be hot dip galvanized according to the requirements of Table 4 of EN ISO
1461:2010 with an average mass of the coating of not less than 360 g/m2 for pieces with > 6
mm and not less than 180 g/m2 for pieces with < 6 mm. Subsequent operations shall not be
allowed after the hot galvanizing of pieces such as drilling, welding, cutting and similar works
related to taking off material.
All additional facilities built in connection with the installation and operation of the railings
for cars shall be under a coordinated and approved project.

Restraint systems
Materials
The properties of the restraint systems shall be evidenced by documents of conformity in
accordance with the requirements of the current regulations and EN 1317-
5:2008+2:2012/AC:2012.
All steel materials shall be anticorrosion treated by hot dip galvanizing in accordance with
Table 3 of EN ISO 1461:2010, with the average mass of the surface not less than 500 g/m2.
The appearance of the zinc coating of all steel elements shall be in accordance with
EN ISO 1461:2010 no dendrites, bubbles, packs, unevenness and sharp rises, and uncovered
areas.
No subsequent operations after the hot galvanizing of pieces such as drilling, welding,
cutting and other similar works related to the taking off material shall be allowed.
 Implementation
The construction of the restraint systems shall meet the project, technical specification and
the requirements of EN 1317-1:2012 and EN 1317-2:2012.
For equipment and high retaining-curtain walls shall apply restraint systems for facilities
where the degree of retention shall be determined by the project, but may not be less than the H1.
All additional protective devices such as buffers, guiding devices or road restraint systems
for pedestrians, shall be implemented in an approved project of the locations and manner,
meeting the requirements of EN 1317-1:2012 in its applicable parts.

Steel restraint systems

Materials
The profile of the guiding rail shall have a wavy shape with two or more waves. The
material for the bus, and the bars, bearing the anchor plates, consoles, anti-vibration clamps,
tensioners, beams fasteners , and others shall be implemented of steel as specified in the test
record according to EN 1317-2:2012 or a document under EN 1317-
5:2008+2:2012/AC:2012.
The use of bolts, nuts, washers, keys and chains for the protective fences, processed by
under electrochemical manner shall not be allowed. They shall be hot dip galvanized according to
the requirements of Table 4 of EN ISO 1461:2010 with an average mass of the coating at
least 22 of 360 g/m2 for pieces with > 6 mm and not less than 180 g/m2 for pieces with < 6
mm.
 Implementation
The overlap of individual elements in the places of connection of the guiding rail shall be in
the direction of the movement so that there shall be no corners against it. The places of transition
from a fence with one degree of retention to the fence with another degree of retention or from
one type to another, and the locations of joints in facilities shall be implemented with transition
elements.
The bearing posts shall be driven in the wayside or the dividing strip of road to the
appropriate depth. No cutting of the posts shall be allowed to reach the appropriate size, and this
shall apply for their concreting. The elements for beginning /end shall be excavated in and
connected with the posts for neutral grounding under the ground level. Concreting of the posts
shall be permitted only when their driving shall be impossible and there shall be an agreed and
approved project for this operation.

The height of the completed restraint system, measured from the upper edge of the cover to
the upper edge of the fence shall be 750 mm 30 mm or according to the manufacturer's tests.
The finished steel restraint system shall be lined up by length 30 mm/100 m and height
30 mm/100 m.
The length of the dismountable part in the case of manually dismountable restraint systems
shall be not less than 8 m. the elements shall have a geometry identical to that before and after the
cut off and shall be connected to transitional elements.
The upper side of the restrained flange shall be aligned with the level of the roadway, so
that after the dismantling of the manually dismountable steel restraint system it shall not to
exceed it.
The neutral grounding at the start/ end of restraint systems shall be implemented in a way
identical with the one shown in the qualification test and with the elements so that it shall
correspond to EN 1317-2:2012 and EN 1317-5:2008+2:2012/AC:2012.
In the short neutral grounding, the railing shall be tilted towards the ground at an angle of
10 1 in the longitudinal axis and laterally 2 1 to the wayside. In the event of long
neutral grounding, the ailing shall be tilted towards the ground at an angle of 4 1 in the
longitudinal axis and laterally 2 1 to the wayside. The end post shall be entirely in the
preliminary made hole, allowing connection with the grounding head.

Reinforced concrete restraint systems New Jersey

Materials
All elements shall be made of reinforced concrete.
Concrete, reinforcement and coupling elements shall be with qualities that meet the
requirements of the technical specification and project.
The sizes of the systems, depending on the type and purpose, shall be described in the test
records under EN 1317-2:2012 and according to EN 1317-
5:2008+2:2012/AC:2012.

Implementation
The geometrical elements of the finished restraint system shall be identical to those of a
tested and with proven system for the provisioned degree of retention
The assembly shall meet the requirements of EN 1317-2:2012 and EN 1317-
5:2008+2:2012/AC:2012, including the implementation of the "start /stop", which shall be
implemented through sloping to the terrain and connection with the steel safety fence or building
a buffer against attack.

18. SAFETY UPON THE PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION-AND-ASSEMBLY

 WORKS
. Technical Safety
The contractor shall bear the sole and complete responsibly for the safe conditions at the
Site, including the safety of all people inside or in the proximity of the Site during the
performance of the construction-and-assembly works.
These requirements shall apply constantly and shall not be limited to the normal working
hours or be subject to other time limits.
The contractor shall be fully responsible for the safety of workers and for all other persons
working at or visiting the Site, including employees of other Contractors and for the protection of
the citizens who are near the Site.
The contractor shall formulate and implement a Safety Plan in accordance with the
requirements.
Within 30 days from the Commencement Date, the Contractor shall hand over the proposed
Safety Plan, which shall after receipt of a no objections letter from the Engineer become the
Contractors Safety Plan.
The contractor shall guarantee that all actions shall be in all respects in compliance with the
applicable laws and provisions in the Republic of Macedonia as regards the conditions for safety
and health.
The contractor shall appoint a Safety Manager who shall be in charge of safety and shall be
free to report directly to the Engineer all issues regarding safety.
The contractor shall provide and maintain an organisational structure of safety staff to
perform and control effectively the safety and health at work on the Site.
The safety staff shall only be committed to safety related issues.
The responsibilities shall be clearly defined in the Safety Plan and shall show the
communication lines and the reporting between the Contractors Safety Manager and the
Executive Management, the Project Manager and the Engineer.
The Safety Manager appointed by the Contractor shall have obligations during all of his
time, which shall only be related to safety issues, including Work aspects affecting:
Environment;
Industrial;
Health and hygiene safety;
The experience and qualification of the Safety Manager shall be subject to consideration by
the Engineer who may reject the proposed candidate. Once the Safety Manager is appointed, the
Contractor shall not substitute him without the Engineers preliminary consent. The Safety
Manager shall prepare, maintain and observe the compliance with the Safety Plan and all the
safety procedures and shall be on a full-time basis on the Site.
The contractor shall authorize the Safety Manager and the safety staff to take emergent and
appropriate action to make the Site safe and to prevent any work that is not safe, violations of the
Safety Plan, or the Application laws.
The contractor shall not commence any work on the Site, until Safety Manager is appointed
and has started fulfilling his obligations on the Site.
B. Contents of the Contractors Safety Plan
The Safety Plan shall be subject to regular discussion upon a change in the legislation or the
scope of the Works, change in the prevailing conditions, or as ordered by the Engineer.
The plan shall contain, but not only:
Statement of policy signed by the Contractors Main Contractor stating that the health and
safety at work will enjoy top priority in all aspects of the Contract.
It shall clearly state that the Contactors representative shall be directly responsible for all
Site safety issues.
An organizational timetable determining the full-time safety staff and site other staff with
specific safety responsibilities, both under the Contract, and in the Safety Plan. The timetable will
show the seniority and the reporting lines.
The link between the Safety Manager and the Contractors Manager will be shown. The
safety responsibilities will be specified and enclosed to the timetable, for each job specified in it.
The powers of the Safety Manager and the safety staff that entitle them to take appropriate
action in case of a violation of the Safety Plan or the applicable laws shall be described.
Details about the means of communication ensuring the effective communication of the
Safety Manager and the Main Staff of the Contractor on the safety issues with the Contractors
staff and the Engineer.
Emergency procedures for organization of rescue teams that will deal with emergency
situations on the site.
The Emergency procedures shall determine the equipment and its position. The frequency
of the practical trainings will be determined.
As regards these orders, the Contractor will determine the training and dissemination of
information for the staff.
 The orders for health and safety training of the staff on the site shall be described
including how to store training reports.
The orders for briefing upon appointment and special staff health and safety briefing will
be described.
The proposals will include the programme, the frequency and the application of the
courses of training, as appropriately trained persons will conduct the training. The workers will
be given a briefing before they are allowed to start work on the Site.
Orders that will allow the Contractor to determine the persons who completed safety
training. Persons who are not able to prove that they have passed training will not be allowed to
work on the site.
Details of the quantity and characteristics of the equipment for monitoring of the
conditions of safety that will include at least devices for measuring the level of noise and
appropriate equipment for determining the presence of gases.
The means and frequency of checking, testing and maintaining the safety devices and
equipment, including:
scaffolding
staging
lifting gears
special transport machinery and mechanisation
signalization
railing
stairs and other means of access
lighting
equipment security guarding, etc.
The maintenance and monitoring reports for the above elements will be kept.
The Contractor will guarantee that all the inspections and certifications will be carried out
by qualified and competent staff.
Details of how the Contractor will guarantee the protection of authorized visitors and
prevention of unwanted entry into the site.
Details of the proposed first aid, and on-demand medical staff and equipment, which shall
also include orders for transportation of injured staff.
Details of how and where safety-related reports will be prepared and kept.
In addition to these reports, the Safety Manager will have to keep a safety log that will be
available to the Engineer upon request, which shall contain daily records of all safety related
works and events.
Details of the Contractors orders on safety inspections on the site, which shall take place
at least once a month. Inspection report that will include the action taken for resolution of
revealed problems and will be available to the Engineer.
Full checklist for health and safety inspections to be used by the staff upon a site visit.
The checklist will show the standard that must be achieved and will classify the points as critical
and non-critical safety issues. Critical safety problems will be resolved immediately and will be
respectively ticked. Non-critical safety issues that are not immediately resolved shall be brought
to the respective supervisors attention for subsequent resolution, within the definite period. The
completed checklist will be kept as a report.
Details about a safety check system that will be prepared by the Contractor, both for the
safety management system and for the physical conditions of the site. The safety checks will be
carried out for the conditions determined in the Safety Plan at least on a quarterly basis. The
documentation for this process will be available for the Engineer and will be kept as a report.
Such procedures covering the health and safety aspects under the Contract, including but
not limited to, the following list, where applicable.
Work at heights
Dust control
Work in confined areas
Traffic control and traffic
Openings in floors and walls and stairs
Welding/cutting and equipping
Cranes, gigs and lifting gears, clothing
Scaffolding and staging
Equipment, machinery and vehicles of the Contractor
Protection from falling objects
Noise control
Temporary lighting
Workers hygiene facilities
Manual electric tools
Fire-safety measures and procedures
Temporary electricity distribution grid
Personal protective equipment
Rigging chains, clamps, etc.
Control over hazardous substances
Installation of colclad
Stairs
 C. Amendments to the Safety Plan
The Engineer may demand amendments to the Safety Plan or to any safety procedure in
order to ensure compliance with the Project.
The Contractor shall following a discussion with the Engineer prepare and issue such an
amendment within seven days from the Engineers order.
The Contractor shall constantly review the Safety Plan and the procedure as the Contractor
shall amend them as required. The aim of the amendments shall be to improve the safety
standards maintained on the Site.
New procedures shall be prepared and issued when the nature or scope of any activity is
changed or a new activity not covered by the existing procedures is introduced.
The Contractor shall make an official review of the Safety Plan and the procedures on an
annual basis on the anniversary of the Commencement Date, as the review shall take 10 days.
The review shall affect new information on the issues related to safety planning and
implementation, including:
Accident reports;
Inspections;
Results from the risk check;
Reviews of the safety analyses;
New information from the Engineer;
New information from conducted meetings;
Other new information.
Within 7 days from the end of the review, the Contractor shall amend the Safety Plan and
issue a review report for the Engineer.

D. Emergency and Rescue Procedures

The Contractor will develop emergency and rescue procedures before the commencement
of the work on the Site.
The procedure will give clear instructions that must be followed in case of an accident, and
will include:
Names of the responsible staff, including contact details;
Determination of the rescue services and other appropriate bodies;
Contact names and telephone numbers of these services and bodies;
Proposals for communication and cooperation with these services and bodies;
 Evacuation methods and other necessary measures;
Ready and on-demand available equipment and its location.
The emergency procedures giving complete instructions and telephone number will be
posted and kept in good condition at appropriate places on the site in widely used languages.
Trainings for emergency situation actions, including the rescue staff and external rescue and
emergency services will be conducted within 30 days from the commencement of construction
and will be repeated at least every 6 months.
The Engineer may demand from the Contractor to carry out emergency trainings more
frequently.
E. Public Convenience and Safety
The Contractor shall consult and follow the orders of the Standing Commission on Traffic
Transport, Organization and Safety. The work will be carried out in a way that protects the
convenience and safety of citizens, the disturbance of traffic flows is minimized and the real
estates are protected from any resulting damages.
This will be achieved through the use of barriers, warning and guide signs and other
appropriate means. Temporary sidewalks will be ensured and they will have appropriate
temporary lighting.
The Contractor shall ensure, install and maintain buildings, temporary lighting, signals,
warning signs and other means of traffic control in accordance with the Applicable Laws and to
such an extent as necessary for the safe maintenance of traffic flows.
Main constructive or heavy components will not be lifted or situated above roads in a way
that may be a potential risk for the people.
F. Personal Protective Equipment
The Contractor will guarantee that all people working on or visiting the site will bear at
least an approved protective helmet and appropriate shoes.
The Contractor will evaluate the working areas and the operations carried out in them, as
the Contractor will determine the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment that must be worn
according to the Applicable Laws, standards and practice.
The Contractor shall have at his disposal such Personal Protective Equipment for the staff
as determined for the specific area or working task.
 The entire Personal Protective Equipment will be:
Appropriately maintained;
Replaced if damaged;
Replaced before the expiry date.
The Contractor will guarantee that all people on the site will be equipped with and will use
Personal Protective Equipment that is appropriate for the working area or the nature of the work
task. Training will be conducted for the staff to learn how to use it.
The use of protective helmets on the site will be mandatory, except for specially designated
areas.
G. Control over Hazardous Substances
By a survey of the data from the manufacturer the Contractor will determine the materials
that are toxic, explosive, carcinogenic, inflammable or that may otherwise create danger.
The Contractor shall if appropriate develop a presentation of the method determining the
safe method of use or application of hazardous substances that will be submitted to the Engineer
before being used, for information purposes.
The Contractor will keep the manufacturers data for the material, which will include safe
use and recommendations on disposal for all hazardous substances on the site. The data will be
stored as safety reports.
Control will be established and maintained, which will prevent people under the influence
of drugs or alcohol from entering and working on the Site. No alcohol or non-prescribed
medicines will be allowed on the site.
H. First Aid
Appropriately equipped first-aid kits will be provided at the locations where work is being
performed and in all offices on the Site.
The first-aid kits will be in weather resistant boxes that are clearly labelled in English or
marked by the use of internationally recognized marking. They will be placed at visible and
easily accessible places.
All working places will have easily accessible and appropriately equipped first-aid means
that will be handled by appropriately trained staff during working hours.
The means will be able to provide urgent medical aid for serious injuries and handle lighter
injuries. The Contractor will maintain a ratio of 1 trained person in basic first aid per 100
employees.
 I. Fire Protection
The Contractor will establish a fire-safety strategy for the works and will ensure
appropriate fire-fighting equipment, facilities and trained staff for fire-fighting.
Warning systems will be installed at all places where risk of fire may exist for the people
and the staff will be given instructions for evacuation procedures.
J. Noise
Procedures will be established and maintained for protecting the staff working on the site,
or the citizens from exposure to too high noise levels, as determined in the Applicable Laws and
provisions of the Republic of Macedonia.
Where appropriate, sound-deadening barriers will be envisaged as well as provision of
protective equipment to the staff working in areas determined as noise-dangerous.
K. Facility, Equipment and Transport Means of the Contractor
The construction equipment, facilities and means of transport on the site will be checked,
tested and will completely meet the appropriate laws and provisions in the Republic of
Macedonia.
The Contractors facilities, equipment and means of transport will have unique
identification numbers that will be clearly shown on the machine.
Where appropriate, the equipment will be appropriately licensed and certified and will be
maintained in accordance with the manufacturers specification. Copies of all such licenses,
certificates and maintenance sheets shall be kept in the safety reports as it shall be clearly noted
which equipment they refer to.
A system for control over the supplied means of transport and the facilities rented for a
short time will be established.
L. Communications and Signs
Main communication requirements
All signs, boards, warnings, posters and information about safety that relate to the people
working on the site will be in English and in any other language used by a considerable number
of people working on the Site.

Electronic communications
The Contractor will guarantee that there is a telephone connection at any time between all
parts of the site and the main office the site.
The communication system will ensure a certain emergency line for cases including
incidents, injuries, accidents, serious damages or dangers.
M. Temporary Access and Temporary Work
The Contractor shall ensure all the necessary temporary access facilities that will be
constructed, installed and maintained in accordance with the Applicable Laws and practice. In
particular, stairs and any strengthening constructions will be regularly checked in order to
guarantee that they are fit for the purpose and are free of defects.
The temporary access will be provided against removal as it will ensure good surface for
walking and provide for measures against falling. Temporary works will be checked before being
used.

Employees and visitors control

Employees of the Contractor working on the Site, and all site visitors, including staff and
representatives of the Contracting Authority will be bound to comply with the requirements of the
Safety Plan.
Employees
All the Contractors employees and all employees of other contractors who work on the
Site will at any time have appropriate identification while on the site. It will be in English and
will clearly show the persons name and his employer.

Visitors
Visitor admission procedures will be established on the site. Visitors shall be understood as
all the people that are not regularly on the site and that have not passed a safety briefing.
All visitors will be given a pass before they enter.
The Contractor will provide the visitors viewing or inspecting the work site with Personal
Protective Equipment and will carry out a safety briefing that is appropriate given the needs.
Visitors will be accompanied at any time by a Contractors employee working on a full-time basis
on the site.
Visitors will not be allowed to enter highly dangerous areas, except for inspection
purposes. Highly dangerous areas will include areas requiring the use of protective belts, areas of
temporary works that are not officially approved, areas of lifting works and other areas.
N. Lifting Works
Competent operators and Lifting Operation Controllers
Only persons holding certificates or licenses issued by appropriated bodies in Macedonia
and authorized in writing by the Contractors Safety Manager will be allowed to operate the
Contractors lifting facilities, equipment and means of transport.
A trained and authorized person will be appointed to control each and every lifting activity.
Lifting operation controllers will be furnished with communication equipment in order to ensure
constant connection with the crane operator.

Lifting accessories
Prior to being used on the Site, lifting accessories, such as chains, rigging chains and
clamps will be tested and certified in accordance with an approved standard, in compliance with
the Applicable Laws.
Each and every element will be clearly and permanently marked by a unique identifier and
its safe working load. The original certificate will be stored in a register for lifting accessories, as
a part of the Contractors safety reports.
The Contractor will organize the conduction of careful review every three months during
the project implementation. Each lifting accessory that is not marked or registered will be
immediately taken out of use.
Gigs will only be operated by trained and authorized staff. Each gig will clearly show the
procedures for the use thereof.

Work at height
Any work at height exceeding 2 m will be performed in an appropriately secured or
otherwise protected area.
If such fencing and defence is not practical, work will only be authorized if well-secured
belts and ropes are used.
All the staff at such locations must wear approved and tested protective belts at any time
and be protected by such ropes.
. Hygiene, Stewardship and Inspection
Hygiene
Appropriate sanitary facilities will be provided at all working places nearby and in view of
the nature corresponding to the applicable provisions.
Stewardship
The site will be kept clean and free of obstacles and dangers.
All materials and equipment that are not used will be removed or moved so as to minimize
the presence of obstacles or danger. The access roads will be free of obstacles and kept materials,
or equipment at any time.

Inspection
The Contractor shall regularly inspect, test and maintain all the safety equipment, including
but not limited to:
Scaffolding;
Railings;
Staging;
Gigs;
Stairs;
Lifting facilities;
Lighting;
Signs;
Other means of access.
Inspection reports will be drawn up for each inspection and will be kept in the form of
reports.
The site will be equally lighted during work at night or when the visibility is poor due to the
weather conditions.
Signs will be clearly displayed and will be maintained clean and free of anything that may
prevent them from being visible.
The Contractor will establish and maintain a system for the issue of safety problem reports
by the Safety Manager, which reflect the safety disturbance and envisage subsequent restorative
action.
P. Dissemination of Information about Health and Safety, Safety Meetings

Dissemination of information about health and safety

 The Contractor will guarantee that health and safety issues are paid great attention to at the
Site.
Posters and signs in languages comprehensible for most of the workers will turn the
attention to safety working practices and labour safety matters.
Posters and signs will be elaborated on the site or will be obtained from appropriate
manufacturers and will be posted around the site and in the offices.

Safety meetings
Contractors on-site safety meetings
The Contractor will put in place safety meetings at the site chaired by the Contractors
Manager. The attendance will include the Contractors Safety Manager and the main construction
staff.
The meetings will take place at least once a month. The time, place and agenda of the
meetings will be communicated in advance to the Engineer who may attend the meeting or send a
representative. The minutes from the meetings will be kept as reports and handed over to the
Engineer for information and comments.

Engineer safety meetings

The Contracting Authority will determine a Management Safety Team (MST), which will
review the performance of the Contractors safety management and monitor the implementation
and adequacy of the Safety Plan.
The Engineer or a nominated person will act as a chairperson of the Management Safety
Team, with appropriate members from the Contracting Authoritys staff who must attend.
The Contractors attendance will include the Contractors Manager, the Safety Manager and
appropriate Main Staff.
The Engineer may invite third parties representatives, including legally required bodies, as
guests that monitor or make presentations during the meetings.
The committee will meet at least once a quarter, as the frequency may be increased to once
a month if serious safety problems arise.
The Contractor will act without any delay on resolutions or recommendations made at these
meetings.
 Q. Documentation, Problem Reporting System, Reporting of Adverse Events and
Monthly Safety Report
Documentation
The safety related documentation will be kept on the site at an accessible location and
through the use of an indexed system. The documentation will include, but not only:
Permits;
Certificates;
Report statements;
Reports.
Problem reporting system
The Contractor will introduce a system for the Safety Manager to issue safety disturbance
problem reports.
A procedure for timely performance and recording of the safety disturbance remedial
actions will maintain this system.

Reporting of adverse events

The Contractor will report to the Engineer the occurrence of dangers or accidents resulting
in a bodily injury, which causes reduced ability to work of an employee or citizen for more than 3
days.
The initial report may be oral but in any case it will be accompanied by a detailed report
describing the performed follow-up, within 5 days.
The Contractor will at the same time provide the Engineer with a copy of a statutory
accident, injury or danger report, which must be submitted to the Statutory Body as provided for
in the national or local provisions.

Monthly safety report

The Contractor will hand over a comprehensive safety report to the Engineer on a monthly
basis in a contracted format, as the Contractors representative will sign the report before
handover.
The report will exhaustively deal with all aspects related to health and safety at work. The
report will include a statement of the construction matters forthcoming in the next 3 months, in
the aspect whether they could possibly cause certain dangers.
R. Site Safety
When taking possession of the Site or a part of it, the Contractor will be responsible for the
Site safety, as well as for the Works safety.
This will include taking all precautions for protection of:
Offices;
Offices and facilities of the Engineer;
Equipment;
Materials;
Construction areas;
From damages, including vandalism, flood, earthquake, hurricane, fire, theft.
The Site will be appropriately protected at any time in order to prevent the access of
unauthorized persons, especially to areas posing high safety risk. The protection will include a
security fence with locked or guarded doors at all points of access to the Working Areas, the
Engineers facilities and other areas used by the Contractor. The necessary public access through
the Site areas will be fenced or appropriately protected otherwise.

Lighting and security

The Contractor will ensure appropriate lighting and will ensure uniformed security guards
for the main secured areas, including offices, facilities of the Contracting Authority, working
areas and warehouse areas. The Engineer may give instructions for the provision of additional
lighting and uniformed security guards to a part of the Site, if the Engineer considers it necessary,
which will be on account of the Contractor.

Passes
The Contractor will maintain and manage an admission system for all persons who are
entitled to access the Site, which shall include numbered passes.
The system will include authorization levels for certain parts of the site such as warehouse
areas and particularly risky or secured areas.

Visitors
The Contractor will establish and maintain an official visitor system. The system will
envisage that appropriate staff will control and lead visitors so that no visitor will be granted
uncontrolled access to any part of the Works, at any time.

Analysis of the possible dangers

The Contractor will make a risk evaluation for the scope and nature of the contractual
works and the specific conditions on the site, in order to be able to develop a specific Project
Safety Plan.
The risk evaluation will be carried out by qualified staff with appropriate experience lead
by the Safety Manager. The documentation from this process will contain a timetable of the
established risks and proposed measures for elimination or mitigation, as necessary for risk
management.

Risk prevention measures

All workers and specialists working on the project implementation will have passed a
preliminary briefing and will be bound to comply with all regulations, ordinances, instructions
and legal instruments concerning the safe conditions of work.
For danger elimination the technical manager of the site shall be bound:
not to allow hiring of workers aged under 18;
not to allow the performance of work under conditions that are harmful and dangerous for
the health of the workers and to take them out of the construction site in case of danger for their
health or life;
to remove from the site persons who are drunk;
to make sure that the personal protective devices are used;
to control the correct ordering and storage of the materials and facilities on the
construction site;
not to allow the use of damaged machinery and facilities, and the workers using them
must have the required qualification;
to control the use of common protective devices fences around excavations and shafts, if
necessary lighting of the construction site;

Analysis of the possible risks of damaging the equipment and measures that will be taken to
prevent it
The technical manager of the site will organize the load-unload and installation works so as
to make sure that no damage is caused to the materials.
All managers, workers and specialists working on the project implementation shall have
passed a preliminary briefing and shall be bound to comply with the Contractors Safety and
Health Plan and all regulations, Ordinances, Instructions and Legal Instruments concerning the
safe working conditions.

19. QUALITY
. Quality Assurance
The Contractor shall develop and put in place a quality management system, which shall be
in compliance with EN ISO 9001:2015. The quality management system will be developed
with the idea of constant improvement in the process of use thereof. This system will be
conformed to the specific requirements of the Contracting Authority, as well as the requirements
set in the project itself, i.e. it will serve specifically and only this project. This development will
be entirely conformed and fully subordinated to the Contractual Conditions and the Requirements
of the Contracting Authority. The project manager will be in charge of the quality control system.
This responsibility may not be delegated.
The person in charge of the quality assurance will be responsible for the launching of the
quality management system (in its full scope), its effective operation and its constant maintenance
and improvement, which guarantees the Contractors successful operation. He will manage the
quality management system processes.
The quality officer will be responsible for the maintenance of all the documentation,
including the quality reports.
All the Contractors staff will be responsible for the compliance with the quality control
system and reporting of arising discrepancies.
B. Materials
All the supplied electric materials and facilities and their constituent components must be
factory tested and certified and fit for operation under the respective weather conditions in
Macedonia. The quality of the facilities installed on the site shall be proven by submission of the
necessary certificates and records by the Contractor. The necessary certificates of use of the
devices in the Republic of Macedonia shall be determined by the current legal framework.
The Contractor shall establish a systematic process of control through regular tests whereby
the satisfaction by the used materials of the necessary requirements set out in the project will be
proven.
C. Maintenance of Documentation and Archive
All the necessary records and notes will be submitted to the Contracting Authority who will
issue a certificate of acceptance of the work after all the requirements for each stage of the work
are satisfied. The documents will be executed and approved by all parties.

D. Additional Conditions
In the course of performance of the order we will use such equipment, including technical
equipment, that will ensure quality control over the performed construction-and-assembly works.
The quality of the supplied goods will be certified by the respective certificates of quality
and origin, declarations of conformity or equivalence.