ASSIGNMENT

NO : 01

FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

NAME OF THE INSTRUCTOR :

MRS. HANSIKA BALASINGHE

NAME : D.N. SENEVIRATHNE

INDEX NO : UCHS/BMET/FT/2014/26
 DATE OF SUBMITION :

QUESTIONS

1.
i. Write Down the energy conversion of DC Motor?
ii. Describe the constructional features of DC Motor?
iii. Briefly explain the Principle of DC Motor?
iv. (a). Write down the equations of Induced e.m.f of motor and voltage equation of the
motor.
(b) A 4 pole motor in 440V, takes an armature current of 50A. The Resistance of the
armature circuit is 0.28 ohm. Armature Winding is wave wound with 888 conductors
and the useful flux/pole is 0.023 Wb. Calculate the speed of the motor.

2. i. Determine developed torque and shaft torque of 220V, 4 pole series motor with 800
conductors wave-connected supplying a load of 8.2 kW by taking 45A from the
mains. The flux per pole is 25mWb and its armature circuit resistance is 0.6 ohm.
Ii. Draw the following Motor characteristics curves for series, shunt and compound
Motors.
(a). Torque and Armature current
(b). Speed and Armature Current
(c). Speed and Torque
iii. A 230V dc shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 ohm and field resistance of
15 ohm. At no load, the speed is 1200 r.p.m and the armature current is 2.5 A. on
application of rates load, the speed drops to 1120 r.p.m. determine the line current and
power input when the motor delivers rated load.
3.
i. Write down what is DC Generator?
ii. Describe the working principle of DC Generator.
iii. (a) What are the types of DC Generators?
(b) What are types of self-excited generators? Draw the circuit diagram of each types.

4. In a 50 kW (230V on no load and 250V on full load) over compound dc generator

(long shunt) the flux per pole required to produce 230 V on no load is 0.06 Wb at
1050 rpm. The resistance of the armature and series field are 0.04 ohm and 0.04 ohm
respectively and the shunt field resistance is 100 ohm. Calculate the values of the flux
per pole at full load, 1000rpm. (Neglect brush drop).

5. Write down the short notes of following topics.

1. Flux Control methods for shunt motors speed control
2. Variable Resistance in Series with motor for speed control
3. Electric Braking for DC Motors
4. Commutation
 QUESTION NO : 01
i. The DC motor is converts dc electrical energy into mechanical energy.
ii. The DC motor is consist of four main parts. They are,
Field Magnet
Armature
Commutator
Brush

There is a magnetic frame or yoke. Its acts as a protective cover for the machines and protect
the machine from any outside disturbance. It houses field system and supports the armature through
bearings.

Inside from the magnetic frame there are stator magnets. They are basically electromagnets with
such an arrangements so that adjacent poles have opposite polarity. They perform the function of
producing the magnetic field.

Inside to the magnetic field, there is an armature. The armature is a system of conductors or coil
which is free to rotate on the support bearings. It is consists of various parts. They are,

- Armature core
- Armature windings

The armature core is made up of high permeability thin silicon content steel laminations. The outer
periphery of the core has slots to carry armature windings.
The armature windings are generally made up of copper wires and is wound over the armature core.

After the armature, there is a commutator. It is cylindrical in shape and is made of copper. It perform
two basic functions.

After the commutator, we can see brushes. They are usually made of carbon or graphite. The main
function of brushes is to collect current from moving commutator.

There is a rotating part of dc motor, called shaft. The final output is obtained from the shaft. The
armature is mounted over the shaft.

iii. When the battery is connected to the dc motor, the current starts flowing through the armature.
A force is developed in the armature due to the influence of magnetic field of the stator, whose
direction is given by flemings left hand rule.
Due to the development of this force in each armature conductor, the armature will rotate in the
clockwise direction and as a result the shaft will also rotate.
Finally the output power in the form of mechanical energy is obtained from the shaft.

iv. (a) The equation of Induced e.m.f of motor

Eb = PN/60 (V)

The equation of voltage of motor

 Eb = V IaRa

(b) P = 4
V = 440V
Ia = 50A
Ra = 0.28
Z = 888
= 0.023Wb
Wave wounded

Eb = V IaRa

= 440 50 x 0.28

= 426V

Eb = ZN x P
60 2

426 = 0.023 x 888 x N x 4

60 2

N = 51120
81.696

= 625.734 r.p.m.
QUESTION NO : 02

i. V = 220V
P=4
Z = 800
Load = 8.2kW
I = 45V
= 25mWb
Ra = 0.6
Wave winding

Tb = 1 x ZP x Ia
2 A

= 1 x 25x10-3 x 800 x 4 x 45
2 2

= 286.479Nm
ii. Series Motor

a) Torque and Armature current

Ta

Ia

b) Speed and Armature Current

Ia

c) Speed and Torque

Ta
Shunt Motor
a) Torque and Armature current

Ta

Ia

b) Speed and Armature Current

Ia

c) Speed and Torque

Ta
Compound Motor

a) Torque and Armature current

 -- - differentia compound
Ta
- cumulative compound

Ia

b) Speed and Armature Current

Ia

c) Speed and Torque

Ta
iii) V = 230V At no load,

Ra = 0.5 N1 = 1200 r.p.m. N2 = 1120 r.p.m.

Rf = 15 Ia = 2.5A
 Eb1 = V IaRa

= 230 2.5 x 0.5

= 228.75V

N2 = Eb2
N1 Eb1

1120 = Eb2
1200 228.75

Eb2 = 213.5V

Eb2 = V Il Rf

213.5 = 230 - Il x 15

Il = 1.1A

QUESTION NO : 03

i) DC generator is a machine which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

ii) (a) There are two types of DC generators. They are,

 - Separately excited generator
- Self-excited generator

(b) There are three types of self-excited generators.

- Shunt wound generator

- Series wound generator
- Compound wound generator

Shunt wound generator

Series wound generator

Compound wound generator

QUESTION NO : 04

Load = 50kW

On no load, 230V On full load, 250V

 = 0.06Wb

N1 = 1050r.p.m. N2 = 1000r.p.m.

Ra = 0.04

Rs = 0.04

Rsh = 100

In a 50 kW (230V on no load and 250V on full load) over compound dc generator (long shunt)
the flux per pole required to produce 230 V on no load is 0.06 Wb at 1050 rpm. The
resistance of the armature and series field are 0.04 ohm and 0.04 ohm respectively and
the shunt field resistance is 100 ohm. Calculate the values of the flux per pole at full
load, 1000rpm. (Neglect brush drop).

QUESTION NO : 05

1) Flux Control methods for shunt motors speed control

Eg = ZN x P
60 A
 N = Eg x 60A
PZ

N = ( V Ia Ra ) K

N 1

According to that equation we can say, by decreasing flux the speed of the motor can
be increase.
The flux of dc motor can be change by changing the shunt field current (Ish) with help
of a shunt field resistance. Since Ish is relatively small, shunt field resistance has to
carry a small current. Its mean I2R loss is small. So the resistance is small in size.
This method is therefore very efficient.

2) Variable Resistance in Series with motor for speed control

By increasing the resistance in series with the armature the voltage applied across the
armature terminals can be decreased.

With reduced voltage across the armature, the speed is reduced.

3) Electric Braking for DC Motors

Electrical braking means slow or stop the motion using electromagnetic force to apply
mechanical resistance.

Electric Braking can be in three types.

1. Rheostatic or dynamic breaking

2. Plugging
3. Regenerative breaking
4) Commutation

The current induced in armature conductors of a DC generator are alternating. To make their
flow unidirectional in the external circuit, we need a commutator.
The commutation in the DC machine is the process in which generated alternating current
(AC current) in the armature winding of a dc machine is converted into direct current after
going through the commutator and the stationary brushes.
Output without a commutator Output with a commutator