ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(12), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i12/86215, March 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Optimal Siting and Sizing of Solar Power Sources in

Interconnection Grid System
S. Yogendra Reddy, Daka Seshi Reddy and G. Kesava Rao
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KL University, Guntur 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India;
s.yogendra.eee@gmail.com, dseshireddy@kluniversity.in

Abstract
Background/Objectives: This paper is to determine the best location for siting and filling of multiple DERs generators to
support reduced power loss and cheaper power transfer as demonstrated in IEEE 30 bus standard system with the help of
Power World Simulator Package. Methods/Statistical analysis: Analysis of Sensitivity in power losses in terms of DERs
size and DERs siting has been performed by using Newton Raphson method. The proposed interconnected model gives
efficient power transfer with respect to changes in power losses by solar power systems current injection in grid. Findings:
After connecting multiple solar power systems to an electrical grid system, there by deciding the minimizing power losses
and maximizing profit margin to increasing regulation and performance of the system. Simulation results shows the
economical dispatch for final siting of solar power system as mentioned in IEEE 30 bus system and to operate within
limits of voltages and currents ratings. Application/Improvements: In order to develop new solar power generation
plant to interconnect electrical grid. Single line drawing of 2MW solar PV power plant added to 33 kV Nagaladinne feeder
line Andhra Pradesh DISCOM, India. The whole distribution system network, and programs offered by governments has
contributed to an increase in the number of distributed energy resources (DERs) in commercial and domestic electrical
power generating units.

Keywords: Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), Grid Interconnection, Optimal Siting, Optimal Sizing, Power Flow

1.Introduction Initial outline rating of station is in kilovolt and all the

In present days power systems are integration of solar
power generation to an electrical grid has been rapidly
increasing over a decade due to growing load demand.
To develop efficient expansion of optimal power flow
algorithms in computational optimizing network and
generation, power losses could be minimized by placing
DER in proper place.
This paper approaches analytical method and
numerical method to setting up solar power plant in
India.
In electrical power system, load forecasting is done
based on load demand at distribution network. Here is
a brief description of reduction Method in Network1-3as
follows
buses within that have similar properties.
Ignore all lines connecting buses which belong to
same space buses.
Lines interconnecting buses that belong to same space
can aggregative.
Power flow is computed in reduced network.
Placement of solar power generation based on con-
straints.
Power loss is reduced in network by speeding com-
putational time. OPF studies have significant importance
in its economic factors and also in finding feasible gen-
eration impact by considering system constraints. Power
injected from sending end in the buses is equal to the
receiving end bus in a balanced system.

*Author for correspondence

 Optimal Siting and Sizing of Solar Power Sources in Interconnection Grid System

2. Problem Formulation Impedance between the sending end node bus node
and receiving end node bus is given by
If power unbalance occurred at receiving end, it will gen-
erate power loss in network. Power injection with help of Z= Rij + jX ij (3)
ij
solar power at receiving end will reduce the power loss in
Where,
network4,5. Buses are connected with generation units in
generation area. Buses are connected with load is Load I ij = line current magnitude at node bus ith to jth;
Area as shown in Table 1 and planned to interconnect Z ij = line impedance at node bus ith to jth in ohms;
with solar energy generator in IEEE 30-bus system.
Objective function of proposed model is to decrease Rij = line resistance at node bus ith to jth in ohms;
the power loss within the network by means of standard X ij = line reactance at node bus ith to jth in ohms.
optimal siting and sizing of solar power electricity assets
in grid network6. The primary goal function is mathemat- Branch current magnitude between two buses nodes
ically formulated as shown in Equation below (1) given by

Vi V j
n
I ij = (4)
Minimize f ( x) = P i =1
loss (1)

Z ij
Where,
Where,
I ij Branch current magnitude ijth ampere;
Ploss is power loss in network;
n number of nodes. Vi Voltage magnitude at node bus ith in volt;
Power loss in network7 is given by
V j Voltage magnitude at node bus jth in volt;
n n
Z ij Branch impedance at node bus ijth in ohms.
Ploss = min I 2
ij Z ij (2)
=i 1 =j 1 The real power loss in a system is given by Equation.
This is popularly referred to as the exact loss formula8,9.
Power loss is given by
n n

S
LA 4 Ploss
= a ( PP + Q Q ) + b (Q P PQ )
=i 1 =j 1
ij i j i j ij i j i j
30 29
27

(5)
28

LA 2 25
Where,
23 26
24
S
15 LA 3 Z ij
18
=aij *cos( i j ) (6)
14
19
22 VV
i j
16
S
21
20
SC 17
12
Z ij
*sin( i j )
13

=bij
11

G
10
SC (7)
8 VV
i j
Where
1
9
SC
4
S
3

aij , bij function loss coefficient in network at node

6

7
2
busij th;
5
G
SC
LA 1
Pi Active power flow kW at node bus i th;
GA 1
Qi Reactive power flow kVAR at node bus i th;
Figure 1. Planned to interconnection of solar energy
generator IEEE 30-bus system. Pj Active power flow kW at node bus j th;

2 Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 S. Yogendra Reddy, Daka Seshi Reddy and G. Kesava Rao

Q j Reactive power flow kVAR at node bus i th; Table 2. Transmission voltage levels in India
Voltage (kV rms)
VV
i j Voltage magnitude sending and receiving end at
Nominal Max Min
bus in Per Unit.
The sensitivity factor of power loss with respect to a 765 800 728
power injection from solar generator is given by 400 420 380
220 245 198
Ploss n n
ainj
= = 2 ( aij Pj bij Q j ) (8)
132 145 122
Pi =i 1 =j 1 110 121 99
66 72 60
Objective function is to satisfy constraints. The con-
33 36 30
straints are mathematically formulated as follows in
Equation below:
Where,
2.1 Equality Constraints
Vtr _ min And Vtr _ max acceptable bounder voltage lim-
Power flow constraints related to the non-liner equation its in Per Unit.
to balancing constraints DEGs capacities Interconnection of different nominal
value of solar power generations be maintained in rated
Pi Psolar Pload
= (9) limits10.

Where,
Psolar _ min Psolar Psolar _ max (11)

Psolar Power generated from solar;
Where,
Pload Power Load demand;
Psolar _ min And Psolar _ m ax minimum and maximum
Pi Real power flow injection at node bus kW. reactive power generated in solar power kW.

2.2 Inequality Constraints

3. Modeling of OPF Problem
Bus voltage limitation profile is maintained within accept-
able operating limits the in voltage in bus limit19 as show In practical electrical power systems the generating plants
in Table 2 is given by are located far away from the consumer distribution net-
work results in large transmission network and estimated
Vtr _ min Vtr Vtr _ max (10) to transfer power to load end which leads to power loss in

the network. Connection of solar power plant can reduce
power losses if placed in right sittings. The optimal sitting
Table 1. Generator, load buses included in each area of solar power generator in IEEE 30-bus system used 11-13.
in Figure 1
Sensing electric energy from generating plants that are
Area Buses Total Power Rating of positioned far away from the client distribution commu-
consumption Transmission nity using massive transmission network and predicting
at load side line the energy at load end can consequently stop power loss
Generating in the community14,15. Connection of solar electricity pan-
1,2,3,4 111.42 132 kV
area 1
els can reduce the power losses if they are at right sittings
Load area 1 5,6,7,8,28 146.14 132 kV to decide the highest useful solar electricity generation in
12,13,14, IEEE 30-bus system running power flow.
Load area 2 39.42 33 kV
15,16,18 As show in Figure 1, the planned interconnection of
9,10,11,17,19, IEEE 30-bus test system using optimal siting and sizing
Load area 3 49.92 33 kV
20,21,22
of generator by comparing two power flow models with
23,24,25,26, respect to generator and load. These two cases are shown
Load area 4 34.10 33 kV
27,29,30
in Figure 2 power flow from power generator to various

Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Optimal Siting and Sizing of Solar Power Sources in Interconnection Grid System

power loads and Figure 3 power flow from various power

generators to single power load, respectively. The associ-
Pgen_1 Pload_1
network

ated constraints are described as follows:

Pgen: Electricity provided with the aid of the Pgen in

electrical power network.
Pgen_n f () Pload_n
Pload: Power fed on via the Pload in electrical power net-
work. i j
Pgen_n: Electricity power flowing from power generator
to power load. Pgen_n+1 Pload_n+1
Pload_n: Electricity consumed by numerous power loads.
Figure 4. Simplified power flow only power generators
As defined in two instances, it can be conveyed with and loads.
the aid of Figure 4 single line simplified power flow model
for many power generators and loads. In Figure 4 Node
Vi Vj DC
buses i and j can be symbolized with the single line dia- Rij + jXij

gram of each buses as show in Figure 5. Then total power Pgen Pinj Psolar
AC Ii
Pi Pj
Pload

network Pload_1
Figure 5. Single line diagram of between two buses.

Pgen f () Pload_n
losses in overall power system can be calculated by the
way of summing the losses of all the nodes every time and
the solar power generator is interconnected to buses.
Pload_n+1 In Figure 5 the specialized connection among solar
generator and load is shown in the manner of whole elec-
Figure 2. Power goes with the flow from generators to the trical power network as in Figure 1, it can also be resolved
numerous power loads. by means of making an allowance about network electrical
power losses. Figure 5 is used as an equivalent arrange-
ment of Figure 1, from the view of solar powergenerator
Pload equivalent load consumed from j th node bus.
Pgen_1 network
In Figure 5, the electricity flow depends on the quan-
tity of power furnished from electrical substation and
solar power generator. Then power loss among each bus
can be calculated with the aid of equation 2. Figure 2
Pgen_n f () Pload power goes with the flow from generators to the numer-
ous power loads.

3.1 Selection of Optimal Location

Pgen_n+1 Assuming no change in node voltage magnitude at j th bus
solar power generated can be written as in below equation
Figure 3. Electricity float from numerous power generators
to power load. Psolar = I solar ( V j ) (12)

4 Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 S. Yogendra Reddy, Daka Seshi Reddy and G. Kesava Rao

I solar is the current magnitude of jth bus node. Start

The whole electricity power loss against injected
Design single line test bus system
strength is a function and, at minimum losses, the charge in PowerWorld . Save [*.pwb] file
of exchange of loss with recognize to the injected electric-
Input data Generator
ity turns into zero. coefficient, load bus and
transmission line data
Ploss n n
= 2 ( aij Pj =
bij Q j ) 0 (13)
Pi =i 1 =j 1 Run power flow and solve objective
function (1)

3.2 Optimal Distributed Energy Resources

i=1
Sizing and Location
The fact the non-optimal size and non-optimal siting sys- Sizing of new
Constraints Y
tem may lead to high power losses, bad voltage profiles testing(10,11)
Solar
generator
and high losses of profit margins of DISCOMs end16.
N
DEGs will generating power will be identified by opti-
Solar power interconnection compared
mal sizing constraints in Equation (9) with rating substation. Regeneration
power flow in [*.pwb] file

Pinj Psolar Pload

= (14)

Psolar N
Pinj Power flow injection at node bus kW; =Pload+Ploss(16)
i=i+1

Ploss can be rewritten with constraints.

Y

1 n n Determined new system based

Ploss =
1 aij Pj bij Q j
aij i j j =
technical and economical constraints
`

(15)
END
The above equation is solved as
Figure 6. Proposed algorithm flow chart.
1 n n
Psolar =
Pload +
aij i j
a P b Q
j=
1
ij j ij j

(16) power flow is evaluated to find Power loss and voltage is

The DEGs units at non-optimal size and non-opti-
mal siting of system may lead to high power losses. Thus
power loss is a function of loss coefficients. After instal-
lation of solar power system to network, loss coefficients
will change depending on injection of power. Load flow
calculation is required for updating Ploss. Finally the opti-
mal size can be calculated from the basic case IEEE 30
Bus system17.
4. Proposed Algorithm Flow
Chart
This paper States an IEEE 30 bus test system with N = 30,
and number of DEGs interconnected is 5, by dividing into
Areas. In this case, the maximum losses at node bus num-
ber are selected for DEGs installation. At every instant
updated. Both cases are compared with voltage difference
at each node bus graph and it is plotted in Figure 6.
5. Specification of Test System
and Tables
In our paper by calculating the optimal size and optimal
siting of system and to simply resolute based on reducing
power losses. Uncertainty DEGs in electrical power mar-
ket is replaced with the optimal size and optimal siting
system and power losses in network are determined with
Voltage level rating and available solar power feasible rat-
ings. Based on an algorithm show in Figure.6 optimal size
DEGs are calculated at various load areas as shown in
Figure 7, Figure 8, and Figure 9 and Figure 10 at various
node buses for IEEE 30 bus system.

Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
 Optimal Siting and Sizing of Solar Power Sources in Interconnection Grid System

As far as sitting is concerned in test system at each Though in realty the sizes are fixed and power factor is
load area corresponding to highest value would deliver a allowed to vary, to observe the impact of DEGs on power
range of DEGs rating to maintain least power losses. loss. It is interesting to see in Table 5. Per unit system
Any government supervisory organization can give is improved. Comparison of voltage level in PU at each
there restrictions on the size of solar power generation bus before and after installation of solar power is plotted
based on rating of existing operational power system. graph.
In the 30-bus IEEE system, it is ranging from Figure 11 Optimal sizing and placement of DEGs
2MW-150MW as shown in table.3. Solar power system shown before and after installations of solar plants at vari-
is interconnected to electrical grid .For the IEEE 30 bus ous node buses. Notice at zone 1 for installation of 150
system 33/11 kV and 132/33 kV rating is selected8-20. kW is at node buses 12, it is best location to reduce power
The range of DEGs system is sited at various locations of losses. Similarly Zone 2, Zone 3 and Zone 4 will install
node buses as show in Figure.1. If the proposed DEGs is 150 kW respectively as show in Table.4.
inserted then it will reduce 87 MW losses. Solar power Though in realty the sizes will be fixed and power fac-
is in step of MW to each DEGs, the initial power loss is tor can be allowed to vary to observe the impact of DEGs
obtained by a power flow computation21. on power loss. It is interesting to see inTable7. Per unit are
system is improved. Comparison of voltage level in PU
5.1 Per Unit Voltage Selection at each bus before and after installation of solar power22
plotted in graph.
Figure 11. Optimal sizing and sitting of DEGs show before
and after installations of solar at various node buses. The
results are in agreement with the results of previous work.
Notice at Load area 1 is installation of 50 MW in best
location to reduce power losses. Similarly in Load area 2, Table 5. Loss Comparison of Generation, load and
load area 3 and load 4 installation of 8MW respectively as losses before and after installation of solar power in
show in Table 4. Figure1
Generators MW Load MW Loss MW
Before solar 477.16 381.01 9.615
After solar 493.76 485.6 8.16
Table 3. Solar Interconnection Grid India
Interfacing grid Injection voltage Injection capacity
substation level at substation
33/11 kV 33 kV 2 to 8
132/33 kV 33 kV 6 to 15
132/33 kV 132 kV 11 to 50
220/132 kV 132 kV 11 to 50
220/132 kV 220 kV 41 to 100
400/220 kV 220 kV 51 to 150

Table 4. Highest, lowest load, highest and lowest loss

Area Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
load bus load bus loss loss
Load area 1 5 28 6 8
Load area 2 12 13 15 13
Load area 3 21 9 20 9
Load area 4 29 27 29 27 Figure 7. MW loss load area 1.

6 Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 S. Yogendra Reddy, Daka Seshi Reddy and G. Kesava Rao

Figure 10. MW loss load area 4.

Figure 8. MW loss load area 2.

Table 6. Comparison of generation, load and

losses before and after installation of solar power in
Figure 11
Before After
% Regulation 5.25 5.55

pated with maximum demand of 2.25MVA. As show in

Figure.11 the single line diagram of EHT SS 33/11 kV with
solar power plant generation capacity of 2MW. Difference
between load and generation capacity is 4.25 MW. 33kV
line is feasible to transmit the power to load and genera-
tion capacity of 4.25MW with power transformer
Rated capacity 5MVA Power transformer will be
able to bare load and generated capacity of 0.75MW
after installation of solar to existing 33 kV feeders. 33
kV feeder percentage of Regulation before installation of
Figure 9. MW loss load area 3.
solar power plant is %5.25 and after installation of solar
power plant is %5.55 as shown in Table 6.

6. PraticalTestSystem 7. Conclusions
Technical feasibility for new renewable energy (NRE) This paper has proposed optimal sitting and sizing of
generation unit is at Bhavsvat solar energy Pvt ltd and is multiple solar power system with gird interconnection in
approved by central power Distribution Company of AP, distribution system network by using nonlinear constrain
limited to connecting a power transformer capacity of equations .OPF is based on power loss and power margin
5MVA with voltage rating 33/11 kV. Substation is antici- was developed to pick up optimal sitting location.

Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 7
 Optimal Siting and Sizing of Solar Power Sources in Interconnection Grid System

Soganur
2x1 MVA
Bhasvat Solar
Energy Pvt Ltd
Pulachintha
Stage II
2x1 MVA
2 MW 1.9 KM

2.8 KM

7 KM Nagaladinne
Naranapuram 33/11 KV
Pulachintha
33/11 KV SS
Stage I
SS 1x5MVA
1.8 KM 2x1 MVA
1x5 MVA

Yemmiganur 5 KM 9 KM
SS
132/33 KV

Figure 11. Single line diagram EHT SS 33/11 kV with solar power plant.

Table 7. Comparison of voltage level in Per Unit at of the system. Simulation results show in economical dis-
each buses before and after installation of solar power patch of final siting of solar power system as in IEEE 30
BUS Per Unit Per Unit BUS Per Unit Per Unit bus system within limits of operating section of voltages
No. Volt Volt after No. Volt Volt after and currents ratings.
before solar before solar Practical result is verified and it is implemented with
solar solar 33 kV Nagaladinne feeder as shown to see the improve-
1 1 1 16 0.54378 0.96417 ment in power regulation and minimizing losses.
2 0.83857 0.98899 17 0.53353 0.94363
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