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    UERRESS | Mechanical Engineering [Railway & Other Engineering (Diploma) Competitive Exams.] PK. Mishra (jurkar's Objective Mechanical Engineering [For competitive selection examinations of f Railway Serviee, Engineering (diploma) level, State Commissions, C.P.W.D., P.W.D., Cont Tin Irrigation Departments and other equivalent services.] By Kumar Sundram Revised & Enlarged Edition UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2 Introducing Direct Shopping ‘Now you can purchase from our vast range of books and magazines at your convenience : vm Pay by Credit Card/Debit Card or Net Banking facility on our website wiewupkacin oR = Send Money Order/Demand Drait of the print price of the ool ean ha kata pale ao jos 0 do not know the price of the book, please send Money Order/Demand Draft of € 100/- and we will send the books by VPP (Cash on delivery). (Postage charges FREE for purchases above® 100 Far orders below Z100/, &2U/- il be charged extra a postage) © Publishers Publishers: UPKAR PRAKASHAN (0 86 201 semen capa) ‘QALA, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA-282 002 . Phone : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101 Branels Offices: Fax : (0562) 4053330, 4031570 4845, Ansari Road, Daryagan. ‘E-mail : care@upkar.in, Website : www upkar.in ‘New Delhi—110 002 Phone :011-23251844/66 1-8-1/B. RR. Complex (Near Sundaraiah — Pirmohani Chowk, 28. Chowdhury Lane. Park, Adjacent io Manasa Enclave Gate), Kadamkaan, Shyam Bazar. Bagh Lingampally, Patna—800 003 Near Metro Station, Hyderabad —500 044 (A.P.) Phone : 06 |2-26730 Kolkata-700004 (WB) Phone : 040-66753330 Phone :033-25551510 (© The pubisers have taken al pssble precios in pushing ris book ef any mistake as crept ihe publishers stall not be response forte same (© This book or any part thereof may not be repreduced in ony form by Phosegraphic, Mechanical or any oder method, for any ase, without writen ermissian rom the Publier. (© Only the cone at Agr shal have te urisditionfr ny lege spate ISBN : 978-81-7482.488.5 Price : % 125-00 (Rs. One Hundred Twenty Five Only) Code No, 983 Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye pass, AGRA PREFACE ‘Success in examinations depends on proper planning of studies and appropriate selection of study materials. The pattern of examinations has become tough. This is the reason why a right choice of study materials plays a very important role. This book cover thoroughly all the basics of the whole course as well as present to the examinee a wide spectrum of the multiple choice questions having a huge variety. The author has made a sincere attempt in this direction in the present book. Various nique features of the book are as under © A brief review of concepts at a glance covering all fundamentals and important conclusions is given at the start of every chapter = Chapters are classified under different units. ‘= Multiple choice questions in every chapter are arranged in a systematic and sequential way covering the whole text and spectrum of the chapter. © Answers are provided at the end of every chapter. ‘© Model Test Papers covering the whole syllabus are also provided at the end of the book again with their answers. These papers will prove to be fit for exar tion and will provide a chance to students in assessing their level of preparation. The present book is self-sufficient in all respects. 1am thanktul to my wife Mrs. Rita Mishra who has put hard labour in reading the proofs thoroughly and pointing out errors and omissions. My sincere thanks are also due to publisher Mr. Mahendra Jain who gave me a chance to write this type of books. This edition is a nice form. Although all attempts have been made to avoid errors and printing mistakes, yet ‘omissions are a human weakness and, therefore, constructive suggestions, modifica- tions and errors brought to my notice will be highly appreciated and incorporated in the next edition. —Pramod Kumar Mishra & Kumar Sundram aoe 10. ul. 12. 13. CONTENTS Pages ‘Thermodynamic: 3415 Nuclear Power Plant... 16-24 Applied Mechani 25-37 Strength of Material. 38-48 Fluid Mechanics, 49-58 Internal Combustion Engine. 59-68 Steam Boilers, Compressors, Engines, Nozzles, Turbines, Gas Turbines and Jet Engin 69-79 Heat Transfer, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning... - 80-90 Theory of Machines and Machine Design. . - 91-100 Engineering Materials. 101-109 Production Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management...... 110-119 Workshop Technology. 120-135, Automobile Engineering... 136-146 Model Set 1 147-154 Model Set 2. 155-161 Model Set 3.. 162-169 Model Sct 4.. 170-176 Model Set 5 177-184 Mechanical Engineering 1 THERMODYNAMICS ‘Thermodynamics ‘The study of heat and its transformation to mechanical energy iv called THER MODYNA- MICS. Itis the scionce that deals with the relations between heat, work and properties of systems. Tt is based on the law of conservation of energy and the fact that heat flows naturally from a hoe body to acold body and not the other way around. ‘Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics This law states that “Two bodies or systems that ace in thermal equilibrium with a thd body are in thermal equilibrium with each other”. Two bodies A and B are in thermal equilitrium if they sre at the same temperature. One way to determine if two bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium ‘would be to make ase of a third body Cin thermal ‘equilibrium by a thermometer. If the thermometer Teads the same temperature for bodies A and B then bodies A and B ate in thermal equilibrium wvith each other. First Law of Thermodynamics When the law of energy is applied to thermal system then we call it the first Iaw oF thermody namics. This law states that, “Whenever heat is added to a system, it transforms to an equal ‘amount of some other form/forms of energy”. Clausius stated the first law or thermo- ddynamies in the form as— du+dw ty of heat supplied or Wy from the system n internal energy of the system dW > Jeo fy Second Law of Thermodynamics Kelvin's Law—It is impossible by means of inanimate material agency to derive mechanical effect from any portion of the matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects. Planck’s Law —It is impossible to construct anengine which working in a complete cycte, will produce no effect other than the raising of a Weight and the cooling of a heat reservoir. Kelvin-Planck Law—It is impossible to ‘construct an engine that operating in a eyele, will produce no effet other than the extraction of heat trom a reservoir and the performance of an equivalent amount of work Clausius’ Law—It is impossible for a self- acting machine, unaided by an external agency to ‘convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature or heat can't of itself pass from a ccolderto a warmer body ‘Third Law of Thermodynamics ‘Third Law of thermodynamics states as follows. 4-1 Mech. Engg. “The eniropy of perfect crystal at absolute ze10 temperature is zero”. However. if the sub- stance is not a perfect erystal like glass or solid solution, this entropy will have a finite value Power Cycle () Carnot Cyde—In a Carmot cycle, the ‘working substance is subjected toacyctic operation consisting of two isothermal and two reversible Carnot Cycle (ii) Otto Cycle—The ideal otto cycle consists of two constant volume and two reversible adiabatic or isentropic processes. It is also known. as constant volume cycle, This cycle is taken as a standard of comparison for internal combustion engines. These days. many gas. petrol and many Of the oil engines run on this eyele. T-Ty “Ty -T> Etticiency (e¢0 (Waco = P v & f r ot Otto Cycle Hence the efficiency of otto eyele depends on ‘compression ratio (7) only. In actual practice “7° cannot be increased beyond a value of 7 or so. (ii) Diesel Cycle—The ideal diesel cycle consists of two reversible adiabatic or isentropic, 2 constant pressure and aconstant volume: processes This is an important cycle on which all the diesel ‘engines work. It is also known as constant pressure cycle as heat is received at a constant pressure Efficiency (pies = if 5 Diesel Cycle liv) Joule’s Cyele—It consists of two con- stant pressure and ovo reversible adiabatic or isentropic processes. The efficiency of the Joule’s cycle is lower than Carnot efficiency. The reversed Joule cycle is known as Bell Coleman cycle or Brayton cycle and is applied to refrigerators ‘where air is used as a refrigerant. TT, Th L ior Efficiency (Wroue = Or (rote = 1 3 \ \% P| % cS % 3 a, aS 1 4 1 Cons 5 ©, Brayton Cycle Mech, Engg. |S (¥) Stirling Cyele—It consists of two isother mal and twWo constant volume processes. The cfficicney of Stirling cycle is same as that of Carnot cycle. This is due to the Fact thal the eycle is reversible, and all reversible cyclic have the same efficiency. " TAT Efficiency (sume = Heat add from ee jection He aided wihereeneniue i thesink Stirling Cyde (vi) Ericsson Cycle —It consists of two isothermal and ovo constant pressure processes. It is made thermodynamically reversible by the action of a regenerator. This cycle is used these days in the manufacture of closed-cycle type gas turbines. The efficiency of the Carnot eycle is same as that of Carnot efficiency i.e, Th Bificieney (Mewes =p, 6 | Mech. Engg. Thermometry An instrument used for the measurement and comparison of temperature is called a thermo- meter. The branch of heat which deals with the study of thermometers, ie. art of measuring tem- perature isealled thermometry Kinds of Thermometers 7 Celeius {@) Liquid thermometers & Fahrenheit Reumer o {(B) Alcohol 4 Constant Pressure as thermometers Go tant Volume Electrical resistance thermometers (Plati- um resistance thermometers) ‘Thermo couple thermometers (Based on seebeck effect) Total radiation thermometers (Pyrome- ters) (measure high temperature) Absolute scale thermometer (Kelvin scale) ‘Thermometer Scale In any thermometer there is an upper fixed point (U.FP.) and a lower fixed point (L. F. P.). ‘The difference of UF. and LFP. is known as fundamental interval (FL). FL. For any thermometer Reading - LEP. UFP.-LFP. c-0 @ 8 «@) 6) © UFP.-LEP. = aconstant c-0 _ F-32 100-0 = 212-32 K-273 _ Ry-492 373-273" 672-492 Celcius Scale (Centigrade) Fahrenheit Scale Reumer Scale Kelvin Scale Rankin Scale Basic Principle of Thermometers Specific Heat—The heat required by a unit ‘mass of a substance to raise its temperature by one degree is called the specific heat of the substance. It is also called the heat capacity of the substance. In S.L system, the unit of specific heat is Jkg"K and in M.K'S. unit it is kcal/kg°C. Specific Volume —Itis defined as the volume per unit mass and may be expressed in m/kg. It is, reciprocal of density v= pyre vis the speifc volume Any property of substance which depends upon temperature i used in making thermometers Tas (where x= any property of substance) He, salen a stl empeae I thermometry triple point of water (273.16 Kelvin) alone pert cheno ay T= 273.102 (0 Forconant vale as thrmonets _P_ TR ( Forcosan psu gs temomets v Tee (6 Forlorn hemoneter P > Pressure T=27316. V> Volume R TH278 16g @ For thermocouple thermometer R = Resistance E-eml. Temperature Measurement —Let there be any property ofa substance whose value at 0°C is rgand Cis x then =) & 0 (Gnitial value) & 1 (change in temperature) (—m) = at = % = ar =) and xo = Xo + x9. x 100 A= % = 0 i) From (i) and (ii) 2M y 190) (a) Forconstant volume gas thermometer PP) . PP 100) P+ Prosure (©) Forconsant pressure gas thermometer Vi-Vo Pe Me e100, V+ Volume {c} Forelectric resistance thermometer KR . BoRe 100, R— Resistance (@ Forthermocouple thermometer EE Ego By * E- Hlectomotve force Sele) LFP.| UP. | PL Celcius [OC 100°C | 100 anrenbeit [32 | 212° | 180 Reumer O'R 80R | 80 Kelvin 273K | 373K | 100 Rankin | 492"R, | 672°%, | 180 Gas Laws () Boyle's Law—At constant temperature the volume of a given mass of a gas varics inversely as its absolute pressure. 1 vep PV =Constant (li) Charle’s Law —A\ constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas varies directly with temperature ver Vv p= Constant (iii) Joule’s Law—This law states that the internal energy of a given quantity of a gas depends only on the temperature. dB =mxC,xdT Mech. Engg. | 7 (iv) Regnault’s Law—This Law states that the two specific heats C, and C, of a gas do not change with the change of temperature and pressure. (W) Avogadro's Law— Acconting to this Law equal volumes of different perfect gases at the ‘same Temperature and pressure contain equal umber of molecules. Fuels Fuels may be chemical or nuclear, Here we consider chemical fuels. “A chemical fuelis asubstance which releases heat energy on combustion” Fuels may be classified as— 1. They occur in nature called primary fuels or are prepared called secondary fuels. 2. ‘They are in solid, liquid and gasecus slates. Requirements of a Good Qu: (A) It should have a low igrition point. (B) It should have high calorific value {© Kshould not produce harmful gases. {D) It should produce least quantity of smoke and gases, (B) Once itis ignited, it should freely bum with high efficiency. (It should be easy to store {© Keshould be economical (H) It should be convenient for transportation. Calorific Value of Fuels ‘The heat value of a solid or liquid fuel can be dofined as the amount of beat given out by the complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel. It is expressed by the term ki/kg. The calorific value of {gaseous fuel is expressed in terms of Ki/m? at a specified temperature and pressure, There are two types of calorific value of fuels 1 Higher or Gross Calorific Value. 2. Lower or Net Calorific Value 1, Higher Calorific Value—The amount of heat obtained by the complete combustion of I kg of a fuel, when the products of its combustion are cooled down to the temperature of supplied air Fuel 8 | Mech. Engg. (usually taken a5 15°C), is called the higher calorific value of fuel. The higher calorific value of the fuel can be determined by the Dulong’s formula Te, HCV. 33,800 C + 144000 Hz + 92705 kikg. 2, Lower Calorific Value—The lower cal- orific value or net calorific value is the heat released when water vapour in the products of ‘combustion is not condensed and remains in the vapour form. Lev HLCV.— m, » 2466 ki/kg = HCY. - 9Htz x 2466 kiikg [em = 987] Products of Petroleum Refining Process ay N_ Fraction | Boiling ~ Range, °C 1. Fuel gas | —160 to~ 4 2. Kerosene | 200 10 300 Middle distillate | 3. Light Gas | 200 10315 oil Middle distillate 4. Propaw: | -40 5. Butane | —121030 6. Vacmm | 42510600 gasoil | 7. Heavy | 315 10425 gasoil 8. Pitch > 600 9. Light 10 150 Naphiha 10. Heavy | 150 to200 ‘Naphiha Remarks Methane, ethane and some pro- pane used as refinery fuel Domestic, aviation fuels Diesel fuels, farnace fuel oil. LPG Blended with motor gasoline to increase its vol atility Feed for cat- alytic cracking Feed for cat- alytic cracking Asphalts, heavy fuel cil Motor gasoline for catalytic. re- forming. Catalytic: refor- ming fuel, blen- ded with light gas oil to form jet fucls. ‘Types Natural Prepared of fuel (Primary) |__ (Secondary) Solid” Woot, peat, Coke, charcoal, lignite coal | quotes Liquid Petroleum | Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, alcohol, | benzol, she cil Gascous Natural gas | Petroleum gas, pro. ducer gas, coal _gas, coke-oven gas, Blast furnace gas, carbu- retted gas, sewer gas ‘Combustion of Fuels Carbon— o C+0,= C0, 8 1 kg (Carbon) + % kg (Oxygen) = kg (Ceo ide @ 20 + 0, = 200 2mol + Imol = 2mol 1 Imol + ymol = 1mol M+ 2 = 6 1picueny stig cOmye =2 ig (Caton monocte (8) Caron moneri— vol = ss oe 1 tg (Carbon «ig Oxygen = ig (Cabo doit Gv) Sulphur— sot Lind + 2+ 1 eg (Sulphur) + 1g (Oxygen) ig Sulphur dioxide) (0) Hydrogen— Hy + 0, = 24,0 Wol + }vol = 10! 44 2 = 36 1 kg fydrogen) + 8kz Oxygen) = 9kg (Water) ‘Air Fuel Ratio (AFR)—The air fucl ratio is the most common reference term used for ‘mixtures in internal combustion engines. It is the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel, jn the fuel-air mixtures at any given moment. For pure octane the Stoichiometric mixture is, approximately 14:7: 1 or 2 of 1-00 exactly. In naturally aspirated engines powered by ociane, Mech. Engg. | 9 ‘maximum power is frequently reached at AFRs ranging from 12:5— 13-3: Lar of 2. 085—0-901 or AF = mass of Ais/mass of fuel. Fuel Air Ratio (FAR)—It is commonly used in the gas turbine industry as well as government studies of internal combustion engine and refers to the rato of fuel to the ar, itis AFR. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. For isothermal expansion of a perfect gas, the AP value of is equal to— wie @ ory (D) None of these 2. The ase Y constant se for — (A) Tsothermal changes only (B) Adiabatic changes only (©) Both isothermal and adiabatic changes D) Neither adiabatic changes 3. Air in a cylinder is suddenly compressed by a piston with the passage of time— (A) The pressure decreases (B) ‘The pressure increases (©) The pressure may remain constant (D) The pressure may increase or decrease epending upon the nature of gas isothermal nor 4. The work done in an adiabatie change on a particular gas depends upan only— (A) Change in value 4B) Change in pressure (©) Change in temperature (D) None of the above ‘5. ‘The work done in an isothermal expansion of a gas depends upon— (A) Temperature (B) Expansion ratio only (©) Both temperature and expansion ratio (D) Neither temperature nor expansion ratio, 6. The first law of thermodynamics is concerned with the conservation of — (A) Number of molecules (B) Temperature (© Energy {D) Number of moles 7. A Camot engine works between a hot reser- voir at temperature T, and a cold reservoir at temperature T. To increase the efficiency — (A) T, and T, both should be increased (8) T, and, both should be decreased (© Ty should be decreased and > increased (D) 7; should be increased and T decreased 8. Which of the following is an intensive pro- perty of a thermodynamic system? (A) Volume (B) Temperature (© Mass (D) Energy 9. Which of the following is the extensive property ofa thermodynamic system ? (A) Pressure (B) Volume (© Temperature (D) Density 10. ‘The temperature at which the volume of a gas ‘becomes ze10 is called — (A) Absolute scale temperature {B) Absolute zero temperature (© Absolute temperate (D) Nove of the above LL. The unit of energy in SI system is— (A) Joule (D) (B) Joule metre (Im) (©) Watt (W) —(D) Foule/motre (Vim) 12. One watt is equal to— () Nm (8) 1N/min © 10Nis ©) 1000Nmis 10 13, 4. 15, 16. 17, 18, | Mech. Engg. (One joule (0) is equal to— @ INm ® KNm © 10Nms — (D) 10KNms ‘The heating and expanding of a gas is called— (A) Thermodynamic system (B) Thermodynamic cycle (©) Thermodynamic process (D) Thermodynamic Law ‘Which of the following statement is correct ? (A) The slope of vaporisation curve is always negative (B) The slope of vaporisation curve is always positive (C) The slope of sublimation curve is nega tive forall pure substances (D) The slope af fusion curve is positive for all pure substances ‘The specific volume of water when heated at orc— (A) First increases and then decreases (B) First decreases and then increases (©) Increases steadily (D) Decreases steadily Intermal energy of a perfect gas depends on— (A) Temperature, specific heat and pressure {B) Temperature, specific heat and enthalpy (©) Temperature, specific heat and entropy (D) Temperature only In reversible polyttopic process— (A) True heat transfer occurs, (B) The entropy remains constant (©) The enthalpy remains constant {D) The intemal energy remains constant ‘An isentropic process is always — (A) Irreversible and adiabatic: (B) Reversible and isothermal © Frictiontess (D) Reversible and adiabatic: Second law of thermodynamics defines— (A) Heat ®) Work (© Enthalpy —— (D) Entropy For any reversible adiabatic process, the change in entropy is— 2. 28. (A) Zero {© Maximom (@) Minimum ©) Infinite . For any reversible process, the change in entropy of the system and surrounding is— (A) Ze ®) Unity {© Negative (D) Positive Kelvin-Planck’s law deals with— (A) Conservation of enerey {B) Conservation of heat {© Conservation of mass {D) Conservation of heat into work |. The property of a working substance which increases or decreases as the heat is supplied or removed in a reversible manner is known (A) Enthalpy (© Entropy (B) Inemal energy (D) External energy . The entropy may be expressed as a function of (A) Pressure and Temperature (B) ‘Temperature and Volume (©) Heat and work (D) All ofthe above The change of entropy, when heat is absorbed by the gas is— (A) Positive (B) Negative (©) Positive and negative (D) None of the above Gibbs function is expressed as— (A) u+PV-Ts) @) (u+PV+ TS) (© (u+PdV-Tds) (D) (u+PV- SIT) ‘Availability function is expressed as — (A) a= (ut pV Ty) (B) a= (u+ PydV— Tes) (© a= (du+ PydV — Tos) (D) a=(u+ PV +TS) For each mole of oxygen, number of motes of nitrogen required for complete combustion of carbon are— (A) 20/21 (B) 2721 (© 721 @) 79721 ). The most important solid fuel is— (A) Wood (B) Charcoal (©) Coal (D) Allof the above 31 32. 33. 34. 3s. 36. 37. 38. 39. ‘A chemical fuel isa substance which releases on combustion, (A) Chemical energy (B) Heat energy (©) Sound enerzy (D) Magnetic energy ‘The smallest particle which can take part in a chemical change is called ? (A) Atom ®) Molecule (©) Electron {D) Compound ‘The relative humidity during cooling and dchumidification of moist ait— (A) Increases (B) Decreases (©) Can increase or decrease (D) Remains constant ‘The relative humidity, during sensible heat- ing— (A) Can increase or decrease (B) Increase (©) Decrease (D) Remains constant An air washer can work as a— (A) Filter only (B) Humidifier only (©) Dehumidifier only (D) Allof the above Rankine eycle efficiency of a good steam power plant may be in the range of — (A) 15t020% — B) 35 045% ©) 7t080% — (D) 90 1095% In case of hyperbolic expansion of a gas, the hneat supplied is...... the work done. (A) Equal to (B) More than (©) Lessthan — (D) None of these ‘The reversible engines are. (A) Least efficient (B) Mostefficient (©) Having same efficiency as reversible ©) Nowcof be above Gases could have an infinite number of specific heats but only ...... specific heats ane defined. (A) One B) Two © Three ©) Four aL R. B. 45. 7. Mech. Engg. | 11 ). Alcohol is aliquid fuel obtained from — (A) Vegetable matter (B) Crude oil {© Coat (D) None of these Which one of the following processes or systems does not involve heat ? (A) Sicady processes {B) Isothermal processes {© Adiabatic processes {D) Thermal processes For storing a gas which one of the following |ypes of compression will be ideal ? (A) Constant volume {B) Polytropic {© Adiabatic {D) Isothermal Which one of the following gases obeys kinetic theory perfectly ? (A) Perfect gas (B) Pure gas {© Monoatomic gas (D) Diatomic gas is nota property of the system. (A) Pressure {B) Temperature (© Heat (D) Specific volume Exhanst gases ftom an engine possess which of the following cnergics ” {A) Chemical energy (B) Potential energy {© Solarenergy (D) Kinetic energy Diffusion is. (A) Mixing of unlike fluids {B) Mixing of two portions of fiuid {© Mixing of a gas in two containers at different pressure {D) Mixing of two portions of a fluid at different temperature First law of thermodynamics gives relation ship between which ofthe following ? (A) Heat and internal energy (B) Hest and work {© Heat, work and properties of the sysiem {D) None of the above ‘The temperature in a process in which work is done by expanding a gas under adiabatic condition will — (A) Decrease {B) Increase (© First decrease then increase {D) Remain unaltered 12 49. 50. SL 32. 53, 34. 58. $7. | Mech. Engg. Theoretically, a petrol engine operates on eyde. ‘Constant entropy Constant pressure Constant volume @ B) © (D) Constant temperature ceycle has the maximum efficiency (A) Brayton (B) Carnot (©) Rankine (D) Sitiring Camot cycle is a......eydle. (A) Quasi-static — (B) Semi-reversible (©) Reversible (D) reversible is animeversible eyele. (A) Stirling eyele (B) Ericsson cycle (©) Camot cycle (1D) None of the above To which of the following are Maxwell's ‘thermodynamics relations applicable ? (A) Thermodynamic processes (B) Mechanical System in equilibrinm (©) Chemical System in equilibrium (D) Reversible process A frictionless heat engine can be 100 per cent efficient if its exhaust temperature is— (a) 0° ®) 0*K (©) Equal to internal temperature (D) None of the above Water contained in a beaker can be made to boil by passing steam throngh it— (A) At a pressure below the atmospheric pressure ‘At atmospheric pressure ‘Ata pressure greater than atmospheric pressure Any of the above . is the unit of entropy. kg, ® uK WK (D) Jkgs ‘The thermodynamics primarily deals in change of state from— (A) Electrical energy to useful work done (B) Wind power to useful work (©) Heat to work {D) None of the above B) © © a) © 38. al. 6. In engineering thermodynamics the approach towards matter is— (A) Macroscopic (8) Microscopic (©) Macroscopic and microscopic {D) None of the above A system is a specific space surrounded by a boundary. A. thermodynamics analysis is concerned with— (A) Enery transfer only (B) Mass transfer only (©) Energy and mass trnsfer only {D) None of the above ). Ina closed system— (A) Energy transfers from surrounding to system (B) Brergy transfers from system 10 sur- rounding {© Energy transfers from system to sur. rounding and vice versa {D) Energy as well as mass cross the Donncaries The condition for as irreversible cyclic process is— Geo wG-B0 — (D) Nowofthese Intemal energy of a perfect gas isa function of (A) Temperature only {B) Temperature and pressure (© Pressure only {D) Volume only ‘The mechanical equivalent of heat JI is equal to— (A) 41868 kg/K cal. (B) 418 WK cal (© 41868 KK cal {D) None of the above 65, 66. 67. 68, 69. 70. 1 2 13, 4, “According to first law of thermodynamics — (A) faW= dQ (B) Jaw < UO (©) faw> Faq (D) None of the above (Centrifugal pump is an example of — (A) Koolated system (B) Closed system (©) Steady flow system (D) None of the above Flow of energy isdue to— (A) Transfer of mass across the boundaries of the system. 4B) Change of temperature (©) Hight above the earth surface {D) None of the above ‘Bomb calorimeter is an example of — (A) Open system (B) Closed system (©) Steady flow system {D) Isolated system Liguids have— (A) ‘Two distinct values of specific heat (B) Only one value of specific heat (C) Different values of specific heat at same ‘temperature (D) Nospecific heat For any gas— A G=C, ®) ¢ c, {D) None of these Which iscorrect ? (A) G-C,=RxI @) G.-C, © G-C\=I/R D) G-C,= ‘The absolute temperature on centigrade scale ‘at which volume of gas becomes zero is— (A) ~ 460°C (B) -273°C ©) +80°C {D) + 100°C ‘Molar volume is equal to— (A) 22-41 m at NTP. (B) 2241 mat NTP. ©) DBI m atNTP. (D) 103 m ANT. General energy equation for sicam boiler is sven by — 1A) Q= — bb Hy 1s. b. R. al. 83, Mech.Engg. | 13 (B) Q=Hi +H (© Q=Hy-H, + Work done (D) Q=Hy—H, +Kinetic energy According to law of conservation of energy — (A aQ=aw @®) dQzav (© dQ=aw-du (©) dQ = aw a0 Enthalpy (H) is equal to— ue @ uy (© Utpy=! ©) VPV {na throttling process the — (A) Volume remains constant (8) Pressure remains constant (C) ‘Temperature remains constant {D) All the three remain constant ‘Work done willbe zero in ease of — (A) Isothermal process (B) Adiabatic process (© Free expansion {D) Nore of the above Constant volume process is also known as— (A) Isotropic process {B) Hyperbolic process (©) Isometric process {D) Polytropic process ‘When a gas is heated according to the Px V = Constant the expansion is called — {A) Hyperbolic) Polytropic {© Free expansion (D) None of these If H, and Hy are initial and final enthalpy of a «given fluid, then in throtting process— (&) HH, ®) Hy fas | 7 Protas Proton Proton is a positively charged particle. The magnitude of charge on itis 1-6 x 10° coulomb, Further rest mass is 18361 times the rest mass af electron, The rest mass of proton is 116725 « 1027 ‘kg. Tt has got intrinsic angular momentum (spin) eva to, Ws domi by Mean ts atomic weight is | and atomic number is also 1 Neutron ‘Neutron possesses no charge and its rest mass Js 1838-6 times the rest mass of elecwon. Neutron has got intrinsic angular momentum equal to that of proton. It is represented by wt. It means that its atomic weight is | and stomic number is zero Isotopes ‘The atoms of an element which have the same atomic number but different mass number are called isotopes. Such elements cannot be sepa- rated by chemical means and different techniques have boen developed for their separation and to study their relative abundance. Example—(i) 0%, ,0", 40 (i) Cr, WE GH EPP. Ph2T, SED Isobars ‘The atoms of an element which have the same mass number but different atomie number ae called isobars. The chemical properties of isobars are ciferent. Example—@)_gAr*®, (Ca¥ Gi) 43667, Se (i) HP, Te Isotones ‘The nuclei having equal number of neutrons are called isotones. For them, both the atomic umber (Z) and the atomic mass (A) are different Dut the value af A ~Zis same 7, Bef (ii) HP, oHet When 2 big fragment such as Uranium(235) is bombarded with neutrons, this phenomenon of spliting of a heavy nucleus into two nearly equal parts Barium(141) and Krypton(92) the release of considerable or huge energy is called nuclear fission, aU" gn! yg U2% > alll 4 gke? +3gn! +200 MeV. ‘A nucleus which spits in this way is called a fissionable one. This is the principle of stom bomb. The liquid drop model of nucleus gives the clear concept of the nuclear fission process. ‘Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is the process in which two light elements combine to form a new light clement with the release of energy due to the disappearance of mass in the process of union of the nuclei. This is the principle of hydrogen bombs and it is believed that the sun's energy is due to this nuclear fusion process. ‘The reaction going on in hydrogen bomb is HF (Deuterium) + HF (Deterium) = Het (Helium) + on! + 33 MeV HP (Deaterium) + HP (Tritium) “> aBe* (Helium) + ga! + 176McV ‘Thermal Neutrons ‘The neutrons which have been slowed down 28 a result of the collisions against the hydrogen nuclei of the moderator are called thermal neutrons. Such neutrons possess energy corre spntng «9 am sempre (387). Su ee Work Function: The inn cca of on rit sea anette pest ue novation Mech.Engg. | 17 ‘Types of Power Plants ‘The principal types of power plants are as under 1. Steam plant using coal, oil or nuclear fission. Internal combustion engine plants Gas turbine plans Hyéro-electric plants, Essential Components of a Nuclear Reactor 4, ‘The essential components of a nuclear reactor areas follows L. Reactor core Reflector Control mechanism ‘Moderator Coolants ‘Measuring instruments 7. Shielding ‘Types of Nuclear Reactors 1 CANDU (Canadian—Deuterium—Ura- nium) reactor 4. Gas cooled reactor 5. Liquid metal cooled reactor 6. Breeder reactor Main Components of a Nuclear Power Plant Hot Coolant Kn Tue Generator Reactor 1 cone [seam Rear Steam Cooling x Generator water Coolant » ‘Coolant pump Fecd pump 18 | Mech. Engg, ‘The main components of a nuclear power plant are Nuclear reactor Heat exchanger (Steam generator) ‘Steam turbine ‘Condenser Electric generator Ina moclear power plant the reactor performs ‘the same funtion as that of the furnance of steam poner plant. The heat liberated in the reactor as a result of the nuclear fission of the fuel is taken up by the coolant circulating through the reactor core. Hot coolant leaves the reactor at the top and then flows through the tubes of steam generator and [passes on its heat to the feed water. The steam so produced expands in the steam turbine, producing, ‘The steam turbine in turn runs an electric {generator theeby producing electric energy. Here paris are : (1) Moderator— Moderator is the material used to slow dowa the speed ofthe neutrons. @) Reflector—The function of reflector isto prevent escaping of neutrons and to reflect them back into the core. (G) Shield —The reactor core and the cooling circuit is shielded to prevent leakage of hazardous radiation from the plant. (4) Control Rods—The rods used to control the chain reaction inthe resctor core are known as control rods (5) Coolants—Coolants are used to camry away the heat from the core for generating steam. The various coolants used are helium, water, ‘work and thereafter is condensed in the condenser. liquid, metals, hydrogen etc OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Blectron was discovered by— 8. Themucleusof an atom consists of— (A) Faraday (B) Rutherford (A) Protons (©) Thomson (D) Kongen (B) Protons and electrons ‘The ratio of specific charge of an electron to ‘that of an a-particle is— A) 14 1:2 O41 ) 2:1 3. When an electron moves in a transverse magnetic field, its path becomes— (A) Straightline (8) Cxreular (©) Parsbola (D) Elliptical 4. ‘The size of an election is of the order of — (A) Fermi (B) Angstrom (©) Micron {D) Nanometer 5. Cathode rays consist of a beam of — (A) Prown (B) Positive ions (©) Electron (D) None of these 6. The radius of the nucleus is of the order of — (A) 10° m. B) 10°%m © 10% m (D) 10% m 7. The ratio of the size of an atom to that of nucleus is equal to— (A) 10-4 (©) 10% (@) 109 {D) 10" (C) Protons and neutrons (D) None ofthe above 9. ‘The binding energy of hydrogen atom is— A) ev ) Infinite © -B6ev — ) Ze 10. Nuclear fission was discovered by — (A) Rutherford B) Curie ©) Becqueret (D) Hahn and Strassmann 11, Sun releases enormous amount of enerzy by the process known as— (A) Fusion (B) Fission (©) Combustion (D) Impulsion 12. Which of the following helps in knowing ‘thou the stability of nucleus ? (A) Binding energy (B) Binding energy per nucleon (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None ofthese 13, 4. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. ‘The commercial sources of energy are— (A) Solar, wind, biomass (B) Fossil fuels, hydropower and nuclear energy ‘Wood, animal wastes and agriculture wastes (D) None of the above ‘Non-commercial sources of energy are— (A) Wood, animal wastes and agricultural ‘wastes Solar, wind, biomass Fossil fuels, hydropower and nuclear power [None of the above © B) © © ‘The primary sources of energy ate— (A) Coal, oil and uranium (B) Hydrogen, oxygen and water (©) Wind, biomass and geothermal (D) None of the above ‘The secondary sources of energy are— (A) Solar, wind and water (B) Coal, oiland uranium (©) Both (A) and (B) {D) None of the above India’s first Nuclear Power Plant was built in the year— (Ay 1947 (B) 1949 (©) 1962 (D) 1966 ‘The percentage of O, by weight in atmo- spheric air is— (A) 18% @) B% © 7% (D) 19% ‘The percentage of 02 by volume in atmo- spheric air is— (A) 21% ® 23% © 7% (D) 79% ‘The proper indication of incomplete combus- tion is— (A) High CO content in fuel gases at exit (B) High CO; content in fuel gases at exit (©) High temperature of fuel gases (D) The smoking exhaust from chimney ai. 2. 25: 28. Mech. Engg. | 19 ‘The main source of production of biogas is— (A) Human waste (B) Wetcow ding (©) Wet livestock waste ) Allthe above . India’s first nuclear power plant was installed at— (A) Tarapur ®B Kota © Kalpakkam — (D) None of the above In uel coll, the ..... energy is converted into electrical energy, (A) Mechanical (B) Chemical (©) Heat (D) Sound |. Solar thermal power generation can be achieved by — (A) Using focussing collector or heliostales (B) Using fat plate collectors (© Using a solar pond (D) Anyone of the above system ‘The energy radiated by sun on a bright sunny’ day is approximately (A) 700 Wim? (B) 800 Wim? (©) 1KWim? — (D) 2 KWim? ‘Thorium Breeder Reactors are most suitable for India because— (A) These develop more power {B) Its technology is simple (©) Abundance of thorium deposits axe available in India (D) None of the shove Rankine cycle is a— (A) Reversible cycle (B) Ineversible cycle (© Consant volume cycle (D) None of the above A steam power station roquires space — (A) Equal to diesel power station (B) Mare than diesel power station (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the shove |. Economiser is used to heat— (A) Air (C) Fuel gases {B) Feed water (D) Allof the above 30. 3h 32 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38 39. | Mech. Engg. ‘The modem steam turbines are— (A) Impalse turbines (B) Reaction turbines (© Impulse-reaction turbines {D) None of the above ‘The draught, which a chimney produces is called— (A) Induced draught (B) Natural draught (©) Forved draught {D) Balanced draught ‘The draught produced by steel chimney as compared to that produced by brick chimney for the same height is— (A) Less (B) More (©) Same {D) May be more or less ‘Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine plant as ‘compared to diesel engine plant is— (A) Higher (B) Lower (©) Same (D) None of the above ‘Mechanical efficiency of a gas turbine as compared to internal combustion recipro- cating engine is— (A) Higher (B) Lower (©) Same (D) None of the above Fora gas turbine the pressure ratio may be in ‘the range— (A) 2103 ® 305 (©) 161018 (D) 181022 A closed cycle gas turbine works on— (A) Camot cycle — (B) Rankine cycle (©) Joulecycle —(D) Atkinson cycle ‘Thermal efficiency of closed cycle gas turbine plant increases by— (A) Reheating ——_(B) Intercooling (©) Regenerator (D) All of the above ‘The average thermal efficiency of a modern nuclear power plant is about — (A) 30% (B) 40% C) 0% (D) 80% Reflector of a muclear reactor are mace up of— (A) Boron (©) Beryllium (B) Cast iron {D) Steel al. a a. 48 |. The function of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is— (A) To slow down the fast moving electrons (B) To specd up the slow moving clectrons (© Tostart the chain reaction (D) None ofthe shove When a nuckar reactor is operating at constant power the multiplication factor is— (A) Less than unity (B) Greater than unity (©) Equal tounity (D) None of the above “The conversion ratio of a breeder resetoris— (A) Equal unity (8) More than unity (©) Less than unity (D) None of the above isotope In the nuclear fission reactions of uranium is used a) UES B) Us ous (D) None of the above ‘Tarapur nuclear power plant has— (A) Pressurised water reactors (B) Boiling water reactors (©) CANDU type reactors (D) None of the above . Critical mass of fuel is the amount required 10 make the multiplication factor ...... unity (A) Equal to (B) Less than (©) More than (D) None ofthe above . The nuclear energy is measured in— (A) Mev B) MW (©) Curie (D) None of the above . Fission chain reaction is possible when — (A) Fission produces the same number of neutrons which are absorbed Fission produces more neutrons than are absorbed Fission produces Fess neutrons than are absorbed (D) None ofthe above In nuclear chain fission reaction, each neutron which causes fission produces — (A) No new neutron (B) Onenew neutron (C) More than one new neutron (D) None ofthe above ®) © 50, 51 52, 33, 54, 55. 36. . isthe most commonly used moderator. (A) Graphite ®) Sodium (©) Denterium —(D) Any ofthe above Which of the following are fertile materials ? (A) U% and Th? (By U™ and Th? ©) UP and Pe? (D) U% and Pe? Ina nuclear reactor the function of a reflector isto— (A) Reduce the speed of the neutrons {B) Stop the chain reaction (C) Reflect the escaping neutrons back into the core (D) Allof the above In a Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR) ‘used as moderator and coolant respec (A) Heavy water and CO; (B) Graphite and air (©) Graphite and CO {D) None of the above A. CANDU reactor uses— (A) Only fertile material (B) Highly cnriched uranium (85% U5) (©) Natural uranium as fuel and heavy water ‘as moderator and coolant (D) None of the above Fission of U2 releases .. (A) 20Mev——(B) 238Mev (©) 431MeV ——(D) None of the above Fast breeder reactors are best suited for India because— (A) Of large thorium deposits 4B) Of large uranium deposits (©) Of large plutonium deposits (D) None of the above Generally, how many number of Jets have in Pelion whecl ? (A) One B) Two © Four ) Six energy. 57. 8. a a 8 Mech. Engg. | 21 The function of a solar collector is to convert— (A) Solar energy into electricity (B) Solar energy into radiation (C) Solar energy into thermal energy {D) None of the above ‘Most of the solar radiation received on earth surface lies within the range of — (A) 020 04 microns (B) 0°38 100-78 microns (©) 0100-38 microns (D) None of the above . Flat plate collector absorbs — (A) Direct radiation only (B) Diffuse ratiation only (C) Direct and ciffuse both (D) None of the above ‘Temperature attained by a flat-plate collector is of the— (A) Order of above 90°C (B) Range of 100°C to 150°C (©) Above 15°C (D) None of the above ‘A Pyranometer is used for measurement of — (A) Direct radiation only (B) Diffuse radiation only (C) Direct as well as diffuse radiation {D) None of the above ‘Sun tracking is needed in the case of collector. (A) Fate plate (B) Cylindrical parabolic and paraboloid (©) Both (A) and By {D) None of the above ‘The nucleus of an atom consists of — (A) Protons and electrons (B) Protons and neutrons (©) Neutrons and electrons {D) None of the above ach proton carries a single unit— (A) Positive charge (B) Negative charge (©) Neutral charge (D) Unpredictable . Each neutron carries a single unit— (A) Negative charge (B) Positive charge (C) Neutral charge (D) None of the above 66. 67. 68, 0, 10. 1 72, 2 14, 15, | Mech. Engg. Esch electron carts a single unit— (A) Negative charge (B) Positive charge (©) Neutral charge (D) None of the above If A = mass nomber, Z = atomic number then number of neurons in the nucleus are equal to— (A) ASZ. (8) A-z © AxZ, D) Alz, ‘The method of identifying the clement is— (A) 2X8 (B) x” © x (D) x ‘The lithium element is represented as 31.7. ‘The sum of protons and electrons is equal to @ 10 ®3 o7 (D) 4 If carbon is represented as «C12, then the number of electrons are equal to— A 6 ® 2 © 8 D2 If Beryllium is represented as Be? then the ‘mumber of neutrons are equal to— ws ®5 © @ 4 ‘The compound nucleus has— (A) Kinetic energy (B) Binding energy of bombarding particles, (©) Both KE. and BE. of bombarding particles, (D) None of the above Isotopes of the element has— (A) Same number of neutrons (B) Different number of neutrons (©) Same atomic weight (D) None of the above ‘The radiation emitted are of — (A) Twotype — @) Three type (©) Fourtyp — (D) None of the above Which one of the following is most harmful for the human body ? (A) Alpha particles (B) Beta particles (©) Gamma particles (D) None of the above 8 8. 53. |. Pick up the correct equation in which alpha articles are emitted— (A) 9: U2 gHet + ggTh (B) gy U28 + Het + giThO® (©) 9:U™ — He? + ooTh™ (D) 92U > aHe! + (Th! The division of beavy nucleus into smaller ‘ones is called — (A) Fusion (©) Vaporization {B) Fission (D) None of the above Combining of light nnclei to form a single heavy nucleus is called— (A) Fusion {B) Fission (C) Solidification (D) Atomization ‘Natural uranium is principally a mixture of — (A) Two isotopes (B) Three isoiopes (©) Four isotopes (D) None ofthe above |. The uranium isotope of atomic weight 233 (U5) ean be produced from— a) Us (B) Pu © 1 (D) None of te above ‘Which one of the following is fertile material? (a) U- (By U8 © wu D) u- The readily fissionable material is— (A) Uranium-234 (B) Uranium-235 (©) Uranium-238 (D) All tbe above “The material used for resctor vessel is— (A) Cast iron (B) Stainless steel (©) Mil stecl —(D) Copper “The coolant used in a nuclear power plant (A) Heavy water (B) Freon (©) Carbon dioxide (D) Sulphur dioxide . In sodium graphite reactor the coolant used (A) Water (©) Heavy water (B) Graphite (D) Liquid-sodium The term PWR stands for— (A) Power Water Reactor (B) Pressurized Water Reactor (©) Power Welding Rod (D) Power Work Reaction 87. 88. 89. 90, a1 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, ‘The gas which is used as a coolant in a nuclear power plant is— (A) Freon (B) Ammonia (©) Helium {D) Chlorine Select the moderator used in a nuclear power plant— (A) Uranium (8) Piutoniom (©) Hydrogen (D) Oxygen Ina sodium graphite reactor, the moderator used is— (A) Heavy water (B) Light water (©) Graphite (D)_None of the above Which one of the followings have a better hheat transfer property ? (A) Light water (B) Heavy water (©) Sodium {D) Dowtherm ‘The material used for shielding a core is— (A) Concrete {B) Thick galvanized sheets, (©) Copper sheets (D) Aluminium sheets ‘Concrete shield for acceptable level of radia tion shoold be minimom— (A) Smetre thick — (B) 2 metre thick (©) Imetre thick (D) 1/2 metre thick ‘The searm control rods ate used 10— (A) Control the chain reaction in the reactor {B) Prevent radiation from the reactor (©) Both {D) None of the above ‘The moderator used in fast breeding reactor (A) Graphite (B) Liquid sodiom (©) Heavy water (D) None of the above ‘The fuel used in a pressurized water reactor (A) Enriched uranium (B) Radium © Thorium (D) Lead ‘The pressurized water uses light water reactor as— (A) Coolant (B) Moderator (©) Both (A) and (BY (D) None of the above a. 98 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 10s. Mech. Engg. | 23 Inahomogeneous reactor the fuel used is — (A) Unnium B) Lead (©) Thorium {D) Uranyl sulphate in heavy water Which of the element is natural radioactive ? (A) Radium {B) Thorium (©) Unnium ——(D) Allof the above In a heterogeneous reactor metalic uranium rods are used with— (A) Aluminium (B) Zirconium (© Stainless steel (D) All ofthe above In boiling water eactor steam is generated — (A) Inthe reactor vessel () Inthe boiler (©) In the heat exchanger (D) None of the above ‘The fuel mostly used in boilers is— (A) Brown coal (B) Peat (©) Coking bituminous coal (D) Nom-caking bituminous coal Which of the following gas has the highest calorific value ? (A) Bio gas (B) Hydogen © Butane (D) Methane Which of the following fuel has the highest calorific value ? (A) Peat (B) Anthracite coal © Coke (D) Bituminous coal Which of the following statement is incarrect ? (A) The liquid fuels consist of hydrocarbons (B) The liquid fuels have higher calorific value than solid fuels (©) A good fuel should have low ignition point (D) The solid fuels have higher efficiency than liquid fuels Petrol is distilled at— (A) 65°C to 220°C (B) 220°C o MSC (©) HSC 10 470°C (D) 410°C t0 525°C 24 106. 108. 109. 10. in. 13. | Mech. Engg. ‘The fuel mostly used in blast furnace for extracting pig iron ores is— (A) Bituminous coal (8) Soft coke (©) Pubverised.oal (D) Hard coal Steam cai is a— (A) Brown coal (B)Nox-caking biturinons coal (©) Pulverised coal (D) Caking bituminous coal ‘The process in which heat transferedis equal to the change of enthalpy is known a:— (A) Constant volume process (8) Constant pressure process (©) Constant entropy process (D) Constant temperature process The heating of wet steam at a constant tem- perature till it becomes dry saturated is Similar to that of heating at a— (A) Constant pressure (B) Constant volume (©) Constant entropy () None of these One kg of carbon requis... oxygen and produtes 73g of earbon monoskle — @ 73 @) 83 © 4% © us ‘The mass of carbon per ky of fuel gas ix siven by— (A) 3002+ 5,.CO @) 7C02+ Co 1 3 Lancashire boiler is— (A) letemally fied boiler (8) Stationary fire tube boiler (©) Horizontal boiler (D) Allofthe above Locomotive bole is a— (A) Single tube, horizontal, internally fined snd sationary boiler (B) Single whe, vertical. xtemally fired and Satonary biler 3 3 3 ©) 77E024 5E0 D) 7 C0, 4700 14, us (©) Molti-tubular.horizontal, internally fired and mobile oiler externally (D) Molti-tubular, horizontal, fired and stationary boiler ‘Which ofthe following is awater tube boiler? (A) Lancashire boiler (B) Cochran boiler (©) Locomotive boiler (D) Badcock and Wilcox boiler A device used to increase the temperature of saturated steam without raising its pressure, is called— (A) Fusible plug (B) Blow off cock (C) Superheater — (D) Economiser Answers 1© 28) 3@) 414 5.0) 6 7A) 8) 9.) 10.0) 1.) 2.8) 13.@) 14) 15) 16.(A) 17.6) 18.8) 19.(A) 20.14) 21.(D) 221A) 23.) 24.0) 5.0) 26.(0) 27.(A) 28.8) 29.8) 30.1C) 31.) 2B) 33.6) 34.) 35.8) 36.) 37.0) 38.(A) 39.0) 40.(4) AO) 42.8) 43.(A) 4B) 45.0C) 46.(A) 47.8) 48.0) 49.) 50.) 51.@©) 52.(€) 53.) 54.(A)55.(A) 56.(A) STC) 58(A) 59.©) 60.(A) 61.© 2.) 63.8) 641A) 65.00) 66.1A) 67.8) 68.10) 9.1) 70.(A) TLD) 2.) 73.8) 74.8) 75.0) T6(A) 77.8) 78.(A) 79.(8) 81.0) 81.(D) 82.8) $3.8) 84.(A) 85.0) 86.(B) 87.(C) $8.(C) 89.0) WC) 91a) 92.(A) 93.(A) 94.(D)_95.(A) 96.(©) 97D) 98.D)_99.(D) 100.(A) 101.(A) 102.(B) 103.(D) 104. (D) 105.(A) 106.(D) 107.(B) 108.(B) 109.(A) 110.4C) NLD) 12.0) 113.© 14.0) 115.0) 3 APPLIED MECHANICS Applied Mechanics Applied! mechanics deals with the application ‘flaws of mechanics to the engineering problems. Rigid Body ‘A rigid body is one which does not change its shape and size under the effect of force acting overit. Newton’s First Law of Motion Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion, ina straight line unless itis acted upon by some external force to change that stat. Newton’s Second Law of Motion The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the impressed force and takes place in the dizection of the straight line in which the force acts Newton’s Third Law of Motion ‘To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, Law of Conservation of Linear Mo- mentum. Linear momentum = Mass « Velocity pamxy If no external force is applied on a system of mutually interacting bodies then total linear ‘momentum ofthe system is conserved =” Fen if F=0 dp then Poo = p= constant p= my = constant Force ‘A force is said to be applied when it changes or tends 10 change the state of rest or of motion of the body upon which it acts. In MKS system the unit of force is kg.wt. and in S.1. system is Newton, Lkg.wt. = 9-81 Newton. Laws of Force ‘The various laws used for the composition of forces are given as : () Parallelogram law of forces, (Q) Triangle law of forces @) Polygon law of forces (1) Parallelogram Law of Forces—If two forces acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in magnitude and direction by the to adjacent sides of a parallelogram then. their resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagoral of the parallelogram ‘which passcs through their point of intersection. Q Triangle Law of Forces—If two forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and direction by the wo sides of triangle taken in order then their resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the third side taken in opposite order. @) Polygon Law of Forees—If a number of coplanar concurrent forces, acting simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order, then their resultant may be represented in ‘magnitude and direction by the closing side of a polygon taken in the opposite order. Scalars ‘Those physical quantities which express only ‘magnitude are called scalars or scalar quantities ‘They arc combined by simple algebraic rules, ic 26 | Mech. Engg. speed, distance, work, energy, power, mass, den- volume, area potent difference, electromotive force etc Vectors Those physical quantities which express magnitude and direction both are called vector ‘quantities. They are combined by certain special rules such as triangle rule, parallelogram rule, and polygon rule. ic. velocity. acceleration, dispiace- ment, force, linear momentum, torque, angular momentum, electric induction, gravitational Field intensity ere Kinematical Equations ‘Motion with constant acceleration : () v= uber Q v= w+2as 1 @ w+ so = we 28 DF 4 ‘Motion with constant velocity 3 6 * Roasted mation ive ema (9) = was (1) 5 = war Motion starting from rest up (12) U3) ‘Motion with constant acceleration under gravity (i) v= ute (is) B= 24 29h 1 we wete Fre fall Body dropped) in veg (18) 2 = 20h we dee Upward motion under gravity QM) v= ung QD 2 = 29h m2) h= wt 2) b= ayer Downward motion on inclined plane Gy va teginer Go ot a eeiganes 05s = uretesnne® Upwerdnston (26) v = ug sinr (27) V7 = w-2gsind-s 2s = aw gsinoe (29) v = gsindr (3) v= desis ons = Lys Centripetal Force When a particle moves on a circular path, a force always acts on it directed radially towards the centre of circle called centripetal force or central force. rem mot=m (2)'r=mexn?r Centrifugal Force According to Newton's third law of motion, to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Hence the agent which exerts the centripetal force, iiself experiences an equal force im the direction away from the centre. This is Known as centrifugal reaction and this force is Known as centrifugal force Lami’s Theorem “Tf three coplanar forces acting on a point in a body keep it in equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the ‘other two force: Tf three coplanar forces P,Q and R acting at a point O. Let the angle between P and Q be 7, Detwoen Q and R he Gand bewween R and P be f. If these forces are in equilibrium then according to ‘Lams theorem. Varignon’s Theorem “The algebraic sum of the moments of two {forces about any point in their plane is equal tothe moment oftheir resultant about tha point.” Projectile Anything. projected in space which moves freely under gravity is called. projectile. The path ‘traversed by projectile is called Trajectory Velocity of Projection The velocity with which a body is projected in space is callod the velocity of projection. Angle of Projection ‘The angle, which the initial velocity makes with the horizontal or at which a projectile is projected is called the angle of projection Range ‘The distance slong the plane hetween the point of projection and point at which the projectile hits the plane at the end of its journey is called the range. Mech.Engg, | 27 Time of Flight This is the total time taken by the particle for which it remains in space or the time that elapses since itis projected and hils the plane again, Maximum Height The maximum vertical distance of projectil from the point of projection is known as its ‘max imum height. Friction Friction is the property of solids due to which wo solids which are in contact opposes their relative motion, According to Newton’s first law of motion, a body in motion should continue to move in a straight line but this does not happen and the body comes to rest after sometime. This is done by frictional force. When there is a relative motion between two solid surfaces which are in contact, then a force of opposition is exerted by bodies on each other, known as frictional force Types of Friction (1) Static Friction Q @) Kinetic friction (1) Static friction—The static friction is the friction offered by the surfaces subjected 10 ‘extemal forces until there is no motion between them, Q) Limiting frietion—Limiting force of friction may be defined as the maximum value of frictional force which exists when a body just ‘begins to slide over the surface of the other body. Q) Kinetic frietion —The kinetic frietion is the friction experienced by a body when it is in motion. Its also known as Dynamic friction, Collision Collision is a such type of process in which wo bodies mutually interact and exchange theit momentum and kinetic energy. Elastic Collision Such collision in which linear momentum and KEE. both are conserved is known as elastic collision, iting frit 28 | Mech. Engg, Inelastic Collision In this type of collision K.B. is not con- sened. Work ‘When force is applied on a body and there is displacement in the ditection of force then work is. said to be done. S. Lunit = Newton metre or Foule Energy Itis capacity of doing work. Unit is Joule. Energy Kinetic energy KE.dueto ‘wanslatory motion Where, k —* Force constant E — Pemnittivity of medium 1 Moment of inertia Potential Energy The energy which a body possesses by virtue ofits position or configuration is called potential energy Kinetic Energy The energy which a body possesses by virtue of ts motion is called kinetic energy. ‘Law of Conservation of Energy ‘he total amount of energy in the universe is constant, energy can neither be created nor destroyed although it may be converted into various forms. Power It is the rate of doing work. ‘Work Power = a 1 Unit = Joule/sec. or watt. KE. dueto K.E.dieto rotating motion rolling motion Lig? ebm? hte? = He bom? + ba Elasticity Itis the property of a substance due to which it regains its original shape on removal of external deforming force. Such substances are called elastic substances i.e. rubber, steel, quartz te. Plasticity Itis the property of substance due to which it does not regain its original shape on removal of extemal deforming forces. Such substances are known as plastic substances, i.e. lump of clay, ump of flour eic. Brittle Brittle substances are those which break on applying extemal forces, ic. coal, stone, glass ete. Hooke’s Law Provided the strain is small, the stress is proportional 10 the sain, ‘Stress & Strain E- Strain _ Stress = strain Where E is a material constant. Stress On applying extemal deforming force on a body the internal reactionary force produced per unit arca is called stress. Stress = Stress = Fame Type of Strain __ Change in tength (Longitudinal Strain = “Gyiginat length _ Ghange in Volume (i) Volume Sisin = Change in diameter (i) Lateral Sinn = Gon et (iv) Shearing Suain = * = @ Simple Harmonic Motion (S.HM.) If im a oscillatory motion acceleration is dircetly proportional to its displacement from ‘mean position then such motion is known as SHM. fox Periodic Motion ‘A motion which is repeated after fixed interval of time is known as periodic motion, fe ‘motion of hands of watch, motion of earth around. the sun, Oscillatory Motion Such a notion which tkes place to and fro a point and is repeated after a certain time interval is known as oscillatory motion, /. mation of simple pendulum, Mech. Engg. | 29 Motion of Connected Bodies (1) Motion of two bodies (M, and M) connected by a string passing over a smooth palley. ‘M, - My) Acceleration (a) (i + m4 8 MM, M+M, and Reaction ofthe pulley 4MiM2 * Mi +M2 @ Motion of 150 bodies (M, and M;) connected atthe edge of a horizontal surface ‘M, - uM) (ots) M)M,(14 1) Mi + Mz @) Motion of 140 bodies (My and M3) connected by a string one end of which is hanging fee and the other lying on a ough inclined plane. Acceleration (a) 2(M, ~ Mp sin a— pM cos o) = M,; +Mz M.Mz2 (1 +sin a+ cosa) M, + Mz (4 Motion of two bodies (M, and M2) connected over rough inclined planes. Acceleration (a) ; o(™ sin a Tension (1) = MM, = M)+M, Newton’s Universal Law of Gravita- tion Tension (T) = ‘Acceleration (a) Tension (T) ‘Tension (1) = Mz sin a: — juMy coset) = HoM2 cos 03 Mi +Mz sin + in COS et + He Cos Og “Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them.” na 30 | Mech. Engg. WhereF = Force of attraction between _the surface of celestial body. Its valve is different thom, from surface of different celestial body. 1 mainly my sity = Masses ofthe bodies depends upon mass and radius of eclestil body d = Distance between them . v= V7" VER G = Universal gravitational constant Rg = 607 10" Nk? Surface Tension Atwo| ¢ = 6™! Surface Tenslon is a molecular property of R liquid. Each liquid wams to minimise its free i ot surface area, Rain drops are spherical due to this Parking Orbit sepey, Wa sutellte revolves round the earth such Ta ine is imagined on the surface of liquid that its time period of revolution is equal to the then force acting per unit length af line perpen time period of revolution of earth around its own dicular to the line and tangent 10 the surface is axis then satellite are called parking satellite or _knowm as Surface Tension. geostationary satelite and the orbit in which F satellite moves is called parking orbit. T=) Escape Velocity S.unit = Newton/meter or kg/see? ‘The minimum velocity from the surface of Factors affecting the Surface Tension — celestial body with which when a body is (1) Effect of impurities projected never returns to its surface and crosses 2) Bifest of current its gravitational fleld, called escape velocity from (3) Effect of temperature OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Which ofthe following isa scalar? 5. Which ofthe following isa vector ? (A) Force (A) Gravitational potential (B) Electromotive force (B) Potential citterence (©) Torque © Time (D) None of the above {D) None of the above 2. Which of the following isa scalar? 6. Which ofthe following are vector quantities ? (A) Number of students in class {B) Velocity of a thrown base ball {© Mass of car {D) None of the above Pressure of an ideal gas is 2— (A) Linear momentum (B) Electric current (©) Weight {D) None of the above 3. Which of the following is not a polar vector ? (A) Scalar A) Force (B) Vector (B) Angular velocity (©) Neither scalar nor vector © Weight (D) Numerals (D) None of the above 8 Stress is 4. Which of ihe following is a Psuedo vector ? (A) Vector (B) Scalar (A) Force {© Tensor (D) None of the above (B) Gravitational field intensity 9. Tensor of rank zezo is called— © Torque (A) Scalar (B) Vector (D) None of the above (©) Numeral (D) None of the above 10. 12, 13, 4 15, 16. 17, Gcometrical method of addition of two vvectars is called — (A) Triangle method (8) Paralelogram method © Boh {D) None of the above Ifa: G@=a?then @ x @ will be— (A) Zero @) V2a © @siné {D) None of the above ‘A jet engine works on the principle of conservation of — (A) Mass (B) Energy (©) Linear momentum (D) Angular momentum A uniformly accelerating body experiences force— (A) In opposite direction {B) Inthe same direction of motion (©) Perpendicular to the direction of motion (D) None of the above Newton's first law of motion provides the concept of — (A) Energy (B) Work (© Inertia (D) None of the above If the bucket is lowered with acceleration of 1-8 mis? the reaction at the bottom will be— (A) 160N @) 360N «© 170N {D) None of the above Which of the following concept is indepen- dont of acceleration due to gravity ? (A) Surface tension (B) Viscosity (©) Archimede’s principle (D) Both AandB A hole is drilled through the carth along a diameter and a stone is dropped into it. When the stone is at the centre of earth it has only— (A) Mass (B) Weight (©) Acceleration (D) None of the above 2 2. 25. Mech. Engg. | 31 |. The law of conservation of linear momentum, can be derived from— (A) Newton's fist law {B) Newton's second law {© Newion's third law {D) Note of the above A soda water boitle falls under gravity. The gas bubble will — (A) Move upward (B) Move downward {© Remain stationary {D) None of the above ‘A spring balance is pulled at its both ends with aforce of 10 kg weight. The reading of the balance will be— (A) 10kgut (B) Zero (© 2kgvt (D) None of the ahove A body moves through a distance of 8 mesres under the action of a force of 10 Newton. The {gain in Kinetic energy is— (A) 807 ®) 403 © 1205 (D) None of the above .. If a body moves on a circular path with uniform speed, the acceleration of the body— (A) Remains constant (B) Changes (©) Acts away from the centre (D) Is ze Which ofthe following isa Psuado force ? (A) Electromagnetic force {B) Cohesive force (© Centripetal force {D) Centrifugal force |. When milk is chumed at high speed cream collects — (A) Near the axis {B) Aviay from the axis (©) Atthe bottom of the vessel (D) None of the above Strain rosetters are used to— (A) Measure shear strain {B) Measure linear strain (© Measure volumetric strain {D) Relieve strain 32 26. 27, 28. 29. 30. 31 32. 33. | Mech. Engg. ‘A bottle filled with soda water is grasped by the neck and swing briskly ina vertical circle ‘The bubbles will collect near the— (A) Neck B) Bottom (©) Inthemiddle (D) None of the above ‘The angular spoed of minute hand of watch is a Gigramee © Eraes radsec (DB) None of the above © 3600 In an amusing device Rotor, the weight of the person is supported by — (A) Centripetal force (B) Centrifugal force (C) Frictional force (D) None of the above ‘When a cyclist movesona carved path be— (A) Remains vertical (B) Bends inward (©) Bends outward (D) Becomes horizontal A piece of stone is thrown with velocity v at ‘an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The velocity a the highest point is— ws By 2 © & (D) None of the above ‘The ratio of KE. at the highest point to the initial K.E. in above problem is— “3 @4 ©} {D) None of the above A man can throw a ball upto a ma: height of x metres. The maximum distance he ‘can throw the ball on the horizontal plane is— (A) 2xmeues —— (B) xmetres (©) 3xmetes ——(D) None of the above ‘A man can throw a ball upto a maximom distance x metres on a horizontal plane. The ‘maximam height upto which he can throw the Dall is— (A) metres (©) 2x metres ®) xmeues {D) None of the above 35, 37. 38. a ‘The maximum horizontal range of projectile is 4 km. If the projectile is thrown at an angle of 15° to the horizontal. its range will be— (A) 2km ®) thm © him) Somorestove Laws of limiting friction were first of all discovered by— (A) Leonardo da Vinci (B) Newion {© Laplace {D) None of the above ‘The static frictional force between two objects, at rest W-F4, one another is always— (A) Less than maximum value (B) Smaller than maximum value (©) Equal to maximum value {D) Nove of the above A person runs over ground. The nature of friction between his shoes and the ground (A) Static (B) Kinetic © Rolling (D) None of the above Ifthe normal force is doubled, the coefficient of friction is— (A) Notchanged — (B) Halved (© Doubled (D) Triple The limiting friction betwoen two bodies in contact is independent of — (A) Nature ofthe surface in contact {B) The arca of surface in contact {© Nomnal reaction between the surface {D) None of the above In an inelastic collision the quantity that remains conserved is— (A) Linear momentum {B) Kinetic energy {© Density {D) Nove of the above ‘Two bodies of the same mass and speed ‘uavelling in opposite direction collide and stick together. The velocity of compound body is— we (© 2 (B) Zero (D) None of the above 42, 43 44, 45, 46. 47. 48, 49. 50. SL In a perfectly clastic collision— (A) Linear momentum and KB. both are conserved (B) Only momentum is conserved © Only KB. is conserved (D) None of the above For perfectly inelastic collision — (A) e=0 ® © esl {D) None of the above For inelastic collision— ye ext © e=1 {D) None of the above For super clastic collision— A) e>1 @®)e=1 © ect {D) None of the above ‘When the physical and chemical nature of the bodies is changed by the collision, the event isknownas— (A) Reaction (B) Diffraction (©) Polarization (D) None ofthe above When two bodies come together and interact strongly for 2 short time, the event is known (A) Collision (©) Regelation (B) Reaction (D) None of the above If there is no change in momentum of a body then impulse of a force is— (A) Zero @) Infinite (©) Constant (D) None of the above For perfectly clastic collision— (A) e=1 ®e

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