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Tmin = 32,1 C
Tmax = 40,0 C
mean T = 37,4 C 32,1 to 34 C
34,1 to 36 C
36,1 to 38 C
38,1 to 40 C
Temperature changes in buildings
Thermal actions on buildings shall be considered when
ultimate or serviceability limit state s may be affected.
Effect of thermal actions may be influenced by nearby buildings,
the use of different materials, structural shape and detailing. Three
basic components are usually considered:
- a uniform component Tu
Tu = T T0
- temperature difference TM
- temperature differences of
different structural parts Tp
Inner temperatures in buildings
Season Temperature Tin in 0C
summer T1 (20 C)
winter T2 (25 C)
Temperatures
R( x ) 30 Tin
T (x ) = Tin (Tin Tout ) inner
outer
Rtot 20 surface
C surface
10 T(x) X
0
Thermal resistance [m2K/W] Tout
10
hi
Rtot = Rin + + Rout 20
i i
hi
R( x ) = Rin + x
i i
where [W/(mK)] is thermal conductivity
19.2.2008 Eurocodes: Background and 14
Applications
Three layers wall - graphical method
60 Type 2
50
Type 3
40
Type 1 Te, max = Tmax + 16 C Te, min = Tmin 3 C
30
Type 2 Te, max = Tmax + 4,5C for 30 C Tmax 50 C Te, min = Tmin + 4,5C for 50 C Tmin 0 C
20 Type 3
Type 3 Te, max = Tmax + 1,5C Te,2min = Tmin + 8 C
10
Type
0 Type 1
-10
-20
-30
-40 Tmax
Tmin
-50
minimum
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40
Approach 1: linear vertical differences
Type 1, steel 18 13
Type 2, composite 15 18
Type 3, concrete
box girder 10 5
beam 15 8
slab 15 8
T1 T1
h1 h1
h T2 h
Normal
procedure
surfacing 100 mm h2 h1 = 0,6h h2
h2 = 0,4 m
h T2
h T1 T2 h T1 T2
m C C m C C
0,2 13 4 0,2 3,5 8
surfacing 100 mm 0,3 16 4 0,3 5,0 8
h Simplified
procedure
h T1 T1 h
T1 = 10 C T1 = 10 C
TN
(a) Uniform component
90
outer face
warmer
TM
(c) Linear component
inner face
warmer
TM
Concluding remarks
Temperature effects may be in some cases significant and shall be
considered in structural design.
The outer temperatures of a structure depend on absorptivity and
orientation of the surface.
A uniform temperature component may be derived using national
maps of isotherms.
For bridges the relationship is given for specification of uniform
(effective) temperature component.
Two approaches for vertical temperature profile in bridges are given:
either linear or non-linear profile should be used.
For industrial structures uniform, linear and stepped components are
considered; technological temperatures in accordance of design
specifications.
An example: map of minimum temperatures in CR
Minimum shade air temperatures of being exceeded by annual extremes with the probability of 0,02.
Tmin = 35,2 C
Tmax = 28,1 C 28,1 to 30 C
mean T = 31,3 C 30,1 to 32 C
32,1 to 34 C
34,1 to 36 C
Linear expansion coefficients
Material T ( 10-6 C-1)
Aluminium, aluminium alloys 24
Stainless Steel 16
Structural steel 12
Concrete (except as specified below) 10
Concrete with light aggregates 7
Masonry 6-10
Timber, along grain 5
19.2.2008
Timber, acrossEurocodes:
grainBackground and 30-70 26
Applications
Constituent components of a temperature profile
a) a uniform component Tu
b) a linear component about z-z, TMy (in the direction of axis y)
c) a linear component about y-y-, TMz (in the direction of axis z)
d) a non-linear component TE
Transient design situations
Return periods R for the characteristic values Qk
Composite bridge
SN 73 6203: TN = 65 C Te,min = -25 C Te,max = 40 C
Winter
Typical section
Load combinations in accordance EN
EN
Support section Midspan section
Expr. Main M [MNm] hor dol M hor dol [MPa]
[MPa] [MPa] [MNm] [MPa]
6.10 Q -36,26 1,23 -8,89 34,97 -6,21 3,54
6.10 T -32,67 0,85 -8,27 34,65 -6,18 3,48
6.10a - -27,88 0,34 -7,44 27,61 -5,44 2,27
6.10b Q -28,92 0,45 -7,62 30,6 -5,75 2,78
6.10b T -25,32 0,069 -6,99 30,28 -5,72 2,73
25 6a
6bQ
20 6bT
15
10
0
T2E T2N K 2E K 2N
M TM, heat (or TM, cool) +TN, exp (or TN, con)
Coefficients:
M = 0,75 N = 0,35