Rate of diffusion

Fick's Law of Diffusion R=DA (P/d)

R- rate of diffusion (amount of gas per unit) Definition Process of obtaining O2 from the external environment &
D- diffusion constant eliminating CO2
A- Area over which diffusion takes place
P- Partial pressure/ concentration difference between 2 Goal acquire O2 needed to breakdown food molecules into energy &
R can be increased if: sides of the barrier to diffusion eliminating CO2
area (A) of respiratory surface d- Distance across which diffusion takes place
difference in concentration (P) on either side of respiratory Important cellular respiration-generates energy from oxidisation of food
surface molecules
internal respiration
Respiration
gas exchange btw blood & the body cells
Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy
O2 + hemoglobin = oxyhemoglobin Oxygen transport external respiration
small % (>2%) dissolve in n=blood plasma
obtaining O2 from the external environment into the blood
& removing CO2 from the blood
CO2 undergo modification- bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)[~60%]
smaller % ofCO2 bound to protein (e.g.: Hemoglobin + CO2 transport
Gas exchanges
CO2 = Carbiminohemoglobin) [~20%] across bodysurface
even smaller % CO2 dissolve in blood plasma [~10%] Cnidaria
difference
cutaneous (skin)
types of respiration Annelida &
Temperature respiratory Chordata (frog)
temperature denature the bond between O2 & organ
hemoglobin, Respiration System Cnidaria Arthropoda
the dissociation curve shifts to the right & Arachnid
pH Tracheal tube system
chordata (fish)
CO2 or other acids( in pH),causes Bohr Shift internal gills
It caused more O2 to be given up as oxygen pressure gills are rich of capillary network
(countercurrent exchange system)text
The dissociation curve shifts to the right.
Factors affecting O2 binding gills Chordata
(larval fish & amphibians)
external gills
Organic phosphate feather-like arrangement gills
DPG binds to hemoglobin which rearranges the
hemoglobin into the T-state, thus the affinity of O2 for
hemoglobin (T & R state)
the curveshifts to the right
Other factors mammals
altitude, free radicals/ heavy metals, CO,etc. inhalation
alveolus on lungs ( surface area

exhalation

the sigmoid shape of O2 dissociation curve shows the

cooperative binding (hemoglobin hv > ability to bind O2) of Amphibians
O2 to 4 polypeptide chains. lungs with connective tissues
changes in temperature, pH & organic phosphates like ridges to surface area
DPG directly effect the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve Chordata (bird)
at partial pressure of O2, hemoglobin (in lungs) binds to Lungs
O2 to form oxyhemoglobin air-sac system (aerodynamical valving)
blood is saturated (oxyhemoglobin) travel to tissues Reptiles
deprived of O2, the partial pressure of O2
lung with simple sacs with
folding of wall ( surface area)
Seaturtle
lungs made up of spongy texture of faveoli