Geochemistry, Alteration and Genesis of Granodiorite Hosted Gold Mineralization in Okote Area, Guji Zone, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE
EARTH SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
Geochemistry, Alteration and Genesis of Granodiorite hosted Gold Mineralization in Okote

Area, Guji Zone, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia
By Solomon Geda
A Thesis Submitted to the School of Earth Science in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Science
ADDIS ABABA
June 2015
A Thesis on Geochemistry, Alteration and Genesis of Granodiorite hosted Gold
Mineralization in Okote Area
(Southern Ethiopia)
Submitted by:
Solomon Geda
--------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

Student Signature Date
Approved by:
1. Dr. Worash Getaneh
--------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------

Advisor Signature Date
2. Dr. Seifu Kebede
---------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

Chairman, School of Signature Date
Earth Sciences
3. Dr. Mulugeta Alene
--------------------- ---------------------- --------------------

Chairman, Schools Signature Date
Graduate Committee
4. Prof. Solomon Tadesse
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------

Dean, Graduate School Signature Date
5. Prof. Gezahegn Yirigu
----------------------- ---------------------- -----------------------

Signature Date
ii
Declaration
This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university
and all sources of materials used for the thesis have duly acknowledged.
Name: Solomon Geda
Signature: _______________________
Date of Submission: _____________________
This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as university advisor.
Dr.Worash Getaneh
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to thank the almighty God for the many blessings.
I have no words to thank my advisor Dr. Worash Getaneh for his decisive guidance throughout
this thesis work. The constructive suggestions he gave me were important to accomplish the work
and this final manuscript. Moreover, I would like to thank him for letting me use the laboratory
equipments and gave me an in-depth knowledge about the various ore minerals which were
crucial for this study. The support of my advisor in suggesting valuable reference books and
sharing field and research experiences contributed greatly.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to gold project manager, Ato Shiferaw Demissie and
chief executive officer of NMiC Ato Melaku Beza for allowing me to get full scholarship to
attend my M.Sc. class and fund my research work. Furthermore, I would like to extend my
sincere thanks for the discussions and comments forwarded to furnish me with lots of experiences
that enable me to succeed this thesis.
I am so grateful to National Mining Corporation Plc, Gold project, where I got geological,
structural, remote sensing, geophysical and geochemical datas of the study area.
A special thanks to ALS global and Geological Survey Laboratories and employees who allows
me to analyze and study my samples by their equipments.
I extend my acknowledgement to my friends Temesgen Oljira and Kibret Sifeta for their help for
suggesting other supporting ideas and learning the geochemical data processing software.
Finally yet importantly, my sincere thank goes to my wife, W/o Kidist Nigatu for her unreserved
encouragement patience, and help which was so vital to accomplish this work.
iv
ABSTRACT
This manuscript presents geochemistry, alteration and genesis of granodiorite hosted gold
mineralization in Okote area, Guji zone, of southern Ethiopia. A primary juvenile porphyry type
metagranodiorite hosted gold deposition is latter identified in the study area. Carbonate chlorite
shear hosted mesothermal lode gold deposition is the other type of gold mineralization which is
convincingly studied by earlier researchers. Okote gold field is found within Neoproterozoic
greenstone terrains of southern Ethiopia. This greenstone belt trend in North-South direction, and
characterized by Neoproterozoic rocks comprising basic/ ultrabasic and other older basement
gneisses which form crustal scale shear zones extending for about 150 Km along its strike. The
belt is known for gold, other metallic and industrial minerals. Lithologically, the study area
comprises felsic and mafic rocks with intermixing near their contacts. Metagranodiorite and
aplitic dykes are the felisc rocks while metadiorite, metagabro/amphibolite, chlorite-amphibole
schist, chlorite schist and talc schist are the intermediate-mafic-ultramafic rock units which are
observed on the prospect. The study area shows characteristics of greenschist to amphibolite
facies metamorphism. The metagranodiorite has broadly three stages of mineralization
characterized with an earlier pyrite-pyrrhotite-quartz-plagioclase-micas (muscovite and/or
biotite)-magnetite followed by pyrite-chalcopyrite-k-feldspar-gold-chlorite-calcite-sericite-
hematite and a latter pyrite-sericite-calcite. The co-existence of potassic and phyllic alterations as
evidenced by enrichment of Rb (25.5-26ppm) on the host metagranodiorite, are the common
features of intrusive related porphyry type deposits by suggesting the origin and type of
mineralization. Tectonic discrimination diagram using trace elements plot diagram for granites
demonstrated the metagranodiorite to be volcanic arc granite. The Chondrite normalized REE
pattern verified that Okote metavolcanics moderately fractionated. The gold is thoroughly hosted
by metagranodiorite and quartz veins in it. In MGD of Okote, saline metal scavenging chloride
complex is the responsible fluid that leaches out metals (Au) from the silicate melt of magma at
the magmatic chamber. The gold has fine to medium grained inter granular texture. The
preliminary economic assessment suggests that the metagranodiorite mineralization gold resource
is economically viable which can be easily recovered by gravity method followed by leaching.
v
Key words; Okote; intrusion related gold deposit; porphyry; alteration; metagranodiorite;
mineralization
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

Approval ii
Declaration iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF PLATES ix
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF APPENDICES x
ACRONMYS xi
CHAPTER ONE 1
1 Introduction 1
1.1.Location and Accessibility 1
1.2. Physiography, Climate, Vegetation, Drainage and Population 3
1.3. Previous Works 3
1.3.1. Literature Review 4
1.3.2. Exploration Review 6
1.4. Objective of the study 8
1.5. Methodology 9
CHAPTER TWO 12
2 Regional Geology and Tectonics 12
CHAPTER THREE 17
3 Local Geology 17
3.1. Felsic Rocks 19
3.1.1. Metagranodiorite 19
3.1.2.Aplitic dyke 21
3.2. Intermediate-Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks 22
3.2.1. Metadiorite 22
3.2.2. Metagabbro/Amphibolite 22
3.2.3. Chlorite-Amphibole Schist 23
3.2.4. Chlorite Schist/Chlorite-Carbonate Schist 24
Mineralization
3.2.5. Talc Schist 25
3.3.Quartz Vein 25
CHAPTER FOUR 27
4 Structure and Metamorphism 27
4.1. Structural controls of the study area 27
vi
4.2. Metamorphism 31
CHAPTER FIVE 33
5 Geochemistry 33
5.1. Analytical Procedure 34
5.2. Source rock determination 38
5.3. Tectonic discrimination 41
5.4. REE Pattern 43
CHAPTER SIX 45
6 Alteration and Mineralization 45
6.1. Alteration 45
6.1.1.Potassic Alteration 46
6.1.2. Phyllic Alteration/Sericitization 47
6.1.3.Chloritization 47
6.1.4. Argillic Alteration /Kaolinization 47
6.1.5.Sulphidation 48
6.1.6.Silicification 49
6.1.7. Carbonatization 49
6.2. Mineralization 49
6.2.1.Nature of Mineralization 50
6.2.1.1. Nature of Sulphide and Oxide distribution 51
6.2. 1.2. Gold Distibution 51
6.2.1.3. Mineralization Signatures of IP/Resistivity 58
6.2.2. Ore Mineralogy 61
6.2.2.1. Ore Mineralogy of Carbonate-Chlorite hosted gold minerlaization 62
6.2.2.2. Ore Mineralogy of Metagranodiorite hosted gold minerlaization 63
6.2.3.Mineral Paragenesis 65
CHAPTER SEVEN 68
7 Preliminary Economic Assessment of Metagranodiorite Gold resource 68
CHAPTER EIGHT 72
8 Genesis of Gold 72
8.1. Nature of Ore Fluids 74
8.2. Source of the Fluid and Gold 75
8.3. Transport and Deposition site of Gold 75
8.4. Precipitation Mechanism 76
CHAPTER NINE 77
9 CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION 77
9.1. CONCLUSSION 77
9.2. RECOMMENDATION 80
References 82
vii
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE
Figure1.1. Location Map of Project Area 2

Figure2.1. A schematic illustration of the development of Neoproterozoic 12
Figure2.2. Five Litho-structural domains of Adola belt
supercontinent 15
Figure2.3. Typical Stratigraphic column of Adola Area 16
Figure3.1. Geological Map of Okote with cross section along EXPL1350N 18
Figure4.1. Landsat image with 7_4_1 band combination showing Okote & 27
Figure4.2.A. Rose diagram of Foliation
Legadembi-Aflata plane
shear zone zone 28
Figure4.2.B. Contours and gridded density of Foliation plane 28
Figure4.2.C. Rose diagram of Fracture plane 28
Figure4.2.D. Contours and gridded density of Fracture plane 28
Figure5.1. Ternary plot diagram Ti-Zr-Y, After Pearce Cann, 1973 39
Figure5.2. Graph showing discrimination diagrams using Ta/Yb Vs Th/Yb 40
Figure5.3. Graph
Ta/Yb showing
Vs Th/YbTectonic
(.) discrimination using Nb Vs Y 41
Figure5.4. Graph showing
elements Nb-Y Tectonic discrimination using Y+Nb vs Rb 42
Figure5.5. Typical
selementsmodel
Ta/Ybof Vs
VAG tectonic setting
Th/Yb 43
Pearce Cann, 1973
Figure5.6. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern for Okote metavolcanics 44
Figure6.1. Typical hydrothermal alteration zones in porphyry type deposits 48
Figure6.2. Grade Vs Rock type distribution graph 53
Figure6.3. Length Vs Rock type distribution graph 53
Figure6.4. Vertical East-West cross-section of BH1100N/1 sample sites 55
Figure6.5. Longitudinal North-South cross-section showing Au histograms 56
Figure6.6. Base metals Vs Gold Scatter diagram 58
Figure6.7. Metagranodiorite overlying Resistivity and Chargeability cont. 60
Figure6.8. Schematic paragenetic sequence of hydrothermal alteration 67
Figure7.1. Orebody model of Metagranodiorite showing plunging 68
Figure7.2. Drill holes,
direction Orebody
looking eastand Digital terrain models looking east 69
Figure7.3. Vertical orebody section showing mineralization interceptions 70
by block models and drill holes
Figure8.1. Schematic diagram illustrating the emplacement style and 75
metallogenic character of granites
viii
LIST OF PLATES PAGE
Plate1. Various methods and instruments used in field 11

Plate3.1.A. Photograph of metagranodiorite with porphyritic texture 20
Plate3.1.B. Metagranodiorite with coarse grained quartz/feldspar on fine grained 20
Plate3.1.C. Muscovite segregation showing schistocity 20
Plate3.1.D. Photograph of MGD phenocryst s of plagioclase felspar on mica 20
Plate3.2. Aplitic dyke intruding Chlorite schist
groundmass 21
Plate3.3. Chlorite schist with quartz stockwork 24
Plate3.4.A. Concordant type quartz boudin in host rock 26
Plate3.4.B. Zone of Gross dilation showing several sets of narrow en-echelon 26
Plate3.4.C. Quartz
veinletsvein with en-echelon and glassy texture 26
Plate3.4.D. Shear zone buckling an earlier quartz vein 26
Plate4.1. Typical mylonitized shear zone material from late tectonic shear zone 29
Plate6.1.A. Photomicrograph of gold grain in high grade chlorite schist 63
Plate6.1.B. Photomicrograph of gold grain in high grade chlorite schist 63
Plate6.2.A. Pyrite, Pyrrhotite and Chalcopyrite in Metagranodiorite 64
Plate6.2.B. Gold grains on surface of quartz in Metgaranodiorite 64
Plate6.3.A. 1st stage Pyrite // with Pyrrhotite and 2nd stage pyrite replacing 65
Plate6.3.B. Both pyrite and chalcopyrite replacing pyrrhotite in Metgranodiorite 65
Plate6.4.A. Chalcoyrite & Pyrite replacing pyrrhotite 66
Plate6.4.B. Chalcopyrite replacing Pyrrhotite 66
LIST OF TABLES PAGE

Table3.1. Samples location and description used for petrography 17
Table3.2. Petrographic description of Metagranodiorite 19
Table3.3. Petrographic description of Aplitic dyke 21
Table3.4. Petrographic description of Metadiorite 22
Table3.5. Petrographic description of Metagabbro/Amphibolite
PeMetagabbro/Amphibolite 23
Table3.6. Petrographic description of Chlorite-Amphibole schist 23
Table3.7. Petrographic description of Chlorite/Carbonate-chlorite schist 24
Table5.1. Samples location and description used for Geochemistry 33
Table5.2. ICP-AES multi-element analysis result 36
Table5.3. ICP-MS multi-element analysis result 37
Table6.1. Samples used for ore microscopy 50
Table6.2. Summary Statistics of Au Grade by Rock Type 52
Table6.3. Grade Vs Rock type distribution 53
Table6.4. Length Vs Rock type distribution 53
Table6.5. Gold and base metals analysis results 57
ix
Table6.6. Ore microscopic description of Carbonate-Chlorite schist 62
Table6.7. Ore microscopic description of Metagranodiorite 63
Table7. Metagarnodiorite hosted gold resource estimate of Okote 71
LIST OF APPENDICES PAGE

Appendix 1. Structural data 87
Appendix 2. ICP-MS Certificate of analysis 97
Appendix 3. ALS laboratory Accreditation Certificate 102
Appendix 4. Detection limit of ICP-MS analysis 103
Appendix 5. Lithological legend 104
x
ACRONMYS
AGEP Adola Gold Exploration Project

ANS Arabian Nubian Schield
AP Aplitic dyke
Au Gold
BH Bore hole
CA Calc-alkaline
Cal Calcite
Cl Chlorine/Chloride
COLG Collision Granite
Cpy Chalcopyrite
D Deformation
DDGEP Dawa Digati Gold Exploration Project
EMRDC Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Corporation
EAO East Africa Orogeny
EXPL Exploration Line
GSE Geological Survey of Ethiopia
GPS Global positioning system
HCL Hydrochloric Acid
HMS Heavy Mineral Concentrate
HREE Heavy rare earth elements
IP Induced Polarization
ICP-AES Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
LREE Light rare earth elements
masl meter above sea level
ms Muscovite mica
MB Mozambique Belt
MORB Mid-oceanic ridge basalt
NMiC National Mining Corporation
N North direction
N-S North-South direction
OIB Oceanic island basalt
ORG Ocean ridge granite
PEA Preliminary Economic Assessment
PH Potential of hydrogen
Po Pyrrhotite
xi
ppb Parts per billion
ppm Parts per million
Py Pyrite
QC Quality control
REE Rare Earth Elements
T Temperature
TH Tholeiite
TR Trench
U.S.G.S United states geological survey
UTM Universal Transverse Mercater
VAG Volcanic Arc Granite
WPB/WPG Within plate basalt/Within plate granite
WRT With respect to
xii
Geochemistry, Alteration and Genesis of Granodiorite hosted Gold Mineralization in 2015
Okote Area
CHAPTER ONE
1-Introduction
1.1. Location and Accessibility
The study area is one of the prospects within the Dawa-Digati Gold Exploration area which
is located in Hallo kebele, Soda wereda, Yabello zone of the Oromia regional state, southern
Ethiopia (Figure1.1) in a specific place called Okote. It is geographically bounded
approximately between latitude 5o06'00'' N - 50 10'58'' N and longitude 380 45'3'' E - 380
48'18'' E (563610.3m 572819m northing and 472382.4m - 478389m easting) situated in
Megado greenstone belt which is one of the two low grade belts of Adola.
The Okote Project has two access routes, one via Addis Ababa-Awassa-Bule Hora (Hagere
Mariam)-Dawa Digati-Okote falls approximately 470km (a day by car) via increasingly poor
tarred roads from Addis Ababa to Bule Hora(Hagere Maryam). Access from Bule Hora
(Hagere Maryam) to Okote is by a gravel road, 130km needs another 4 hours by car. The
other route, Addis Ababa-Awassa-Shakiso- Dawa Digati-Okote, is nearly 601 km far from
Addis Ababa, out of which 470km (10 hours by car) is asphalt concrete and the rest is all
weather gravel road out of that the last 40km is negotiable only by four wheel drive vehicle.
Road access is difficult as the project is far from built up areas and towns with infrastructure.
Gravel roads allow access into the project area, to the exploration camp and a number of
areas of mineralization. A small number of roads in the area have been built for the purpose
of exploring the area and accessing Halo kebele administration office where the prospect is
found. Due to the remoteness of the locality, quality of the road is poor. Road construction
and rehabilitation is nominal. The nearest airport is located at Hawassa, approximately
195km north of Hagere Maryam. The area is poorly developed with little support and service
availability.
Page 1
Okote Area
Figure1.1.Location Map of Project Area; Projection of UTM and datum of Adindan zone 37N coordinate
system is used
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Okote Area
1.2. Physiography, Climate, Vegetation, Drainage and Population
Physiographically, Ethiopia is divided into three major parts namely the east African rift
valley, western plateau and eastern plateau. This division is a result of a series of geological
processes; the last stage being the formation of the Ethiopian rift valley separates the two
plateaus. The study area is located in the eastern plateau characterized by rugged and hilly
terrains trending nearly to N-S direction. It lies over a number of ridges and valleys and
outcrops intermittently over the extent of the area. The maximum elevation is 1,500masl.
Topography varies by 300m over the Okote Project to a minimum of 1,200masl. The area is
very hilly with numerous steep ridges and incised valleys.
Okote is located in a semi-arid climate which is characterized by two rainy seasons that peak
in May and October. Temperatures are generally not variable throughout the year and
maximum and minimum temperatures remain at approximately 25C and 10C respectively.
Soil cover is extremely thin and lithologies are typically exposed at surface.
The area is densely vegetated with grass, shrub and bushes. Perennial rivers run through the
area in the valleys. Out of the four major rivers of Adola gold field, Aflata and Dawa rivers
traverse the project in which the study area is located. Aflata river is the proximate source of
water which is 20km far from the study area and is the only supply for both domestic
consumption as well as exploration activities. The local inhabitants are Guji tribes of the
Oromo nationality. They are indigenously nomadic with cattle raising and gold panning
being the two means of livelihood.
1.3. Previous Works
Efforts aimed at the discovery of economic deposit of gold in the Adola Belt dates back to
the 1930s when Italian companies discovered gold in shakisso area. Early exploration was
concentrated mainly on placer gold exploration and development but a significant amount of
work was done to elaborate the areas geology and economic mineral deposits. Astrup (1948),
Jenen(1966), Henze(1972), UNDP (1971), Hamrla (1976), Gilboy (1970), Chater (1972) and
Kazmin (1972). In order to distinguish academic researchers from the exploration studies, all
previous works are discussed separately as literature and exploration review.
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Okote Area
1.3.1. Literature Review
In order to understand the deformation sequence and metamorphism of the southern Ethiopia,
different researchers use different approaches to divide the lithology into domains, some of
the work done are briefly discussed as follows.
Based on lithological, metamorphic and structural styles, the Precambrian rocks in Ethiopia
are grouped into 3-main complexes (V.Kazmin, 1973, 1975; Mohr, 1971, Gilboy and Charter
1970 and 1971). These are in descending order of stratigraphy;
Upper complex
Middle complex
Lower complex
Rocks of the upper complex in general show a change in metamorphic grade from the mainly
upper greenschist facies in the Adola gold belt to only some degree of alteration in the
Tembien group (Kazmin, 1975).The gneissic blocks of the lower complex and the younger
fold belts of the upper complex are so far recognized to be the major structural zones in the
Ethiopian Precambrian belts. The gneissic blocks are characterized by relatively pronounced
foliations about their margins and massive towards the core. Post tectonic granites on the
other hand are mostly massive (Gilboy, 1970; Charter, 1971).
The tectonic relationship between these structural zones however is still established. In
V.Kazimins opinion (1978), the late Proterozoic rocks of NE Africa (including the upper
Proterozoic of Ethiopia) are probably evolved as a mild collisions of island arcs (Gass, 1982:
Vail et al., 1986).Rifting of older basement at the beginning of the upper Proterozoic created
north easterly trending zones of oceanic crust branching from the red sea fold belt and
grading southwards into zones of continental rifting (Kazmin, et al.; 1978).
Another research paper done by Schmerold (1988) divided the belt into a total of five
lithostructural domains. These domains are essentially based on collections of similar
lithologies, rather than on a firm theory of their origins or original tectonic configuration
prior to collision. The subdivision of the Adola belt by Schmerold (1988), into;
The Western Gneissic Domain,
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Okote Area
The Metavolcanosedimentary Domain also called Megado greenstone belt

The Burjiji-Gariboro Domain,
The Ultrabasic Domain also called Kenticha greenstone belt and
The Eastern Gneissic Domain
A further study by Hailu Worku modifying the work of Kozyrev et al. (1985) categorizing
the Adola belt into two broad lithostratigraphical domains;
I. High-grade gneisses and schists and associated ultramafic complexes, they are
subdivided into four lithotectonic terranes separated by major tectonic boundaries
(Sodda, Shakisso, Kenticha and ZembabaTerranes), and
II. Low-grade metavolcano-sedimentary and mafic-ultramafic association of the
MegadoTerrane.
Ductile shear zone hosted mesothermal gold mineralization of the Okote area is located in
southern Ethiopia. Three N-S striking ductile shear zones, with different intensity of shearing
and hydrothermal alteration, cut the mafic rocks. The gold-mineralized parts of these shear
zones reveal zonings: slightly altered but not sheared protolith at shear boundaries,
transitional zone, and mylonite zones. Auriferous quartz-carbonate-tourmaline veins occur
mainly in the mylonite zone. The ore minerals of the veins and their wall rocks are pyrite,
chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, gold, and accessory chalcocite, covellite, galena, and melonite
(NiTe). The textural relationships among minerals in these alteration zones indicate that
epidote, ferroamphiboles, and magnetite were formed first, followed by chlorite, ankerite,
pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite I, and K-feldspar, and, finally, calcite, chlorite, biotite, tourmaline,
gold, and galena. Primary fluid inclusion data from auriferous type 2 quartz veins (qv)
indicate aqueous-carbonic inclusions with low salinity (<6.59 wt % NaCl equivalent), 0.38 to
0.90 g/cm3 in density that homogenized at 218C to 345C. Most of the inclusions
decrepitate at 220C to 388C before or immediately after homogenization. Chlorite
geothermometry gives temperatures of formation that range from 230C to 410C with
modes at 250C and 380C, in good agreement with fluid inclusion data. Chemical mass
balance studies, using samples from meta-gabbro and alteration products, reveal addition of
K2O, P2O5, volatile, Ba, Sr, V, and Cu into wall rock and loss of MgO, CaO, and SiO from
Page 5
Okote Area
the wall rock to the veins accompanying gold mineralization. Chondrite normalized REE
patterns of samples show HREE enrichments in meta-gabbro, a flat pattern with a positive Eu
anomaly in the epidote-amphibole-magnetite rich transitional zone, and HREE enrichment
with a negative Ce anomaly in the mylonite zone. Stable isotope ratios of sulfur, carbon, and
oxygen indicate a predominance of deep-seated fluids of metamorphic and magmatic
signatures. Considering the combined structural and spatial association of gold with
greenschist facies, the mineral and wall rock chemistry, fluid inclusion data, and isotopic data
presented here, it has been concluded that the Okote gold mineralization formed by
interaction of structurally focused hydrothermal fluids with mafic rocks (Debele, D.J., and
Koeberl, C. ;2004).
Geochemical evidences showed that the rocks of Okote prospect are intermediate to basic
composition. Chondrite normalized graph shows less fractionation of the host rocks. The
gold occurred in quartz vein and alteration zones, the nature of gold is very coarse that can be
seen with the naked eyes. Visible gold particles are commonly encountered in boxwork
association of fractured and limonitized pyrite structure. Two phases of mineralization have
been recognized in Okote prospect, gold-sulphide-quartz and sulphide-carbonate-quartz. The
mineralization is controlled by shearing, with pinch and swell structures both along the strike
and down dip. Okote prospect can be evaluated and falls in ordinary workable deposits or it
is open to doubt. Gold and sulphides are the most common minerals in the area. The
association of gold with sulphides in the quartz veins at Okote may be taken as the evidence
of gold transport as bisulphide complex (Abu Wube, 2005).
1.3.2. Exploration Review
A comprehensive study of the area involving geological mapping, reconnaissance mineral

exploration, prospecting and detail exploration for primary and placer gold and rare earth
elements deposits was conducted by Adola Gold Exploration Project (AGEP) between 1979-
1981, shiferaw et al (1985), Kozrev et al (1985), Shilehov et al (1985) and Derefeev et al
(1985). The project produced geological, geochemical and geomorphological maps of the
area and discovered several metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits and shows including
Page 6
Okote Area
more than 30 primary gold occurrences and geochemical haloes. The Lega Dembi primary
gold deposit was the major discovery of the project but other discoveries include the
Megado-Serdo and Dawa-Digati gold anomalies.
Extensive geological work has been done on the Precambrian basement rocks of southern
Ethiopia since the establishment of the geological survey of Ethiopia (GSE) in 1968. Now
the geological map of southern Ethiopia is available at 1:50,000 scale which helps the further
understanding of the tectonic evolution of the area. These will help the ongoing gold and
other mineral exploration around the area to form a better relationship of the mineralization
to the geological structures, metamorphism and lithology.
Exploration on the Dawa Digati Project by NMiC began in 1997. The programme included
mapping, geochemical sampling, geophysics, trenching and drilling. Exploration has resulted
in division into several sub-areas which were drilled, trenched, and chip sampled as potential
targets. The current focus is on the Okote project. In 2005, the Geological Survey of Ethiopia
carried out Induced Polarity (IP) and Resistivity Surveys over Okote using Central Gradient
and Dipole-Dipole arrays. Structural controls are extremely important in determining the
geology and therefore the geophysics is a valuable tool. The results showed that veining
occurs within discrete zones independent of lithology. These zones should be identified and
carefully delineated as targets. The drilling results will help determine extent to depth and
geological losses rather than attempt to determine mineralized lithologies.
The past exploration activity undertaken in NMiC, Dawa Digati gold exploration areas have
identified 5 major gold prospects (Ginchile, Burikaro, Ejersa South, Dhugo sefer and Okote)
during the first phase exploration period. Out of these the Okote gold prospect was found to
be strongly mineralized and called for follow-up as it produced further exploration with
respect to gold contents ( up to 40g/t) in quartz vein hosted in carbonate chlorite schist.
Because of the complexity of the mineralization of the area NMiC have deployed foreign
consultants, namely Pr. I.J. Basson, Chris peg and Murphy in order to study the structures
controlling mineralization of the area. The consultants have presented their interpretation on
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Okote Area
the structural disposition of the area that is being used as a support to the exploration during
their time of study.
A mineral resource estimate was completed for the Okote deposit according to the
guidelines set out in the Canadian Code for reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves, NI43-101 by an Independent consulting firm Venmyn
rand (pty). The Okote Project is low grade and high tonnage gold deposit located to the
southwest of Ethiopia in an area which is dominated by the well-known Adola Gold Belt.
The Adola Gold Belt is thought to represent a Wilson Cycle of the Arabian-Nubian Shield
and evolved from the passive continental margin and formation of ocean floor in the
Kenticha Terrain to closure of the oceanic basin and collision of crustal blocks. Plate
convergence led to subduction-related folding and thrusting, obduction of mafics to
ultramafics onto passive continental margin sediments and led to refolding, reverse faulting
and shear zones. The lithologies trend approximately north-south. Major shearing is
northwest to southeast. The collision event is consistent with the formation of Gondwana
during the Proterozoic. The Okote Project is located in a shear hosted environment where
lithologies have metamorphosed and structural control is important. The Okote North
Mineral Resources are estimated at 190.01Mt of ore at a Au grade of 1.87g/t, while the total
Mineral Resources of the Okote Project (which includes Okote South) are estimated at
300.95Mt at a Au grade of 1.54g/t. In conclusion, Okote has demonstrated that it is
technically and economically feasible given the assumptions considered in the scoping study
report A.N. Clay (2011).
1.4. Objective of the study
The shear hosted carbonate chlorite lode gold deposition has been recognized at the early
exploration stage and it is convincingly studied by earlier researchers. The metagranodiorite
hosted gold mineralization which could possibly be a porphyry type magmatic/juvenile gold
deposition requires further justification. The need for understanding of the metagranodiorite
hosted gold mineralization is crucial to fully realize all types of mineralization in the project
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Okote Area
area and allows correlation of Au grade and rock type of the detail target. This will enable
Okote prospect to step up to a higher geological level of confidence.
The main objective of this work is to comprehend the genesis of metagranodiorite hosted
gold mineralization and associated alterations. Details of the research objective are
mentioned as follows;
i.
To explain ore forming process related to metagranodiorite rock formation (source,
transportation and deposition of gold) and refine the geological model.
ii.
Study common alterations related to the metagranodiorite gold mineralization.
iii.
To suggest the nature of emplacement of the intrusion.
iv.
Study the mineral paragenesis.
v.
To identify structural controls of gold mineralization.
vi.
Generate 3D orebody block model of granodiorite hosted gold mineralization and
estimate the resource using available trenches & drill holes raw data.
1.5. Methodology
Detail surface geological studies and re-logging of drillholes and trenches were the main
methods adopted to characterize the mineralization and alteration associated with
metagranodiorite. GARMIN 72H model GPS instrument is used to navigate across the
prospect area and capture spatial data where necessary. Geological hammer, HCL acid,
pencil magnet and hand lens with 10X magnification are also used to facilitate the proposed
research work (Plate1).Geological structures such as foliation, lineation, faults, shear zones
and folds are measured using Brunton compass.
Samples are collected to perform thin section, polished section, ICP-AES and ICP-MS
analysis. Five samples for thin section, six samples for polished and 15 samples for ICP-AES
are sent to GSE laboratory. Ten samples are sent to ALS laboratory for multi-element
determination by ICP-MS analytical method.
Transmitted light microscopic analysis of thinsectons is conducted to study the petrography
of selected rock samples. Secondary data of thin section analysis of 39 samples from the
project archive and 5 primary data are used for petrograhic description of the study area. Thin
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Okote Area
section preparation is done by GSE laboratory.

Reflected light ore microscopic analysis of polished sections is performed to identify and
describe ore minerals and their textural relationship. Six polished sections are prepared by
GSE laboratory using aluminum oxide abrasive for polishing.
Multi element analysis useful for trace elements and REE determination is conducted by
using ICP/AES and ICP/MS equipment to notice unusual enrichment or depletion of element
which might suggest clues about source rock and tectonic setting. ICP/AES is conducted at
GSE laboratory while ICP/MS is performed at ALS laboratory in Ireland.
ICP-AES analysis is done targeting base metals and trace elements. Base metals can
precisely be detected either by an aqua regia digestion or a four acid digestion. The four acid
digestion is preferred when the targets include more resistive mineralization such as that
associated with nickel and cobalt. The analytical method adopted for determination of
elements by ICP-AES was digestion with perchloric acid (four acid attacks) and ICP finish.
A lithium borate fusion of the sample prior to acid dissolution and ICP-MS analysis provides
the most qualitative analysis approach for a broad suit of trace elements. The method adopted
solubilizes most mineral species, including those that are highly refractory. Thirty elements
package by lithium borate fusion and ICP-MS finish is analyzed by ALS global
laboratory.The lithium metaborate fusion is not the preferred method for the determination of
base metals. Many sulfides and some metal oxides are only partially decomposed by the
borate fusion and some elements such as cadmium and zinc can be volatilized. Some base
metal oxides and sulfides may not be completely decomposed by the lithium borate fusion.
Results for Ag, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn will not likely be quantitative by ICP-MS
method.
Analysis and interpretation of primary data by merging with secondary data of the Okote
project is performed to thoroughly grasp the alteration, mineralization and genesis of gold in
the study area.
Cross sections, 3D geological modeling, reserve estimation, structural analysis and
geochemical data interpretation were conducted by adopting ARC map 10.0 version,
Datamine studio 3, GEOrient 9.5.0 version, Petrograph, 2 Beta ver 1.0.5 softwares.
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Okote Area
A B
C D
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Okote Area
Plate1. Various methods and instruments used in field; A. Geological hammer used for breaking core samples, B. Abandoned trench for
re-logging, C. Panned crushed MGD sample showing gold in HMC (10X magnification), D. Hand lens used to study core sample
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Okote Area
CHAPTER TWO
2-Regional Geology and Tectonics
Africa as a continent comprises of mobile belts and cratons, and East African Orogen (EAO)
is one of the mobile belts extending for about 6000Km along the eastern flank of Africa
(Stern, 2007). The Northern part of EAO is called Arabian-Nubian Shield and it is composed
largely of juvenile Neoproterozoic crust whereas the southern part is predominantly
reworked older crust. The EAO marks one of earths greatest collision zone, formed during
the collision of East and West Gondwana and marks the disappearance of Mozambique
ocean basin (Stern, 2007).
Figure2.1. Schematic illustration of the development of Neoproterozoic supercontinent of the Gondwana,

After Johnson et al., (2011).,as cited in Clay A.N. (2012).
Ethiopia is part of this major tectonic belt and the northern part of the country is covered by
low to medium grade metamorphic rocks of the Arabian Nubian shield, and these rock units
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Okote Area
coexist with the high grade metamorphic rocks of Mozambique belt at the southern part of
the country. The coexistence of these two major metamorphic belts in the southern part of the
country is defined as Southern Ethiopian Shield (SES) Lulu Tsige (2008).
The EAO is one of Earths greatest deformational belts, which extends along the eastern
ank of Africa and evolved over a time period of about 350 Ma (Stern 2002). The absolute
age dated on this region shows an age range between 870 and 500 Ma (Abdelsalam et al.,
2008).
This collision caused the formation of the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian supercontinent Greater

Gondwana. It consists of deformed and metamorphosed rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield
(ANS) in the north and higher grade and more strongly deformed rocks of Mozambique Belt
in the south. The Southern Ethiopian lies at the interfingering of Neoproterozoic largely
greenschist facies juvenile crust of the Arabian-Nubian Shield represented by Kenticha,
Megado, and Bulbul terranes and more metamorphosed and remobilized older crust of the
Mozambique Belt represented by the Alghe Terrane.
Rocks of Adola group have undergone poly phase deformation producing fault bounded
basins and N-S trending schistocity and shear zones. The four N-S trending faults favored
five lithostructural domains with two greenstone belts (Megado & Kenticha) forming graben
whereas the three gneissic terrains form horsts (Figure2.2).The contact between the gneisses
(middle complex) and the metavolcano sedimentary formations (Chaketa formation of the
Adola group) is marked by shear zones which are sometimes intruded by elongated granitic
bodies. Two regional shear zones namely the Lega Dembi-Aflata and Meleka-Digati shear
zones mark the eastern and western contact of the Megado metavolcano sedimentary rocks
with gneissic blocks. Structural analysis reveals that the Pan-African Orogeny in southern
Ethiopia, Adola area has undergone three major deformational episodes (Worku and
Schandelmeier, 1996).
D1 thrust-and-fold system which resulted in development of southeast-verging thrusts

and associated recumbent F1 folds and related penetrative regional schistosity (S1)
axial planar to F1 folds;
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Okote Area
D2 which involves the reactivation of D1 structures and produced major upright F2

folds and related reverse and transpressional shears and associated drag folds on the
limbs of F2 folds and it also produced juxtaposition of rocks from different crustal
levels and is accompanied by emplacement of the syn-tectonic granitoids;
Late-stage D3 deformational event involves the reactivation of previous
discontinuities to produce discrete strike- slip shear zones.
Gold mineralizations identified so far are confined generally to contact zones between
metavolcano sedimentary (greenstone) formations and adjacent areas of gneisses marked by
shear zones. The Lega Dembi gold mine, Okote primary gold deposits and other important
occurrences for instance are localized within the eastern shear contact between the Megado
greenstone formations and the central gneissic terrain.
The greenschist facies rocks of Adola gold field are the focus of mineral exploration for
decades and giving a prominent output of primary gold deposits of Legadembi & Sakaro,
Kenticha tantalum and numbers of placer gold deposits. Primary gold occurrences at Okote,
Werseti, Dermidama, Burikaro, Ejersa and many other prospecting areas has also attracted
the interest of exploration companies.
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Okote Area
Figure2.2. Five Litho-structural domains of Adola belt (Worku and Schandelmeier, 1996); Projection of
UTM and datum of Adindan zone 37N coordinate system is used
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Okote Area
Rocks of the Precambrian complexes are exposed in various regions of Ethiopia. The rocks
in the most parts of the country, especially those in the south and west are more intensively
metamorphosed than rocks in the northern part. Stratigraphically, Ethiopia is underlain by
four major groups of rocks. Listing these formations from the youngest to oldest;
Quaternary volcanics and sediments
Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks
Mesozoic sediments; and
Precambrian basement rocks
The study area geology is

expressed by the Adola
group of rocks which are
dominated by a series of
deformed rocks of
Proterozoic age.
Lithologically they are
comprised of schists mainly
chlorite- amphibole,
carbonate-chlorite, talc-
tremolite and associated
intrusive ranging from
granodiorite to metagabbro
of different compositions.
Figure2.3. Typical Stratigraphic column of Adola Area (Worku, 1996)
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Okote Area
CHAPTER THREE
3. Local Geology
Okote gold field is found within Neoproterozoic greenstone terrains of southern Ethiopia.
This greenstone belt trend in North-South direction, and characterized by Precambrian rocks
comprising basic/ultrabasic and other older basement gneisses which form crustal scale shear
zones extending for about 150 Km along its strike (Worku and Schandelmeier, 1996).
The belt is known for gold, other metallic and industrial minerals.
The study area broadly comprises felsic and mafic rocks with intermixing near their contacts.
metagranodiorite and aplitic dykes are the felisc rocks while metagabro/amphibolite,
metadiorite, chlorite-amphibole schist, chlorite schist and talc schist are the intermediate-
mafic-ultramafic rock units which are thoroughly noticed on the prospect. Quartz veins
which hosted by both felsic and mafic rocks are discussed separately. The felsic rocks are
repeatedly observed intruding the mafic rocks. The metavolcanics of the study area is
characterized by sharp contacts. Xenoliths of mafic rocks are frequent within the
metagranodiorite intrusive rock unit when approaching the mafic country rock. Lenses of
metagranodiorite and aplitic dykes are widespread while intruding the dominant mafic rocks.
A close observation of their contacts also reveals that there is no intermediate rock between
the two extremes rather a sharp intermixing is a common feature at this zone.
In order to clearly outline the geological model and genesis of gold, detail discussion of the
metavolcanic rocks of the study area is done as per the classifications mentioned earlier.
Thirty nine thin sections from the project archive and the following 5 primary data are used
for petrograhic description of the study area.
Table3.1. Samples location and description used for petrography
# Sample Code Sampling Site Rock Type REMARK

1 MGDPT-01 BH1100N/1 MGD
4 CCS-1 0474516E,0564091N Carbonate-chlorite schist highly altered
5 AP-1 0475103E,0565991N Aplitic dyke
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Okote Area
Figure3.1. Geological Map of Okote with cross section along EXPL1350N; Projection of UTM and datum
of Adindan zone 37N coordinate system is used; National Mining Corporation (2010).
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Okote Area
3.1. Felsic Rocks
Metagranodiorite and aplitic dyke are the only two genetically related felsic rocks of the
study area. Mineralogically the two units resemble each other except that opaque minerals
emerge on metagranodiorite unit which shows its mineralization. They have distinct textural
difference with the latter one appearing as dyke.
3.1.1. Metagranodiorite
It is a dark gray rock with laths of pale greenish tint colored and fine to medium grained and
schistose felsic intrusive. Textural study of metagranodiorite showed the rock acquires
porphyritic texture (Plate 3.1.A) with coarse grained feldspar phenocrysts placed on finer
grained ground mass. The schistocity is marked by a faint segregation of muscovite mica
from that of quartz and feldspar. Two penetrative foliations dipping at 650and 400 towards
340 and 110 have been observed in the prospect where the metagranodiorite is exposed. The
composition of the rock with the minerals modal percentage and texture is briefly described
in the following table.
Table3.2. Petrographic description of Metagranodiorite
Mineral Modal (%) Texture

Quartz 32-35% Hypidio-Xenoblastic
Muscovite (Sericite) 15-27% Tiny-Platy
Chlorite 13-14% Platy
Biotite 10-13% Platy
Calcite 11-12% Hypio-Xenoblastic
Plagioclase 10% Xenoblastic
Opaque 5-7% Xenoblastic
Laboratory analysis results of two samples (MGDPT-01 & MGDPT-02) have been used for
description of mineralogy. Quartz, chlorite, biotite and muscovite show well developed
parallel alignment of schistosity. Plagioclase altered to calcite and biotite is replaced by
chlorite. Quartz crystals are stained due to deformation (Plate 3.1.B & Plate 3.1.C). Thin
section analyses of MGD are shown on Plate1.
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Okote Area
Plate3.1.A. Photograph of metagranodiorite with Plate3.1.B. Metagranodiorite with coarse

porphyritic texture; a plane polarized transmitted grained quartz/feldspar on fine grained
light analysis with 20x10 magnification power micaceous ground mass; a plane polarized
transmitted light analysis with 20x10
magnification power
Plate3.1.C. Muscovite segregation showing schistocity Plate3.1.D. MGD phenocrysts of plagioclase

in MGD; a plane polarized transmitted light analysis feldspars on groundmass; a plane polarized
with 20x10 magnification power transmitted light analysis with 20x10
magnification power
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Okote Area
3.1.2. Aplitic dyke
It is a light gray color and fine to medium grain schistose textured granite. This dykes or
small stocks commonly intrude the mafic metavolcanics of the prospect. The composition of
the rock with the minerals modal percentage and texture is briefly described on the following
table.
Table3.3. Petrographic description of Aplitic dyke

Quartz 65 Hypidio-Xenoblastic
Epidote 16 Xenoblastic
Biotite 10 Platy
Plagioclase 6 Xenoblastic
Opaque 3 Xenoblastic
Laboratory analysis result of sample (Ap-1) has been used for description of mineralogy. The
matrix is mainly composed of quartz, biotite and epidote. Plagioclase commonly alters to
epidote. Plagioclase shows parallel alignment of schistosity. Quartz crystals are stained due
to deformation. This rock unit is exposed for 1-2m width and is not mappable (Plate3.2).
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Okote Area
Plate3.2. Aplitic dyke intruding Chlorite schist
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Okote Area
3.2. Intermediate-Mafic-Ultramafic Sequences
Metadiorite, Metagabbro/Amphibolite, Chlorite-Amphibole schist, Chlorite/Carbonate-

Chlorite schist and Talc schist are the intermediate-mafic-ultramafic sequences exposed on
the prospect.
3.2.1. Metadiorite
It is a pale greenish gray colored sheared rock with medium grain and relict texture. The
composition of the rock with the minerals modal percentage and texture is briefly described
on the following table.
Table3.4. Petrographic description of Metadiorite

Plagioclase 20 Relict
Hornblende 20 Xenoblastic, Relict
Quartz 15 Xenoblastic
Chlorite 10 Platy
Laboratory analysis results of project data (SPG-34) have been used for description of
mineralogy. Hornblende is partially and completely replaced by chlorite and epidote.
Recrystallization of quartz and plagioclase is seen in the matrix. Plagioclase is altered to
epidote. Hornblende and chlorite show weak sub parallel alignment. Patches of quartz vein is
also observed in the section.
3.2.2. Metagabbro/Amphibolite
It is a gray and pale greenish tint colored sheared mafic rock with medium to coarse grained
texture having less distinct anatomizing schistocity. The composition of the rock with the
minerals modal percentage and texture is briefly described on the following table.
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Okote Area
Table3.5. Petrographic description of Metagabbro/Amphibolite

Hornblende 32 Xenoblastic
Chlorite 10 Platy
Apatite Trace Idioblastic
Laboratory analysis result of project data (SPG-23) have been used for description of
mineralogy. Hornblende and chlorite are epidotized and recrystallization of quartz and
plagioclase is seen in the matrix. Plagioclase altered to epidote. Hornblende and chlorite
show weak sub parallel alignment.
3.2.3. Chlorite-Amphibole Schist
It is pale greenish gray in color with medium to fine grain and schistose textured mafic rock
unit. It is the most abundant rock formation of the study area. The composition of the rock
with the minerals modal percentage and texture is briefly described on the following table.
Table3.6. Petrographic description of Chlorite-Amphibole schist

Epidote 37 Xenoblatic
Hornblende 20 Idio-Xenoblastic
Chlorite 10 Platy
Opaque 6 Idio-Xenoblastic
Laboratory analysis results of project data (SPG-5) have been used for description of
mineralogy. Chlorite and hornblende shows well developed parallel to sub parallel alignment
of schistosity. Hornblende is replaced by chlorite and epidote. Plagioclase is altered to
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Okote Area
epidote. Re-crystallization of quartz and plagioclase is seen in the section.
3.2.4. Chlorite Schist/Carbonate-Chlorite Schist
It is dark gray in color, fine to medium grain schistose textured mineralized mafic rock. The
unit is intensely foliated. The quartz veins with a pinch and swell structure are concordant
with the foliation. It contains auriferous quartz carbonate tourmaline veins. Rhombic,
euhedral crystals of pyrite is the distinguishing feature of the unit. Gold grains accompany
the crystals of pyrite. It is highly carbonatized. The composition of the rock with the minerals
modal percentage and texture is briefly described on the following table.
Table3.7. Petrographic description of Chlorite/Carbonate-chlorite schist

Chlorite 33 Platy
Calcite 30 Xenoblastic
Plagioclase 7 Xenoblastic
Biotite 4 Platy
Laboratory analysis results of sample (CCS-01) have been used for description of
mineralogy. Matrix is mainly composed of calcite, chlorite and quartz exhibiting parallel
alignment. Plagioclase is altered to calcite and biotite is replaced by chlorite.
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Okote Area
Plate3.3. Chlorite schist with quartz stockwork
3.2.5. Talc Schist
The whitish and soapy textured ultramafic, Talc schists is scarcely noticed in the study area.
However most of them are thin and lenticular. They are usually discontinuous along strike
and occur as patches here and there hosted by the shear zone. These rocks are usually
schistose but sometimes grade to massive varieties in central Okote part. Euhedral pyrite and
magenetite crystals are observed at several places, particularly in the tremolite-actinolite-talc
schist. Due to lesser abundance and significance to intrusive related mineralization,
petrographic study for this rock unit is omitted.
3.3. Quartz Vein
Due to the intensive shearing and deformation of the area, the prospect is widely invaded by
quart veins. Two main types of quartz veins are known in Okote prospect. These are the
concordant and discordant type of quartz veins.
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Okote Area
The east-west running discordant quartz vein is characterized by glassy to milky white
appearance, massive textured and barren with respect to gold. This indicates that the quartz
veins originated after the deformational event that favored the earlier mineralization.
The concordant glassy white colored quartz vein trends towards NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW
along the shear zone which is characterized by sulphidation and tourmalinization. The gold
mineralization is megascopically visible.
The metagranodiorite rock unit is intensely invaded by quartz vein. The contact of
metagranodiorite is characterized by mineralized quartz veins and stringers. Plate 3.4 shows
verities of quartz veins exposure in the vicinity.
Plate3.4.B.Zone of Gross dilation showing several sets of

Plate3.4.A. Concordant type quartz boudin in Chlorite
narrow en-echelon veinlets (not to scale)
schist
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Okote Area
Plate3.4.C.Quartz vein with en-echelon structure and Plate3.4.D.Shear zone buckling an earlier quartz vein
glassy texture (not to scale)
The shear zone and buckled quartz vein cross cut each other at an acute angle. This
demonstrates the cross cutting relationship of the shear zone and relict of lithology.
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Okote Area
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Structure and Metamorphism
4.1. Structural Controls of the study area
Adola gold belt has undergone polyphase brittle, brittle-ductile deformation which has
resulted in the development of most N-S trending penetrative foliation. Both the greenstone
and gneissic terrains have been affected by N-S trending faults of regional to local
significance. The structural features of Adola gold field are attributed to 3 episodes of
deformation, though this has not been commonly adopted (Worku and Schandelmeier, 1996).
The okote gold field had undergone a polyphase deformation which resulted in the existing
planar features (foliation, axial plane cleavage and fault) and linear features (mineral
lineation, boudins, straiations). The regional penetrative foliation generally trends N-S and
N20E. Remote sensing, detail dip and strike measurement from secondary data and field
measurements have been tried to be analyzed to outline and reach into identification of
structural controls of mineralization of the study area.
Okote lying
in Lega-
Dembi Aflata
shear zone
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Okote Area
Figure 4.1.Landsat image with 7_4_1 band combination showing Okote & Legadembi-Aflata shear zone
Both Legadembi and Okote lie on the same shear zone called Legadembi-Aflata which is
shown on the landsat image above (Figure4.1).
Detail structural study was conducted in the study area focusing on structures which are more
related to metagranodiorite mineralization. Primary data collections by measuring dip and
strike of foliation and plunge of fold are the only method adopted for the mentioned purpose.
A total of 368 dip-dip direction of foliation and 13 dip-dip directions of fracture
measurements (Appendix 1) have been imported on GEOrient, version 9.5 software for
interpretation and revealed the following structural plot of the study area (Figure 4.2).
Figure4.2.A. Rose diagram of Foliation plane; Figure4.2.B. Contours and gridded density of
showing the nearly NNE-SSW shear zone cross Foliation plane; showing a dominant westerly and
cutting the relict of lithology minor easterly dipping foliation planes
Figure4.2.C. Rose diagram of Fracture plane; Figure4.2.D. Contours and gridded density of
showing E-W fracture zones which are latter filled Fracture plane; showing northerly and southerly
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Okote Area
with barren milky white quartz veins dipping fracture planes

Primary and secondary data of dip and strike measurements analyzed by the formerly
described software gives the following indications;
Contours and gridded density of foliation plot (Figure 4.2.B) showed that the most
prominent planar feature is foliation of country rock, which generally strike NNE-SSW
and dip to the west at high angle with minor easterly dipping planar features. The easterly
dipping planar feature is evidenced by MGD. Two penetrative foliations dipping at
650and 400 towards 340 (west) and 110 (east) have been observed in places where the
metagranodiorite is exposed. The dominant mafic rocks usually strike NNE-SSW and
dips to the west.
Rose diagram plot (Figure 4.2.A) of foliation indicates the predominant orientation of
NNE-SSW striking shear foliation. The mean resultant direction is 018-198.
Mineralization at Okote is hosted within a relatively narrow shear zone or zones, which
cross cut the trend of the dominant foliation and relict lithological contacts at an acute
angle. The narrow shear zones strike at 008-012 and the dominant foliation and relict
lithological contact strike at018- 020, both dipping to the west.
Rose diagram plots (Figure 4.2.C) of fracture shows 098-278 mean resultant direction by
indicating an east-west running fracture zone which is latter filled by a milky white
barren quartz vein which is discordant to the relict of lithology. Contours and gridded
density of fracture plot (Figure 4.2.D) showed northerly and southerly dipping and east-
west striking planar features.
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Okote Area
Plate4.1. Typical mylonitized shear zone material from a late tectonic shear zone; picture taken from
NMiC archive
From the above remote sensing, detail structural field measurements and previous works; the
following structural outlines are suggested to be the major mineralization controls of the
study area.
Field observations and measurements indicate several strong periods of polyphase

folding. The rocks of Okote area undergone the effects of polyphase deformation with at
least 3 deformation events affecting the region (D1, D2 & D3). (Worku and
schandelmeier, 1996).
The most prominent planar feature is shear foliation of country rock, which generally
strikes 018-198 (NNE-SSW) and dip to the west at high angle. The N-S trending shear
zones have anatomizing pattern with intervening lenses of less deformed mafic rocks and
dip moderately to steeply towards west. Two penetrative foliations dipping at 650and 400
towards 340 (W) and 110 (E) have been observed in the prospect where the
metagranodiorite is exposed.
Rose diagram plots of fracture show 098-278 mean resultant direction by indicating an
east-west running fracture zone which is latter filled by milky white barren quartz vein
discordant to the relict of lithology.
A narrow shear zone cross-cuts the relict of the lithology at an acute angle. The shear
zone identified in the field is interpreted by rose diagram using GEOrient, 9.5 version
software. The narrow shear zones strike at 008-012 and the dominant foliation and relict
lithological contacts at 020, both dipping to the west.
The summation of the above analysis reveals that, the only structural control in favor of
gold mineralization is the shear foliation striking 018-198 and dipping towards west. This
narrow shear zone coincides with the shear hosted mesothermal lode carbonate-chlorite
hosted gold mineralization rather than the juvenile porphyry type metagranodiorite hosted
gold mineralization, since the metagranodiorite unit exhibits an alternating foliation
dipping both towards west and east. This suggests that major structural controls have a
lesser relevance to metagranodiorite gold mineralization.
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Okote Area
4.2. Metamorphism
The study area is generally characterized by lower amphibolite to upper greenschist facies
metamorphism of the meta-volcanosedimentary assemblages. Lower grade metamorphism
has subsequently affected some of the units. A few regional petrography studies show that
the following mineral assemblage in volcano-sedimentary rocks: muscovite, biotite, quartz,
sodic plagioclase in the metasediments and hornblende, biotite, quartz, sodic plagioclase,
epidote in the metavolcanics. Mineral assemblages, especially the abundance of muscovites
and sodic plagioclases even in the mafic rocks (volcano-sedimentary rocks) is typical of
lower amphibolite facies metamorphism. Some meta-volcano-sedimentary assemblages also
contain chlorites and sericites, which might be, related either, to original greenschist facies
metamorphism at the subduction fronts or, to later retrograde low-grade metamorphism. Both
are possible as some of the rocks contain chlorites and epidotes as the dominant metamorphic
minerals while in other cases sericites and epidotes occur around altered feldspars, and
chlorites surrounding altered hornblende. This is in agreement with regional studies (e.g.,
Asrat et al., 2001; Ayalew et al., 1990; as cited in Fantahun, 2011).
Both the gneissic and greenstone rocks of the Adola have been subjected to variable
intensities of greenschist-amphibolite facies of metamorphism. The megado greenstone rocks
generally exhibit effects of low grade (green schist facies) metamorphism. Regionally
metamorphosed schistose rocks characterizes Okote prospect. Lithologies of the study area
show metamorphic textures, such as foliation, lineation and bandings produced by regional
metamorphism.
Metamorphic facies, grade and mineral assemblages of Okote prospect area is characterized
after a vigilant analysis of mineralogical and textural variations of lithologies. As discussed
in earlier chapter, numbers of lithologic units are exposed in Okote. Since the
metagranodiorite unit is the focus of this study, metamorphic features of the unit have been
discussed here.
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Okote Area
Metagranodiorite is characterized by dark gray with laths of pale greenish tint color and fine
to medium grain and schistose texture. Textural study of metagranodiorite showed that the
rock acquires porphyritic texture with coarse grained quartz and feldspar phenocrysts placed
on finer grained ground mass. The schistocity is marked by a faint segregation of muscovite
mica from that of quartz and feldspar. The metagranodiorite consists quartz (32-35%),
muscovite/sericite (15-27%), chlorite (13-14%), biotite (10-13%), calcite (11-12%),
plagioclase (10%) and opaque (5-7%). Hornblende (16%) is observed in one of
metagranodiorite samples (MGDPT-03).
Transmitted light microscopic analysis of thin section showed that quartz, chlorite, biotite
and muscovite developed parallel alignment of schistosity. Both microscopical and
megascopical observations identified that the rock unit here with under discussion developed
only limited deformational fabrics. The original igneous texture and mineralogy is
recognisable and yet preserved by suggesting lower grade metamorphism and competency of
metagranodiorite.The mineralogical assemblage muscovite, biotite, chlorite, calcite,
plagioclase and quartz indicate low grade metamorphism of greenschist facies. The transition
from greenschist facies to amphibolite facies via the epidote-amphibolite facies is indistinct
in most areas but is marked by the breakdown of Actinolite to hornblende. The presence of
actinolitic hornblende in one of the analyzed metagranodiorite rock unit tells us the entrance
to amphibolite facies. Lithologies derived from low-grade metamorphism of intermediate to
mafic metavolvanic igneous rocks, consist largely of chlorite, actinolite, calcite, plagioclase
and quartz. This is a characterstic feature of upper greenschist and lower amphibolites facies
metamorphism (Barker, 1998).
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CHAPTER FIVE
5. Geochemistry
Geochemical analysis of both mafic and felsic metavolcanics was carried out to study the
geochemistry of the rocks, source of gold mineralization, magma type and tectonic setting.
Eleven core samples from selected drill holes and 4 chip samples from trenches and surface
exposures were collected for geochemical analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-
MS) methods. Rare earth elements (REEs), base metals and many other trace elements
including Sc, Cr, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Th, and U were analyzed by the mentioned
methods. The samples are representative and collected randomly both along strike and across
the depth of the lithology.

1 MGDGC-01 BH1100N/1 Metagranodiorite
4 CASGC-04 BH1100N/1 Chlorite_Amphibole schist
5 QVGC-05 BH1100N/1 Quartz Vein
7 MGGC-07 BH1350N/1 Metagabbro
12 QVGC-12 TR231 Quartz Vein 0475180E,0566058N
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13 APGC-13 BH1550N/2 Aplitic dyke
14 CSGC-14 BH1550N/2 Chlorite schist also called Carbonate chlorite schist
15 MGDGC-15 TR236 Metagranodiorite 0474616E,0564993N

Table5.1. Samples location and description used for Geochemistry
5.1. Analytical Procedure
A total of 15 samples were analyzed by ICP-AES method. Sample preparation by crushing

down to 200 meshes, milling/pulverizing is conducted before proceeding to analysis.
ICP-AES analysis is done targeting base metals and certain trace elements. Base metals can
precisely be detected either by an aqua regia digestion or a four acid digestion. The four acid
digestion is preferred when the targets include more resistive mineralization such as that
associated with nickel and cobalt. The analytical method adopted for determination of
elements by ICP-AES was digestion with perchloric acid (four acid attacks) and ICP finish.
The analysis is performed at GSE laboratory (Table 5.2). Duplicate and standard samples are
used for precision and accuracy purpose. Due to lack of standard samples and hence
accuracy, REE analysis is not done in GSE laboratory.
A lithium borate fusion of the sample prior to acid dissolution and ICP-MS analysis provides
the most qualitative analysis approach for a broad suit of trace elements. The method adopted
solubilizes most mineral species, including those that are highly refractory. Thirty elements
package by lithium borate fusion and ICP-MS finish is analyzed by ALS global laboratory at
Ireland. Re-bagging, sample weighing (WEI-21), pulp logging (LOG-24) is done in Addis
Ababa head laboratory before shipment. An average weight of 100gm is taken from each
sample. The purpose of preparation is to produce a homogeneous analytical sub-sample that
is fully representative of the material submitted to the laboratory.
A prepared sample (0.200 g) is added to lithium metaborate flux (0.90 g), mixed well and
fused in a furnace at 1000C. The resulting melt is then cooled and dissolved in 100 mL of
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4% HNO3 / 2% HCl3 solution. This solution is then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma
- mass spectrometry. Detection limit of ICP-MS analysis is shown on Appendix 4. The
lithium metaborate fusion is not the preferred method for the determination of base metals.
Many sulfides and some metal oxides are only partially decomposed by the borate fusion and
some elements such as cadmium and zinc can be volatilized. Some base metal oxides and
sulfides may not be completely decomposed by the lithium borate fusion. Results for Ag, Co,
Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn will not likely be quantitative by ICP-MS method.
Laboratory results from chemical analytical methods, ICP-AES and ICP-MS are discussed on
the proceeding tables (Table 5.2 and Table 5.3). Seventeen elements are determined by ICP-
AES method whereas 30 elements are determined by ICP-MS method by selecting 10
duplicate left over samples used for ICP-AES method. Enriched LREE, base metals, Ba, Ce,
Cr, Mn, Ti, Zr, Y and Sr characterizes the metavolcanics of the prospect area.
Tectonic setting and source rock are determined by using data from ICP-AES and MS
analysis whereas REE pattern is outlined by using ICP-MS analysis data only. Geochemical
interpretations are conducted using the conventional binary and ternary discrimination
diagrams. Geochemical data interpretations for the formerly mentioned discriminations are
processed using plot diagrams generated by Petrograph ver.1.0.5 software.
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Table5.2.ICP-AES multi-element analysis result
Field No W Rb Cr Mn Ga As Sr Cu Zn Co Pb Ni Ti V Zr Y Nb
MGDGC-01 1.02 31.71 249.89 578.52 26.64 0.83 434.88 39.60 19.2 17.8 3 1.2 4277 8.07 147.3 26.21 13.43
MGDGC-02 1.14 26.09 26.24 440.18 28.97 2.03 259.02 36.20 20.6 5.4 2 0.3 3746 13.95 202.7 50.33 5.1
MGDGC-02D 36.00 21.80 12.40 1.90 0.40
MGDGC-03 1.18 8.54 546.81 697.27 38.46 2.28 177.67 63.40 30.4 33.6 0.5 4.6 6986 1.45 100.2 30.96 2.97
CASGC-04 1.03 3.37 55.80 456.07 18.94 2.51 198.68 6.00 26.8 20.8 3 0.6 5467 8.48 115.8 44.25 5.03
QVGC-05 0.98 1.92 370.84 61.44 15.11 1.39 9.41 6.20 4.6 4.8 1.6 8.4 834.8 20.32 2.66 1.2 2.63
MGDGC-06 1.03 9.35 51.32 197.04 19.71 0.99 396.26 16.60 18.8 14 3 3.8 2197 29.41 101.2 19.73 5.02
MGGC-07 1.11 3.83 501.29 1505.04 42.05 1.10 310.83 101.00 72.2 39.4 0.9 21 6099 13.27 103.8 29.38 3.34
MGDGC-08 1.05 48.41 22.75 354.62 12.08 2.20 349.71 4.80 31.6 15.8 1 0.9 4942 9.47 127.5 26.32 2.44
MGDGC-09 0.97 57.66 48.69 767.28 28.85 2.04 352.79 36.40 18.6 22.4 0.8 3.2 6058 2.75 208.5 27.89 4.65
MGDGC-10 1.05 6.14 161.59 214.17 50.63 1.70 263.89 12.00 13.6 21 0.8 4.6 4786 7.32 302.6 64.66 3.88
MGDGC-11 1.17 36.97 1071.61 1230.95 60.79 3.54 339.80 25.40 87.2 47.6 0.6 136.2 9080 12.77 129.5 22.68 3.35
QVGC-12 0.80 1.75 326.98 41.49 12.35 0.36 50.36 15.00 6.4 5.8 3.8 14.2 933.9 38.17 2.66 2 1.99
QVGC-12D 15.00 6.60 6.00 3.20 14.00
APGC-13 0.87 42.09 2.18 90.16 30.24 1.47 207.95 11.20 11.2 12.2 4.2 7.6 1725 48.09 186.1 37.5 9.03
APGC-13D 0.74 32.55 2.29 80.25 30.25 1.59 216.94 1765.45 39.96 192.54 37.91 8.86
CSGC-14 1.10 1.75 493.03 1012.64 48.93 1.82 465.09 10.80 78.4 45.6 0.6 64.2 6837 10.94 110.6 13.06 2.07
MGDGC-15 0.87 5.49 0.00 155.77 20.22 1.58 211.18 10.00 28 21 3.8 5.6 1397 30.58 113.6 13.62 3.51
N.B:- Precision of instrument measurement is monitored by duplicate sample analysis. Duplicate sample analysis results are
highlighted by bold text. The duplicate samples are not used for interpretation. The duplicate sample analysis results do not show
deviation from the primary
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sample results by implicating the high precision of the instrument used for determination of multi elements.
Table5.3.ICP-MS multi-element analysis results extracted from Appendix 2
Elements MGDGC-01 MGDGC-06 MGDGC-08 MGDGC-11 MGGC-07 CASGC-04 CSGC-14 QVGC-05 QVGC-12 APGC-13
Ba 467.00 252.00 370.00 520.00 68.80 32.00 31.90 1.20 5.40 445.00
Ce 13.60 11.90 9.90 45.40 14.30 11.00 13.20 0.50 <0.5 17.30
Cr 150.00 280.00 30.00 440.00 50.00 90.00 160.00 380.00 520.00 50.00
Cs 0.09 0.08 0.18 0.99 0.02 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.17
Dy 4.31 2.46 4.24 3.96 6.52 10.15 2.14 <0.05 <0.05 7.03
Er 2.93 1.60 2.53 2.35 4.33 7.16 1.26 0.03 0.04 5.05
Eu 0.97 0.99 0.92 1.47 0.72 1.45 0.57 <0.03 <0.03 0.91
Ga 20.50 13.60 18.10 16.10 16.30 12.90 16.30 1.00 0.40 12.00
Gd 3.40 2.02 2.81 4.26 4.60 7.12 1.98 0.05 0.05 5.22
Hf 3.00 1.20 2.50 2.40 2.10 3.50 1.60 <0.2 <0.2 4.10
Ho 1.02 0.57 0.93 0.85 1.40 2.29 0.43 0.01 <0.01 1.55
La 5.50 5.30 3.90 20.80 5.20 3.50 6.00 <0.5 <0.05 7.00
Lu 0.51 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.76 1.08 0.18 0.01 <0.01 0.92
Nb 1.80 1.50 2.00 2.80 2.00 1.80 3.30 0.50 <0.2 2.30
Nd 9.40 7.00 7.10 24.70 11.70 10.80 7.60 0.10 0.20 13.10
Pr 1.79 1.52 1.35 5.42 2.06 1.77 1.65 0.03 <0.03 2.46
Rb 18.70 8.30 29.30 25.50 1.80 2.20 0.30 <0.02 <0.02 17.70
Sm 2.82 1.92 2.15 4.83 3.66 4.58 1.76 0.06 0.07 4.08
Sn 1.00 1.00 <1 1.00 <1 1.00 <1 1.00 2.00 <1
Sr 378.00 354.00 306.00 312.00 284.00 159.00 443.00 8.30 1.70 172.50
Ta 0.10 0.10 <0.1 0.10 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.30 <0.1 0.10
Tb 0.62 0.39 0.61 0.66 0.89 1.41 0.33 0.01 0.01 1.00
Th 0.54 0.65 0.76 4.61 0.40 0.22 0.78 <0.05 <0.05 0.84
Tm 0.40 0.26 0.36 0.34 0.65 1.07 0.19 <0.01 <0.01 0.76
U 0.21 0.17 0.22 0.93 0.15 0.12 0.40 <0.05 <0.05 0.25
V 60.00 13.00 99.00 244.00 308.00 31.00 264.00 24.00 <5 11.00
W 4.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 <1 1.00 2.00
Y 28.80 17.20 27.90 24.40 41.60 70.60 13.80 <0.5 <0.5 48.30
Yb 2.93 1.76 2.26 2.21 4.68 7.22 1.31 <0.03 <0.03 5.22
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Zr 109.00 36.00 81.00 91.00 66.00 137.00 58.00 <2 <2 142.00
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5.2. Source rock determination
Discrimination of source rock using trace elements Ti-Zr-Y have been most important
classification method based solely on geochemical data. But it will not ever be able to
perfectly determine the tectonic affinity of basaltic rocks (or other rocks for that matter)
simply because there is a lot of actual overlap between the geochemistry of the different
and tectonic settings.
Notably IABs have a much wider range of compositions than either MORBs or OIBs.
Therefore, geochemical classification should never be the only basis for determining tectonic
affinity. This is especially the case for rocks that have undergone alteration. In such cases,
mobile elements such as Sr, which have great discriminative power, cannot be used applied
on selected samples which have analytical ranges valid for the diagram.
Chappell & White (1974) classification system was proposed initially to divide granites into
I-type (or igneous protolith) and S-type (or sedimentary protolith) granite. Both of these types
of granite are formed by melting of high grade metamorphic rocks, either other granite or
intrusive mafic rocks, or buried sediment, respectively. I- and S-type subdivision is not
simply one that refers to source rocks of different compositions, but also to source rocks of
fundamentally different origins, involving prior infracrustal and supracrustal origins. The
infracrustal I-type granite originated at a deeper crustal level while the supracrustal S-type
granite originated at shallower crustal depth. Petrographically, I-type granite posses
hornblende and muscovite mica. The S-type granite is distinct with the appearance of K-
feldspar and biotite mica. According Sha-Chappel (1999) classification criteria, for I-type
felsic rocks La/Y ratio lies between 0.05-0.29 and Sm/Nd ratio lies between 0.29-0.58. Three
samples out of four showed La/Y ratio of 0.19, 0.30&0.13and Sm/Nd ratio of 0.30,
0.27&0.30. This confirms that majority of metagranodiorite rock units of Okote lied in the
specified interval of Sha-Chappel (1999) classification and yet proved to be an I-type felsic
igeneous rock.
The Y/Nb ratios of the majority of metavolcanics of Okote prospect are greater than one (16,
11.4, 13.9, 8.7), which is considered to be a characteristic of magmas with transitional to sub
alkali composition (Pearce & Cann, 1973). Petrograph 1.0.5 version geochemical software
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Okote Area
has been used for the interpretation of source rock, tectonic setting and REE pattern of the
study area using the analytical data listed in the ICP-AES and ICP-MS results (Table 5.2 &
Table 5.3).
Figure5.1. Ternary plot diagram Ti-Zr-Y (after Pearce and Cann, 1973)
According to the plot results of the adopted ternary diagram shown above (Figure 5.1), the
majority of the metagranodiorite samples lie in C (Calc-Alkali).Most of the samples for
analysis lie in C with few of them lying in D (within plate Basalt) and only one sample lied
in B (MORB).
Another discrimination graph using trace elements ratios of Ta/Yb Vs Th/Yb plot was
applied to confirm the source rock of the study area. The adopted graph shown below (Figure
5.2) illustrates the source rock of the area.
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Okote Area
Figure5.2. Graph showing discrimination diagrams using trace elements Ta/Yb Vs Th/Yb (after Pearce
1983); WPB (within plate basalt), ALK (Alkaline basalt), TH (Tholeiitic basalt), MORB (Mid oceanic
ridge basalt, CA (Calc-alkaline basalt),VAB (Volcanic arc basalt)
Most of the metagranodioritic rocks lied on calc-alkali (CA) region of the discrimination
graph. Metagranodiorite is represented by 4 samples out of which 3 of them lied on the in CA
with only one lying on TH (Tholeiitic).
The diagrams used for discrimination indicate that the source rock of metagranodioritic rock
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unit is sub alkalicalc alkaline magma. This by implicates the fractionation of

metagranodiorite unit from its source rock.
5.3. Tectonic discrimination
Granites may be subdivided according to their intrusive settings into four main groups. These
are ocean ridge granites (ORG), volcanic arc granites (VAG), within plate granites (WPG)
and collision granites (COLG) (Pearce etal., 1984).
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Okote Area
Figure5.3. Graph showing Tectonic discrimination using Nb-Y (after Pearce, 1984)
The tectonic discrimination binary Nb-Y diagram above showed that most of the analyzed
samples lie in VAG+syn-COLG (i.e. Volcanic arc granites + syn-collision granites) region
with very few samples lying on near boundary to ORG (oceanic ridge granites). Therefore it
is well understood that the tectonic environment for VAG is subduction zone while for syn-
COLG is accretion zone which is typical setting for the whole Adola gold belt region
(Woldehaimanot and Behrmann, 1995). Hence the granitoids evolved during the collision
and the accretion stage of deformation.
Log-Log Y+Nb Vs Rb plot diagram for granites distinguish VAG from syn-COLLG.
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Okote Area
Figure5.4. Graph showing Tectonic discrimination using Y+Nb vs Rb (after Pearce, 1984)
A further discrimination using Log-Log Y+Nb Vs Rb plot diagram for granites distinguish
VAG from syn-COLG and demonstrated that Okote MGD to be volcanic arc granite (VAG).
Therefore, our evidence here suggested that Metagranodiorite originated in VAG tectonic
setting environment which is syn-tectonic with respect to D2.The volcanic arc granite
tectonic setting could be a clue for metagranodiorite to be I-type granite.
Figure5.5. Typical model of VAG tectonic setting (image from U.S.G.S website)
The subduction zone of Adola and hence Okote prospect area is due to collusion of oceanic
plate (Mozambique Ocean) and continental plate (Gondwana), while accretion followed as a
result of continued crustal collusion (east & west Gondwana) and shortening.
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Okote Area
5.4. REE Pattern
Rare earth element pattern is done on 5 selected samples from metagranodiorite, metagbbro,
aplitic dyke and chlorite-amphibole schist representing the acidic intrusive, the mafic country
rocks and dyke. The following figure demonstrates the pattern of rare earth elements in the
rocks.
Figure5.6. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern for Okote metavolcanics, normalization values are from
Haskin et al. (1968)
The chondrite-normalized spider diagram above showed the rare earth elements pattern of
Okote metavolcanics. REE pattern showed that metagranodiorite represented by MGDGC-11
& MGDGC-06 is enriched with LREE and depleted with HREE by forming a slope i.e.
(La/Yb)N>1. A positive Eu anomaly is also detected on one sample of MGD. Europium
anomaly occurs when plagioclase is a fractionating phenocryst or a residual solid in source.
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Okote Area
Eu is divalent in contrast with other REEs which are trivalent. Consequently it behaves like
Sr Winter (2001). The positive Eu anomaly in the above REE pattern suggests the
enrichment of calcic-plagioclase. The Chlorite-Amphibolite schist in contrary demonstrated
a depletion of LREE and an enrichment of HREE by forming a slope and a negative Eu
anomaly. Aplitic dyke and metagabbro clearly outlined a relatively horizontal REE pattern
with negative Eu anomaly. The REE pattern verified that Okote metavolcanics moderately
fractionated.
CHAPTER SIX
6. Alteration and Mineralization
Gold is presently the only mineral of economic interest. So far significant values have been
found in several zones predominantly associated with carbonate chlorite schist and
metagranodiorite. Okote gold mineralization is assumed to be originated primarily from
Juvenile porphyry type metagranodiorite gold mineralization latter on followed by shear
hosted mesothermal lode carbonate-chlorite hosted gold depositions. Mineralizations in
Okote are related to wall rock alteration like chloritization, potassic, phyllic(sericitization),
argillic(kaolinization), epidotization, pyritization, tourmalinization, carbonation and
silicification. The intrusive related mineralization is far away from major geological structure
while the lode gold are confined by or found adjacent to the brittle-ductile shear zones. These
results deduct that the gold occurrence of entire Okote is controlled by both lithologies and
structures. In the study area there are two well identified types of gold mineralizations.
i. Carbonate-Chlorite related mineralization -TYPE-I
ii. Metagranodiorite hosted mineralization-TYPE-II
Although the primary concern of the study is the genesis of gold on metagranodiorite rock
unit, for the sake of differentiation and capturing an overall view, a brief explanation of
alteration and mineralization related to both types of mineralization will be discussed on the
proceeding topics.
6.1. Alteration
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Okote Area
In the prospect area, both types of mineralization have their own peculiar alterations which
are identified megascopicaly on field outcrops and by trace elements geochemistry. Potassic
alteration, phyllic(sericitization), argillic alteration (kaolinization), carbonitrization,
sulphidation(Pyritization), tourmalinization, epidotization, chloritization and silicification are
observed across the vicinity of the prospect area.
A high influence of the regional metamorphism and hence shearing of the country rock
altered the mafic-ultramafic sequence of the area. Carbonitization, chloritization,
epidotization, sericitization, mylonitization and tourmalinization are the common types of
alterations on shearing related gold mineralization (Debele, D.J., and Koeberl, C., 2004).
Alterations which are typical on contact zones of acidc intrussives and mafic country rocks
characterize metagranodiorite mineralization of Okote. Pottasic and Phyllic alterations which
are common in intrusive related porphyry type deposits occur in metagranodiorite of Okote.
It is apparent that Rb-enrichment is a likely consequence of K-silicate (Potassic alteration)
and sericitic alteration (due to the growth of secondary biotite and muscovite respectively)
and Rb-depletion a likely consequence of chloritization and argillic alteration due to
breakdown of feldspar and mica (Pearce, 1984). Trace elements geochemistry showed
enrichment of Rb in metagranodiorite rock unit and depletion in the mafic rocks. This fact
clearly shows potassic and phyllic alterations are closely associated with metagranodiorite
whereas chloritization and argillic alterations are characteristics of the mafic rocks.
The usual supergene alterations like oxidation and ferroginization are widespread but not
discussed here since they are less important with respect to metagranodiorite type primary
gold secretion. The following alterations are associated with metagranodiorite type
mineralization.
6.1.1. Potassic Alteration
This is dominant type of alteration on intrusive related gold mineralization usually noticed in
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Okote Area
porphyry type deposits possibly occurred as a result of the interaction of hotter magmatic
fluid of the intrusive with colder meteoric water at near surface depth. Potassic alteration (k-
feldspar) is evidenced by Rb-enrichment ranging from 25.5-26ppm.
It makes the lithology to acquire pinkish color. As in the case of porphyry type deposits,
potassic alteration is positioned at the shell of the ore zone which is core of metagranodiorite.
6.1.2. Phyllic Alteration/ Sericitization
Phyllic alteration (sericitization) is characterized by fine grained whitish mica which

occurred as a result of alteration of plagioclase. Sericitization is the other dominant type of
alteration characterizing metgranodiorite type mineralization by forming a concentric rim
around the potassic alteration. This alteration type is peculiar in porphyry type deposits. It is
also evidenced by trace element geochemistry analysis which showed enrichment of Rb.
6.1.3. Chloritization
A Propylitic less abundant deep greenish colored alteration is noticed in metagranodiorite of

the prospect area. Propylitic alteration (chloritization) is evidenced by depletion of Rb (0.3-
0.75ppm) on mafic rocks. Therefore metagranodiorite acquires such kind of alteration in the
outer most shell where it gets contact with the mafic country rocks.
Propylitic alteration generally involves the introduction of chlorite, which often causes rocks
to take a greenish appearance. Biotite is commonly replaced by chlorite. It occurs in a wide
variety of geologic settings and is associated with a wide variety of different ore deposit
types.
6.1.4. Argillic Alteration /Kaolinization
Argillic alteration involves the introduction of clay minerals, the most common being the
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Okote Area
clay mineral kaolinite. A whitish powdered mineral which is an alteration product of

feldspar common on intrusive related deposits is observed.
Such kind of alteration is associated with some gold and cupper deposits, especially in
volcanic rocks. This is a near surface alteration that originates as a result of alteration of
feldspar. This alteration rarely happened and makes the excavation of orebody easy for the
artisanal to mine the gold from metagranodiorite rock unit. It forms most often at shallow
depths. Argillic alteration is evidenced by depletion of Rb (0.3-0.75ppm) on mafic rocks.
Metagranodiorite acquires such kind of alteration due to the interaction with the mafic
country rocks.
Figure6.1. Typical hydrothermal alteration zones in porphyry type deposits (modified

from Lowell and Guilbert, 1970)
The prospect area alteration zoning in compliance with the typical hydrothermal alteration
zones of porphyry type deposits is shown in the figure above.
6.1.5. Sulphidation/Pyritization
In Carbonate-chlorite type mineralization sulphidation is most intimately associated with
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Okote Area
gold, particularly in ductile shear zones and in wall rocks around quarzt veins. Though
metagranodiorite exhibits significant amount of sulphidation, it is not necessarily associated
with gold mineralization. In Okote prospect, there are three generations of pyrite. The first
generation pyrite is syngenetic, needle like, finer grained and intensely deformed pyrite
which is aligned along the relict lithology of mafic rocks. The needle like syngenetic pyrite is
not associated with gold mineralization.
The second generation is coarse Idio-Xenoblastic undeformed crystals of sulphides which are
disseminated across the lithology without following foliation of host rock. Disseminated
sulphides are peculiar feature of metagranodioritic alteration.
The third generation of pyrite is also disseminated, coarse grained and slightly deformed by
showing euhedarl and rhombic crystals and closely associated with gold. Such kind of
sulphidation is common on carbonate-chlorite schist type mineralization.
6.1.6. Silicification
Since quartz is a stable mineral in different temperature, pressure and chemical

environments, silicification is an extremely common type of alteration which is also widely
exposed on the study area. This whitish colored alteration involves the addition of silica in
most cases quartz. The metagranodiorite rock unit is commonly silicified along contact zone
with the mafic rocks accompanied by gold mineralization. The silicification favored quartz
veinlets and stringers across most of the prospects lithologies.
6.1.7. Carbonatization
Carbonatization occurs throughout the prospect area in all rock types. It is a widely exposed
alteration covering most of the prospect area. In the search of carbonate chlorite type gold
mineralization artisanal miners used it as path finder and call the alteration Jacket of gold.
It is a common alteration in the carbonate chlorite schist and contact zones. In
metagranodiorite rock unit, the less abundant carbonatization is observed as calcite veins and
stringers.
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Okote Area
6.2. Mineralization
The Dawa Digati gold exploration project identified 5- major gold prospects (Ginchile,
Burikaro, Ejersa South, Dhugo sefer and Okote) during the first phase exploration period. Of
these the Okote gold prospect was found to be more attractive for further exploration
(National Mining Corporation, 2004). Being given a priority from other prospects of
DDGEP, Okote proves to be mineralized by detail exploration works, preliminary economic
assessment (PEA) and scoping study. Trenching, core drilling and different methods of
geophysical survey identified both types of gold mineralization of Okote prospect and step
up the project into higher geological confidence level.
All of the prospects have been found to be subjected to intensive artisanal mining and were
geologically mapped, geochemically sampled and, where justified trenches were excavated.
Results from each prospects were found to be relatively encouraging with the Okote deposit
yielding the highest results with grades of 20g/t Au over a width of 13m, 37.7g/t over 5m and
6.58g/t over 5m. Such interesting results justified drilling program at Okote mineralized
zones. Based on follow up preliminary works results detail exploration activities were
implemented to further generate a target and hence succeeded to discover Okote prospect.
The Okote gold mineralized zone has 2.6km X 4 km dimension of length by width
respectively. It covers an area of 10.4 km2. It has been divided into two manageable sizes i.e.
Western and Eastern mineralized zones. Out of which the western is better explored. The
study area is located on the better explored western mineralized zone of Okote detail target
area. Promising trenching and hence channel sampling encouraged NMiC to advance into a
detail exploration phase by performing numbers of drillings down depth and latter on
identified two distinctive types of mineralization which will be discussed afterwards. The
carbonate-chlorite type mineralization is convincingly studied by earlier researchers. In order
to accomplish the motto of this study, focus will be given on the metagranodiorite type
mineralization. The following 6 mineralized rock samples are collected from the study area
and used for ore microscopic description.
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Okote Area
Table6.1. Samples used for ore microscopy

1 MGDOM-01 BH1100N/1 MGD 1 grain of gold
2 MGDOM-02 BH1100N/1 MGD 5 grains of gold
3 MGDOM-03 BH1550N/1 MGD
4 H2 BH1550N/1 MGD Potassic alteration
5 H4 BH1550N/1 MGD altered
6 CCS-1 0474516E,0564091N Carbonate-chlorite schist Pyritization
6.2.1. Nature of Mineralization
The prospect area is characterized by a coalescence of the continuous intrusive related

metagranodiorite hosted and ubiquitous shear hosted carbonate chlorite schist gold
mineralizations. Although the shear hosted mesothermal lode gold deposition of carbonate
chlorite schist mineralization type is characterized by ubiquitous lenses of deposits the
mineralization is systematically controlled by sub parallel narrow shear zones.
6.2.1.1-Nature of Sulphide and Oxide Distribution
Pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrie are observed on metagranodiorite and in contact altered
mafic country rocks and hosted quartz veins. Veins of pyrite and pyrrhotite crystallized along
the mineral alignment. Dissemination is the distinct characteristics of second generation
sulphides. Chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite enclosed on grains of pyrite are poikiloblasts.
Metagranodiorite mineralization is characterized by disseminated sulphides. The sulphides

are not aligned both down dip and along strike instead they are randomly dispersed in the
rock unit. Pyrrhotite replacement by chalcopyrite and pyrite is MGDs mineralization unique
feature. Ore microscopical analysis conducted on 6 polished sections demonstrated that Idio-
xenoblastic textured pyrite (10-17%), xenoblastic textured pyrrhotite (8-10%), xenoblastic
textured chalcopyrite (up to 2 %) and fine grained gold with varying degree of oxide
distribution are identified. Geothite, illmenite, magnetite and hematite are the oxides present
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Okote Area
in minor to trace amount.
The analysis cleared that pyrrhotite mineralization and sulphides replacement and relict
textures are the distinct features of MGD related mineralization where as Pyrite and
Chalcopyrite mineralization are detected on both types of mineralizations. Mineralization on
altered zone of mafic country rocks in contact with felsic intrusive is known by abundance of
oxide minerals with vein filling relict texture.
6.2.1.2. Gold Distribution
Correlation of gold and rock type was tried to be made after a tedious statistical analysis
which is briefly shown on the following table (Clay A.N., 2012). All drill hole and trench
raw data have been analyzed for this purpose. In order to make this study up-to-date recent
drill holes sunk after the scoping study are all incorporated.
Table6.2. Summary Statistics of Au Grade by Rock Type
Max Mean
ROCKTYPE LENGTH Min grade grade grade
A 325 0.00 109.8 0.69
ACCS 11.00 0.00 0.20 0.11
ACS 24.00 0.00 0.50 0.26
BCAS 2.00 0.02 0.39 0.21
BS 8.00 0.00 0.25 0.07
CA 38.00 0.00 0.70 0.14
CAS 756.00 0.00 32.00 0.43
CCAS 55.00 0.00 1.40 0.10
CCS 12.00 0.00 2.60 0.67
CMG 34.00 0.00 4.00 0.31
CQV 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50
CS 251.00 0.00 24.80 0.44
EAC 3.00 0.20 0.30 0.23
EACS 13.00 0.10 0.70 0.36
EAS 6.00 0.02 1.10 0.37
ECAS 38.00 0.00 3.60 0.35
ECS 8.00 0.00 24.80 2.47
ES 3.00 0.15 3.80 1.46
GA 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
M 5.00 0.00 0.02 0.00
MG 364.00 0.00 13.20 0.29
MGD 222 0.00 49.50 1.45
QBS 4.00 0.00 0.10 0.08
QC 2.00 0.00 0.14 0.13
QCS 5.00 0.10 0.60 0.30
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Okote Area
QCV 11.00 0.00 0.70 0.19

QMIS 7.00 0.00 0.40 0.18
QV 64.00 0.00 31.3 1.4
S 7.00 0.00 2.10 0.40
SCAS 7.00 0.00 0.40 0.19
SE 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SMGD 1.00 0.10 0.10 0.10
SU 3.00 0.00 0.90 0.27
Legend of the rock units is shown on Appendix 5.Data used for interpretation on the
proceeding tables and graphs are extracted from above table.
The statistical analysis above showed that widespread gold mineralization is detected in
metagaranodiorite rock unit by suggesting intrusive related source played a vital role on the
overall mineralization of the prospect. Significant gold mineralization is observed in the
acidic intrusive and hence responsible for the alteration and mineralization of itself and
neighboring country rock with favorable sites of deposition. Therefore, the gold
mineralization primarily associates with metagranodiorite and sites of contact zone where the
juvenile hydrothermal fluid can reach out.
Table6.3. Grade Vs Rock type distribution

g/t
ROCKTYPE GRADE (g/t)

A 0.69
CAS 0.43
CS 0.44
MG 0.29
MGD 1.45
QV 1.4
Figure6.2. Grade Vs Rock type distribution graph
Table6.4. Length Vs Rock type distribution
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Okote Area
ROCKTYPE LENGTH (m)

A 325
CAS 756
CS 251
MG 364
MGD 222
QV 64
Figure6.3. Length Vs Rock type distribution graph

Analysis of length of interception and weighted mean grade of the major rock units of Okote
is demonstrated by the above tables and graphs. The detail statistical analysis of entire
Okotes mineralization explained that higher average grade with corresponding significant
length of interception (i.e.tonnage) coincidence of metagranodiorite suggested the rock unit
as an important source of gold mineralization.
The vertical section of BH1100N/1 and longitudinal north-south cross section (Figure6.4 &
Figure6.5) show the mineralization of Okote metavolcanics by picks of Au histograms. The
sections demonstrate that metagranodiorite has played an important role for the enrichment
of gold in the locality. Sampling sites of certain samples taken from different depths of
BH1100N/1 is shown on the vertical section (Figure 6.4). The mineralization continuity of
metavolcanics of the study area including metagranodiorite is justified by the longitudinal
section running for over 1000m strike length (Figure 6.5).
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Okote Area
Fig
ure
6.4.
Ver
tica
l
Eas
t-
We
st
cros
s-
sect
ion
of
BH
110
0N/
1
bor
ehol
e
sho
win
g
Ok
ote
met
avol
cani
cs
Au
dist
rib
utio
n
by
dep
th
and
sam
ple
site
s of
the
stu
dy,
Nat
ion
al Mining Corporation (2010).
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Okote Area
Figure6.5. Longitudinal North-South cross-section showing Au distribution and continuity along strike in metavolcanics of Okote, National Mining
Corporation (2010), Borehole Anomaly along cross section A-A
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Okote Area
N.B: The legend and location of cross section A-A are indicated in Figure6.4.
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Okote Area
The following table and graph try to demonstrate the occurrence and distribution of gold and
base metals of the study area. Sample preparation and analysis is done as described for the
geochemistry.
Table6.5. Gold and base metals contents of rocks from Okote
# FIELD CODE Au Cu Zn Co Pb Ni Types of Samples

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
1 MGDGC-01 5.38 39.6 19.2 17.8 3 1.2 Metagranodiorite
3 MGDGC-03 0.1 63.4 30.4 33.6 0.5 4.6 Metagranodiorite
4 CASGC-04 19.38 6 26.8 20.8 3 0.6 Chlorite_Amphibole schist
5 QVGC-05 10.48 6.2 4.6 4.8 1.6 8.4 Quartz Vein
6 MGDGC-06 0.16 16.6 18.8 14 3 3.8 Metagranodiorite
7 MGGC-07 0.04 101 72.2 39.4 0.9 21 Metagabbro
9 MGDGC-09 0.07 36.4 18.6 22.4 0.8 3.2 Metagranodiorite
10 MGDGC-10 0.08 12 13.6 21 0.8 4.6 Metagranodiorite
11 MGDGC-11 0 25.4 87.2 47.6 0.6 136.2 Metagranodiorite
12 QVGC-12 - 15 6.4 5.8 3.8 14.2 Quartz Vein
13 APGC-13 - 11.2 11.2 12.2 4.2 7.6 Aplitic dyke
14 CSGC-14 - 10.8 78.4 45.6 0.6 64.2 Chlorite schist
15 MGDGC-15 - 10 28 21 3.8 5.6 Metagranodiorite
The Au result on this table is a secondary data captured from the archive of NMiC taken
exactly from the same depth where the other base metals are analyzed. The method of
analysis used for Au was atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and the analysis is
conducted in the same laboratory (GSE) as does for base metals. The correlation coefficients
for all base metals with respect to gold lied between 0 and -1 by showing inverse
relationship. A relatively higher occurrence of cupper than other base metals suggested a
porphyry type gold deposit.
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Okote Area
Scatter diagram of Au Vs base metals
Base metals
(ppm)
Au (ppm)
Figure6.5. Base metals Vs Gold Scatter diagram
Plot results on the scatter diagram shows that gold and base metal mineralization are not
associated grade wise. But Cu, Zn and Co showed a certain anomaly as the grade of gold
reaches climax.
6.2.1.3. Mineralization Signatures of IP/Resistivity
Induced Polarisation (IP) and resistivity surveys using Dipole- Dipole and Gradient electrode
configurations were carried out in Okote area. The Objectives of the survey are to
investigate subsurface resistivity and polarisation conditions and delineate areas of possible
mineral occurrences and geological controls based on the integrated interpretations. Pseudo
sections, plan maps and inverted sections of resistivity and chargeability of the Dipole-
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Okote Area
Dipole survey indicated anomalous zones of high chargeability associated with high
resistivity and low resistivity. The high resistivity and high chargeability correlation may
indicate metallic minerals in silicified rocks (metagranodiorite), whereas low resistivity and
high chargeability correlation could be due to mineralized weathered chlorite schist or due to
carbonatization (carbonate chlorite schist). Generally, the survey using the Gradient array
delineated a zone of high chargeability and resistivity. The Dipole-Dipole array revealed high
chargeability and low resistivity correspondence on the eastern part of lines 700N-850N
indicating the possibility of mineralization in weathered rocks. On the northern lines (1400N-
1700N) high chargeability and high resistivity correlations were obtained. This may suggest
metallic mineralization in metagranodiorite rock unit continues down up to n=6 level which
is greater than 150m depth. Plan maps indicated consistent zones of resistivity and
chargeability anomalies in the plotted levels (n= 1, 3 and 6). Shimelis,Mohamednur,Mersha
and Yomuma (2006). The mineralization uniformity described here is a characteristic of the
continuous intrusive related metagranodiorite mineralization. Although the shear hosted
mesothermal lode gold deposition of carbonate chlorite schist mineralization type is
characterized by ubiquitous lenses of deposits the mineralization is systematically controlled
by sub parallel narrow shear zones. The coalescence of the two mineralization favored the
overall consistency of zones of resistivity and chargeability anomalies at different levels.
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Okote Area
Figure6.7. Metgaranodiorite overlying Resistivity & Chargeability contour map, Induced polarization and resistivity survey in Okote area ;
Shimelis.,etal (2006);RH2,RH3,RH4
indicate high resistive, RL1,RL2 low
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Okote Area
resistive and anomalies IH1,IH2,IH3,IH4,IH5 indicate high chargeable areas
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Okote Area
The above geophysical approaches showed that;
The IP/Resistivity surveys using the Gradient array delineated prominent zone of high
chargeability and resistivity which is also observed in the resistivity and chargeability maps
of the Dipole-Dipole array. In this anomalous area metagranodiorite is the dominant rock unit
according to the geological map. The high resistivity is due to its steel hardness while the
high chargeability is accompanied as a result of gold and associated sulphides occurrence.
Generally high chargeability associated with low resistivity is observed in the eastern part of
lines 700N, 750N and 850N (southern part of the survey area). However, high chargeability
anomalies associated with high resistivity are also observed along lines 750N and 850N.
In the eastern part where high chargeability and low resistivity is observed, the
mineralization is associated with the highly altered mafic country rock characterized by
pyrite engulfed quartz vein hosted in the less competent and sheared chlorite/carbonate-
chlorite schist.
In the Northern part of the survey area (Line 1400N -1700N) the high resistivity anomaly
shifts to the east and mostly corresponds to high chargeability anomaly. The high resistivity
and high chargeability anomaly, which is open to the east, may be related to metagranodiorite
which is justified to be mineralized in metallic elements.
6.2.2. Ore Mineralogy
The study area comprises two distinct types of mineralization. The identified mineralization
types have different origin, texture and style of gold secretion. Megascopical identification
and ore microscopical studies of polished sections enable to understand the mineralization
well. Though the focus of this study is the intrusive related mineralization, carbonate chlorite
shear hosted lode gold mineralization is also discussed here for comparison and better
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Okote Area
understanding of entire Okote ore mineralogy.
6.2.2.1. Ore Mineralogy of Carbonate-Chlorite hosted gold Mineralization
Carbonate-chlorite schist hosted gold mineralization is known by pyritization (Euhedral,

Rhombic pyrite cubes are common). Ore petrography of selected polished section with the
Table6.6.Ore microscopic description of Carbonate-Chlorite schist hosted gold mineralization (Sample

CCS-1)

Magnetite 9 Idio-Xenoblastic
Pyrite 7 Idio-Xenoblastic
Geothite 3 Xenoblastic
Chalcopyrite 2 Idio-Xenoblastic
Hematite 2 Blade
Covelite Trace Xenoblastic
Gangue 77 -
Laboratory analysis results of CCS-1 have been used for description of ore mineralogy. All
sulphide and oxide minerals are crystallized along foliation. Inclusions of chalcopyrite,
goethite and gauge minerals enclosed on grains of pyrite are poikiloblasts. Chalcopyrite is
replaced by covellite and magnetite, while pyrite by hematite and goethite. Filled and
unfilled micro fractures are seen in pyrite.
Carbonate-chlorite hosted gold mineralization has been recognized at the early exploration
stage of DDGEP. This type of mineralization has been assigned to ductile shear hosted
mesothermal lode gold deposition (National Mining Corporation, 1997). Carbonate-chlorite
schist hosted gold mineralization is structurally controlled, as evidenced by the ubiquitous
lenses of orebodies along with the major shear zone. Gold and sulphide mineralization in
carbonate chlorite schist is evidenced by plate 6.1.
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Okote Area
Plate6.1.A. Photomicrograph of gold grain in chlorite Plate6.1.B. Photomicrograph of gold grain in

schist . Typical view of sample phases Nikon SMZ-U chlorite schist .Typical view of sample phases
stereo-microscope Plane oblique light Scale as Nikon SMZ-U stereo-microscope Plane oblique
shown; Wardell Armstrong International Ltd. (2011), light Scale as shown; Wardell Armstrong
Mineralogical report NMiC, Okote International Ltd. (2011), Mineralogical report
NMiC, Okote
6.2.2.2. Ore mineralogy of Metagranodiorite hosted gold Mineralization
Metagranodiorite hosted gold mineralization is distinguished by Pyrrhotite and pyrite

forming relict and replacement texture. Ore petrography of selected polished section with the
Table6.7. Ore microscopic description of Metagranodiorite (Sample MGDOM-02)

Pyrite 17 Idio-Xenoblastic
Pyrrhotite 10 Xenoblastic
Magnetite 4 Relict
Chalcopyrite 1 Xenoblastic
Gold 5 grains Fine, Xenoblastic
Gangue 68 -
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Okote Area
Laboratory analysis results of MGDOM-02 have been used for description of ore
mineralogy. Pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite crystallized across the lithology. Five fine
gold are clearly visible by confirming the high grade gold mineralization of
metagranodiorite. The parallel alignment of pyrrhotite and pyrite (Py-I) shows the
simultaneous formation of the sulphides. Pyrrhotite is replaced by pyrite (Py-II) and
chalcopyrite; while chalcopyrite and magnetite are replaced by pyrite (Py-III). Plate 6.2
shows mineralization of metagranodiorite.
Plate6.2.A. Pyrite, Pyrrhotite and Chalcopyrite in Plate6.2.B. Gold grains on metagranodiorite (Sample
metagranodiorite (Sample MGDOM-02), a plane polarized MGDOM-02), a plane polarized reflected light
reflected light analysis with 20x10 magnification power analysis with 20x10 magnification power
The plane polarized reflected light analysis (Plate6.2.B) shows a gold inclusion inter granular
with gaunge minerals. The gold in metagranodiorite mineralization is not necessarily
associated with sulphides.
The plane polarized reflected light analysis (Plate6.1.B) shows a gold inclusion in a
composite grain of calcite, pyrite and magnetite. We can say that the gold in carbonate
chlorite type of mineralization is intimately associated with sulphides mostly pyrite. The
magnetite shows minor alteration to hematite.
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Okote Area
6.2.3. Mineral Paragenesis
The textural study of polished section by ore microscopy and detail field observation of ore
minerals with their respective gangues helped to establish the mineral paragenesis of
metagranodiorite mineralization.
The ore microscopic study of metagranodiorite revealed that the mineralization is either
replacement due to wall rock alteration or vein filling. The sulphides are disseminated
throughout the lithology. Pyrite, pyrrhotite, geothite, ilmenite, magnetite, chalcopyrite and
hematite are the main ore minerals identified in the polished section of the selected samples.
Pyrite and pyrrhotite are the two most abundant sulphides which are commonly noticed
together in the intrusive related gold occurrence. Close observation of MGDOM-02 showed
the replacement of pyrrhotite by pyrite. The ore minerals exhibit xenoblastic to idio-
xenoblastic texture. The gold occurs as fine and xenoblastic texture with intergranular growth
with gangue minerals which are usually silicates and show replacement texture.
Textural relationship analysis of ore minerals showed that the ore minerals exhibit relict,
replacement and veinlet textures. The textural description indicates that pyrrhotite was
formed only at early stage of mineralization and chalcopyrite was formed at latter stage of
mineralization while pyrite was formed in all stages of mineralization events (i.e. Pyrite I, II
& III). Plate 6.3 shows textural analysis of ore minerals in metagranodiorite.
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Okote Area
Plate 6.3.A. 1st stage Pyrite // with Pyrrhotite and 2 nd Plate6.3.B. Both pyrite and chalcopyrite replacing
stage pyrite replacing pyrrhotite in metagranodiorite pyrrhotite in metagranodiorite (Sample MGDOM-
(Sample MGDOM-02); a plane polarized reflected light 02); a plane polarized reflected light analysis with
analysis with 20x10 magnification power 20x10 magnification power
Plate6.4.A.Chalcoyrite & Pyrite replacing pyrrhotite in Plate6.4.B.Chalcopyrite replacing pyrrhotite in

metagranodiorite (Sample MGDOM-02); a plane metagranodiorite (MGDOM-02); a plane polarized
polarized reflected light analysis with 20x10 reflected light analysis with 20x10 magnification
magnification power power
The metagranodiorite has broadly three stages of mineralization characterized with an earlier
pyrite-pyrrhotite-quartz-plagioclase-micas (muscovite and/or biotite)-magnetite followed by
pyrite-chalcopyrite-k-feldspar-gold-chlorite-calcite-sericite-hematite and a latter pyrite-
sericite-calcite. The first stage of mineralization is the result of sequential crystallization due
to temperature drop of magmatic melt which usually happened in the rock forming process;
while the second is the result of mineralization and alteration effect of juvenile fluid and its
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Okote Area
interaction with much cooler meteoric water occurred in the ore forming process and the last
one is due to mineralization effect of the regional metamorphism and shearing related
mineralization. Contact zone interaction between acidc intrusive and mafic rocks give rise to
potassic alteration which is evidenced by Rb enrichment of MGD.
In the disulphidation process, pyrrhotite is commonly replaced by chalcopyrite whereas

pyrite replaces all ore minerals i.e. pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite is an indicator
of secondary sulphide enrichment due to temperature drop down and change of chemical
gradient and hence interaction at the contact zone of the felsic intrusive and the mafic
country rock. The replacement of pyrrhotite by chalcopyrite shows the increment of cupper
in the system which is expected on such kind of depositional environment. The less
abundance of cupper in the chemical analysis indicates the increasing but premature
deposition of the base metal. Magnetite is replaced by hematite. Plagioclase alters to calcite
while muscovite breaks down to secondary hydrated mica called sericite. Biotite is
commonly replaced by chlorite and calcite.
MINERALIZATION PREORE ORE POSTORE

Quartz
Plagioclase
Muscovite
Biotite
Pyrite
Magnetite
Pyrrhotite
Chalcopyrite
K-Feldspar
Gold
Chlorite
Calcite
Sericite
Hematite
ALTERATION
Potassic alteration
Phyllic alteration
Argillic alteration
Chloritization
Sulphidation
Silicification
Carbonitization
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Okote Area
Figure6.8. Schematic paragenetic sequence of the study area
CHAPTER SEVEN
7. Preliminary Economic Assessment of Metagranodiorite Gold resource
A mineral resource estimate of gold hosted by metagranodiorite rock unit is calculated for the
Okote deposit using datamine studio 3 software. Attempts to define the orebody by
geological controls were successful because a clear relationship between rock types and
mineralized zones was established. On present evidence, the metagranodiorite ore body had
to be treated as a continuous low grade gold mineralization. Due to lack of sufficient drilling
the continuity of metagranodiorite is not yet proved in south Okote. Because of this reason
south Okote discontinuous ore body is neglected to reduce overestimation of resource (Figure
7.1).
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Okote Area
Figure7.1. Orebody model of Metagranodiorite showing plunging direction looking east (MGD
wirefrasme is represented by red solid and drill holes by blue & white lines)
The estimates have been informed by diamond drilling and surface trenching as well as a
digital terrain model (DTM) of the surface. The block model was estimated from 47 borehole
and a number of trench data. The boundary was defined by no cutoff prior to estimation. To
avoid overestimation, the block model was truncated by topographic surface (digital terrain
model). The analysis data set was defined by the same boundary (Figure7.1).
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Okote Area
Figure7.2. Drill holes, Ore body and Digital terrain model looking east; (MGD wirefrasme is represented
by red solid ,surface DTM by green and drill holes by blue & white lines)
Using Datamine tools a simple, flat perimeter was generated to enclose exactly the analysis
data set where MGD is exposed. The perimeter was expanded by the dimension of one block
to ensure complete coverage of the data. This perimeter effectively formed the orebody
outline. It was filled with blocks from above the topmost level of the DTM to a level well
below the bottom of the deepest MGD unit exposure. The DTMs were used to trim the block
model to the surface of the Okote deposit. A constant density of 2.81t/m3 has been applied
based on the results of the density measurements that were performed in Okote. A block
model prototype was created to cover the volume of the resource contained within the
"orebody" perimeter and below the surface DTM. The model is horizontally aligned but
rotated to lie along the average strike axis and dip of the orebody. The cell size into which
estimation is performed is always a compromise between as small as possible for geological
resolution, and as large as possible to reduce estimation error. The smaller the cell size is the
greater the estimation variance (the geostatistical "kriging variance").
The section spacing along strike is nominally 50m, but a considerable number of the North
Okote boreholes are drilled on sections approximately 25m apart with alignments ranging
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Okote Area
between 98 azimuth and 113 azimuth, resulting in more relatively close spaced drilling.
Data is also closely spaced in vertical section where drilling has taken place. The parent cell
size chosen was 10m x 10m x 10m. Ordinary kriging was used for the estimation of Au.
Gold grade was estimated by ordinary kriging with search volumes based on the variogram
range, with a single setting, i.e. 50m search distance to meet indicated resource category. The
mineral resource of Okote is classified as Indicated resources. Based on geological criteria it
is assumed that the metagranodiorite hosted gold resource could meet the estimation criteria
for the measured category, since it is continuous throughout for uninterrupted length of
mineralization.
Figure7.3. Vertical ore body section showing mineralization interceptions of block model and drill holes
looking north; (Block model is represented by legend , surface DTM by green and drill holes by blue &
white lines)
The tables below summarize the metagarnodiorite hosted gold resource estimate of Okote
prospect. According to known standard codes, metagranodiorite mineralization posses 19.79
tones of gold content that meet indicated resource category (Table7).
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Okote Area
Table7. Metagarnodiorite hosted gold resource estimate of Okote
Volume Tones of ore Density Au (g/t) Grams of Au Kilograms of Au Gold Contents (in tones)
22077298 59630964 2.701008 0.331885 19790622.49 19790.62249 19.79062249
Textural analysis of polished section for understanding whether the metal occur intra
granular/ inter granular, encapsulated by sulphides/quartz and liberation size is studied and
the type of processing (gravity only, cyanidation only or both) is suggested. Ore dressing
analysis of polished section coded as MGDOM-01 showed that gold is inter granular which
could be recovered by gravity followed by leaching.
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Okote Area
CHAPTER EIGHT
8. Genesis of Gold
Intrusive related gold (Lang & Baker, 2001) is generally hosted in granites, porphyry or
rarely dikes. Intrusive related gold usually also contains copper, and is often associated with
tin and tungsten, and rarely molybdenum, antimony and uranium. Intrusive-related gold
deposits rely on gold existing in the fluids associated with the magma (White, 2001), and the
inevitable discharge of these hydrothermal fluids into the wall-rocks (Lowenstern, 2001).
Many of the ore deposits associated with granites, such as porphyry Cu and epithermal Au
Ag ores, are related to magma emplacement at high levels of the crust where H2O-fluid
production and hydro fracturing can take place. These types of deposits are commonly
located in the volcanic or subvolcanic environment and have formed as much from the action
of surface-derived (or meteoric) water as they have from the circulation of magmatic waters.
The depth of emplacement of granite magma, together with related parameters such as
magma composition and initial water content, plays a very important role in determining the
nature and origin of ore deposits associated with felsic igneous rocks. A melt derived by
anatexis of a rock comprising mainly muscovite, biotite and amphibole is the source of such
kind of deposition. The drier I-type granite magmas would be derived from the deep crust
(possibly with contributions from the upper mantle), whereas S-type granites come from
material melted in the mid-to-lower crust. Several workers have used these concepts to
develop models that link granite emplacement depths with their metallogenic characteristics
(Hyndman, 1981; Strong, 1981).
Hypothetical zones of melting are shown for each of three cases where the water required to
initiate melting is supplied by the breakdown of muscovite, biotite, and amphibole. If
sufficient melt is allowed to accumulate and then to rise upwards in the crust along an
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Okote Area
adiabatic cooling path, it is apparent, at least theoretically, that each of these magmas would
crystallize at different levels in the crust. Adiabatic upward movement of magma (i.e. where
conductive heat loss to the wall rocks is ignored) would involve cooling at a rate of about 1.5
C kbar1 and in PT space would approximately follow the steep curves that define mineral
phase boundaries. Conceptually, therefore, magmas could rise upwards in the crust until they
intersect the water-saturated granite solidus, by which time they would have become
completely solid and could not intrude any further. In reality crystallization is likely to have
occurred prior to this level because of heat loss to the wall rocks and the water-saturated
solidus effectively represents the depth above which magma is unlikely to be emplaced.
These considerations suggest that S-type granite magmas would be emplaced at mid-crustal
depths (45 kbar). By contrast, I-type magma could move to much shallower crustal levels (1
kbar or less) before completely solidifying. I-type magmas generated deep in the lithosphere
usually form adjacent to subduction zones and commonly receive a contribution from
mantle-derived mafic melts. Forming at high temperatures (1000 C or more) and being
relatively dry (H2O contents< 34 wt %) they will rise to shallow levels of the crust and may
even extrude to form substantial volcanic structures. Such magmas will typically exsolve a
magmatic vapor phase by first boiling, an event that will also promote hydro fracturing,
brecciation, and the widespread circulation of hydrothermal solutions in and around the sites
of magmatic activity. These are the environments in which porphyry Au-Cu, as well as
epithermal AuAg deposit types, occur. Origin and composition of magma controls nature of
ore deposits associated with granitic intrusions. I-type granites are known by Cu, Mo, Pb, and
Zn and Au mineralization (Laurence Robb, 2005).
Numbers of evidences are mentioned earlier on this writing that mineralization of
metaganodiorite occurred after the solidification of the rock. The rock is originated syn-
deformational during the progressive deformation event of D2.The evidences are mentioned
as follows;
1- Origin of metagranodiorite rock is syn-deformational. Tectonic discrimination

diagram using trace elements Nb-Y (Figure5.4) demonstrated that the tectonic setting
of the study area lies in VAG+syn-COLG. A further discrimination using Log-Log
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Okote Area
Y+Nb Vs Rb plot diagram for granites distinguish VAG from syn-COLG and
demonstrated that Okote granodiorite to be volcanic arc granite (VAG). Therefore,
our evidence here suggested that Metagranodiorite originated in VAG tectonic setting
environment which is syn-tectonic with respect to D2. The volcanic arc granite
tectonic setting could be a clue for metagranodiorite to be I-type granite.
2- Mineralization of metagranodiorite is lithologically controlled with minor structural
influence. The origin of rock and gold mineralization occur sequentially in a limited
period of time. The metagranodiorite mineralization is characterized by disseminated
sulphides. The sulphides have no preserved distribution pattern instead they are
randomly dispersed in the rock unit. This truth underlines the fact that such kind of
mineralization is not controlled by structure and shearing. This is also evidenced by
undeformed ore minerals of metagranodiorite.
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the processes that occur in a
crystallizing granite intrusion in order to form genetically associated base metal deposits
(Candela and Holland, 1984, 1986; Candela, 1989, 1991, 1994; Candela and Piccoli, 1995 as
cited in Laurence Robb). As a generalization, such kinds of intrusive related deposits
(possibly porphyry type) are associated with arc related calcalkaline or I-type magmas
generated adjacent to Andean type subduction zones. The source rock and tectonic setting
discrimination of metagranodiorite rock unit on this study comply with earlier mentioned
theoretical model.
Nature of ore fluids, source of fluid & gold, transport & depositional site of gold and
precipitation mechanism are broadly discussed below to elaborate the genesis of
metagranodiorite gold mineralization of Okote.
8.1. Nature of Ore Fluids
The nature of ore fluid has been derived from mineral paragenesis. These are an earlier
magmatic emplacement WRT D2 which favors juvenile hydrothermal alteration of
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Okote Area
metagranodiorite followed by a regional metamorphism and hence shearing of mafic country

rocks resulting carbonate chlorite schist mineralization at late D2 and D3 deformational
events. The mineral assemblage of metagranodiorite suggests that the fluid is
magmatic/juvenile which is characterized by hot aqueous saline hydrothermal fluid which is
aggressive enough to leach out the metal from the country rock.
8.2. Source of the Fluid and Gold
The generation of oxidized I-type granite magmas is associated with melting processes
adjacent to subducted oceanic crust. Porphyry type deposits can be explained in terms of a
body of magma with a relatively low initial H2O content (inherited from the fluid absent
melting of an amphibolitic protolith) rising to high levels in the crust before significant
crystallization takes place. The hot and saline aggressive juvenile hydrothermal fluid leaches
and concentrates the metals (Au in this case) along the way to a near surface depositional
chamber.
Figure8.1. Schematic diagram illustrating the emplacement style and metallogenic character of granites,
after Strong (1988), as cited in Laurence Robb (2005)
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Okote Area
8.3. Transport and Deposition site of Gold
It is considered likely that some melt fractions from high level magma chamber will be
tapped off and extrude on the surface. These fractions will crystallize to form volcanic and
subvolcanic (porphyry) suites of rocks whose compositions will not be highly differentiated
(i.e. granodioritic or rhyodacitic) because of the low degree of fractionation that has taken
place prior to extrusion. Because the magma is emplaced at low load pressures the saturation
water content will be relatively low and probably not significantly different from the initial
water content. Vapor-saturation will, therefore, occur early in the crystallization sequence,
essentially due to first boiling. Even though the metals are compatible elements in a
crystallizing granitic melt (sequestration of the metal into accessory sulfide phases and biotite
result in Dmetals crystal/melt > 1), the lack of crystallization means that very little of the
metal will have been removed from the melt by the time water-saturation occurs. The vapor
phase, by contrast, is characterized by high Cl concentrations and it will, therefore,
efficiently scavenge the metals from the silicate melt (Laurence Robb, 2005). In this setting,
therefore, a high level granodioritic I-type magma will exsolve an aqueous fluid phase that is
highly enriched in metals, and form a typical porphyry deposit as in compliance with the
metagranodiorite gold deposit of Okote.
Analysis of gold, base metals and sulphides distribution of Okote revealed that the precious
metal under discussion is disseminated across metgranodiorite rock unit. Gold mineralization
is not necessarily associated with sulphides. This indirectly tells us that Au is not transported
in a bi-sulphide complex rather it has a direct link with a saline metal scavenging chloride
complex. The chloride complex has the capacity to leach out metals (especially Au & Cu)
from the silicate melt of magma at the magmatic chamber.
The porphyrtic texture of metagranodiorite will let the juvenile fluid to get a pore space for
deposition. Hydro-fracturing due to the pressure effect of the magmatic melt and replacement
by wall rock alteration favors rooms and veins for the deposition of the metal.
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Okote Area
8.4. Precipitation Mechanism

Fluid mixing and dilution is an important precipitation mechanism in volcanic deposits like
porphyry (Au & Cu) and epithermal (Au & Ag). This is especially important when hot, metal
laden ore fluid mingles with cooler and more dilute solution. This leads to cooling of the
hotter and destabilization of the existing complex. In porphyry type deposit mixing of
juvenile and meteoric fluids resulted destabilization of chloride complex by precipitating
gold and formation of concentric potassic and pyllic alteration zoning. Hence mixing of
hotter magmatic and cooler meteoric fluids with distinct T, P, PH and reduction oxidation
characteristics is the precipitation mechanism of metagranodiorite hosted Au deposit of the
study area.
CHAPTER NINE
9. CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
9.1. CONCLUSSION
Petrographical, geophysical, geochemical and geostatistical studies here dealt so far on this
research proved that granodiorite rock posses an economically viable gold resource. In
contrary to previous assumptions, the primary gold mineralization of granodiorite is proved
to be the earlier mineralization of Okote prospect secreted in favor of juvenile fluid which
originated as a result of D2 deformational event.
After an intensive geological observation, geochemical discriminations, geophysical data
analysis, remote sensing data interpretation, thin section and polished sections studies; the
findings of this research can be summarized as follows;
The study area broadly comprises felsic and mafic rocks with intermixing near their
contacts. A close observation of their contacts also reveals that there is no intermediate
rocks between the two extremes rather a sharp intermixing is a distinguishing feature at
contact zone. This might indicate that the time of formation of the two types of rocks is
different. Petrograhic study of the mafic country rocks revealed that hornblende and
chlorite are epidotized, re crystallization of quartz and plagioclase is seen in the matrix.
Plagioclase altered to epidote. These evidences suggest prograde metamorphism,
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Okote Area
followed by melting, fractionation and crustal anatexis at subduction zone is the

responsible process for the origin of the Okote metagranodiorite which is also confirmed
by the geochemistry.
The major structural control in favor of gold mineralization (shear zone) coincides
with the shear hosted mesothermal lode carbonate-chlorite hosted gold mineralization
rather than the juvenile porphyry type metagranodiorite hosted gold mineralization. This
suggests that major structural controls have a lesser relevance to metagranodiorite gold
mineralization.
The study area is generally characterized by upper green schist to lower amphibolite
facies metamorphism of the meta-volcano-sedimentary assemblages.
According to the plot results of the Ti-Zr-Y, after pearce and Cann 1973 ternary
diagram, the majority of the samples which is metagranodiorite lied in C (Calc-Alkali
Basalt).
Origin of metagranodiorite rock is syn-tectonic WRT D2. Tectonic discrimination
diagram using trace elements using Nb-Y (Figure5.4) demonstrated that the tectonic
setting of the study area lies in VAG+syn-COLG. A further discrimination using Log-
Log Y+Nb Vs Rb plot diagram for granites distinguish VAG from syn-COLG and
demonstrated that Okote MGD to be volcanic arc granite (Figure5.5).
According Sha-Chappel (1999) classification criteria, for I-type felsic rocks La/Y
ratio lies between 0.05-0.29 and Sm/Nd ratio lies between 0.29-0.58. The La/Y and
Sm/Nd ratio of metagranodiorite rock unit of Okote lied in the specified interval of Sha-
Chappel (1999) classification and yet proved to be an I-type felsic igeneous rock.
As a generalization, such kinds of intrusive related deposits (possibly porphyry type)
are associated with arc related calcalkaline or I-type magmas generated adjacent to
Andean type subduction zones. The source rock and tectonic setting discriminations of
metagranodiorite rock unit on this study comply with the earlier mentioned theoretical
model.
The chondrite-normalized spider diagram above showed the rare earth elements
pattern of Okote metavolcanics. REE pattern showed that metagranodiorite is enriched
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Okote Area
with LREE and depleted with HREE by forming a slope i.e. (La/Yb)N>1 and positive Eu
anomaly. The Chlorite-Amphibolite schist in contrary demonstrated a depletion of LREE
and an enrichment of HREE by forming a slope and a negative Eu anomaly. Aplitic dyke
and metagabbro clearly outlined a relatively horizontal REE pattern with negative Eu
anomaly. The REE pattern verified that Okote metavolcanics moderately fractionated.
Mineralization of metagranodiorite is lithologically controlled with minor structural
influence. Gold mineralization occurred just after the formation of the rock.
Metagranodiorite mineralization is characterized by disseminated sulphides. The
sulphides are undeformed and not aligned both down dip and along strike instead they are
randomly dispersed in the rock unit. This shows that metagranodiorite is less affected by
subsequent deformations (D3) and has very low enrichment due to the latter coming
shearing related mineralization. This by-implicates that D3 deformational event has a
minimal effect in shearing and mineralizing the competent metagranodiorite rock
formation.
It is also evidenced in vertical section of BH1100N-1 and longitudinal north-south
cross-section (Figure6.4 & Figure6.5) that the mineralization of megtagranodiorite is
marked by picks of Au. The sections clearly identify that metagranodiorite rock unit
plays a vital role in the enrichment of gold mineralization in the vicinity. The detail
statistical analysis of entire Okotes mineralization explained that higher grade and
interception length (tonnage) coincidence of MGD suggested the rock unit to be an
important source of gold mineralization.
The IP/Resistivity surveys using the gradient array delineated prominent zone of high
chargeability and high resistivity which is also observed in the resistivity and
chargeability maps of the Dipole-Dipole array. According to the detail geological map,
this anomalous area is overlaid by metagranodiorite which shows the subsurface
continuity of mineralization. The high resistivity is due to its steel hard hardness while
the high chargeability is accompanied as a result of gold and sulphides occurrence.
The co-existence of potassic and phyllic alterations as evidenced by enrichment of Rb
(25.5-26ppm) on the host metagranodiorite, which are the common features of intrusive
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Okote Area
related porphyry type deposits by suggesting the origin and type of mineralization.
Propylitic and argillic alterations of mafic rocks in contact with metagranodiorite are also
evidenced by depletion of Rb (0.3-0.75ppm). And hence propylitic and argillic alterations
observed on MGD could be inherited from the neighboring mafic rocks.
The metagranodiorite has broadly three stages of mineralization characterized with an
earlier pyrite-pyrrhotite-quartz-plagioclase-micas (muscovite and/or biotite)-magnetite
followed by pyrite-chalcopyrite-k-feldspar-gold-chlorite-calcite-sericite-hematite and a
latter pyrite-sericite-calcite.
A mineral resource estimate of gold hosted by metagranodiorite rock unit is
calculated for the Okote deposit using datamine studio 3 software. According to known
standard codes, metagranodiorite mineralization posses 19.79 tons of gold content that
meet indicated resource category.
Ore dressing of metagranodiorite mineralization using textural analysis of polished
section with gold grains on it is studied and the result showed up that the gold is inter
granular which could be recovered by gravity followed by leaching.
9.2. RECOMMENDATION
1) As a main objective of this study a hypothetical model is established to better define

the mineralization of the study area. The following geological model is recommended
to better explore the target and step up to a higher geological confidence level.
Metagranodiorite gold Mineralization: - A primary syn-tectonic WRT to D2
granitoid emplacement is assumed to secret a primary enrichment of gold, i.e.
porphyry type juvenile gold deposition.
Carbonate-Chlorite gold Mineralization:-A secondary lode gold deposition
due to late D2 reverse and transpressional shear & D3 sinistral strike slip
regional shearing and metamorphism mineralized the study area, as most of
Adola area gold occurrences.
High grade gold mineralization is expected in places where the two types of
hydrothermal fluids (Juvenile & Lode) overlap i.e. in contact alteration zones;
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Okote Area
whereas low grade mineralization is expected where this overlapping is

minimal.
2) Geophysical survey using IP/Resistivity then followed by diamond drilling is
essential in south Okote where metagranodiorite mineralization becomes
discontinuous.
3) Exploration has to continue further north from the current boundary where the
metagranodiorite still opens wide.
4) Emphasis should be given to those elements which are associated to porphyry type
deposit especially cupper.
5) Fluid inclusion and isotope geochemistry studies are advised to further identify the
intrusion related gold deposition and the type of hydrothermal fluid involved in the
mineralization process of metagranodiorite.
6) The preliminary economic assessment recommends that the metagranodiorite

mineralization gold resource is economically viable which can be easily recovered by
gravity followed by cyanidation ore processing methods.
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Okote Area
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Appendix 1: Structural data
DIP DIP_DIRECTION X Y Z Structure

64 300 474676.8 566120 1464.7 Foliation
72 300 474963.8 565973.3 1411.083 Foliation
43 286 475194.3 566136.8 1473.617 Foliation
74 290 475132.1 565910.9 1414.468 Foliation
81 310 475031.4 565951.2 1419.664 Foliation
50 110 475060.5 565788.3 1381.806 Foliation
82 101 474963.4 565719.5 1359.37 Foliation
72 90 474662 565572.4 1350.825 Foliation
62 300 474675.2 565555.1 1342.871 Foliation
80 300 474690.4 565566.9 1339.715 Foliation
25 300 474905 565112.6 1351.593 Foliation
70 282 474761.8 564919.4 1426.886 Foliation
87 305 474666 564974.2 1427.219 Foliation
38 290 474614.5 564833.1 1446.916 Foliation
70 310 474585.1 565019.6 1407.36 Foliation
76 265 474531.3 564978.1 1409.177 Foliation
71 115 474415.1 564970.9 1386.385 Foliation
70 102 474430.6 564943.4 1391.787 Foliation
50 105 474505.6 565076.7 1390.465 Foliation
85 240 474525.4 564737.5 1434.05 Foliation
66 280 474555.6 564656 1455.535 Foliation
79 278 474608.5 564592.1 1472.358 Foliation
85 258 474616.1 564540 1490.525 Foliation
82 280 474593.4 564479.5 1491.631 Foliation
76 120 474552.2 564423.3 1490.385 Foliation
85 300 474558.1 564405.6 1486.401 Foliation
70 290 474515.3 564319.9 1460.932 Foliation
72 290 474603.5 564366.1 1476.882 Foliation
Page
94
Okote Area
68 290 474624.5 564399.7 1488.639 Foliation

68 290 474444.7 564386.3 1464.195 Foliation
55 290 474359.9 564301.4 1421.868 Foliation
65 135 474442.7 564245.7 1420.326 Foliation
50 80 474481.4 564107.7 1387.284 Foliation
65 290 474505.6 564156.9 1396.191 Foliation
56 110 474592 564228 1424.125 Foliation
46 136 474717 564374.8 1484.603 Foliation
87 265 474840.5 564507.2 1502.343 Foliation
65 285 474876 564633.1 1477.445 Foliation
62 255 474851.8 564702.5 1455.406 Foliation
80 275 474754.2 564756.5 1456.836 Foliation
55 100 474512.9 564081.1 1372.504 Foliation
55 125 475112.8 566073.4 1463.881 Foliation
62 307 474926.5 566226.6 1495.439 Foliation
75 296 474830.3 566209.8 1492.924 Foliation
46 303 474810.8 565891.4 1394.4 Foliation
70 305 475009.7 566118.5 1472.115 Foliation
52 308 474882.9 566128.1 1472.773 Foliation
55 299 475088 566143.5 1480.561 Foliation
67 315 475133.5 566047.8 1463.317 Foliation
86 314 475208.8 566026.9 1456.104 Foliation
70 306 475280.9 566009.3 1446.653 Foliation
72 310 475181.5 565980.1 1437.734 Foliation
77 299 475091.1 565894.6 1408.936 Foliation
73 309 475079.2 565869.5 1404.652 Foliation
72 308 475098.2 565790.1 1381.224 Foliation
72 305 474777.2 565809.1 1374.02 Foliation
80 303 474675 565760.5 1382.601 Foliation
73 292 474747.7 565754.6 1373.203 Foliation
86 317 474690.5 565731.2 1376.356 Foliation
75 343 474650.5 565683.4 1371.207 Foliation
74 310 474710.3 565656.3 1355.511 Foliation
65 298 474677.2 565517.9 1330.691 Foliation
73 313 475044.2 565651.8 1347.016 Foliation
75 303 474970.7 565566.6 1324.805 Foliation
70 303 475067.3 565512.2 1311.214 Foliation
75 317 475069.3 565495.2 1311.406 Foliation
66 321 474924.6 565447.3 1301.453 Foliation
75 312 474805.4 565362.4 1318.532 Foliation
Page
95
Okote Area
65 310 475216.7 565174.1 1285.189 Foliation

85 318 474609.4 565238.7 1337.249 Foliation
65 302 474739.1 565160.1 1363.753 Foliation
50 290 474686.9 565139 1366.812 Foliation
55 282 474695.3 565110.2 1381.94 Foliation
55 274 474636.6 565132.5 1375.393 Foliation
80 298 474476.3 565186.6 1363.538 Foliation
78 303 474516.2 564871.6 1415.891 Foliation
75 300 474547.6 564889.3 1420.57 Foliation
76 302 474630.5 564831.8 1446.916 Foliation
87 282 474631.6 564848.6 1445.8 Foliation
75 303 474635.1 564926.9 1431.508 Foliation
75 310 474828 564862.3 1419.65 Foliation
75 310 474679.3 564692.1 1469.664 Foliation
72 311 474610.8 564399.3 1487.26 Foliation
85 318 474574.9 564392.2 1482.435 Foliation
55 269 474521.1 564259.1 1428.875 Foliation
72 335 474457.9 564139.2 1393.964 Foliation
72 330 474469 564136.7 1393.964 Foliation
80 306 474637.7 564074.7 1369.177 Foliation
60 275 474621.2 564087.9 1369.966 Foliation
85 316 474444.3 564114.1 1389.966 Foliation
75 322 474702.4 565783.1 1390.696 Foliation
76 288 474877.9 566237.7 1502.907 Foliation
80 290 474754 566004.2 1432.949 Foliation
73 290 474755 565977.1 1426.008 Foliation
78 283 474849.3 565982.2 1415.749 Foliation
80 298 474836 565935.4 1405.145 Foliation
80 297 474824.6 565920.1 1398.488 Foliation
75 282 474920.9 565884.8 1383.567 Foliation
70 285 474888 565813.4 1362.686 Foliation
85 299 474971.2 565994.6 1424.659 Foliation
62 298 474980.3 565936.6 1407.278 Foliation
80 289 474730.6 565940 1425.791 Foliation
75 301 474772.8 565849.2 1386.608 Foliation
76 296 475080.2 566089 1466.466 Foliation
85 291 475077 566012.7 1448.791 Foliation
80 293 475098.9 566009.8 1449.259 Foliation
80 289 475140.8 565931.1 1423.668 Foliation
80 295 475087 565947.2 1427.923 Foliation
Page
96
Okote Area
65 290 475106.7 565850 1394.639 Foliation

72 295 475125.5 565840.5 1394.729 Foliation
73 298 475195.6 565819.1 1390.592 Foliation
66 285 475173 565749.4 1372.13 Foliation
70 300 475149.4 565725.3 1357.863 Foliation
70 290 475124 565738.2 1365.32 Foliation
65 290 474863.3 565714.3 1348.193 Foliation
70 293 474670 565676.7 1364.472 Foliation
77 295 474834.4 565623.9 1328.431 Foliation
84 275 474674.6 565617.3 1352.362 Foliation
82 294 474619.6 565583.2 1360.681 Foliation
60 285 474692.7 565507.2 1326.912 Foliation
80 293 474595.9 565494.5 1341.716 Foliation
60 298 474676.6 565442.8 1319.422 Foliation
63 290 474717.1 565445.5 1312.324 Foliation
66 300 474804.5 565416.1 1300.061 Foliation
65 290 474526.7 565405.8 1332.054 Foliation
58 300 474747.1 565330.9 1319.956 Foliation
55 294 474734.4 565260.9 1335.053 Foliation
65 294 474568.1 565283.4 1334.474 Foliation
80 294 474489.7 565285.5 1339.309 Foliation
81 296 475010.2 565633.8 1341.619 Foliation
80 290 475106.3 565586.9 1332.568 Foliation
80 290 474905.8 565543.6 1314.324 Foliation
85 301 474953.2 565528.1 1312.938 Foliation
65 293 474822.4 565386.7 1309.697 Foliation
65 285 474877.7 565266.6 1337.702 Foliation
78 294 474763.4 565214.9 1348.932 Foliation
69 285 475187.3 565194.1 1288.216 Foliation
65 290 475227.2 565054 1304.788 Foliation
70 297 474533.1 565223.4 1342.361 Foliation
70 292 474529.2 565204.6 1357.833 Foliation
70 292 474412.6 565066.5 1379.547 Foliation
70 295 474418.4 565046.6 1381.181 Foliation
70 252 474389.6 565047.3 1378.633 Foliation
55 290 474403.8 565034.3 1378.633 Foliation
70 290 474372.3 564967.5 1381.838 Foliation
55 290 474386.9 564928.4 1388.934 Foliation
85 282 474353.2 564902.3 1392.628 Foliation
80 290 474487 564849.4 1412.464 Foliation
Page
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Okote Area
80 284 474517.3 564860.5 1415.891 Foliation

65 291 474512.7 564900.4 1413.488 Foliation
70 296 474557.6 564906.9 1419.758 Foliation
79 285 474563 564852.9 1431.491 Foliation
78 296 474575.3 564848.6 1431.491 Foliation
80 292 474587.5 564845.2 1437.373 Foliation
80 298 474604.4 564821.8 1444.359 Foliation
87 282 474611.7 564835.6 1444.359 Foliation
73 288 474609 564862.4 1442.105 Foliation
82 289 474618.6 564813.3 1450.564 Foliation
64 280 474642 564836.4 1448.817 Foliation
70 275 474686.9 564913.1 1440.921 Foliation
56 287 474659.6 564985.2 1421.802 Foliation
75 285 474648.1 564985.2 1423.447 Foliation
35 289 474599.8 564959.1 1426.964 Foliation
58 276 474598.7 564976.4 1427.675 Foliation
75 285 474577.2 564992.9 1413.24 Foliation
62 285 474861 565077.5 1360.161 Foliation
80 277 474848.2 565038.3 1372.49 Foliation
70 275 474895.3 565025.4 1363.073 Foliation
50 278 474833.8 564948.2 1399.705 Foliation
65 282 474778.8 564938.7 1417.182 Foliation
70 302 474800.7 564931.7 1413.211 Foliation
75 287 474836.3 564898.2 1413.906 Foliation
49 270 474862.7 564953.6 1383.264 Foliation
50 270 474903.2 564953.1 1376.715 Foliation
85 288 474824.7 564876.3 1418.042 Foliation
75 298 474828.4 564837.5 1429.353 Foliation
65 282 474749.1 564852.3 1444.925 Foliation
85 295 474746.2 564894.9 1437.325 Foliation
75 289 474745.4 564805.2 1452.828 Foliation
66 285 474814.8 564771 1445.919 Foliation
60 292 474807.3 564727.1 1460.959 Foliation
65 300 474828 564730.1 1456.819 Foliation
55 292 474864.7 564708.8 1452.094 Foliation
65 270 474862.2 564611.8 1481.607 Foliation
65 290 474894.6 564620.7 1480.15 Foliation
70 280 474820.8 564605.5 1487.188 Foliation
72 285 474895.7 564525.1 1502.47 Foliation
89 295 474810.6 564556.3 1500.033 Foliation
Page
98
Okote Area
76 280 474909 564520.9 1502.998 Foliation

72 275 474915.9 564552.1 1492.828 Foliation
70 280 474914.2 564508.2 1497.758 Foliation
85 290 474988.8 564592.2 1474.168 Foliation
70 270 475034.7 564584.5 1463.925 Foliation
64 285 475043.3 564579 1463.925 Foliation
64 295 475107.1 564658.5 1429.559 Foliation
84 285 475136.4 564756.4 1389.42 Foliation
76 280 475151.3 564763 1385.087 Foliation
55 265 475165.7 564854.2 1365.184 Foliation
85 285 475101.6 564782.3 1394.194 Foliation
70 280 475005.9 564811.6 1399.394 Foliation
64 270 475001.8 564823.5 1393.004 Foliation
75 300 474753.9 564693.2 1469.591 Foliation
75 290 474741.7 564674.9 1473.494 Foliation
85 287 474723 564660.5 1477.028 Foliation
65 290 474609 564732.6 1455.364 Foliation
76 280 474609 564627.2 1464.507 Foliation
64 282 474631.6 564624.3 1468.707 Foliation
80 285 474675 564606 1479.254 Foliation
60 301 474863.7 564471.1 1502.696 Foliation
80 282 474860.5 564516 1503.936 Foliation
60 282 474836.8 564505.9 1502.556 Foliation
76 279 474804.5 564422.3 1512.133 Foliation
80 287 474725.6 564432.3 1504.914 Foliation
67 279 474710.8 564380 1484.603 Foliation
65 287 474661 564356.6 1477.42 Foliation
77 299 474627.6 564360.2 1478.018 Foliation
83 308 474619.4 564341.9 1477.145 Foliation
60 293 474604.3 564361.7 1476.882 Foliation
60 279 474576.7 564430.5 1490.687 Foliation
88 295 474579.5 564376.7 1478.443 Foliation
70 290 474513.9 564451.4 1493.673 Foliation
75 288 474484.1 564433.1 1479.082 Foliation
70 290 474423.1 564467.1 1475.778 Foliation
70 292 474403 564422.7 1465.704 Foliation
70 296 474449 564407.9 1470.841 Foliation
75 294 474423.1 564370.6 1453.506 Foliation
70 281 474405.5 564366 1446.596 Foliation
60 285 474453.6 564360.2 1449.435 Foliation
Page
99
Okote Area
62 286 474522.9 564417.6 1486.392 Foliation

70 290 474493.4 564392.9 1474.255 Foliation
67 294 474500.6 564378.5 1467.76 Foliation
60 294 474530.4 564369.2 1472.66 Foliation
67 282 474559.5 564359.2 1469.537 Foliation
60 306 474574.9 564348.4 1466.544 Foliation
61 293 474590.3 564316.5 1463.857 Foliation
78 298 474574.5 564302.1 1453.483 Foliation
75 298 474545.8 564317.5 1460.28 Foliation
85 299 474468.3 564294.2 1432.763 Foliation
70 295 474526.1 564283.1 1438.749 Foliation
80 292 474532.2 564240.4 1425.14 Foliation
70 294 474549 564250.4 1428.793 Foliation
70 291 474571.6 564249.7 1428.984 Foliation
52 298 474567.3 564225.7 1417.443 Foliation
70 294 474580.3 564201.7 1407.982 Foliation
80 276 474501 564253.3 1427.083 Foliation
87 290 474498.1 564265.9 1430.567 Foliation
70 291 474483.4 564248.7 1424.57 Foliation
63 303 474454.7 564250.1 1420.326 Foliation
68 295 474493.1 564232.5 1422.22 Foliation
72 286 474480.9 564200.9 1409.481 Foliation
70 297 474541.9 564159 1397.201 Foliation
75 287 474512.1 564147.5 1395.486 Foliation
83 288 474446.4 564181.9 1405.474 Foliation
75 297 474418.1 564155 1399.494 Foliation
62 300 474507.1 564123.1 1390.953 Foliation
65 392 474526.1 564109.8 1383.733 Foliation
65 307 474565.9 564114.1 1381.349 Foliation
80 269 474643.4 564133.5 1386.821 Foliation
85 284 474659.2 564134.2 1388.202 Foliation
80 303 474692.2 564063.2 1376.683 Foliation
82 305 474431.4 564094.7 1387.59 Foliation
60 285 474483.4 564095.5 1383.616 Foliation
74 300 474418.8 564085.4 1385.629 Foliation
50 288 474503.5 564018.7 1366.14 Foliation
60 276 474530 564032 1363.571 Foliation
80 292 474525.7 564015.8 1357.87 Foliation
70 294 474499.6 563682.3 1320.978 Foliation
80 276 474418.2 563752 1332.99 Foliation
Page
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Okote Area
74 274 474448.5 563775 1341.248 Foliation

80 280 474448 563808.5 1344.86 Foliation
75 291 474730.3 564274.3 1439.658 Foliation
64 284 474728 564302.1 1461.611 Foliation
75 305 474640 564330.1 1467.323 Foliation
67 290 474890.4 564533.1 1506.035 Foliation
84 285 474992.4 564480.7 1489.51 Foliation
43 292 474339.2 564910.4 1389.007 Foliation
70 280 474791.2 564978.7 1406.659 Foliation
53 304 474911.7 565709.2 1348.075 Foliation
78 294 474952 565696.3 1356.407 Foliation
70 298 475091 565648.2 1347.54 Foliation
75 273 475034.9 566180.9 1483.427 Foliation
88 275 474776.5 566099.2 1468.112 Foliation
72 283 474703.2 565855.6 1408.697 Foliation
75 261 475166.2 565981.3 1437.385 Foliation
76 271 475116 565886.1 1404.74 Foliation
85 227 474750 565282.8 1332.277 Foliation
65 278 474718.9 565230.5 1340.403 Foliation
60 263 474690 565232.4 1338.895 Foliation
78 275 475048.2 565702.8 1359.187 Foliation
75 270 474764.6 565200.4 1354.808 Foliation
68 260 474855.6 565179.9 1351.792 Foliation
55 300 475121 565095.5 1311.443 Foliation
60 280 475142.3 565075.9 1316.197 Foliation
70 268 474550.3 565235.3 1344.156 Foliation
75 275 474589.5 565183.1 1361.488 Foliation
65 274 474581.4 565149 1370.091 Foliation
65 274 474567.2 565103 1383.244 Foliation
80 270 474539.6 565153.6 1371.834 Foliation
85 227 474496.2 565096.4 1385.418 Foliation
65 276 474438.3 565140.2 1371.416 Foliation
60 254 474430.3 565112.9 1375.081 Foliation
60 280 474413 565112.2 1373.72 Foliation
60 272 474406.5 565089.1 1376.294 Foliation
80 255 474383.8 565009.7 1379.161 Foliation
80 262 474372 564997.8 1379.161 Foliation
75 261 474398.8 564987.5 1383.324 Foliation
85 282 474367.7 564922.3 1389.669 Foliation
70 282 474399.2 564895.8 1393.723 Foliation
Page
101
Okote Area
80 261 474414.9 564892 1393.291 Foliation

70 283 474409.5 564880.9 1394.257 Foliation
70 263 474424.5 564877.8 1391.367 Foliation
85 271 474428 564915 1393.365 Foliation
80 275 474440.2 564930 1394.265 Foliation
70 273 474432.6 564954.1 1388.876 Foliation
80 292 474459.4 564896.6 1400.203 Foliation
80 292 474457.5 564916.5 1399.661 Foliation
60 279 474478.6 564933 1402.408 Foliation
85 266 474541.5 564913.5 1414.704 Foliation
75 254 474574.1 564920 1423.666 Foliation
75 270 474554.5 564942.2 1416.239 Foliation
75 267 474568 564828.3 1434.097 Foliation
75 270 474610.9 564891.6 1440.521 Foliation
65 276 474630.5 564864.7 1443.692 Foliation
80 272 474634.7 564890.8 1443.397 Foliation
65 242 474546.9 564990.6 1409.613 Foliation
75 248 474544.6 565002.1 1406.882 Foliation
80 283 474531.1 564978.3 1409.177 Foliation
75 284 474535 565030.1 1400.68 Foliation
70 280 474739.6 565115.1 1378.864 Foliation
84 270 474758.6 565101.1 1377.638 Foliation
70 265 474828.4 565073.4 1374.346 Foliation
70 247 474819.7 565004 1394.753 Foliation
52 290 475010.2 564921.7 1367.044 Foliation
70 258 474837.1 564790.8 1436.906 Foliation
60 339 474831.8 564750.8 1451.567 Foliation
70 194 474845.7 564678.7 1465.484 Foliation
65 265 474977.2 564496.9 1492.803 Foliation
64 265 474991.9 564502.4 1490.928 Foliation
85 240 475180 564959.8 1342.514 Foliation
68 265 474885.6 564438.1 1506.564 Foliation
70 218 474814.9 564450.6 1507.543 Foliation
79 260 474686.1 564447.1 1507.296 Foliation
63 254 474690.4 564426.6 1507.603 Foliation
75 255 474663.5 564407.6 1494.083 Foliation
70 275 474595.7 564420.1 1496.156 Foliation
40 279 474560.5 564417.3 1486.401 Foliation
75 260 474553 564444.2 1491.19 Foliation
77 260 474532.9 564447.8 1493.645 Foliation
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102
Okote Area
75 268 474399.8 564058.2 1380.872 Foliation

58 280 474787.3 564768.6 1453.696 Foliation
85 0 474748.2 565530.8 1323.056 Foliation
65 32 474444.2 565120.3 1373.206 Foliation
65 53 474444.5 565108.3 1376.119 Foliation
70 202 474433.3 565086.2 1378.826 Foliation
55 157 474442.7 565067.1 1382.188 Foliation
65 110 474564.2 564894.6 1426.291 Foliation
70 103 474573.9 564872.9 1429.523 Foliation
75 105 474818.1 565034.1 1384.609 Foliation
70 197 474753.2 564813.9 1452.828 Foliation
70 194 474783.4 564706.9 1467.422 Foliation
74 85 474990.7 564583.1 1474.168 Foliation
60 112 474484.5 564145 1397.088 Foliation
60 285 474803 566221 1518 Foliation
60 305 474851 566203 1521 Foliation
75 275 474873 566183 1521 Foliation
55 295 474897 566179 1525 Foliation
80 280 474928 566179 1518 Foliation
55 270 474950 566168 1522 Foliation
75 290 475047 566146 1517 Foliation
72 297 474846.2 566071 1448.72 Fracture
45 275 474829.2 565884.6 1389.134 Fracture
15 287 475274.3 565994.1 1441.716 Fracture
35 313 474644.3 565600.7 1361.449 Fracture
78 230 474639.7 565586.2 1356.104 Fracture
54 52 474724.3 565644.2 1352.987 Fracture
11 98 474648.6 565652 1364.492 Fracture
40 9 475237.1 566036.1 1457.614 Fracture
86 14 475108.6 566003.7 1442.622 Fracture
76 4 475127.8 565990.2 1436.724 Fracture
83 6 475131.2 565931.5 1422.494 Fracture
85 16 475136.1 565907.4 1414.468 Fracture
84 351 475106.5 565903.2 1408.044 Fracture
Page
103
Okote Area
Appendix 2: ICP-MS Certificate of analysis
Page
104
Okote Area
Page
105
Okote Area
Page
106
Okote Area
Page
107
Okote Area
Page
108
Okote Area
Page
109
Okote Area
Appendix 3: ALS laboratory Accreditation Certificate
Page
110
Okote Area
Appendix 4: Detection limit of ICP-MS analysis
Element Symbol Units Lower Limit Upper Limit
Silver* Ag ppm 1 1000

Barium Ba ppm 0.5 10000
Cerium Ce ppm 0.5 10000
Cobalt* Co ppm 0.5 10000
Chromium Cr ppm 10 10000
Cesium Cs ppm 0.01 10000
Copper* Cu ppm 5 10000
Dysprosium Dy ppm 0.05 1000
Erbium Er ppm 0.03 1000
Europium Eu ppm 0.03 1000
Gallium Ga ppm 0.1 1000
Gadolinium Gd ppm 0.05 1000
Hafnium Hf ppm 0.2 10000
Holmium Ho ppm 0.01 1000
Lanthanum La ppm 0.5 10000
Lutetium Lu ppm 0.01 1000
Molybdenum* Mo ppm 2 10000
Niobium Nb ppm 0.2 10000

Neodymium Nd ppm 0.1 10000
Nickel* Ni ppm 5 10000
Lead* Pb ppm 5 10000
Praseodymium Pr ppm 0.03 1000
Rubidium Rb ppm 0.2 10000
Samarium Sm ppm 0.03 1000
Tin Sn ppm 1 10000
Strontium Sr ppm 0.1 10000
Tantalum Ta ppm 0.1 10000
Terbium Tb ppm 0.01 1000
Thorium Th ppm 0.05 1000
Thallium Tl ppm 0.5 1000
Thulium Tm ppm 0.01 1000
Uranium U ppm 0.05 1000
Vanadium V ppm 5 10000
Tungsten W ppm 1 10000
Yttrium Y ppm 0.5 10000
Ytterbium Yb ppm 0.03 1000
Zinc* Zn ppm 5 10000
Zirconium Zr ppm 2 10000
Page
111
Okote Area
Appendix 5: Lithological legend
LEGEND
A AMPHIBOLITE
AS AMPHIBOLE SCHIST
AZ ALTERED ZONE(SERICITIC-FELDSPATHIC)
CAS CHLORITE AMPHIBOLE SCHIST
CCS CARBONATE CHLORITE SCHIST
CS CHLORITE SCHIST
EAS EPIDOT AMPHIBOLE SCHIST
F FELDSPATHIZED INTERVAL
mg MAGNETITE
MG METAGABBRO
MGD METAGRANODIORITE
QMIS QUARTZ MICA SCHIST
Qtz QUARTZ
SU SILICIFIED UNIT
TTAS TALC TREMOLITE ACTINOLITE SCHIST
Page
112
Okote Area
Page
113
Okote Area
Page
114

Geochemistry, Alteration and Genesis of Granodiorite Hosted Gold Mineralization in Okote Area, Guji Zone, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia

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Geochemistry, Alteration and Genesis of Granodiorite Hosted Gold Mineralization in Okote Area, Guji Zone, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Geochemistry, Alteration and Genesis of Granodiorite hosted Gold Mineralization in Okote

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Earth Science in Partial Fulfillment

--------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

1. Dr. Worash Getaneh

--------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------

2. Dr. Seifu Kebede

---------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

3. Dr. Mulugeta Alene

--------------------- ---------------------- --------------------

4. Prof. Solomon Tadesse

--------------------- --------------------- --------------------

----------------------- ---------------------- -----------------------

Name: Solomon Geda

Date of Submission: _____________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

Figure1.1. Location Map of Project Area 2

Plate1. Various methods and instruments used in field 11

LIST OF TABLES PAGE

LIST OF APPENDICES PAGE

AGEP Adola Gold Exploration Project

1.1. Location and Accessibility

1.2. Physiography, Climate, Vegetation, Drainage and Population

1.3. Previous Works

1.3.1. Literature Review

The Metavolcanosedimentary Domain also called Megado greenstone belt

1.3.2. Exploration Review

A comprehensive study of the area involving geological mapping, reconnaissance mineral

1.4. Objective of the study

section preparation is done by GSE laboratory.

2-Regional Geology and Tectonics

Figure2.1. Schematic illustration of the development of Neoproterozoic supercontinent of the Gondwana,

This collision caused the formation of the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian supercontinent Greater

D1 thrust-and-fold system which resulted in development of southeast-verging thrusts

D2 which involves the reactivation of D1 structures and produced major upright F2

The study area geology is

Figure2.3. Typical Stratigraphic column of Adola Area (Worku, 1996)

Table3.1. Samples location and description used for petrography

# Sample Code Sampling Site Rock Type REMARK

3.1. Felsic Rocks

Table3.2. Petrographic description of Metagranodiorite

Mineral Modal (%) Texture

Plate3.1.A. Photograph of metagranodiorite with Plate3.1.B. Metagranodiorite with coarse

Plate3.1.C. Muscovite segregation showing schistocity Plate3.1.D. MGD phenocrysts of plagioclase

3.1.2. Aplitic dyke

Table3.3. Petrographic description of Aplitic dyke

Mineral Modal (%) Texture

Plate3.2. Aplitic dyke intruding Chlorite schist

3.2. Intermediate-Mafic-Ultramafic Sequences

Metadiorite, Metagabbro/Amphibolite, Chlorite-Amphibole schist, Chlorite/Carbonate-

Table3.4. Petrographic description of Metadiorite

Mineral Modal (%) Texture

Table3.5. Petrographic description of Metagabbro/Amphibolite

Mineral Modal (%) Texture

3.2.3. Chlorite-Amphibole Schist

Table3.6. Petrographic description of Chlorite-Amphibole schist

Mineral Modal (%) Texture

epidote. Re-crystallization of quartz and plagioclase is seen in the section.

3.2.4. Chlorite Schist/Carbonate-Chlorite Schist

Table3.7. Petrographic description of Chlorite/Carbonate-chlorite schist

Mineral Modal (%) Texture

Plate3.3. Chlorite schist with quartz stockwork

3.2.5. Talc Schist