Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared By
1. PATIT PABAN DEY 08520
2. SANTANU SAHOO 08533
3. SATADAL CHAKRABORTY 08532
4. SOUGATA KUNDU 08527
5. TUHIN BOSE 08521
APPROVED BY ‐ Mr. ABHIJIT BANERJEE
SIGNATURE -
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PREFACE
But there is some new features on 3G like video call, live T.V., streaming
video, wireless broadband(speed upto 2Mbps) and much more.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanking you,
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ABSTRACT
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CONTENTS
SL. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 Inrtoduction 7
2 What is 3G? 8
3 Necessary of 3G 9
5 3G 18
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LIST OF THE FIGURES
2 Duplex communication. 10
3 Road to 3G. 16
5 CDMA,TDMA,FDMA spectrum. 21
9 3G enable handsets 28
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INTRODUCTION
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What is 3G?
3G is the third generation wireless mobile communication system for
high speed data access.
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Necessary of 3G
The explosive growth of the Internet is expected to produce a
tremendous increase in the demand for wireless multimedia services.
The rapid and efficient deployment of new wireless data and Internet
services has emerged as a critical priority for communications equipment
manufacturers.
First and second generation wireless networks have proven capable of
providing voice and low-rate data services; however, their current air
interfaces are inadequate for satisfying the higher data rates.That’s why
3G is introduced for specially high spped broadband mobile internet
service.
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Road to 3G
Start of wireless communication - At the beginning of wireless
communication people used walkie-talkie radios to communicate, only
one person can talk at a time (the person doing the talking has to press
a button). This is because walkie-talkie radios only use one
communication frequency - this form of communication known as
simplex.
Of course, this is not how mobile phones work. Mobile phones allow
simultaneous two-way transfer of data - a situation known as duplex. (if
more than two data streams can be transmitted, it is called multiplex)
In this type of system the communication channel from the base station
to the mobile device is called the downlink, and the communication from
the mobile device back to the base station is called the uplink.
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First generation(1G) of wireless communication
The first generation of wireless mobile communications was based on
analog signaling. Analog systems, implemented in North America, were
known as Analog Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), while systems
implemented in Europe and the rest of the world were typically identified
as a variation of Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Analog
systems were primarily based on circuit-switched technology and
designed for voice, not data. Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to
a higher frequency of about 150MHz and up as it is transmitted between
radio towers. This is done using a technique called Frequency-Division
Multiple Access (FDMA).
Drawbacks of 1G
1)1G compares unfavorably to its successors.
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Second generation(2G) of wireless communication
The second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was based
on low-band digital data signalling. The most popular 2G wireless
technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications
(GSM). GSM systems, first implemented in 1991, are now operating in
about 140 countries and territories around the world. An estimated 248
million users now operate over GSM systems. GSM technology is a
combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The first GSM systems used a 25MHz
frequency spectrum in the 900MHz band. FDMA is used to divide the
available 25MHz of bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200kHz
each. Each frequency is then divided using a TDMA scheme into eight
timeslots. The use of separate timeslots for transmission and reception
simplifies the electronics in the mobile units. Today, GSM systems
operate in the 900MHz and 1.8 GHz bands throughout the world with the
exception of the Americas where they operate in the 1.9 GHz band.
While GSM technology was developed in Europe, Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) technology was developed in North America.
CDMA uses spread spectrum technology to break up speech into small,
digitized segments and encodes them to identify each call. CDMA
systems have been implemented
worldwide in about 30 countries and serve an estimated 44 million
subscribers.
While GSM and other TDMA-based systems have become the dominant
2G wireless technologies.
Advantages of 2G
1)It is based on low band digital data signaling.
2)It also offers additional services such as voice mail, SMS and e-mail
with the speed of 10kbps.
5)enhanced security.
7)the low power radio signals requires less battery power so phones last
much longer between charges and batteries can be smaller.
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Drawbacks of 2G
1) In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient
to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G
systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on
2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ
greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.
2) Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This
can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions,
digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will
experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions
worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or
being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a
call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.
2.5 Generation
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2.75 Generation
2.75 G is a term occasionally used to refer to EDGE(Enhanced data for
global evolution).It Is a radio based high speed mobile data service and
it is also called as Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution.It give speed
upto 384 kbps.It has followling advantages like Multiledia e-mailing,web
infotainment.
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Third generation(3G) of wireless communication
The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in
Japan branded FOMA, in May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA
technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT
DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat
limited in scope; broader availability was delayed by apparent concerns
over reliability. The second network to go commercially live was by SK
Telecom in South Korea on the 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002.
By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-
DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G
operators.
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European Union Council suggested that the 3G operators should cover
80% of the European national populations by the end of 2005.
India entered into 3G Mobile arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile
services by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). MTNL is the
first Mobile operator in India to launch 3G services. Government owned
BSNL has already been provided with a 3G license and has been
operating its services in many cities. Nation wide auction of 3G wireless
spectrum in April 2010 has been announced, and 3G services by private
service providers are expected by the end of 2010.
In west Bengal the first 3G launch was in Durgapur & Haldia by Bsnl on
27th February 2009 .
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Comparison between 2G,2.5G,3G
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3G
Access Technologies (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA)
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most
common analog system. It is a technique whereby spectrum is divided
up into frequencies and then assigned to users. With FDMA, only one
subscriber at any given time is assigned to a channel. The channel
therefore is closed to other conversations until the initial call is finished,
or until it is handed-off to a different channel. A “full-duplex” FDMA
transmission requires two channels, one for transmitting and the other
for receiving. FDMA has been used for first generation analog systems.
Fig. 4‐Frequency VS time plot of FDMA,TDMA,CDMA.
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W-CDMA
Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) is the 3G standard that has been agreed
for Europe and Japan, it falls under the broader standard of UMTS.
UMTS is the European vision of 3G, and has been sold as the successor
to the ultra-successful GSM. It includes both terrestrial and satellite radio
access components. The terrestrial part of UMTS is known as UTRA
(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access). The FDD component of UTRA is
based on the W-CDMA standard (a.k.a. UTRA FDD). This offers very
high data rates up to 2Mbit/sec. The TDD component of UTRA is called
TD-CDMA
(or UTRA TDD). The standardisation work for UMTS is being carried-out
under the supervision of the Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP).
CDMA2000
It is a hybrid 2.5 G/3G Technology of mobile telecommunication
standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio. To
send voice , data and signaling data (such as a dialed telephone
number) between mobile phones & cell sites. CDMA2000 is considered
a 2.5 G technology in 1x RTT and 3G technology in EV-DO. CDMA2000
is also known as IS2000.
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Differences between W-CDMA
& CDMA-2000
(1) W-CDMA using the speed of 3.84Mcps, which is 3 times that of
CDMA2000 1x. This difference makes the WCDMA handle the routing,
transmission in a more efficient
way.
(2) W-CDMA can provide a better connection in an indoor environment.
(3) W-CDMA is more suitable for mixing of voice and data
transmission, in terms of flexibility.
(4) WCDMA using the rate of 1.5 kHz for transmission power control,
which is double the rate of CDMA2000. This can provide better quality
and support more user.
(5) For some services, such as roaming usage calculation,
there is a need for services provider to install extra equipment for
CDMA2000.
(6) Most of the service providers in the world are using GSM (85% of the
world networks, over 1.2 Billion users) the natural evolution path for
these operators is towards W-CDMA.
The evolution path from 2G to 3G is depicted in Figure 4 below.
(7) According to Visiongain report “US 3G and wireless data services
market analysis and forecast: 2005-2010” twelve of the major network
operators (such as AT&T Wireless, Cingular Wireless, Cellular One, T-
Mobile USA and others. 78 million total subscriber base) had deployed
EDGE as an interim solution till the FCC issues new spectrum
frequencies for W-CDMA in 2007. Cingular solved its spectrum problem
buy taking over AT&T Wireless infrastructure and started its WCDMA
rollout that will cover the entire USA by 2006.
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IMT-2000 Frequencies
According to "WARC-92 frequencies for IMT-2000" resolution: "The
bands 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz are intended for use, on a
worldwide basis, by administrations wishing to implement International
Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT- 2000). Such use does not
preclude the use of these bands by other services to which they are
allocated. Here is the summary of UMTS frequencies: 1920-1980 and
2110-2170 MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, WCDMA) Paired
uplink and downlink, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An
Operator needs 3 – 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be able to
build a high-speed, highcapacity network. 1900-1920 and 2010-2025
MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired, channel spacing
is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in
frequency. 1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and downlink.
Fig 5‐ CDMA,TDMA,FDMA spectrum.
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Advantages of 3G
• Improved digital voice communications .
i) location services .
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The 3G Performance Advantage
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Disadvantages of 3G
• Lower bit rates than 3.5G and 4G ( less than20 Mbps ).
• Lower spectral efficiency and higher Cost per bit than 4G.
• Expense of 3G phones.
Fig 6‐ 3G & future wireless vs bandwidth
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Beyond 3G
3.5 G
4G
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Fourth Generation
The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G
wireless communication standard:
DRAWBACKS OF 4G TECHNOLOGY
• Lack of coverage, because it is still a new service.
• High prices of 4G mobile services in some countries,
including Internet access.
• Current lack of user need for 3G voice and data services in a
hand-held device.
• High power usage.
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THE EXPECTED GROWTH OF 3G IN
INDIA
India is seeing an unprecedented increase in the mobile users.
According of one of the latest TRAI reports released in November 2008,
the total number of mobile users in India has reached 325 million. In
October 2008 alone, 10.42 million new subscribers added. These figures
are bound to shoot up with the launch of 3G network.
Fig 8 - Growth rate of 3G subscribers in India compared to fixed
broadband.
With the Government issuing guidelines for 3G, high speed mobile
downloads and live television on mobile will finally become a reality by
middle of 2009. But customers in Delhi or Mumbai may not have much to
look forward to. Due to spectrum constraints, there are merely three
Global System for Mobile (GSM) operators that can offer 3G services.
With one slot already reserved for MTNL and the other two open for
global bids, customers in Delhi and Mumbai may end up missing the 3G
bus if they don’t switch operators.
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SERVICE PROVIDERS OF 3G IN INDIA
Some of the major mobile players in India are BSNL mobile, Airtel
mobile, Reliance mobile and Tata mobile. At one time Aircel mobile was
leading the market; however, it has now lost the market share to BSNL
mobile, Airtel mobile and other leadinding mobile players.
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Growth rate of 3G in World Wide
Fig. 10 ‐ Growth rate of 3G subscribers in all over the world.
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CONCLUSION
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ABBREVIATION
1) 1G - First Generation.
2) 2.5G - Second and a half generation.
3) 2G - Second Generation.
4) 3G - Third Generation.
5) 3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project.
6) 3GPP2 - 3rd Generation Partnership Project.
7) 4G - Fourth Generation.
8) AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone Service.
9) BSC - Base Station Controller.
10) BSNL- Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
11) CDG - CDMA Development Group.
12) CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access.
13) CDMA2000 - Code Division Multiple Access.
14) EDGE - Enhanced Data for Global Evolution.
15) ETDMA - Extended Time Division Multiple Access.
16) FDD - Frequency Division Duplex.
17) FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing.
18) FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access.
19) FSK - Frequency Shift Keying.
20) GPRS - General Packet Radio Service.
21) GPS - Global Positioning System.
22) GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication.
23) ITU - International Telecommunication Union.
24) IMT-2000 - International Mobile Telecommunications-2000
25) SIM - Subscriber Identity Module.
26) SMS - Short Message Service.
27) TACS - Total Access Communications System.
28) TD-SCDMA - Time Division Synchronous Cod…
29) TDD - Time Division Duplex.
30) TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access.
31) UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
32) WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access.
33) EV-DO:-Evolution –data optimized.
34) MTNL:-Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited.
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REFERENCES
Websites
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G
2) http://www.scribd.com/doc/24206075/3G
3) http://www.scribd.com/doc/13286195/3g
4) http://www.scribd.com/doc/19687302/3G
5) http://www.studenyogi.com/mobile_communication/3g/report
6) http://www.pcmag.com/3g_webpages/3g_technology.html
7)http://www.unwiredinsight.com/theme_3GLTE.aspx?gclid=CNy998v
E-aACFSFy5Qod8DEKwQ
8) http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~homerj/coms7000/
9) http://www.cellular.co.za/technologies/3g/3g.htm
10) http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/June2002/3636.htm
11)http://www.telecomengine.com/techzones/networks/article.asp?H
H_ID=AR_6252
12) http://blog.studentyogi.com/?s=3G+mobile+communication
Books
1) “3G MOBILE OVERVIEW” by John Burns; Aegis Systems Ltd; Fifth
Edition.
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