Solar Technology

IES seminar
on
SOLAR TECHNOLOGY & ENERGY EFFICIENCY
15 May 2008
Programme
Time Topic
8:30 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. Registration
9:00 a.m. - 9:10 a.m. vc!eome address
by
Er. Lum Chong Chuen ,
Chairman ,
'.
IES Mechanical & Electrical Engineering
Technical Committee
9:10 a.m. -10:00 a.m. Introduction to Solar Photovoltaics
by
Er. Lim Ewe Chye
10:00 - 10:20 a.m. Tea hreak
10:20 -11:10 a.m. Safety Requirements of Photovoltaie Installations as
Specified in lEC 603647-7
by
Er. Li m Say Leong
11: 10 a.m. - 12:00 noon Solar Thermal System
(p art I)
L 3
Mr. Pietro Rossi
12 noon - I :20 p.m. Lunch
1:20 p.m. - 2:10 p.m. Solar Thermal System
(p art 2)
by
Mr. Pietro Rossi
2:10 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Solar Systems Design and Applications
by
Dr. M.N.A. Hawlader
3:00 p m. - 3:50 p.m. Photovoltaic Applications for Small Structures
by
Er. Li m Ewe Chye
3:50 p.m. - 4: 10 p.m. Coffee break
4:10 p.m. - 5 p.m. Using Converters to Save Energy and Costs ;V hen
Operating Motors
by
Er.LimSayLeong
5 p.m. - 5:20 p.m. Q&A
5:20 p.m. End of seminar

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E.C. Li m - PV introduction
E

Solar enerav technology
There are two basic types of technology associated

with solar energy:
the first type uses the sun to generate heat , called
solar thermal power;
the second type directly converts solar radiation
into electricity through the photoelectric effect by
using photovoltaics (PV).
E. C. Li m - PV introduction 2
|Solar energ

Solar thermal power Jw

i i
Concentrating solar power systems Flat plate solar
collector **
* also called
solar cells
Parabolic Power Solar dish
trough tower engme
** for solar
water heating
system

E.G. Li m - PV introduction 3
Defining Photovoltaics (PV)
Photovoltaics is the technology that converts
sunlight directly into electricity.
PV technology uses semi-conductor devices called
solar cells.
Solar cells are typically combined into modules that
can hold about 40 cells.
Many of these modules are mounted to form PV
arrays.
These flat-plate arrays can be mounted at a fixed
angle , or can be mounted on a tracking device that
follows the sun , allowing them to capture the most
sunlight over the course of the day.
E.G. Li m- PV introduction 4

- .?) :~"---"_. ?1
-PV arrays installed at a fi~ed'a !1gle

E.C. Li m - PV introduction 5

PV arrays mounted in a tracking device that follows the sun
E.C. Li m - PV inlroductin B
...
,

oiill Ml'!
!|

~
--
= ..
d
~!
'II
,
c.n Modul. Amy

E.C. Li m PV introduction 7
'
ARRAY
E.C.Li m PV introduction B
-

1Qtovu

"(MalJdu?hvi"ksPm~;epimmsTltafYm?
j JBMuVMm1 It;tmH
l
d v
Modular PV s.ystems refer to PV panels or modules that are added

onto the building, usually mounted on the roof.
They are usually referred to as "add-on" energy production
systems.
In the BIPV systems, the solar collection surface is integrated into

the building envelope.
E.C. Li m - PV introductio 10
Applications of Photovoltaics
About 10 to 20 PV arrays can provide enough power
for a household.
For large electric utility or industrial applications ,

hundreds of arrays can be interconnected to form a
single , large PV system.
PV modules have also become an integral part of a
building , often serving as the exterior weather skin.
The above is called Building Integrated
Photovoltaics (SPIV) which consists of integrating
PV modules into the bUilding envelope , such as the
roof or the fa r; ade.


PVmodt11Beassfimcocdoumlamrenrhcoiatlo voltaicsj

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rCKrlyl!ns te,l} AirEnHoIHnrpMhmqu)s
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r
Poly-crystalline
silicon

"
Thick crystal materials give about 100 watts per sq. m. under full sunlight
Thin-film materials give about 50 watts per sq. m. under full sunligh t.
The materials used in PV modules
The three main types of materials used are:
1] monocrystalline silicon;
2] polycrystalline silicon;
3] amorphous silicon (thin film).
.Mono-crvstalline:
- Conversion efficiency can be as high as 16%;
- The cells are reliable when exposed to potentially harsh
conditions.
-Polv crvstalline:
- they consist of small grains of mono-crystalline spread
throughout the poly-crystalline;
this means that as the flow of current or electrons is reduced ,
thus the ef~ic.~~ncy ~! poly-crystalline is lower than that of
monocrystalline cells;
_ conversion efficiencies of around 9 to 12% are likely.
,-
Two mono-
crystalline
PVcells

Two poly-
crystalline
PV cells

Poly-cryst~(li Ql'l
silicon
Mono-crystalline
silicon
PV module
PVmodule

A photovoltaic module
E.G. Li m - PV introductio 17
Power output of mono andgol\[-crvstalline cells
The power output of a single cell is about 1.5 watts;

In order to obtain usable amounts of electricity ,
many cells are interconnected in series and in
parallel;
They are built into a module , or panel , with an
aluminium frame and covered in glass for protection;
Modules usually occupy about 0.5 sq. m. and are
virtually maintenance free;
A typical module may comprise of 30 to 40 cells and
can produce between 40 to 60 W in peak sunligh t.

E
Materials used in PV modules

-Amorphous silicon (T hin film c e l l s ) : .
- They are made by depositing thin semiconducting layer onto
a substrate material such as glass , metal or plastics;
the light absorptivity of thin films is much higher than for
crystalline materials, thus the deposited layer can be very thin.
- spraying is often sued to deposit the thin layer of the semi
conducting material;
thin film cells have much lower efficiencies than crystalline
materials;
- the above is the result of the non-crystalline structure of the
semi-conducting layer.

E.C. Li m - PV intr duction 19
Materials used in PV modules
-Amorohous silicon:
- it is by far the most commonly used thin film material;

- apart from its low efficiencies [around 8%] , it tends to
suffer from degradation on exposure to the sun , wind rain
and atmospheric pollutants;
it is likely to loose about 10 to 15% of its electricity
production capacity within the first few months;
amorphous silicon cells tend to oxidise and are thus
less much less durable than their crystalline
cou nterparts.
C Li m - PV introduction 20
Advantaaes of amor hous silicon
The chief advantage of amorphous silicon modules

is that they absorb a wider spectrum of solar
radiation (i.e. visible light) very efficiently, using 90%

of available light;
This makes amorphous silicon modules one of the
best in places where sunshine is limited and low
light and overcast skies are frequent;
They also work much better than mono or
polycrystalline modules when there is partial
shading on them.

E.G. Li m PV introduction 21

Amorphous(thinliJrn) PV mQdules
E.C. Li m- PV introduction 22
Comparison of mono-crvstalline.
polv-crvstalline & amorphous PV modules
PV module Cell
efficiency
Li fetime Price Power/area

Mono- About 16% 25 years: High High
crystalline 90% rated power;
30 years:
80% rated power
Poly- About 15% 10 years: Moderate Moderate
Crystalline 90% rated power;
25 years:
80% rated power
Amorphous About 8% 10 years Low Low

Solar cell efficiency
The power (product of current and voltage) of a solar cell is

temperature-dependen t.
Higher cell temperatures result in lower power output and thus
in lower efficiency.
The efficiency figure (or cell efficiency) states how much of
irradiance is converted into available electrical power.
The higher the efficiency of a cell , the better its capability to
convert radiant light into electrical power.
The higher the efficiency , the more power is generated bya
given area of solar modules
eg. a solar module with an efficiency of 12% will generate 120
watts of peak power per sq. m.
Selection of a pliance for a PV system
When choosing an appliance for a PV system , there are

two important rules that must be observed:
The voltage of an appliance must match the voltage
supplied to it....
the power source , such as a battery, generator , or
PV module , determines the voltage supplied;
An appliance must be compatible with the type of
current (AC or DC) that is supplied to it.

Electrical properties of PV modules
The total electrical power output (wattage) of a PV module is

equal to its operating voltage multiplied by its operating
current
PV modules produce current over a wide range of voltages
Each PV module can be characterised by its performance

curve , i. e. the current-voltage curve (I-V curve).
The performance of a solar module is tested under Standard

Test Conditions (STC): cell temp. of 25C , incident solar
irradiance of 1,000 W/m 2, spectral distribution of the light

spectrum with an air mass AM 1.5. =
3.0
15 Short Circuit Current Maximum Power Point
4 ......Vmp&lmp
2.5

..lmp
2.0

215
<
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 5 10 15 ... 20 25
Volts Vmp Voc
Open
Three points pnthe IV curve are important Circuit
in defining the peormance of a PV module:
max. power point (MPP) is the point on the I-V curve Shortcirc; uit gives rise
at which the PV module works with max. power output; to zero resist mce,
short-circuit current (I sC> is the max. current output of
a module;
open-circuit voltage (Vo C> is the max. output voltage
of a module.
(i.e..mi!~current);
9P~!'ISh-J.jit r~sults in
iri'fi nite i'i:li3'i !ita nee
(i. e. zero cur nt)

Samole module soecifications
:tr
temr
Shott circuiL
,
e lltrent
'3 .35
, Ratedcurrent:
JBlalq2A
Rated
ppen ci r.cuit <
""PPQ' cirJ<t
!.\
VQltC!ge~ "ttC!ge:
19.8V t\15 9
600V:'<
=
Isc 3.35A
Imp =3.02
Max. power =
rated current x rated voltage
= 3.02X 15.9
=48W
.9V Voc = 19.8V
Factors affectino module performance
Factors affecting the performance output of PV

modules are:

Cell material;
sunlight intensity;
cell temperature;
shading.

Sunliaht intensity
Irradiance plays an important role in PV power output...... .
Bright bh.l e sky is best for

PV .power output
A cloudy sky
will lower the power output
E.C. Li m " PV introduction 30

3.0
1000 W/m 2

2.5
800W/m 2
2.0
u 1.
E 600W/m2
400W/m2
1.0
200W/m2
100W/
0.0 ,

1 1
D 5 10 15 20 25
Volts
Effect of irradiation on module peormance
at constant cell temperature (12V DC nominal)
Cell temperature
Most I-V curves are given for Standard Test Conditions

(STC) of 1,000 watts per square metre irradiance and 25C
cell temperature
STC represents the optimal conditions as a consistent
means of measuremen t.
A temperature of 25C is an unrealistic cell temperature
for most systems since PV cells are directly in the sun ,
are dark coloured and often mounted on a hot roo f.
As the cell temperature rises above the standard
operating temperature of 25C , the PV module operates
less efficiently and the voltage decreases.
continued ....
Cell ternDerature (continued)
3.0
2.5
2.0
Foreverydegree th ;l t ceHtelllpefatlire~
increases or decreases above or below
..-- 25C
30C
40C
50C
60C

E '5 25C, the module vOltage is to be
adjusted by +1-0.5% per degree C.
70C
aoc
1.0
i.e.as PV cell temp. increases above
250 G, the ,module's voltage drops by
about 0.5% per degree C.
0.5
Th~opposite is true for temps.
below250C.
0.0
0 5 15 20 25
Volts ..
Effect of cell temperature on module performance

at constant irradiance (12V DC nomina l)
As c !'l lltemperaturerises above 25C , the shape of the IVcurve
.teH
remains the same, but it shifts to the left at higher
temperatures , indicating lower voltageandp6wer output

E. G. Li m PV introduction 33
ShadinR p afllegal!!t
:qn _flV PoWer C)\J !p\,I t
iJjpshadihg eff~d
1:ly'"I~!l'y~so r'l'root
=
i :i"""'~
$h l:iqi eqt d e
toshadoW' from
a!;ir~~s-
No PV modules have_been installed
on these .two .roof struc ttJ res:

photosonly iIIuiS tratehoWrn O(juleoutput
can be lowered duef() iS Qac/J rig
Shadina
Table shows the effect of shading
on one cell of a mono-crystalline
module that has no internal bypass
diodes.
Effects of shading
on module power

Most manufacturers todav use
bypass diod~~ in th~ n:a od.l,l le ~o % of one cell % of module
reduce the effects of shading by shaded
allowing current to bypass shaded power loss
or failed cells. 0% 0%
Ii: bypa~.s ~io.~e is a se~.i.conduc~<?r 25% 25%
deviC e that allows electric current to
flow only in one d_irecti~n ~md 50% 50%
preven~s current from flowing into
shaded areas. 75% 66%
Source: 100% 75%
Photovoltaics design &
Installation Manual,
by
Solar Energy International , Col rado USA
3 cells shaded 93%

C. Li m - PV introduction 35
:
ff/GHNdfCa
Hmn

e Pd
;:J:;i?;fsno
l#1mr
~y.H
l>~
H'
~ Grid
utility
meter
Main
Distribution
Board
Elea"icalapp"a~ces
Qrid-c()nnecled PV syslem
supplying AC loads
From grid-ponnected to stand-alane systems ..
Sti:tn.d o: alone photovoltaic (PV)systems,

which convert sunlight intoelectricity
without emitting greenhousegases ,

can be deployed inb6th
urbanand rural areas around the world.
Rural household$, schools, clinics and

community centres,
now have the ability

to generate clean electric power by
instal[il)gsolar panels on theirown rooftops.
EJ

PVarray Charge
controller
Distribution
board
I Batteries I
Inverter
(DCtoAC)
12 Vor Distribution
24V board
DC loads
I 220 V I
AC loads
A stand-alone PV system
supplying both AC & DC loads
E.C.Li m- PV introduction 38

Stand-alone PV system in rural Asia



..:;"":~:jII!LAilR-=
photovoltMcaFraysy:
,
in an Qpen field in Baliaria GeftV~nY
".


A. photovoltaic array: eacharrayin front of photo

has six moqules ,
each module has36 c~lI s (9 x 4)

Differentiating between
solarphotovoltaics
a
solarthermal energy
Note: PV modules convert sunlight

dire~t into j;l lectricitYj
Solar thermal panels
use sunlight to heat water in pipes
located beneath the thermal panels.
Installation of PV modules
ontoaroof
,
Notethat solar photovoltaics

and solar thermal technologies Twp sofar th~rma'pane/s on
work on different principles ,

though both are based on energy
from sunlight
the roof of a house:
CJ cyli.driG~l tank qf W1 ter
Iiesabove thepamjfs


Use of PV modules for

lighting of street Pf1rking signs



PV arrays mounted at a fixed angle


Mu\ti pl E:ij:)Vm9~Q!~;:;o nthe to f5f

f'ateaching bl6c l< a't Siil'Q~p~re Polyt~chnic

PVartllysmountedin a tracking devi c;: e that follows the sun


Us~ of photovoltaicsfor individu a. l hou!:!e !i


Use of modular photovoltaics for individual houses

Installation of PV modules on
rooftop of a house in Singapore
::>. Th~ pvsystem consists of 77pieces of solar mo (j ules (Poly-cryst):lJ( ine).
Th~ solar anay is (j ivi (j ed into.7 strings (11 mOdules perstring) ,

feding into 9 gridirwerters. ....77 un!.ts: 11 (s~ries) xl (parallel);
::-;:. Qutput is S.621 kWp.
Acknowledgement: Interlink Power System Pte. Lt d.

Use of Photovoltaics for a small industriaLtownship


PV application for a factoryrgof in California

Use6fBIRVarraysP lJ the roof ofafa~t6ry

Installation of a PV module
E.Gim - PV introducli n 58

Installation of three PV modules

+ u
Trallsp.QrtgtiQIJ of
aJ?Vmodule
E.C.Um " PV introduction 60

Use Of solar photovoltaics
at P9h Ern Shih Temple ,
Singapo I

E.G. Li m - PV introduclion 61
Amorphous silicon [thin film]: 2.232 kW II Poly-crystalline
Mono-crystalline 5.25 kW
Poly-crystalline 11.34 kW
Total: 18.822 kW
Average elect city produced daily: 60kWhr/day
On sunny days , elec t. produced can reach 100kWhr/day
On very cloudy days , amount is about 25 to 30kWhr/day
Amorohous silicon (lbl}: I ~
Overall 9.6m x 3.8m
Each panel size: 1257mm x 793mm
Quantity: 3 pieces
Mono-crvstalline silicon:
Overall 9.5m x 4.2m
Each panel size: 1575mm x 826mm Facing
Quantity: 30 pieces the sea- Amorphous
front silicon
Polv-crvstalline silicon:
Overall9.7m x 8.8m PV roof installation in
Each panel size: 1248mm x 803mm Poh Ern Shih Temple
Quantity: 84 pieces
E.G. Li m " PV introduction 62
~pJtErn $P iJ.1 T~hlPJ~. Sipg~pore .
Manufacturer
Technical data on solar modules from manufacturers
Count rY of oriain
Amorphous
Uni-Solar
USA
Mono-crvstalline Polv-crvstalline
Sharp
Japan
Mitsubishi Electric
Japan

Max. power (per module) 62Wp 175Wp 135Wp
Max. current 4.13A 4.95A 6.92A
Max. voltaqe 15V 35 .4 V 19.5V
Short circuit current 5.1A 5 .4A 7.68A
Open circuit voltaae 21V 44 .4 V 24.3V
Electrical ratings are at lkWlm ; AM 1.5; cell temperature 25' C (Standard Test Conditions)
Notes:
Max. power =
Max. current x Max. voltage,
e.g. for Amorphous cells,
max. power per module = 4.13A x 15V = 62 Wp


Poh Ern Shih TemR1e
Poh Ern Shih Temple ,

Singapore
Readings shown on monitor:

> Irradlance: 310 Wlm 2
Power generated: W
E. C.Um - 2008

Poh Ern ShihTem
Plot of (1) Irradiance & (2) Power against Recording Time (Date: 20 Mar 2008)
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me
tmJd1an;:{l" PtwmE1
POH ERN SBl H'S PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 'm.'''' n

.~
n' Energy output for Nov. 2007
44L
"
"
EBrg
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"
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ll~;~]11!
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b
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e
=~1'll'f0lll;M ~b.-.- h l
'obt $obl"O"!lf'd rO'f Ol1Nt1'>'1!fM!" 2007: 1,717.U ~
'.."""l5 m _....-

Acknowledgements:
Poh. Ern Shih Temple;
Grenzone Pte. Lt d.
E.G_ Li m - PV introduction 67
Good potential for
PV installations
on roof tops
ofShop houses though
there is some shading
due to
neighbouring
high rise buildings
E.C. Li m PV inlroductin 68

E.CLi m - PV intr ducti n 69
BIPV: definition & function .
BIPV is a custom PV installation where the solar modules are

incorporated into the building fa9ade or onto the roof.
The system functions in the same manner as the modular PV ,
with the exception that the modules serve to provide energy as
well as to form the building materia l.
Depending on aesthetic needs
to enhance building architecture ,
BIPV cells are designed to be either
translucent or semi-translucen t.
Naturallighting enters a building
interior via the spaces between

the cells and directly through the cells. ~::
E.G. Li m - PV inlroduction 70
Mont-Cenis Academy, Germany,
has the largest BIPV installationin the world...
The PV modules cover 9,300 sq.m. of the roof area and

an additional 800 sq.m. of the south-west fa~ade
thus forming the world's largest solar power facility
integrated into a building.
It has a total power output up to 1MWand
an energy supply of about 750 ,000 kWh perannum
Mont-Cenis Academv :
'1;hero6f PV mQd Ll les~have a total power output 925 1(Wp.
In the central zone.l the glass roof was built

without solar modules , to ensureadeque da li~ !1 Ii 11,90
ihthe areas below.
1Rj~C.il . ;[~
E.C. Li m - PV introducli n 72
Data for Mont-Cenis Academv. Germanv
12,600 sqm.

Total roof area
Area of PV roof modules 9,300 sq.m.
Area of PV facade modules 780 sq 1.
Standard PV roof module 1.16m x 2.78m
Standard PV facade module 1.16m x 2.40m
No. of PV roof modules 2,905
No. of PV facade modules 280
No. of modular inverters 569
(with 1,500W nominal power)
Efficiencv of mono-crvstalline solar cells 12.8%
Efficiency of poly-crystalline s Cli ar ce!l~ 16.0%
Inclination of roof modules 5 d~grees
Anale of facade modules 90 degrees
Output per module 250 to 4~Wpeak
Total output 1 MWpeak

R~duction of C02 emissions per annum approx. 450 tonnes/annum
Mean insolation per annum 975 kWh/m~ /annum
Energy supply per annum 750 ,000 kWh/annum
E. G. Li m- PV introduction 73

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The glass panels that embed the PV cells

has a high light-transmission quality
in the spectral range 9f silicon cells.
.,.,.,
' E E H ' ' E E -

IlI-ItltIlI---t1l

,
RM-
,..
EE

EE--
PV modules are installed vertically

on the south-west fa c; ade of the building
E. G. Li m - PV introduction 77
M9 l)tCerijs. Acad~my
The PV modules comprise

mono- and poly-crystalline
cells from various
manufacturers.
Each unit is embedded
in a 2mm layer of
high-transparency cast resin
between two layers of
toughened glass:
a 4-mm outer layer
facing the sun and
an mm inner layer.
E.C. Li m - PV introducti n 7
PV modules

5.67 mil.
Inverters 0.6 mi l.
Switches, 0.31 mil.
cabling , etc.
Planning & 0.56 mi l. IIIii;;
engineering
Installation 0.86 mil.
Total B.O mi l.
Cost per kWp I 000
Total output: 1MWpeak
1.
l\II ont
Cenis Academy:
PVcost break ,down

meliQsSu i1 ding ,
Singapore
Top floor of
Helios Building ,
using BIPV modules
for the wall fa9ade and the roof

BIPV modules on the roof

of Helios Building


One BIPV module
viewed from
the inside
Another module
viewed from
the outside
Heli1ii51
E.G. Li m - PV intr duction 82

~
,
/ENERv
MARKET
HANDBOOK FOR
PHOTOVOL.TAIC (P V) SYSTEMS
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End of

pesenttion
on
INTRODUCTION
TO
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS
Thnk you

Safety Requirements of
Photovoltaic Installations
as specified in lEe 60364-7-7
by
Er. Lim Say Leong
Safety requirements of photovoltaic (P V) installation as

specified in lEe 603647712
-
This talk covers requirements stuted in lEG 60364-7 12 on safety in PV p wer systems
connected to electrical installations. Gonsideration given to the state-ol-the-art on PV
installations as a renewable energy, to make direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity
and connect it to the power grid.
By Er. Lim Say Leong

A VP, Marketing, Automation Products Division, ABB Industry Pte Lt d
Introduction
Amongst renewable energy technologies , photovoltaic were once the most

expensive; but they are becoming cheaper with increasing volume of the world
marke t.
Singapore Econon ic Development Board (known as EDB) , for example has

been working very hard in bringing investor such as Renewable Energy
Corporation ASA (REC) , one of the world's largest producers of polysilicon and
wafers , to set up world scale integrated solar manufacturing complex in
Singapore at an investment of 8$6.3 billion.
Energy Market Authority (known as EMA) issued guidelines to allow residential or

no -residential
premises to generate electricity from PV for own use and that any
excess power may be sold into the wholesale electricity marketthrough the
power grid owned by 8P PowerAssets ( known as SPPA)
Developers , such as HDB , use PV for its new built in Punggol and may introduce
PV into existing housing estates. Building Contr I Authority (known as BCA) will
have a zero energy building along Braddell Road.
Evolution on the electricity system
Distributed generation is more and more installed in the electricity system

Therefore standards concerning safety in the distribution system are imp ant as
there are much interest of what can be expected of future standards considering
islanding detection in distributed generation. The important aspect is how to meet
requirement in order to facilitate further integrati n of distributed generation in the
power system for direct connection of photovoltaic cells to the Grid.
Direct connection of photovoltaic cells to the Grid in order to avoid the use of
battery is the trend today for photovoltaic installation. Such direct interfacing of
photovoltaic systems with the electric utility systems and practices may vary from
location to location. Utility authority and company may have specific requirement
lEG , the world standard for electrical equipment and installation practices also
provide a set of requirement for general adoption by member countries. I am glad
that Singapore is considering them as wel l.
Central Power+T&D Virtual Utilitv or Microarid of DG
E
Cenlranzed

ufilily of loday
Figure 1
Source: ASS
Although these standards are not necessarily binding on utilities; many utilities
are adopting them rather than developing their own. The most imporla.t~t standard
f cuses on inverters. Traditionally , inverters simpjy convert the DG el !l ctricity
generated by PV arrays into AG electricity such as those used in home. More
recently , inverters have evolved into remarkably s phisticated devices to manage
and condition power. Some may even contain protective relays , disconnects , and

other components necessary to meet the performance and safety standards.
Standard of installation work
IEC 60364-7-712 , entitled as Electrical installations of buildings published in

2002 , gives requirements for special installations or locations for solar
photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems
It is intended to supplement lEG 60364 Part 1 to Part 6 for safety requirements. It

gives definitions that are unique 10 the PV equipment and their installations. Very
important it emphasizes on fundamental safety such as protection againsf
electric shock due to direct and indirect contact and other characteristics of the
interface. This recommended practice applies to utility interconnected residential
and intermediate size photovoltaic power systems capable of two-way energy
flow with the utility.
It addresses the interface between tI, e PV system and the utility , and provides
technical recommendations for the characteristics of the interface. See Appendix
A for a general description of the photovoltaic system and the interface
Besides knowing the standards , let also take cue of the practices in countries
where PV installations have been in large volume and 01 varied scales. Countries
of such are USA , Germany , Spain , Switzerland , USA , etc.
In the USA , installers must demonstrate that they have special knowledge about
installing PV systems. This special knowledge may be demonstrated in one of
the following ways:
Ii) Possessiof a solar contractor specialty license , issued by a local

building jurisdiction , that recognizes through testing or other means
11 Certification in PV systems by a group sucl' as the state chapter of
SEIA
II A letter from the PV system manufacturer stating that the installer
has the experience and training needed to install the system

properly.
SEIA o r" Solar Energy Indusfries Association is f cused on
~ Reducing regulatory barriers to PV installation through the spread of

standardized and technical standards for interconnection and net
metering
Increasing markets for PV nationwide through meaningful and
appropriate incentive programs at the state and Federal leve l.
:;. Ensuring robust and continuing Federal research and development into
PV devices and supporting technologies (inveers balance of system
equipment , etc.)
For those who want more details you may visit their website as follows:
httD://www.seia.oro
Solar Energy Industries Association

805 15th Street , NW Suite 510
Washington , DC 20005
In Singapore , whilst there isn't any comprehensive or specific code for PV

installation , EMA or Energy Market Authority took the initiative in 2007 to publish
a Handbook as guide t help anyone wanting to embark n having PV installation.
Hence we could say that the major agencies that are involved in the
requirements of PV installations are:
I.
F
:-
Electricity Li cences by Energy Market Authority (EMA)
Li censed Electrical Workers ("LEWs) by Energy Market Authority (EMA)
Electricity market rules ,market registration , process , and market charges
by Ene'Iy Market Company (EMC)

r Connection 10 lhe power grid by SP PowerGrid Ltd (SPPG)
F Building and construction safety by Building and Construction Authority
CA)
Salient lEG specification for the PV installations are:
IEC 60364-7-712
Electrical installations of buildings
Requirements for special installations or locations - Solar photovollaic (PV)
power supply systems

lEG 61727
Photov Itaic (PV) systems - Characteristics of the utility interface
lEG 61730
Photovoltaic (PV) modulo safety qualification
Part 1: Requirements for construction
Part 2: Requirements for testing
Safety
Whenever there is sunlight , the PV will generate energy. PV installation is

therefore considered as live all the time. Furthermore when PV installation is
connected to the grid; safety for unintended islanding when the grid is being
tripped has to be taken into consideration.
IEC 60364-7-712 gives the technical terms and additional guides lor PV systems
It also considers an electrical installation refers to any electrical wiring , litting or
apparatus used lor the conveyance and control I electricity in any premises.
Hence any PV system connected to the electrical installation is considered part
01 the installation. In Singapore , the requirement sh uld be read in co unction
with the lollowing parts of CP5:
lIlI Part 3: Assessment 01 general characteristics

III Part 4: Protection lor salety
lEI Part 5: Selection and erection f equipment
Diagram: PV System Forming Pan of tile Consumer's Electricallnstallation
Existing
Meter
Main DB
SubDB
From
power grid
supply
Inverter (wilh IPV supply

synchronizing device) lcable
! -
F
-
PV Array
PYAays Junction
?:124i Ji:
8.0)(
PV d.c. main cable

Transformer
relevant
E
E
i PV powered system
----------"------------------------ -______1
Figure 2
Source: EMA Guidebo k on PV installation
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Source: EMA Guidebook on PV installation
Figure 3 shows a typical modules of PV installation; identifying the various

interface helps to understand the installati n better and to know where the
necessary protective devices such as switch-isolators , circuit breakers , surge
protective devices , timer , etc are required in a PV installation when connected to
the grid. In brief , they are :-
Power
Grid.
Provision
~ Provision
flowing between the power converter , the connected load and the
for measurement of a.c. energy (kWh) meter

of switch-isolator for safety and maintenance

r.1 Possibility of providing protection function such as isolating transformer ,
relays , diodes , SPD , etc.
Islanding
Islanding is typically defined as "A condition in which a pon of the utility

system that contains both load and distributed resources remains energized
while isolated lrom the remainder of the utility system."
With distributed generation (DG) where power is generated in the LV distribution

network, islanding is more likely to occur for instance when the PV feeding power
back to the Grid and in a condition of a power blackou t. The PV continues to
power the building , the building becomes an "island" with power surrounded by a
"sea" of unpowered buildings
Islanding in a Distribution Network
Island
MV F2
Ulilily Supply MVILV ecdcr I
FI
Feeder 2
F4
Device closed
Device open
PV2
Figure 4
Source: ASS
Islanding could be deemed to be dangerous to anyone , who may not be aware
that the building is still powered even though there's no power from the Grid
Hence the need to provide safety and fire protection for :-
I un-informed persons , including owner/occupier and users of the

premises where photovoltaic arrays are installed;
r informed workers (e.g. electricians) working on these systems; and
emergency workers (for example fire fighters)
For this reason , islanding must be detected and immediately activate the
necessary disconnection of PV powe r. Detecting the absence of power from the
Grid is complicated because the PV itself is a source of power whose voltage is
identical to the voltage from the grid
anHAUnHnua m y hu et IBAU nvacub
AU VOU uvJ anut vOLV VJOr KUVVJ HUi i tf 1
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lIi1 Passive detection is done by detecting the rate of change of
frequency , voltage phase jump and three-phase voltage drop
monitoring
11 Active detection is done by purposely adding a disturbance to the

line , and seeing its effect. The principle is thatthe Grid offers
essentially a zero ohm impedance. In the absence of the Grid , the
impedance that is seen is the load in the building , which is
substantially higher. With active islanding operation detection
method frequency shift, active frequency drift , monitor the
impedance and reactive power fluctuation
For Utility notification , the Utility knows when it removes power to

the building , and disconnectthe inverter to the Grid.
Protection of People and Property

Array wiring
1&:, Double-insulated cable
fiiI UV-light resistant
Fire-retardant
fiiI Low emission
Note: If required , overcurrent device to be installed to provide additional

protection

Earthing
Il', Metallic slructur& accessories must be earthed
PV System Earthing
f
Connecled to tile
Converter (DC-AC)
electrical network
Pholovoltaic panels n
the roof
Figure 5
Source: ASS
PV System Earthing
"" I'rr@ ~!~~~~~~I
part ca rUl lng ruqulrod for ~
ye
Il ghlnlng prolQtUon? W
DO l!:I 1ho PV.nnny cmplywlll\:

Y" Do"'"lI onor
-SELV OI'
< PELV
No ll!lrDllng
~qu!rmnen
ond lcell ""n
eIthln OncrUttOf
I! d .II ttordlng!o
lEe 60364 -554
Sond 10 p.8rth"In
t!tH1l\fng n""
!It~~lov Ih~lllnd
/.:".-01 nllnuously
Eond loee 1
16 mm~ o!! Drtl'l lng
tondue~or

a To nn I Itlts qtln~ lI(m ynu nn fOllow Ill'!! mCQrnm1l ndnlon~ of lEe n23052 Dnd lEe 662JOS- J nl lt' fp( \0 locnl
rnro l1Tl nhon os nl JmIlm of Ihtmll'l'l d3 I y lJ"lI r Of Oltrlll IIg tTlnlrc1l11 lnt'(!mlrt~ I\ ~s rn; sm"nl ,;hGulll InclUlI I)
Jor pMlllon on I'""" y ,
10 ll'!h<>r bU>!l2 in" tllr rm;. 0"11' om U Bl'I'" To prol" 1 I tT"" orry
Irom ItgtT lnmg sl n:I~QJ
b FlonUng PV orJ)' ml!nns lin nnoll' ftll IS nol dirm;lI y connnclod 10 Otllth but 1:1 tonnoclod 10 nn opplltnl iO n
tTlttl whIch ,
I l'o (1 11M un lJll r'lh-d olb~
Fi gure 3 - PV ilrfo1 y e )l posedconduclive pmls earthing decision Irll' e
Figure 6
Source: lEe
Under/under voltage & frequency

When the interface voltage or frequency is outside the specified
limit , the PV system must be disconnected
Relay Setting Time

UV 90% <0.15
OV 110% <0.15
UF 49.7Hz <0.15
OF 50.3Hz <0.15
Figure 7
Source: IEEE
Utility recovery
r PV system once disconnected from the Grid , must remain
disconnected until PV system voltage has recovered to within
Grid's acceptable voltage and frequency limit
1- Recommended time 30 sec to 2 minutes
Direct-current isolation
r 1 PV system must not inject d.c. into a.c. interface , both rmal &
abnormal condition
Max. allowable d.c. current injection < 0.5% of rated power
converter based on d.c. rating .
Li ghtning & Surge protection

I Metallic frame , supporting structure and exposed metallic pa5
must be earthed and connected to the earth system.
I SPD must be used on incoming and outgoing of the power
converte r.
Safety isolation
Lockable , accessible manual or electromechanical switch-isolator
must be installed between power converter and the Grid
DC isolators and protection relays must be provided if they are not
part of the power converter
PV System-:Grid Installation as illustrated in lEe
T "

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Source: IEC
Conclusions
Photovoltaic energy is expected to be a long-term renewable energy and with

good technology grid-connected PV installations will in many cases be integrated
in buildings. Mailers of safety and standardization as well s control of the power
system will be a subject for more to come

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Take advantage of inexhaustible and carbon free energy sources
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Energy and CO 2 saving (vs. standard prducts): fr m 50%to 70%
Characteristics:
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Forced and natural circulation systems Collectors

Solar Kit
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greenhouse gas emissions.
There are several incentives on a national and local scale that reward
citizens for installing solar system
Solar indust has been

doubling in the EU
market in less than three
years , thousands of new
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two-digit growth rates for
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GLAZED FLAT COLLECTORS

NATURAL CIRCULATION DIRECT
SYSTEM
Only 1 circui t.
Cylinder is a buffer cylinder -"""""'"-
In the collector flow the sanitary water that heat r- al

up and go in a direct tank.
Used in countries without frozen problems in
winter season
Normally backup with heating element
MAIN MARKET: Is Greece , India
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THERMOSYPHON INDIRECT SYSTEM
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for sanita water circui t.
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and external tank in the cylinder when the
liquid heat up , exchanges the heat into the ~---
cylinder , heat the sanita water cooling :r

it and goes down in the collector causing
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boile r. c-.-";"
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The boiler must be put higher than the F fd=ZkF

panel and next to it.

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cylinder.
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that heat up and go in a direct tank.
Used in countries without the freezing
problems during cold season
Normally back up with heating element
MAIN MARKET: China
[rl J:.;~~..[I] ~~.. M

-
Types of solar product and technology Heat transfer
EVACUATED TUBES COLLECTOR

(Double layer tubes)
Solar energy
THERMOSYPHON " HEAT PIPE" absorld by
SYSTEM DyaCuated tube
HEAT PIPE Alcohol within the copper

tube (inside the inner glass tube) is
heated and the hot vapour rises to the
Heat absorbed
top of pipe. by heat pipe
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up the heat , while the alcohol
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tube.
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element
MAIN MARKET: China
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Solar system and its application /
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FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR-

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EVACUATED TUBES-
Operating principle
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FLAT I TUBE COLLECTOR - Longitude Positioning
The ideal position for the solar collectors is facina

SOUTH (for the northern hemisphere)
NORTH
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SOUTH-EAST
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, SOLAR TECH. & ~ M//Uiffi Y2 UI M

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FOR FORCED CIRCULATION SYSTEM

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Project information and Requirements
Olympic Village Central Heating Solar hot water Project
System Requests
1. Energy saving
2. Environmentally respectful and low NO x and CO2 emission
3. Easy installation and construction friendly
4. Innovated and high efficiency system
5. Automatic Control and integrated monitoring system
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AURON EDF tube collector structure
The collector consists of a header,

evacuated tubes and a bottom rail.

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Supply and return connections are located at

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sensor is located on
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Buffer storage system
System its application
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collectin.9_ system and storage. This makes the solar system more reliable , longer
system life and increases the quality of the hot wate r.
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Energy Balance , contribution to energy Saving and environment protection
Break Even Analysis
Running Running Running Running Running Running Running
Investment
Cost 2008 Cost2009 Cost 2010 Cost 2011 Cost 2012 Cost 2013 Cost 2014
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6
Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million
System Unit
RM8 RM8 RM8 RM8 RM8 RM8 RM8 RM8
HybridSystem 66 0.273 1.024 1.827 2.686 3.606 4.589 5.642
System with 80iler NG 49.7 0.531 3.596 6.875 10.385 14.14 18.157 22.456
Electricity from coal power station 46.5 0.745 5.048 9.652 14.579 19.850 25.491 31.526
Difference 21 Boiler NG - HVbrid 1 -16.3 0.257 2.572 5.049 7.699 10.534 13.568 16.814
Difference 3-1 Electri c: ity- HVbrid -19.5 .472 4.024 7.825 11.893 16.245 20.902 ,5.6.64.
8reakeven 2-1 80iler NG - Hvbrid -16.3 -16.043 -13.728 -11.251 -8.601 -5.766 ..2.1'3:1.. . .514
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Breakeven 31 Electricitv- Hvbrid -19.5 -19.028 -15 .476 -11.675 -7.607 -3.255 ..
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Investment plus Cost (Million RMB)

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
System
Hybrid System 66.273 67.024 67.827 68.686 69.606 70.589 .l:l. 6. 4:} ,
System with Boiler NG 50.231 53.296 56.575 60.085 63.840 ..67. ,8 5.1:: 72.156
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System End of 2009 End of 2018
Games
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Unit
Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton
Hybrid System 205.66 0.15 733.24 0.55 5481.52 4.11
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Eleetricit~ from coal power station 1547.30 4.37 9899.66 27.98 85070.85 240 .4 6
Emissions Saving: Hybrid instead of NG Boiler system 16465 12.35
Emissions Saving: Hybrid instead of Electricity from coal power station 79589 236.35
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:;;c..
-S

F
K
Acd
CO
-
ROOCmw-mwm
COEU2
0ECO
C
Cmwmc36

KcAov
c
HCOO K
A c

First Resulting to energy saving

Due to the internal issue of 2008 Olympic Committee , the running data of the solar system is now not available.
For example , here is the histordata volume figure from 2006 .4. 27 to 2006.5.5 recorded by
monitoring system before.
According to this data , we calculate the actual energy absorbed by solar system.
' ''12 zl si atl '"
lvf\
,,,.

.
,,,.
E
". dZY 7
4
...... V
Quantity of day record: 9 ... m

Quantity of Sunny Day: 8
""
Quantity of Rainy Day: 1 u

,.
Area of collector for solar system: 96 m2

=
~ ~
"
=
"
=.
"
" . .
Efficiency of Solar collector: 83.5 %

Total Quantity of energy from Sun: 13557 MJ (3765 kWh)
Total Quantity of energy absorbed by solar system: 11320 MJ (3144 kWh , 60.2 ton hot water)
.~EFFICIENCY SEMINAR i'"fi'1Il:.J M

"
jE:
~Cl::
-.
= -
zm
z
Solar System Design
and Applications
b.A
pH

awu ,aer

D "I
IES SEMINAR
SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
15 May 2 08 York Holel , Singapore
SOLAR SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS

BY
M.N.A. HAWLADER
Dept of Mechanical Engineering
National Unive ily of Singapore
Overview
Introduction

Solar Thermal Systems
Design of Solar Systems
Development of a Multi-task
Solar System
Closure
INTRODUCTION
World energy economy is likely to move
towards a more energy efficient,
decentralised and cleaner energy system.
., Developing nations , as they surge ahead

with development activities, will have
opportunities for using higher and more
energy efficient technologies.
., Energy landscape is likely to change in the future:

solar, wind power and a host of other renewable

resources; fuel cells and hydrogen fuels.
Pattern of
Energy
Consumption
over the years

2
Figure 2 -Increase in energy consumption with GDP
Fuel Prices US$ per Barrel
iFZ
J J J J J J df ~~ ,p6' ,f'
Figure 5 Variation of prices of crude oil over the

last 30 years
3
Global consumption of different primary energy
resources
Fu el resoUIcs Global ('101 [1 9921' Global [200 6]

O~ 33.0 35.7
Coal 22.8 28 .4
Ga s 18.8 23.7
Bi(l mnss 13.8
Hvdro 5.9 6.3
Nuclear 5.6 5.85
Source: British petroleum , BP statistical

Review full repo workbook 2007
Impact on Environment

Release of CO 2 due to combustion of
fossil fuels [Elliot , 1997)
Fuel kg of CO 2/GJ of heat
Coal 120
Oil 75
Natural gas 50
4
Sustainable Enerav
.. A dynamic harmony between the
equitable availability of energy
intensive goods and services to all
people and the preservation of
earth for future generations.
.. Energy that meets the needs of present
developments without compromising

the ability of future generations.
Development of Sustainability
Some of the criteria developed over the years
may be described as follows:

Fuel reserve and resource availability
Energy efficiency
Matching supply with demand
Renewable energy
5
Renewable Energy Resources (RES)
The RES may appear in the following

form:
Solar energy
Geothermal energy
Biomass energy
Wind energy
Hydro energy
Solar Energy Utilization
., Low temperature thermal applications

below100C
Space Heating and cooling
Water heating: domestic and

industrial
Industrial and agricultural drying
., Power generation using concentrator
7
Solar Water heating in Singapore
Solar Energy Utilization
Level of solar radiation available

- meteorological conditions
Collection of Radiation
-collection devices

Storage of solar radiation
- storage media
Applications
-load requirements
B
Radiation Available
D ,y Feb ily Feb Jul y: daily July

glolntradialion EXlrnlnestrinl global rndialion Ex rralarrcslrinl
MJJm l 11m' MJ/m' Wltn 1
24.1 35.88 14.769 )3 .4 6
13.1 35.92 19.979 33 .4 8
12.626 35.97 10.823 33.50
5.784 36.07 12.915 33.51
11. 719 .54
19.037 36.12 9.955 33.56
13 36.17 13, 804 33.58
TI E 9.546 .61
12.444 36.27 15.519 33.64

12.656 3632 4.816 33.67
1977: Max D3i1 y(.ve) 18.50 d. MJ I!n J

Min Daily (ave) 12.33 . 'MJ!m'
Aver
ae hou
r radiation and ambient t em er
at
ur
ein
Sinqapore in Februarv.
00 31
700
NE ERZc=Eget
3 U
600 co
5
-1- 2 E
m
40 28
E
30
275
200
100 2B E
25
7 12 17
Tlme , hr
9
Averae hourlv wind sneed and ambient tern erature in Sina ore
E
5.5 00
\""'"~/
5
00 :I'
~ 4. !j b
E. \\

TO :!
E
~ 3.5 y \ d
60 :i:
/f1ndVel0olY 1

2
E
2 50

~ 2.5 n ls
"II"" Hu [uily 40a

2 - II-
- ,,,
1.5 3
7 12 1T
Time ,Ia
SOME FREQUENTLY USED METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR SINGAPORE

BY M.N.A. HAWLADER, T.Y ONG AND WAN MAHMOOD
Int J Solar Energy , 1990 , vo l. a p1-11
x :L an tn
x = monthly mean hourly values of the variables: global radiation ,
ambient temperature , relative humidity and wind speed
an =coefficient of the polynomial: I =station time
10
Radiation Available
Products Directly exposed to Irradiation
Paddy drying
11
Conu drying

Collection of Solar radiation

D~n p p. r
ry~r
12
=/J
Zrl::::::
I'Ilml ~"um
Illlm t1 rrev ,lIW efl"~ ceftttl ",.
G Ii; C - " ,
GLuing --\bI\
m 1lI '"1
1\1\1\1\
rnnlir~ !'l ---f....6 Wdm'''''!.W1Xi"""

'"'". -j- t7&jJ;i ~*AW~WM l
J
an:!\" Pl.1!n _..--.....
C'GU Snell~n w: S" oM
i I I -- T
F Jn ntd "
Fill pl~l! abJ~"

I U ,
| it:Ef:|iE

Figure V-groove air collector
13
Test facility of air collectors
-.
l
~I~''''' T ......II'"'''''~
"IT '-
"

Collector Performance
Quseflll = Ac[IT()-UL(Tr )]
__ fQ"dt
- A" fITdt
09
01
ssa-
ooo
,-
bE
/r
U E
r-.Y
03 ~
02
0.1

o 0,01 0 DJ O.OJ 0 !.os om
w 1I 1. 1f: kgrrl..
14
Li quid Solar Collector
----........".
Types of Solar Collectors

1) Flat Plate Collectors
Fla .t~ !Uc[;(or
11milm
l'1 owlulJes
>
l\b!i1'Imr~pJill:e
1m ulEIH fl
11 ~':J.::l
F
15
::....... "",,,....0'
Solar Collectors

--.o---
~..."c_...;
Solar Collectors Used In CIAS
16
Solar Power Plant
SOLAR THERMAL
POWER PLANT
-tE
Parabolic Colletctor
~ _...~_....
17

Storage of Solar Energy
(to match load with availability)
Storage in liquid medium

(Water)
Storage in Solid
(Rock bed)

Storage in phase change
materials (Wax , peM: phase change
materials)
18
Solar Water Heating System
TO
d Slarage
Tank
To load
71
~ Pum Collector Heal
Exchanger
1
Storage Tanks
Thermal Stratification
~ ..
I e,.",...... I
,
T >T 2 >T3 >To(
19
Design of solar system
Load and temperature requirements
Meteorological conditions
Selection of storage materials
Selection of solar collectors
Evaluation of collector area
Development of an Integrated solar system
A system for heating , cooling and drying
20
System Description
UItt' _
'l:....ll
RFRIG r.R.Ir.TrAT11
IHt 11
OFFRA Dl ATION PATII
,Or"'l'"
HI
~
Lmm
mF
mmmu
T
Thrnna '.
" m"
'
S wtw

c
Th tmrMr.Uf
"'tt
fT nh~

JFZR
Schematic Diagram
Comparison between predicted and experimental

COP (55 C 200 rpm , flow-rate , 0.06 kg/s)
6 \F
4 - ExperImental
- Predicted
3
2
160U <
i
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Till ll n
21
Solar Desalination
Performance of liquid collector and

evaporatorcollector

JlO~
dbnv m
'''0
tt i' ,,..*:
E
fDm
+ mm
15.00
t20m

.0 .00 ~ .j. 15 ,00
30n
'0< -- EIlHen:y oriquid J.u- .:o~br

IOJlO ---En;! ofl!!~pcnn..o ..,
_An imllenp mt.nl!.
ono l0 ,00
II H 11
" n:30
T'"
22
Schematic diagram of three-in-one solar
heat-pump system
w-m
\-//
/J\
Co
'II~J _ ....
i
f'ilIl'l"V\~..t I
'0 Bl~m'r
Solar collector efficiency

-Evaporator-collector efficiency ranges from 0.6 to 0.8
-Solar Radiation ranges from 400 - 900 W/m 2
E
E
3

ffi
1.0 ,
0.'
oe! J ?\ "'---'--
I 10
m
E
'E"-
- 0.4
ue
=u 4 E

_Coll~ r. rgrEma I'l1 CY
0.2 200
~1 11I<ll~li<I ..

e 10 12 13 104 15 1. 17
11
TIm hour "
Variation of solar collector efficiency and irradiation with time
23
Closure
It is important to make rational use of
energy resources.
For low temperature (l ess than 100C)
applications , solar energy can make
significant contributions.
Integrated solar system can provide space
cooling , water heating , drying and
desalination by making use of waste heat ,
ambient energy and solar energy.
Thank you for your

kind attention
24
Li st of Publications
his list includes publican in Solar Energy only)
Sta:HAWLADER , M N A e.mail:mpehawla@nus.edu.sg
Departmen t: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Research Area: Solar Energy Utilization
ARTICLE IN JOURNAL
INTERNATIONAL REFEREED
PUBLISHED
33. Karim. M .A and M N A Hawlader' , "Perf rmance ev lualion of v-grooved solar ir collector
For drying applications". Applied Tl lennal Engineering , 26 (2 6): 121-130. (United ingdom)
32. Hawlader' , M N A and K.A Jahangeer, "Solar heat pump drying and water heating in the
tropi". Solar Ene!'y 80 (2006): 492-499. (United Kingdom)
31. Karim , M .A and M N A Hawlader' , "Mathematical modelling and experimental investigation of

tropical fruits d ing ll ternatlonal Jurnal of Heat Mass Transfer, 48 (2005): 4914 -4 925
(United Kingd m).
30. Karim , M A and M N A Hawlader, "Drying characteristic of banana: therelical modeling and
experimental validation". Journal of FId Engineering , 70 (2005): 35 -4 5. (United Kingdom)
29. K rim M A and M N A Hawlader, "Development f sol r air collectors for drying applicali ns".
Energy Conversion and Management , 45 (2004): 329-344. (United Kingdom)
28. Hawlader, M N A , PRASANTA K dey, SUFIAN Diab and CHANG Ying chung , "Solar assisted
heat pump desalination system". Desalination , 168 (2004): 49-54. (Netherlands)
27. Hawlader M N A , S K Chou , K A Jahange SMA Rahman and K W Eugene lau ,

"Solar-assisted heat-pump dryer and water heate r". Applied Energy, 74 (2003): 185-193
(United Kingdom)
26. Hawlade M N A , S K Chou and M Z UII11 1he pe rmance of a solar ssisted heat pump
water heating system". Applied Tilenna/ Engineering , 21 (2001): 1049-1065. (United

Kingdom)
25. Hawlader, M N A , M S Uddin and H J Zhu "Preparation and evaluation of novel solar
storage material: microencapsulated paraffin". International Journal of Solar Ene!y 20
(2000): 227-238. (U ited Kingdom)
24. Hawlader' , M N A , B D Wd C C Folkman and A P Stackl r assisted open-cycle

absorption cooling: porformance of collectors/regenerators". International Journal fEnergy
Researcil , 21 (1997): 549-574: (United Kingdom).
23. Wijeysunder N E , M N A Hawlader and K Y F ng "Estimation of lI ector perfonmance

parameters from daily system lests Journal of Solar Ene!y Engineering Transactions of
tile ASME 8 (1996) 30-3. (United States).
22. Hawlader, M N A , "Solar assisted open-cycle absorpti nco ling". RERIC International Energy
Jurnal no. 1 (1994): 27 -4 1. (Thailand)
21. Hawlade M N A , K S Novak and B D Wood , "Unglazed lIector/regenerator performance
for a solar assisted pen-cyle absoti n cooling system'\ SolarEne!'Y 5 no. 1 (1993):
5973. (United Kingdom)
20. Hawlader M N A , A P Stack and B D Wood , "Performance evaluati n of glazed and

unglazed Ilect rsl regenerators in a liquid absorbent open-cycle absorption cling
system". International Journal of Solar Energy 1 (1992): 135 64. (United Kingdom)
19. Kho , T H , M N A Hawlader J C H and N E Wijeysundera , "Design and peormance

evaluation of a solar pond for industrial pr cess heating". Inlernational Journal of Solar
Energy , 10 (1991): 83101. (United Kingdom)
18. Hawlader', M N A , T Y Bong and W Mahmd "Some frequently used meteorological data
for Singap re International Journal of Slar Energy, 8, n .1 (1990): 1-11. (UnitedKingdom)
17 ijeysundera' N E and M N A Hawlader, "An appltion of the singleblow technique to

obtain the perfrmance parameters of solar liectors". International Journal of Solar Energy ,
7 , no. 1 (1989): 6372. (United Kingdom)
16. Hawlader MN A JCH N E Wijeysundera and T H Kho , "A double exponential model for
transmittance in sol rp nds". International Journal of Solar Energy, 7 (1989): 227235
(United Kingd m)

15. Hawlader M N A , T Y Bong and T S Lee , "A thermally stratified solar water storage tank"
International Jurnal of Solar Ene!'y 6 (1988) 19138. (United I< ingdom)
14. Hawlader M N A , T Y Bong and T Y B ng "A meth d of estimating monthly global radiation
for Singapore". International Journal of Solar Energy, 15 (1988): 279-28 (United Kingdom)
13. Hawlade r", M N A , K C Ng , T T Chandratilleke and K H L I<oay , "Comparis ns of measured

and predicted pe'ormance of CIAS solar water heater". International Journal of Ambient
Energy, 9 , no. 1 (1988): 23-30. (United I< ingdom)
12. Hawlader', M N A and N E Wijeysundera , "Solar collector testing". Renewable Energy

ReviewJourna/, 9, no. 2 (1987): 11-27. (T hailand)

11. Hawlader', M N A , K C Ng , T T Chandratilleke , D Sharma and K H L Koay , "Economic
evaluation of a solar water heating system". Ene!'y Conversion and Management , 27 , no. 2
(1987) 1 7204. (United Kingdom).
10. Hawlader, M N A , "A salt-gradient solar pond". Renewable Energy Review Journal, 7 , no. 2
(1985): 15-37. (Thi1 and).
9. Hawlader, M N A , "Performa e characteristics of solar ponds ope tlng at different latitudes"

Applied Energy, 17 (1984): 97115. (United Kingdm).
8. Hawlader', M N A , I< C Ng , T T Chandratilleke and I< H L Koay , "A solar installation for
industrial hot wate r". Renewable Ene!'y Review Journal, 6 , n. 1 (1984): 40 -4 7. (Thailand)
7. Hawlader, M N A , "Diffuse , global and extraterrestrial solar radiation f r Singapore"

International Journal of Ambient Ene!y 5, no. 1 (1984): 31-38 (United ngdom)
6. Hawlader, M N A , ''The use of solar pond for ir conditioning". Re'geration Science and
Technology , (1982): 269-282. (France)
L
5. Hawlader', M N A and B J Brinkworth , "An analysis 01 non-convecting solar pond". SDlar
Energy, 27 , n .3 (1981): 195-204. (United Kingdom)
4. Hawlader, M N Ahe solar pond - A clIector and store 01 energy". Sun at WDrk Sri E
no. 10 ( 980): 12 8. (United Kingdom) ,
3. Hawiader, M N A , "The influence 01 extinction coefficient on the effectiveness I soiar ponds"

SolarEnergy, 25 , no. 5 (1980): 461-464. (United Kingdom)
LOCA L/ REGIONAL REFEREED

PUBLISHED
2. Zhu' , H J , M N A Hawlader and M S Uddin , "Microencapsulation 01 phase change materials in

solar energy storage: a reviev IES JDurnal. 38 , no , 3 (1998): 34-39. (Singapore)
1. Hawlader' , M N A , M S Uddin and E S Low , "A PC based simulation and ptimisation

prgram IDr domestic s lar water heaters". Asean JDurnal Dn Science & TechnDIDgy fDr
DevelDpment, 7 , no. 1 (1990): 43-61. (Singapore).
CONFERENCE PAPER
LOCA L/ REGIONAL
ORAL PRESENTATION
PUBLISHED
5. Hawlader, M N A he influence 01 thermal stratification in a thermal energy storage system"

Proceedings Df Asia Energy Efficiency Cnference (1994): TES 01-08 , Singap re: Reed
Exhibition Companies. (Proceedings Df Asia Energy Efficiency CDnference , 22 - 23 Sep 1994 ,
WDrld Trade Centre , Singapore)
4. Hawlader M N A , M S Uddin and E S LDw , "Utiliz tion of solar energy lor low temperature
industrial processes". Proceedings , 1st SingapDre CDnference on Industrial Energy
Management and CDnservat ; n (1988): 1.3.1 3.18 (Proceedings , 1s t Singapor e
CDnference n Industrial Energy Management and Conservat ion , 17 - 19 Nov 988
SingapDre)
3. Hawlader' , M N A , T Y Bong ndTYB ng "Development I an equatio to predict monthly
averaged hourly global radiation". Proceedings , Asean CDnference Dn Energy Technology

(1987): 668-677. Singapore. (Proceedings , Asean Conference Dn En rgy Technology , 5 - 7
Nov 1987 , Singapore)
2. Hawlader' , M N A , T Y Bong and T Y Bong , "Bin weather data for Singapore". PrDceedings ,
ASHRAE Far East CDnference Dn Air-ConditiDning HDt Climate (1987): 374-379. United
States , (Proceedings , ASHRAE Far East Conference on Air-Conditioning in Hot Climate , 3 <
5 Sep 1987 , Singap re)
1. Hawlader, M N A , "Solar ponds for space cooling". Proceedings , 3rd CEISEAN on Energy
Management and C-Operation in the ASEAN Context (1981): 311-333 (Proceedings , 3rd
CEISEAN on Energy Management and Co-Operation in the ASEAN Context , 15 18 Apr
1981 , Singapore)
INTERNATIONAL
ORAL PRESENTATION
PUBLISHED
3
52. Hawlader', M N A , S.MA Rahman and KA Jahangeer, "Optimization and economic
Analysis of a solar assisted heat pump drying system". Proc Enelex 2006:the 11th
International Enel'yConrenee and Exhibition (2006). Stavanger: Energex. (Energex
2006:the 11'" International Energy C nference and Exhibiti n 12 -15 Jun 2006 , Stavanger ,
Norway)
51. Hawlader, M N A , "Solar drying - new development and future potential". Proc. 4th Asia
Pacific Drying Conference DC 2005)" ed. A. B. Datta ,K. M. Kundu and G.P. Sinha (2005):
11891196. Kolkala: Allied Publishers Pv l. Lt d. (Keynote paper) (ADC 2005:41h Asi Pacific
Drying Conference , 13 - 15 Dec 2005 , Science City , KoJkata , India)
50. Hawiader', M N A and C .Y. Le ng "A solar assisted desalination system using heat pump".
Proc HEFAT 05: 4th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and
Th e l111 odynamics , ed. J P Meyer and A G M Ian (2005): HMS5. Cairo: HEFAT. (HEFAT 05
4th International Conference on Het Transfer , Fluid Mechanics and Thennodynamics , 19 -
22 Sep 2005 , C nrad Hotel , Cair Egypt)
49 Hawlader M N A , Y Shaochun and K A Jahangeer, "A multi-function s lar heat pump

system". Proc. 8t1l AnnuallEA heat pump conarence (2005) (Proc. 8th Annual iEA het
pump conference , 30 May - 2 Jun 2005 , Las Vegas , Nevada, United States)
48. Hawlader, M N A , Y Shaochun , K A Jahangeer and Y H Wong , charlene , "A 3-in-1 s lar
system for the tropics". Proc. GAFEO-22 (2005): 449 (Proc. CAFEO-22 , 16 - 19 Dec 2004 ,
Yangon , Myanmar)

47. Uddin M S , M N A Hawlader and Y N Tan , "Fluidized bed heat transfer study wi t h
encapsulated ph se change materials". ASGON FBR 2004 (2004): GO-ROM G3-2 (The
Ninth Asian Gnference on Fluidized-Bed and Three-Phase Reactors (ASCON FBR 2004) , 21
- 24 Nov 2004)
46. Hawlader, M N A , K A Jahangeer, Y Shaochun and T H Choy , "A solar heat-pump system for
air-c nditionin water heating and d ing". Proc. World Renewable Energy COngress (2004)
(Proc. World Renewable Energy C ngress 28 Aug - 3 Sep 2004 , Denver , Colorad United
States)
45. Rahman , SMA, M N A Hawlader and K A Jahangeer, "Perfonnance evalu tion of a solar
assisted heat pump drying system". Proceedings 2nd BSME-ASME International Con"renee
on Th ermal Engineering (2004): 260-266 (Proceedings 2nd BSME-ASME International
onfl
C

fe
fere

m
r.
n e 1ennnna
e
e

Tm
nal
I
Er
n1 l

n1

e
e
2 .
4J
an

2
0 04

44. Hawlder M N A , P K Dey , S Di band C Y Chang , "sl r assisted heat pump desalintin
system". Proceedings Conference Desalination Strategies in South Mediterranean Countries
(2004): 49 54 (Proceedings Conference Desallnati n Strategies in S uth Mediterranean
<
Countries , 30 May - 3 Jun 2004 , Marrakech , Morocc) (Vo l. 4).
43. Rahman , SMA and M N A Hawlader' , "Performance of evaporator-collector and air collector
in a solar assisted heal pump drye r". Proe. ISES Sr World Gongrass (2003). Goteb
Sweden. (Proc. ISES SJar World Congrs 14 -19 Jun 2003)
42. Ye B K C , M N A Hawlader' and A S Mujumdar, "Phase change energy storage system: an

analysis of cyclic meiting and freezing". Proe. ISES SrWrid Congress (2003). Go borg
Sweden. (Proc. ISES SolarWorld Congress , 14 -19 Jun 2003)
41. Hawlader M N A and H P, "Solar drying of guavas, papaya and apples". P.DC. ISES Solar
World Congress (2003). Goteborg , Sweden. (Proc. JSES Solar World Cngress 14 - 19 Jun
2003)
i
40. Hawlader M N A and K A Jahangeer, "A solar assisted heat pump dryer". Proc. ISES Solar
World Congress (2003). Goteborg , Sweden. (Proc. ISES SolarWorld Congress , 14 -19 Jun
2003)
39. Hawlad r M N A, M S Uddin and M Y Mya "Microencapsulation of phase change materials".

9th APCChE Cngress and CHEMECA (2002) (9th APCChE Congress and CHEMECA
2002 , 29 Sep - 3 Oct 2002 , Christchurch Convention Centre , Christchurch , New Zealand)
38. Hawlade M N A , S K Chou , K A Jahangeer, SMA Rahman and K W Eugene lau , " A
simulation and experiment with a solar assisted heat-pump dryer and water heater". Proc (in
press) ENERGEX 2002, The 9th International Energy Conference (2002) (Proc (in press)
ENERGEX 2002 , The 9th Internati nal Energy Conference , 19 24 May 2002 , Cracow ,
Poland)
37. Hawlader* , M N A , M S Uddin and M K Mya , "A microencapsulated PCM thermal energy
storage system". "Energex 2002" The 9th fntarnati naf Energy Conference (2002) ("Energex
2002" The 9th International Energy Conference , 19 - 24 Jun 2002 , Convention Centre ,
Cracow , P land)
36. Karim M A , M N A Hawlader and J C H "Batch drying of bananas modeling and

experiments". Proc. International Con f. on Mechanical Engineering (2001): 8996 (Proc
International C nf. on Mechanic I Engineerin 26 28 Dec 2001 , Dhaka , Bangladesh)
35. Hawlader M N A and M Z Ullah , "A solar heat pump water heater for ral hospital"
Proceedings of iCECE 2001: International Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering (2001) 35-138. Bangladesh: iCECE 2001 Conference Secretariat.
(Proceedings of ICECE 2001: International Conference n Electric I and Computer
Engineering , 5 - 6 Jan 2001 , Dhaka , Bangladesh)
34. Hawlader* , M N A and SPang "An experimental and analytic I study of a phase change
storage system". Proceedings of the Frontier technologies for the 21st Century , ed. W R
Wan Daud (2000): 1163-1174. Malaysia. ( ICAST-2000: International Conference on
advances in strategic technologies. , 15 - 17 Aug 2000 , Bangi , Malaysia)
33.Zhu H J, M S Uddin and M N A Hawlader, "Preparation , characteristic evaluation and

simulation of thermal storage material: microencapsulated paraffin". Proceedings of the
Regional Sympsium on Chemicat Engineering 2000 (2000). Singapore. (Proceedings f th

RE

e

g
iona
IS ympo
sil

i
UIT

Jr
T 1 Ch

1e

mic
inee
32. H~3wl der*\ M N Aand M Z

U
||
J ah "A hat pump ssest
ed sl
arwat
er het
er". Proceedings f
NHTC: 34th Nationat Heat Transfer Conference (2000) (34th Nationai Heat Transfer
C nference 20 - 22 Aug 200 Pittsburgh , United States)
31. Hawlader*, M N A and M A H Mian , "An analysis of latent heat energy storage system"
Proceedings of the 12th International Symposm on Transp Phenomena (2000) (The 12th
Intemali nal Symposium on Transport Phenomena (ISTP12) , 16 - 20 Jul 2000 , Istanbul ,
Turkey)
30. Hawlade M N A, S K Chou and M Z Ullah , "An experimental and numerical study of solar
heat pump water heating system". Proceedings of the Millennium International Conference n
Renewabte Energy Technotogies (2000) (Proceedings of the Millennium Internatinal
Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies , 9 - 11 Feb 2000 , liT Madras , India)
29. MUjumdar*, A S, D B Khillarkar and M N A Hawlader, "Melting of a phase change material in

concentric horizontal annuli of arbitrary cross-section". Proceedings of APCOM'99
b
Computational Mechanics fDr the next Millennium, ed. C M Wang , K H Lee and K K Ang
(1999): 637-642. Singapore. (PrDceedings of APCOM'99 Computational Mechanics fl r the
next Millennium , 1 Jan 1999)
28. Ullah' , M Z and M N A Hawladere'ormance of a heat pump assisted solar hot water
system". Proceedings Df e CAFEO 17: 17th CDnference Df the ASEAN Federation of
Engineering 01anisations (1999): 189-195. Singapore. (Proceedings of the CAFEO 17: 17th
Conference f the ASEAN Federation f Engineering Organisations , 19 - 20 Nov 1999)
27. Hawlader M N A , J C H and A Karim , "Development f SDlar Air C IIectors for Low
Temperature Applications". Pnceedings of the ASEAN Seminar and wDtkshDp Dn Drying
Technologies (1998): D:1-15. Thailand. (Proceedings of the ASEAN Seminar and w rkshDp
on Drying Technologies , 3 - 5 Jun 1998 , PhitsanulDk , Thailand)
26. Hawlader' , M N A , J C H M A Karim and M KWon "Performance evaluation Df solar air

collectors for drying purposes". PrDceedings of the SecDnd ASEAN Renewable Energy
Conference (1997). Thailand: ASEAN Solar Energy Network. (Proceedings of the Second
ASEAN Renewable Energy Conference , 5 - 9 Nov 1997 , Phuket Ardi Phuket, Thailand)
25. Hawlader', M N A , J C Ho, M A Karim and C C Lee , "Experimental and analytical study of
solar drying of agricultural products". Proceedings Df the ASEAN Renewable Energy
Conference ( 997). Bangko kfThailand: ASEAN S1 r Energy Network. (Proceedings of the
ASEAN Renewable Energy Conference , 5 - 9 Nov 1997 , PhuketArcadi Phuke~ Thailand)

24. Chou S K, M N A Hawlader and K J Chua , "Heat Pump Drying: Monitoring and evaluation"
ASEAN-Canada project Dn Solar Energy Drying Processs: Proceedings of the WorkshDp
on MDnitoring, Evaiuation and AdDpt n Strategy(1996): 6.1-6.33. Philippines: Asean
Sub-Committee on Non-Conventional Energy Research. (ASEAN-Canada project on Sol r
Energy in Drying Processs: Proceedings of the /rkshop on M nitoring Evaluati nand
Adoptin St tegy 26 - 27 Feb 1996 , Cebu , Philippines)
23. Hawlade M N A and T T Cl1andratilleke , "The development and performance evaluation f

cell solarimeter". -blank-. Proceedings , Energex '93 Conference , vo l. Vo l. III (1993):
solar
168-177 (-blank- , 18 - 22 Oct1993 , Seoul , South Korea)
22. Fong K Y, N E Wijeysunder. and M N A Hawlader , "Solar collector parameter estimation

by daily system tests". Renewabie Energy: Techn 'logy and the Environment , ed. AAM
Sayigh , camp. Pergamon Prs. S lar Thermal Technlogy vol. Vo l. 2 (1992): 1076-1080
United Kingdom. (World Renewable Energy Congress , 13 - 18 Sep 1992)
21. Hawlader' , M N A , A P Stack and B D Wood pen-cycle absorption solar cooling: Glazed
and unglazed pen flow liquid absorbent soiar collectorlregenerato r'\ Solar World Congress ,
2 , part (1991): 1619-1624. Pergam n Press. (Slar World Congress - 23 Au 1991 ,
Denver , United States)

20. Kh T T H, M N A Hawlade and J C Ho , "A solar pond for industrial ht wate r".
Proceedings , Manila Intematinal Symposium on the Development and Management of
EnelyResumes (1989) (Proceedings , Manila Interntional Symposium n the
Devel pment and Management of Energy Resources , 26 - 28 Jan 198 Manila ,
Philippines)
. Hawlade M N A , K C Ng , T T Chandratilleke , D Sharma and K H L Koay , "Li fe cycle

savings of an industrial solar hot water heate r". Proceedings, ASMElJSM ElJSES SDlar
Enely CDnference (1987): 896-901. United Slates. (Proceedings , ASM ElJSM ElJSES SJar
Energy Conference , 22 - 27 Mar 1987 , Honolulu , United States)
6
18. Hawl der" M N A , J C Ho and N E Wijeysundera ransmittance of solar radiation in solar
ponds". Proceedings , ASMElJSMJSES Slar Engineering Conference (1987): 178-182
United States. (Proceedings , ASM ElJSMEiJSES Solar Engineering Conference , 22 - 27 Mar
1987 , Honolulu , United States)
17. Cha dratilleke T T , K C Ng , M N A Hawlader and K H L Koay , "Analysis of an industrial

solar hot water system". Proceedings , Inlernational Symposium on Thermal Application of
Solar Energy (1985): 65 -6 7. Japan. (Proceedings , International Symposium Thermal
Application of Solar Energy , 8 - 10 Apr 1985 , Tokyo , Japan)
16. Hawlader" , M N A , J C Ho, T H Kho and N E Wijeysundera Solar ponds - The

technological status Proceedings , Asean Conference on Energy Conservation (1985): 262-
272 (Proceedings , Asean Conference on Energy Conservati 21 - 23 Oct 1985. Chiang
Mai , Thailand)
15. Hawlader" , M N A and K C Ng , 'An experimental study of solar stills". Proceedings ,
International Symposium on Thermal Application f SolrEnergy(1985): 557-561. Japan
(Proceedings , International Sympsium on Thermal Application ot S lar Energy , 7 - 10 Apr
1985, Hakone , Japan)
14. Hawlader, M N A , "A laboratory s lar pond". Proceedings , 3rd Australian Conference on
Heat and Mass Transfer (1985): 169-176 (Prceedings 3rd Australian Conference on Heat
and Mass Transfer , 13 - 15 May 1985 , Melburne Australia)
3. Ng K C and M N A Hawlader, "A performance study of solar stills" , Proceedings , Energex

4 The Global Energy Forum (1984): 565-568 (Proceedings , Energex '84 , The Global
Energy Forum , 14 19 May 1984 , Regina , Can da)
2. Wijeysundera N E and M N A Hawlader, "Indo r transient tests on solar collectors"

Proceedings , Energex '84, The Global Energy Forum (1984): 181-185 (Proceedings ,
Energex '84 , The Global Energy Forum , 14 - 19 May 1984 , Regina , Canada)
11. Hawlader", M N A , T S Lee and T Y Bon "Thermal stratification in solar water storage tank
- An experimental study". Proceedings, Western Michigan Conference on Mechanical
Engineering (1984). United States. (Proceedings , Western Michigan Conference on
Mechanical Engineering , 26 27 Oct 1984 , Michigan , United States)
10. Hawlader M N A , K C Ng , T T Chandratilleke and K H L Koayhe pe rmance study of
an industrial solar water heating system". Pnceedings 1st E. C. Cnrenee on Slar

Heating (1984): 743-747 (Proceedings , 1st E.C. Conference on Solar Heating , 30 Apr - 4
May 1984 , Amsterdam , Netherlands)
9. Lee T Sand M N A Hawlader , "Storage of solar thermal energy - A turbulent mdel"

Proceedings , UNESCO-KMIT~USAID 84 Regional Seminar on Simulation and Design in
Sol arE n e rg yAp P Ii c a Ii 0 n s ( 1 984) : X . 1 - X . 1 0 . T h a i I and. ( P r cee
din g s UNESCO-KMITTJSAID 84 Regional Seminar n Simul tion and Design in Solar
Energy Applications , 8 - 11 May 1984 , Bangkok , Thailand)
8. Hawlader" , M N A and K C Ng , "s lar air-conditioning using salt gradient solar pond - An
hour by hour mputer simulation". Proceedings , ISES Congss (1983) (Proceedings , ISES
Congress , 14 - 19 Aug 1983 , Pe h Australia)
7. Lee T Sand M N A Hawlader , "Storage of therm I energy - A numerical experiment"

Proceedings , SUNFEST '83: 9fh Annual Conference of the Star Energy Society of Canada
Inc. ( 983): SS c4 .1-SSc4.5 (Proceedings , SUNFEST '83: 9th Annual Conference of the
Solar Energy Society of Canada Inc. , 1 - 5 Aug 1983 , Ontario , United States)

6. Hawlader', M N A and T Y B study of thermal stratification in storage tanks". -blank-
Prceedings Energex '82 Conference , vol Vol. 1 (1982): 127-133 (-blank- , 23 - 29 Aug 1982
, Regina , Canada)
5. Hawlader, M N A , "Solar ponds". Proceedings, Workshop on Solar Energy Harnessing

( 982)(Proceedings , Wrkshop n Solar Energy Harnessing , 1 Jan 1982 , Bangkok ,
Thailand)
4. Hawlad M N A , "The use of s lar ponds for air conditioning". Proceedings , Cnference
Institute of Refrigeration (1982): 61-74 (Proedings Conference Institute of Refrigeration ,
14 -19 Mar 1982, Jerusalem , Israel)
3. Hawlader, M N A , "An analysis of solar ponds for collection and storage of solar energy"
Proceedings , Conference on Solar Science and Technology (1980): 466-4 80 (Proceedings ,
Conference n Solar Science and Technology , 24 Nov - 3 Dec 1980, Bangk k Thailand)
2. Hawlade M N A and B J Brinkworth , "Ananalysis of solar heated outd rswimming

p Is Proceedings , Conference (Ct7) on
Practical Experiences with Solar Heated

Swimming Pools ( 978): 71-83 (Proceedings , C nference (C17) on Practical Experiences
with Solar Heated Swimming Pools , 1 Oct 1978, London , United Kingd m)
1. Hawlader, M N A , "An analytical and experimental study of the temperature distribution in

solar energy storage system". Proceedings, Conference (Ctn Storage SolarEnerY
Systems (1978): 44-54 (Proceedings , Conference (C15) on Storage in Solar Energy
Systems , 1 May 1978 , L ndon United Kingdom)
PAPER FOR SEMINAR, PUBLIC TALK , LECTURE

LOCAUREGIONAL
PRESENTED BUT NOT PUBLISHED
2. Hawlader, M N A , "Solar drying of agricultural and industrial products'\ CLM Drying

Technology Worshop ( 6 - 10 Jan 2002 , Singap re)
INTERNATIONAL
PUBLISHED
1. Ha
|
W adr
e M NAil
01
a n
lor
kshp n Dryi
ng Technlogy 22 - 26 Apr 2002 , Puthumwan Princess Hotel, Bangkok ,
Thailand)
CHAPTER IN BOOK
PUBLISHED
2. Hawl der' M N A and KA. Jahangeer, "Solar energy utilization in Sing.a pore". In The fifty
Year history of the International Solar Energy Society and its National Chapte ed. Karl W
Boer, 383-39816. BoulderlColorado: International Soler Energy Sciety Inc, 2005. 16 pp.
1. Chua , E K J , S K Chou , M N A Hawlader and K A H Jahangeer, "s lar Assisted Heal Pump
Drying". In Solar-Assisted Crop Drying Systems , ed. A Sayigh. United Kingdom: World
Renewable Energy Netw rk 2004
;
UNPUBLISHED REPORT
UNPUBLISHED BUT FINALIZED
4. Hawlader' , M N A and N E Wijeysundera, Steady State Thermal Permance Tests for Flat
Plate Solar Col/ectal ngapore 1987. (Technical Report , no. TR-ME004-TH87 , prepared
for Department of Mech nical and Production Engineering , Nati nal University of Singap re)
3. Hawlader' , M N A , T S Lee and T Y B n An Experimental Study of Tllermal Energy Storage

System. Singapore , 1984
2. Hawlader , M N A, Heat Loss from a ResetvIr of Solar Energy. United Kingdom , 1978. (no
No. 403 , prepared for Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Studies , University
College Report)
1. Hawlader, M N A , A Study of Temperature Distribution in a Solar Energy Storage System

(Sensible Heat Type). United Kingdom , 1977. (no. No. 364 , prepared for Dep t. of Mechanical
Engineering and Energy Studies , University College Rep)

2 M. N. A. HAWLADER ET AL
'he puose of the study is to develop empirical equations for global radiation ,
ambient tmperature wind speed and relative humidity which can be used for the
simulation of solar systems and th energy analysis of building's using microcom-
puters. Hourly meteorological data for a period of six years have ben used for
this puose.
MEEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Singapore bing located near the equator [1 "21'N; 10355' E], the main charac-
teristic features of the climate of singapor are uniform temperature , high
humidity and abundant rainfall throughout the year due mainly to the maritime
posure of the island [4-. Table 1 shows the monthly variation of global _
radiation , dry bulb temperature , wind speed , and relative humidity.
Temperature variations throughout the yar are small , the daily range is about
8.3C while annual range of temperature is about 1. 9C [8]. Th e maximum and
minimum tempratures recorded over a period of 3'4 years are 34.8C and 19.6C,
respectively.
Generally , the relative humidity is high and in the arly hours of the morning it
exceeds 90% whereas it falls to about 60% i the arly afternoon , if th is no
ram.
Al though there ar hardly any seasonal effec two main seasons can be
distinguished namely Northeast monsoon and Southwest monsoon.'h ere are two
shorter inter-monsoon periods which separate th end of one monsoon period
from the commencement of the other.
Usually, Northeast monsoon commencs in late November and ends in March
while Southwest monsoon generally starts in e second half of May and ends
in September. During the early part of Northast monsoon , frequent spel1s of
rainy weather may persist over a period of few days. In Table 1, November shows
th least radiation available which can be attributed to the Northeast monsoon. _
For this year , maximum radiation is available in th month of February.
Tabte1.Some qpical mon9th7l8y averaEed daily values of metrologieal data

for Singapore for the yr 1
Daily mean Dry bulb Relative Windspeed
global radiation, Jempera!ll re lwmidity mls
MJlm 2
C %
January 14 .42 25.9 87.5 2.30

February 17.77 26.6 84.5 2.40
March 16.04 27.1 85.8 1. 58
April 16.54 27.1 85.9 1.24
May 13.97 27.5 86.9 1.05
June 13.84 27.2 85.3 1.58
July 14.79 26.9 84.9 1. 41
15.13 27 .4 82.6 1. 72
ASOeUcptBotuebsmetrber 15.10 26.8 86.1 1. 77
13.72 26.8 86.8 1. 61
November 12.10 25.9 88.5 1.46
December 14.75 25.7 88.7 2.57
4 M. N. A. HAWLADER ET A L.
2.5
"EZ
a
2
460 M
UFHMUA
Measured

OH

Fi tted
7 R 9 10 11 12 13 l4 15 l6 11 18 19
nOURS
gure 1 Monthly mean hourly valu of global radiation for the month of March.
As mntioned earlier , Singapore being near the equator there is no seasonal

eec on the meteorological variables. For th period considered in this study ,
the monthly mean hourly values of global radiation are lowest in the month of
November and highest in e month of March , as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Radiation levIs for other months fall btween th two limits. Equation (1) has
been fitted through the monthly man hourly values of global radiation.
2.5 ,
"E
1. 5
JF
"MMmM
"WAOHU
5
Meaaur d
Fi tt[!d

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 t9
HOURS
Figure 2 Monthly mean hourly values of global radiation for the month of November

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IES seminar

There are two basic types of technology associated

Solar thermal power Jw

-PV arrays installed at a fi~ed'a !1gle

PV arrays mounted in a tracking device that follows the sun

c.n Modul. Amy

Modular PV s.ystems refer to PV panels or modules that are added

In the BIPV systems, the solar collection surface is integrated into

The power output of a single cell is about 1.5 watts;

Materials used in PV modules

- it is by far the most commonly used thin film material;

The chief advantage of amorphous silicon modules

The power (product of current and voltage) of a solar cell is

When choosing an appliance for a PV system , there are

The total electrical power output (wattage) of a PV module is

PV modules produce current over a wide range of voltages

Each PV module can be characterised by its performance

The performance of a solar module is tested under Standard

irradiance of 1,000 W/m 2, spectral distribution of the light

.9V Voc = 19.8V

Factors affecting the performance output of PV

Bright bh.l e sky is best for

E.C. Li m " PV introduction 30

Most I-V curves are given for Standard Test Conditions

less efficiently and the voltage decreases.

Effect of cell temperature on module performance

on these .two .roof struc ttJ res:

Sti:tn.d o: alone photovoltaic (PV)systems,

Rural household$, schools, clinics and

Stand-alone PV system in rural Asia

A. photovoltaic array: eacharrayin front of photo

Note: PV modules convert sunlight

Notethat solar photovoltaics

work on different principles ,

Use of PV modules for

PV arrays mounted at a fixed angle

Mu\ti pl E:ij:)Vm9~Q!~;:;o nthe to f5f

PVartllysmountedin a tracking devi c;: e that follows the sun

Us~ of photovoltaicsfor individu a. l hou!:!e !i

Use of modular photovoltaics for individual houses

rooftop of a house in Singapore

::>. Th~ pvsystem consists of 77pieces of solar mo (j ules (Poly-cryst):lJ( ine).

Th~ solar anay is (j ivi (j ed into.7 strings (11 mOdules perstring) ,

Use of Photovoltaics for a small industriaLtownship

PV application for a factoryrgof in California

E.C. Li m " PV introduction 56

Installation of three PV modules

E.C.Um " PV introduction 60

Poh Ern Shih TemR1e

Readings shown on monitor:

n' Energy output for Nov. 2007

'obt $obl"O"!lf'd rO'f Ol1Nt1'>'1!fM!" 2007: 1,717.U ~

BIPV is a custom PV installation where the solar modules are

interior via the spaces between

The PV modules cover 9,300 sq.m. of the roof area and

In the central zone.l the glass roof was built

The glass panels that embed the PV cells

' E E H ' ' E E -

PV modules are installed vertically

The PV modules comprise

BIPV modules on the roof

il1 forma\ionol1 py; J Elf El rtq Hi3, ndbooks plJ ~lishcl9Y

as specified in lEe 60364-7-7

Safety requirements of photovoltaic (P V) installation as

[rl J:.;..[I] .. M