CCNP ROUTE - Chapter 1 - Characteristics of Routing Protocols

Administrative Distance
In Cisco routers, a means for one router to choose between multiple routes to reach the
same subnet when those routes are learned by different routing protocols. The lower the
administrative distance, the more preferred the source of the routing information.

Anycast

An IPv6 address type that is used by a number of hosts in a network that are providing the
same service. Hosts accessing the service are routed to the nearest host in an anycast
environment based on routing protocol metrics.

Asymmetric routing

A routing condition where packets take one path when traveling from a source device to a
destination device, but return traffic takes a different path.

Convergence

The time required for routing protocols to react to changes in the network, removing bad
routes and adding new, better routes so that the current best routes are in all the routers'
routing tables.

Distance-vector

The logic behind the behavior of some interior routing protocols, such as RIP and IGRP,
characterized by routers sending brief information about a subnet, and a metric (vector)
describing how far away that subnet is. Distance-vector routing algorithms call for each
router to send its entire routing table in each periodic update, but only to its neighbors.
Distance-vector routing algorithms can be prone to routing loops but are computationally
simpler than link-state routing algorithms. Also called Bellman-Ford routing algorithm.

Easy Virtual Networking (EVN)

A simplified approach to configure Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) on Cisco routers.

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

A routing protocol that was designed to exchange routing information between different
autonomous systems. EGP has been replaced by BGP and is no longer supported in Cisco IOS.
 Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)
A routing protocol designed to be used to exchange routing information inside a single
autonomous system.

Link-state
A classification of the underlying algorithm used in some routing protocols. Link-state
protocols build a detailed database that lists links (subnets) and their state (up, down), from
which the best routes can then be calculated.

Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA)

A characterization of a type of Layer 2 network in which more than two devices connect to
the network, but the network does not allow broadcast frames to be sent to all devices on
the network.

Path-vector
A category of routing protocol that includes information about the exact path packets take
to reach a specific destination network. BGP is a common example of a path-vector routing
protocol.

Poison Reverse
With RIP, the advertisement of a poisoned route out an interface when that route was
formerly not advertised out that interface due to split horizon rules.

Q) The design calls for IPv6 traffic to travel from a source IPv6 address to the
nearest device of multiple devices assigned to the same destination IPv6 address.
A) Use anycast.

Q) The design calls for the transmission of interactive voice and video over a
network. What Layer 4 protocols are typically used to transmit voice and data
media? (2)
A) The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a Layer 4 protocol that carries voice and video
media. RTP is encapsulated inside of User

Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is another Layer 4 protocol.

 Q) The design calls for the use of a distance-vector routing protocol. Identify the
two approaches that a distance-vector protocol can use to prevent loops. (2)
A) Split Horizon.

Poison Reverse.

Q) The design calls for the use of a link-state routing protocol. (2)
A) Use OSPF.

Use IS-IS.

Q) The design calls for the use of an NBMA network. Identify design issues that
might be encountered when using EIGRP or OSPF. (2)
A) Issue with EIGRP: Split Horizon.

Issue with OSPF: Designated router.

Q) The design calls for the use of Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). Identify the
condition that can be created when return traffic flows through a standby HSRP
router.
A) Asymmetric routing (or unicast flooding).

Q) The design needs to mitigate a global synchronization condition (where all TCP
flows simultaneously enter TCP slow start).
A) Use WRED.

Q) The design requires a network to be migrated to a different routing protocol.

(2)
A) Configure both routing protocols, and use

Administrative Distance (AD) to control

which routing protocol is being used.

Use route redistribution as you migrate

individual sections of the network.

 Q) The design requires that you virtualize multiple routers inside of physical
routers and carry traffic for those virtual networks between those physical
routers.
A) Use Cisco Easy Virtual Networking (EVN).

Q) The design requires the number of entries in a router's routing table to be

reduced.
A) Summarization.

Q) The plan calls for the use of both IPv4 and IPv6. What network traffic types do
IPv4 and IPv6 have in common, and what traffic types are different?
A) Both IPv4 and IPv6 use unicasts and multicasts. However, IPv4 can use broadcasts, while
IPv6 cannot. Also, IPv6 supports anycasts, while IPv4 does not.

Q) The plan calls for the use of Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). What can you
do to prevent an asymmetric routing issue, where traffic is forwarded from a
subnet using the active HSRP router, and some of the return traffic returns using
the standby HSRP router (because of load balancing)?
A) Ideally, you should not span a VLAN across more than one access layer switch. However,
if you must span a VLAN across multiple

access layer switches, you can adjust the HSRP router's ARP timer to be equal to or less than
the CAM aging time.

Q) The plan calls for the use of Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF). Identify two
approaches to configuring VRF. (2)
A) A traditional way to configure VRF on Cisco routers is an approach called VRF-Lite. A newer
approach to virtualized network configuration, called Cisco Easy Virtual Network (EVN),
dramatically simplifies the relatively complex configuration required by VRF-Lite.

Q) The plan requires that a network migrate from IPv4 to IPv6. Identify three
strategies of a successful IPv6 migration. (3)
A) Check existing equipment for IPv6 compatibility.

Run IPv4 and IPv6 concurrently.

Check the ISP's support for IPv6.

 Q) The plan requires that Split Horizon be disabled for the hub router in a hub-
and-spoke topology. Describe the purpose of Split Horizon.
A) Split Horizon is a feature that prevents a route learned on one interface from being
advertised back out of that same interface.

Q) The plan requires the use of EIGRP as the routing protocol. Provide a brief
description of EIGRP.
A) Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is classified as an advanced distance-
vector routing protocol. It was Cisco-proprietary until early 2013, but is now open to other
vendors. EIGRP uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to make its path selection
decisions.

Route summarization

A consolidation of advertised addresses that causes a single summary route to be advertised.

Split Horizon

Instead of advertising all routes out a particular interface, the routing protocol omits the
routes whose outgoing interface field matches the interface out which the update would be
sent.