4/25/2017

Dynamics - deals with the analysis of bodies in motion

Kinematics the study of the geometry of
motion. Kinematics is used to relate
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and
time, without reference to the cause of
the motion.

Kinetics the study of the relation existing

between the forces acting on a body, the
mass of the body, and the motion of the
body. Kinetics is used to predict the motion
caused by given forces or to determine the
forces required to produce a given motion.

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES
Rectilinear Motion of Particles
POSITION, VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION
Rectilinear Motion Another name for straight-line motion. This
type of motion describes the movement of a
particle or a body. A body is said to
experience rectilinear motion if any two
particles of the body travel the same
distance along parallel straight lines.
At any given instant t, the particle will
occupy a certain position on the straight
line. To define the position of the particle, a
fixed origin must be chosen on the straight
line and a positive direction along the line.

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O P

x
The distance x, with the appropriate sign,
completely defines the position of the
particle; it is called the position coordinate
of the particle considered.

Velocity: The rate at which the position change, m/s

For linear motion x marks the position of an object.
Position units would be m, ft, etc.
Average Velocity- Since velocity is a
Average velocity is
x vector quantity, average velocity can

v be defined as the displacement

t
divided by the time interval.

Velocity units would be in m/s, ft/s, etc.

Instantaneous Velocity- the
The instantaneous velocity is velocity of an object in
motion at a specific point in
x dx time. This is determined
v lim
t 0 t
similarly to average velocity,
dt but we narrow the period of
time so that it approaches
zero.

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Position xi. is defined

by a frame of reference

Displacement: The change in the position of particle, m

Traveled distance: s
total distance traveled
Average speed:
s
ratio of the total distance traveled Magnitude of average
to the total time from start to finish
t velocity
Instantaneous speed
ds Magnitude of instantaneous
dt velocity

Acceleration is the rate of the change of instantaneous velocity

The average acceleration is

v Average Acceleration- the
a change in velocity divided
t by an elapsed time.

The units of acceleration would be m/s2, ft/s2, etc.

The instantaneous acceleration is

Instantaneous

v dv d dx d x 2 Acceleration- the

a lim 2
limit of average
acceleration as the
t 0 t dt dt dt dt time interval
approaches zero

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Notice: If v is a function of x, then

dv dv dx dv
a v
dt dx dt dx
One more derivative
Jerk also known as jolt, surge,
or lurch, is the rate of change of
da acceleration with respect to

Jerk time, and as such the second

derivative of velocity or the
dt third derivative of position.

Consider the function x(m)

32

x t 6t
3 2 16

0 t(s)
2 4 6

v(m/s)
12

0 t(s)
Motion
v 3t 12t
2 4 6
2 -12

-24

-36 curves
a(m/s2)
12

a 6 t 12 0

-12
2 4 6 t(s)

-24

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DETERMINATION OF THE
MOTION OF A PARTICLE
The motion of a particle is said to be known if the
position of the particle is known for every value of the
time, t. In practice, however, a motion is seldom
defined by a relation between x and t.

In general, the acceleration of the particle can be

expressed as a function of one or more of the variables
x, v, and t. in order to determine the position
coordinate x in terms of t, it will thus be necessary to
perform successive integrations.

Three common classes of motion:

1. The Acceleration is a given function of t.

a f (t ) dv
dt
dv adt f ( t )dt
t
v v0 f ( t )dt dx v0
0
dt
t

dt
0 0
dx v f ( t )dt

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dt
0 0
dx v f ( t )dt

dx v0 dt f ( t )dt dt
0

t t

x x0 v0 t f ( t )dt dt
0 0

tt

x x0 v0 t f ( t )dt dt
0 0

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2. The acceleration is a given function of x.

dv
2. a f ( x ) v
dx
vdv adx
x
1
2 (v 2 v02 ) f ( x)dx
xo
dx
with v then get x x(t )
dt

3. The acceleration is a given function of v.

dv dv
3. a f ( v ) v
dt dx
v t
dv
v f ( v ) 0 dt t
0
x v
vdv
or
dx Both can lead to

x0 v0
f(v) x x( t )