1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis 1.

cannot take you back in time

2. cannot make you do things you won't do
make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it
3. can alleviate pain
alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. 4. fully conscious
Who is more susceptible? ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))

minimum stimulation needed in order to

absolute threshold
notice 50% of the time

against problem-solving fixation

((depressant))
disrupts memory formation
alcohol (REM)
lowers inhibition
expectancy effect

aggression, fear, and memory

amygdala
associated with these emotions

amygdala (if subject is

lesioned) mellow

amygdala (if
aggressive
stimulated)

boosts activity of proteins in memory-

amygdala (memory)
forming areas to fight/flight

integrate and interpret

association areas
information

automatic space, time, frequency, well-learned

processing information
 involuntary movements
autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems)

where charges travel from cell body to

axon
axon terminal

((depressant))
barbituates (tranquilizers) reduce
anxiety

learning (classical and operant)

behavioral approach
observed

bell curve
(natural curve)

biological approach genetics, close-relatives, body functions

violent video games/movies desensitize us

Bobo doll experiment legacy see good: do good
see evil: do evil

bottom-up senses to
processing brain

extension of the spinal cord responsible

brainstem
for automatic survival

brainstem (if
still move (without purpose)
severed)
 Broca's area speaking words

caffeine ((stimulant))

studies one person in depth

case study may not be typical of
population

brain and spinal

central nervous system
cord

central single score that represents the

tendency whole

nonverbal memory, judge time, balance

cerebellum
emotions, coordinate movements

cerebellum (if
difficulty walking and coordinating
damaged)

forms and stores implicit memories

cerebellum (memory)
((classical conditioning))

cerebral cortex only in higher life forms

two large hemispheres

cerebrum perceiving, thinking, and
processing
 giving directions and person is changed
change blindness
and we don't notice

children can't remember before age

3
__

when defending the choice we make,

choice blindness
we fail to notice choice was changed

Chomsky (nature or "born with language"

nurture?) (nature)

daily biological clock and regular

circadian rhythm cycle
(sleep and awake)

- activated by light
circadian rhythm - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN
pattern (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
- pineal gland decreases melatonin

classical conditioning outside stimulus

((stimulant))
cocaine euphoria
affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

even with tons of stimuli, we are able to

cocktail party effect
pick out our name, etc.

cognitive approach thinking affects behavior

 cones color

can affect dependent variable beyond

confounding variable
experiment's control

awareness of ourselves and the

consciousness
environment

environment helps with

context
memory

not receiving experimental

control
treatment
group
receives placebo

split in the brain to stop hyper-

corpus callosum communication
(eliminate epileptic seizures)

shows relation, but not cause/effect

correlational method
scatterplots show research

+ 1.0 (both increase)

correlation coefficient 0 (no correlation
- 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)

protein that can switch genes on/off

CREB with memory and connection of
memories

criticisms of doesn't take into account intrinsic

Skinner motivation
 receive messages from other
dendrites
neurons

outcome of using the

dependent variable
drug/treatment

depressants slows neural pathways

case study
descriptive survey
methods naturalistic observation
(DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)

any large, white fluffy creature won't

discriminate
make Albert cry

1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences

2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors'
dreaming (3) survival ideas
2. replay previous day's experiences/worries

((hallucinogen))
ecstasy reuptake is blocked
affects dopamine and serotonin

effortful processing that requires

processing effort

1. recency effect
effortful processing (4 2. spacing effect
3. testing effect
things) 4. serial position
effect

information going
encoding
in
 slow
endocrine system
uses hormones in the blood system

need to be treated
ethics of testing on
humanly
animals
basically similar to humans

consent
ethics of testing on debriefing
humans no unnecessary discomfort/pain
confidentiality

species - helped with survival

evolutionary approach
(ancestors)

examples for observational learning lectures and reading

"Let's do
excitatory charge
it!"

experimental receiving
group treatment/drug

does show cause and

experimental method
effect

need to
explicit memory
explain

stop "treating" with conditioned

extinction
response
 extrinsic doing something for
motivation reward

famous classical
Pavlov and Watson
psychologists

Bandura's Bobo
famous observational experiment
doll

famous observational psychologist Bandura

famous observational psychologists Bandura

famous operant psychologist Skinner

happens at a certain time

fixed interval (mailman comes to the house at 10:00
AM)

happens a certain number of

fixed ratio times
(Starbucks punch card)

type of memory remembered because

flashbulb memory
it was an important/quick moment

forget after 5 days

forgetting curve
forget after 5 years
the forgetting curve was created
Ebbinghaus
by

impulse frequency
frequency theory
(low pitches)

frequency we hear human

most voice

judgement, personality,
frontal lobe processing
(Phineas Gage accident)

functional only way to do this is with

fixedness this

small fibers - pain

gate-control theory large fibers - other
senses

any small, white fluffy creature will

generalization
make Albert cry now

provide nutrients to myelin sheath

glial marks intelligence
cells higher proportion of glial cells to
neurons

released during strong emotions

glucose involved with
((signaling important event to be
memory remembered))

glutamate involved with neurotransmitter that enhances

memory LTP
 grammar is
universal
_________

Gestalt
make sense of
grouping pieces
create a whole

proximity
similarity
grouping groups continuity
connectedness
closure

get used to it -> stop

habituation
reacting

excites neural
hallucinogen
activity

Helmholtz + frequency theory middle pitches

we hear different pitches in different

Helmoltz
places in basilar membrane
(hearing)
(high pitches)

after image in opposite colors

Hering's opponent-process theory
(RG, YB, WB)

hippocampus process new memory

active during sleep

hippocampus (memory) (forming memories)
((information "moves" after 48 hours))
 How long is sensory memory
seconds
stored?

How long is short-term memory less than a

stored? minute

How many bits of information is stored

7
in short-term memory?

How many chunks of information is

4
stored in short-term memory?

How many seconds of words is stored

2
in short-term memory?

How much is stored in long-term

LIMITLESS
memory?

becoming a better human (behavior,

humanistic approach
acceptance)

basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex,

hypothalamus
blood chemistry)

hypothesis measurable/specific

if we can't remember a 1. change memory to suit us

memory... 2. fill in the blanks with logical story
 imagination imagine or visualize something that isn't
inflation real

implicit memory naturally do

fail to "gorilla" because attention is

inattentional blindness
elsewhere

independent variable drug/procedure/treatment

"Let's not do
inhibitory charge
it!"

can't
insomnia
sleep

(in brain and spinal cord)

interneurons connecting motor and sensory
neurons

intrinsic doing something for yourself, not the

motivation reward

(Weber's law)
JND (just noticeable
difference between different stimuli
difference)
noticed in proportion

organism changing behavior due to experience

learning (association of events)
 connected to abuse
Loftus
cases/childhood

((hallucinogen))
LSD affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-)
affects serotonin

((long-term potentiation))
LTP strengthens potential neural forming
(associated with speed)

higher - farther
make assumptions of
smaller - farther
placement
blocking - closer, in front

((hallucinogen))
marijuana amplify sensory experience
disrupts memory formation

master gland pituitary gland

mean average

median middle

learning over time

memory contains information that can be
retrieved

memory of
peaks and ends
pain
 mental set what has worked in the past

((stimulant))
heightens energy
methamphetamine euphoria
affects dopamine

"feel" what is observed

mirror neurons happens in higher order
animals

not correct
misinformation effect
information

appears the
mode
most

emotion will bring back similar

mood-congruency
emotional memories

smallest meaning
morphemes
unit

travel from brain to "motor"

motor neurons
workings

myelin sheath protects the axon

narcolepsy fall asleep anywhere at anytime

 observe + write facts without
naturalistic observation
interference

more connections form with greater

neural
use
networks
others fall away if not used

neuron

neurotransmitters chemical messengers

((stimulant))
CNS releases neurotransmitters
nicotine calm anxiety
reduce pain
affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine

night
prevalent in children
terrors

biological behaviors work

observational learning
best

occipital lobe vision

operant conditioning control by organism

procedures that explain

operational definition
components
 ((depressant))
opiates pleasure
reduce anxiety/pain

organism must do these (2

fixed ratio and variable ratio
times)

parallel notice color, form, depth, movement,

processing etc.

parasympathetic nervous system calming

math and spatial

parietal lobe
reasoning

Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation)

Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR
Pavlov's experiment (salivation)
Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)

what our brain tells us to do with that

perception
information

mood +
perception =
motivation

somatic nervous system

peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system

smallest sound
phonemes
unit
 ability to adapt if
plasticity
damaged

type of people who are going to be used in

population experiment

remember the first things in a

primary effect
list

association (setting you

priming
up)

proactive old information interferes with the

interference new

trial + error
problem-solving algorithms
heuristic (representative +
(4) availability)
insight - "AHA!"

processing stages encoding -> storage -> retrieval

prototypes generalize

(Freud) subconscious, repressed

psychodynamic approach
feelings, unfulfilled wishes

the study of behavior and mental

psychology
processes
 psychology's biggest Which is more important in determining
question behavior, nature or nurture?

biopsychosocial approach
psychology's three levels of
(looks at the biological, psychological,
analysis
and social-cultural approaches together)

want to stop behavior

(positive reinforcement: smack)
punishments (negative reinforcement: take away
phone)

1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways

purpose of dreaming (5 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content)
3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain
THEORIES) 4. information processing
5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence

1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused

purpose of neural connections to wither
sleep 2. making memories
3. body growth (children sleep more)

chance selection between experimental and

random assignment control groups

highest -
range
lowest

remember the last things in a

recency effect
list

want to continue behavior

(positive reinforcement: give money to do
reinforcers laundry)
(negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)

reticular formation (if

coma
damaged)
reticular formation (if sleeping subject wakes
stimulated) up

retrieval taking information out

retroactive new information interferes with the

interference old

extra neurotransmitters are taken

reuptake
back

rods night time

actual people who will be used (randomness

sample reduces bias)

theory
hypothesis
scientific method operational definition
revision

semantic encoding make meaning out of something

(1) meaning (2) how ---
to chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you

what our senses tell

sensation
us

tired of noticing
sensory adaptation (Brain says, "Been there, done that.
Next?"
 travel from sensory receptors to
sensory neurons
brain

serial position effect primary/recency effect

serotonin involved with speeds the connection between

memory neurons

get animal closer to doing what you

shaping
want them to do

short term memory goes to

working memory
______________

we notice what is more important to us

signal detection theory
(rather hear a baby crying)

warmth, cold, pressure,

Skin feels what?
pain

Skinner (nature or language is learned

nurture?) (nurture)

operant chamber / Skinner

Skinner's experiment box
(lead to shaping)

use it personally, at school, and at

Skinner's legacy
work
 stop breathing in
sleep apnea
sleep

relaxed stage (alpha waves)

stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations)
stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk)
sleep stages stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves)
stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed)
stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)

sleepwalking/sleeptalking hereditary - prevalent in children

close to memory
smell section
(not in thalamus)

social-cultural approach cultural, family, environment

voluntary
somatic nervous system
movements

what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory,

source amnesia etc.?)

spread out learning over

spacing effect
time

expressway of information
spinal
bypasses brain when reflexes
cord
involved

bring stimulus back after a

spontaneous recovery
while
 how scores vary around the
standard deviation
mean

you may remember something if you go

state-dependency back to the state you were in
(go back to high)

hypes neural
stimulants
processing

storage keeping information in

studies lots of
survey people
not in depth

sympathetic nervous system arousing

audition and recognizing

temporal lobe
faces

sensory switchboard
thalamus
(does not process smell)

general idea being

theory
tested

these things happen regardless (2

fixed interval and variable interval
times)
 top-down brain to
processing senses

Young-Helmholtz -> color

trichromatic + opponent-process stimuli
Hering -> en route to cortex

two reasons of why experiments are hindsight bias +

important overconfidence

classical
types of
operant
learning
observational

types of research descriptive, correlational, and

methods experimental

happens at any time

variable interval (receive texts from
friends)

happens an unpredictable number of

variable ratio times
(winning the lottery)

white rat was given to Little Albert

Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry)
Watson's experiment Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR
(cry)
Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)

interprets auditory and

Wernicke's area
hearing

What messes with circadian

artificial light
rhythm?
 Which (fixed/variable) conditions
variable
better?

The whole sleep cycle lasts how 90

long? minutes

make a connection and process

working memory
information to mean something

working memory goes to

long-term memory
_________________

3 corresponding color receptors

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
(RGB)