Boeing Skyfox

Contents

1 Lockheed T-33 1
1.1 Design and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Operational history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.2 Military use by other nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.3 Civilian use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Aircraft on display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Notable accidents and incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 Specications (T-33A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9.1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9.2 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Boeing Skyfox 9
2.1 Design and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Conversion options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Operation and support costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.3 Potential customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Operational history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 Garrett TFE731 13
3.1 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

i
ii CONTENTS

3.3 Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 Specications (TFE731-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.10.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.10.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.10.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 1
Lockheed T-33
The Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star (or T-Bird) is
an American jet trainer aircraft. It was produced by
Lockheed and made its rst ight in 1948 piloted by Tony
LeVier. The T-33 was developed from the Lockheed
P-80/F-80 starting as TP-80C/TF-80C in development,
then designated T-33A. It was used by the U.S. Navy ini-
tially as TO-2 then TV-2, and after 1962, T-33B. As of
2015, Canadian-built examples remain in service with the
Bolivian Air Force.
1.1 Design and development
The T-33 was developed from the Lockheed P-80/F-80
by lengthening the fuselage by slightly over three feet and
adding a second seat, instrumentation and ight controls.
It was initially designated as a variant of the P-80/F-80,
the TP-80C/TF-80C.[1]
Design work for the Lockheed P-80 began in 1943 with
the rst ight on 8 January 1944. Following on the Bell
P-59, the P-80 became the rst jet ghter to enter full
squadron service in the United States Army Air Forces.
As more advanced jets entered service, the F-80 took on
another roletraining jet pilots. The two-place T-33 jet
was designed for training pilots already qualied to y
propeller-driven aircraft.
Originally designated the TF-80C, the T-33 made its rst
ight on 22 March 1948 with U.S. production taking
place from 1948 to 1959. The US Navy used the T-33
as a land-based trainer starting in 1949. It was desig-
nated the TV-2, but was redesignated the T-33B in 1962.
The Navy operated some ex-USAF P-80Cs as the TO-1,
changed to the TV-1 about a year later. A carrier-capable
version of the P-80/T-33 family was subsequently devel-
oped by Lockheed, eventually leading to the late 1950s to
1970s T2V-1/T-1A SeaStar. The two TF-80C prototypes
were modied as prototypes for an all-weather two-seater
ghter variant which became the F-94 Starre. A total of
6,557 Shooting Stars were produced, 5,691 by Lockheed,
210 by Kawasaki and 656 by Canadair.
1.2 Operational history
1
1.2.1 U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy
The two-place T-33 proved suitable as an advanced
trainer, and it has been used for such tasks as drone di-
rector and target towing. The U.S. Air Force began phas-
ing the T-33 out of front line pilot training duties in the
Air Training Command in the early 1960s as the Cessna
T-37 Tweet and Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft began re-
placing it under the Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT)
program. The T-33 was used to train cadets from the
Air Force Academy at Peterson Field (now Peterson Air
Force Base in Colorado Springs). The T-37 replaced
the T-33 for Academy training in 1975. The nal T-33
used in advanced training was replaced 8 February 1967
at Craig AFB, Alabama.[2] Similar replacement also oc-
curred in the U.S. Navy with the TV-1 (also renamed T-
33 in 1962) as more advanced aircraft such as the North
American T-2 Buckeye and Douglas TA-4 Skyhawk II
came on line. USAF and USN versions of the T-33 sol-
diered on into the 1970s and 1980s with USAF and USN
as utility aircraft and prociency trainers, with some of
the former USN aircraft being expended as full scale
aerial targets for air-to-air missile tests from naval air-
craft and surface-to-air missile tests from naval vessels.
Several T-33s were assigned to USAF McDonnell F-101
Voodoo, Convair F-102 Delta Dagger and Convair F-106
Delta Dart units, to include similarly equipped Air Na-
tional Guard units, of the Aerospace Defense Command
as prociency trainers and practice bogey aircraft. Oth-
ers later went to Tactical Air Command and TAC-gained
Air National Guard F-106 and McDonnell-Douglas F-4
Phantom II units in a similar role until they were nally
retired, with the last being an NT-33 variant retired in
April 1997.
1.2.2 Military use by other nations
Some T-33s retained two machine guns for gunnery train-
ing, and in some countries, the T-33 was even used in
combat: the Cuban Air Force used them during the Bay
of Pigs Invasion, scoring several kills. The RT-33A ver-
sion, reconnaissance aircraft produced primarily for use
by foreign countries, had a camera installed in the nose
and additional equipment in the rear cockpit. T-33s con-
2 CHAPTER 1. LOCKHEED T-33
tinued to y as currency trainers, drone towing, com-
bat and tactical simulation training, hack aircraft, elec-
tronic countermeasures and warfare training and test plat-
forms right into the 1980s.
Lockheed T-33A USAF
United States Air Force Lockheed RT-33 reconnaissance plane
forced down in December 1957, on display in Gjirokastr,
Albania.
USAF Lockheed NT-33A
The T-33 has served with over 30 nations, and continues
to operate as a trainer in smaller air forces. Canadair built
656 T-33s on licence for service in the RCAFCanadian
Forces as the CT-133 Silver Star while Kawasaki manu- RT-33A T-33A modied before delivery as a single-seat
factured 210 in Japan. Other operators included Brazil,
Turkey and Thailand which used the T-33 extensively.
In the 1980s, an attempt was made to modify and mod-
ernize the T-33 as the Boeing Skyfox, but a lack of orders
led to the projects cancellation. About 70% of the T-
33s airframe was retained in the Skyfox, but it was pow-
ered by two Garrett AiResearch TFE731-3A turbofan en-
gines.
In the late 1990s, 18 T-33 Mk-III and T-33 SF-SC from
the Bolivian Air Force went to Canada to be modernized
at Kelowna Flightcraft. New avionics were installed, and
detailed inspection and renewal of the fuselage and wings
were performed. Most of the aircraft returned in early
2001 and remain operational.
1.2.3 Civilian use
A limited number of T-33s have found their way into pri-
vate hands and have been used by Boeing as a chase air-
craft. In 2010, one of two T-33 Shooting Stars owned
by Boeing was used as a chase aircraft during the maiden
ight of the Boeing 787.[3] Actor and pilot Michael Dorn
owned a T-33.[4] Dorn, who played the character Worf
in the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star
Trek: Deep Space Nine, jokingly referred to the aircraft
as his 'starship'.
1.3 Variants
TP-80C Original United States military designation for
the Lockheed Model 580 two-seat trainer for the
United States Army Air Forces. Designation
changed to TF-80C on 11 June 1948 following es-
tablishment of the United States Air Force as a sep-
arate military service in 1947, and then to T-33A on
5 May 1949; 20 built.
T-33A Two-seat jet trainer aircraft for the United States
Air Force and delivery to foreign air forces under the
Military Aid Program, 5871 including 699 diverted
to the United States Navy as the TV-2.
AT-33A Conversions of the T-33A for export as a close
support variant tted with underwing pylons and
hard points for bombs and rockets. Also used in
the original ghter lead-in program at Cannon AFB,
NM approximately 1972- 1975.
DT-33A This designation was given to a number of T-
33As converted into drone directors.
NT-33A This designation was given to a number of T-
33As converted into special test aircraft.
QT-33A This designation was given to number of T-
33As converted into aerial target drones for the
United States Navy.
reconnaissance variant; 85 built, mainly for export
under the Military Aid Program.
1.4. OPERATORS 3

T-33B Re-designation of the United States Navy TV-2

in 1962.

DT-33B Re-designation of the United States Navy TV-

2D drone director in 1962.

DT-33C Re-designation of the United States Navy TV-

2KD target in 1962

TO-1/TV-1 U.S. Navy designation of P-80C, 50 trans-

ferred to USN in 1949 as jet trainers (not technically
T-33 Shooting Star)

TO-2 United States Navy designation for 649 T-33As

diverted from USAF production. Two-seat land- T-33 of the Belgian Air Force
based jet training aircraft for the U.S. Navy. First 28
were delivered as TO-2s before the Navy changed
the designation to TV-2. Surviving United States
Navy and United States Marine Corps aircraft were
re-designated T-33B on 18 September 1962.[5]

TV-2 Re-designation of the TO-2 after the rst 28 were

built.

TV-2D TV-2s modied as drone directors, later re-

designated DT-33B.

TV-2KD TV-2s modied as radio-controlled targets,

could be own as a single-seater for ferry, later re-
designated DT-33C.
T-33 of the Taiwan Air Force at Hsinchu Air Base 2012

1.3.1 Canada

Silver Star Mk 1 Canadian-designation for T-33A, 20

delivered.

Silver Star Mk 2 Canadian-designation for a T-33A

which became the prototype of the Silver Star Mk
3.

T-33AN/CT-133 Silver Star Mk 3 The T-33AN is a

Rolls-Royce Nene powered-variant of the T-33A
for the Royal Canadian Air Force; 656 built by
Canadair with the company designation CL-30.
Canadian military designation was later changed
from T-33AN to CT-133.
A T-33 Shooting Star of the Hellenic Air Force

1.3.2 Other
1.4 Operators
L-245 One Lockheed owned fuselage with a more pow-
erful engine. Was later developed into the T2V For operators of Canadian-built aircraft refer to Canadair
SeaStar.[6] T-33.

Arospatiale Pgase[7] A Canadair T-33AN was mod-

ied by Arospatiale with an S17a 17% thickness Belgium
wing section.
4 CHAPTER 1. LOCKHEED T-33

Lockheed T-33A Shooting Star Mexican Air Force

T-33 Spanish Air Force

T-33 Portuguese Air Force

T-33 Philippine Air Force

T-33 Republic of Korea Air Force Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star belonging to the former Imperial
Iranian Air Force (IIAF)
Belgian Air Force (38 T-33A, 1 RT-33A oper-
ated from 1952) (all retired) Brazilian Air Force (all retired)

Bolivia Burma

Bolivian Air Force - Bolivia acquired 15 T-33AN Burmese Air Force 15 x AT-33A for use as train-
from Canada in 197374, purchasing 5 more from ers and close air support.[11] (all retired)
Canada in 1977 and 18 T-33SFs from France in
1985.[8] 18 were upgraded to T-33-2000 standard
Canada
in 20002001.[9] 14 remain operational as of De-
cember 2015.[10]
Royal Canadian Air Force
Brazil
Royal Canadian Navy
1.4. OPERATORS 5

Colombian Air Force (all retired)

Cuba

Cuban Air Force (all retired)

Denmark

Royal Danish Air Force(all retired)[12]

T-33 T-Bird of French Air Force in 1980 on the Air Base 705 of
Tours Dominican Republic

Dominican Air Force AT-33A (all retired)

Ecuador

Ecuadorian Air Force AT-33A (all retired)

El Salvador

(all retired)

T-33 in Saudi Arabia France

French Air Force 163 x T-33A and RT-33A (also

61 Canadian-built T-33AN), all retired

Germany

German Air Force 192 x T-33A, all retired

Greece
Japan Air Self-Defense ForceT-33A

Canadian Forces Hellenic Air Force T-33A, RT-33A and

Canadian-built AT-33ANs (all retired)
National Research Council

Guatemala
Chile (all retired)

Republic of China Guatemalan Air Force (all retired)

Honduras
Republic of China Air Force (all retired)

Colombia Honduran Air Force T-33A and RT-33A (all re-

tired)
6 CHAPTER 1. LOCKHEED T-33

Indonesia Pakistan

Indonesian Air Force T-33A (all retired) Pakistan Air Force T-33A, RT-33A (all retired)

Iran Paraguay

Imperial Iranian Air Force Paraguayan Air Force operated six AT-33A donated
by Taiwan in 1990. The belonged to the Grupo
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (all retired) Aerotctico (GAT) 2nd. Fighter Squadron called
Indios. They were withdrawn from use in 1998.
Italy
Peru

Italian Air Force operated 60 Lockheed T-33A and

14 Lockheed RT-33A from 1952 until 1982[13] Peruvian Air Force (all retired)

Japan (all retired) Philippines

Japan Air Self Defense Force T-33A assembled Philippine Air Force (all retired)
and later manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Indus-
tries Aerospace Company from 1956.[14] (all re- Portugal
tired)

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Portuguese Air Force T-33A and one RT-33A (all
retired)

Libyan Arab Air Force T-33A (all retired) Saudi Arabia

Mexico Royal Saudi Air Force (all retired)

Mexican Air Force 50 units AT-33A (all retired) Singapore

Netherlands Republic of Singapore Air Force: 12 x Former

French Air Force T-33A delivered in 1980, followed
by 8 more in 1982.[15] (all retired)
Royal Netherlands Air Force 60 x T-33A, 3 x RT-
33A, all retired
South Korea

Nicaragua
Republic of Korea Air Force: T-33A is First intro-
duction Time: August, 1955. It also served with the
Fuerza Area de Nicaragua FAN received delivery ROKAF Black Eagles aerobatic team, (all retired)
of four AT-33A aircraft from the US Government
after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. Retired Spain
from service in 1979.

Norway Spanish Air Force 60 x T-33A (all retired)

Thailand
Royal Norwegian Air Force (all retired)
1.8. SEE ALSO 7

Royal Thai Air Force (all retired) Length: 37 ft 9 in (11.51 m)

Wingspan: 38 ft 10 1 2 in (11.85 m)
Turkey
Height: 11 ft 8 in (3.55 m)

Turkish Air Force T-33A and RT-33A (all retired) Wing area: 234.8 sq ft (21.81 m2 )

Empty weight: 8,365 lb (3,794 kg)

United States
Loaded weight: 12,071 lb (5,475 kg)

Max. takeo weight: 15,061 lb (6,832 kg)

Boeing Commercial Airplanes (two Canadair T-33s,
N109X and N416X)[16] Powerplant: 1 Allison J33-A-35 centrifugal
compressor turbojet, 5,400 lbf (water injection),
United States Air Force (all retired)
4,600 lbf continuous (24.0 kN)
United States Navy (all retired)
Performance
United States Marine Corps (all retired)[5]

Maximum speed: 600 mph (521 knots, 965 km/h)

Uruguay at sea level

Cruise speed: 455 mph (396 knots, 732 km/h)

Uruguayan Air Force 8 x AT-33A[17] (all retired)
Range: 1,275 mi (1,110 nmi, 2,050 km)
Yugoslavia Service ceiling: 48,000 ft (14,630 m)

Rate of climb: 4,870 ft/min (24.7 m/s)

Yugoslav Air Force Operated 125 Shooting Stars
in four variants: 25 T-33A, 22 RT-33A, 70 TV-2 Armament
and 8 TT-33A (all retired)[18]

Hardpoints: 2 with a capacity of 2,000 lb (907 kg)

1.5 Aircraft on display of bombs or rockets (AT-33)

Main article: List of displayed Lockheed T-33 Shooting

Stars 1.8 See also
Numerous T-33s have been preserved as museum and Related development
commemorative displays.
Boeing Skyfox

1.6 Notable accidents and incidents Canadair CT-133 Silver Star

Lockheed F-94 Starre

While the cause is uncertain, a T-33 crashed near Al-
lenspark, Colorado on July 27, 1965 while ying low and Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star
slow near a thunderstorm to check out newly purchased Lockheed T2V/T-1A Seastar
land. Both occupants, USAF Major Jay. E. Currie and
USAF 1st Lt Donald Darby, were killed.[19][20]
Aircraft of comparable role, conguration and era

1.7 Specications (T-33A) Northrop T-38 Talon

North American T-2 Buckeye

Data from Lockheed Aircraft since 1913[21]
General characteristics Related lists

Crew: Two List of Lockheed aircraft

8 CHAPTER 1. LOCKHEED T-33
1.9 References
1.9.1 Notes
[1] Lockheed P-80/F-80
[2] Scholin, Allan R., Aerospace World, Air Force and
Space Digest, Air Force Association, Washington, D.C.,
March 1967, Volume 50, Number 3, page 38.
[3] 787 First Flight from the chase plane. wired.com. Re-
trieved: 22 April 2010.
[4] Freeze, Di. Michael Dorn: A Trek worth Remember-
ing. Airportjournals.com. Airport Journals. Retrieved
June 13, 2015.
[5] Jansen, Clay. " US Marine Corps Lockheed T-33 Shoot-
ing Star. Cloud 9 Photography, October 1961. Retrieved:
6 August 2013.
[6] Beck, Simon. Lockheed Shooting Star Series. US War-
planes.net. Retrieved: 21 October 2011.
[7] Gaillard, Pierre (1991). Les Avions Francaisde 1965 a
1990. Paris: Editions EPA. ISBN 2 85120 392 4.
[8] Siegrist 1987, p. 175.
[9] International Air Power Review Summer 2001, p. 28.
[10] Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015, p. 33.
[11] Andrade 1982, p. 35
[12] Schrder, Hans (1991). Royal Danish Airforce. Ed. Kay
S. Nielsen. Tjhusmuseet, 1991, p. 164. ISBN 87-
89022-24-6.
[13] Il portale dell'Aeronautica Militare Lockheed RT-33.
aeronautica.difesa.it. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
[14] History of the Kawasaki Aerospace Division. Kawasaki
Heavy Industries, Ltd. Retrieved: 21 March 2010.
[15] Pocock 1986, p. 92.
[16] Aircraft Enquiry: N109X. FAA Registry. Retrieved:
11 Mar 2012.
[17] Andrade 1982, p. 336
[18] Letelice Lockheed T-33A, RT-33A i TV-2 u JRV i nji-
hove sudbine. paluba.info. Retrieved 23 December
2014.
[19] http://coloradowreckchasing.com/AllensparkT33/T-33.
htm
[20] http://www.traildamage.com/trails/index.php?id=174
[21] Francillon 1982, pp. 287, 293.
1.9.2 Bibliography
Baugher, Joe. Lockheed P-80/F-80. USAF Fight-
ers. Retrieved: 11 June 2011.
Davis, Larry. P-80 Shooting Star. T-33/F-94 in ac-
tion. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publica-
tions, 1980. ISBN 0-89747-099-0.
Dorr, Robert F. P-80 Shooting Star Variants.
Wings of Fame Vol. 11. London: Aerospace Pub-
lishing Ltd., 1998. ISBN 1-86184-017-9.
Francillon, Ren J. Lockheed Aircraft since 1913.
London: Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0-370-30329-6.
Fuerza Area Boliviana. International Air Power
Review. Volume 1, Summer 2001. pp. 2831.
ISSN 1473-9917.
Gaillard, Pierre (1991). Les Avions Franais 1965
a 1990. Paris: Editions EPA. ISBN 2 85120 392 4.
Hiltermann, Gijs. Lockheed T-33 (Vliegend in
Nederland 3) (in Dutch). Eindhoven, Netherlands:
Flash Aviation, 1988. ISBN 978-90-71553-04-2.
Hoyle, Craig. World Air Forces 2015. Flight In-
ternational, 814 December 2015, Vol. 188, No.
5517. pp. 2653. ISSN 0015-3710.
Pace, Steve. Lockheed Skunk Works. St. Paul, Min-
nesota: Motorbooks International, 1992. ISBN 0-
87938-632-0.
Pocock, Chris. Singapore Sting. Air Interna-
tional, Vol. 31, No. 2. pp. 5964, 9092.
Siegrist, Martin. Bolivian Air Power Seventy
Years On. Air International, Vol. 33, No. 4, Octo-
ber 1987. pp. 170176, 194. ISSN 0306-5634.
1.10 External links
T-33 in Mexican Air Force
AeroWeb: T-33s on display list
Warbird Alley: T-33 page
Walkaround T-33 Shooting Star (Eskishehir,
Turkey)
Pictures of the T-33 at Oak Meadow Park, (Los
Gatos, CA)
Brief T-33 History on Air Mobility Command Mu-
seum Site with photo of display T-33 at Dover AFB,
DE
Chapter 2

Boeing Skyfox

|} The Boeing Skyfox was a twin-engined jet trainer air- fuel storage, eliminating the need for the T-33s tip tanks,
craft, a highly upgraded development of the Lockheed but tip mountings were retained to accommodate optional
T-33. It was designed as a primary trainer to compete auxiliary fuel tanks if desired.
with and replace the Cessna T-37 Tweet.[1] Besides its Other modications included inboard wing leading-edge
primary role as a trainer, the aircraft was envisioned to
extensions, the replacement of the tip tanks with winglets,
have other roles as well, including ground attack. The new canopy with one-piece windshield, revised nose ge-
program was started by the Skyfox Corporation in 1983,
ometry to improved visibility from the cockpit and to fair
and was acquired by Boeing in 1986.[2] into the T-33s lateral intakes, new tail surfaces with a
The program included the replacement of the Allison mid-set tailplane, although the original wings were re-
J33-A-35 turbojet by two Garrett TFE731-3A turbofans. tained, and new avionics.
It also included an extensive redesign of the airframe.
Only one prototype aircraft was built, and the program
was later canceled due to lack of customers.[3] 2.1.1 Conversion options

2.1 Design and development

Over 6,500 Lockheed T-33 trainers were built, mak-
ing it one of the most successful jet trainer programs
in history.[4][5] However, technology passed the T-Bird
by, and by the 1980s, it was clear that the worlds air
forces needed a more modern training aircraft. The Sky-
fox was conceived and developed by Russell O'Quinn.
The modication designs were led by T-33 designer Irvin Skyfox prototype without engines
Culver and a number of other former Lockheed employ-
ees formed Flight Concepts Incorporated in 1982, with
the intent of modernizing the T-33 design. The com-
panys name was later changed to Skyfox Corporation.[2]
The highly modied and modernized aircraft was ex-
pected to cost about half of a new comparable trainer,
such as the British Aerospace BAE Hawk and the
Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet. With the design work done,
Skyfox purchased 80 surplus T-33s.
The Skyfox was marketed either as a complete converted
aircraft from Boeing, or as a conversion kit, with the cus- Skyfox prototype
tomer providing the T-33 airframe. The conversion in-
corporated about 70% of the existing T-33 airframe, but The Skyfox was designed to be produced entirely from
replaced the existing internal single Allison J33 turbojet kits of components. The conversion involved the disas-
engine with two Garrett TFE731-3A turbofan engines sembly, the inspection, and the refurbishment of the T-33
mounted externally. Together, the two TFE731s weighed airframe as necessary, the installation of the kits and re-
17% less than the single original engine, provided 60% assembly of the airframe in the Skyfox conguration.[3]
more thrust on 45% less fuel. There were two conversion options: to purchase a com-
The engine change provided a large internal volume for plete Skyfox from Boeing or to purchase a conversion kit

9
10 CHAPTER 2. BOEING SKYFOX

2.1.2 Operation and support costs

The operating and support costs of the Skyfox were less

than that of the T-33 and could compete with the costs
of the Hawk and the Alpha Jet. Structural improve-
ments, avionics upgrades, electrical rewiring, airframe
and systems refurbishment, and powerplant modications
resulted in low cost, low maintenance hours and low spare
parts consumption.[3]
Skyfox prototype The two TFE371-3A turbofans that powered the Skyfox
together weighed 17 per cent less than the single J33-A-
35 turbojet of the T-33, while producing 60 percent more
from Boeing and perform the conversion in the country thrust and consuming 45 percent less fuel. The TFE371-
itself. 3A turbofan had a ten-fold increase in time between over-
The standard conversion kit included: hauls (TBO) compared with the J33-A-35 turbojet. The
result was a greatly improved maneuverability, range, en-
durance, payload and the added overwater and hostile ter-
Two Garrett TFE371-3A turbofans, the nacelles, rain safety of the twin powerplant conguration.[3]
and the propulsion support system.

Nose and tail assemblies. 2.1.3 Potential customers

Single-point refuelling. Portugal

Aerodynamic renement kit. To replace the T-33A, Portugal signed a letter of intent
with the Skyfox Corporation in the middle of the 1980s
Structural renement kit. for 20 conversion kits. The Fora Area Portuguesa
(FAP) proposed that Ocinas Gerais de Material Aero-
nautico (OGMA) in Alverca would undertake the con-
Nose wheel steering.
versions, but insucient orders were obtained from other
nations to motivate Boeing to continue with the project.[6]
Anti-skid power brakes.

Single-piece windscreen. USA

Hydraulic components kit.
Generator control and distribution system.
Throttle quadrants and control system.
Even the USAF was interested in the Skyfox. It was orig-
inally planned to demonstrate the Skyfox at Farnborough
International 1986, but the aircraft was tested at the time
by the USAF. Eventually, the USAF did not purchase the
Skyfox.

Fire extinguishing system.

Plus control panels for the cockpit
In addition to the standard conversion kit described
above, Boeing also oered a number of options that could
further improve the overall capability of the Skyfox:
Avionics upgrade.
Basic rewiring of the aircraft.
Tactical, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare Its next owner was Consolidated Leasing in 1977.
(EW) training mission packages.
Zero-zero ejection seat.
2.2 Operational history
The rst Skyfox converted was an ex-Canadian Forces
CT-133, the Canadian license-built equivalent of the T-
33 which were formerly a Silver Star 3AT (Armament
Trainer). This particular aircraft was produced in 1958,
had construction number T.33160 and serial number
RCAF21160.[7] It was struck-o charge on 10 November
1970 and was sold through Crown Assets Disposal Cor-
poration to Leroy Penhall/Fighter Imports in 1973. It was
then sold to Murray McCormick Aerial Surveys in 1975.
[7]
The Skyfox was sold to the Skyfox Corporation, carry-
ing the U.S. civilian registration number of N221SF, on
14 January 1983 and went to the Flight Test Research in
2.4. SEE ALSO 11

August 1983.[8] After conversion to the Skyfox congu- Fuel consumption: 23.3 mg/(Ns).
ration it ew its rst ight as the Skyfox prototype on 23
August 1983, nearly 35.5 years after the rst ight of the Armament
T-33. Race and test pilot Skip Holm performed the initial
ight test at the Mojave Airport, California. The Skyfox
prototype was white overall, with black cheat lines, and a A total of 2,700 kg of armament on 10 underwing hard-
very pale blue trim. points.

The Skyfox Corporation was not able to nd any buyers

for the aircraft, despite its price and capability. However,
in 1986, Boeing Military Aircraft Company saw poten-
2.4 See also
tial, and purchased the marketing and production rights.
Even though Portugal signed a letter of intent for 20 con- Related development
version kits, no other nation signed on, and faced with a
lack of customers, Boeing cancelled the project. The pro- Canadair T-33
totype aircraft remains the only Skyfox built. As of June
2008, the prototype is parked on the ightline at Rogue Lockheed F-94 Starre
Valley International (MFR) in Medford, Oregon without
Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star
engines.
Lockheed T2V SeaStar

2.3 Specications Aircraft of comparable role, conguration and era

Data from Airwar Specications[9] Aero L-39 Albatros

General characteristics
BAe Hawk

Crew: 2 Canadair CT-114 Tutor

Length: 13.41 m (46 ft) Cessna T-37 Tweet

Wingspan: 11.83 m (38 ft 10 in) Fairchild T-46

Height: 3.76 m (12 ft 4 in)

Airfoil: NACA 65213 2.5 References

Empty weight: 3,856 kg (10,284 lb)
Loaded weight: 6,532 kg (14,400 lb)
Max. takeo weight: 7,364 kg (20,000 lb)
Fuel capacity:
Notes
[1] Skyfox. tv-series.com. Retrieved: 15 July 2011.
[2] American airplanes: Sk Sp. Aeroles. Retrieved: 15
July 2011.

Internal fuel capacity: 3,191 litres
Total fuel capacity: 4,932 litres
Powerplant: 2 Garrett TFE7313A turbofan,
3,700 lbf (16.5 kN) each
Performance
[3] Boeing Skyfox. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
[4] Baugher, Joe. Lockheed TP-80C/TF-80C/T-33A.
USAF Fighters, 16 July 1999. Retrieved: 15 July 2011.
[5] Lockheed T-33 'Shooting Star'. Warbird Alley. Re-
trieved: 15 July 2011.
[6] Huertas 1996, p. 152.

Range: ** Internal fuel: 1960 nmi (3,630 km) [7] CT-33/RCAF21160. Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 15
July 2011.
Internal and external fuel: 2,600 nmi (4,815
[8] N221SF. FAA Retrieved: 15 July 2011.
km) ()
[9] Skyfox Specications. Airwar. Retrieved: 15 July
Service ceiling: 40,000 ft (12,192 m) 2011.
Rate of climb: 4,900 ft/min (1,494 m/min) at sea
level. (985 ft/min [300 m/min] at altitude) Bibliography
12 CHAPTER 2. BOEING SKYFOX

Air Classics, Volume 19, Number 11, November 2.6 External links
1983.
Boeing Skyfox by Ruud Deurenberg
Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 May 1983.
Airwar Skyfox
Aviation Week & Space Technology, 29 August
1983, p. 23.

Aviation Week & Space Technology, 26 September

1983.

Aviation Week & Space Technology, 5 March 1984,

pp. 3946.

Boeing Skyfox: National Defense. Boeing Military

Airplane Company, 1987.

Boeing Skyfox: Tactical Modernization at Low

Cost. Boeing Military Airplane Company, 1987.

Donald. David and Jon Lake, eds. Encyclopedia of

World Military Aircraft. London: Aerospace Pub-
lishing Limited, United Kingdom, 1996. ISBN 978-
0-7607-2208-4.

Flight International, 13 December 1986, pp. 3234.

Francillon, Rene J. Lockheed Aircraft since 1913.

Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1988.
ISBN 978-0-87021-897-2.

Francillon, Rene J. T-bird at fty. Air Forces

Monthly, Number 124, July 1998. Stamford, UK:
Key Publishing Limited.

Huertas, Salvador Maf. Portugal: Air Power

Analysis. World Air Power Journal, Volume 24,
Spring 1996, pp. 148157. London: Aerospace
Publishing. ISBN 1-874023-66-2.

Lambert, M., ed. Janes All the Worlds Aircraft

199091 (Eighty-rst edition). Surrey, UK: Janes
Information Group Limited, 1990.

Meppel, Ten Brink and B.V., Meppel. Skyfox

Een moderne trainer voor de smalle beurs. Lucht-
vaart (the Netherlands), 3de Jaargang, Nummer 11,
November 1986, p. 308.

Rankin-Lowe, Je, Andrew Cline and G. Scott

Clements. The Aircraft of the Canadian Armed
Forces"a Checklist of Current Aircraft and Disposals.
Toronto: Sirius Productions, Second Edition, 1998.
ISBN 1-896103-00-6.

Skyfox. Boeing Military Airplane Company, Octo-

ber 1987.

Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United

States Military Aircraft Since 1909. Washington,
DC: Smithsonian, 1989. ISBN 978-0-87474-880-
2.
Chapter 3

Garrett TFE731

The Garrett TFE731 (now Honeywell TFE731) is The TFE731 was based on the core of the TSCP700,
a family of geared turbofan engines commonly used which was specically developed for use as the auxiliary
on business jet aircraft. Garrett AiResearch originally power unit (APU) on the McDonnell Douglas DC-10.
designed and built the engine, which due to mergers The design featured two important factors: low fuel con-
was later produced by AlliedSignal and now Honeywell sumption, and low noise proles that met the newly es-
Aerospace. tablished U.S. noise abatement regulations.
Since the engine was introduced in 1972, over 11,000 The rst test run of the TFE731 occurred in 1970 at Gar-
engines have been built, ying over 100 million ight- retts plant in Torrance, California.[2] The rst production
hours.[1] model, the TFE731-2, began rolling o the assembly line
in August, 1972, and was used on the Learjet 35/36 and
Dassault Falcon 10, both of which entered production in
3.1 Development 1973.
The TFE731-3 was developed for use in the Lockheed
JetStar re-engining program, and subsequent versions of
it have been used on a number of aircraft, including the
Learjet 55.
In 1975, the TFE731 was named Aviation Product of the
Year by Zi-Davis Publishing Company.[3]
The 5 model was certied in 1982, and a decade later,
an engine utilizing the TFE731-5 power section and a
TFE731-3 fan was built and designated the TFE731-4,
intended to power the Cessna Citation VII aircraft.[4]
The most recent version is the TFE731-50, based on the
60 used on the Falcon 900DX, which underwent its
ight test program in 2005. Honeywell has developed this
engine complete with nacelle as a candidate to retrot a
Honeywell TFE731 and S-duct intake of a Dassault Falcon
900EX exposed during maintenance
number of aircraft equipped with older engines.[5]

3.2 Design
The TFE731-60 has an inlet diameter of 0.787 m. The
fan consists of 22 fan blades, 52 exit-guide vanes, and ten
struts, and is driven by a gearbox. The ve-stage com-
pressor has four axial (LP) stages and one radial or cen-
trifugal (HP) stage.

3.3 Variants
TFE731-2
View of a TFE731-4R in maintenance with cowlings, afterbody
and thrust reverser removed. TFE731-3

13
14 CHAPTER 3. GARRETT TFE731

TFE731-4 3.5 Specications (TFE731-2)

TFE731-5
Data from [6]
TFE731-20

TFE731-40 General characteristics

TFE731-50 Type: Turbofan

Length: 50 in (127 cm)
TFE731-60
Diameter: 39 in (100 cm)
TFE731-1100
Dry weight: 734 lb (333 kg)

3.4 Applications Components

Aero L-139 (prototype only) Compressor: 1 stage fan, 4 axial low pressure com-
pressor stages, 1 centrifugal high pressure compres-
AIDC AT-3 sor stage
Boeing Skyfox Combustors: Annular

British Aerospace BAe 125 Series 700 Turbine: 1 stage high pressure turbine, 3 stage low
pressure turbine
CASA C-101

Cessna Citation III/VI/VII Performance

Dassault Falcon 10 Maximum thrust: 3500 lbf (15.6 kN)

Dassault Falcon 20 (retrot) Overall pressure ratio: 13:1

Dassault Falcon 50 Fuel consumption: 875 lb. per hour[7]

Dassault Falcon 900 Specic fuel consumption: 0.5 lb/lbf-hr

Thrust-to-weight ratio: 4.7:1
FMA IA 63 Pampa

Gulfstream G100/G150/C-38 Courier (formerly

IAI 1125 Astra SPX) 3.6 See also
Hawker 800/850XP/900XP Geared turbofan
Hongdu JL-8
Related development
IAI Westwind
Honeywell/ITEC F124/F125
Learjet 31
Comparable engines
Learjet 35/C-21

Learjet 40 Honeywell ALF 502/LF 507

Learjet 45 Pratt & Whitney PW1000G

Learjet 55 Turbomeca Aspin/Astafan

IAE SuperFan
Learjet 70
Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45SD
Lockheed JetStar/Jetstar II

North American Sabreliner (NA-465 model) Related lists

Textron AirLand Scorpion List of aircraft engines

3.9. EXTERNAL LINKS 15

3.7 Notes
[1] TFE731. Honeywell.

[2] Schoneberger, William A.; Scholl, Robert R. H. (1985).

Out of Thin Air: Garretts First 50 Years. Phoenix: Garrett
Corporation. p. 205. ISBN 0-9617029-0-7.

[3] Schoneberger, p. 204.

[4] An Historical Look at the TFE731 Engine (PDF). Dun-

can Debrief. Summer 2001. p. 11.

[5] Honeywell TFE731-50 Turbofan Engine Completes

First Flight (Press release). Honeywell. 2005-05-18.
Retrieved 2006-12-05.

[6] Gas Turbine Engines (PDF). Aviation Week & Space

Technology Source Book. 2009. p. 119.

[7] David Esler (Oct 27, 2016). Honeywells Super-Midsize

HTF7000 Engine. Business & Commercial Aviation.
Aviation Week.

3.8 References
Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero
Engines, 5th Edition. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire,
England, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-
7509-4479-X.
Leyes II, Richard A.; William A. Fleming (1999).
10. The History of North American Small Gas
Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC: Smith-
sonian Institution. ISBN 1-56347-332-1.

3.9 External links

Honeywell TFE731 ocial website
16 CHAPTER 3. GARRETT TFE731

3.10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

3.10.1 Text
Lockheed T-33 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_T-33?oldid=773874545 Contributors: TwoOneTwo, JohnOwens, Wap-
caplet, Rlandmann, Lommer, GRAHAMUK, RadicalBender, Mervyn, DocWatson42, Paul Richter, Greyengine5, Iceberg3k, Bobblewik,
PDH, Karl Dickman, Cmdrjameson, Travisyoung, Pearle, Denniss, Rwendland, Alai, Woohookitty, GraemeLeggett, Marudubshinki,
BD2412, RxS, Miq, Crazynas, Bubba73, Keimzelle, FlaBot, Mark Sublette, Ahunt, Bgwhite, ShadowHntr, Jpfagerback, Wavelength,
Los688, Logawi, Welsh, Brian Crawford, TGC61780, Change1211, Moe Epsilon, JPMcGrath, Crystallina, SmackBot, Martylunsford,
Chris the speller, Jprg1966, Emt147, CSWarren, OrphanBot, Snowmanradio, AzaBot, SCDBob~enwiki, Evil Merlin, Hkkbs, Will Beback,
MilborneOne, Humbaband, Landonea, Buckboard, P199, Andrwsc, Marc Salvisberg, Noha307, Kd5npf, Cydebot, Fnlayson, Chrislk02,
Aldis90, Thijs!bot, Piotr Mikoajski, Escarbot, Akradecki, Uvaphdman, Mack2, Alphachimpbot, Bigdmccabrey, Bigjimr, JAnDbot,
Bzuk, Superschan, Dragonbeast, A75, BatteryIncluded, BilCat, Dharmadhyaksha, Kronnang Dunn, CommonsDelinker, Yelloone, Bro-
kenSphere, Youngjim, Ndunruh, STBotD, Nigel Ish, TXiKiBoT, GimmeBot, Petebutt, Seraphim, Raymondwinn, Wences1, Antooine,
LanceBarber, Alaniaris, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Miyakd, Armor fanatic, Rarousse, Benguttery, Mahyarsh, Dsdugan, YSSYguy, Kos93, Vis-
count35Association, TypoBoy, Nimbus227, Arjayay, MatthewAnderson707, SoloWing118, Dwight Burdette, Airplaneman, Dave1185,
Addbot, Magus732, Thestickandrudder, Jaydec, Numbo3-bot, Leftboot83, Lightbot, The Bushranger, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Kadrun, Againme, AnomieBOT, Davidedgeworth, Josephus37, Materialscientist, Luillymen, Rcaf 100, TUFKAAP, Xqbot, .45Colt,
Mgchen.2, Jhsellars, Brutaldeluxe, ChistianPuma, FrescoBot, Vinceouca, Antonio Luis Sapienza, Sabuell, Gammanuel, Jemr69, Felis
domestica, 777sms, Marcy Gimena, Mean as custard, Stj6, Sschm2601, Mztourist, EmausBot, Chevyblue52, RenamedUser01302013,
Sp33dyphil, We hope, DanNav, ZroBot, Chasrob, Wieralee, JaredOberhaus, KazekageTR, Asomozap, Graeme374, ChuispastonBot,
Chesipiero, Smolik, Catlemur, DragonWhisper, SojerPL, Hassan141088, Madcat911, Pony9013, Tor635, BG19bot, Articseahorse,
Michael Barera, Trevayne08, Phyo WP, Takahara Osaka, Dk97phil, Leeland Lawson, MahdiBot, Ggudinkas, Dexbot, Makecat-bot, So-
vietweapons, Tonywaters540, Hoggardhigh, Pietro13, Inspmark, Rdixiemiller, Zigaroo, AirportExpert, Natioalwarplanemuseum, Airmet-
Tango, Pentakon, Jug011, Tex001, Grisepik, DarthBadger6, Rbtownsend, Persia ir, AnnaGoFast, Barakmechanic, Vensco, Luis Gilberto
Montoya, Bender the Bot, Chaelrs555 and Anonymous: 149
Boeing Skyfox Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Skyfox?oldid=734142292 Contributors: Liftarn, Moriori, Jason Quinn,
Gene Nygaard, Axeman89, GraemeLeggett, Mandarax, BD2412, Ysangkok, Bgwhite, Closedmouth, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Emo-
scopes, Jprg1966, TheFeds, Ohconfucius, MilborneOne, JWaters, Nobunaga24, J Milburn, Cydebot, Fnlayson, Akradecki, Bzuk, Rebel-
Robot, Dragonbeast, BilCat, R'n'B, Nigel Ish, Ng.j, Tangobar, Nibios, Metrocolor, Cloudaoc, Addbot, Lightbot, The Bushranger, Tartarus,
Againme, AnomieBOT, LouriePieterse, NHMAS, 777sms, Ivanvector, ZroBot, Josve05a, Graeme374, Helpful Pixie Bot, YFdyh-bot and
Anonymous: 10
Garrett TFE731 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_TFE731?oldid=752261644 Contributors: N328KF, Bri, Stahlkocher1,
Hooperbloob, BD2412, SmackBot, Marc Lacoste, Sam8, MilborneOne, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Akradecki, Mack2, BilCat, Schmloof, Pe-
tebutt, Lightmouse, AlekH, Sovxx, SidewinderX, YSSYguy, Ariadacapo, Addbot, Bkusmono, LouriePieterse, Gfha, 777sms, ZroBot,
Sherwani nadeem, Mentibot, Turboracteur, a t grande.!, Duxwing, Dexbot, Chulabula, Richard Clarkehead, Monkbot, Lsolokis and
Anonymous: 26

3.10.2 Images
File:023_a_T-33A_of_RoKAF_(3223333726).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/023_a_T-33A_of_
RoKAF_%283223333726%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: 023 a T-33A of RoKAF Original artist: Jerry Gunner from Lincoln,
UK
File:Boeing_Skyfox.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Boeing_Skyfox.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Con-
tributors: http://www.warbirds-online.org/index.php?s=Skyfox Original artist: Warbirds Online
File:Canadian_Red_Ensign_1921-1957.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Canadian_Red_Ensign_
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main Contributors: http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/DVIC_View/Still_Details.cfm?SDAN=DFST8909964&JPGPath=/Assets/Still/1989/
Air_Force/DF-ST-89-09964.JPG Original artist: MSGT GUIDO LOCATI
File:Dassault_Falcon_900EX,_Italy_-_Air_Force_JP6346097.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/
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tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
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tributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
3.10. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 17

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bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
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http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
18 CHAPTER 3. GARRETT TFE731

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