KA AND K0 BEHIND ROTATING

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AND NON-YIELDING WALLS

By M e h m e t A. Sherif, 1 M . ASCE, Y u n g - S h o w Fang, 2
a n d Russell I. Sherif 3

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on the magnitudes and distribution of static at-
rest stresses behind a rigid wall as a function of soil densification and on static
active stresses mobilized behind a rigid wall rotating about its base. The ex-
periments were conducted on the retaining wall system which is permanently
affixed to the University of Washington shaking table which is described. Based
on these experiments on Ottawa sand, the following conclusions are drawn:
(1) The stress distribution behind a non-yielding rigid wall is hydrostatic; (2)
the well known Jaky equation applies only when the backfill is deposited at its
loosest state; and (3) when the backfill behind the wall is either compacted or
vibrated to increase its density, the magnitude of the at-rest stresses increases
due to densification and the total at-rest stress exerted on the wall will then be
the sum of the stresses due to gravity effects and the locked-in horizontal stresses
due to densification. For a rigid wall rotating about the base: (1) The static active
stress distribution behind the wall is also hydrostatic; (2) soil densification de-
creases the magnitudes of active stresses behind such walls; (3) the magnitude
of the active stresses behind a wall rotating at its base can be obtained by the
classical Coulomb equation; and (4) the state of active stress propagates down-
ward from the surface of the soil with increasing wall rotation.

INTRODUCTION

In view of the importance of horizontal stresses in the design of earth

retaining structures, the subject has received a considerable amount of
attention from the civil engineering research community (1-15). In spite
of the seemingly extensive nature of research on the subject of lateral
stresses, there is almost no reliable experimental information on how the
coefficient of active earth pressure KA is mobilized and affected when
the wall under consideration is rotated at its base. This problem is of
considerable practical importance, especially in view of the fact that there
is an overwhelming evidence indicating that the values of the horizontal
stresses depend significantly on the geometry of wall deformation. This
research was undertaken in order to provide reliable quantitative infor-
mation on the values of K0 and KA, respectively, behind rigid nonyield-
ing walls and rigid walls rotating at the base. The entire study was con-
ducted in the University of Washington shaking table-retaining wall
system which is described in the following paragraphs. It should be em-
phasized that the stresses referred to in this paper are all static types.
In other words, the shaking table was not excited dynamically during
the measurement of the stresses mobilized behind the wall as it rotated
about its base or as it remained stationary. The table was dynamically
'Prof, of Civ. Engrg. and Adjunct Prof, of Quaternary Research, Univ. of
Washington, Seattle, Wash.
^rad.
3
Student, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
Grad. Student, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J.
Note.Discussion open until June 1,1984. To extend the closing date one month,
a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Technical and Profes-
sional Publications. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and
possible publication on December 16, 1982. This paper is part of the Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 1, January, 1984. ASCE, ISSN 0733-
9410/84/0001-0041/$01.00. Paper No. 18498.
41

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 excited, however, to achieve different soil densities prior to static tests
conducted to study the mobilization of active and at-rest stresses behind
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rotating and non-yielding walls.

INSTRUMENTATION: SHAKING TABLE RETAINING WALL ASSEMBLY USED

IN THIS STUDY

All of the investigations described in this paper were conducted in a

unique shaking table-retaining wall test system which is shown sche-
matically in Fig. 1. The table is designed to move in one direction only.
The entire system consists of four components: (1) Shaking table and
soil box; (2) loading and control units; (3) retaining wall; and (4) data
acquisition system. All of these components are described below.
Shaking Table and Soil Box.The Table is 10 ft (3 m) long, 8 ft (2.4
m) wide, 7-5/8 in. (194 mm) deep, and is made of steel. It consists of
an upper plate 1-1/4 in. (32 mm) thick, a 1-3/8-in. (35-mm) thick lower
plate, and a 5-in. (127-mm) deep channels forming grid between the up-
per and lower plates. A rigid soil box 8 ft (2.4 m) long, 6 ft (1.8 m) wide,
and 4 ft (1.2 m) high is built on the shaking table for geotechnical earth-
quake engineering research. Both side walls of the soil box are made of
1/2-in. (13-mm) thick transparent plexiglass through which the behavior
of backfill can be observed. The end wall that sits opposite to the model
retaining wall (see Fig. 1) is made of 1/2-in. (13-mm) thick aluminum
plates. The bottom of the soil box is furnished with a layer of Safety-
Walk to provide adequate friction between the soil and the base of the
box.

Movable
Retaining Wall

Actuator Mounting

FIG. 1.Shaking Table, Soil Box, and Actuator

42

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 The shaking table is supported by seven Thomson Roundway bear-
ings to maintain low friction during operation (which also guides the
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movement in one direction). These bearings move on two 1-in. (25-mm)

diameter Roundway shafts which are mounted on Roundway supports.
The shaft and supports are carefully alined so that all bearings work
effectively and simultaneously. The bearings are soaked in oil containers
to minimize possible wear due to continuous operation.
The table and the empty soil box weighs 9,100 lb (4,100 kg). The total
weight of the shaking table would become 26,000 lb (11,800 kg) when
the soil box is fully loaded with sand.
Loading and Control Units.A Material Testing System (MTS) model
903.73 is used for exciting the shaking table. The MTS 903.73 system is
a single channel electro-hydraulic testing instrument which consists of
a hydraulic power supply and an actuator. The hydraulic power supply
model MTS 503.03 provides a maximum output flow capacity of 20 gpm
(76 L/min) and an operating pressure of 3,000 psi (51 MPa). The actuator
model MTS 204.23 is equipped with an LVDT and a servo-valve. The
actuator has the capacity to produce a maximum stroke of 3 in. (76
mm) with a stroke speed of 707 in./min (299 mm/s). The maximum static
and dynamic force ratings for the actuator are 14,700 lb (65 kN) and
12,000 lb (53 kN), respectively. The control system MTS 483.02 is used
to regulate the shaking table movement under both stroke and load con-
trols. The control system is capable of generating sinusoidal, triangular,

(Note: P^ is behind P4)

[ Shaking Table Foundation

SECTION
(Note: P 3 i s r i g h t
below Pj)
Ml

-7'-10"/i." {

PLAN
Pi. P2. P3! Horizontal Load Cells
P4 : Vertical Load Cell
Ml, M2 ; Variable Speed Motors

FIG. 2.Shaking Table with Movable Retaining Wall

43

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 ramp, step functions, and was modified to introduce random earth-
quake-type excitation as well.
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Model Retaining Wall.The movable model retaining wall and its

driving system are shown in Fig. 2. The model wall consists of the main
frame and the center wall. The main frame, which includes the center
wall, is made of structural aluminum. Factors considered in choosing
this material were corrosion, weight, and rigidity. Since the purpose of
this study is to investigate earth pressure exerted against rigid walls, the
model wall is designed to have an extremely high flexural stiffness with
a maximum wall deflection of 0.05 mm (0.002 in.).
The center wall is 3 ft 4 in. (1 m) wide, 3 ft 5 in. (1 m) high and 5 in.
(127 mm) thick, and is attached to the main body of the wall frame by
means of three horizontal and one vertical load cell and a unidirectional
roller at the bottom. Fig. 3 shows the location of the load cells (P x , P2,
P3 and P 4 , 2?! and R2) and the forces acting on the center wall. Six dia-
phragm-type Kulite VM-750 soil pressure transducers are mounted on
the center line of the wall surface at different depths (see Fig. 4) to mea-
sure the soil pressure distribution against the main body of the center
wall. It should be pointed out that to eliminate or minimize the side-
wall friction from adversely affecting the accuracy of the experimental
data, only the center wall is instrumented with pressure transducers and
load cells. The model wall can undergo several types of movements: (1)
Rotation about the base; (2) rotation about the top; and (3) translation
as a rigid body, as shown in Fig. 5.
The type of wall movement is controlled by two independently op-

Pl.P2.P3; Horizonal Load Cells

P4; Vertical Load Cell
Ri ,R2; Reaction Forces at Supports
Pv.Ph; Vertical and Horizontal Components of Earth Thrust
W; Weight of Center Wall
I w ; Inertia Force of Center Wall
6; Wall Friction Angle

FIG. 3.-Forces Acting on Center Wall

44

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mmmrnmmmmmm
0.50 ft

BACKFILL MATERIAL
SP2

*~Soil Pressure Gage No. 2

SP3

2.34 ft

1.80 ft
SP5
1.27 ft

0.73 ft
SP6
\ 0.19 ft

FIG. 4.Locations of Earth Pressure Gages behind Rigid Center Wall (1 ft 30.5
cm)

erated variable-speed warm-gear drives. One operates on the upper wall

driving rods and the other on the lower ones (see Fig. 2). For greater
detail on the shaking table and its operation the reader is referred to
Sherif, et al. (11).
Data Acquisition System.Due to the considerable amount of data
that may be generated from the shaking table experiments, a high-speed
data acquisition system is used. The analog signals from the sensors can
be taken at predetermined sample rate, and then digitized by an Analog-
to-Digital converter. The digital data are stored and processed by a PDP-
11 mini-computer. The final data are printed digitally by a line printer,
and displayed in an analog form by a digital plotter.

SOIL TYPE AND SOIL PLACEMENT

Air-dry Ottawa silica sand (Special Bond) was used throughout this
investigation. The physical properties of the above sand are shown in
Fig. 6, together with the relationship between the soil density and its
angle of internal friction, as determined from triaxial compression, direct
shear and double ring shear tests.
The sand was first poured gently into the shaking table box by means
45

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 (a) (b) (0
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1
// 1

1
/ 1
Soil

J
(a) Rotational About Toe (b) Rotational About Top
(c) Tranalational
Active C a s e

(a) (b) (c)

!f!7^Zm?

(a) Rotational About Toe (b) Rotational About Top

(c) Translational
PasBive C a s e

FIG. 5.Rotational and Translational Retaining Wall Movements for Active and
Passive Cases

46"

44*

42"

40'

38"

36'

34"

32"

30"

1.60 1.62 1.64 1.66 1.68

Soil Density, ( gm/cm )

FIG. 6.Soil Properties

46

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 of a flexible tube which is shown in Fig. 7. This corresponded to the
loose density referred to in this paper. To achieve different densities,
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the fully loaded soil box was then shaken at 6 Hz under different sin-
usoidally applied acceleration levels for various periods of time as sum-

TABLE 1.Acceleration Levels

Average unit weight,

Test Acceleration level, Duration, in pounds per cubic foot
number in grams in seconds (grams per cubic centimeter)
d) (2) (3) (4)
314 0 0 96.90
(1.553)
330 0.15 10 97.11
(1.556)
344 0.25 10 97.60
(1.565)
312 0.35 10 97.94
(1.569)
352 0.40 125 101.17
(1.621)
356 0.40 470 101.19
(1.622)
364 0.45 180 101.98
(1.634)

-scale

^loading bucket

,model wall
/

excitation

i5gr ~gsr ~ggr

FIG. 7.Method of Loading Backfill Material into Shaking Table

47

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 200
Soil Sped men: Ottawa Sand
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Wall Mode: Rotation about Base

SPi: Soil Pressure Measured a t Gage No. 1
\
160
\
\
120
\ \ \
\ \
\
\ x/"SP5
\
p 80
\ \ ^SP4
\ v.
\ \ ^SP3
40 v \ X
\ \ \
\ V. ' * " * * * - - " * " *

SP2--^
\
v
^-SPl
10 20
Wall Rotation, ( x 10"' rad. )

FIG. 8.Variation of Horizontal Stresses behind Rigid Wall as Function of Wall

Rotation about Base (1 lb/ft 2 = 47.9 N/m2)

marized in Table 1. It is evident from the data in Table 1 that the density
of the soil increased with increasing accelerations. It was also observed
that most of the densification took place within the first 10 sec of shaking
irrespective of the acceleration levels involved.

TEST RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN

Test Results.Fig. 8 shows variation of the horizontal pressures ex-

hibited by different pressure transducers, SPi-SPs, as a function of wall
rotation at the base. It is clear from the data in Fig. 8 that there is an
initial abrupt drop in the horizontal stress values recorded by each trans-
ducer up to a certain wall rotation level and the rate of stress reductions
with further rotation decreases and eventually a state of stress is reached
whereby no reduction in stress values is observed with further wall ro-
tation. (A typical data from SPx transducer drawn to a larger scale in Fig.
9 clearly shows the above phenomenon.) This constant stress level shown
in Fig. 9 is defined as the active state of stress a A The data shown in
Fig. 10 shows how the active state of stress propagates downward from
soil surface with increasing wall rotation about the base. It is significant
to note that the horizontal deformation necessary to mobilize the active
state of stress at each transducer level is almost the same (see Fig. 11).
This would mean that a specific level of wall deformation has to be reached
at each point below the soil surface in order for the soil at that point to
enter into an active state. The plot in Fig. 12 shows that the horizontal
displacement necessary to mobilize the active state of stress is indepen-

48

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 40
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,SP1 Soil Sample: Ottawa Sand

Test No.: TST356
CM
4->
Wall Mode: Rotation about Base
SP1: Soil Pressure Measured
30 at Gage No. 1

20

\
\
%
10
^^""ftiwm
'^^V*^^ na^^WV
o

Wall Rotation, ( x 10 rad. )

FIG. 9.Horizontal Earth Pressure Decrease as Function of Wall Movement and

Definition of Wall Movement and Definition of Active Stress <JA (1 lb/ft 2 = 47.9 N/

dent of soil angle of internal friction or density. This finding is logical

in view of the fact that regardless of whatever the initial density or void
ratio of the soil may be, it will assume the same critical density at de-
formation levels where the stresses attain a constant value. This phe-
nomenon is often observed from properly conducted direct shear test
results where the volume of the soil changes up to a certain deformation
level and remains nearly constant thereafter. In geotechnical engineer-
ing, it is believed that the soil reaches a critical stage when the vertical
dial placed on top of the direct shear box does not indicate any upward
or downward vertical deflection during the shear process. Figs. 13, 14
and 15 show the experimental active and at-rest static stresses mobilized
against the retaining wall as a function of soil density. The soil in Fig.
13 was deposited very loosely and the wall was rotated immediately
thereafter. In other words the soil was not shaken either after deposition
or during stress tests. To achieve dense and medium dense states, the
loosely placed soils were dynamically excited after deposition at differ-
ent acceleration levels (see Table 1); here, too, no shaking was allowed
during the actual stress tests. The experimental stress data obtained from
tests on medium dense and dense soils are shown in Figs. 14 and 15,
respectively.

49

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Wall Rotation, e ( x 10"4 rad. )

0 8 16 24
0.0 1
1 Test No.: TST350
Y = 102.75 pcf
VSP1 i = 40.4 degrees
+J Wall Mode: Rotation
about Base
c. l.o
o
M
MP3
4->
a
c
a>
" 2.0 ,bP4
<U
c
o
rvl
cu
> SP5 -
+J
u
* 3.0

I s
4-

(U
o
N
Wall Bas( i

4.0

FIG. 10.Propagation of Active State of Stress below the Surface with Wall Ro-
tation (1 ft = 30.5 cm)

15
SP4
o
SP1 SP3

SP2 SP5
10

Test No.: TST350

Y 102.75 pcf
= 40.4 degrees
Wall Mode: Rotation about Base

H 1.0 2.0 3.0

i-
O
a:
Depth from Soil Surface, z ( ft )
FIG. 11Horizontal Displacement Necessary to Reach Active State for Earth
Pressure Gages at Different Depth (1 ft = 30.5 cm)

50

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32 34 36 38 40 42

Internal Friction Angle, . ( degrees )

FIG. 12.Experimental Aft versus Internal Friction Angle (1 In. = 2.54 cm)

It is apparent from Figs. 13, 14 and 15 that the active stresses are dis-
tributed linearly behind the wall rotating at its base. This finding is in
agreement with Terzaghi's earlier test results (13,15) which were inferred
from load cell readings on instrumented (7 ft high and 14 ft wide) re-
taining walls rather than from actual stress measurements behind the
wall. It is also evident, from the above figures, that the classical Cou-
lomb solution can, for all practical purposes, provide adequate assess-
ment of the distribution as well as the magnitude of active stresses mo-
bilized behind a wall rotating about its base.
The data in Figs. 13, 14 and 15 further reveal that the at-rest stress
distribution behind nonyielding rigid walls is linear and the magnitudes
of these stresses increase as a result of densification of the backfill soil
behind the wall. This finding is also in agreement with Terzaghi's earlier
report (14) based on tests conducted on the aforementioned wall. Soil
densification can result from natural earthquake shakings, depositional
environment, or by artificial compaction during construction.
When the soil is deposited loosely behind the rigid wall without den-
sification, it is evident from Fig. 13 that the at-rest horizontal stress dis-
tribution, due to gravity effects, can be estimated by the well-known
Jaky equation. However, if the soil is densified, the densification or
overstressing process induces additional locked-in horizontal stresses
against the wall over and beyond the ones that are strictly due to gravity
effects. (Compare lines AB and AB' in Figs. 14 and 15.)
In view of the equality between the magnitudes of the experimentally
determined at-rest stresses (for soils deposited at their loosest state) and
51

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 Horizontal Earth Pressure, ( lb/ft )
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50 100 150 200

Soil Specimen: LOOSE OTTAWA SAND

Test No.: TST334
Y = 96.85 pcf
= 32.3 degrees
Wall Mode: Rotation about Base

Experimental A t - r e s t
Earth Pressure
Experimental Active
Earth Pressure

PIG. 13.Distribution of Active and At-Rost Stresses behind Rigid Wall (Loose
Ottawa Sand) (1 lb/ft 2 = 47.9 N/m2, 1 ft = 30.5 cm)

the stresses estimated for the same soils by the Jaky equation (see Fig.
13) and the fact that such an agreement does not exist (see Figs. 14 and
15) if the soil density is other than the loosest, it can be concluded that
the Jaky equation is only applicable to loose soils.
Recommendation for Design of Non-Yielding Walls.Based on the
above consideration, the coefficient of the at-rest earth pressure Koi to
be used for design can be expressed as
Kod - Koj + K0l (1)
in which K^ = the coefficient of the at-rest earth pressure to be used
for design; Koj = the Jaky coefficient of the at-rest earth pressure for a
soil at its loosest state and is equal to (1 - sin <J>(); and K0l = the coef-
ficient of locked-in at-rest horizontal earth pressure due to soil prestress-
ing or densification behind the rigid retaining wall. The magnitudes of
these additional locked-in horizontal stresses appear to be dependent on
the amount of soil densification or prestressing as seen in Fig. 16. The
line OC is the average line drawn through the data points. The coeffi-
cient K0l, due to locked-in horizontal stresses caused by soil densifica-
tion or prestressing, can be obtained for all practical purposes from the
experimental average line OC in Fig. 16 or from Eq. 2.
52

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 Horizontal Earth Pressure, ( lb/ft )
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FIG. 14.Distribution of Active and At-Rest Stresses behind Rigid Wall (Medium-
Dense Ottawa Sand) (1 lb/ft2 = 47.9 N/m2,1 ft = 30.5 cm)

K = [^ ~ lj(5.5) (2)

in which "y/7i = prestressing or overcompaction effects; ya = actual in-

place soil density behind the retaining wall at the completion of con-
struction or after the wall had experienced one or more earthquakes; and
7i = loosest density of the soil. The loosest 71 for any granular soil can
be obtained in accordance with the ASTM D-2049 specifications.
The practical application of the above design recommendation is il-
lustrated by the following example:
Illustrative Example.A granular backfill behind a rigid non-yielding
retaining wall is to be placed at an average compacted unit weight of
101 pcf (1.62 g/cm 3 ). If the loosest unit weight of the same soil is found
to be 96 pcf (1.54 g/cm 3 ) and the corresponding <$> value is 32, determine
the at-rest stress distribution behind the wall for design purposes. To
solve the above problem the value of the Jaky coefficient for K0j for the
soil at its lodsest state is determined from the Jaky equation as 0.47 and
the average value of the locked-in coefficient of at-rest stresses k0l is
found from Eq. 2 to be 0.29. The coefficient of the at-rest pressure Kod
for design purposes is therefore 0.76 from which the design stress dis-

53

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 Horizontal Earth Pressure, ( lb/ft )
50 100 150
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. 1.5

Fid. 15.Distribution of Active and At-Rest Stresses behind Rigid Wall (Dense
Ottawa Sand) (1 lb/ft 2 = 47.9 N/m2,1 ft = 30.5 cm)

0.40
I
Soil Sp edmen: Ott awa Sand

0.30
fS* m

S^ m
0.20

% j t ^

0.10

<

Q y ^
0. <
1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07
Y
actua1
Y
loose

FIG. 16.Loeted-ln At-Rest Due to Soil Denslflcatlon behind Non-Yielding Rigid

Wall

54

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 tribution behind the non-yielding wall can be obtained as croh = Kad zy
= 76.9z.
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CONCLUSIONS
Based on the above test results the following conclusions can be made:

1. The at-rest stress distribution behind rigid walls and active stress
distribution behind rigid walls rotating at their base are linear and that
compaction or overstressing of the backfill soil increases the magnitude
of the at-rest stresses behind rigid walls.
2. The Jaky equation describing the at-rest pressure distribution be-
hind a rigid retaining wall is only applicable if the soil is deposited at
its loosest state.
3. The stresses to be used in the design of retaining walls for at-rest
conditions should be the sum of the lateral stresses due to gravity (given
by the Jaky equation) and those caused by overcompaction or over-
stressing as outlined in this paper.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The writers gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance of the Na-

tional Science Foundation which made this investigation possible.

APPENDIX I.REFERENCES

1. Clough, G. W., and Duncan, J. M., "Finite Element Analysis of Retaining

Wall Behavior," journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE,
Vol. 97, No. SM12, Dec, 1971, pp. 1657-1673.
2. Fukuoka, M., Akatsu, T., Datagiri, S., Iseda, T., Shimazu, A., and Maka-
gake, M., "Earth Pressure Measurements on Retaining Walls," Proceedings,
9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineer-
ing, Tokyo, Japan, 1977.
3. Jacobsen, L. S., Appendix D of "The Kentucky Project," Technical Report
No. 13, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1951.
4. Jaky, J., "The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest," Journal of the Society of
Hungarian Architects and Engineers, Budapest, Hungary, 1944, pp. 355-358.
5. KapUa, I. P., "Earthquake Resistant Design of Retaining Walls," Proceedings,
Second Symposium on Earthquake Engineering, Univ. of Roorkee, India, 1962,
pp. 97-108.
6. Lee, I. K., and Herington, J. R., "Effect of Wall Movement on Active and
Passive Pressures," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,
Vol. 98, No. SM6, June, 1972, pp. 625-639.
7. Okabe, S., "General Theory of Earth Pressure," Journal of Japanese Society of
Civil Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1924.
8. Prakash, S., and Saran, S., "Static and Dynamic Earth Pressures Behind Re-
taining Wails," Proceedings, Third Symposium on Earthquake Engineering,
Roorkee, India, 1966, pp. 277-288.
9. Seed, H. B., and Whitman, R. V., "Design of Earth Retaining Structures for
Dynamic Loads," Proceedings, ASCE Specialty Conference on Lateral Stresses
in the Ground and the Design of Earth Retaining Structures, Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York, June, 1970.
10. Sherif, M. A., Ishibashi, I., and Ryden, D. E., "Coefficient of Lateral Earth
Pressure at Rest in Cohesionless Soils," So/7 Engineering Research Report No.
10, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash., 1981.
55

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.

 11. Sherif, M. A., Ishibashi, I., and Lee, C. D., "Dynamic Earth Pressures against
Retaining Structures," Soil Engineering Report No. 21, Univ. of Washington,
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Record, Vol. 109, Sept. 29, 1932.
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15. Terzaghi, K., "General Wedge Theory of Earth Pressure," Transactions, ASCE,
1941, pp. 68-80.

APPENDIX II.NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper:

C = uniformity coefficient;
010,030,050,060 = soil diameters of which 10, 30, 50, and 60% of
soil by weight is finer, respectively;
=
^max/Emm maximum and minimum void ratio of soil;
Gs = specific gravity of soil;
H = wall height;
KA = coefficient of active earth pressure;
K = coefficient of earth pressure at-rest;
K^ = coefficient of earth pressure at-rest to be used for
design;
Koj = the Jaky coefficient of earth pressure at-rest for
a soil at its loosest state;
Koi = locked-in coefficient of earth pressure at-rest due
to soil prestressing or densification;
SP, = soil pressure measured at pressure transducer No.
i;
7 = soil density;
7a = actual soil density or in-place soil density;
yi = loosest density of the soil;
Ah = horizontal wall displacement required to reach
active state;
8 = angle of friction between the wall and the soil;
aA = active state of stress; and
4> = angle of internal friction of soil.

56

J. Geotech. Engrg. 1984.110:41-56.