ROUTER

Routing
- Taking packet from one device and sending it
through the network to another device on a different
network
ROUTER
- A layer 3 device
- Functions:
1. path determination (routing)
> Routing protocols used by the routing
process are responsible for learning and
maintaining awareness of the network topology
2. packet forwarding (switching).
> Switching function is the process of moving
packets from an inbound interface to an
outbound interface.
A routed protocol is a protocol that provides the
information in its network layer to allow a packet to direct
traffic and defines the use of fields within a packet.
Example: IPv4 and IPv6.

A routing protocol finds routes in an internetwork and

maintains route awareness. Routing protocols aid in
building and maintaining routing tables that routers will
use to determine how routed protocols are routed.

Example : Routing Information Protocol v2 (RIPv2),

Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP), Intermediate System-to-
Intermediate System (IS-IS), Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF), and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
 ROUTER COMPONENTS
1. RAM
>volatile / temporary
>running config / used to hold packet buffers, ARP and
routing table

2. NVRAM
>non-volatile RAM / not erasable
>start-up config / used to hold the router & configuration

3. FLASH Memory
>EEPROM
>IOS / Stores the Cisco IOS by default
4. ROM
>POST & Bootstrap
>Mini-IOS / used to start the router

5. Bootstrap
> Used to bring a router UP during initialization. It will
boot the router and then load the IOS

6. POST ( Power On Self Test )

> Used to check the basic functionality of hardware
 BOOT SEQUENCE

ROM POST /
Bootstrap

FLASH

TFTP Locate & Load

IOS
ROM

NVRAM
Locate & Load
TFTP
Start-up Conf

CONSOLE
 Computer vs ROUTER
PC ROUTER
POST POST

BIOS BOOTSTRAP

OPERATING SYSTEM IOS (Internetworking OS)

PERSONAL SETTING Configuration

 INTERFACES
Serial Interfaces
- Router to Router
- WAN interface
- DB60
Fast Ethernet
-LAN Interface
-RJ45
 Configurations/ Commands
A. Listing the Interfaces
Config IP Addresses on Cisco Routers
 Types of Routing
1. STATIC
> Static routes are routes that you manually add to the
routing table
Primary uses:
Providing ease of routing table maintenance in
smaller networks that are not expected to grow
significantly.
Routing to and from a stub network, which is a
network with only one default route out and no
knowledge of any remote networks.
Accessing a single default route (which is used to
represent a path to any network that does not have a
more specific match with another route in the routing
table).
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to implement in a small network. Suitable for simple topologies or for
special purposes such as a default
static route.

Very secure. No advertisements are Configuration complexity increases

sent, unlike with dynamic routing dramatically as the network grows.
protocols. Managing the static configurations in
large networks can become time
consuming.

It is very predictable, as the route to the If a link fails, a static route cannot
destination is always the same. reroute traffic. Therefore, manual
intervention is required to re-route
traffic.

No routing algorithm or update

mechanisms are required. Therefore,
extra resources (CPU and memory) are
not required.
2. DYNAMIC
-A routing protocol is a set of processes, algorithms,
and messages that are used to exchange routing
information and populate the routing table with the
routing protocols choice of best paths
The purpose of dynamic routing protocols includes:
Discovery of remote networks
Maintaining up-to-date routing information
Choosing the best path to destination networks
Ability to find a new best path if the current path
is no longer available
STATIC
 Procedure
1. Determine the number of network
2. Configure the IP addresses on the router and
other network elements
@ Router:
R(config)# int <interface name>
# ip address <ip address><sm>
#no shutdown
#end
#sh ip int brief
3. Configure the static routing

R(config) # ip route <destination network>

<subnet mask> <local exit> .or <next hop ip>

STATIC DEFAULT ROUTE

R(conf)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 <local exit

int> or <next hop ip>
 DYNAMIC ROUTING
Routing Protocols

IGP (Interior Gateway) EGP (Exterior Gateway)

-Inside AS (Autonomous - Between AS
System) (Autonomous System)

BGP (Boarder
Gateway Protocol)
 Type of Interior gateway protocols
1. Distance Vector
-Routing Information Protocol (RIP), RIPV2
-RIP Next Generation

2. Link-State
-Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
-Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)

3. Hybrid
-EIGRP