Pate ot Pe Syd of to Uninet Canbedge “ioe Sang Seen Clg 19 Saf Ron, Ong, Mebane 3766, Austin ge aiveriey Pe 1987 use publi 968) Delain the Universi Pes, Cambie ‘rity ctluing ub date ede, ee D. ‘Atropine the easy ‘ie de ace (Cumbre Lai Arein ai) ble Soc sine) Bel Rr Se Jie sep3'2oghigy hag0.2904 ry of Conran i pa iti dee Nell Jy A tpi le fg (Cwobeige ln Arec ig 62) de Jes aa) For my mer, Nols C. Balen For may yes, I planced eo dedicate my frre book o you. ‘Nov bing you thls work with whatever sharteomingy i ay ba, i {the fe, and ie auld be your. You taught ae the ose important things4 Domestic insticutions of the elite ‘The reader may have nord chat one’s ateention has slowly been drawn from the grander, more obvious festures of the alle mundo othe indivduate snd socal reality behind them. Now, se explore the nature sod development of sill move fundarnental insitaions which have oly pustilly encaged berertore. Here, 1 discuss the elec family and is ‘world, he domestic insticucions essential to compechending elite fltare and socery. 1. The family ‘Asboth rrvellors and scholar have observed, the Family ia colonial and ‘uch af pore-colonial Brasil is bese understood as an instrument for fcvival aad triumph in a hosile environment relatively untouched by Stace intervention, Indeed, colonial and monarchical Brasil was largely fhecretion of great clans who beld che wealch and power and sought Secure thei byes the yeseero survive, Brand's econamay has alorays been precious, ebbing and flowing with che Nor Adlantic demand for Eermin crops or precious natural resources. ‘The Seate, traditionally {mpovetished, delegated ies authority to those on che coasts and in theit hinterlands who wielded. power informally, possessing the family fesources inland and men which counted for everything." "With political and economic realises cast im these terms the social eaules fe uasrprising. One's possibilities in life were circumscribed by one’s position ina family, By tha fails position in the region's poliicostonomie hienrchy, and by che regions postion a-d-0 the Brazilian and Aclansic sconories, By the nineteenth cenrary, some Auicitys ac lease fn urban career, allowed for greater opportunities for the indvidosl, as we have seen. Immigranes' children might find new choices open to them in the expanding pacenial of che pores, as mish the childen ofthe provincial and ben mide zeeors~ one as 6 ae & nc ininton ofthe ce a only co thiak of Paulo de Proarin, Anténio de Azeredo, or Ara de Paive in these examples, however, cersin variables must be emembered, [None of theve men could have won his chance without an education Douahe him, a leas initially, vith smiy money, end all ofthese men, ‘with the possible exception of Prontin, made their way chrough the peronage of the powerful, Such patconage, as_we shall see, ss Emdivionall incegel so the elite family. The dominant aspect of elite Socal mobility, theo, remained the linarions and possbiiciesiahee- ne in the institution of ehe family.” “an image that igh be usefol for ce ineiution is that of a nec ~ 8 ret woven of fesh and blood, bone and beain, stretched as wile 8 possible co catch and hold whaewer possibilities treacherous economic Aa polisieal cucrente washed through yee fesibe, easly polled sand ‘hiked sboue when che ench was poor and anther spac beckoned All Shadentsof Bear! know of the succestivetrimph and collapse of each Fegiooal econemy ~ sevenreenth-centary sugar inthe Northeast, Cigheenth-century gold snd diamonds in Migs Gerais, ehe early fineceenth-century ephemeral possibilities in sugar and! coston ia ‘Various provinos, the rarn-oF-the-ceacury boom and bust of ruber in the North and the ongoing, sifeingsriamph of coffe since the 18308, wGlop that has, favored earious walleye and. plarenus withia the Southcentral regioa at various times. Teed, the seory of coffee families is cypicol of he perennial predicament noted here, The eeader will recall or instance, how coffee Ena its coollay commercial actvices wete che basis oF famine rtanes wail he 2885s. The crop ad knowe is Bes eriumph in Rio de Jancito Province by mid-ceacury, while spreading eo Minas Gerais and Sto Paulo. By she 1880s, however, i was leaving flemnnseplancstions Ibchind, the exhausced flde of memory sasher than great wealth, Tews agent this hackdsop of roving regional decline, oF sodden failure that mighe blight the world of ene’ yourh (or haunt icin the poorly hidden preaceupations of one's parents) that elite children geew {tp few thas homan nee ofthe extend family opan which one relied {tS reinovce one's postion or ase oneelf in ce face of these erudition theese 2. Macrimony Climbing tite family aces helps r9 see behind these preliminary ‘Gbuervtions. One ges at che pivotal ineitasion of marrage! one way inFigure 1 Hl ai el acimoi etey which elite families soughe to second-guess economic ruin, Let ws Tiscuss two examples co demonstrate the impoctance of families and ‘narimonial allianes among the elie “The more complex family t1ee (Figure 2), lke he simples Figure 2), isincomplete showing only members iaporane for inlage endl cereaia uceemes One may recognize members of ehe elite from ehe earlier ‘apres If thats sc enoggh co male the point thae marriage served to ‘inte frgune and poser and co sungsin apd inezeae them, ewo other tberrtions wil Be ese, one should note thatthe complex ee, including from four to wwe inicio of be ice ng) six generaions, i acral sx disince tres (with Branches to other ice Tarot): Bushose de Oliveire, Texeira Lae, ¢'Escengnolle Teunay Ribeiro de Resende, Sousn Qucités, and Gores de Carvalho, Theit Imattiage alliances tence + constant seuch enter into promising conomic or political teen to improve and secuee Familial position ‘The local seat ofeach family (Phat is ee place where che family won ts initial stength) snake a chological estaloge of Brazil's fourishing regions. The occupations ofthe family Beads exemplify che postions ‘piel among the ninewerh-ceacry elite "the Barbosa de Oliveie femily, founded by impoverished Porcuguese gentry who "imide good” in public and_ professional positions in Sightcenshvcentury Babi, moved through she imperial magistracy £0 Imsriageineo grent landed fnilies of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Sto Peulo in the nigeceenth century, while maintaining iemporeane members in the usban professions and the Stace bureaucracy in Rio. Te hhad succesfully tee she declinigg Noreheast for che South-centel provinces, steading the poles of rural and wrban wealth and powsr.* “The Teixeira Leite family was founded by eighteenth- im certin rituals that became pare of che formerly more privacy familial fe eradicionally the cule in the eite home "A striking proof of dhs is the newspaper columns catering to aniety bout fashionable appearance and style, an ansiery apparently wide "spread ia the middle and upper teaches of Carioca society by at lest the 18908. Many established elite families were probably foliar enough with Paris and London not to need instruction in European social style. However, other ol elite families (less well-raveled, pethiaps), ss well as che new ich and ehe increasingly comfortable and Erophile ‘middle sectors) were not. The newspapers of the ble ogn sensed ane Cultivated chis anxeey about social propery “The most imporant exemplar of this response was che celebrated columia "Binoculo” "Opera Gases"), which sppested daly from 1907 {0 1914 in the Gazita de Noe, In ce syle of an homme de monde, Cconcesned with the continual faux pos of eting brethren, Figueiredo Pimentel prosounced on everything fom the urban reform of Rio to che ploper ay co wear one's monocle: “Fashion,” he once wrote, “is = work Of are, and ehere is no work of art worchy of the name tha does noe Slispiny the delightfal personal tic of che eaind that created it"? Germinly, Bgueizedo Pimentel’: own dssinerive rouch helped raake ‘Binoculo” the afbicer of all that fashion meant in the Balle ogee. A contermpory teal: “The “Binacul” commanded and was rigorously obeyed, Ladi ad gentlemen beyed the Gent's columa on whatever directed rparing et snd pubic fod private behavior, as well +. The ebles for banquets bllowed. che regulations dictate by the columst and even) fay paris were reputed ‘toeding coi adie ‘One of che columnists basic ideas is 2 concepe thet ie both Covrespondence i al of elegantly {nscibed calling cards," and novela, aeiles, and short stories betray the obeesion with European agistocrtic ways Ie i however, in columar lke "Normes de Potideo™ chee che mminuciae of elite domestic insteutions ae gost painfully lear In one Cxample,vtrious formal visits are defined an! categorized, aad the “ae fhnme” described, slong with the proper areze sna behavior fr all che seco on the domestic stage." A subtequenc example helps with advice othe guests for managing everythiag from bat sod cane to one's Isighbor's hand (with proper regard for rank and degree of acquaint fince) 8. Another eximple concems oxginizing * proper menu and ‘iscuses the visits and invitations and deess and manners acteadane “opon the proper execution of ca mos frsred and prized mancuver, the jntar de egnata (formal dinner party)" Yee another defines the havior of "etondeduim gentleman," Yer another makes mimerous Critisns, obersations, andl cecommendations on the are of conver Te would be foolish co conclude, however, chat such columns slemonstate a0 extraordinary Brazilian preoccupation. They demon State, mcher, Buailan emulation of the extrsordinary Europens >peoctupation with sich matters. Acute contemporary observers of such {hings, such ss Proust, a well ag recenescholatly suis ofthe subject, thou how deeply concerned the Breach and che Baglish were with such fhings ss incroductions, clothes, and. small pieces of hard paper Iimprinced with one's rane. The cepuler, stylized promendes, the svottes about visite and the “right” éntroductton, ee place o See one's hae upon siting down, che pumber and sort of cards one “left on” Someone an he corect manner of esponte, the proocol, placing, and cision of «dinner, all were ermine cro all hee “One. seuty argues chat che sigidity and complexity of Boglish manners in Society were an attempe co coafront aad manage che Challenge poss! to the ruling class by the incteasing number oF new “spimnts vo pice arid power in Viewrian England. Another shows the {ole society and manner played inthe msineenance ofa network of kth find kin crucial ro the security and advancement of one's immediate family In thinking of the expansion of wealth and social mobility aomats imitation of te ite 129 io and the ertacic quality ashe economy or dhe paeronage inthe Since Dureancracy, one logically assures these facrrs obrained ia Brail, ‘However, in easing isis in comparative cerms, ie is eral co poine ost that while aistocratic style was integral co domestic isc ons inal these rling clases, distinesons must be made. English nd French sie membetslesrmed ae amalgam of wages derived (rom tie Culeures°" usages that tdentifed them as anseocaei¢ within their Secietiee and she European word. Brazilians, in order vo accomplish the fame ends, adopced the snine ustges.™ In Beall, however, their mmetnings were diffrent. For such usages not only distinguished members of the elite from other Brazilians in terms of class-based altace, buco rms of national culeare. They adopred practices in cheie homes that identified them nor jase wth arscocratie earns, but, so foie ois Europe, As with thete education, as with eheir clas and ‘pera, a with thie silos, 99 with aspects of their domestic culcure — ‘heals munde was charoctevized by metropolitan idenfation within ® feovcolonsl context 4, Socialization in the ase of power ‘The house was not only ehe setcing for elie socialization through Cultocal practices, Sut fe sociliantion in the use of power, os well Tiere, the focus is on pacronage within che household (oe thac extension of domestic “pace,” private corespondence). ‘Sach patconage pst eradicinally pase of extended families’ eelacione ships ia ysily something. centeal ro. such familie’ usefulnes.°* Patronage inoutperind vare in many guises. Take the sore portrayed in ‘Machado de Aust work, A ms ea let, i which an aged barones uses her goddlaughecr to ake the place of her own dead child. Here, ptronage corsets an accident of narure.Iealso estore proper order (0 Fierarehialcelationships the gel, os the baconess stares, Is benifal find valenred, and, thus, “naturally” oaghe co be w member of an elice family Ta anedher case, the problem of skewed birch and status is sho tesolved by patronage, Here the desceadane of «noted surgeon and his black servant cannoe, of couse, be legitimized, but se can be proved famveducation and aflection within hee mascer’s foily. Her husband, Tediewed purisag of 2 political chifesin, also enjoys patronage, {ceiving possions inthe bund ofhis pazon, The son ofthe coo wil, 3 Rovere, shore the pois of auch eapital by secure childhood ane the130 A sepia ‘alle Segue! exceptional luxury of secondary education. All of this was o help lies to aracus cormmensurac with thei familial relations and in jst reward for exceprionaltalenes and paris loyalty Ta hird eas, «petty bureaucrar end man of leters tees co impose ‘om hi lieeay and socal relations witha pivotal politician. He does this thevogh visite and family invitations, He hope to advance hie eaecr fad, thus, male ee salary necensry co maineaa the level of coasurnp ‘on expected after g “good” matriage.°° ‘in each cave here, patronage is set i the miiew of domestic and familial eelations. In each, patronage is invoked «o mints certain hierarchical order by musing dependants of che elite roa socioeconomic status to which che claim some eighe within the order ia question, Petronage, however, is also commonly observed beeween putative equals (ia the exchange of favors) or as «regular relationship between ‘iperiors and inferior, in bows of which no change in euatve status is fxpected. An easmple of che tse woul be a ease noted earlier, There, & power-broker poliican i asked, by a powerfal lawyer's intermediary (ro, himself looks on the lawyer, «relative, as his patton) to aerange 4a impoteane coxporae client forthe Inwyet. The broker does so, chus strengthening the bonds berween the ewo on the valid expection chat ‘the bonds age convertible iro polivial earrency.>” [Examples of the second often involve use ofa patton a intermedi by an iaferoe (a placeseeker, se” who will come roa second power pron, patron’ letter of recommendation it head, sk for is favor. {The clice’s correspondence is fish with such leeers.°® Nor was such we ‘of 4 patron limited to men wihout family names of importance. Mea ‘whose foreunes had dissolved in the economy's vagaries and the sons of Fachers prematurely dead asked family fiends to use theis induence, fhe “palaveiaha Clcele wore") to maintain them in comforable Siruations. Tews, after all, partially to guarantee his sore of thing that kkith and Kein had been knit together in the fst place.” “This socialization in che use of protection among incerwoven files snd Ircnds should aot be seen ae contradicting the Europhile culvarst Socialization analyzed exelier. Ie was not case af an urbane, modern way Df dealing with one another gesting agaioreatavietic relations proper ‘aly oeural pevatehy. Rather, cheseewo types of iatercousse shoul be cen as complementary. One student of European delle dongur Society Suggests the poine T wish co make for Bex “The ice ofacquaintance had tobe wide, athe ime-honouredexpesion was, and this wos not 30 much an expesson of sabbeey 6 a isuroce aginst Tevetas of fortune," & bal faced system. "Decent poople” Keew shat Dometis izations of be ite it seb, a conn ne disap he roan Tera legal pace auld eo ay ep «husband or may dunce, SP hoy paid vais tad eve Sinners to consolidate lila with thee ‘Snacerenr and cenea milieu. In both Europe and Brasil, i¢ was aoc a question of style versus subseance, but of syle being integeally a pat of substance. Relations ‘within the ale mun, in which patronage was a central clement, were ‘edered and refereed by eciquete crated abroud for thac purpose ‘Shas, socialization in cultural Geages noe only won the status conferred by the acquisition of European aristocratic tributes, buc enhanced the lc of power eo muinttn and promore eraditional social telations within tenduring socio-economic eels. 5, Women ‘Te le of women inl sci oes slinpsed spent in ut IR This wets to fe ubiuly fa ehe ao mam, but fe abo SRS; women's subrdiaion fe they only appt there (a8 LESSog ries The pe is shonpene! by thts ieroeton hee, ReREC take fois on the dame old ast always the {Eining one! fcc wumen's execs.“ Sere peevous mention, ot women will have idly chet uteri to fhe ana sou oid noe mean nnporance, itn eaaty percha! mond erosion women wa oth {epee tnd poe ff cousin dcstng the howschold. The fil blancs andjied’ cer st ell whe chiden oho seal the Bods aed kine elt inenge, tac were Bock "womens work,” however “Thee tomen'sembvion and dese. Ano, ae memo sese widows BES Rlaceeed fier renege fata i ie bash sed Fuster as velar trie scl iecentnceaeay elite women Sec charge with te oseold running’ no ply ala, with the {igs lous, he suber of alaer or aera the oration of pushing, Preparing td sing od, ood the aenton to ment Ehden, abd gue eyond dante administion, women were piacipl in he play of Sey. fore me the womans ily of ochng and jewel, het Sheela en ce ee oer wey cere tha bape! sige bor fails postion. Beery Society ‘Sse neem invohed x worn, so usher prepa fr els inte cure and vacey i cena our dseasion.ae A pric “lle Segue lice women’s education and thee seope of activity enlarged in direct cciuionship to the evolution of Socesy In the nocrecnth century, trhich, agtin, points to thelr essential subordination. For, ceay, Society, however often feminine in expression, was masculine purpose, It served fo mainein and promote elite fails inrerest, a8 {lefied by che fathers and hsb who oversaw eer. ‘As obnrve ever, Socieey, fel poise the aie pat of the century, gained ts gcoter complexity and spleadr asa function of he increase in wealth, European contacts and unbanizacion chat mareed the Carioca site a4 che yeurs wore on. This funciona lnk is onde pinfally clea i one makes regional comparisons within. Brazil. In Bahia, or example, a province enjoying ephemeral profits fom suger sn other cops during the nineteenth cency,chere was a nab elite {ocial fe she capital of poorer Sia Paulo province could not persisly smarch, By the end ofthe century, however, coffer had easaformed Sho Paulo fom ewictched provincial backwater to ce increasing sophist- ‘ited ginal seat of wesley places To Rio, of course political hegemony had casured preeminence co Carioca Soceey long before famines colfee reinforced ie with new ‘wealth Despite chis inherent superiority, however, U's early nine. {eenth-ceaury Sociexy, with tate exceptions ike the slons of the Marquis de Abrantev, was enimpresive, ss noced in ducossing rannees. Gatberings outside the family were few, he sexes generally Separated, snd tefnemeoe confined to Teckcoats and French gowns, imported ching, European afr dart, bis and soutches of Preach, and the inevieaie piano playing and balroom dancing. Asa s8 13853, an Englishman could describe an exalted Society function, a furide atthe Imperial heies residence, in thi way Dring the musi, aes oniy weze admit oto he oom with che pino, and fhe men hung abou the hall and Toke che joan fe sing rund the See pet on, ad swing ee a, er ad iCesnd ght sfeshment were handed sod when the concer wat ore and ‘ior ge ad cre Behin o a arl,e oh Etre broken down, end th blac cots ade te cry. Quadelet Sethu on soon super he opt sey mee on the Treslene foro the eoncere oom and te baad tou sitar x conductor, Sita play bal “Tete wis smal af wie sandwiches nd iced oman, 2 Barkley Set ince coronal Tal las of ery good po wine Selo, ‘when the emperor and rmprn lef all he Bus allowed in «body 28 aia mets nttation of tbe ire 138 Indeed, iis noteworthy thae Abeance’stlon was distinguished for raking 1 bridge’ berween the ways of aristocratic Burope snd the rougher customs of Beal (Abrants usally invited European diplomats Ind necar)® well beyond mic-centusy, elite sarieny in Brazil was ‘sored forts parcchial, fly qualicy. Weal, eravel, and Ieury sade ‘had noe yee fad cough strength aod rime to wear through the sii, traony sean the extended fail conve etd 8 Sociery foe 36 lang. ‘ive women's fives sheough into the Second hull of the century were consponlingly nar. They sere generally eaded to thei suitors {anwally evtablished men i their tbiries of older) as girls in cele (sulvtcens, They, had aleesdy been caugbe what che Society just Arseribed requised of chem, They could manage a bic of French, read Porruguese, pay piano, dance, and sing operatic arias or ther apreesble "SComen eaeaed mos ofthese things at home fom foreign cuors. On che few occasions when isle did leate che house, male relatives escorced ‘hem lest cle reputacions suffer, Church and domestic gee-rogechers ‘were the only places where te diceee signals and glances of anyching Tike a Biearion mighe take place, ‘These would be perhaps heaced, bat scely mulled exchanges, and of Hee accual moment in the fae of Gitbet por Bven seer the girls were safely: mavred, chis srice sects ie continuedy immated within the family zee, adeninscer ‘Rf nouicholds in foosecoeton gow fi far ehe erpieal heat, siting on uormaes oe swinging. in hammocks, surrounded by favored slave Nomen tad. che variously-hued childeen of he household. Their Fosbands, co ennute che lineage’s continuity, cook che girl brides ro bd ta make them preginnt, expeesing che usoal annual childbearing, ‘ory dane for ren yeate oF more. Aside (rom chis fenilial efor, he smulees domestic slaves could be used co satisfy the husband's desire, Ar Thoaad often years oo and as say children, the lel git bride was theaaly thy, ae, hewvily jeweled, eerily jealous of her women slaves, nd seeing to her daughters’ preparation forthe same sore of “coojoas fEiiciry." The i, if she fed survived ber childbirths. Muy husbands had ta ake anorier young cousin a scond sf if hei st had died in ther teens, or soceumbed, exhauszed in her twenties, providing their Inaba wih yee stork cl, ‘Giver such « lifes the travelers general’ pooc impression of elite ‘women ia Society seéms understandable. One Englishian complained In rie134 A tropical “elle gue’ he nay al ope, i wen mai hen And ‘hoy have no manner, aoe doe che langusge end rset prety, etcely {o pie sueces intl I. Indeed when sen aod women ret fn what ental soit, they newer sen cospes wal. Baal the momen payee ante. Issn tbe oaly cing cy cand: and hy playa 0 mars Tava, the arch rm Nora al the Carol de Voie with Tren cosce wel bu they wernt whch ates cone ly ened which na hoa couney idly Tha hi dln eed am te ded enone decd seh et Wace andthe a Sti i SUE Siantand caren ar smn ng owes Te Suppers ca oo then lly in ie Steyr pom re ele ede be rather than private) cook place only in 1844.74 Si ra hn tiny len tthe pn eden and snes tc ALP eae iy Sol ee SESy Sail hun dente" we mle gu ets ems pf cen Eiaglastecnes he by mon wy te tay ony so aly cet ete bly (mone Sets ip andl Sieve tod wot Wind Sms isa td ie ay wll ie my Wap tn Beco tn ond sig sont pry eee eel euedibene recreation consisting of placing one's heed in ips echieei ses mmgesn somcnn vel sound mein ge ach tes in sony Te cg, pe ioc mata nelly ocho ntemesh as een 8 [Sm gt enor yt Domestic iiitaton of te site 15 and results of the sew age of the latter winetench cencuey. With Jactessed weeleh born oFeapanding exports aod urban services and wich fhe impact of new European cechnology, novel experiences, reiae- tment and complexities were co be bad which forced a metamorphosis Gu wormen and wat was expected of chem, In conformicy with their Sllored role as che omament and projection of theie families’ soc SJoution, women began co acquire » greuter refinement and greater Riperience in the outside world hitherto impeacical snd unoecessary, Nbronly che bone o the dowatown shopping aes, with its increasingly ‘Mordable imported luxuries, bur he steamship co Lurope itself now inashed aside the domestic veil and made up the face of Society with new are and sophisciation Comin expectations endured — French, dancing, dees, piano, singing, aod Fecitation cemsined characteristic of the well-bed aie. Now, however, other languages, « greter funiliaccy wich che a (Garceulanly Fecach novels, ehe opect, and che cheater), and « greater (Gnbidence ia the company of men, even foreign men, began t0 be otlced. Worsea lenened these things because they were expected anc Eecause they were expored, in Europe and the Corte, to an increasing youn of Buropean cule (othe poine where, in those increasingly Toupee says in Paris, some elite wonten wore comfortably reared int French arixocetic families), ‘The ideal result was described by one fashionable weiter this way “The Carioca i prepared fr all che demands of ontemporiy tie She pla eu tn tages discusses police snd ar, delves a car and ies a hose wit (So'Nine case mith which she does dhe honors of x slon Ive knows ca TES Pagan are ight and vaprous sod eh Redfovn i more hier ‘Boer she aso appctnesacsneie mod worl comer, au Wier fotodials totum, she posses ce escnating gfe of knowing how w ‘ice to wale co amie, co glance and to a.”” Hy az0, it was posible for women co walk alone while shopping downtown (0 long a they neither looked a, nor talked to, men Sequniacances oe 8a) and for Jodo do Rio and Afrinio Peixoto to weic Eelion in which lite women having aflaies is something deligheull and fashionably scandatous.”* eis best, however, not tO misteke the greet wordliness of es ‘elledjugne women for liberation, Amore active role and broade txperience do not constitute freedom — women were more experienced eboed, and educated asthe fring response ro, and medium of, cei ‘menllics changed needs and ambitions in che new ex. “The etiudes of alia Lopes de Almeida (b. 1862) are indicative oft136 A tnopical ‘elle gue changes and the continuities at isue. Daughter of stele and someone ‘of literary renown (a succesful novelist ia her own tight, she was the wile noted poee,teo}, she repesencs the e's possiblities for the lice woman petiaps more faithfully than Laurinds Santos Labo and [Bebé Lima e Caero do.” D. Jala wiote a book of advice 1 young wives (ihe ofe-edited. Livro das potas — "Book of Brides") which made ‘explice her concep of women's modern position "The wecessty of subordination o the husband's desires and weak nesses is repeated choaghout Livre des nna “unan,” opined D. Jain, ‘eselfish a authoritarian and +. to ene him happy, alls your lot, you have eo renounce the sweet leisure in which your choughe swavers ad Inve i always vigilaae and actve."*™ Ds. Jilin aso sate, Tepeecdly, the centrality of mocheshood and being the well-ordered hewsehold adminisesar, ‘With your hands dey wich charcoal, fa the lchen, Hating ee eco make the hich fr your hand, sewing clothe, nursing Chileon [sweeping te house or inerpreting Chopin, painting wnercoler ox aranging a oy he woman aay os the same poe: chavo working fo be plete, wef, and ond, cosa moral ce ncllectalwecsy of es hestand oe fbr rly, fevealing hestlf loving ana worthy of ee sweet ad hensy charge for which soci detined hor As for education, D.Jolia urges profession as wsefol insurnace should fahero¢ husband die, and complains that women's education is oo saperScil. She feel srongly, however, char hooks of ¢he maghey ‘ort thy which she probably icenied the fighter, pope Prench novels) shoul be shunned and stes the improvement of womea’s educition primarily a6 « benefit for che better instruction of thei childzen. Bia also condemns ekg Societys epprobation moreserieusly chan the husbands, and taking jewels, lthion, and Bircation (che ee new possibilices, after ail} more seriously than domestic simplicity and ccomplishnients.©© Clearly, chee ts rach here representing scaly reaction against many of the new opporcuniies ofthe dle dpogne lice women, rised in the family, silent and digerece in public, ‘mindful of the formalities implying respect and subordination, and [sroomed for Society and marrage at seventeen ot calee Gd uc out of Society should chae marriage fil), enjoyed aller ie in che ea, bur not 2 fee one The lle dpague had doe cue sway che od prejudices 20 much 5 modified chem in a necessaily more Europeanized Carioea worl, Thedeed, one might recall how fuehftelte women were ro rhe models ‘evolved in France and England, Aernged and caly maraages, a private bur Superficial education, & jealously guarded childhood and ado- Donte iain of elite 17 recece ad « ie einen of ade sung ey SSStip and raring al ected coward preserving fan stat Teel ware ne mucha part of the elie Bench and English gis’ oes te Reatiune ap hough he Alle fugue ad the Edvardian ate" Inde ih ane nae tt iy of peje ering Compocement wa, ayting, aeate forthe European. One Bian ‘beans dnughier remembers arending Cs in London and being Seen her menses were nsher goad po bad: rather, she ely did foe poses ay of which to spa “Gre once chat Bra lve women, By the Ale pga, were noe salfag eh flee of "unesdevlopment” so hich a hos of very Mieco development nied, for the cansplanccion of Buopean Bin sis ten lent, wood seers to ave ken pce wich seat ofa icc Cavoce wornen Dod everged Kom their partial ‘lanl raion into a compusively her et of resriction, deine coals ad prejudices, bby more univers 6. Childeen. Fie children hardly play about the edges of our exploration sof, nor [Ro they Spore rauch it orhee period sedis Sil, here is infoerarion in ehe primary sources, sd one can zara nits] observaions and scaly rs kepinar ee begining. Those aoleces gil force io ubor soften were pitted againat# igh infane roraicy race, Te seems cleas {fae deah wished planeation big-house and Carioca palace coastancly [Dethcsfistone in every mesnory of childhood, andy despite thers Stguments2 my sources suggest that this repented loss wes neither Cully accepted nor bore by arenes, no matter how many othet Ghildeen survived. One snagiveate ia Rio fcaled that, during che frst favegen of yellow fever in he city (3850), he prayed Cod, tn the evene ascii were demanded prefer aking om me my chile, BMS Sihey wan inqaren, and {could hate omer. AD Td ox now what) ‘Sis ming, My son deo hese of Apel =.» My Marquis died on "an for many jens did oe tral his fortune without ti Tak ames, a times, repeat in the beood of the living and che dead pemapn ts an tempted compensation for losses deeply felt, snc PEkoo), nursing. aud tears were the common portion of Young mothers “This warmeh of arachiment was balanced by certin distancing138 A topical ble Gogue aspects of elite child-recing. Most important wae eve interporision of| BREE women and their children between elite children and thee parents, black people who served ss the most proximate, afecive Clement of the young white child's world. ‘Well into ee ble ogee a black weensse Cm de it) was the rule fax clive chiklren. Ofen the sarne zervant played sorrogace mother for years, becoming an honored anseriarch co the next genecstion. Het Scaled ore (litter), o¢ those of other favored domiescis, were often ‘captive playthings for che young whites — mgyinbas litle Negroes) and Imprinbat (litle Nepresse) for the sinhasinhe (tele misters) Or nb mee (ung maste), who thus began to lear was it was tobe eich andl white Ins country where more were cerebly poor and of obvious African descent, These were lessons taught in che innocence of childhoed games fad in che warmth of thet Rest, most intimate relationships. To ehese lessons were added, one must assume, those taughe by black mother, black playmates, aad the black companion who accompanied one 10 ‘ipo, the lessons abou the hidden ofder OF the world, ee stories and belief ofan Afto Brasilien culture only one or two generations distant orn Afvican roo.” ‘On chis upbringing in aection, power, and folk-belief was superiam posed che education taughe by ones mother, a religious, oF a foreign (generally French) goverscss. These introduced the child ro European igh cultace and socialization, Te was not anrual ro give the child marvelous imported French and Eaglish toys, aoe to teach the child 0 fead in French, at tines wighoue ietracting him so read in Poreagsese Children's liceraore included che Bitiavigae Ree ote Series weltten by the Councess de Sigur. This fuse formal education was eigotous and sleepy pecsonal, with «daily regimen and a governess who often stayed fon for years, a second surrogate mother afer the ama de fe. Te was 3 phase of eduction seengthened later by the rl education described ‘aaliee and by foreign texcs read even before adolescence bega,?> “This second phase of education, lice the fst, comprised noe only an inelleceual vision of the word, bue a social ane, Just ss one fad Jarod lbous the rslaionships herween master and servant, whice and black, now one began to leara about "civilized" behavior, the comportment sind appearance becomming eo ruling-lass childron. Here is ee place of that incresec! European compleaity of social eitual discussed above. From the sailor suits and imporced frocks of child, little Caiocas soon ginduated to the three-piece woolen suits and longer dresses as adolescence, often ina regime of corporal punishanent and auchoriarian ms iniutons of tbe ie 139 discipline, unfolded, The bays fearned circumspection and) public ophlstcation, the gids, silence, French courtesies, che wsval parlor fefinemeuts, and the lke.™ Respect beeween children and older relations was learned with language and gesture. [twas crmatkable if fathers did mot require the Formal altess of seo (ait), rather thaa vs, and children bowed co Inake the old obeisance of the byjacrge(hand-iss), with its cuscorary bles for dene (the pareatal blessing, upon coming home oF chance Picccing, Indeed, # aumber of honorific variations distinguished the ‘ogee of respect one wanted to demonstate, nd che child, ike all boediaates, bal co learn wich couse for whom, from sexbor ot dwt ovum raboie, vse olen, and esa ie oF doctor —in thesense of Someone wich’ a secondary school degree ~ co your lordship, your ‘excellence, and your mercy)? "Memory of fachet offen tended co an image of scerm, cemndiog dememor, removed by ritualized distancing. One's father did not iscus, he called or caught, He never appeared outside of his com oF fis seedy without coat and cie. His business, his world, were kepe orside the home: he did not share his preoccupations there, except, eth, with his wile. His time wilh che family cenced to be ritealzedy, Foor catain hours co cake daughters shopping ia the cidade othe, ro give Isto to sons, corde aver the plantation, to cela at dinner, 20 red che newspeperalotad, of ro listen to the gils perform a piano, recite, und fhe lee. Moreover this implied a lationship realy established for che fit time in early adolescence. One's mother tended to be the leet [fodj afterall, she commonly took pare ia one's easly education, end she ‘ganized he domestic world to which children belonged. Even one's nacher, however, mighe be eestsined in her shows of allecion, and Sipect. proper tespece. One looked t0 one's black mother for easy ‘warmth, ie would seer.” "Yet, ane must also noe thee even more distant, dominant pupal was deeply attached to his children, In stark contrast co the cold dearch of ona the often characterized relations between elite parenes and Ghildeen in England and France,” one discovers » surge of affection Deeween Brazilian generations, Foceigaers especially Englishmen, were ‘Shocked that Brasilian parenes persisted in keeping ther children close ENT would even have servants cake chem along to society functions. In 188), 4 Briton nocd that, “The Brian father aa mothe ive with ee children always about ches, nu apoll them co the anmont A Balen cil swore cana onquito a the