RISD 2154 STEEL STRUCTURES

Topic 8: Moment Frames and Bracing

Erik Anders Nelson PE SE

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Moment Frames

Chevron Moment Moment frame

braced resisting Bracing
ac g
Combination Frame
As shown above (left) a braced frame deflects like a cantilever beam while a moment
resisting frame deflects more or less consistently from top to bottom
By combining the two systems, reduced deflections can be realized

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Bracing Connections (Fillet Welded HSS)

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Which Weld Symbol is Shown Wrong?

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Which weld(s) is shown wrong?

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Which weld is shown wrong?

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Examples of All Around Shown Wrong

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Braced Frames and Rigid Frames

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 Braced Frames

Diagonal bracing creates stable triangular configurations within the steel building
frame (AISC 2002) Braced frames are often the most economical method of
resisting wind loads in multi-story buildings (AISC 1991).
Some structures, like the one pictured above, are designed with a combination
braced and rigid frame to take advantage of the benefits of both
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Concentric Braced Frames

X brace (above left) Chevron ((above right)

g )
Two story Xs Single diagonals

X bracing is possibly the most common type of bracing

Bracing can allow a building to have access through the brace line
depending on configuration
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 Chevron Bracing

Chevron bracing members use two types of connections

The floor level connection may use a gusset plate much like the connection on X braced
frames. The bracing members are connected to the beam/girder at the top and
converge to a common point
If gusset plates are used, it is important to consider their size when laying-out mechanical
and plumbing systems that pass through braced bays (AISC 2002)

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X Bracing

C
Connections
ti f X bracing
for b i are located
l t d att beam
b t column
to l j i t
joints
Bracing connections may require relatively large gusset plates at the beam to
column joint
The restriction of space in these areas may have an impact on the mechanical
and plumbing systems as well as some architectural features
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What is very problematic with this detail?

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Eccentrically Braced Frames

Eccentrically braced frames look similar to frames with Chevron bracing

A similar V shaped bracing configuration is used
(AISC 2002)
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Eccentrically Braced Frames
Stiffeners
Link

Beam or Girder
Gusset

Eccentric
Brace
Eccentric brace with typical brace
to beam connection

Eccentric bracing is commonly used in seismic regions and allows for doorways and
corridors in the braced bays. The difference between Chevron bracing and
eccentric bracing is the space between the bracing members at the top gusset
connection
In an eccentrically braced frame bracing members connect to separate points on the
beam/girder. The beam/girder segment or link between the bracing members
absorbs energy from seismic activity through plastic deformation (AISC
2002)
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Single Diagonal Inverted V- Bracing V- Bracing

X- Bracing Two Story X- Bracing

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Concentric Braced Frames (CBFs)

Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss. Resist lateral
earthquake forces by truss action.

Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces.

- braces yield in tension

- braces buckle in compression

Advantages
- high elastic stiffness
Disadvantages
- less ductile than other systems (SMFs
(SMFs, EBFs)
- reduced architectural versatility

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Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake
Loading

Tension Brace: Yields Compression Brace:

(ductile) Buckles
(nonductile)
Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

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Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake

Loading

Compression Brace Tension Brace (previously

(previously in tension): in compression): Yields
Buckles (ductile)
(nonductile)
Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic
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Statics of Brace Forces Not For this Class

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East Coast Connection

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No Vb Here Or Use Kiss

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Use KISS not UFM Here

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Just Meet Statics

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Bracing vs Trusses Differences?

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Steel Frame Connection Types

Simple Connections (above left)

Moment Connections (above right)
Fully-Restrained and Partially-Restrained
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Moments Connections

Bolted or Welded

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Moment Connections

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 Common FR Connections
Types

Bolted Extended End-Plate Connection Welded Flange Connection

A plate is welded to the flanges and web of Complete-joint-penetration groove welds
the supported member and bolted with high- directly connect the top and bottom
strength bolts to the supporting column flanges. A shear connection on the web
is used to transfer vertical shear forces

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Rigid Frames

Rigid frames, utilizing moment connections, are well suited for specific types of
buildings where diagonal bracing is not feasible or does not fit the
architectural design
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Ex. Bolted Moment Connection

T
A
M
C

Flange Plate(s)
(Could be welded - shown bolted)

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MC Load Path

Check Load Path from Right to Left (example)

ignore shear connection

for this example

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MC Limit State 1

Check Reduced
Section of Flange w/
Bolt Holes- F13

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MC Limit State 2

Check Bolt
Bearing on
Beam Flanges

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MC Limit State 3

Check Bolt
Shear

Check
Bolt Shear

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MC Limit State 4

Check Bolt
Bearing on
Flange Plates
((T/B))

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MC Limit State 5
Check Tension
Yielding of Flange
Plate

Check Compression
Yielding or Possible
Buckling of Flange
Plate ((if kL/r >25))

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MC Limit State 6

Check Fracture of
Tension Flange
Plate

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MC Limit State 7

Check Block
Shear of Tension
Plate

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MC Limit State 8

Check Beam
Flange to Column
Flange Weld

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MC Limit State 9

Det. if stiffeners
are reqd

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MC Limit State 10

Det. if doubler
plate is required

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 1 - Concentrated Loads on Beams

Local flange bending

Web yielding
Web crippling
Sidesway web buckling
Compression buckling of web

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Local Flange Bending

Not necessary to check if length of loading is less than 0.15 times bf or if a

pair of half-depth (or greater) web stiffeners are installed

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 Local web yielding

Applies to both tensile and compressive concentrated forces

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Web crippling
Not necessary to check if
a pair of half-depth (or
greater) web stiffeners
are installed

Crippling tends to occur in

web near loaded
flange (so only need
half-depth stiffeners)

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Sidesway Web Buckling

Function of web slenderness

(h/tw) and ratio of
unbraced length, l, at
concentrated load to
flange width (l/bf)
Depends on whether flanges
are braced against lateral
translation
Applies only to bearing
connections

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Compression Buckling of Web

Can occur in moment connections where

concentrated loads are applied to both flanges
If loads exceed value given below, must provide
full depth stiffeners per LRFD K1.9

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Groove Weld Nomenclature

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Terminology

Root, Weld Access hole, Bevel, Backing Bar

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Groove Weld Nomenclature

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 Weld Accessibility

Access holes are required for some welds,

such as the welded flange connection
shown to the right
The top access hole allows for a
continuous backing bar to be placed
under the top flange
The bottom access hole allows for
complete access to weld the entire
width of the bottom flange

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ASIDE: R factors for Selected Steel Systems (ASCE 7):

SMF (Special Moment Resisting Frames): R=8

IMF (Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames): R = 4.5
OMF (Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames): R = 3.5
EBF ((Eccentricallyy Braced Frames):
) R = 8 or 7
SCBF (Special Concentrically Braced Frames): R=6
OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames): R = 3.25
BRBF (Buckling Restrained Braced Frame): R = 8 or 7
SPSW (Special Plate Shear Walls): R=7
Undetailed Steel Systems in
Seismic Design Categories A
A, B or C R=3
(AISC Seismic Provisions not needed)

SDS SD1
Cs
R I T R I
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Section 9 Special Moment Frames (SMF)

Section 10 Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)
Section 11 Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)

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 Pre-Northridge

Backing Bars:
Can create notch effect
Increases difficulty
diffic lt of
inspection

Weld Tabs:
Weld runoff regions at weld
tabs contain numerous
discontinuities that can
potentially initiate fracture

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Strategies for Improved Performance of Moment Connections

Required minimum toughness for weld metal:

Required CVN for all welds in SLRS: 20 ft.-lbs at 00 F
Required CVN for Demand Critical welds: 20 ft.-lbs at -200 F and 40 ft.-lbs
at 700 F
Improved practices for backing bars and weld tabs
Remove bottom flange backing bar
Seal weld top flange backing bar
Remove weld tabs at top and bottom flange welds
Greater emphasis on quality and quality control (AISC Seismic Provisions -
Appendix Q and W)

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Top Flange

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Bottom Flange

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Reduced Beam Section RBS

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Prying Action

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ASIDE: Corner Detailing (To Avoid Laminar Tearing)

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