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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

A review on planning, congurations, modeling and optimization


techniques of hybrid renewable energy systems for off
grid applications
Rajanna Siddaiah n, R.P. Saini
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Hybrid renewable energy (HRE) system based power generation is a cost effective alternative where power
Received 23 December 2014 grid extensions are expensive. This system utilizes two or more locally available renewable energy
Received in revised form resources such as wind, solar, biomass, biogas and small hydro power with or without conventional fossil
17 December 2015
fuel energy sources to create standalone mode to meet the energy needs in rural remote areas. This study
Accepted 27 December 2015
Available online 13 January 2016
offers a comprehensive review of the research work carried out in planning, congurations, and modeling
and optimization techniques of hybrid renewable energy systems for off grid applications. Hybrid
Keywords: renewable system utilities today are more dependent on an optimal design to minimize the cost function.
HRES congurations This paper presents a review of various mathematical models proposed by different researchers. These
Planning
models have been developed based on objective functions, economics and reliability studies involving
Economic modeling
design parameters. The present study will familiarize the reader with various optimization techniques of
Reliability modeling
Modeling and optimization techniques system modeling and enable them to compare these models on the basis of their cost functions.
Researchers may consider the most suitable model from the various hybrid renewable system models
proposed in this study to develop customized designs for optimizing system size while incurring least cost.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
2. Hybrid renewable energy system congurations for off grid applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
2.1. DC-coupled HRE conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
2.2. Power frequency ac-coupled HRE conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
2.3. Hybrid-coupled HRE conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
2.4. Hybrid-coupled with DG system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
3. Hybrid renewable energy system based energy planning for off grid applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
3.1. Village/block level power generation of HRE systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
3.2. District/state level energy planning of HRE systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
4. Modeling and optimization techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
4.1. Classical techniques based optimization models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
4.2. Articial intelligence techniques based optimization models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
4.3. Hybrid techniques based optimization models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
5. Economics based modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
6. Reliability based modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

n
Corresponding author. Tel.: 91 8791340700.
E-mail address: srajannamce@gmail.com (R. Siddaiah).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.281
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396 377

1. Introduction HRE systems; Section 4 presents different mathematical modeling


and optimization techniques based objective functions aimed at
In a developing country like India, majority of the population developing a cost effective design, as well as a summary of the
live in remote rural areas and a number of small isolated com- HRE systems; Sections 5 and 6 present an economic and reliability
munities in such areas live without access to electricity from the based model for evaluating the least costs and optimal sizes, with
power grid [1]. Extension of the grid to these remote regions is not a summary of the HRE systems; nally, conclusions are made
cost-effective or feasible. It is therefore necessary to nd alter- based on the extensive review of the hybrid renewable energy
native power solutions that could be employed in place of the systems.
power grid. Possible options for off grid rural electrication
include single technologies and hybrid based power generation
[2]. Hybrid based energy systems have proven effective in sup-
plying the required electrical load in off grid applications. The 2. Hybrid renewable energy system congurations for off grid
most important characteristic of an HRE system is that it utilizes applications
two or more renewable energy sources with or without connect-
ing to conventional generators which improves system efciency Renewable energy resources randomly occur in nature and, to
and reliability, and overcomes the economic limitations arising make a standardized framework, these resources are integrated to
from single renewable energy sources [35]. Further, HRE systems construct a hybrid system conguration for fullling the energy
are becoming increasingly popular for decentralized power gen- requirements of consumers in distant areas. Appropriate interfa-
eration at remote sites due to improvements in power converter cing power conversion circuits and controllers to the AC bus,
and renewable energy technologies which enhance system ef- reduces the number of power conversion stages and losses in
ciency [6,7]. However, many remote areas have insufcient power transferred to the load/utility [25]. The assortment of
renewable energy resources and it becomes necessary to use schemes with their merits and demerits of various hybrid
conventional options like diesel/petrol/gasoline based generator to renewable energy congurations in off grid applications are
complement the available renewable energy resources in order to discussed below:
meet the load demand [810]. It is clear that the decision of
employing only HRE systems or using HRE system in combination
with diesel/petrol/gasoline based generator depends on the 2.1. DC-coupled HRE conguration
availability of the renewable energy resources in the considered
region. Any intended plan to set up a power plant must consider In a dc-coupled conguration, the dc renewable energy
the availability of renewable resources in the considered area. resources may be connected, either directly or through a dc/dc
Next, several alternative plans must be developed out of which the power converter, to a dc bus line to which the dc loads are con-
most suitable one should be selected [1114]. nected. The ac renewable energy resources are connect with the
To utilize the available renewable energy resources efciently same dc bus line through an ac/dc power converter. This systems
and economically, optimal models are required to be developed conguration can also supply ac power to the ac loads through a
based on prediction of the renewable energy resources data using dc/ac converter. The storage system can also be connects to the dc
suitable techniques [15]. Thus, decentralized energy planning bus line through a bi-directional converter to supply dc power to
entails discovering a set of resources and power conversion devi- the dc loads in response to the demand. Fig. 1 shows a schematic
ces to fulll the energy needs of an optimally modeled system in a representation of an off grid dc-coupled HRE system [24,2629].
cost-effective and efcient manner while ensuring quality and
reliability [16,17].
The modeling of an HRE system is a very complex task which 2.2. Power frequency ac-coupled HRE conguration
requires the development of mathematical models for each com-
ponent. The mathematical models of renewable energy sources In power frequency ac-coupled conguration, an ac renewable
need to be optimized through various optimization techniques in energy resource may be connected, either directly or through an ac/
order to minimize total system cost of the hybrid energy system ac power converter, to the power frequency ac bus line to which the
[1821]. The selection of optimum combination of HRE system ac loads are connected. The dc renewable energy resources are
components depends on the reliability and economy of the com- connected through a dc/ac power converter to the same bus line.
ponents. Where there are multiple well-dened hybrid system This system conguration can also be used to supply dc power to dc
models, the model which provides consistent and adequate power loads through an ac/dc converter. A schematic of an off grid power
at lowest cost is selected [22,23]. Different geographical areas have frequency ac-coupled HRE system is shown in Fig. 2 [24,2729].
specic renewable energy resources which vary according to
season. This random nature of natural resources warrants the
2.3. Hybrid-coupled HRE conguration
making of a hybrid system conguration that would extract
maximum possible energy from these resources so that the supply
The hybrid-coupled hybrid conguration has both the dc and
of energy from such a system is uninterrupted and consistent. To
power frequency ac bus lines. In this conguration, an ac renew-
this end, it is necessary to develop a well-dened hybrid based
able energy resource is directly connected to the power frequency
model for combining natural resources with or without conven-
tional fossil fuel energy resources to form a micro-grid used in off- ac bus line and the dc renewable energy resources is connected to
grid applications [24]. the dc bus line through proper power converters. This can reduce
The present study aims to address the issues related to HRES the conversion losses and eliminate the use of converters in the
with a detailed review of system planning, mathematical model- conguration. As a result, a hybrid-coupled hybrid system con-
ing, optimization and other aspects of economic and reliability guration minimizes the cost and increases the system efciency
based models. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 pre- as compared to the ac and dc coupled congurations. But a hybrid
sents schemes and summaries of different hybrid renewable coupled conguration is relatively complex in terms of control and
energy systems in off-grid applications; Section 3 discusses the energy management. A schematic representation of a hybrid-
works carried out on system planning with a summary of various coupled HRE system is shown in Fig. 3 [11,24].
378 R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

Nomenclature TC optimized total cost of all the end users


Cj unit cost of the jth generating unit (Rs/kW h)
E jdt optimum amount of generation of j generating unit for
d j  and d j are respectively, the under and over achievement of
the goal end use in a day d at t time
Lj objectives of the objective function dn days in number
wj weighing factor of the each goal Ctot system total cost
b j and C are respectively,the corresponding goals and total F actualization factor
annual cost in dollars O&M operation and maintenance
Ri annual energy of the ith resources in kW h/m2 C actualized cost
X ij part of ith resources used for Jth task CHP combined heat and power of diesel engine
A ij cost in dollars in kW h when ith resources used for HR heat recovery
Jth task ORC organic ranking cycle
Qdump (t) dumped energy at t time CP type of collector
Pi (t) load demand i at t time in kW HS heat storage system
Ii (t) fraction of time t that the load i is supplied energy CT cooling tower
C and S are respectively, the unit cost of the system and Gt;i;j;k;n total generation corresponding to CC t,I,j,n and ltk
available energy source
X, and D are respectively, the energy resource in kW h, ef- g DG PV WT
r;t;i;j;k;n g r;t;i;j;k;n g r;t;i;j;k;n are respectively, the generation unit of
ciency of the device and energy demand rth Dg, PV and WT unit
Nh, Nw, Ns, Ng and Nb are respectively, the no. of MHP, wind, OC PVr OC WT
r and OC DG
r are respectively, the cost of generation of
SPV, diesel generator and battery systems rth units of SPV, WT and DG units
Ch, Cw, Cs, Cg and Cb are respectively, the capital costs of MHP, CPVi, CWTj, CBh, CINg and CCT are respectively, the cost of wind,
wind, solar PV, diesel generator and battery units photovoltaic, battery inverter and controller systems
B1(I1),B2 (I2) and B3 (I3) are respectively, the benets for N(x) number of components hybrid system
investment in the use of bio-gas, wind and PV panels x decision variables of vector
power project Cc(x),Cm(x) and J(x) are respectively, the capital and main-
VF,VM and VD are respectively, the bio-gas and manure and tenance cost functions and total system cost function
dung collected from the households ES m saving of electricity at mth month
Vs,L and w are respectively, the value of fuel-saving, cultivation CC w and CC p are respectively, the capital investment cost of
cost and weighting factor for L WGS and PVG
vk kerosene value saving AF w and AFp anualization factor of WGS and SPVGS
R electrical connection cost AOM are respectively, the annual operating and
C ij/ij ratio of cost/efciency of the ith system used for jth maintenance cost
end use Ni number ith system units
Xij quantum of ith renewable energy resources used for R useful lifetime of the project
jth end-use ir real interest rate
Lcj plant land area with crop c by j size of farms in ha CRF cost recovery factor
Hj total human labor days required by j size of farms O & MC operation and maintenance cost of the system com-
Hownj own labor days put in by j size of farms ponents in US$/unit-yr
Bfj store-bought feed by j size of the farms in tons 1 and 2 are respectively, the weights of the economic and
Bkj energy purchased in physical units by class j quality index
Ycj crop yield of C type by j size of farm in tons/ha Ci per-cost power output of each generator
Pc and Pn are respectively, the crop price C per ton and ton of Perfij power quality assessment of all the generators
fertilizer of type n Pij power output each power suppliers
Pk and Bn are respectively, the prices of energy purchased per C antot ()total annualized cost
physical unit in kL and purchased for chemical CC, RC and MC are respectively, the capital, replacement and
fertilizers operation and maintenance cost of the system
Pf per ton price of store-bought feed Ni no. of each energy resource
w wage rate per day Ki cost converting factor from replacement to
Cl(Q),C2 (R) andC3(Bmax) are respectively, the yearly costs present cost
potential of the SPV, wind and battery storage system , and are respectively, the cost of the SPV, wind and other
as functions of their size costs like installation and commissioning
Q,R and B max are respectively, the function variables of the EL(t) daily load demand at time t
corresponding system EPV(t) and EW(t) are respectively, the average daily output
ai, bi and ci are respectively, the cost function coefcients of the energy of the SPV and wind turbine
of the diesel generating unit EfNPC g expected value of the net present cost
T planning period and are respectively, the signicance level and limiting
PDit and Sj are respectively, power output of i diesel generation parameters
unit of time t and cost coefcient of j battery Pr rated load power
storage unit CACm and,COMm are respectively, the minimization of annual-
Pjt power output of j battery storage unit at t time ized investment and operation and maintenance cost
D load demand of all element of the system
P ri,t rating of the i microprocessor unit at t time CREMPn replacement cost of fuel cell and electrolyzer
R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396 379

C, k and n are respectively, the cost of energy in U.S. cents/ and are respectively,the cost of a SPV and batter system
kW h, annual capacity factor in per-unit and amorti- CO total constant costs including the cost of design
zation period in years installation of a wind turbine
P, r are respectively, the installed cost in U.S. $/kW and DE (t) decit energy for hour t
xed annual interest rate in per-unit P load total load demand for the given period
E load yearly output in kW h EHS, expectations for healthy
TPV total present value of actual cost of all system ELS risk system states
components gDG,gPV r,t,i,j,k,n, and gWT r,t,I,j,k,n are respectively, the generations
I and n are respectively, the annual discount rate and system of DG, PV and WT units
life in years Ht number of hours associated with tth time frame
Cpv, Cwind, and C bat are respectively, the sum of present value of Ppv and Pw are respectively, the power supplied from the SPV
capital and maintenance costs of the SPV, WES and and WES
battery bank in the life span C and SOC are respectively, the cost of the components and
CO PV,CO W and CO Bat are respectively, the sum of capital and state of battery charge
maintenance cost of SPV,WES and battery bank in the N,h,L are respectively, the number of time intervals, number
life span of hours and average annual power load in kW
Y PV YW and Y Bat are respectively, the life time year of SPV, WES D duration of unavailability of load (h)
and battery bank E GEN and EL(t) are respectively, the total energy generation and
E an(,, h) annual energy supplied from solar-wind energy demand
hybrid system inv, B Inverter and battery efciency respectively
and h are respectively, the azimuth angle, slope angle of the P1 and P2power supply probabilities of SPV and WES success to
plane in radians and height of wind turbine meet the demand respectively
d and T are respectively, the discount rate and useful lifetime q1 and q2Probabilities of failure for the possible combinations of
TAC and E tot are respectively, the total annualized cost, and SPV and WES respectively
annual total energy En batteries energy stored at any time t
C cap, Crep and Camain are respectively, the initial capital, repla- EBm,and EBmin minimum allowable energy level and minimum
cement and annual maintenance cost of each battery energy level
component in US$ E B,t  1 energy stored in the batteries in previous hour
Y rep and Y proj, are respectively, the replacement cost and Phmin,Phmax are respectively, the minimum and maximum
project lifetime component in year power generated by the hybrid system in kW
E annual annual consumed energy (kW h/year) Ph power output of system
C acap, C amain and C arap levelized capital cost, maintenance and fpk (Ph) and am are respectively, the probability density function
replacement cost of the system vectors respectively of system power output and number of days of the
w, s, b are respectively, the WES, SPV and battery storage mth month
systems toutage(i) outage operating time in hours of battery; 1 for load is
Ii, S Pi,OM Pi Initial cost, present worth salvage value, and greater than the generating capacity plus the battery
operation and maintenance cost (OM) for ith equip- storage level, otherwise 0
ments respectively eunserved(i) energy not supplied in the hour i of the year
ACC, ARC and AMC are respectively, the annualized capital, Ew(t) and E pv(t) energy generation from WES and SPV
replacement and maintenance cost of project lifetime respectively
Cav, i and Ki are respectively, the average generation cost (Rs/ CT,CCpt and CMtn are respectively, total cost, total capital cost
kW h), summation index to include all devices and and maintenance cost
load factor for ith device NSol,Nwind, and NBatt are respectively, no. of solar, wind battery
Pi capital cost in Rs/kW for the ith device systems
Pr and Ri are respectively, the present worth factor purchased in CSol,Cwind and CBatt are respectively, unit cost of solar, wind and
n years later and rating in kW of the ith device battery system
Co, Cinst Preplaced and PWmaint are respectively, the component Ptsol & Ptwind power generated by solar and wind turbine system
cost, installation cost, replacement and maintenance CAPEX,R &E are respectively, capital cost of DRE system,
cost respectively replacement cost and NPV of use full energy of the
E Gen and LCC life cycle cost for hourly energy generation of lifetime of the projects
hybrid system Ck,, Rnpv,Snpv,and O&M npv are respectively, capital cost, net pre-
Kd and lp annual real interest rate and system life period in sent value of replacement, salvage and O & M cost of
years respectively the system components
ANN and ICC are respectively, the annualized costs and instal- Qn,d annual energy in kW h, annual discount rate
led capital cost Ccap,Crep, capital cost and replacement cost respectively
CFnet net capacity factor considered for one year Cmain,Cs maintenance and salvage cost respectively

2.4. Hybrid-coupled with DG system combination of the renewable energy resources with diesel gen-
erators can save the fuel consumption and achieve a constant
Hybrid-coupled conguration with conventional diesel gen- power supply best suited for remote areas applications. But the
erator is shown in Fig. 4. In this conguration, ac renewable energy main drawback of this conguration is the emission of greenhouse
resources and diesel generator are directly connected to power gases that cause global warming in addition to availability of the
frequency ac bus line while the dc renewable energy resources are fuel problem [24]. The summary of HRES congurations for off grid
connected to the dc the bus line by proper power converters. The applications is given in Table 1.
380 R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

Fig.1. DC-coupled HRE conguration.

Fig. 2. PF AC-coupled HRE conguration.

Fig.3. Hybrid-coupled HRE conguration.

3. Hybrid renewable energy system based energy planning for planning refers to a cluster of village/block and district/state level
off grid applications regions across the countries. Some illustrations of the planning
models functional to the village/block and district/state levels have
Hybrid renewable energy system with or without diesel gen- been reviewed in the following section.
erators for off grid applications is a theme of current origin with
limited applications. The energy planning concept at the decen-
3.1. Village/block level power generation of HRE systems
tralized level involves preparing an area-based standalone mode,
based on the development of renewable energy sources at the The individual villages or clusters (blocks) of villages make dis-
lowest cost to the economic and the environment. The objective of tinctive rural identities. Each village or a block of villages is usually
the planning is to minimize the overall annual cost of energy characterized by vast unpopulated areas in between, with scarce or
through the minimization of the non-local resources or the max- no population. A power distribution plan for the villages should
imization of the overall system efciency. The decentralized level meet various energy needs of the villages and should be devised
R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396 381

Fig.4. Hybrid-coupled HRE with DG system.

Table 1
Summary of HRE system congurations [11,24,2629].

Sl. Type of AC R.E DC R.E DG Converters Storage Merits Demerits


no. schemes resources resources systems

1 DC- Conguration is simple and no synchronization If the dc/ac converter fails, the whole system
coupled is required. would not be able to supply ac power to ac
loads.
2 PF AC- This scheme is well-matched for rural and Synchronization is required to match with the
coupled urban Areas applications, including households, ac bus line and the incoming output from the
communities, commercial as well as Small Scale generator which is derived from the ac/dc
Industrial loads. renewable energy resources.
3 Hybrid Hybrid -coupled scheme has high system ef- System control and energy management are
-coupled ciency and lower system cost. more complex than those of ac and dc coupled
congurations.
4 Hybrid- Best suited for rural applications. Hybrid system Causes global warming due to the emission of
coupled with diesel conguration can increase the green house gases. System control and man-
with diesel power supply availability and save diesel. agement is quite complex.
generator

Note: DC R.E ResourcesSPV and WES System; AC-R.E Resources-MHP/SHPBMSBGS.

within the limits set by a Gram Panchayat and/or Taluk Panchayat potential of reduction in it. Ashenayi and Ramakumar [34]
[17]. Various researchers have proposed plans for the distribution of developed an IRES model to fulll different energy needs as
power generated through the HRES in remote villages the world- appropriate to the remote rural areas, with the loss of power-
wide. Some of the decentralized village/block level models of var- supply probability used as the preferred indicator for the proposed
ious countries have been reviewed in the below section. system to minimize the initial capital investment cost through the
A micro-level energy planning study was carried out by objective function, while essentially minimizing the annual oper-
Deshmukh and Deshmukh [20] in the northern part of Rajasthan, ating cost of the system. Luiz and Silvio [35] carried out an eco-
India. The goal programming method was used to obtain multiple nomic analysis of a hybrid dieselphotovoltaic system for decen-
goals based optimal resources allocated for mixing the energy tralized energy generation in Northern Brazil. Seven villages were
needs at the inter-village level. The inter-village mix of the micro- identied for the use of the hybrid systems in the specied power
level energy planning resulted in a better use of energy sources as range, considering the low average load in the area. They also
compared to single villages. Patil et al. [30], the methodology of an experimented with other local utilities, like low income, customer
optimum combination of energy resources with battery was con- based, cost effective hybrid systems. Ramakumar et al. [36] pro-
structed, based on the seasonal load demand fullling the energy posed a knowledge-based design to minimize the total capital cost
requirements of the proposed area. Akbar and Fatholah [31] pro- at the selected reliability level. The design procedure was applied
posed a methodology to design the optimal sizing of the hybrid for each time-section to nd the ratings of the energy converters
systems to satisfy the energy demand with the least total cost and/or quantities of the resources needed as well as the sizes of
through different heuristic techniques. They suggested that the the energy storage systems to fulll the energy requirements at
PVwindbattery system was more cost effective than the PV/ the desired reliability level, subject to resource availabilities and at
battery and Wind battery system. They also reported that the Minimum Capital Cost. The nal design was based on these sea-
ABSO yielded more promising results compared to other techni- sonal designs and the prioritization of the various seasons.
ques. Ramakumar et al. [32] proposed an integrated renewable Balamurugan et al. [37] carried out a one-year period simula-
energy system for different scenarios of solar energy to fulll tion on the basis of the load data of three villages in Chennai. The
different energy needs best suited to the remote rural areas in the hybrid energy system comprised gasier, wind, SPV, and battery,
developing countries. The objective function was formulated to with the goal of maximizing the energy supply to the load and
minimize the total annual cost subjected to the energy and power minimizing the dumping of energy. Mahmoud et al. [38] analyzed
constraints. Nicola et al. [33] worked out the cost competitiveness the feasibility of the historical data for seasonal electrical con-
(levelized cost of energy) of the PV solar and micro hydro power sumption and seasonal observations of the renewable energy
based village grid, and compared them with the power based sources. They worked out the economic metrics, such as the
diesel generator. They also estimated the emission cost of CO2 and annual worth, future worth, benet-to-cost ratio and internal rate
382 R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

of return. Based on these economic metrics, both the solar and the two hybrid approaches (PV wind with small hydro power domi-
hybrid systems proved feasible with a very slight margin. Joshi nant system) for meeting the energy needs of Thingan and Kol-
et al. [39] developed an LPM based optimization model to mini- khop villages in Makawanpur district, Nepal. This system also
mize the cost value function for a mix of energy sources and reduced environmental hazard by reducing the demand for fossil
conversion devices in a typical Indian village for the domestic and fuel and wood.
irrigation sectors. The study revealed that wood and agricultural Trifkovic et al. [51] implemented a supervisory controller for
residues were the preferred energy sources for cooking in the proper power management and a set of local controllers for efcient
domestic sector. hydrogen generation and consumption. A model predictive con-
Gregoris et al. [40] carried out a comparison of the two systems troller was designed for optimal operation of the electrolyzer and
for both the locations in terms of the technical and economic fuel cell. The controller performance showed signicant improve-
aspects, arriving at the result that the type of the system to be ment in the utilization of both components. Consequently, better
used in each case was directly dependent on the climatic char- power management of the hybrid energy system could be achieved
acteristics of the specic location. More specically, for Nicosia, as compared to when there was no model predictive controller.
the solely PV system was a better option than the PVwind hybrid From the above discussion, it is evident that adequate work has
system, while in Nice the opposite was the case. Ashok [41] been done in off-grid applications for a village/cluster of villages for
developed a general optimized model for nding the optimal meeting two or more types of energy needs. However, it is neces-
combination of community based hybrid energy systems devel- sary to explore a plan to meet all the needs of the rural people
oped for Indian conditions. The solar PV, wind, and micro-hydro staying in a village. Studies are required to assess the feasibility of
with diesel and battery backup were considered in the model. A energy planning at the panchayat level. Further, block/taluk level
decision support system was also developed using it to help the energy planning has been attempted globally for meeting all the
designer in sizing the hybrid power system hardware and select- basic needs of a village in (more than 500) blocks/taluks. Still, there
ing the operating options on the basis of the overall system per- have been very limited efforts at block level planning and even
formance and economies, when the site specic conditions and these efforts are not based on any optimization approach. The
load proles were known. Das et al. [42] proposed an energy studies based on load sectors and target population for village/block
consumption strategy for the end-user applications in the level energy plans of HRE system is given in Table 2.
domestic and agricultural sectors in India. They measured the bio-
gas project benets in terms of the bio-gas and manure outputs
3.2. District/state level energy planning of HRE systems
with reasonable resource constraints. The households were sup-
posed to provide the required animal residues for the bio-gas
The district/state level energy planning includes numerous
production, or to acquire the shortfall from other households.
blocks of villages with various needs and energy sources. A few
Radha [43] proposed cycle charging strategy based hybrid/off-
energy plans on the district/state level have been discussed below.
grid power generation systems for a remote coastal area of Oman.
Hiremath et al. [17] developed a bottom-up approach of the
The three optimized models and the cost of energy were deter-
decentralized energy planning to fulll the power requirements of
mined based on the concept of the least cost of energy. Akella et al.
the rural areas in an affordable, environmentally sustainable and
[44] proposed an integrated renewable energy system model for
reliable way. The proposed model was designed to meet the
fullling the energy requirements in the Indian context. They
energy needs at the lowest cost, free from environmental hazards.
determined the unit cost and the cost of hybrid combination IRES
The decentralized energy based planning was carried out in
based model with the reliability range of 1.00.75 EPDF. Gupta et al.
Tumkur district in India. Various scenarios were considered during
[45] developed a mathematical modeling of the solar, biomass,
biogas, MHP and diesel system for modeling the hybrid energy the decentralized energy planning for the year 2005; and the plan
system. The resource assessment was made based on the economic could further be extended to the year 2020. Iniyan et al. [52,53]
penetration levels of the photovoltaic array areas and the cost presented an optimal renewable energy model for an efcient
optimization for a hybrid energy generation system. Chinmoy and utilization of the renewable energy sources in India for 2020 and
Chattopadhya [46] proposed a block level energy planning for 2021. This model aimed at minimizing the cost/efciency ratio on
residential lighting through a multi-objective fuzzy linear pro- the basis of demand, reliability, social acceptance and potential
gramming approach, to design a model of energy utilization by constraints. This model apportioned the renewable energy
developing a frame for an optimized solution considering four resources for various purposes, including pumping, cooling,
sources and six devices for meeting the energy demand of the study lighting, transportation and cooking, for 2020 and 2021. Devadas
area. Baniasad and Ameri [47] carried out a techno-economic ana- [5456] proposed a methodology to carry out a primary survey of
lysis of a standalone energy system capable of fullling the load the rural power utilization patterns and the controlling aspects
demand of 50 remote rural households in Iran. The economic fea- regarding power inputs and outputs in the rural energy scenario.
sibility was determined in terms of total net present cost. Three Further, two micro-level planning models for a rural energy sys-
different hybrid system congurations, namely the PV/bat, wind/bat tem with an extensive data comparison from the secondary and
and PV/wind/bat were examined for the purpose. Nfah et al. [48] primary sources were presented. Herrmann and Osinski [57]
simulated the best electricity supply options for some remote vil- proposed a methodology of the top-down and bottom-up
lages in Cameroon for meeting the typical village demand of approaches at various levels of sustainable land use plan for the
111 kW h/day. They also determined the levelized cost and break- rural areas of South Germany. Malik and Satsangi [58] developed a
even grid distance of the hydro as well as the PV hybrid systems. multi-level power planning in India involving districts, blocks,
Neves et al. [49] conducted comparative study of rural elec- villages, rural areas and states. Based on the rural survey of
trication projects to determine ways of effective utilization of Wardha district, it employed the extrapolation technique. The
energy in islands and remote villages. To this end, they analyzed proposed technique considered the approach of moving from the
documented projects executed in regions with less than 100,000 village level to the corresponding block level energy scenario, and
people. In order to identify the determinant factors for the success then from the block level to the district/region level energy prole.
of the electrication project, they considered different indicators The results showed that the model appropriately allocated the
such as energy demand and proposed technical solutions for optimum combination of energy sources using a mixed integer
island and remote village characterization. Lee et al. [50] proposed based linear programming technique.
R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396 383

Table 2
Studies based on load sectors and target population for village/block level energy plans of HRE System.

Study areas Energy sources Applications Planning Target population Techniques/software/ References
model
DS C/I A/L Other 0200 200500 500 &
above

Remote community in the Northern SPVBSDG ST Dynamic modeling and [1]


Australia ANN
Villages in Rajasthan, India SPVWESBGE ST GP [20]
Remote hilly area uttarakhand,India SPVWESMHP ST LPSP IREM Model [30]
BMEBGSBT
Rafasanjan, south of Iran SPVSWTBS ST Evolutionary algorithms [31]
Hypothetical rural village, India SPVSTP WES SHP ST LP/MPSX SIMPLEX [32]
BGE
Indonesia SPVMHPBS ST LCOE based approach [33]
Hypothetical rural village in India SPVWES SHP ST IRES/LPSP [34]
BME
seven villages in northern Brazil SPVBSDG LT Software based model [35]
Hypothetical rural village in India SPV WESSHP ST IRES/KB [36]
BMS
3 Villages in Chennai, India SVPBMSWESBS ST HOMER [37]
Abu Dhabi SPVSWT ST Economic based model [38]
Rural village in India BGEBTDG ST LP [39]
Nicosia,France SPVSWTBS ST TRNSYS [40]
Rural village in Kerala SPVSWTDGBT ST NLP [41]
Rural villages in India SPV-WES-BGE DP [42]
Oman SPVWESDG ST Energy-economic [43]
optimization
Jaunpur block in Uttaranchal SPVWESBGE ST LP/LINDO 6.10 [44]
Narendra Nagar block in SPVSWTSHP ST MILP Model [45]
Uttarakhand BGEDG
Narayangarh Block of Midnapore SPVBGS MOFLP model [46]
District in India
Kerman, Iran SPVSWTBS ST HOMER [47]
Cameroon in South Africa SPVMHPDG ST Simulation tool [48]
Thingan and Kolkhop in Nepal SPVWIGMHP ST Hybridization tool [50]
Canada SPVWIGFCHS ST Matlab/simulink [51]

Table 3
Studies based on load sectors and target population for district/state level energy plans of HRE System.

Study areas Energy Applications Planning Target population Techniques/software/ References


resources model
Residential C/I A/L Other 0200 200500 500 and
above

Tumkur district in India MT WINQSB/GP [17]


Indian context SPVSTPWES MT MOP/Delphi tool [52,53]
BGS
Kanyakumari District of Tamil BGSBMS ST GAMSMINOS/LP [5456]
Nadu, India model
South Germany MT GIS/modeling [57]
approach
Six geopolitical zones of Nigeria SPV WESDG ST HOMER software tool [105]

Note: DSDomestic Sector; CCommercial; IIndustrial; AAgricultural; STShort-Term; MTMedium-Term; and LTLong-Term; SPVSolar Photovoltaic; BGSBiogas
Generating System; BMSBiomass Generating System; SHP/MHPMicro/Small Hydro Power; WESWind Energy System; DGDiesel Generator; BSBattery System; FCFuel
cell; HSHydrogen Storage.

A district/state includes several thousand villages, with blocks components.The better performance with least cost of the system
or panchayats having differing energy resources and needs. Not can be achieved through optimal modeling of the individual system.
much literature exists on the feasibility of the decentralized The optimization techniques through mathematical modeling help
energy planning at the district/state level and the integration of in solving complex problems in the hybrid systems [59,60]. Many
sub-units within a district and/or state. The studies based load researchers have carried out studies to address the problems related
sectors and target population for district/state level energy plans to the standalone systems, and most of these studies have delivered
of HRE system is presented in Table 3. promising results in terms of reduced cost and increased system
reliability. This paper offers a critical review of various modeling
4. Modeling and optimization techniques techniques employed in the hybrid system based power generation
for off-grid applications.
Modeling ensures proper designing, analysis and optimization of 4.1. Classical techniques based optimization models
a mathematical representation of the system enabling an observa-
tion of the effect of changes in the system variables. The design of The classical techniques based optimizations facilitate the
HRE system mainly depends on the performance of the system nding of optimum solutions of the continuous and differentiable
384
Table 4
Comparison of various modeling and optimization techniques used for HRE systems.

Techniques/ Energy Objective function(s) Criteria Findings References


approach sources

A. Classical/conventional techniques
MOGP STPBGS Minimizes under and over achievement of the goal Economic  Determined optimal resources allocated for mixing the energy at [20]
P 
BMS Minimize d j dj j 1; 210 Environmental the inter-village level through micro level planning.
subjected to Social
 Technical
Objective functionj wj dj  wj dj bj

LP SPVWES Minimizes total annual cost Economic  Developed a very simple model for any arbitrary resource- tasks [32]
( )
SHPBGS P
M P
N combinations.
C Ri Aij X ij  Optimal size of IRE based model has been achieved based on

R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396
i1 j1
different seasonal conditions through LP approach.
HOMER/EMS SPVBMS Minimizes dumped energy and Maximize the energy supply Technical  Presented a novel method for fair use of storage and surplus [37]
(
WESBS P
24 P energy in batteries as per demand integrating SPV-BMS-WES.
P i I i t  Q dump t g
t1 i
LP/LINDO Software SPVWES Minimizes the cost of the energy generation Economic  Determined system feasibility based on EPDF values. [44]
6.10 SHPBGS Technical  For EPDF values between 1.0 to 0.75, the system is found feasible.
MOP SPVSTP Minimizes cost/efciency ratio Economic  Proposed an effective OREM for dissimilar demand use such as [52, 53]
WESBGS P6 P 1   Technical lighting, pumping, cooling, heating, and transportation needs.
Minimize C ij =ij X ij
j1i1
Social
LPM BGSBMS Maximizes the revenue of the rural system Economic  Technical coefcients are considered as useful indicators for areas [54]
belonging to similar agro-climatic zones and with comparable
socio-economic conditions.
LPM RESNRES Minimizes total cost of energy supply Economic  Suggested an optimal location of energy-transformation devices [61]
PP
OF MinC Cij Xij to minimize the cost of the supply system for meeting the energy
i j
demand and saving in the North China Plain.
LP/MSDA SPVWESBS Minimizes total life-cycle cost of the system Economic  Determined the optimized active area of SPVwind and battery [62]
Z C 1 Q C 2 R C 3 Bmax C 4 Q ; R; Bmax storage system to minimize the LCC.
LP SPVWES Minimizes cost of hybrid energy system Economic  Suggested a cost effective hybrid energy system including micro [63]
SHPBGSDG P
dn P 6 24 
P  hydro, solar, biomass, biogas and diesel generator using LP based
MIN : TC C j  Ejdt approach.
d1j1t 1
LP SPVWES Minimizes the total cost of the energy Economic  Addressed a optimal reliability model based on economic feasi- [64]
P
SHPBGSBS Minimize : C T C ij  Rij bility for a remote site.
LP/MATLAB SPVWESBS Minimizes equipment cost of the system Economic  Linear programming has been used to evaluate the economic [65]
g
 feasibility of the HRES according to the NPV.
P P P P P
Minimize X CPVi N PV i C WT J N WT j C Bh N Bh CINgi N INg C CT k N CT k
i j h g j
NLP/NIA SPVWES Minimizes total capital cost Economic  Discussed a NLP based method for sizing of hybrid system to save [41]
SHPDG P
Nh P
N W P
Ns P
Ng P
Nb the total fuel cost of DG.
CC Ch Cw Cs Cg Cb
h1 w1 s1 g1 b1
DP SPVWES Maximizes total benets for a xed investment Economic  Proposed an appropriate alternate energy model for rural energy [42]
BGS planning process in the developing countries at the end-use
activities i.e. agriculture and household sectors.
NLP WESDGBS Minimizes the overall cost of the system Economic  Determined the most cost effective optimal conguration of the [66]
wind-diesel and wind-battery hybrid for the seasons of the year.
MILP SPVWESBS Minimizes initial investment cost Economic  Demonstrated the performance of the integer based model to [67]
determine the location and size of the HRES than the binary
based model in terms of investment cost.
MILP SPVBMS Minimize the system cost Economic  An optimal biomass solar town model was presented for a smart [68]
eco-village that can assist the planners or and the policy makers.
Analytical method/ SPVWESDG Minimize the production cost of SAPS Economic  The optimized production costs of SAPS are obtained and nullify [69]
MCS   P PV
nPV P WT
nWT P DG
nDG the correlation between the solar radiation and the load.
Minimize f G Gt;i;j;k;n gr;t;i;j;k;n OC PV
r g r;t;i;j;k;n OC WT
r gr;t;i;j;k;n OC DG
r
r1 r1 r1
MOEA SPVSTP Total cost of the system Economic  Investigated economic viability of thermal and photovoltaic [70]
Environment conversion system considering oil prices and various
associated costs.
B. Articial intelligence techniques
IRES/KB SPVWES Minimizes total capital cost Economic  Developed knowledge-based IRES-KB tool for optimal sizes of [36]
SHPBMS energy storage at a pre-selected reliability level.
GA SPVWESBS Minimizes the system cost of hybrid system Economic Technical  Investigated a GA based meta-heuristic model for optimal num- [76]
   
min J x min C c x C m x ber units to minimize the total cost.
x x
GA SPVWESBS Minimizes capital and maintenance costs Economic  Optimal desalination system conguration was obtained by [77]
selecting chromosomes from the total state space of potential
solutions.
GA SPVWESBS Best power quality and lowest cost of the system Economic  Determined quality index parameters to minimize cost and [78]
Technical improve power quality of each system generator used.
P
3 P
n Environmental
min f 1 C i 2 perf ij P ij
i1j1

R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396
PSO WESFCBMS Minimizes the net present cost of the system Economic  Developed a fast novel PSO based solution technique for sizing of [79]
NPC NPC WG NPC el NPC f c NPC ref &reac NPC comp NPC conv hybrid energy systems to minimize the NPC.
Evolutionary PSO SPVWESBS Maximizes benet-cost ratio (BCR) Economic  Maximized BCR of hybrid system to determine the impact of [80]
P12
ESm changes in electricity cost and capital cost.
max :BCR CC w AF W mCC
1
P AF P AOM

PSO SPVWESBS Minimize net present cost of the system Economic  A PSO based solution technique was developed to lessen the [81]

NPC i N i  CC i RC i  K i O&MC i  CRF i ir; R Technical annual NPC including reliability index of each resource.
PSO SPVWESBS Minimizes levelized cost of energy Economic  A PSO based approach has been proposed to analyze the LCC& [82]
Reliability LCE of the hybrid system considering losses between generation
and demand side.
P
PSO SPVWESBS Minimizes life cycle costMinLCC C k OMNPV;k RNPV;k  SNPV;K Economic  Proposed methodology to minimize the total net present cost of [83]
k A PV;W;Bat
Technical the hybrid system through PSO based optimization approach.
 Optimized value of PV, wind and battery systems has been found
as 21, 4 and 63 respectively.
Ant colony SPVWESBS Minimizes total cost of the system Economic  Proposed the suitability of ACO method to optimize the total cost [84]
MINC T C Cpt C Mtn Reliability of the hybrid system.

C Cpt CRF N Sol C Sol N wind C wind N batt C batt C backup
" #
X24 X24  
C Mtn C SolMtn  P tsol  t C wind
Mtn  P twind  t  365
t1 t1

DMOPSO SPVWESBS Minimizes NPC Economic  Determined the least net present cost of the hybrid renewable [85]
energy system using dynamic multi objective PSO based
approach.
C. Hybrid techniques
SA-Tabu Search SPVWES Minimizes the system's cost of energy Economic  Presented optimal size with least cost of the autonomous power [87]
DGBIODG C antot
MinCOE Eanloadserved Technical systems. Efcacy rate of hybrid approach (SA-TS) was found to be
FC better than the individual Technique.
Monte Carlo simu- SPVWESBS Minimizes the net cost system Economic  Proposed a hybrid MCS-PSO to determine the capacity of the [88]
lation/PSO PL Reliability hybrid wind, SPV and battery system considering the uncertainty.
NPC N i CC i RC i  K i MC i  PWAir; R
i1
Hybrid iterative/GA SPVWESBS minimizes system cost PV WP W WP Economic  A hybrid iterative-GA based method was investigated to select [89]
Minimizes the system cost
optimal sizes of PV array and wind turbine that offer minimum
Subject to : EL t r EPV t PV WP EW t W WP system cost.

MODO/GA SPVWESBS Minimizes hybrid system life cycle Economic  A GA based approach has been used to design a hybrid PV-wind- [90]
cost primary embodied energy cost. Technical battery system for a residential area considering LCC, system
Reliability embodied energy and loss of power supply probability.
ANFIS SPVWESBS Minimizes cost of energy Technical  Designed three ANFIS based PV-wind hybrid congurationto get [91]
Economical the least cost of energy based on LPSP and probability of unmet
load over total energy produced.
ANN/GA/MCS SPVWES Minimizes the net present cost Technical  Proposed an optimum load management strategy to minimize [92]
DGBS Economical energy supplied by the diesel generator and battery bank.

385
386 R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

Note: SPVSolar Photovoltaic; STPSolar Thermal Power; WESWind Energy System; BMSBiomass System; BGSBiogas System; SHPSmall Hydro Power; BSBattery System: DGDiesel Generator: FCFuel Cell; HPSHydrogen
functions. The methods are analytical in nature and make use of
References

the differential calculus techniques in constructing the optimum


energy models. These optimization techniques have limited scope

 Developed a fast and efcient PSO/DE algorithm to determine [93]

 ABSO based models were found to be more promising and robust [94]

 MCS Simulation model achieved the least expected cost for sys- [95]
increases, where the problems include objective functions that are
not continuous and/or differentiable. The conventional optimiza-
optimal sizes as well as minimizes the total cost of power plant.

than those of the other algorithm minimized total annual cost.

tem allocation, power generation and transmission in the HRE


tion methods used in the hybrid energy systems are based on:
linear programming model (LPM) [36,44, 6265]; dynamic pro-
gramming (DP) [42]; non-linear programming(NLP) [41,66];multi-
objective programming (MOP) [52,53]; multi-objective evolu-
tionary algorithms (MOEA) [70]; multi-objective goal program-
ming [20]; analytical method [69]; and multi-input linear pro-
gramming (MILP) [67,68]; software and optimization tools
[71,72];.These are reviewed below.
Deshmukh and Deshmukh [20] developed a multi objective
goal programming (MOGP) based optimized energy scenario for
maximizing the efciency of the system, reliability of the local
resources, employment generation and social acceptance for the
proposed system, as well as minimizing the cost, use of petroleum
products, and emissions. The energy resources were allocated for
meeting the energy needs of cooking, lighting, pumping, heating
and cooling, and biomass was used as the major energy source.
system.

Ramakumar et al. [32] designed a linear programming IRES model


Findings

for fullling the energy requirements of the developing countries


and worked out the total annual cost of the system through the
objective function subjected to a set of energy and power con-
straints. Akella et al. [44] cost variables of resources were incor-
porated into the objective function in order to achieve the mini-
Economical

Economical

mum generation cost. Devadas [54] developed an LP based model


Technical

Technical

Technical
Criteria

to maximize the energy production and revenue from the crops


subjected to system constraints. The revenue generated in the
rural system was achieved by deducting the total cost of fertilizer,
commercial energy, animal feed and the wages of the hired
laborers from the crop revenue. Fang [61] proposed an optimized
model through the linear programming (LP) method and 78
equations were developed for the developmental changes of the
rural energy supply and system demands. Hennet and Samarakou
[62] developed a photo-voltaic conversion system with generating
)

wind machines with the optimal capacity of the battery storage


C REMP n
subject to : P r fENS r g Z 1 

system, minimizing the total life-cycle cost of the system through


n elec;FC

the objective function subjected to system parameters. The algo-


P

rithm comprised generating the system costs corresponding to


various values of the parameters and using these costs in a search
C AC m C OMm


procedure to determine the minimum cost function. Gupta et al.


Minimizes the total costs of the system

minimize TAC Capital Maintenance

[63] proposed an integer-linear programming based, steady-state


model to determine the optimal unit cost and operate the hybrid
Minimizes the total annual cost

energy system, using hourly supply resources and load demand.


Minimizes expected total cost

m WTG;PV;elec;FC;tk

The model was quite general and applicable to various energy


demand supply combinations. The cost optimization function was
Objective function(s)

used to nd the unit cost of the total energy demand.


Patil et al. [64] developed a cost function IRES model to generate
electricity as the end product. The model was formulated based on
Min E fNPC g

the residential, community, agricultural and small industrial loads


F obj min

with the optimized function considered for minimizing the cost of


the energy of the IRES systems while considering the reliability
parameters, such as the energy index ratio and the expected energy
SPVWESBS

not supplied. Nagabhushana et al. [65] proposed a cost function


SPVWES

SPVWES

model to minimize the equipment cost of the hybrid renewable


sources
Energy

DGBS

power system. Ashok [41] proposed a numerical iterative algorithm


HPS

based hybrid model for the electrication of the rural community


areas in Kerala, India. The objective function was formulated for
Table 4 (continued )

designing the size optimization of the solar-wind-micro-hydro


hybrid system. Zeftawy and El-Ela [66] developed three optimized
algorithms

Power System.
Evolutionary
Techniques/

models to minimize the total diesel generation cost, combining the


approach

SO/MCS
PSO/DE

diesel-wind energy systems through the non-linear programming


technique. This technique was used to optimize the combination of
the winddiesel generation units to meet the load demand. Iniyan
R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396 387

Table 5
Merits and demerits of various sizing methodologies of HRE systems.

Modeling techniques/ Merits Demerits References


approach

Classical techniques
Linear programming model  Linear problem optimization is competent for probability  The breakdown/non-functioning of any one of the [36,44,54,6365]
(LPM) index reliability analysis and economic constraints. renewable may drastically affect the overall system
energy delivery capability
Non-linear programming  Numerical approach based model enables solution of a  Numerical method always works with more [41,66]
(NLP) complex Problem with a great number of very simple iteration.
operations.  wind uncertainty has not been considered.
Multi-objective program-  Trade-offs between different benets of different objects and  Time consuming and decision-making process is [52,53]
ming (MOP) chooses the prior one. found to be less transparent. Potential constraints
 Sensitivity analysis was carried out to validate the results. are used to obtain realistic distribution pattern.
Multi-input linear pro-  Binary variables problems are feasible to have an optimal  Model is more realistic and signicantly increases [67,68]
gramming (MILP) solution. Model was useful for policy makers in tropical the difculty in solving it.
countries to evaluate an environmental smart eco-village
Multi-objective goal pro-  Goal programming is well suited for multiple objectives and  More time and thought is required in the on con- [20]
gramming (MOGP) used to satises task rather than optimize. struction of program coding.
Dynamic programming (DP)  Helpful in arriving at investment decisions about new  Too many recursive functions may be confusion in [42]
systems the coding.
Analytical method  Computationally efcient as compared with MCS and  Method requires discrete continuous probability [69]
requires less computational time. density functions for each segment.
Multi-objective evolu-  The method is highly modular and can be extended to new  Quite difculty in coding [70]
tionary algorithms sites with other parameters
(MOEA)
Articial intelligence
Genetic algorithm (GA)  Real-coded GA techniques are based on the mechanism of  Highly depends on converging at local optima due [7678]
natural selection and natural genetics. to intensication process.
Particle swarm optimization  The method can work out the problems of scattering and  Several modications are required. [75,7983]
(PSO) optimization.  Conicting in nature.
 Heuristic methods are most successive and have the max-
imum efciency rate.
Knowledge based System  KB establishes rational basis design, and prediction.  Design process is repeated for each time-section to [36]
(KB)  Fairly, and quick obtain the required set of design.
Ant colony  high convergence speed  required long term memory space [84]
Hybrid techniques
Simulated Annealing-Tabu  Meta heuristic techniques can improve the quality and con-  Repeatability of optimization results obtained with [87]
search vergence, instead of individual SA and TS. the same initial condition.
Monte Carlo simulation-PSO  Optimization ability can be easily completed.  The method suffers from the partial optimism [88]
Hybrid iterative/GA  Chromosomes with a higher tness value are used to pro-  Suboptimal solutions are reached due to [89]
duce the next generation.
linearly changing of the decision variables.
MODO/GA  Dual-purpose projection was made to facilitate results.  The tradeoff between cost and sizing is a major [90]
compromise in hybrid sizing.
ANFIS  Manufacturers data to be used for its hybrid system.  The tradeoff between cost and sizing is a major [91]
compromise in hybrid sizing.
ANN/GA/MCS  Considered probabilistic parameters with generating training  Complexity in designing of the system. [92]
input-output data for an uncertain function.  Chronological characteristics are not taken into
account.
Evolutionary algorithms  Most robustness and quick convergence.  Inertia weight are randomly adjusted [94]
 Most suited for multi objective problems
Optimization-MCS  Requires less computational time  Too many sampling recursive functions and vari- [95]
ables lead confusion in the coding

et al. [52,53] developed an OREM for renewable energy allocation in inverter operation and binary constraints through the MILP based
India for the year 202021. The optimized function was devised to techniques.
minimize the ratio of cost and efciency, while satisfying the con- Khatod et al. [69] developed a systematic, analytical approach
straints of social acceptance, the reliability factor of the renewable based SAPS model, with wind and solar energy sources. The
energy systems, the potentials of renewable energy, and the energy optimized function was considered to minimize the production
demand for different end-uses. The cost, efciency, social accep- cost of SAPS and nullify the correlation between the solar radiation
and the load. The considered study period was one year, divided
tance, reliability, demand, and potential factors were treated as
into numerous time frames, with each time frame considered
input in the model and the results were analyzed. Ferrer-Marti et al.
separately. Balamurugan et al. [37] formulated an objective func-
[67] suggested two alternative mathematical models that could be
tion to maximize the energy supply to the load and minimize the
used either as an integer or a binary variable to dene the location
dumped energy. They developed an optimization model to opti-
and size of the equipment. The formulated optimized function mize the availability of energy to the loads, according to their
involved two alternative functions that could be used with either levels of priority. Xavier et al. [70] proposed a multi-objective
integer or binary variables, in order to dene the location and size evolutionary, algorithm based optimized function. However, it was
of the equipment. Ho et al. [68] proposed an optimization based difcult for the investment intensive solar or storage technologies
model to minimize the cost components of the designed hybrid to efciently respond to the highly variable loads when not con-
system, including biomass, biogas, solar photovoltaic, battery sto- nected to a main grid. Therefore, the objective function based
rage and inverter systems, while satisfying the resource availability, optimization model was used to minimize the total cost, taken as
388 R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

the cumulative investment cost for all the components over 20 power system, for meeting the demand of a residential area. Lee
years, in addition to the operational cost. Das et al. [42] used an and Chen [80] developed an advanced multi-pass dynamic pro-
objective function for maximizing the advantages from a xed gramming to determine the optimal size of the battery energy
investment. The optimized function was formulated on the basis of storage system and the optimal contract capacities for the time-of-
a multistage decision making process by separating the three use-rated customers at the Taiwan Power Company.
projects into three sequential steps, with the objective of for- Ardakani et al. [81] formulated an optimized cost function to
mulating a policy that would result in the maximum total benet minimize the net present cost of the hybrid generation system
achievable by dynamic programming. Joshi et al. [39] developed operation over 20 years. Amer et al. [82] proposed a hybrid
an optimal mix of technologies for cooking, lighting and irrigation renewable energy system to satisfy the load demand. The Particle
from the locally available renewable energy resources and com- Swarm Optimization Technique was used as the optimization
mercial sources. Wood and agricultural residues were the pre- searching algorithm for reducing the levelized cost of energy with
ferred energy sources for cooking in the domestic sector. Biogas a satisfactory range of production, considering the losses between
was economically feasible only for the plants holding 8 m3 or the production and the demand sides. The objective function was
more. Electricity was found to be the best option for lighting and introduced in the tness values sensitive to the particle swarm
for irrigation, but diesel-powered pumps were preferred to electric process. Askarzadesh and dos Santos Coelho [83] developed three
pumps. Biogas was found economical for lighting only when the grid independent hybrid renewable energy systems for elec-
biogas-conversion efciency in the mantle was taken to be twice trication of a small load area in Kerman Iron. Optimal model of
of the 2% presently available. Sunanda and Chandel [71] carried hybrid system was achieved based on the integer variables of
out a comparative analysis of 19 software tools used for multiple system components such as total active area papels, total swept
generator hybrid system. Further, they obtained different optimal area of the wind turbine blades and number of batteries using PSO
congurations of PV-battery and PV-wind-battery hybrid for the based approach. They found PV/WT/battery hybrid system was
proposed area through HOMER and RETScreen software. Iqbal most cost effective and reliable for meeting the energy demand of
et al. [72] presented various types of linear and non-linear opti- the proposed area. Fetanat and Ehsan [84] proposed size optimi-
mization algorithms used in renewable energy sources. These zation for the hybrid photovoltaic-wind energy systems using the
optimization techniques applied to different end usershomes, ant colony optimization technique for a continuous domain based
small units, and industry. They also gave future research directions integer programming. The objective function of the PV-wind sys-
for optimizing off grid and on grid based systems. tem design was the total design cost, which was the sum of total
capital cost and total maintenance cost to be minimized. The
4.2. Articial intelligence techniques based optimization models optimization was separately performed for three renewable
energy systems, including hybrid systems, solar standalone system
Articial intelligence can be dened as the application of sci- and wind standalone system. Shara and ElMekkawy [85] devel-
ence and engineering in making intelligent computer programs. oped a multi-objective optimization frame based on three design
Generally, the AI techniques are appropriate methods and provide criteria while considering LPSP: total net present cost of the sys-
better optimization results [73,74]. However, heuristic based tem, renewable energy ratio, and CO2 emission. They also assessed
optimization approaches are used to optimize the utilization cost a combination of renewable energy technologies to increase the
and life time of energy storage cost and to maximizes the ef- renewable energy ratio (RER) in the study area. For the analysis,
ciency [75]. The earlier researchers implemented numerous AI they considered wind turbines, PV panels, heat pumps, biomass
techniques to solve the size and cost optimization problems of the boilers, and PEV cars. Results revealed that RER increased by 100%
hybrid energy systems in off-grid applications. The AI based in both cases while a higher NPC was observed in the
techniques reviewed in this study are: knowledge based system stochastic case.
(KB) [36]; genetic algorithm (GA) [7678]; particle swarm opti-
mization (PSO) [7982]; evolutionary particle swarm optimization 4.3. Hybrid techniques based optimization models
(EPSO) [83]; Ant colony [84]; SAM/DMOPS/SM [85]. These are the
techniques applied in most optimization problems as well as Even though the above mentioned optimization techniques are
hybrid energy system planning for off-grid applications. successful in dealing with the hybrid renewable energy system
Ramakumar et al. [36] proposed a knowledge-based IRES problems, the technical literature provides other promising hybrid
model to minimize the total capital cost at a pre-selected relia- techniques. Hybrid based techniques (combining two or more
bility level. The model was applied for each time-section to nd algorithm) are the promising techniques to overcome the limita-
the ratings of energy converters and/or quantities of the resources tion of single algorithm [86]. Hybrid techniques are: SA-Tabu
needed. Koutroulis et al. [76] investigated the optimal number and search [87]; Monte Carlo simulation-PSO [88]; hybrid iterative/
type of system components for 20 years using genetic algorithm. GA [89]; MODO/GA [90]; articial neural fuzzy interface system
The optimized function was formulated to minimize the total (ANFIS) [91]; articial neural network/GA/MCS [92]; PSO/DE [93];
system cost subject to the constraint of load power with zero load and evolutionary algorithms [94]; simulation optimization-MCS
rejection. In 2010 [77], a methodology was tried to design a [95]. These techniques offer better solutions for the HRES.
desalination based hybrid system comprising the solar and wind Katsigiannis et al. [87] formulated an optimized function to
systems through a generic algorithm optimization function, to minimize the cost of energy while satisfying both the economic
minimize the sum total of the capital and maintenance costs and the technical constraints. The problem was related to the
occurring during the desalination system's life period. The suc- results obtained by simulating the operation of the SAPS for a
cessful system operation of the desalination plant powered by the given time, i.e. the optimal sizing problem of the SAPS renewable
PV modules and the W/Gs was through the natural selection and energy technologies. The solution to this problem involved con-
survival of the ttest. Zeng et al. [78] used the optimized function siderable difculties due to the large number of design options
to minimize the objective of the system. Hakimi and Tafreshi [79] and the uncertainty in the values of many important input para-
proposed two hybrid system congurations comprising the fuel meters. Here, two popular met heuristic methods, namely SA and
cells, wind units, an electrolyzer, a reformer, a compressor, an TS, were applied and compared. Bashir and Sadeh [88] developed
anaerobic reactor and a hydrogen tank, through a novel, PSO based an algorithm to determine the capacity of the system for wind,
intelligent method applied to the problem of sizing in a hybrid photovoltaic cell and battery for supplying a certain load. The
Table 6
Studies based on various cost function(s) models used for HRE system.

Energy resources Techniques/ Preferred Cost function (s) Findings References


approach indicators
8
9
SPVWESBS PSO LCE < n
d1 d
ICC ANN O&Mn=
 Levelized cost of equation has been established based on the [82]
1 dn  1
Minimizes the levelized cost of energy LCE nancing, insurance, maintenance and various depreciation
: 8760CF net ;
schedules.
SPVWESBS MOP/GA LCC Minimizes the total life cycle cost LCC Pw 1x
Pr C inst C ma int x  x  1  x PW replace
 Determined optimal sizes of nine PV modules (240 W), one
n
[90]
wind turbine (900 W) and battery storage capacity of 180 Ah
for the proposed study area through GA technique.
Pn
SPVWESBS HSWSO method LCE COi =yi COPV =Y PV COW =Y W COBat =Y Bat Degree of system reliability was determined with two sizing [97]
Minimizes levelized cost of energy LCE i 1Ean Ean ;;h parameters for 1 and 3 day storage battery bank.
 Least cost of energy with an LPSP of 1% and 5% was achieved

R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396
for the system.
h i 
SPVWESBS LPSP COE Minimizes cost of energy C 1r 1 r n  An optimal size of solar-wind systems has been designed to [98]
r n  1 87:6k O&M 
P
meet all the energy needs of inhabitants, rather than focusing
only on electricity. Also estimated grid and off grid investment
cost per person.
h i
SPVWESBS LPSP LCE PVC 1d 1 dn  Analyzed and compared monthly and daily energy balances for [99, 100]
n
d  1
Minimizes levelized cost of energy LCE TAC E tot Etot optimal hybrid PV/wind system congurations for all 5 sites in
Corsica Island.
SPVWESDGBS GA LCE Minimizes levelized cost of energy LCE acap
C x C amain x C arep  Minimum average battery bank state of charge (77.58%) with [101]
E annual
diesel generator was achieved. Also discussed minimization of
CO2 emission levelized cost of energy.
SPVBSDG LCOE Minimizes levelized cost of energy  LCOE of hybrid system has been estimated on basis of cost of [102]
PN OM 1 C

C L
electricity production for a given lifetime of a system.
n 1 1 r n
LCOE PN STF1  dn
n 1 1 r n

SPVWESBS DPSP LUEC Minimizes the levelized unit electricity cost  Levelized unit cost of energy has been calculated based on [103]
 
LUEC $=kW h PLCCCRF
8760
annualized total system cost to the energy production over the
E Gen t
t 1 year. Also calculated degree of system reliability based on
deciency of power supply probability.
SPVMHP BMS PSO TNPC COERs=kW h P
TNPCCRF
8760
 Determined 12 combinations of optimized model based on the [104]
minimizes total net present cost EGen t
BGSWESDG t 1 different types of the system components through cycle
di1 din charging.
CRFd; n 1 
1 din They proposed 10th combination (minimum COE and Max-
imum RF) was preferred for the study area.
SPVWESDG HOMER software tool NPC Minimizes total net present cost C NPC CRFi;n
TAC  There are seven optimal combination of hybrid system models [105]
were simulated through HOMER. The PV/Diesel/battery hybrid
model was considered as most economic for the study area.
SPVWESDGBS ANN/GA NPC Minimizes the net present cost of system NPC ACCh ARC
j
iAMC Proposed a methodology to minimize the net present cost of the [106]
i1 i
1 ij  1
diesel based hybrid system. Also discussed failure rate of the
battery system through sensitivity analysis.
SPVDGBS GA LCC Minimizes the Life cycle cost C :N PV :N Batt C O  Proposed optimized sizes of wind 1.5 kW, No of PV modules [107]
-53 W and battery storage 100 Ah with a round-trip ef-
ciency of 0.85 for meeting energy need of typical house in
Massachusetts.
h i h i
SPVWESBS Genetic algorithm/ ACS ACS C cap:
Y
i1 i proj
PV Wind Bat Tower C rep i
Bat
 Proposed ten combinations of hybrid system model of which [108]
Y
1 i proj  1 1 iY rep  1
LPSP seventh one was most reliable suited for the proposed area.
C amain PV Wind Bat Tower
The objective is to minimize the annualized cost of the system.
P  
SPVWESBS PSO TCS TC i w;s;b Ii  SP i OM pi  Proposed a methodology frame for achieving break even cost [109]
for both off and on grid extension through trade off solutions.
P
MHP BMSBGS LPSP/C AGC n o pi Ri  Minimizes the average generation cost of energy of four dif- [110]
r 1 r n P
WES SPV C av 1 r n  1
m 87:6
i
Ri K i ferent IRE model and considered scenario four as the most
i
reliable & cost effective for the study area.
SPVWESBS Matlab/Optimization TLCC LCOE TLCCCRF :1d1 d N
 Obtained three scenarios based results on the basis 0, low, [111]
E dN  1

389
technique medium, intermediate and high O&M values of solar and wind.
390 R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

Note : COECost of Energy; LCELevelized Cost of Energy; ACSAnnualized Cost of the System; TCSTotal Cost of the System; NPCNet Present Cost; AGSAverage Generation Cost; LCCTotal Life Cycle Cost; LUEC Levelized Unit
optimized function was formulated to minimize the cost as well as
References

the specic reliability constraint. The Monte Carlo simulation


 Minimizes net present cost and cost of energy for different [114] technique was considered to assess the uncertainty in the wind

Minimizes the net present cost of the PVdieselbattery based [115]

Obtained two Scenario based hybrids models with production [116]


and photovoltaic power generation. The particle swarm optimi-
zation was used for the optimal sizing of the system. Khatib et al.

Hybrid model of wind PV system was found to be most fea-


on different power rating of pumping water and tilt angle of
combination of hybrid system using genetic algorithm based

[89] proposed a hybrid technique based algorithm to create a set of


possible congurations for the proposed system, while the genetic
algorithm was employed to nd the optimum conguration. The
optimization problem involved an optimum capacity pair that
covered the load demand at a specic LLP at the minimum cost.
The optimized function was formulated to minimize the unit cost
equation. Abbes et al. [90] developed a multi-objective based
model to nd the best compromise between the life cycle cost, the
of hydrogen and storage system.

embodied energy and the loss of power supply probability. A


controlled elitist genetic algorithm was implemented using
hybrid system using CPSO.

Matlab. The model had a better tness value that could help in
increasing the diversity of the population even with a lower tness
sible for study area.

value. Rajkumar et al. [91] proposed an ANFIS based technique to


grasp the learning abilities of the ANN through the intelligent
solar system.

system's performance, using prior knowledge. These techniques


provided the membership function parameters that best allowed
Findings

the associated fuzzy inference system to track the input/output


data. This optimisation model was used to nd the conguration


of the hybrid system with the lowest cost and excess energy.
Lujano Rojas et al. [92] formulated an optimized function to
minimize the operational cost of the system. The optimal cong-
uration of the hybrid system was achieved by considering the
probability of a determined level of reliability that must be guar-
anteed in a certain grade. These hybrid programming models can
be used by integrating the probabilistic simulations of both an
ANN and a genetic algorithm.
Sanchez et al. [93] proposed the optimal sizing to satisfy the
power demand of the electric load with the lowest cost. An opti-
mized function was considered as the target as well as the tness
function for both the algorithms to nd the optimal solution
within the search space. The minimization problem included
investment, O&M, and replacement cost of the system's compo-

f d;n C cap C rep C main  C s

nents. Maleki and Pourfayaz [94] proposed an optimum sizing for


the hybrid power system with a reliability index in terms of the
loss of power supply probability, using the evolutionary algo-
Minimizes net present cost

rithms. Chang and Lin [95] investigated the uncertain environ-


ment of a hybrid energy system through the simulation optimi-
Q n =1 dn 
Cost function (s)

zation and Monte Carlo simulation based techniques. They



NPC

developed a hybrid power system model to estimate the power


n 1

N1
t

shortage cost, energy storage cost, power generation cost and


NP
LCE PN

carbon emission cost. The proposed model aimed to seek the


NPC

optimal size of the PV, wind and diesel power generators as well
as of the energy storage system. Fadaee and Radzi [96] addressed
overview of optimization methods based on multi-objective
approach using evolutionary algorithm. Based on study, they
indicators
Preferred

suggested that, genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimiza-


tion are most popular applied method in the development of
NPC

NPC
LCE

hybrid based modeling.The comparison of various modeling and


optimization techniques used for HRE system and merits and
HOMER/PSO/CPSO

demerits of various sizing methodologies of HRE systems are given


Electricity Cost; COSCost of System.

in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.


Techniques/
approach

HOMER

5. Economics based modeling


GA
Energy resources
Table 6 (continued )

SPVWESBSDG

SPVWESBSDG

Renewable energy systems are generally entail high capital


costs, even though they have low operation and maintenance
SPVWESHS

(O&M) costs and less fuel costs, due to which an economic analysis
is required to determine the optimum cost and benet ratio, and
achieve the least possible unit price of the HRES. Various investi-
gators have developed the economic based sub-models: levelized
Table 7
Studies based on various reliability function(s) used for HRE systems.

Energy resources Techniques/models Preferred Reliability function (s) Findings References


indicators

SPVWESBS LPSP based model LPSP P


T
DEt
 Determined desired system reliability requirements (0 LPSP value) with least LCE, [94]
LPSP Pt 1 while system comprising a 125 W photovoltaic module, one wind generator (600 W)
T
P Load tt and storage batteries (using 253 Ah).
t 1
PT  Presented an optimal combination for 100% reliability system with a 2-day-storage [97]
SPVWESBS HSWSO LPSP power:f ailure:timeP supplied t o P needed t
LPSP t o
N battery bank, and only the con guration with more than 1.5-day-storage battery
bank reliability requirement.
PT
SPVWESBS Evolutionary LPSP LPSt  Proposed a cost effective hybrid system and system rank for different LPSP values [99]
LPSP 1 PT t
algorithms t 1
ELoad t (0%, 0.3% and 1%) and found the most cost effective hybrid system for LPSP value at
5%.

R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396
8 9
SPVWESBS GA LPSP >
>
X
r X
r
>
>
 Determined optimal size of PV and wind through GA and degree of system reliability [117]
< LPSP LPS= EL;t =
LPS has been assessed based on LPSP concept.
t1 t1
>
>   >
: LPSt ELt  EGt EB;t  1  EB: min :inv >
;
SPVWESBS LPSP LPSP PT  
ELt  E Gt EBt  1  E Bmin :inv
 The Loss of Power Supply Probability was considered as the long-term average [118]
LPSP t 1 fraction of the load not supplied by a stand-alone system. An LPSP of 0 means the
P
T
ELt load will always be satised and an LPSP of 1 means that the load will never be
t 1
satised.
0 8P 1 
SPVMHPBMS PSO EENS 760
Determined the fuel consumption operating hours of the DGs and the batteries [104]
LD
BGSWESDG EIR B C combination over a year. Also chose 10 as the minimum operating hours of the DGs
EIR 1 @i E1 O A
for 2061 h/yr.
SPVWESMHP IREOM/C EIR X
8760  Developed an optimized model with energy balance techniques considering relia- [110]
BMSBGS EENS EENS L  D bility preferred indicator of expected energy not supplied (EENS) and energy index
i1
  ratio (EIR).
EIR 1  EENS=EO

8 9
SPVWESBS Recursive algorithm EENS >
> X
KF >
>
 Developed a recursive algorithm based model to consider the outages due to pri- [119]
>
< EENS EENSf >
=
EIR mary energy uctuations and hardware failure.
>
>
f 1
>
>
 Additionally, presented a methodology to determine an upper limit to the size of the
>
: EIR 1 EENS >
;
EO battery storage system to satisfy a given energy demand.
8 R P h max 9
SPVWESBS Mixed-integer multi- EENS < EENS L  P P h :f P h P h dP h L 4 P h max =  Proposed a convolution technique to assess the long-term performance of a hybrid [120]
h min
PSO EIR R P h max system. Mathematical expressions were also developed to nd the optimal power
: EENS L  P h :f P h dP h P h min r L r P h max
;
P h min Ph generation by the wind and solar output power.
nPV 
SPVWES Analytical approach RENS P PV P WT
nWT P DG
nDG To consider the intermittence of the solar and wind, Beta and Wei-bull distribution [69]
RENSt;i;j;k;n g r;t;i;j;k;n gr;t;i;j;k;n gr;t;i;j;k;n
LOHE r1 r1 r1
functions were used in the modeling of the system. The analytical method proved to
LOLE X
NT be computationally efcient as compared with the Monte Carlo simulation method.
LOHE Ht  EHS
t1
LOLE ELS

SPVWESBS Reliability based REPG P


T
EPGt
P
T
EPGt
 Reliability indices were considered due to the probability that an inadequate power [103]
model DPSP REPG P t 1
; REPG P t 1 supply might result if the hybrid system was unable to meet the load demand.
T T
E L t EL t
t 1 t 1
Ph 8760  Several scenarios of hybrid based power generation were developed to choose the [112]
SPVDGBS GA LLP energy def icit h
LLP Ph h1 8760
h 1
load demad h most optimal conguration that fullled the load demand with a specied value of
loss of load probability (LLP).
SPVWESBS Reliability based LOLE P
8760  Several scenarios of the hybrid based power generation were developed to choose [122]
LOEE eunserved i
model i1
the most optimal conguration that fullled the load demand with a specied value
of the loss of load probability (LLP).
SPVWESBS Reliability based LOLR LOLRa 1  p q  The LOLR evaluation was carried out based on the probability network modeling [123]
model LOLRb q1 q2 p1 q2 p2 q2 using the binomial distribution to achieve optimal congurations.

391
Note : LPSPLoss of Power Supply Probability ; EIREnergy Index Ratio; EENSExpected Energy Not Supplied; LLDLoss of Load Deciency ;DPSPDeciency of Power Supply Probability; LOLELoss of Load Expectation ;EPGExcess
of Power Generation; LOLRLoss of Load Risk.
392 R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

cost of energy (LCE) [82,97103]; net present cost (NPC) [105,106]; efciency for the autonomous hybrid energy systems, as well as
total life cycle cost (LCC) [107,111]; annualized cost of the system the techno-economic effects of the charge controller operation and
(ACS) [108]; total cost of the system(TCS) [109] and average gen- the coulombic efciency of the standalone hybrid power systems.
eration cost(AGC) [110]. These preferred economic indicators are The effects of the charge controller operation and the coulombic
reviewed in this section. efciency on the number of hours of operation of a conventional
Amer et al. [82] developed a simple optimization approach generator were analyzed, along with fuel consumption and net
used to optimize the hybrid system using the PSO technique. The present cost. Borowy and Salameh [107] attempted the optimum
Levelized Cost of Energy was used as the preferred indicator for size of a battery bank and a PV array for a standalone hybrid
minimizing the life cycle cost. The life cycle cost was considered as system to meet the load of a typical house in Massachusetts, USA.
life time energy production and expressed in terms of Euros per The long term data (30 years) of both wind speed and radiation
kW. Abbes et al. [90] developed 120 Pareto optimal sets and chose were used to calculate the average power generated by a wind
a conguration that met the residential electricity demand. The turbine and a PV module. For a given load and a desired loss of
Elitist generic algorithm for a multi-objective optimization was power supply probability, the optimum number of batteries and
applied successfully for the sizing of a PVwindbattery system. PV modules was calculated based on the minimum cost of the
The LCC and EE were correlated in the design of the autonomous power system. Yang et al. [108] recommended an optimal design
hybrid system. Yang and Zhou [97] proposed a hybrid solarwind model of hybrid solarwind systems with battery banks, applied to
battery system optimization sizing (HSWSO) model, a novel opti- design a hybrid system to supply power for a telecommunication
mum tool developed based on the loss of power supply probability relay station along the south-east coast of China, ensuring that the
and levelized cost of energy concept. Using the LPSP objective annualized cost of the system was minimized while satisfying the
function, the congurations of a hybrid system which can meet the custom required loss of power supply probability (LPSP). They
system reliability requirement were obtained. There were three considered ve decision variables in the optimization process, i.e.
sizing parameters in the simulations, i.e. the capacities of the PV the PV module number, PV module slope angle, wind turbine
system, wind system and battery bank. Ramakumar et al. [98] number, wind turbine installation height and battery capacity for
developed a cost function model to minimize the cost of energy the proposed system. The economic based model was considered
generated by a renewable energy system. They addressed the basic to minimize the annualized cost of the system while satisfying the
economic issues related to the renewable energy sources and the custom required loss of power supply probability. The optimal
advantages of the integrated use of several resources, as well as design model was developed on the basis of the least cost. Wang
the importance of quality in arriving at the energy system and Singh [109] proposed an optimum design of a standalone
topologies. The optimum sizing of the autonomous hybrid PV- hybrid energy system using a mixed-integer PSO algorithm. Their
wind system with battery storage, using the optimization model, economic based model was used to minimize the total cost of the
was developed by Diaf et al. [99]. The system congurations can be system subject to the physical and operational issues. The cost
obtained in terms of a system power supply reliability require- model involved the initial cost, and the operational and main-
ment by using the loss of power supply probability concept. In tenance cost for each type of energy resources, from which the
[100] two optimal sizing of the HPPS system congurations were salvage value of the equipment was subtracted.
achieved to meet the energy needs of ve sites located on Corsica Ranaboldo et al. [111] proposed different congurations of
Island. The proposed hybrid system was the best option for all sites hybrid based projects through adapted design algorithm by con-
and yielded a lower LCE. The optimum cost function to minimize sidering multiple scenarios of O&M costs. Results showed that
the levelized cost of energy was obtained by considering the ratio lower the O&M costs of wind turbines and solar panels, higher was
of the total annualized cost to the cost of the annual electricity the share of wind energy over the total production. Ismail et al.
delivered to the hybrid system. Bilal et al. [101] proposed a Pareto [112] investigated a cost effective hybrid model for a small rural
based, multi-objective, GA based optimal sizing for a hybrid solar community in Palestine. They also minimized the cost of energy
windbattery system, with the aim of minimizing the annualized through the objective function while incorporating the global
cost as well as the probability of the loss of power supply. Bachir warming emissions in the optimization process. Martin and Sus-
et al. [102] identied the economic viability of a hybrid PV/diesel anto [113] developed a model to calculate the breakeven distance
conguration, based on the concept of levelized cost of electricity. between the grid extension and the selected DRE technology. The
Kaabeche et al. [103] recommended an optimal size for the dif- results showed that, in many cases, the DRE could be cheaper than
ferent system components of the hybrid photovoltaic/wind based a grid extension.
power generation system, using the iterative technique. They also Carroquino et al. [114] proposed a drip irrigation system pow-
proposed a grid-independent hybrid PV/wind system, simulated ered by renewable energy and conventional gen-set for the study
by running the developed program and utilizing the relationships area. They evaluated levelized cost of energy based on the annual
between the system power reliability and system congurations. net present cost through genetic algorithm. Based on simulated
They considered an economic model based on the levelized unit results, two optimal hybrid systems; only diesel and photovoltaic
electricity cost concept for assessing the protability of the system. diesel are proposed for the study area. Out of these two models,
Upadhyay and Sharma [104] considered the cost of energy as one photovoltaicdiesel based hybrid system was more protable for
of the most excellent economic protability indicators of system the whole year. Also consider the variation of solar tilt angle and
cost analysis in this study of hybrid energy systems, with the cycle scheduling of pumping water for sizing the hybrid system. Khare
charging strategy for a remote area demand of 7 un-electried et al. [115] proposed optimized models based on homer software.
villages of Dhauladevi block of Almora district, with an account of Obtained results are compared with particle swarm optimization
the available resources of solar, hydro, biomass and biogas energy, (PSO) and then chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO). It has
along with the addition of diesel generator. Olatomiwa et al. [105] been found that CPSO found to be better results compared to
proposed a hybrid system for rural electrication in six geo- HOMER software and PSO. They suggested two hybrid congura-
political zones of Nigeria. They evaluated the economic aspects tions; PVwinddieselbattery system and PVdieselbattery
in terms of the net present cost, cost of energy and renewable system. Environmental point of view, Prior one was found to be
energy fraction of the hybrid system for all the climatic zones. most feasible solution and as per the net present cost point view
Lujano-Rojas et al. [106] estimated the technical and economic second one was most feasible for the proposed area. Kalinci et al.
effects of the charge controller operation and the coulombic [116] proposed HOMER based optimization models based on the
R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396 393

meteorological geographical data of the island. HOMER uses net

 Difcult to represent the dynamic changing performance of the [94,97,99,117,118]

 The effectiveness of the system for serving a variable load in accor- [104,110,119,120]
present cost while ranking system suitability. They proposed PV/
wind turbine and only wind turbine based hybrid system with

References

[69,122]
production of hydrogen and storage system. The scenario of PV/

[103]
[112]
wind turbine based hybrid system was found to be most feasible
while much reduction in NPC and reduced capacity of hydrogen
tank. Also examined variation of NPC by changing parameters of
annual average solar radiation as well as annual average wind
speed. The studies based on various cost function(s) models used

 Increased computational efforts and suboptimal solutions


for HRE system is given in Table 6.

Calculated based assumption of load at xed hour


6. Reliability based modeling

 Not capable of meeting the customer demand


 Normalized with total annual energy demand
In the existing HRES literature, the reliability means of using
renewable energy sources have mostly not been considered due to
the relatively inconsequential contribution of such resources to the
bulk power systems and the lack of appropriate techniques, the
available techniques being computationally demanding, especially
in systems with a large number of due congurations. A relatively
higher use of these energy sources in the small isolated power

dance with time.


systems can create signicant impacts on the cost and reliability.
Various investigators have developed the reliability sub-models on
the concepts of these reliability indices: loss of power supply

Preferred indicator Limitations

system.
probability (LPSP) [94,97,99,117,118]; expected energy not sup-
plied (EENS & EIR) [104,110,119,120]; loss of load expectation and

Reliability based models


loss of load risk (LOLE & LOLR) [69,122]; excess of power genera-


tion (EPG) and deciency of power supply probability (DPSP)
[103]; and loss of load probability (LLP) [112]. These are
discussed below.

EENS & EIR

LOLE/LOLR

EPG/DPSP
Khatod et al. [69] presented a systematic analytical approach
for the wellbeing assessment of small autonomous power systems

 Moderate No of PV and moderate capacity of wind are taken in to [82,97103] LPSP

LLP
with wind and solar energy sources. They accounted for the


uncertainties related to the solar radiation and wind speed References

Net present cost depends on fuel cost and the uncertainties about the [105,106]

[107,111]
through the Beta and Weibull distributions. The proposed hybrid
model was computationally very efcient and required less time

[108]
[109]
[110]
and much less amount of meteorological data than the Monte
Carlo simulation method. They also carried out different system
reliability assessments in terms of the expected energy not sup-
plied, loss of health expectation and loss of load expectation for
the proposed system. Maleki and Pourfayaz [94] proposed an
Limitations of various economic and reliability models studied by various investigators.

Neglected O& M cost of cable, electric meter and micro grid.

articial bee swarm optimization for optimal size of a standalone


PV/WT/FC hybrid system implementing LPSP rules to maximize
the allowable loss of power supply probability. Hongxing et al. [97]
implemented a hybrid solarwind system optimization sizing
The considered maintenance cost is quite low.

Salvage cost of battery storage is not included


Interest rate and ination rate are quite low.

(HSWSO) model, a novel optimum sizing tool, developed on the


basis of the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and the LCE
Taxes and insurances are not included.

concepts. Three sizing parameters as well as orientations of the PV


modules and height of the wind turbines were incorporated in the
simulation method, in order to optimize the different sizes of the
Salvage cost is not included

components of the hybrid system, employing a battery bank. Diaf


et al. [99] considered one of the least levelized costs of energy for
battery banks lifetime.

the system sizing of an autonomous hybrid wind-with-battery


bank through probability index method, on the basis of loss of
power supply probability. The reliability function based model in
terms of the deciency of power supply probability and excess
Preferred indicators Limitations

account.

power generation was proposed by Kaabeche et al. [103]. These


reliability indices were considered due to the probability of an
inadequate power supply when the hybrid system was unable to
Economic based models










meet the load demand. The excess power generated was given as
the surplus in power generated, and used by the system. Upadhyay
and Sharma [104] developed a hybrid energy system with the
cycle charging strategy for remote area electrication. The relia-
bility based model was optimized with the energy balance tech-
Table 8

AGC
NPC

ACS
LCC

TCS
LCE

niques by considering the expected energy not supplied as a


probabilistic index used in the reliability analysis of the hybrid
394 R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

energy system. Borowy and Salameh [107,118] computed the sizing of the hybrid system helps achieve lowest cost. The cost is
optimum number of a PV model, and batteries for the wind and PV arrived at by considering the overall cost incurred over the oper-
hybrid systems. The LPSP considered the long term average frac- ating life of the system.
tion of the load not supplied by the standalone system. The sizing methodologies used by different researchers for the
Patil et al. [110] developed an IREM model based on the sea- sizing of integrated system components were also discussed and
sonal load prole and determined two system sizes, i.e. the spe- summarized. It was observed that hybrids of two or more opti-
cied system sizes and the manufacturer specied system sizes. mization techniques allowed better assessment of risk by con-
They also worked out the reliability indices in terms of the sidering greater number of parameters, enabling establishment of
expected energy not supplied. The developed model was opti- global optimum system congurations.
mized with the energy balance techniques by considering two Although a lot of work has been carried out in the area of HRES,
different probabilistic values of the EENS. This value could differ yet there exist gaps that need to be addressed through extensive
due to the variation of hourly average demand, irradiation, wind analysis to determine the technical and economic benets of any
velocity and the state of charge of the battery bank. Ismail et al. new HRE system. This study encourages researchers to consider
[112] considered different scenarios of the hybrid based power developments in technology and criteria for HRES in order to come
generation to choose the most optimal conguration that would up with effective solutions that give optimal system size with
cover the load demand with a specied value of the loss of load least cost.
probability. They also considered an energy balance study based
on the assumption that no power interruption would occur
through the year or through a certain LLP value. Xu et al. [117] Acknowledgments
investigated the genetic algorithm with the elitist strategy for
optimally sizing a standalone hybrid power system with the The corresponding author wishes to express his sincere thanks
objective of minimizing the total capital cost, subject to the con- to Alternate Hydro Energy Centre and Quality Improvement pro-
straint of the Loss of Power Supply Probability. Karaki et al. [119] gram (QIP) Centre, IIT, Roorkee, India for providing research
presented a probabilistic performance assessment of the autono- facilities and All India council for Technical Education (AICTE),
mous solar-wind energy conversion systems computed by com- Government of India for providing nancial support in the form of
bining their discrete load duration curves expressed in terms of research scholarship. He also wishes to express his gratitude to
load variation over one time frame of the basic evaluation period. Malnad College of Engineering (Govt aided), Hassan, Karnataka,
Tina et al. [120] presented a probabilistic approach based on the India for nancially sponsoring him to pursue doctoral study.
convolution technique to evaluate the long-term performance of a
hybrid power system for both standalone and grid-linked appli-
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