1.

Determine the shortest path using Dijkstras algorithm from node v to all other nodes in the
network. You need to draw a table similar to the one shown in class and clearly illustrate all the
steps. You will not get credit for just writing the final answer. (5 points)

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step N D(t),p(t) D(u),p(u) D(v),p(v) D(w),p(w) D(y),p(y) D(z),p(z)
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0 x 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
1 xv 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
2 xvu 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
3 xvuw 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
4 xvuwy 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
5 xvuwyt 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
6 xvuwytz 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
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2. What is the difference between routing and forwarding? (1 point)

Routing is the path from start to end location that a packet will take whereas forwarding is
the packet moving along the route from its start to its end destination.

3. What is 32 bit equivalent of the IP address 223.2.7.61? (1 point)

11011111.00000010.00000111.00111101
4. Write the largest possible subnet mask if three routers 223.2.7.7, 223.2.7.1 and 223.2.7.5 are
all in the same subnet. (2 points)

255.255.255.255

5. How big is the MAC address space? Compare it against the IPv4 address space? (2 points)

The MAC address space is 248 compared to IPv4s address space which is 232
Mac address space is larger than IPv4, but IPv4 is hierarchical.

6. What is the main difference between non-persistent and persistent HTTP? (1 point)

Persistent keeps the connection alive where as non-persistent does not.

7. Why is an ARP query sent within a broadcast frame? Why is an ARP response sent within a
frame with a specific destination MAC address? (2 points)

A broadcast message frame is sent when the ip address is unknown. An ARP response is
sent within a frame with a specific destination MAC address because the ip address is now
known.

8. Describe TCP congestion control namely the slow start, congestion avoidance and fast
recovery phases. (2 points)

The purpose of slow start is to avoid network congestion; in slow start we make sure not to
send more than the network can transmit.

In the congestion avoidance, we adjust the transmission speed to avoid delays and transmit
errors.

The fast recovery phase is started whenever a database needs recovery.

9. Consider the scenario in the figure below, in which three hosts are each connected to a router
by a 100 Mbps link, with an near-zero ms propagation delay. That router in turn is connected to
another router over a 30 Mbps link with a 50 ms propagation delay, and that latter router is
connected to two remote logging servers, each over a 20 Mbps link with a 10 ms propagation
delay. Suppose one of the hosts sends a message directly to one of the remote logging servers.
The message is 10K bits long. What is the end-to-end delay from when the message is first
transmitted by the host to when it is received at the remote server? Assume that the request goes
directly to the server, that there are no queueing delays, and that node (router) packet-processing
delays are also zero. (3 points)

10) Describe the primary function of DNS, DHCP and NAT. (3 points)

DNS Domain Name Server is a server that host domain names and maps them to their
appropriate Internet Protocol addresses.

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a client/server protocl that automatically

provides an IP.

NAT Network Address Translation remaps IP addresses when they transmit to another
device.

11) Describe the ALOHA protocol. (2 points)

Aloha is a random access protocol that handles several unsteady transmitters on a single
communication channel. ALOHA is also a best effort delivery system when dealing with
lost packets.

12) Host A is sending Host B a large file over a TCP connection. Assume Host B has no data to
send Host A. Host B will not send acknowledgments to Host A because Host B cannot
piggyback these acknowledgements on data. True or False? (1 point)

False.
13) Suppose Host A sends a few TCP segments back to back to Host B over a TCP connection.
The first segment has sequence number 90; the second has sequence number 110.

a) How much data is in the first segment?

20 bytes of data.

b) Suppose that the first segment is lost but the second segment arrives at B. In the
acknowledgment that Host B sends to Host A, what will be the acknowledgment number? (2
points)

The sequence number 90 goes to the ACK and remains the same.
90.

14. Consider the application layer protocol SMTP. What transport layer protocol does SMTP run
over? Explain your answer (2 points)

SMTP runs over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and uses port 25.

15. UDP provides reliable data transfer in the transport layer True or False? (1 point)

True.