LECTURE ARO326

07 ARO326
Structural Mechanics I
Pure Bending:
Bending
Multiple Materials & Inelastic
B&J, Chapter 4.4 to 4.6
of
Composite Sections
Todd Coburn
Cal Poly Pomona
Chart by Todd Coburn.

ARO326 ARO326
Review: Fundamentals of Elastic Bending Review: Fundamentals of Elastic Bending
Consider a straight beam subjected to bending
M total y max
The strain at any position y can s max =
I
be written e = d
s all I
L0 M all =
A closer look at the deformation y max
of the beam as a function of R
provides Assumptions:
We can see that d = L0 d y 1. Plane sections remain plane
=
y y R L0 R 2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
So e =
R 3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the
The force on any elemental strip of material is Pi = s i Ai longitudinal axis
Its moment about the neutral axis M i = Pi yi = s i Ai yi 4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible
So the total moment is M total = SM i = Ss i Ai yi 5. Material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so that
For moments in the elastic range s i = Eie i Hookes Law Applies; i.e. = E e
Combining with our strain s i = Ei i
y 6. Entire section has same Modulus of Elasticity E.
R Ay2
Inserting into our total moment & rearranging M total = S Ei i i
R
M total y max
Noting I=SAiyi2 is the moment of inertia, if E is constant M total E s max =
= I
I R
E
& rearranging M y s all I
Combining with s i = yi s i = total i M all =
R I y max
Chart by Todd Coburn. We find 3 Chart by Todd Coburn. 4

ARO326 ARO326 Ref: Hibbeler. Mechanics of Materials. 9th Edition. Pearson, 2014., Sect. 6.6

Elastic Bending: Multiple Materials Elastic Bending: Multiple Materials

In our original derivation, we found the
moment on the section given by
Ay2
M total = S Ei i i
R

We noted I=SAiyi2 was the moment of inertia, &

proceeded with a constant E.
Lets instead define IE=SEiAiyi2.
M total 1
We can then write = Ei
IE R n=
yi si 1 ERe f
Recalling from before s i = Ei or =
R Ei yi R
M total s
We can then write = i Option 1 Option 2
IE Ei yi
M total yi
Which means si = Ei
IE

It is often convenient to normalize all Ei values to one of the values

(Say, Eref=Emin) ni = Ei
ERef
Or more generally
We then define In=SniAiyi2.
M total yi P M (Y - yi )
And our stresses become si = ni si = ni + total ni
In An In
Chart by Todd Coburn. 5 Chart by Todd Coburn. Pictures Courtesy of Pearson (Hibbelers Mechanics of Materials, 9th Edition). 6
ARO326 ARO326
Method: Bending Analysis of Multiple Materials Example 1: B&J Concept Application 4.3
Basic Tabular Method for Section Properties & Bending Analysis w/ Multiple Materials SOLUTION:
Step 1: Idealize & Characterize Section (Break it into slices)
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
Idealize segments for material and geometry.. section made entirely of brass
Step 2: Compute Section Properties.
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section

Calculate the maximum stress in the

transformed section. This is the correct
Step 3: Determine loading. maximum stress for the brass pieces of
Step 4: Determine locations of potentially critical stress levels. Fig. 4.22a Composite, sandwich structure cross the bar.
section.
Wherever the y is greatest on area..
Looks like top & bottom of section in this case.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of Determine the maximum stress in the
Step 5: Determine locations of potentially critical stress levels. steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass steel portion of the bar by multiplying
Calculate Stresses.. P M (Y - yi ) (Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the the maximum stress for the transformed
fi = ni + ni
Example:
An In maximum stress in the steel and section by the ratio of the moduli of
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in elasticity.
is applied.
Chart by Todd Coburn.
7 Chart by Todd Coburn. Chart developed from content provided by McGraw-Hill for [1]. 4-8

ARO326 ARO326
Example 1: B&J Concept Application 4.3 (Contd) Example - B&J Concept Application 4.3 (Alternate)
SOLUTION: Given
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section Steel Core with ESt=29 Msi
Bronze Plating with EBz=15 Msi
made entirely of brass. M = 40 in-kip
E 29 106 psi Find
n= s = = 1.933
Eb 15 106 psi Max Stress in Steel
bT = 0.4 in + 1.933 0.75 in + 0.4 in = 2.25 in Max Stress in Bronze
Solution
Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties
1 b h3 = 1 (2.25 in.)(3 in.)3
I = 12 T 12
Fig. 4.22b Bar length and height
dimensions. = 5.063 in.4
Calculate the maximum stresses P M (Y - yi )
si = ni + total ni
Mc (40 kip in.)(1.5 in.) An In
sm = = = 11.85 ksi
I 5.063 in.4
(s b )max = s m (s b )max = 11.85 ksi
(s s )max = ns m = 1.933 11.85 ksi (s s )max = 22.9 ksi
Chart by Todd Coburn. Chart developed from content provided by McGraw-Hill for [1]. 4-9 Chart by Todd Coburn. 10

ARO326 Ref: Hibbeler. Mechanics of Materials. 9th Edition. Pearson, 2014., Sect. 6.6 ARO326 Ref: Hibbeler. Mechanics of Materials. 9th Edition. Pearson, 2014., Sect. 6.6

Example 2: Hibbler Example 6.17 Example 2: Hibbler Example 6.17 (Contd)

A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a Solution
steel strap located on its bottom side. It has the cross- We will transform the section into one made entirely of steel.
Therefore, ERef=Est, nst=1 & nw=Ew/Est, & bst = nwbw =
12
(150) = 9 mm
sectional area shown in Fig. 638a. If the beam is subjected 200
to a bending moment of 2 kN.m, determine the normal stress The transformed section is as shown.
ERef = Est
at points B and C. Take Ew = 12 GPa and Est = 200 GPa. The location of the centroid (also neutral axis),
y=
y A = (0.01)(0.02)(0.150) + (0.095)(0.009)(0.15) = 0.03638 m
A (0.02 )(0.15) + (0.009)(0.15)
The moment of inertia of the transformed section is
1 1
I n = (0.15)(0.02 )3 + (0.15)(0.02 )(0.03638 - 0.01)2 + (0.009)(0.15)3 + (0.009)(0.15)(0.095 - 00.03638 )2
12 12
( )
= 9.358 10 -6 m4

Applying the flexure formula, the normal stress at B and C is

2(0.17 - 0.03638 )
s B' = = 28.6 MPa
9.358 10 -6 ( )
2(00.03638 )
sC = = 7.78 MPa (Ans)
9.358 10 -6 ( )
The normal stress in the wood at B is
12
s B = ns B ' = (28.56 ) = 1.71 MPa (Ans)
200
Chart by Todd Coburn. Picture & Problem Courtesy of Pearson (Hibbelers Mechanics of Materials, 9th Edition). 11 Chart by Todd Coburn. 12
ARO326 ARO326
Example 2: Hibbler Example 6.17 (Alternate) Example 3: Bending of Multiple Material Beams
Given Given
Wood Block with EW=12 GPa Aluminum Section Shown.
Steel Plate with ESt=200 GPa EAl=10.0 Msi
M = 2 kN-m
Titanium Fail Safe Chord.
Find
ETi=16.0 Msi
Max Stress in Wood
Max Stress in Steel Mx=10,000 in-lb.
Solution
Find
Stresses at A, B, C, D, E, F.

P M (Y - yi )
si = ni + total ni
An In

Chart by Todd Coburn. 13 Chart by Todd Coburn. 14

ARO326 ARO326 Ref: Hibbeler. Mechanics of Materials. 9th Edition. Pearson, 2014., Sect. 6.7

Example 3: Bending of Multiple Material Beams Bending Reinforced Concrete Beams

Solution 1D Some materials cannot take tension.
This necessitates additional effort to find the neutral axis.

Basic Procedure:
E st
Determine Transformation Factor for Steel n =
Econc
Determine Neutral Axis of Transformed Area
h'
b(h' ) - nAst (d '-h' ) = 0
2
1 2
bh' + nAst h'-nAst d ' = 0 (solve using quadratic equation)
2
Proceed Using Composite Beam Approach
Pictures Courtesy of Pearson (Hibbelers Mechanics of Materials, 9th Edition).
Chart by Todd Coburn. 15 Chart by Todd Coburn. 16

ARO326 Ref: Hibbeler. Mechanics of Materials. 9th Edition. Pearson, 2014., Sect. 6.7 ARO326 Ref: Hibbeler. Mechanics of Materials. 9th Edition. Pearson, 2014., Sect. 6.7

Bending Reinforced Concrete - Example Bending Reinforced Concrete - Example

The reinforced concrete beam has the cross-sectional area Solution
as shown. If it is subjected to a bending moment of M = 60 The total area of steel is Ast = 2[p (12.5)2 ] = 982 mm,2 thus
kNm, determine the normal stress in each of the steel
A' = nAst =
200 103( )
(982) = 7856 mm2
reinforcing rods and the maximum normal stress in the ( )
25 103
concrete. Take Est = 200 GPa and Econc = 25 GPa.
We require the centroid to lie on the neutral axis.

~yA = 0
300

400

h'
300(h' ) - 7856(400 - h' ) = 0
2
7856mm2
h' 2 +52.37h'-20949.33 = 0 h' = 120.90 mm
The moment of inertia of the transformed section is computed
about the neutral axis,
1 120.9
2

I = (300)(120.9 ) + 300(120.9 ) + 7856(400 - 120.9 ) = 788.67 10 mm
3 2 6 4

Picture & Problem Courtesy of Pearson (Hibbelers Mechanics of Materials, 9th Edition). 12 2
Chart by Todd Coburn. 17 Chart by Todd Coburn. Picture & Problem Courtesy of Pearson (Hibbelers Mechanics of Materials, 9th Edition). 18
ARO326 Ref: Hibbeler. Mechanics of Materials. 9th Edition. Pearson, 2014., Sect. 6.7 ARO326
Bending Reinforced Concrete - Example
Solution
Applying the flexure formula to the transformed section, the
maximum normal stress in the concrete is

(s conc )max =
300
1m
60,000 Nm (120.9mm )
1000mm = 0.920 MPa (Ans) 400
Stress Concentrations
6 4 1m
788.67 10 mm ( )4
1000mm
1m
60,000 Nm (400mm - 120.9mm ) 7856mm2
s ' conc = 1000mm = 21.23 MPa
6 1m
788.67 10 mm( )4
1000mm
The normal stress in each of the two reinforcing rods is
therefore

s st = ns 'conc =
200 103( )
25 10 ( ) 21.23 = 169.84 MPa (Ans)
3

Chart by Todd Coburn. Picture & Problem Courtesy of Pearson (Hibbelers Mechanics of Materials, 9th Edition). 19 Chart by Todd Coburn.

ARO326 ARO326
Stress Concentrations

Plastic Bending
Fig. 4.24 Stress-concentration factors for Fig. 4.25 Stress-concentration factors for
flat bars with fillets under pure bending. flat bars with grooves (notches) under pure
bending.
Stress concentrations may occur:
in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied Maximum stress:
in the vicinity of abrupt changes Mc
sm = K
in cross section I

Chart by Todd Coburn. Chart developed from content provided by McGraw-Hill for [1]. 4 - 21 Chart by Todd Coburn.

ARO326 Recall from ARO326 (Lecture 7) ARO326 Recall from ARO326 (Lecture 7)

Plastic Deformations Plastic Deformations

For any member subjected to pure bending, the When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strain varies linearly across the section as follows strength of the material, failure occurs and the
y corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
e x = - em
c ultimate bending moment.
Fig. 4.27 Linear strain distribution
If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
in beam under pure bending. the neutral axis passes through the section centroid The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found
and we write Fig. 4.29 Nonlinear stress distribution from an experimentally determined value of MU
My in member under pure bending.
sx = - and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
I
For a member with vertical & horizontal planes of MU c
R B = Fb = FRb =
symmetry & the same tensile & compressive stress- I

strain relationship, the neutral axis is located at the

Fig. 4.28 Material with nonlinear
stress-strain diagram.
Fig. 4.29 Nonlinear stress distribution
in member under pure bending.
Chart by Todd Coburn. Chart developed from content provided by McGraw-Hill for [1].
section centroid & the stress-strain relationship RB may be used to determine MU of any
maps the strain distribution from the stress member made of the same material and with the
distribution. same cross sectional shape but different
dimensions.
Fig. 4.30 Member stress
distribution at ultimate moment MU.
4 - 23 Chart by Todd Coburn. Chart developed from content provided by McGraw-Hill for [1]. 4 - 24
ARO326 Recall from ARO326 (Lecture 7) ARO326 Recall from ARO326 (Lecture 7)

Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material Residual Stresses

Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
s x sY sm =
Mc elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
I large enough.
I
s m = sY M Y = s Y = maximum elastic moment
c Since the linear relation between normal stress
If the moment is increased beyond the maximum and strain applies at all points during the
elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
elastic core. the member to be fully elastic.
y2
M = 32 M Y 1 - 13 Y2 yY = elastic core half - thickness Residual stresses are obtained by applying the
c
principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
As the moment increase, the plastic zones expand, and deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
at the limit, the deformation is fully plastic. (elastic deformation).
Fig. 4.37 Elastoplastic material
M p = 32 M Y = plastic moment stress-strain diagram with load
Fig. 4.33 Bending stress reversal. The final value of stress at a point will not, in
distribution in a beam for: (b) yield Mp general, be zero.
impending, M = My, (c) partially k= = shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
yielded, M > My, and (d) fully MY
plastic, M = Mp.
Chart by Todd Coburn. Chart developed from content provided by McGraw-Hill for [1]. 4 - 25 Chart by Todd Coburn. Chart developed from content provided by McGraw-Hill for [1]. 4 - 26

ARO326 Recall from ARO326 (Lecture 7) ARO326 Ref: Bruhn. Analysis & Design of Flight Vehicle Structures. 2nd Ed. 1973., Sect. C3.4

Bending Inelastic / Plastic Example Problem Elasto-Plasto Material

Elastic Bending: Plastic Bending: Given
h 7075-T6 Al Die Forging
M alle c M alle 2 6 M alle Ftu=75 ksi
s all = = = Fty = 65 ksi
I 1 3
bh bh2
12 Find Max Elastic Moment
Max Plastic Moment assuming Elasto-Plasto Material
1
So M alle = bh2s all Ref. [7], Fig. 6-48 (c) Ref. [7], Fig. 6-48 (d)

6 Solution

Ref. [2], Fig. 6-48 (a)

Plastic Bending Shape Factor: Ref. [7], Fig. 6-48 (e) Ref. [7], Fig. 6-48 (f)

h2
M ult p
=
s allb
1 2
4 =
6
= 1.5 [ h
M ult p = Fult p ( A)
2
] Elastic Allowable:
M alle bh s all 4
6 h h h2 Elasto-Plasto Assumption:
M ult p = s all b = s allb
M ult p 2 2 4
k= = 1.5 for rectangular sections
Ref. [2], Fig. 6-48 (b) M alle

Chart by Todd Coburn. 27 Chart by Todd Coburn. 28

ARO326 Ref: Bruhn. Analysis & Design of Flight Vehicle Structures. 2nd Ed. 1973., Sect. C3.4 ARO326
Example Problem Elasto-Plasto Method Conceptual Questions
Given What is the maximum stress this section can
7075-T6 Al Die Forging withstand? Ftu
Ftu=75 ksi
Fty = 65 ksi What is the maximum elastic moment this
Find Max Elastic Moment section can withstand? Mmax_el = (I/c) Ftu
Max Plastic Moment assuming Elasto-Plasto Material

Solution

What is the maximum elasto-plastic moment a

square section can withstand? Mmax_EP = 1.5 (I/c) Ftu
Elastic Allowable:
Elasto-Plasto Assumption:

Chart by Todd Coburn. 29 Chart by Todd Coburn. 2 - 30

ARO326 ARO326
Conceptual Questions Enjoy!
If you wish to determine the maximum elasto-plastic
moment this section can withstand, what is the best
way to idealize the thing for computing properties?

Why?

Chart by Todd Coburn. 2 - 31 Chart by Todd Coburn. 32

ARO326
References & Bibliography
1. Beer , Johnson, DeWolf, & Mazurek. Mechanics of Materials. 7th Edition.
McGraw Hill. 2015.
2. Hibbeler. Mechanics of Materials. 9th Edition. Pearson, 2014.
3. Shanley. Strength of Materials. McGraw-Hill. 1957.
4. Bruhn. Analysis & Design of Flight Vehicle Structures. S.R. Jacobs &
Associates. 1973.
5. Peery & Azar. Aircraft Structures. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill. 1982.
6. Budynas & Nisbett. Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design. 9th Edition.
McGraw Hill. 2011.
7. Roark, Young, Budynas, & Sadegh. Roarks Formulas for Stress & Strain,
8th Edition. McGraw Hill. 2012.
8. Ugural & Fenster. Advanced Strength & Applied Elasticity. 4th Edition.
Prentice Hall, 2003.

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