1.

INTRODUCTION

Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on above or

beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance,
distribution of elevation. It also includes the art of establishing points by pre-determined
angular and linear measurements. The application of surveying requires skill as well as the
knowledge of mathematics, physics and to some extent astronomy.

The main objective of the Survey Camp organized by the civil engineering
department is to provide an opportunity to consolidate and update the practical & theoretical
knowledge in engineering surveying in the actual field condition. It is an important part of the
seventh semester of civil Engineering B Tech course. Students of seventh semester in civil
engineering were divided into 6 squads and survey camp was conducted. My squad was
given the site in centre of the college including Mechanical department and civil engineering
labs. The survey camp was conducted for five days from 13-07-2015 to 17-07-2015. My site
consisted of many features including mechanical department, civil labs, concrete road, trees,
fences, side walls, etc

This survey camp helped me in improving my confidence to conduct engineering

surveys on required accuracy and I am sure that it will be of great use in my engineering
career.

1
 2. NEED AND SCOPE

The need for conducting a survey camp is to prepare topographical map of the site by
surveying from whole to the part. The whole site was divided into four zones and each zone
was provided for two squads.

First we conducted a reconnaissance survey to the whole site and we prepared a key
plan of the proper zone. By selecting suitable theodolite stations, theodolite Traverse was
run and the included angles were taken for contouring reduced levels of require points were
determined by taking staff readings by using a dumpy level.

The Travers was plotted by the method of Independent co-ordinates. The interior
details were filled by plane tabling.

2
 3. PROCESS OF SURVEYING

Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of the distinction features on
the surface of the earth or beneath the surface of the earth by means of measurements of
distances, directions and elevations. The object of surveying is the preparation of plans and
topographical maps of the areas.
Surveying which deals with the measurements of relative heights of different on the
surface of the earth is known as levelling.
Survey operations consist of two stages:
Field work

Office work

Care and adjustments of the instruments

Field work

The field work consists of the measurements of the angles and distances keeping a record
of what has been done in the form of field notes. Field notes are written records of field work
made at the time of work.
The field note may consist of:
Numerical values such as length of the lines and offsets, staff readings, and angles
or directions

Explanatory note about the points which are not perfectly clear from the numerals
and sketches

Sketches of the outlines, relative locations and topographic features

Office work
The office work of the surveyor consists of:
Drafting - preparation of the plans, sections and topographic maps.
Computing - for determining the areas and volumes.
Designing.

3
 Care and adjustments of the instruments
Surveying instruments such as level, theodolite, compass etc. are very delicate and must
be handled with care since there are many parts of an instrument which if once impaired,
cannot be restored to their original efficiency.
For any surveying a definite and proper plan about hoe the survey has to be carried out
must be made. The site assigned to us had buildings in it, separated plots, concrete road, and
compound fence. So, survey in a single stretch was not possible. Time being an important
factor governing the survey camp, we decided to use theodolite.
Theodolite Survey of the plot was done first. For this we set station points on different
parts the plot such that the station points were inter visible and a closed traverse was formed.

3.1 RECCONAISSANCE SURVEY

The first principle of any type of surveying is to work from the whole to part. Before
starting the actual survey measurements the surveyor should walk around the area to fix best
positions of survey lines and survey stations. During reconnaissance survey a key plan of the
area should be prepared and general arrangements of lines, principle features such as
buildings, roads, etc. should be shown. Before selecting the stations, the surveyor should
examine the indivisibility of stations and should note the positions of buildings, roads,
streams, etc.

3.2 ESTABLISHING SURVEY STATIONS

All survey stations are established on the ground by taking lateral measurements from
two well defined objects. Reference sketches of survey stations are prepared with respect to
north direction.

3.3 RUNNING SURVEY LINES

After having completed the preliminary work, the chaining may be started from the
base line. The work in running a survey line is twofold:

1. To chain the line,

2. To locate the adjacent details.

4
 The linear measurements are taken by a tape and the angular measurements by a
theodolite. Our traverse consists of 9 number of survey stations.

The traverse is starting from the survey station A and run in an anti-clockwise
direction. The included angles subtended in each survey stations are measured by face left
and face right observation and recorded in the field book. Bearing of the line BC is also
measured from the survey station.

Consequently length of the lines of the traverse arc measured and recorded. Boundary
measurements are taken by perpendicular and oblique offsets from the traverse line.

3.4 SETTING OUT OF TRAVERSE AND NODAL POINTS

Nodal points are the points which include the instrument station, change points and
the permanent benchmarks. Gales traverse table can be used to correct a traverse form other
plot points can be fixed.
Nodal points were chosen in the area and along the road such that maximum points
could be surveyed from these nodal station points. Theodolite stations were fixed. The
instrument was set up at the stations and temporary adjustments were done. With the help of
clamping screws the readings in A scale was set to zero. The lower clamp was released and
the instrument was sight to the first point. The lower clamp was released and the instrument
was sights to first point. The lower screw was clamped and fine adjustments were done. The
upper screw was unclamped and the angle measurements were taken in the A and B scales by
sighting required points and clamping the upper screw.

(i) Angle Measurements

Ranging rods were fixed at the nodal points. The boundary and points to be sighted
were marked. With the help of the clamps the readings in A scale was set to zero. The lower
clamp was released and the instrument was sights to the first point. The lower screw was
clamped and fine adjustments were done. The upper crew was unclamped and the angle
measurements were taken in the A and B scales by sighting required points and clamping the
upper screw. This was repeated for both faces at all stations and readings were recorded. The
angles between marked points and the included angle between traverse lines were found
using the theodolite.

5
(ii)Traverse Correction and plotting of Traverse
The obtained included angles of the traverse were added appropriate corrections were
app lied to the angles. Using the corrected included angles and measured bearing of one of
the traverse lines, the reduced bearings and the lengths. Latitude and departure of these lines
were calculated using these reduced bearings and the lengths. Latitude and Departure
corrections were calculated using the transit rule. The independent co-ordinates of the station
points were calculated using these corrections. Northing and Easting were taken positive. The
traverse was then plotted with obtained independent co ordinates. From the independent co-
ordinates the traverse is plotted in a scale of 1:400.

3.5 PREPARATION OF GALES TRAVERSE TABLE

Total observed included angle of the traverse is found and checked it with theoretical sum of
(2N-4)90. The error is distributed among the observed included angle and found the corrected
included angles using the bearing of the line and included angles. The whole circle bearing
(WCB) of the lines are found from WCB reduced bearings of all lines are found using the
length of the lines and reduced bearings. The latitudes and departures of all lines are
calculated. The error in latitudes are found from the total latitudes (L=N-S) and error in
departures are found from the total departures (D=E-W). Corrections are made in latitude
and departures of each line by using Bowditchs rule. Corrected consecutive co-ordinates are
then found, independent coordinate of each traverse station are found. All the readings are
entered in Gales traverse table.

3.6 PLOTTING OF THE TRAVERSE

From the independent co-ordinate the traverse is plotted in a scale of 1:400. The traverse
survey differ from chain surveying in that the arrangement of the survey lines is not limited to
in particular geometrical figure as in chain survey. Where a system of connected triangles
form the fundamental basis of the Skelton also the check line etc. are not necessary in the
traverse. On the traverse line may be arranged near the details etc. are directly located with
respect to the survey line by off-setting.

6
3.7 PLANE TABLING

The plotted traverse sheet is used for plane tabling. Plane table is set up over the
traverse stations. Basic ray method is used for the orientation; interior details are located by
radiation and intersection method

3.8 CONTOURING

Contouring is the science of representing the vertical dimension of the terrain on a

two dimensional map. A Contour line is an imaginary outline of the terrain obtained by
joining its points of equal elevation. In our example of the cone, each circle is a contour line
joining points of same level. Contour interval is the difference between the levels of
consecutive contour lines on a map. The contour interval is a constant in a given map. In our
example, the contour interval is 0.50m.Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance
between two consecutive contour lines measured to the scale of the map. Gradient represents
the ascending or descending slope of the terrain between two consecutive contour lines. The
slope or gradient is usually stated in the format 1 in S, where 1 represents the vertical
component of the slope and S its corresponding horizontal component measured in the same
unit.

7
 4. AREA OF THE PLOT
Area of the traverse = 7286m2
Total offset area = 1543.6m2
Total area of the plot = 8829.6m2
= 0.8829ha

8
 5. CONCLUSION

The map was prepared using the details obtained from the theodolite Surveying. All
the topographical features were represented using the standard symbols and important
landmarks were distinctly depicted so as to form a highly detailed representation of the study
area assigned to us.
The survey camp gave an ample opportunity to excel in the basics of surveying .The
camp not only helped us to gain knowledge as a surveyor but also taught us to work as a
team. Now we have a definite idea about the order in which each method is to be employed
for the successful completion of the survey.
This survey camp helped us to build our confidence to conduct engineering surveys
on required accuracy and we assume that it would be of great use in our future engineering
works.

9
6. CALCULATIONS

10
6.1 THEODOLITE TRAVERSING

11
6.2 GALES TRAVERSE PREPARATION

Check for included angles

Total observed included angle = 16195920

Total No: of sides = 11

Total included angle = (2n-4)x90

= (2x11-4)x90

= 16200000

Therefore error = 16200000 - 16195920

= 00040

Permissible error = 20 n

= 20x 11

= 0 016.33

Correction on each angle = 00020 (+ ve)

Corrected angles

<A = 763200 +0000 = 763200

<B = 184 3000 +00000 = 184 3000

<C = 1632020 +00000 = 1632020

<D = 156 4000+00020 = 156 4020

<E = 2034000 +00000 = 2034000

<F = 104 0000 + 00000 = 104 0000

<G = 86 4440 + 00000 = 86 4440

<H = 180 2000 +00020 = 180 2020

12
<I = 179 2000 + 00000 = 179 2000

<J = 144 5220 +00000 = 144 5220

<K = 140 0000 + 00000 = 140 0000

Sum total of included angle =16200000

6.2.1 WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING (W. C. B)

Observed whole circle bearing at station B = 1122630

Whole circle bearing of line B = 1122630

Whole circle bearing of line C = W.C.B of BC +<C 180

= 1122630+1725537180

= 2852207-180

= 1052207

Whole circle bearing of line DE =1052207 +<D 180

=1052207 +172 1002-180

=97 3209

Whole circle bearing of line EF = 97 3209+<E 180

=97 3209+181 2032"180

=98 5241

Whole circle bearing of line FG =98 5241+<F 180

=98 5241+179 5952-180

=985233

Whole circle bearing of line GH =985233+<G 180

=985233+97 15 27-180

13
 =16 800

Whole circle bearing of line HI =16 800 +<H 180

=16 800 +820702180

=2781502

Whole circle bearing of line IA =2781502+<I 180

=2781502+198 3802-180

=296 53 04

Whole circle bearing of line AB =296 53 04+<A 180

=296 53 04+1162824+180

=23321 28

6.2.2 REDUCED REARINGS (R.B)

Reduced bearing of line AB = S 131200 W

Reduced bearing of line BC = S 264800 E

Reduced bearing of line CD = S 615535 E

Reduced bearing of line DE = S 623530 E

Reduced bearing of line EF = S 621525 E

Reduced bearing of line FG = N 242915 E

Reduced bearing of line GH = N 513040 W

Reduced bearing of line HI = N 275035 W

Reduced bearing of line IJ = N 511030 W

Reduced bearing of line JK = N 675005 W

14
 Reduced bearing of line KA =N 63 2000 W

6.2.3 CALCULATION OF LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE

Consecutive Co-ordinates

I. Latitude of AB =30.06Cos131200 = 29.265m

Departure of AB =30.06 Sin 131200 = 6.864m

II. Latitude of BC =51.24 Cos 26480 = 45.736m

Departure of BC =51.24Sin 26480 = 23.102m

III. Latitude of CD =49.81 Cos 615535 = 23.487m

Departure of CD =49.81 sin 615535 = 44.037m

IV. Latitude of DE =40.76 Cos 62 3530 = 18.763m

Departure of DE = 40.76 Sin 62 3530 = 36.184m

V. Latitude of EF = 18.20 Cos 62 1525 = 8.472m

Departure of EF = 18.20 Sin 62 1525 = 16.107m

VI. Latitude of FG = 24.88 Cos 24 2915 = 22.642m

Departure of FG = 24.88 Sin 24 2915 = 10.312m

VII. Latitude of GH =21.92 Cos51 3040 = 13.642m

Departure of GH = 21.92 sin51 3040 = 17.157m

VIII. Latitude of HI =49.85 Cos27 5035 = 44.167m

Departure of HI = 49.85 Sin27 5035 = 23.282m

15
 IX. Latitude of IJ = 38.64 Cos51 1030 = 24.225m

Departure of IJ = 38.64 Sin51 1030 = 30.103m

X. Latitude of JK = 24.8 Cos67 505 = 9.356m

Departure of JK = 24.8 Sin67 505 = 22.967m

XI. Latitude of KA = 30.07 Cos63 200 = 13.495m

Departure of KA = 30.07 Sin Cos63 200 = 26.87m

Sum of Northing = 127.527

Sum of Southing =125.723

Error in latitude = 127.527-125.723 = +1.804

Sum of Easting =129.742

Sum of Westing =127.249

Error in departure = 129.742-127.249 = +2.49

6.2.4 BALANCING OF ERROR

By using Bowditch s rule

(Total error in Lat/Dip x Length of that side)/Perimeter of the traverse

Perimeter of the Traverse= 380.33m

i. Correction to Latitude of line AB = (1.804x30.06)/380.33 = 0.143m

Correction to departure of line
ii. Correction to Latitude of line
Correction to departure of line
iii. Correction to Latitude of line
Correction to departure of line
iv. Correction to Latitude of line
Correction to departure of line
v. Correction to Latitude of line
Correction to departure of line
vi. Correction to Latitude of line FG
Correction to departure of line
AB = (2.49x30.06)/ 380.33 = 0.196m
BC = (1.804x51.24)/ 380.33 = 0.243m
BC = (2.49x51.24)/ 380.33 = 0.335m
CD = (1.804x49.91)/ 380.33 = 0.237m
CD = (2.49x49.91)/ 380.33 =0.326m
DE = (1.804x40.76)/ 380.33 = 0.193m
DE = (2.49x40.76)/ 380.33 = 0.266m
EF = (1.804x18.20)/ 380.33 = 0.086m
EF = (2.49x18.20)/ 380.33 =0.119m
= (1.804x24.88)/ 380.33 =0.118m
FG = (2.49x24.88) /380.33 =0.162m

16
 vii. Correction to latitude of line GH = (1.804x21.92) /380.33 =0.104 m
Correction to departure of line GH = (2.49x21.92)/ 380.33 =0.143m

viii. Correction to latitude of line HI = (1.804x49.85)/380.33=0.236m

Correction to departure of line HI = (2.49 x49.85)/ 380.33=0.326m
ix. Correction to latitude of line IJ = (1.804 x38.69)/ 380.33 =0.183m
Correction to departure of line IJ = (2.49 x38.69)/ 380.33 =0.252m
x. Correction to latitude of line JK = (1.804x24.80)/380.33=0.118m
Correction to departure of line JK = (2.49 x24.80)/ 380.33=0.162m
xi. Correction to latitude of line KA = (1.804 x30.07)/ 380.33 =0.143m
Correction to departure of line KA = (2.49 x30.07)/ 380.33 =0.196m

6.2.5 CORRECTED CONSECUTIVE COORDINATES

i. Corrected Latitude of AB = 41.2+0.152 =41.352m

Corrected departure of AB = 55.30+0.196=55.376m

ii. Corrected Latitude of BC = 11.5+0.243=11.566m

Corrected departure of BC = 27.8-0.335m =27.833m
iii. Corrected Latitude of CD = 11.9+0.099 =11.999m
Corrected departure of CD = 43.2-0.049 = 43.15m
iv. Corrected Latitude of DE = 3.7+0.061 = 3.761m
Corrected departure of DE = 27.3-0.031 =27.269m
v. Corrected Latitude of EF = 3.5+0.049 = 3.549m
Corrected departure of EF = 22.00-0.025 =21.975m
vi. Corrected Latitude of FG = 7.5+0.016 =7.516m
Corrected departure of FG = 47.8-0.053 =47.747m
vii. Corrected Latitude of GH = 40.29-0.093 =40.197m
Corrected departure of GH = 11.7-0.046 =11.654m
viii Corrected latitude of HI = 8.82-0.136 =8.684m

Corrected departure of HI = 60.82+0.068 = 60.888m

ix Corrected latitude of IA =31.10-0.152 =30.948m

Corrected departure of IA =61.35+0.076 =61.426m

17
6.2.6 INDEPENDENT CO-ORDINATES

LINE NORTHING EASTING

AB 150.00 (Y1) 100.00 (X1)
BC 163.352 (Y2) 72.933 (X2)
CD 133.949 (Y3) 65.873(X3)
DE 87.969 (Y4) 88.64 (X4)
EF 64.241 (Y5) 132.351 (X5)
FG 45.285 (Y6) 168.269 (X6)
GH 36.697 (Y7) 184.257 (X7)
HI 59.221 (Y8) 194.407 (X8)
IJ 72.759 (Y9) 177.107 (X9)
JK 16.69(Y10) 153.499(X10)
KA 140.732 (Y11) 123.144(X11)
AB 150.00 (Y12) 100(X12)

6.3 AREA COMPUTATION

6.3.1 COMPUTATATION OF AREA OF THE TRAVERSE FROM INDEPENDENT

CO- ORDINATES

P=Y1X2+Y2X3+Y3X4+Y4X5+Y5X6+Y6X7+Y7X8+Y8X9+Y9 X10+ Y10 X11+ Y11 X12

Q=X1Y2+X2Y3+X3Y4+X4Y5+X5Y6+X6Y7+X7Y8+X8Y9+X9Y10+X10Y11+X11Y12

Area of the closed traverse = (P-Q)

P={(100x76.88)+(113.73x98.108)+(126.75x135.521)+(136.74x184.798)+(129.495
x205.995)+(135.28 x218.003)+(113.689x201.6)+(105.975 x164.954)+(88.481x119.831)
(67.59x69.369)+( 76.779x50)}

=176990.226

18
Q={(50x113.73)+(76.88x126.75)+(98.108x136.79)+(135.521x129.495)+(184.798x135.28)
+(205.995x113.689)+( 218.003x105.975)+(201.6 x88.481)+(164.954 x67.59)+ (119.831
x76.779)+(69.369 x100)}

=163044.603

(Q-P) = (176990.226-163044.603)

= 6972.8115m2

= 1.72 acre

6.3.2 OFFSET AREA CALCULATION

9.04 H

A1 61.45

19
 19.7 I

19.7 I

A2 61.61

13.21

2.56 2.75
C D

A3

20.06 A6

25.45

1.73

20
 2.35

9.96 A4

2.73 A7

1.54 A5 3.18 19.33

2.56 B

1.1 E 1.77 F 2.05 G

A8 A10

12.45 A12

1.35 22.27 22.8

A9 15.04

21
 2.07

1.1 E

2.75 D

A11 25.29

1.77 F

Offset Areas

A1 = (9.04+19.7)/2 *61.45 = 883.03m^2

A2 = (19.7+13.21)/2 *61.61 = 1013.79m^2

A3 = (2.56+1.73)/2 *20.06 = 43.03m^2

A4 = (1.73+2.73)/2 *9.96 = 22.21m^2

A5 = (3.725*(3.725-2.73)*(3.725-1.54)*(3.725-3.18))

= 2.1m^2

22
A6 = (2.75+2.35)/2 *25.45 = 64.89m^2

A7 = (2.35+2.56)/2 *19.33 = 47.45m^2

A8 = (1.1+1.35)/2 *12.45 = 15.25m^2

A9 = (1.35+2.75)/2 *15.04 = 30.83m^2

A10 = (1.77+1.1)/2 *22.27 = 31.95m^2

A11 = (1.77+2.07)/2 *25.29 = 48.55m^2

A12 = (2.07+2.05)/2 *22.8 = 46.96m^2

Total area surveyed = Traverse area offset area

=7286+A1+A2(A3 + A4+A5+A6+A7+A8+A9+A10+A11+A12)

= 7286+ 883.03 + 1013.79 43.03 22.21- 2.1- 64.89- 47.45-

15.25- 30.83-31.95-48.55-46.96

= 8829.6 m^2

=0.8829 ha

= 2.182 acre

23
7. DRAWINGS

24
 7.1 KEY PLAN

7.2 REFERENCE SKETCHES

Main building G 5.6

3.3
15.25

Mechanical block
25
Main
building wall

22.7 23.4

Mechanical
block
post
26.18
21.95 post

21.05
I
26
 10.1
Electrical lab
A
10.9

Water
tank

Tree

27
 Tree

Wall

Post Tree

Tree
1.1
1.1 2.2 5.6

F
4.83

28
7.3 PLOTTED TRAVERSE

29
7.4 DETAILED MAP

30