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RQD at present:
Probably the most popular rock mass parameter
Used for virtually everything
Is this justified
horizontal
borehole
RQD = 0 %
horizontal
borehole
RQD = 100 %
Romanas SMR
Haines and Terbrugge
Hacks SSPC
SMR = RMR - ( F 1 * F 2 * F 3 ) + F 4
45 65
160
50
70
55
120
60 75
classification alone
may be adequate
80 65 80
70
40
75
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MRMR
Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 26
SSPC failure probabilities for
orientation independent failure
10
Das hed pr obability lines indi c ate that the number of sl opes us ed for
the devel opment of the SSPC s ys tem for thes e s ec tions of the
graph is limited and the pr obability lines may not be as c ertai n as
the pr obability lines dr awn with a co nti nuous line. 95 %
70 %
50 %
1 30 %
(example) 10 %
5%
0.1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
mass / slope dip
Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 27
Original situation
April 1990
April 1992
mass slid
Degree of weathering
Method of excavation
slightly wavy 5 9 cm
i = 9 - 14 Shear
3.5 7 cm strength -
i = 4 - 8
curved
roughness
slightly curved 1.5 3.5 cm large scale
i = 2 - 4
straight
1m
undulating
amplitude roughness > 2 - 3 mm Shear
strength -
roughness
planar
small scale
0.20 m
(dimensions only approximate)
sliding occurs if :
TC < 0.0113 * AP
0.60
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AP (deg)
70 %
0.80 discontinuity stable 50 %
Fig. 9. Toppling criterion. 30 %
with respect to toppling
5%
0.60
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
- 90 - AP + slope dip (deg)
70 %
50 %
1 30 %
(example) 10 %
5%
0.1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
mass / slope dip
Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 51
80 80
visually estimated stability visually estimated stability
a: SSPC stable (class 1) b: Haines stable (class 1)
unstable (class 2) unstable (class 2)
60
unstable (class 3) unstable (class 3)
60
number of slopes (%)
40 40
20 20
0 0
<5 7.5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 92.5 > 95 -45 -35 -25 -10 -5 5 15 25 35 45
SSPC stability probability (%) Haines' slope dip - existing slope dip (deg)
unstable stable unstable stable
80
visually estimated stability Percentages are from total number of slopes
c: SMR stable (class 1) per visually estimated stability class.
unstable (class 2)
unstable (class 3)
60 visually estimated stability:
number of slopes (%)
completely
unstable
'tentative' describtion of SMR classes:
unstable partially
stable
stable
completely Comparison
stable
3.0
2.5
z [m]
2.0
1.5
1.0
7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
y [m]
Excavated 1999 May 2001 May 2002
Reduction in slope angle due to weathering, erosion and ravelling (after Huisman)
Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 68
Degradation processes
WE ( t ) =
WEinit R app
WE log (1 + t )
WE(t) = degree of weathering at time t
WEinit = (initial) degree of weathering at time t = 0
RappWE = weathering intensity rate
Material:
Gypsum layers
Gypsum cemented siltstone layers
definition of heterogeneity
classification systems for earthquake areas
influence of snow and ice
submersed marine slopes ?