Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Some benefits associated with use of structural steel for owners are:
Steel allows for reduced frame construction time and the ability to construct in all
seasons
Steel makes large spans and bay sizes possible, providing more flexibility for owners
Steel is easier to modify and reinforce if architectural changes are made to a facility
over its life
Steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs
Steel is durable, long-lasting and recyclable (AISC 1999)
9
Unique Aspects of Steel Construction
13 This presentation focuses on braced frames (left) and rigid frames (right)
Steel Frame Connection Types
The Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 2005) defines two types of
connections:
Simple Connections (above left)
Moment Connections (above right)
14
Fully-Restrained and Partially-Restrained
Steel Frame Connection Types
(AISC)
17
(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)
Common Simple Connections
18
(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)
Common Simple Connections
20 Partially-Restrained
Moment Connections
21
Common FR Connections
PR Moment Connection Wind Only Top and Bottom Angle with Shear End Plate
Connection
A double angle simple connection transfers
vertical shear forces while top and bottom Angles are bolted or welded to the top and
flange plates resist moment forces produced by bottom flanges of the supported member and
wind to the supporting column
Note that the size of the flange plate is relatively A shear end plate on the web is used to
small in comparison to the beam flange transfer vertical shear forces
24
Rigid Frames
Rigid frames, utilizing moment connections, are well suited for specific types of
buildings where diagonal bracing is not feasible or does not fit the architectural design
25
Rigid frames generally cost more than braced frames (AISC 2002)
Braced Frames
Diagonal bracing creates stable triangular configurations within the steel building frame
(AISC 2002)
Braced frames are often the most economical method of resisting wind loads in multi-
story buildings (AISC 1991).
Some structures, like the one pictured above, are designed with a combination braced
26 and rigid frame to take advantage of the benefits of both
Temporary Bracing
28
In a braced frame, temporary bracing is removed after final bolt-up is complete and the permanent
bracing system is in place
In a rigid frame, temporary bracing is removed after final bolt-up is complete
Concentric Braced Frames
Bracing is concentric when the center lines of the bracing members intersect
Common concentric braced frames used in buildings today include:
X Bracing Roof
Floor
Floor
1st Floor
The diagonal members of X bracing go into tension and compression similar to a truss
The multi-floor building frame elevation shown above has just one braced bay, but it may be
necessary to brace many bays along a column line
With this in mind it is important to determine the locations of the braced bays in a structure early in a
project
(AISC 2002)
30
X Bracing
Bracing
Floor
Floor
1st Floor
Chevro V K
Typical floor plan with Chevron nElevation with several
bracing bracing configurations
The members used in Chevron bracing are designed for both
tension and compression forces
Chevron bracing allows for doorways or corridors through the
bracing lines in a structure
32
A multi-floor frame elevation using Chevron bracing is shown
Chevron Bracing
Stiffeners
Link
Beam or Girder
Gusset
Eccentric
Brace
Eccentric brace with typical brace to beam
connection (Adapted from AISC 2002)
Eccentric bracing is commonly used in seismic regions and allows for doorways and corridors in the braced bays
The difference between Chevron bracing and eccentric bracing is the space between the bracing members at the
top gusset connection
In an eccentrically braced frame bracing members connect to separate points on the beam/girder
The beam/girder segment or link between the bracing members absorbs energy from seismic activity through
plastic deformation (AISC 2002)
34
Eccentrically Braced Frames
(EERC 1997)
As shown above (left) a braced frame deflects like a cantilever beam while a moment resisting frame
deflects more or less consistently from top to bottom
By combining the two systems, reduced deflections can be realized
The combination frame is shown above right
37
(AISC 1991)
Combination Frames
O = Combined Frames
X = Chevron or K Bracing
= Moment Resisting
(AISC 1991)
The plot shows the moment resisting frame alone, the braced frame alone, and the combined frame
The same wind load was used for each frame model (AISC 1991)
38
Structural Steel: The Material of Choice
39
Design of Seismic-
Resistant Steel Building
Structures
Advantages
- high elastic stiffness
Disadvantages
- less ductile than other systems
- reduced architectural versatility
Types of CBFs
P
Tension
Shortening Elongation
Compression
P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
PCR
1
P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
2. Continue loading in compression.
Compressive resistance drops rapidly.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
length (due to P- moment in member).
2
PCR
1
plastic hinge
P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
2. Continue loading in compression.
Compressive resistance drops rapidly.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
length (due to P- moment in member).
3
3. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member has permanent out-of-plane
2 deformation.
PCR
1
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py
3
2
PCR
1
P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
3
5
2
PCR
1
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
6. Brace loaded in compression to peak
3 compression capacity (buckling).
5
Peak compression capacity reduced
from previous cycle.
2
6
PCR
1
P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
6. Brace loaded in compression to peak
3 compression capacity (buckling).
5
Peak compression capacity reduced
from previous cycle.
7
2
6 7. Continue loading in compression.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
PCR
1 length (due to P- moment in
member).
P
Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading
W6x20 Kl/r = 80
P
Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
Experimental Behavior of Braced Frame Under Cyclic Loading
Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs
General Approach
P
For design:
Pmax = Py Take Pmax = Ry Fy Ag
expected yield stress RyFy
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Compression - Axial Force
For design:
Presidual 0.3 Pcr Take Pmax = 1.1 Ry Pn
( Pn = Ag Fcr )
Take Presidual = 0.3 Pn
Pmax
P
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:
Plastic Hinges
P P
M M
For design:
Take Mmax = 1.1 Ry Fy Zbrace (for critical buckling direction)
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:
P P
Plastic Hinge
P P
Braces in compression:
Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
Example
Ry Fy Ag
0.3 Pn
Ry Fy Ag
0.3 Pn
Example
Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
Example
0.3 Pn
Ry Fy Ag
0.3 Pn
Ry Fy Ag
Column Axial Tension =
Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
Example
Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Column Axial Force = Pgravity
Example
Find maximum bending
moment in beam.
Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
Example
0.3 Pn
Ry F y Ag
Example
Compute moment in beam
resulting from application of
concentrated load at midspan
of ( Ry Fy Ag + 0.3 Pn ) sin
and add moment due to
gravity load
( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pn ) sin
Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Moment in beam 0
Example
Find maximum axial
tension and compression
that will be applied to
gusset plate.
Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag
Compression Brace:
Take P = 1.1 Ry Pn
Example
Ry Fy Ag
1.1 Ry Pn
Concentrically Braced Frames
13.1 Scope
13.2 Members
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.5 Column Splices
13.6 Protected Zone
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.1 Scope
KL E
Bracing members shall have: 4
r Fy
KL E
Bracing members shall have: 4
r Fy
Exception:
E KL
Braces with: 4 200
Fy r
OR
0.3 Pn
0 QE
Ry Fy Ag
+
[(1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + 0.5L]
Note: 0 = 2 for SCBF and OCBF
0.3 Pn
Example E KL
Bracing members with: 4 200
Fy r
0.3 Pn
0 QE
Ry Fy Ag
+
[(1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + 0.5L]
0.3 Pn
NOT PERMITTED
13.2 Members
13.2b Required Strength
Ae Ry Fy
OR:
Ag 0.75 Rt Fu
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
0.6 Anv Rt Fu
Pn = (0.75) Ubs Ant Rt Fu + lesser of
0.6 Agv Ry Fy
Reinforcing net section of bracing member....
Example gusset plate
rectangular HSS bracing
member
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
0.6 Anv Rt Fu
Pn = (0.75) Ubs Ant Rt Fu + lesser of
0.6 Agv Ry Fy
Ant 0
Ant = Agv = 4 L t
Pu= Ry Fy Ag
0.557 Ag
L = minimum length of welded overlap
t needed based on block shear
rupture in HSS bracing member
Reinforcing net section of bracing member....
13.2 Members
13.2c Lateral Force Distribution
OK
13.2 Members
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations
Columns: ps
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations
plastic hinge
Bracing Members: ps
b E 29000 ksi
0.64 0.64 16.1
t Fy 46 ksi
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3a Required Tensile Strength
Pu cos
Pu sin
Consider load path
through connection
region:
Pu = Ry Fy Ag
Uniform Force Method -
Vertical Component of Pu
transferred to column.
Pu sin
Consider load path
through connection
region:
Pu = Ry Fy Ag
Uniform Force Method -
Horizontal Component of
Pu transferred to beam.
Pu sin
Consider load path through
connection region:
Pu cos
Pu sin
If designed by uniform force
Pu = Ry Fy Ag method - this connection
violates Section 7.2
Pu cos
Pu sin
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3b Required Flexural Strength
M M
Exception:
Plastic Hinge
P P
Buckling perpendicular
to gusset plate
Styrofoam
> 2t
>2t
> 2t
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3c Required Compressive Strength
Check:
- buckling of gusset plate
- web crippling for beam and column
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing
0.3 Pn
Ry F y Ag Beam-to-column connections:
simple framing
Example
( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pn ) sin
( Ry Fy Ag + 0.3 Pn ) cos
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing
and
13.1 Scope
13.2 Members
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.5 Column Splices
13.6 Protected Zone
EXAMPLE II.C-2
BRACING
CONNECTION