VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603 203

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK

VI SEMESTER
EC 6602 Antenna and Wave Propagation
Regulation 2013
Academic Year 2016 17

Prepared by
Ms. N. Subhashini, Assistant Professor (SG)/ECE
Ms. R.Birundha, Assistant Professor /ECE
Mr. N. Rajesh, Assistant Professor/ECE
 VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603 203.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT : EC6602 ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
SEM / YEAR: VI / III

Unit I - FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION

Definition of antenna Parameters - Gain, Directivity, Effective aperture, Radiation Resistance,

Bandwidth, Beamwidth, Input Impedance. Matching-Baluns, Polarization mismatch, Antenna noise
temperature, Radiation from oscillating dipole, Half wave dipole. Folded dipole, Yagi array

PART A
Q.No Questions BT Competence
1. List the antenna parameters. BTL 1 Remembering

2. Define Radio Antenna. BTL 1 Remembering

3. Draw the 3D pattern of a directional antenna with maximum in z- direction BTL 1 Remembering
at = 0.
4. Define the term Half Power Beam Width. BTL 1 Remembering

5. What is an elementary dipole and how does it differ from the infinitesimal BTL 1 Remembering
dipole?
6. Review the types of an antenna. BTL 1 Remembering
7. Relate the Gain and Directivity of an antenna through proper expression. BTL 2 Understanding
8. Discuss about retarded potential in antenna. BTL 2 Understanding

9. Summarize the types of Baluns and its applications. BTL 2 Understanding

10. A radio link has a 15W transmitter connected to an antenna of 2.5 m2
effective aperture at 5 GHz. The receiving antenna has an effective
aperture of 0.5 m2 and is located at a 15 km Line-of-sight distance from BTL 2 Understanding
the transmitting antenna. Assuming lossless, matched antennas, estimate
the power delivered to receiver.
11. Solve the HPBW for an antenna with a field pattern given by BTL 3 Applying
E=Cos2 for 0 90
12. Calculate the effective length of the element considering the voltage BTL 3 Applying
induced by the application of an electric field of strength 2 volts / meter is
0.7 volt.
13. Sketch the structure of Yagi Uda Array for a frequency of 200 MHz. BTL 3 Applying
14. Distinguish between power gain and directive gain. BTL 4 Analyzing
15. Examine the total radiated power if the radial component of the radiated BTL 4 Analyzing
power density of an antenna is given by Wrad = Wrr = rAosin / r2 (W/m2)
where Ao is the peak value of the power density, is the usual spherical
coordinate and r is the radial unit vector.
16. Analyze the and patterns in an antenna radiation pattern and mention BTL 4 Analyzing
what does dB and dBi denotes.
17. Evaluate the efficiency and directivity (in dB) if the radiation resistance of BTL 5 Evaluating
an antenna is 65 ohms and loss resistance is 10 Ohms.
18. Deduce the equation for directivity from pattern. Modify the above BTL 5 Evaluating
equation to get the equation for directivity from aperture.
19. Design a \2 dipole antenna to resonate at a frequency of 5GHz. BTL 6 Creating
20. Devise an appropriate equation to find the intrinsic impedance of a dipole. BTL 6 Creating

Part B
1. Define and explain in detail the following antenna parameters. (a) Antenna BTL 1 Remembering
noise temperature (b) Bandwidth (c) Input Impedance (d) Effective
aperture. (16)
2. Describe the structure with diagram and operation principle of Yagi-Uda BTL 1 Remembering
array in detail. (16)
3. Select a proper method to match the impedance of the antenna and explain BTL 1 Remembering
in detail. Explain the impedance matching using Baluns. (16)

4. What is Poincare sphere? List the types of Polarization of an antenna and BTL 1 Remembering
explain in detail. (16)

5. Discuss in detail about the radiation from a small oscillating current BTL 2 Understanding
element with the required E and H field quantities and diagrams. (16)
6. Explain the structure of a folded dipole antenna and find the radiation BTL 2 Understanding
resistance and the admittance of the folded dipole. Relate the surrounding
temperature factors associated with the antenna temperature , through
proper explanation and expression. (16)

7. Discuss the radiated fields of a center fed /2 dipole antenna with an BTL 2 Understanding
appropriate expressions. Sketch the radiation pattern. (16)

8. Demonstrate the principle of radiation from an oscillating electric dipole. BTL 3 Applying
Derive the near field and far field expressions. (16)

9. Show that the directivity of an antenna depends on the power radiated. BTL 3 Applying
Using the expression obtained for directivity determine the maximum
directivity of the antenna for an infinitesimal linear dipole of length l<<
for which the radial component of the power density is
 Wav = Wr = Ao (sin2 / r2) (W/m2) (16)

10. Derive the expression for the field quantities radiated from a /2 dipole BTL 4 Analyzing
and prove that the radiation resistance to be 73 . (16)
11. The power radiated by a lossless antenna is 10 Watts. The directional BTL 4 Analyzing
characteristics of the antenna are represented by the radiation intensity of

U = Bo cos3( /Sr) for 0 < /2 and 0 < 2

Find the maximum power density at a distance of 1000 m, assuming far
field distance. Specify the angle where this occur and find the directivity
and half power beamwidth of the antenna. (16)
12. Analyze the electric and magnetic field components of a finite length BTL 4 Analyzing
dipole antenna and show its current distribution with respect to its length
in terms of the wavelength. (16)
13. Justify the statements Directivity is equal to the number of point sources
in the sky that the antenna can resolve and Directivity is directly BTL 5 Evaluating
proportional to the antenna effective aperture , Ae . (16)
14. Design the field equations for a Hertzian dipole to produce the purely BTL 6 Creating
resistive intrinsic impedance. (16)
 UNIT II APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS

Radiation from rectangular aperture, Uniform and Tapered aperture, Horn antenna, Reflector
antenna, Aperture blockage, Feeding structures, slot antennas, Microstrip antennas-Radiation
mechanism, applications, Numeric tool for antenna analysis.

PART A

Q.No Questions BT Competence

1. Discuss about the features of the pyramidal horn antenna. BTL 6 Creating

2. Determine the beam width and directivity of a pyramidal horn with BTL 5 Evaluating
aperture dimensions of 12 x 6 cm, operating at a frequency of 10
GHz.

3. List the merits and applications of offset feed reflector antenna. BTL 4 Analyzing

4. Solve the diameter of aperture of a parabolic antenna to produce a BTL 3 Applying

null beam width of 10 at 3GHz.
5. How the aperture blockage can be prevented in reflector antenna? BTL 1 Remembering

6. What are the advantages of Cassegrain feed? BTL 1 Remembering

7. Classify the different feed structures used for parabolic reflector. BTL 4 Analyzing

8. Compare Parabolic and Corner Reflector Antennas. BTL 2 Understanding

9. Draw and explain the different types of horn antennas. BTL 5 Evaluating

10. Examine the word antenna tapering. BTL 4 Analyzing

11. Define aperture blockage. BTL 1 Remembering

12. Relate the field equivalence principle with aperture antennas. BTL 1 Remembering

13. Name some numerical tools that can be used to analyze an antenna. BTL 1 Remembering

14. Recall the definition of FNBW and HPBW of aperture antenna. BTL 1 Remembering
15. Outline the applications of microstrip antenna. BTL 2 Understanding

16. Illustrate any four CAD tools & their features for antenna analysis. BTL 2 Understanding

17. On what principle slot antenna works? Explain the principle. BTL 2 Understanding

18. Make use of the design equations design a microstrip patch antenna BTL 3 Applying
at an operating frequency of 6 GHz.
19. Identify the limitations of a microstrip patch antenna. BTL 3 Applying

20. Elaborate the Huygens principle for Aperture antennas. BTL 6 Creating

PART B

1. Describe rectangular apertures and derive expressions for its BTL 1 Remembering
uniform distribution on an infinite ground plane and space. (16)
2. (i) A rectangular aperture with a constant field distribution with BTL 1 Remembering
a=4 and b=3, is mounted on an infinite ground plane. Find the
(a) FNBW and HPBW in E-plane (b) FSLBW and FSLMM in E-
plane and (c) Directivity. (10)
(ii) Write short notes on the beamwidth and directivity of
rectangular apertures. (6)

3. Enumerate the radiation pattern and fields on the axis of an E- BTL 1 Remembering
plane and H-plane Sectoral horns. (16)
4. (i) Point out the principle of operation of a rectangular horn antenna BTL 4 Analyzing
with neat sketch. (8)
(ii) Examine the salient features of Flat and Corner reflector
antennas (8)
5. (i) Calculate the antenna gain and effective aperture of the reflector BTL 3 Applying
antenna that has a 0.5 deg HPBW at a frequency of 8.2 GHz. Assume
an efficiency constant = 0.6. (10)
(ii) A spherical reflector has a 10 feet diameter. If at 11.2 GHz the
maximum allowable phase error is /16. Find the maximum
permissible aperture. (6)

6. (i) Explain how a parabolic antenna gives a highly directional BTL 2 Understanding
pattern. (8)
(ii) Interpret the significance of f/D ratio of a parabolic reflector
(8)
7. (i) Explain in detail about the tapering in antennas. (6) BTL 5 Evaluating
(ii)A pyramidal horn antenna having aperture dimensions of a = 5.2
cm and b = 3.8 cm is used at a frequency of 10GHz. Determine its
gain and HPBW. (10)
 8. (i) Identify the importance of Babinets principle on BTL 1 Remembering
complementary antennas. (8)
(ii) Draw different techniques used to feed the slot antenna. (8)
9. (i) Outline the numerical techniques useful for the analysis of BTL 2 Understanding
antenna. Explain one of them in detail. (6)
(ii) Summarize various feeding techniques for the rectangular
patch antenna with neat diagrams. (10)
10. Illustrate the aperture blockage and explain how it can be BTL 2 Understanding
overcome by the offset feed. What are the advantages of cassegrain
feed? (16)
11. With necessary sketches, illustrate the radiation mechanism of a BTL 3 Applying
microstrip patch antenna. (16)
12. With neat sketch, illustrate and explain the different feed BTL 4 Analyzing
mechanism used for parabolic reflector antennas. (16)
13. Evaluate the radiation mechanism of Horn antenna with diagram. BTL 4 Analyzing
Draw the different types of Horn structures. (16)

14. (i) In detail, develop the various methods of feeding a slot antenna. BTL 6 Creating
(8)
(ii) Formulate the Uniform aperture distribution on an infinite
ground plane for a circular aperture. (8)

UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS

N element linear array, Pattern multiplication, Broadside and End fire array Concept of Phased
arrays, Adaptive array, Basic principle of antenna Synthesis-Binomial array.

PART A

Q.No Questions BT Competence

1. What is meant by grating lobe? Mention the significance of side lobe BTL 1 Remembering
level.
2. Define array factor. BTL 1 Remembering

3. Write about pattern multiplication and its advantages. BTL 1 Remembering

4. Enumerate the features of the adaptive array and where it is BTL 1 Remembering
employed?
5. Draw the radiation pattern ofan isotropic point sources of same BTL 1 Remembering
amplitude and opposite phase that are /2 apart along X-axis
symmetric with respect to the origin.
6. How to eliminate minor lobes? BTL 1 Remembering
7. Interpret the meaning of linear array and point source. BTL 2 Understanding
8. Summarize the advantages of linear array antenna. BTL 2 Understanding
9. Draw the radiation pattern for broad side and end fire array. BTL 2 Understanding
10. Enumerate the basic principle of antenna synthesis. BTL 2 Understanding
11. Show the conditions to obtain end fire array antenna. BTL 3 Applying

12. Identify the feed networks used in a phased array antenna . BTL 3 Applying
13. Illustrate the meaning and need for the binomial array. BTL 3 Applying

14. Find the directivity of broadside forms of arrays when a uniform linear BTL 4 Analyzing
array contains 50 isotropic radiation with an inter element spacing of
/2.
15. Classify antenna arrays. BTL 4 Analyzing

16. Explore the need for phase shifter in phased array antennas. BTL 4 Analyzing

17. Differentiate Binomial and Chebyshev distributions. BTL 5 Evaluating

18. Compare end fire and broad side array. BTL 5 Evaluating

19. A linear end fire, uniform array of 10 elements has a separation of /4 BTL 6 Creating
between elements. Formulate the directivity of an array.
20. Devise the relative excitation levels of a binomial array of 2 and 3 BTL 6 Creating
elements.
PART B

1. Enumerate the expression for steering vector of phased array antenna BTL 1 Remembering
and explain its significance. Give an account of beamforming
networks for phased array antenna. (16)
2. Obtain the expression for the field and the radiation pattern produced BTL 1 Remembering
by a N element array of infinitesimal with distance of separation / 2
and currents of unequal magnitude and phase shift 180 degree. (16)

3. (i)Quote and derive the expression for field pattern of broad side array of BTL 1 Remembering
N point sources. (8)
(ii)A linear broadside array consists of 4 equal isotropic in-phase point
sources with /3 spacing. Identify the directivity and beamwidth.(8)

4. For a 2 element linear antenna array separated by a distance d = 3 /4 , BTL 1 Remembering

derive the field quantities and draw its radiation pattern for the phase
difference of 45o. (16)
5. Review how does the directivity of an array represent the figure of BTL 2 Understanding
merit on the operation of the system? Derive expressions for the
directivity of broadside array and end fire array. (16)
6. (i) Discuss the radiation mechanisms of broad side antenna array and BTL 2 Understanding
End fire antenna array with neat sketches. (8)
(ii) What is binomial array? Draw the pattern of 10 element binomial
array with spacing between the elements of 3/4 and /2. (8)
7. Discuss and derive the expressions for directivity of the following N BTL 2 Understanding
element linear array antennas. (i) Broad side array (ii) End fire array
(iii) Phased array(iv) Tapered array (16)
8. (i) Show the expression for the field produced by linear array and BTL 3 Applying
deduce it for an end fire array. (8)
(ii) Express the characteristics of broad side and end fire array. (8)
9. (i)Illustrate about the method of pattern multiplication. (8) BTL 3 Applying
(ii)Solve the expression for directions of pattern minima, pattern
maxima, BWFN due to broad side array. (8)
10. (i) Find the array length , number of elements when elements in an BTL 4 Analyzing
array are spaced at /2 and null-to-null beamwidth for an array of
dipoles of /2 length in end fire mode which produces a power gain
of 28. (8)
(ii) Examine how analog and digital beam forming is achieved with an
antenna array with a neat diagram. (8)

11. (i)Analyze the working principle of phased array antenna with neat BTL 4 Analyzing
diagram. (8)
(ii)Describe the radiation mechanisms of binomial array with neat
sketches and derive the expression for array factor. (8)
12. Identify the direction of maximum and minimum radiation from the BTL 4 Analyzing
resultant radiation of two identical radiators which are spaced d = 3 /4
meters apart and fed with currents of equal magnitude but with 180o
phase difference. (16)
13. Deduce an expression for the far field of a continuous array of point BTL 5 Evaluating
sources of uniform amplitude and phase. Summarize and prove
mathematically for finding directions of pattern nulls of the array. (16)
14. An antenna array consists of two identical isotropic radiators spaced BTL 6 Creating
by a distance of d=/4 meters and fed with currents of equal
magnitude but with a phase difference . Compose the resultant
radiation for =00 and thereby identify the direction of maximum
radiation. (16)
 UNIT IV SPECIAL ANTENNAS

Principle of frequency independent antennas Spiral antenna, Helical antenna, Log periodic.
Modern antennas - Reconfigurable antenna, Active antenna, Dielectric antennas, Electronic band
gap structure and applications, Antenna Measurements-Test Ranges, Measurement of Gain,
Radiation pattern, Polarization, VSWR.

PART A

Q.No Questions BT Competence

1. What is pitch angle of a helical antenna? BTL 1 Remembering

2. Define EBG structures. Write types of EBG structure. BTL 1 Remembering

3. State Rumseys principle. BTL 1 Remembering

4. How active antennas are wide interest for industrial applications? BTL 1 Remembering

5. Give applications of EBG structures in antenna engineering. BTL 1 Remembering

6. Tell about absolute gain and gain transfer. BTL 1 Remembering

7. Illustrate the difference between planar and conical spiral antenna. BTL 2 Understanding

8. Explain why frequency independent antennas are called so? BTL 2 Understanding

9. Compare and contrast wedges and pyramids. BTL 2 Understanding

10. Discuss the drawbacks in measurement of antenna parameters. BTL 2 Understanding

11. Classify reconfigurable antenna by considering the properties of a BTL 3 Applying

base design.
12. Identify why antenna measurements are necessary? BTL 3 Applying

13. Show the instruments required to accomplish an antenna BTL 3 Applying

measurement task.
14. Point out the near and far field measurements. BTL 4 Analyzing

15. Infer the applications of log periodic antenna. BTL 4 Analyzing

16. Select the requirements and types of anechoic chamber. BTL 4 Analyzing

17. Summarize the applications of helical antenna. BTL 5 Evaluating

18. Recommend the expressions for design ratio, spacing factor and BTL 5 Evaluating
frequency ratio of log periodic antenna?
19. On what principle slot antenna works? BTL 6 Creating

20. Generalize the antenna test range types. BTL 6 Creating

PART B

1. What is the importance of helical antenna? Explain the BTL 1 Remembering

construction and operation of helical antenna with neat sketch. (16)

2. (i) Write the classification of Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) BTL 1 Remembering

structures and explain. (10)
(ii) Compare defected ground structure and EBG. (6)
3. (i) Discuss in detail the measurement of Polarization. (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) If a helical antenna has a spacing between turns 0.05m,
diameter 0.1m, number of turns equal to 20 and operates at 1,000
MHz, find the Null-to-Null beam width of the main beam and also
half-power beam width and directivity. (8)
4. Explain the procedures for the measurement of VSWR. (16) BTL 1 Remembering
5. With neat schematic explain in detail about log periodic antennas. BTL 2 Understanding
What is the need for feeding from end with shorter dipoles and the
need for transposing the lines? Also discuss the effects of
decreasing alpha. (16)
6. Summarize the initial, practical considerations, reconfiguration BTL 2 Understanding
mechanism of reconfigurable antenna. Interpret how dipole
antenna is reconfigurable by frequency. (16)
7. Interpret the characteristics, feeding methods, and analytical BTL 2 Understanding
evaluation of dielectric resonator antenna. (16)
8. Illustrate the antenna gain measurements by (i)gain comparison BTL 3 Applying
method (ii) absolute method with neat diagram. (16)
9. (i) Identify the reciprocal relationship between Tx antenna and Rx BTL 3 Applying
antenna. Explain about anechoic chamber. (8)
(ii) Demonstrate the compact antenna test ranges, near field and far
field with neat diagrams. (8)
10. Analyze in detail the normal mode and axial mode operation of the BTL 4 Analyzing
helical antenna. (16)
11. (i) Design a log periodic antenna to obtain a gain of 9dB and to BTL 4 Analyzing
operate over a frequency range of 125MHz to 500MHz, =0.861
and =0.162. (8)
 (ii) Examine the impact of reciprocity theorem in determination of
antenna impedance . (8)
12. Describe in detail the set up for measurement of Radiation pattern. BTL 4 Analyzing
(16)
13. Explain the planar equiangular spiral, Archimedean spiral and BTL 5 Evaluating
Conical spiral antenna with neat diagram and necessary design
equations. (16)
14. Discuss the principle of frequency independent behavior of LPDA BTL 6 Creating
in detail and explain its construction. (16)

UNIT V PROPAGATION OF RADIOWAVE

Modes of propagation , Structure of atmosphere , Ground wave propagation , Tropospheric
propagation , Duct propagation, Troposcatter propagation , Flat earth and Curved earth concept
Sky wave propagation Virtual height, critical frequency , Maximum usable frequency Skip
distance, Fading , Multi hop propagation

PART A

Q.No Questions BT Competence

1. Define maximum usable frequency in a sky wave propagation. BTL 1 Remembering

2. Recall Critical frequency. BTL 1 Remembering

3. What is meant by multihop propagation? BTL 1 Remember

4. Show flat earth and curved earth propagation. BTL 1 Remembering

5. Tell about Space diversity Reception. BTL 1 Remembering

6. Mention about the free space loss factor. BTL 1 Remembering

7. Discuss the effects of ground plane on low frequency BTL 2 Understanding

transmission.
8. Is it possible to transmit horizontal polarized wave as a surface BTL2 Understanding
wave?
9. Give the factors that affect the propagation of radio waves. BTL2 Understanding

10. Summarize the features of Magneto-Ions Splitting. BTL2 Understanding

11. Sketch the atmospheric structure. BTL3 Applying

12. Illustrate skip distance of sky wave. BTL 3 Applying

13. Find the range of LOS system when receive and transmit BTL 3 Applying
antenna heights are 10 m and 100m respectively.
14. Examine how fading is compensated in multipath propagation. BTL 4 Analyzing

15. Analyze the various types of diversity reception. BTL 4 Analyzing

16. Explore on Frequency Diversity reception. BTL 4 Analyzing

17. Express virtual height and actual height in terms of BTL 5 Evaluating
mathematical equations.
18. Find the critical frequency of an ionosphere layer which has an BTL 5 Evaluating
electron density of 1.24x106cm-3
19. Outline the features of duct propagation. BTL 6 Creating

20. Formulate gyro frequency. BTL 6 Creating

PART-B

1. (i) Define the terms Skip distance and Virtual height. (6) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii)Write notes on the wave propagation in complex
environments. (10)
2. (i)What is the mechanism of space wave propagation over BTL 1 Remembering
ideal flat earth with a neat sketch? (8)
(ii) How does the earth affect ground wave propagation? (8)
3. (i) Tell about sky wave propagation and explain the Effects of BTL 1 Remembering
ionosphere abnormalities. (10)
(ii) Point out Critical frequency and maximum usable
frequency in wave propagation. (6)
4. (i) Review the effect of Earths magnetic field on ground wave BTL 1 Remembering
propagation. (8)
(ii)Can you tell the mechanism of ionospheric propagation
with neat diagram? (8)
5. (i) List out the properties of radio waves. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Outline the expression for field strength at the receiving
antenna. (8)
6. (i) Summarize the structure of the atmosphere and explain BTL 2 Understanding
each layer in detail. (12)
(ii) Determine the critical angle of propagation for D-Layer, if
the transmitter and receiver are separated by 500km. (6)
7. (i) Summarize the attenuation characteristics for ground wave BTL 2 Understanding
propagation. (8)
(ii) Explain LOS propagation and troposcatter propagation (8)
8. (i) The receiver and the transmitter are located at the LOS on BTL 3 Applying
the earth. For such a case, solve and find the distance between
these two points on the earth. (10)
(ii) Illustrate the multihop propagation with diagram (6)

9. i) Construct a 2 ray model of sky wave propagation and BTL 3 Applying

explain in detail. (8)
ii) When the maximum electron density of the ionospheric
layer corresponds to refractive index of 0.92 at the frequency
of 10 MHz, find the range if the frequency is MUF. The height
of the ray reflection point on the ionospheric layer is 400km.
Assume flat earth and negligible effect of earths magnetic
field. (8)
10. (i)Examine whistlers and Faraday rotation. (6) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii) Discuss the effects of diffraction on EM Waves. Explain
about the models of diffraction. (10)

11. (i) Analyze about Duct propagation and explain in detail. (6) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii) How would you explain surface wave propagation? (10)

12. (i) A free space LOS microwave link operating at 10GHz BTL 4 Analyzing
consists of a transmit and a receive antenna each having a gain
of 25dB. The distance between the two antennas is 30km and
the power radiated by the transmit antenna is 10W. Calculate
the path loss of the link and the received power. (8)

(ii) Derive the expression for the MUF for flat earth and
curved earth. (8)
13. Explain the tropospheric scatter propagation phenomenon. BTL 5 Evaluating
Discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (16)
14. Draw the electron density profile chart of an ionosphere and BTL 6 Creating
explain. Also derive an expression for the effective relative
dielectric constant of the ionosphere. Explain about reflection
and refraction of waves in ionosphere. (16)