Real Interest Parity

Does it holds for United States. and United Kingdom?

Ramberto Jr. Sosa Cueto

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment

Of the Course Requirements

For International Finance

FIN 630

Master of Arts in Applied Economics

Spring 2016

0
Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................... 2
Theoretical Development.......................................................................4
Why does the Real Interest Parity condition fail?....................................................7
Econometric Model.............................................................................9
Data............................................................................................ 10
Results and Hypothesis test...................................................................12
OLS...................................................................................................12
Real Interest Parity Convergence...................................................................14
Conclusion.....................................................................................16
Bibliography................................................................................... 18
Appendix I..................................................................................... 19
Appendix II.................................................................................... 21
Appendix III................................................................................... 22
Appendix IV...................................................................................23
Appendix V....................................................................................24
Appendix VI...................................................................................25
Appendix VIII.................................................................................28

1
Introduction
The real interest rate parity is one of the main concerns of international finance. The

Theoretical framework states that real interest rates in domestic country equal real interest rates

in the foreign country (Sirichand, Vivian, and Wohar 72). In this paper, we analyze if the real

interest parity condition holds between the United States and the United Kingdom. For instance,

the condition implies that possible holders of foreign currency deposits view them as equally

desirable assets, given the expected rates of return are the same (Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz

83). Consequently, there is no excess of supply nor demand for a particular currency, since the all

yield the same expected return (83).

The real interest rate parity condition is an important model. The theory is directly

related to exchange rate models. The cross-country equilibrium of real rates has been one of the

main assumptions in the early monetary approach to the exchange rate determination. The real

interest rate differential model states that the real interest parity holds in the long-run when the

exchange rate reaches its long-run equilibrium. Even more, the (real interest rate) RIR

differential partially explains the exchange rate movements. (Wu and Chen 838)

Further, the real interest rate parity is a concern to policy makers. If the interest rate

parity equality is true or even hold under certain conditions, then domestic monetary

authorities have no control over their real rate relative to the world rate, limiting the impact of

their stabilization policies. In fact, unless real rates can differ across countries, policies at

increasing domestic savings cannot increase the rate of capital formation and hence

productivity. (Mishkin 1345)

Over the past 3 decades, the global financial integration has been increasing nonstop.

Under those circumstances, the international financial markets and the national financial market

2
have been emerging. In theory, if both international and national market become a one-world

market, every country real interest rates should display a long-run convergence trend; in other

words, the real interest rate should exhibit uniformity in the long-run. Such a complete

convergence is known as the RIP (real interest parity) hypothesis. (Singh and Banerjee 3).

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the RIP condition. For the purpose, we

analyze the US and UK real interest rates, period 1980Q1 to 2015Q4. We want to observe if the

RIP equilibrium exists between those two countries in the short-run. Also, we observe if there is

any long-run convergence of the real interest rates between countries. The convergence is a more

relax way to analyze the RIP condition. As it implies a tendency to equilibrium. Even more, the

convergence of real interest rates can be view as a measurement of financial integration between

domestic and foreign markets.

With this in mind, we investigate the RIP by examining the stationarity of the real

interest differentials with unit-root tests. With the unit-root tests, we can observe whether real

interest differentials are mean reverting in the long run, which implies that the interest parity is

supported in the long run (Wu and Chen 838). Further, we regress US real interest rate vs UK

real interest rate, to address only the static behavior of the short-term real rate differential (Singh

and Banerjee 3). However, we apply the cointegration test to hypothesize about the long-run

relationship. Overall, the level of significance applied to the hypothesis tests will be 5%.

Even though, the theoretical framework of the RIP might appear rigorous and

impeccable. The equalization of real interest rates across countries may not be obtained under

systems of flexible exchange rates, due to high exchange rates variability and foreign exchange

risk premium, and the lack of power in the standard unit root tests (Nusair 426). However, we

expect our data to support the theory for the particular case between US and UK.

3
Theoretical Development

For instance, the real interest parity (RIP) states that the expected domestic real rate is

equal to the expected foreign real interest rate (Sirichand, Vivian, and Wohar 72-73). In

particular, the theoretical arguments that lead to the RIP conditions follow from the following

four parity conditions: (Nusair 428-429)

R$ ,t R ,t = Eet +1 (1)

Ete+1= eUS , t +1 eUk ,t +1 (2)

r e ,t =R ,t eUk ,t +1 (3)

r e$ ,t =R$ , t US
e
, t +1 (4)

Where:

R= nominal interest rates.

e
Et +1 = the logarithm of the expected nominal exchange rate at time t+1.

et+ 1 = is the logarithm of the expected price level (inflation) at time t+1.

e
r t = is ex-ante real interest rate at time t.

The equation (1) is the uncovered interest parity, it states that the expected change in the

exchange rate (US dollar and sterling pound exchange rate) over a period of time should be equal

to the interest rate differential (US dollar nominal interest rate minus UK nominal interest rate)

over the same period (Nusair 429). Further, it implies that foreign exchange market is in

equilibrium when deposits of all currencies offer the same expected rate of return; currency

deposits are equally desirable between UK and US. (Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz 83)

Secondly, the equation (2) is ex-ante relative purchasing power parity (PPP), which

states that the expected change in the exchange rate between two countries over any period

4
equals to expected inflation differential (US expected inflation minus UK expected inflation)

over the same period (Nusair 429). The relative PPP asserts that prices and exchange rate change

in a way that preserves the ratio of each currencys domestic and foreign purchasing powers

(Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz 138).

Thirdly, equation (3) is the US ex-ante fisher equation, which states that ex-ante real

interest rate is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation, and equation (4) is

ex-ante UK Fisher equation (Nusair 429). The fisher equation provides the link between nominal

and real interest rates.

Further, the ex-ante RIP (the expected RIP), it is derived by combining equations (1) and

(2) yields.

R$ ,t eUS ,t +1=R ,t eUk ,t +1 (5.1)

e e
r $ ,t =r , t (5.2)

If the four parity conditions hold (equations 1-4), then ex-ante real interest rates must

equalize across countries (Nusair 429). However, equation (5) is not testable since the ex-ante

inflation is an expected variable. Put in other words, they are not observable in the current period

since they are expectations. Consequently, a proxy for expected inflation must be utilized. (429)

According to Singh and Banerjee, modeling inflation expectation is subject to

measurement assumptions. Although one does not observe the expected inflation rate it can be

approximated by three general approaches, the first approach uses the unbiased hypothesis where

we calculate ex-post real interest differential. The second approach assumes rational

expectations. The third approach is to model inflationary expectation as a time series process.

(5)

5
 Accordingly, in this paper, we calculate ex-post real interest differential as a proxy to the

ex-ante real interest differential. In order, to simplify the analysis. However, results might be

different subject to the approach utilize.

Overall, the fisher effect defines the long-run relationship between ongoing inflation and

interest rates. If assume all else constant, a rise in a countrys expected inflation rate will

eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer. Similarly, a

fall in the expected inflation rate will eventually cause a fall in the interest rate. (Krugman,

Obstfeld, and Melitz 142)

6
Why does the Real Interest Parity condition fail?

The theoretical relevance of the real rate equality is unquestionable. Yet, the empirical

supports for the parity condition diverges from one study to another. A significant amount of the

studies concludes that real interest parity condition is weakly supported. The failure to support

the real interest parity for developed countries presents a puzzle: Why does the real interest

parity fail, given the current system of a highly integrated capital market? (Wu and Chen 838)

According to Nusair, It is argued that the increase in the degree of international

financial integration may not lead to the equalization of real interest rates across countries under

a system of floating exchange rate due to high exchange rate volatility and the foreign exchange

risk premium (431). Similarly, Sirichand, Vivian, and Wohar; find that convergence toward RIP

is much weaker during the managed float period compared to the Gold Standard period (78).

Further, Chung and Crowder, concludes that Fisher relation has a wide support

empirically but that uncovered interest rate and ex-ante relative purchasing power parity is not

widely supported. Overall, it is implied that if two of the parity conditions do not hold. As a

result, the real interest parity condition does not hold. The rejection of the uncovered interest rate

is consistent in most of the literature that finds a significant risk premium in foreign exchange

markets. (456-457)

With regard to the PPP, the support is weak in recent data, the failure is related to trade

barriers and departures from free competition. Additionally, different measurements of price

level by country governments may contribute to the empirical failure. The Consumer price index

takes into account a specific bundle of goods, subject to countries specific consumption patterns

or habits. (Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz 165)

7
 Regardless, other papers, even recent ones, support the RIP condition. For instance, Shi,

Li, and Alexiadis; their research paper concludes that the real interest rated are mean reverting

and the RIP hypothesis holds in the must of the G6 (Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Singapore, UK

and the US) countries. In particular, their paper applies the KPSS and DF-GLS to test stationarity

in the real interest rate differential among the countries. A stationary process has the following

features: mean, variance and autocorrelation do not change over time. If RID is stationary of

mean zero, it implies that real interest rates are equal over time, among countries. (465)

Even more, the uncovered interest rate parity is supported in Asian economies and

emerging markets (Sirichand, Vivian, and Wohar 74). However, the condition might not hold

between an eastern and western country. Since interest rates are not measured in comparable

terms. The measurement is subject to countries central banks decisions. Consequently, the

interest rate between countries can move differently over time (Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz

79).

Other papers, provide evidence of convergence. Convergence is understood as a weaker

form of RIP. It consists in analyzing the tendency towards parity. Sirichand, Vivian, and Wohar;

states the following: First, we find that there is adjustment towards RIP in the long run. Second,

and importantly, we find that this is driven by reversion in inflation differentials and no by

reversion in nominal interest rates. The results have an important implication from the policy

making point of view. It implies that nominal interest rates converge slowly. Therefore, it

suggests that central banks can carry out its monetary policy to some degree independently. (82)

8
Econometric Model

The condition of real interest parity follows: (Shi, Li, and Alexiadis 174)

r UK , t= ^ + ^ r US ,t +

where r UK , t is the real interest of United Kingdom, r US ,t is the real interest of the US. In the

model above, ^ is the estimated intercept and ^ is the estimated slope. We expect the

estimated intercept to be zero and the estimated slope to be 1, the hypothesis implies that

real interest parity condition between UK and US holds. (174)

Further, if the I (0) , the US and UK interest rate have a cointegrating relationship.

Consequently, it can be stated that the RIP will converge in the future. In other words, in the

long-run, both UK and US real interest rates tends to uniformity or same value.

The hypothesis test may be stated as follows: (174)

H0) ^ r US ,t =1 =0

H1) ^ r US ,t 1 0

Additionally, in order to test the RIP convergence, the model is specified as: (Shi, Li, and

Alexiadis 171)

ridt = 0 + 1 ridt 1 +

Where ridt the real interest differential between US and UK. If rid is mean

reverting in the long run, the RIP hypothesis holds in the long-run equilibrium. In other words, if

1=0 , the rid is stationary and the real interest rate of both countries converges. For the

purpose of, we use Augmented Dickey-Fuller-GLS (ADF-GLS) test, Phillips-Perron test, and the

KPSS test. (171)

9
 The convergence testing relies on the validity of the unit root tests. The standard unit

root test (Dickey-Fuller) is weak when the autoregressive root is close to but still less than unity

(Chung and Crowder 445). Consequently, the issue is addressed by using the ADF-GLS unit root

test, the KPSS stationarity test, and Phillips-Perron test. These tests, are more powerful than the

standard dickey fuller (Nusair 428). And may be complementary to each other.

Data

In particular, for this paper, the data utilize involve two countries: The United Kingdom

and the United States. In the model, US is the benchmark, we regress UK real interest rate vs US

real interest rate. The sample data includes quarterly observations on the Consumer Prices Index

(CPI), and the interest rate. The data was collected from the International Monetary Funds

International Financial Statistics (IFS). The sample covers period 1980Q1-2015Q4. In Particular,

the selected period is an aftermath of the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the

increase in the degree of international financial integration, as a result, to the reduction of many

capital controls in the 1970s and 1980s (Nusair 451). Thus, we may avoid structural changes in

the relationship between the regressand and the regressor by choosing a period with a constant

exchange rate system. In other words, we want the values of the parameters of the model to

remain constant through the entire period of time. However, structural changes may also be due

to external forces (Gujarati 273).

The interest rates utilize for both US and UK is the 3-month treasury bill rate (per

annum). An alternative to the 3-month treasury bill rate could be the 3-month deposit rate. In

regards to the choice of maturity, as stated by the liquidity premium theory in which investors

tend to prefer bonds with short-term maturities rather than bonds with longer-term maturities

since they tend to bear less interest-rate-risk. (Shi, Li, and Alexiadis 173)

10
 Similarly, to Shi, Li, and Alexiadis, three steps are utilized to obtain the real interest rate

and the real interest rate differential. First, the inflation rate must be calculated using the

Consumer Price Index (CPI). The following equation is use for the purpose: (174)

( CPI tCPI t1)

t= 100
CPI t1

Further, it must be taken into account that even though UK and US have a similar base

year for the CPI calculation, the definitions of price levels may differ. Since government

measures of the price level differ from one country to another country. Since individuals living in

different countries spend their incomes in different ways. (Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz 149)

Second, the nominal interest rate must be converted to the real interest rate. The Fisher equation,

nominal interest rate minus the expected interest rate, is use for the purpose:

r t =Rt et+ k ,

where r t is the real interest rate in spot t, period k; and et+ k is expected inflation from spot

t to spot take. However, for the estimation, the ex-ante inflation is used as a proxy for the post-

ante inflation. (Shi, Li, and Alexiadis 174)

The main distinction between nominal interest rate and real interest rate. Nominal interest

rates, are rates of return measure is monetary terms, and real interest rates, are rates of return

measures in real terms. (Krugman, Obstfeld, and Melitz 163)

Third, to obtain the real interest differential (RIP) the following equation is use:

RID t=r , t r $ , t ,

where RIDt is the real interest rate differential against the US at spot t (174). Furthermore, the

graphs for all the series can be observed in appendix I.

11
Results and Hypothesis test

OLS

For a start the estimated model utilizing Ordinary least square is the following:

r^ UK , t=1.579102+(1.038615)r US ,t
i
^

se
t=( 5.67 ) (18.91)
Rsquare=0.7157 n=144

where the estimated intercept is 1.579102 and the estimated slope is 1.038615 . We

expected the estimated intercept to be zero and the estimated slope to be 1, the hypothesis

implies that real interest parity condition between UK and US holds. Yet, both the estimated

intercept and the slope are statically significant at a confidence level of 95%. (Appendix II)

However, these initial results are not reliable. According to the Skewness/Kurtosis test

for normality in the residual, the probability for both skewness and kurtosis is 12.11% and

6.11. Consequently, there is no enough evidence to said the residuals are normally distributed.

Thus, the confidence intervals of the initial estimations are not reliable. (Appendix III)

Further, the residuals are positively correlated. According to the BreuschGodfrey test,

the residuals are correlated for the first 5 observations. Being that, the hypothesis test initially

apply is not reliable. In view of, the estimators are unreliable. (Appendix III)

In order to address the issue. We re-estimated the model utilizing the Newey-West

Standard errors with a maximum of 5 lags. Accordingly, to what the BreuschGodfrey test

suggests. The estimated model utilizing the new method is the following:

r^ UK , t=1.579102+(1.038615)r US ,t

12
 i
^

se
t=( 3.21 ) (8.90)
Rsquare=0.7157 n=144

For instance, it can be observed that both estimated slope and intercept remain the same

since the model only addresses the standard errors. However, the estimated parameters remain

equally significant. In particular, the estimated slope is statically equals to 1 as initially

hypothesize. But, the intercept in contrast to our expectations is statically different from zero.

Then, it can be said that for the given sample the Real Interest Parity condition does not hold in

the short-run. (Appendix IV)

Furthermore, the cointegration test suggests that for the given sample the Real Interest

Parity condition may hold in long-run. According to the DF-GLS test on the residuals for 13 lags,

the null hypothesis of a unit root is rejected for lags 2, 4, 5, and 6, at a 1% critical value.

Additionally, it is rejected in many of the lags at 5% and 10% critical value. According to the

test, the lags 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12 and 13 are stationary at 5% critical value; and the lags 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, 8-13 are stationary at 10% critical value. Therefore, the long-run relationship between the US

and UK real interest rates is partially supported for the given sample. If the residuals are

nonstationary (the unit root hypothesis is accepted), and it is also implied that both real interest

rate, the US, and the UK, have a spurious relationship. The long-run relationship is further

analyzed in the next section with a different approach. (Appendix V)

Further, what the estimated model reveals is that the UK real interest rate return is greater

than the US real interest rate return. The model suggests that for every unit change in the US real

interest rate a proportional change of 1.04% is observe in the estimated UK real interest rate.

13
Additionally, the intercept suggests that when the US RIR is zero the estimated UK RIR is

1.58%.

The estimated model displays that the UK RIR has a more desirable rate of return

relative to the US RIR return. Even more, the R-square indicates that the model explains the UK

RIR in about 71.57% of the observations.

Real Interest Parity Convergence

In order to test the convergence of real interest parity condition in the long-run, three

methods are utilized in this paper; DF-GLS, KPSS, and Phillips-Perron unit root test. If real

interest rate differential is mean reverting in the long run, the RIP hypothesis holds in the long-

run equilibrium. Otherwise, the hypothesis is rejected for the given sample. That being the case,

the following unit root tests are applied directly to the real interest rate differential between UK

and US:

1. DF-GLS Test
The results indicate that the real interest rate differential between UK and US is

stationary at a 1% critical value for lags 4, and 5 out of 13 lags. Conversely, if the critical

value is increase to 5% and 10%, the null hypothesis of unit root test is rejected for many

of the lags. The results can be summarized as follows:

At 5% critical value the following lags are stationary: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 13.
At 10% critical value the following lags are stationary: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12

and 13.
Notably, the results are similar as the indicated by the cointegration test. The RIP

convergence is partially supported. Though, the DF-GLS along with the KPSS are tested

intending to deal with the flaws of the Augmented-Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron test.

Yet, there is not such and advance unit root test which is easy and convenience to

solve all problems. (Shi, Li, and Alexiadis173) (Appendix VI)

14
 2. KPSS test
On the other hand, the results of the KPSS stationarity test are subject to the number of

lags utilize. The KPSS test with 12 lags indicates stationarity, but when 2 lags are used it

indicates unit root. In the first, it is indicated that the RID are mean reverting in the long-

run, and thus, the parity condition does hold in the long-run. However, as with the

standard unit root tests (ADF and PP), there is potentiality for size and power problems.

That being the case, we used it as a complementary to the examination of the unit root

and not as a conclusive test. This test differs from those commonly used, its null

hypothesis is stationarity. The test may be conducted under the null of either, trend

stationarity (the default) or level stationarity. Accordingly, the estimated eta/s are

statically equals to zero (p-value>5%). (Appendix VII)

3. Phillip-Perron Test
Lastly, given the results from the Phillips-Perron tests with no trend, we accept the

hypothesis of a stationarity at all common significance levels. The results are the same

even when adding newey-west lags. (Appendix VIII)

Overall, the stationarity tests applied, partially supports the real interest parity condition

in the long run for the given sample. According to the KPSS with 12 lags and PP tests, the results

indicate that the real interest rate differential between UK and US is stationary at a 5%

significance level. Equally, in the DF-GLS test, the hypothesis of unit root is rejected for many

of the lags at the 5% critical value. While, the KPSS with 2 lags rejects the stationarity

hypothesis. Yet, both KPSS and PP tests are used as a complement for the DF-GLS.

The advantage of the DF-GLS can be summarized as follows: The time series is

transformed via a generalized least square before performing the test. And the test is performed

analogously but on GLL-detrended data. Overall, it has more statistical power than the standard

Dickey-Fuller unit root test.

15
Conclusion

The theoretical framework of the interest real interest parity condition states that real

interest rates in domestic country equal real interest rates in the foreign country. Otherwise, there

will exist and excess of demand for the currency with greater return. In other words, the assets

are not equally desired across countries. The estimated model utilizing sample data period for

1980Q1-2015Q4, for US and UK real interest rate, indicates that UK real interest rate of return is

greater than the US. Consequently, the interest parity condition does not hold in the short-run.

Also, the interest parity condition in the long-run is weakly supported by the DF-GLS unit root

test. But, it is supported by the Phillips-Perron KPSS unit root tests.

For the real interest rate parity equality hold four other parity conditions must hold:

Uncovered interest parity

which states that the expected change in the exchange rate over a period of time should

be equal to the interest rate differential over the same period. Further, it implies that

foreign exchange market is in equilibrium when deposits of all currencies offer the same

expected rate of return.

Ex-ante relative purchasing power parity (PPP)
which states that the expected change in the exchange rate between two countries over

any period equals to expected inflation differential over the same period.
The US and The UK ex-ante fisher
which states that ex-ante real interest rate is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the

expected inflation. The fisher equation provides the link between nominal and real

interest rates.

Furthermore, it is probable that the PPP and the uncovered interest parity are the parity

conditions that do not allow the RIP to hold in the short-run. We discussed in previous sections

16
that the Fisher equation is widely supported by many studies. But the PPP and the uncovered

interest parity are not supported by recent data.

Overall, both nominal interest rate and price level are measured different by the country

governments. Consequently, the results may diverge from the international finance theory. Even

though, the domestic markets are increasingly more integrated with international markets. In

contrast, the financial integration under the system of floating exchange rate may not lead to the

RIP due to high exchange rate volatility and the foreign exchange risk premium.

In sum, the RIP is a very interesting model and its theoretical importance is undeniable,

however, recent studies do not support the parity condition. The model is a combination of two

markets, money market, and foreign exchange market, it is a result of both markets simultaneous

equilibrium. Further given the results of this paper, the short-run RIP equilibrium is rejected and

the Long-run is in part supported. Regardless, the RIP will continue to be a concern for

policymakers and financial international economist.

Bibliography
Mishkin, Frederic S. Are Real Interest Rates Equal Across Countries? An Empirical
Investigation of International Parity Conditions. The Journal of Finance 39.5 (1984): 1345
1357. Web. 13 Apr. 2016.

Wu, Jyh-Lin, and Show-Lin Chen. A Re-Examination of Real Interest Rate Parity. The
Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne dEconomique 31.4 (1998): 837851. Web.
13 Apr. 2016.

Chung, Young S, and William J Crowder. Why Are Real Interest Rates Not Equalized
Internationally? Southern Economic Journal 71.2 (2004): 441458. Web. 13 Apr. 2016.

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Sonora, Robert J., and Josip Tica. Real Interest Parity in New Europe. Eastern European
Economics 52.1 (2014): 3454. Web.

Sirichand, Kavita, Andrew Vivian, and Mark E. Wohar. Examining Real Interest Parity: Which
Component Reverts Quickest and in Which Regime?International Review of Financial
Analysis 39. (2015): 7283. Web.

Krugman, Paul R, Maurice Obstfeld, and Marc Melitz. International Finance Theory & Policy.
United States: Prentice Hall, 2014. Print.

Hill, Carter R., William E Griffiths, and Guay C Lim. Principles of Econometrics - 4th Edition.
United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print.

Gujarati, Damodar N., and Dawn C. Porter. Basic Econometrics. 5th ed. The Mcgraw-Hill Series,
Economics. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2009.

Nusair, Salah A. Real Interest Rate Parity: Evidence from Industrialized Countries. Annals of
Economics and Finance 7.2 (2006): 425457. Print.

Singh, Manmohan, and Abhisek Banerjee. Testing Real Interest Parity in Emerging
Markets. International Monetary Fund. 2006. Web. 14 Apr. 2016.

Shi, Qi, Bin Li, and Sam Alexiadis. Testing the Real Interest Parity Hypothesis in Six
Developed Countries. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 86 (2012):
168179. Print.

International Monetary Fund. IMF data. International Monetary Fund. n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2016.

18
 Appendix I

International Monetary Fund. IMF data. International Monetary Fund. n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2016.

19
International Monetary Fund. IMF data. International Monetary Fund. n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2016.

20
 Appendix II

The UK Real Interest Rate regressed on the UK Real Interest Rate, with OLS,
quarterly rates and frequency 1980q1 2015q4,

21
 Appendix III
Normality test for Residuals

Signs of positively Correlation on the residuals

Residual Serial Correlation test,

BreuschGodfrey test

22
 Appendix IV

The UK Real Interest Rate regressed on the UK Real Interest Rate, with Newey-
West Standard errors,
quarterly rates and frequency 1980q1 2015q4,

two-tail t-test of H0: 1 = 1 vs. H1: 1 1

23
 Appendix V

DF-GLS Test for Residuals, no trend

24
 Appendix VI

DF-GLS Test for Real Interest Rate Differential, no trend

25
Appendix VII
KPSS test for Real Interest Rate Differential (lags=12)

The AUTOREG Procedure

Ordinary Least Squares Estimates

SSE 667.54598 DFE 143

MSE 4.66815 Root MSE 2.16059

SBC 634.490587 AIC 631.520774

MAE 1.70837709 AICC 631.548943

MAPE 18230.2322 HQC 632.727538

Durbin-Watson 0.5257 Regress R-Square 0.0000

26
 Ordinary Least Squares Estimates

Total R-Square 0.0000

KPSS Stationarity Test

Type Lags Eta Pr > Eta

Single Mean 13 0.3252 0.1148

Trend 13 0.0850 0.2359

KERNEL=QS, SCHW=12

Parameter Estimates

Standard Approx
Variable DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t|

Intercept 1 1.7285 0.1800 9.60 <.0001

27
 KPSS test for Real Interest Rate Differential (lags=2)

The AUTOREG Procedure

Ordinary Least Squares Estimates

SSE 667.54598 DFE 143

MSE 4.66815 Root MSE 2.16059

SBC 634.490587 AIC 631.520774

MAE 1.70837709 AICC 631.548943

MAPE 18230.2322 HQC 632.727538

Durbin-Watson 0.5257 Regress R-Square 0.0000

Total R-Square 0.0000

KPSS Stationarity Test

Type Lags Eta Pr > Eta

Single Mean 2 1.1830 0.0008

Trend 2 0.2704 0.0031

KERNEL=QS, AUTO

Parameter Estimates

Standard Approx
Variable DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t|

Intercept 1 1.7285 0.1800 9.60 <.0001

28
 Appendix VIII

With Newey-West lags and no Trend

No trend

29