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Problem 1.1
Dollars deposited = In
Checks written = Out
Interest Service charge = Generation
Change in amount of dollars = Rate of accumulation
Problem 1.2
(a) and (b) are unsteady, (c) is steady.
Problem 1.3
=0
x y
Integration with respect to x gives
= g(y)
y
Now, integration with respect to y gives
Z
= g(y) dy + f (x) = h(y) + f (x) + C
Problem 1.4
From the conservation statement for energy
Rate of Rate of
= = 2 30 = 60 W
energy in energy out
60
(Heat flux)inner surface = = 12.7 W/ m2
(0.05)(30)
60
(Heat flux)outer surface = = 10.6 W/ m2
(0.06)(30)
We have obtained heat flux values diering by approximately 20% for the same heat flow rate.
Problem 1.5
Assumptions
1. The dust concentration is uniformly distributed throughout the foundry so that the air
leaving the foundry has the same concentration as that of the air within the foundry.
1
The inventory rate equation for dust reduces to
or,
Q (20 106 ) = 0.3 Q = 15, 000 m3 / h
Problem 1.6
a) Let x and x be the coordinate systems in Figure (a) and (b), respectively. Note that
x=xB
Problem 1.7
The volumetric flow rate is given by
Z H Z
y/ 3 Z
H/ 3 Z H
3 H 4 |P |
Q=2 vz dx dy = 2 vz dy dx =
0 0 0 3x 180 L
Problem 1.8
The volumetric flow rate is given by
Z 2 Z b Z 2 Z b Z b
4 b3 |P |
Q= vr r dzd = 2 vr r dzd = 4 vr r dz =
0 b 0 0 0 3 ln(R2 /R1 )
2
CHAPTER 2
Problem 2.1
According to Newtons second law of motion
or,
Momentum
Force = (2)
Time
Therefore,
Force Momentum
= = Momentum Flux (3)
Area (Area) (Time)
Problem 2.2
a) Equation (2.1-2) takes the form
F dvx
yx = = (1)
A dy
or Z Z
8103 0.4
F
dy = 50 103 dvx F = 5N
2 0 0
b) The shear stress is
F 5
yx = = = 2.5 Pa
A 2
The use of Eq. (1) gives
Z 8103 Z V
3
2.5 dy = 5 10 dvx V = 4 m/ s
0 0
Problem 2.3
The shear stress yx is constant everywhere in the fluid. At y = Y1 the shear stress is continuous,
i.e.,
( yx )A = ( yx )B at y = Y1
or,
02 1 0
A = B
Y1 Y2
Substitution of the numerical values gives
(0.8)(5)
Y2 = = 2 cm
2
1
Problem 2.4
The rate of heat loss is expressed in the form
dT dT
Q = A k =A k (1)
dx x=0 dx x=L
Note that the minus sign is omitted in Eq. (1) since temperature increases in the direction of
x.
dT
= constant = 5 C/ cm = 500 C/ m (2)
dx
Therefore, the thermal conductivity is
72
k= = 0.048 W/ m. K
(3)(500)
Problem 2.5
Since heat flux is a constant, integration of the Fouriers law of heat conduction gives
Z L Z TL
k (To TL )
qy dy = k dT qy =
0 To L
Substitution of the numerical values gives the heat flux as
(0.72) [30 (5)]
qy = = 126 W/ m2
0.2
The rate of heat loss is
Q = A qy = (25)(126) = 3150 W
Problem 2.6
The given temperature distribution indicates that temperature increases in the direction of z.
The inventory rate equation for thermal energy gives
or,
dT dT
< AL = A k A k (1)
dz z=0 dz z=L
The temperature gradient is
dT
= 3000 (1 z) (2)
dz
Hence,
dT dT
= 3000 C/ m = 3000 (1 0.06) = 2820 C/ m
dz z=0 dz z=L
Therefore, the rate of generation per unit volume can be determined from Eq. (1) as
k dT dT 15
<= = (3000 2820) = 45, 000 W/ m3 = 45 kW/ m3
A dz z=0 dz z=L 0.06
2
Problem 2.7
While both surfaces are at a temperature of 80 C, the temperature at the center is greater
than 80 C. Therefore, heat is transferred from the wall to the surroundings through both
surfaces, and it is expressed in the form
!
Ak T T
Q = A ( qz |z=0 + qz |z=L ) = (1)
L
=0 =1
The temperature gradients are calculated as
T 10 0.09t T 10 0.09t
= e = e (2)
=0 L =1 L
The use of Eq. (2) in Eq. (1) leads to
20 A k 0.09t
Q = e (3)
L
The amount of heat transferred is
Z t
20 Ak
Q= Q dt = 1 e0.09t (4)
0 0.09 L
Substitution of the numerical values into Eq. (4) gives
(20)(15)(20) h i
Q= 1 e(0.09)(0.5) = 15, 360 J
(0.09)(0.6)
Problem 2.8
Since temperature reaches its maximum value within the wall, energy is lost from both surfaces.
Considering wall as the system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy gives
Rate of energy generation = Rate of energy out (1)
Equation (1) can be expressed in symbolic form as
dT dT
< AL = A k k (2)
dz z=0 dz z=1
or,
k dT dT
<= (3)
L dz z=0 dz z=1
Assume that the variation of temperature as a function of position is given by
T = a z2 + b z + c
The use of Eqs. (A.6-15)-(A.6-17) in Appendix A gives
T = 120 z 2 + 170 z + 30 (4)
Therefore,
dT dT
= 170 C/ m = 70 C/ m (5)
dz z=0 dz z=1
The use of Eq. (5) in Eq. (3) leads to
8
< = (170 + 70) = 1920 W/ m3
1
3
Problem 2.9
a) The rate of heat loss is given by
Q = (3)(0.025)(1) = 0.075 W
Let us assume that the mass of coee in a cup is 200 g. Taking the heat capacity as 4.2 J/ g. K
Problem 2.10
The temperature gradient at z = 0 is
T To
= = 0.025 C/ m (1)
z z=0 t
Solving for time yields
2
1 To
t= (2)
0.025
The thermal diusivity is
k 3
= = = 272.7 109 m2 / s (3)
b
C (5500)(2000)
P
Therefore, the time needed for the geothermal gradient to fall its present value, i.e., the age of
the Earth, is
1 1200 2
t= = 2.7 1015 s = 85.3 106 year
(272.7 109 ) 0.025
Problem 2.11
T
Q = Ak (1)
z z=0
Application of the Leibnitzs rule gives
T 2(T1 To ) 1 z2
= exp
z 2 t 4t
or,
T (T1 To )
= (2)
z z=0 t
4
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) gives the rate of heat transferred into the slab as
Ak (T1 To )
Q = (3)
t
Amount of heat transferred is
Z t
2 Ak (T1 To )
Q= Q dt = t (4)
0
Problem 2.12
Mass diusivity of ethanol in air at 20 C (293 K) is
3/2 3/2
293 5 293
(DAB )293 = (DAB )313 = (1.45 10 ) = 1.31 105 m2 / s
313 313
Problem 2.13
Since V = n/c, the definition of the partial molar volume becomes (note that c = constant)
1 1
Vi = (n1 + n2 + ... + ni + ...) = (1)
c ni T,P,nj6=i c
Therefore,
ci
ci V i =
= xi (2)
c
indicating that the volume fraction is equal to the mole fraction for constant total molar
concentration.
Problem 2.14
The Schmidt number is
Sc = (1)
DAB
Since
T 3/2 PM
DAB and = (2)
P RT
Eq. (1) implies that
R
Sc
M T
5
Problem 2.15
Assumptions
1. Molecular flux Convective flux (Reasonable assumption within the liquid phase)
2. c = constant
dcA DAB cAo tanh
NAz |z=0 = DAB =
dz z=0 L
Note that the molar flux is independent of position. Therefore, the molar rate of species A
entering into the liquid is
ADAB cAo tanh
n A = A NAz |z=0 =
L
The molar flux at the bottom of the container is
dcA
NAz |z=L = DAB =0
dz z=L
indicating that the species A cannot diuse through the bottom of the container (impermeable
surface).
6
CHAPTER 3
Problem 3.1
Since the molecular weight of water, 18, is less than that of air, 29, the increase in air humidity
decreases the density of air. As a result, both the drag force and the gas consumption decrease.
On the other hand, the presence of water water may negatively aect the combustion of gasoline
with a concomitant increase in gas consumption.
Problem 3.2
The rate of heat transfer from one side of the plate is given by
Q = AhhiT = (0.5 0.25)(250)(40 20) = 625 W
Problem 3.3
The average heat transfer coecient is given by
Q 62, 000
hhi = = = 28 W/ m2 . K
A T 4(4)2 (15 4)
Problem 3.4
Considering the aluminum sphere as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy
under steady conditions becomes
Rate of energy in + Rate of energy generation = Rate of energy out (1)
Rate of energy generation is calculated from
Z 0.5 Z Z 2
Rate of energy
= 4.5 104 (1 + 0.6 r2 ) r2 sin drdd = 24, 153 W
generation 0.2 0 0
Problem 3.5
Considering Region A and Region B as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal
energy under steady conditions becomes
Rate of energy generation = Rate of energy out
or,
A(800)(0.4) = A qx |x=100 qx |x=100 = 320 W/ m2
where A is the cross-sectional area. Application of Newtons law of cooling gives
320 = 15 (Tw 20) Tw = 41.3 C
1
Problem 3.6
a) System: Spherical nuclear fuel element
The inventory rate equation for energy becomes
or,
dT 2 4 3 <R
k (4R ) = < R k=
dr r=R 3 3 ( dT /dr)|r=R
Note that
dT dT
= 20, 000 r = ( 20, 000)(0.1) = 2000 C/ m
dr dr r=R
b)
dT
k = hhi( T |r=R T )
dr r=R
Therefore, the average heat transfer coecient is
(40)(2000)
hhi = = 104.6 W/ m2 . K
800 35
Problem 3.7
a) The temperatures at x = 0 and x = 0.2 are
In Out + Generation = 0
h i
Rate of Generation = (10)(620) (10)(600) (30) = 6000 W
2
Problem 3.8
The temperatures T1 and T2 can be expressed in terms of the average temperature as
T1 T2 T1 T2
T1 = hT i + and T2 = hT i
2 2
Using the identity
(a + x)4 = a4 + 4 a3 x + 6 a2 x2 + 4 ax3 + x4
we can easily show that
4 hT i3 (T1 T2 ) hT i(T1 T2 )3
or,
T1 T2
hT i
2
Problem 3.9
T h (T /y)|y=0
k = h(Tw T ) =
y y=0 k Tw T
Therefore, the Nusselt number becomes
hLch (T /y)|y=0
Nu = =
k (Tw T )/Lch
cA kc (cA /y)|y=0
DAB = kc cAw cA =
y y=0 DAB cAw cA
Therefore, the Sherwood number is
3
CHAPTER 4
Problem 4.1
Physical Properties
= 1.1845 kg/ m3
For air at 25 C :
= 18.41 106 kg/ m. s
Analysis
(2)(7)(1.1845)
ReL = = 9.008 105
18.41 106
Both laminar and turbulent flow regions exist on the plate and the friction factor is
(0.3)(7)(1.1845)
ReL = = 1.351 105
18.41 106
Laminar flow region exists over the entire plate and the friction factor is
Since the drag force is proportional to the friction factor, then the length of the plate must be
in the direction of flow.
b) If the length of the plate is in the direction of flow, then
(2)(30)(1.1845)
ReL = = 3.86 106
18.41 106
Both laminar and turbulent flow regions exist on the plate and the friction factor is
(0.3)(30)(1.1845)
ReL = = 5.79 105
18.41 106
Both laminar and turbulent flow regions exist on the plate and the friction factor is
Since the drag force is proportional to the friction factor, then the width of the plate must be
in the direction of flow.
1
Problem 4.2
Physical properties
= 0.911 kg/ m3
= 24.7 106 m2 / s
For air at a film temperature of 388 K :
k = 32.3 103 W/ m. K
Pr = 0.7
Analysis
a) Considering the plate as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy under
steady condition reduces to
The rate of thermal energy received by the plate is given by the Newtons law of cooling as
Q in = W Lhhi(T Tw ) (2)
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) gives the rate of heat loss as
Lv (1.5)(8)
ReL = = = 485, 830 < 500, 000
24.7 106
Therefore, the flow is laminar over the entire plate. The Nusselt number can be calculated by
using Eq. (B) in Table 4.2 as
1/2
hNui = 0.664 ReL Pr1/3 = 0.664 (485, 830)1/2 (0.7)1/3 = 411
The rate of heat loss can now be calculated from Eq. (3) as
2
Problem 4.3
Physical properties
= 999 kg/ m3
= 1001 106 kg/ m. s
Assume Tf = 20 C :
k = 603 103 W/ m. K
Pr = 6.94
Analysis
Lv (1)(0.15)(999)
ReL = = = 1.5 105
1001 106
1/2
hNui = 0.664 ReL Pr1/3 = 0.664 (1.5 105 )1/2 (6.94)1/3 = 490.5
The average heat transfer coecient is
k 603 103
hhi = hNui = (490.5) = 296 W/ m2 . K
L 1
The use of the Newtons law of cooling gives
3500 = (296) [2(1 0.3)] (Tw 15) Tw ' 35 C
Note that Tf = (35 + 15)/2 = 25 C which is close enough to the assumed value.
Problem 4.4
Considering the fin as a system, inventory rate equation for thermal energy reduces to
Rate of thermal energy in = Rate of thermal energy out
dT k (Tw T )BW
Qin = Qout = BW k = tanh
dz z=0 L
(105)(260 175)(5 103 )(30 102 )
478 = tanh
4 102
Simplification gives
f () = tanh 1.43 = 0
df
= tanh +
d cosh2
The value of can be calculated by using the Newton-Raphson method:
Initial guess: = 1.43 (assume tanh 1)
0.155
f2 = 1.43 + = 1.56
1.185
0.002
f3 = 1.56 + = 1.56
1.163
r
2 hhiL2
= 1.56 =
kB
(1.56)2 (105)(5 103 )
hhi = = 400 W/ m2 . K
(2)(4 102 )2
3
Problem 4.5
From Problem 4.4
k (Tw T )BW
Q = tanh (1)
L
where r
2hhiL2
= (2)
kB
Note that L and B are related by
V 1
V = constant = W BL L= (3)
W B
Substitution of Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1) and rearrangement give
r " r #
Q 2hhi 1/2 V 2hhi 3/2
= B tanh B (4)
k(Tw T )W k W k
If we dierentiate Eq. (4) with respect to B and equate the result to zero, i.e.,
" #
d Q
=0 (5)
dB k(Tw T )W
where r
V 2hhi 3/2
= B (7)
W k
The solution of the transcendental equation in Eq. (6) gives = 1.4192. Therefore, Eq. (7)
gives
1/3 1/3
2hhiV 2 hhiV 2
Bopt = 0.792 ' (8)
kW 2 kW 2
Substitution of Eq. (8) into Eq. (3) gives Lopt as
1/3 1/3
kV kV
Lopt = 1.263 ' (9)
2hhiW hhiW
Problem 4.6
From Problem 4.4
k (Tw T )BW
Q = tanh (1)
L
where r
2hhiL2
= (2)
kB
Note that L and W are related by
V 1
V = constant = W BL L= (3)
B W
4
In Problem 4.4 hhi was considered constant since W was fixed. In this problem, however, hhi
is not constant. Since flow over a fin is laminar, from Eq. (B) of Table 4.2
1/2
hNui = 0.664 ReL Pr1/3 (4)
where r 1/2
1.328 kf v
= Pr1/3 (8)
B k
If we dierentiate Eq. (7) with respect to W and equate the result to zero, i.e.,
" #
d Q
=0 (9)
dW k (Tw T )B
where
V
= W 5/4 (11)
B
The solution of the transcendental equation in Eq. (10) gives = 0.9193. Therefore, Eq. (11)
gives
r 2/5
4/5 6/5 kf 1/3 v
Wopt = 1.2 V B Pr
k
Problem 4.7
System: Fin
a) If there is no internal generation, then the conservation statement for thermal energy states
that
Q in = Q out (1)
For this problem
dT dT
Qin = W B k +k (2)
dz z=0 dz z=L
5
Since
dT
= (To T )N eNz 2 cosh N z (3)
dz
Eq. (2) becomes
h i
Q in = (To T )N W Bk eNL 1 + 2(1 cosh N L) (4)
On the other hand, the rate of heat loss from the fin is
Z WZ L
Qout = 2 hhi(T T ) dzdy
0 0
Z L
Nz
= 2 W hhi(To T ) e 2 sinh N z dz (5)
0
Integration gives
2 W hhi(To T ) h NL i
Q out = e 1 + 2 (1 cosh N L) (6)
N
Note that Eqs. (4) and (6) are equal to each other.
b) The values of T as a function of z are given as follows:
z ( m) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
T ( C) 100 47.81 34.53 31.16 30.31 30.14 30.27 30.99 33.89 45.27 90
Problem 4.8
Note that ReP = 4056 and Sc = 737. Therefore, the values of the Sherwood numbers are given
below:
Sh = 2 + 0.552 Re0.53
P Sc
1/3
= 2 + 0.552 (4056)0.53 (737)1/3 = 409
Equations (4.3-33) and (4.3-34) are valid for 0.6 Sc 2.3. Equation (4.3-35), on the other
hand, is valid for 0.6 Sc 1.85. However, in this problem Sc = 737.
6
Problem 4.9
4 g(P ) 4 (9.8)(2620 1590)(9.58 104 )
Y = = = 18.6 106
3 2 vt3 3 (1590)2 (0.65)3
0.052 0.007 0.00019
= exp 3.15 + + = 133.5
(18.6 106 )1/4 (18.6 106 )1/2 (18.6 106 )3/4
133.5
ReP = 17/20 = 22, 334
6(18.6 106 )13/20 (18.6 106 )6/11
ReP (9.58 104 )(22, 334)
DP = = = 0.021 m
vt (1590)(0.65)
Problem 4.10
Assumption
1. Temperature is 20 C
Physical properties
= 1.2047 kg/ m3
For air at 20 C :
= 18.17 106 kg/ m. s
= 999 kg/ m3
For water at 20 C :
= 1001 106 kg/ m. s
Analysis
7
Problem 4.11
f Nu 0.023 Re0.8 Prn
= StH Pr2/3 = =
2 Re Pr1/3 Re 1/3
|Pr{z }
1
0.2
f ' 0.046 Re
Re fapprox fChen
105 0.0046 0.0045
106 0.0029 0.0029
107 0.0018 0.0020
Problem 4.12
As Re , Eq. (4.5-9) reduces to
1 /D
= 4 log
f 3.7065
Substitution of this expression into Eq. (4.5-6) yields
( 2 )
2 L /D
|P | = log Q2
2 D5 3.7065
Problem 4.13
4Q 4(935)(1.1 103 )
Re = = = 22, 735
D (1.92 103 )(3 102 )
7.1490 0.8981
A= = 7.152 104
22, 735
1 5.0452 4
p = 4 log log 7.152 10 f = 6.27 103
f 22, 735
32 f Q2 L 32(935)(6.27 103 )(1.1 103 )2 (10)
|P | = = = 9465 Pa
2 D5 2 (3 102 )5
W = Q |P | = (1.1 103 )(9465) = 10.4 W
Problem 4.14
The volumetric flow rate is
5.6 103
Q= = 28 105 m3 / s
20
The average pressure drop is
80 + 120
P = = 100 mmHg = (100)(1.3332 102 ) = 1.3332 104 kg/ m. s2
2
Therefore, the power output is
W = Q P = (28 105 )(1.3332 104 ) = 3.73 W
8
Problem 4.15
1 r
log vz = log 1 + log vmax
| {z } n R | {z }
y b
Application of the method of least squares gives
yi xi xi yi x2i
0.405 0.0458 0.0185 0.0021
0.420 0.1549 0.0651 0.0240
0.441 0.3010 0.1327 0.0906
0.472 0.5229 0.2468 0.2734
0.541 1.0000 0.5410 1.0000
P P P P
= 2.279 = 2.0246 = 1.0041 = 1.3901
1 (5)(1.0041) (2.0246)(2.279)
a= = = 0.1425 n'7
n (5)(1.3901) (2.0246)2
(2.279)(1.3901) (2.0246)(1.0041)
b = log vmax = = 0.398 vmax = 0.4 m/ s
(5)(1.3901) (2.0246)2
Therefore, the velocity distribution is given by
r 1/7
vz = 0.4 1
R
The average velocity is Z R
2
hvz i = 2 vz r dr (1)
R 0
Let us define a dimensionless distance = r/R so that Eq. (1) becomes
Z 1 Z 1
hvz i = 2 vz d = 0.8 (1 )1/7 d (2)
0 0
To integrate Eq. (2), define
u=1 du = d
Z 0
hvz i = 0.8 u1/7 (1 u)(du) = 0.327 m/ s
1
= 999 kg/ m3
For water at 20 C :
= 1001 106 kg/ m. s
Dhvz i (0.1)(0.327)(999)
Re = = = 32, 635
1001 106
Assume smooth pipe, i.e., /D 0. From Eqs. (4.5-17) and (4.5-16)
7.1490 0.8981
A= = 0.517 103
32, 635
1 5.0452 3
= 4 log log(0.517 10 ) f = 0.00576
f 32, 635
Pressure drop per unit length can be calculated from Eq. (4.5-6) as
|P | 2f hvz i2 (2)(999)(0.00576)(0.327)2
= = = 12.3 Pa/ m
L D 0.1
9
Problem 4.16
L 1 1 Tw Tbin
= ln (1)
D 4 StH Tw Tbout
Since the flow is laminar (Re = 1519), then
16 16
f= = = 0.0105 (2)
Re 1519
The use of the Chilton-Colburn analogy gives
f 2/3 0.0105
StH = Pr = (143)2/3 = 0.00019 (3)
2 2
Substitution of the values into Eq. (1) gives
L 1 100 40
= ln = 533.5
D (4)(0.00019) 100 60
Note that this value is dierent from 2602. The Chilton-Colburn analogy is valid when 0.6
Pr 60. Since Pr = 143 in this problem, it cannot be used.
Problem 4.17
Equation (7) of Example 4.15 also applies to this problem, i.e.,
L 1 Re Pr Tw Tbin
= ln (1)
D 4 Nu Tw Tbout
Physical properties in Eq. (1) must be evaluated at the mean bulk temperature. Since the exit
temperature is not known, a trial-and-error procedure should be used. If the exit temperature
is assumed to be 50 C, the mean bulk temperature is (10 + 50)/2 = 30 C.
= 996 kg/ m3
For water at 30 C : = 800 106 kg/ m. s
Pr = 5.41
For water at 82 C : = 343 106 kg/ m. s
The Reynolds number is
Dhvi (2.5 102 )(1.2)(996)
Re = = = 37, 350 (2)
800 106
The use of the Whitaker correlation gives the Nusselt number as
Nu = 0.015 Re0.83 Pr0.42 (/w )0.14
0.14
0.83 0.42 800
= 0.015(37, 350) (5.41) = 214 (3)
343
Rearrangement of Eq. (1) gives
4 Nu L
Tbout = Tw (Tw Tbin ) exp
Re Pr D
4 (214) 5
= 82 (82 10) exp ' 51 C
(37, 350)(5.41) 2.5 102
Therefore, the assumed value is correct.
10
Problem 4.18
Physical properties
= 1.1460 kg/ m3
At (50 + 20)/2 = 35 C :
= 18.88 106 kg/ m. s
4 35 + 273 2/3
DAB = (0.26 10 ) = 2.66 105 m2 / s
25 + 273
18.88 106
Sc = = = 0.62
DAB (1.1460)(2.66 105 )
At 20 C : PHsat
2O
= 0.02336 bar
Analysis
Note that this problem resembles to Example 4.17. The conservation statement for mass of
water (species A) becomes
Rate of water in = Rate of water out (1)
D2
DLhkc i(cA )LM = (cAb )out hvi (2)
4
where
(cAb )out
(cA )LM = (3)
cAw
ln
cAw (cAb )out
Substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and simplification gives
4L
(cAb )out = cAw 1 exp StM (4)
D
The Reynolds number is
Dhvi (0.12)(0.1)(1.1460)
Re = = = 728 Laminar flow
18.88 106
16 16
= f= = 0.022
Re 728
The use of the Chilton-Colburn analogy yields
f (0.022)(0.62)2/3
StM = Sc2/3 = = 0.015 (5)
2 2
PAsat 0.02336
cAw = = = 9.59 104 kmol/ m3 (6)
RT (8.314 102 )(20 + 273)
Substitution of Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (4) gives
4 (4)(6)(0.015)
(cAb )out = 9.59 10 1 exp = 9.1 104 kmol/ m3
0.12
m
A = Q (cAb )out MA
(0.12)2
= (0.1)(9.1 104 )(18)(3600) = 0.067 kg/ h
4
11
Problem 4.19
The superficial velocity is
4m
(4)(1.2)
vo = = = 5.1 103 m/ s
D2 (1200)(0.5)2
The Reynolds number is
DP vo 1 (3 103 )(5.1 103 )(1200) 1
Repb = = 3
= 0.48
1 70 10 1 0.45
The friction factor can be calculated as
150 150
fpb = + 1.75 = + 1.75 = 314.3
Repb 0.48
The pressure drop is
vo2 L 1
|P | = 3
fpb
DP
(1200)(5.1 103 )2 (2)(1 0.45)(314.3)
= = 39.5 103
(3 103 )(0.45)3
The power required is
= Q |P | = vo D2 (5.1 103 )(0.5)2 (39.5 103 )
W |P | = = 39.6 W
4 4
Problem 4.20
a)
= Q |P | = FD hvi
W (1)
Solving for FD gives
Q
FD = |P | = A |P | (2)
hvi
b)
= Q |P | = FD vo
W (3)
The volumetric flow rate is given by
Q =vo A (4)
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) gives
FD = A |P | (5)
c) The drag force is expressed as
FD = AL(1 )P g AL(1 ) [ + (1 )P ] g (6)
| {z } | {z }
Weight of particles Buoyancy force
Simplification gives
FD = AL(1 )(P ) g (7)
Combining Eqs. (7) and (5) results in
|P |
= g (1 )(P ) (8)
L
12
Problem 4.21
Physical Properties
Analysis
NAw MA A t = A ice
or
ice (0.15 103 )(917)
t= = = 2.45 103 s = 40.8 min
NAw MA (3.12 106 )(18)
13
CHAPTER 6
Problem 6.1
The conservation of mass is given by
m
1=m
2+m
3 (1)
Since the density is constant, i.e., water is an incompressible fluid, Eq. (1) simplifies to
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 Q2 = Q1 Q3 (2)
where
r
= (4)
R1
Substitution of the given velocity distribution into Eq. (3) gives
Z 1
Q1 = 6R12 (1 )1/7 d
0
2 7 7 (6)(0.02)2 (7)(15 8)
= 6R1 = = 3.08 103 m3 / s (5)
8 15 (8)(15)
Problem 6.2
a) Let m be the mass flow rate of water passing through the heat exchanger. The overall
energy balance gives
n h io
(2520)(2.3)(180 110) = (2415)(60) m(15)
+ (2415 m)(30)
(4.2)
Solution gives
m
= 1610 kg/ h
b) Solution is not possible.
1
Problem 6.3
a)
Q cB + 2 k1 cA V = 0 cB = 2 k1 cA (6)
Q cC + k2 cA V = 0 cC = k2 cA (7)
From Eq. (4), the value of cA is
Problem 6.3
Constant volume Qin = Qout
Perfect mixing (ci )out = ci
Conservation statement for species A, Eq. (6.1-7), becomes
2
Dividing Eq. (1) by Q (note that = V /Q) and solving for cA gives
(cA )in
cA = (2)
1 + k1
On the other hand, the conservation statement for species B becomes
Q cB + k1 cA V k2 cB V = 0 (3)
or,
k1
cB = cA (4)
1 + k2
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (4) gives
k1 (cA )in
cB =
1 + k2 1 + k1
Therefore,
Simplification gives s
r
1 1
= = = 0.913 s
k1 k2 (1.5)(0.8)
Problem 6.4
Constant volume Qin = Qout
Perfect mixing (ci )out = ci
Conservation statement for species A, Eq. (6.1-7), becomes
3
Substitution of Eqs. (6) and (7) into Eq. (2) and rearrangement gives
k1
XA = (8)
1 + (k1 + k2 )
or,
A1 e E1 /RT
XA = (9)
1 + A1 e E1 /RT + A2 e E2 /RT
We want to maximize XA with respect to temperature, i.e.,
dXA
=0 E1 = A2 (E2 E1 )e E2 /RT (10)
dT
Solving for temperature gives
E2 /R
T = (11)
ln {A2 [(E2 /E1 ) 1]}
Problem 6.5
The temperature distribution is
T T
= eNz 2 sinh N z (1)
To T
in which N and are defined as r
2hhi
N= (2)
kB
N L TL T
e
To T
= (3)
2 sinh NL
The heat transfer rate at the base of the fin is given by
dT
Q o = A k = A k (To T )N (2 1) (4)
dz z=0
and
dT
QL = A k = A k (To T )N eN L 2 cosh(N L) (5)
dz z=L
where the base area of the fin, A, is
Note that this is an open-ended problem. One possible solution can be obtained as follows:
Let us assume that the number of fins per cm is 10.
4
The average temperature of air is
25 + 35.5
T = ' 30 C
2
For air at 30 C: = 16 106 m2 / s, k = 26.37 103 W/ m. K, Pr = 0.71
12 (12)(10)(0.025)
The distance between the fins = = 0.076 cm
(12)(10) 1
2(2)(0.076)
Dh = = 0.146 cm
2 + 0.076
The Reynolds number is
5
Left-component
The rate of heat dissipation through the bare surface is
AH hhi(To T ) = (7.2 103 )(578)(80 30) = 208 W
Therefore, the heat load per fin must be at least
500 208
= 2.43 W
(12)(10)
The use of Eq. (4) gives
Q o = A k (To T )N (2 1)
h i
= (2 105 )(273)(80 30)(130) 2(0.92) 1 = 29.8 W
Problem 6.6
For evaporative cooling we showed in Example 6.4 that the wet-bulb temperature, Tw , is given
by
eA Pr 2/3
cAw
T Tw = (1)
bP )B Sc B
( C
Assuming ideal behavior
PAsat P MB
cAw = and B = (2)
R Tw R T
eA = MA
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) and noting that bA gives
sat bA
PA T MA 1
T Tw = (3)
P MB CbP Tw
| {z B }
6
The term is evaluated at T . Eq. (3) gives
Tw2 T Tw + = 0 (4)
Problem 6.7
a) Conservation statement for species A becomes
Q int
(CP )in (Tin T ) + + kcA (Hrxn ) = 0 k Q
Q
Let Tm be defined as
Q (CP )in Tin + AH hhiTc
Tm = (3)
Q (CP )in + AH hhi
so that Eq. (2) takes the form
V kQ (cA )in
[Q(CP )in + AH hhi] (Tm T ) + (Hrxn ) = 0 (6)
Q + kV
c) Rearrange Eq. (6) as
7
Substitution of Eqs. (9), (10) and (11) into Eq. (8) yields
1
+ =0
1+ 1 +
1+ e
or,
e = (12)
(1 )
d) Take the logarithm of Eq. (12) to get
F () = ln (13)
(1 ) |{z}
| {z } B
A
Note that term A increases monotonically in the interval and is singular at the end points. On
the other hand, term B decreases continuously. Therefore, relative extremums are possible in
the interval 0 < < 1/.
dF
=0 2 + 1 = 0 (14)
d
The solution of Eq. (14) is
1 1 4
= (15)
2
Maximally, Eq. (15) will have two real solutions. Consequently, there will be maximally two
relative extremums. From this it follows that Eq. (13) can have maximally three zero positions
(or, roots) which correspond to the steady-state solutions.
Due to the monotony of the function F (), there will be at least one steady-state in the
interval 0 < < 1/. When the value of gets larger, the value of (1 4 ) in Eq. (15) is
negative, and the values of 1 and 2 are complex conjugate numbers. This implies that one
steady-state solution at the most will be obtained for
1 4 0 0.25
8
2
F2 = ln 2 < 0
(1 2 )
2
= min > e2 (19)
1 2
1 + 1 4
2 = (20)
2
Substitution of Eq. (20) into Eq. (19) gives
2
1+ 1 4 1 + 1 4
= min > exp (21)
2 2
9
CHAPTER 7
Problem 7.1
Assuming perfect mixing, the conservation of oxygen is given by
or,
dc
Qc = V (2)
dt
Equation (2) is a separable equation, i.e.,
Z t Z
V c dc
dt = (3)
0 Q co c
Integration leads to
c 0.21
o
Q t = V ln = 80 ln = 243.6 m3 (4)
c 0.01
Problem 7.2
Since the volumes of the tanks are constant, volumetric flow rates are equal to each other.
Let 1 and 2 be the salt concentrations in the first and second tank, respectively. Then, the
conservation statements for the salt take the form
Tank: 1
at t = 0 2 = 0.5
d2
at t = 0 =0 [This is obtained from Eq. (3)]
dt
1
is given by
2 = e 0.05 t 0.5e 0.1 t (5)
At t = 10 min, 2 = 0.423 kg/L.
Problem 7.3
Tank: 1
Tank: 2
Problem 7.4
a) System: Contents of the tank
The total mass balance is
dmsys
in = m
m out =0 (1)
dt
The conservation statement for species A becomes
d
(2)(0.1) 2 A = (300 A ) (2)
dt
2
Rearrangement of Eq. (2) gives
Z t Z 0.05
dA
dt = 1500 (3)
0 0 1 10 A
or,
1
t = 150 ln = 104 min
1 0.5
b) System: Contents of the tank
In this case the total mass balance becomes
dmsys
2 2.5 = (4)
dt
Integration gives
Z msys Z t
dmsys = 0.5 dt msys = 300 0.5 t (5)
300 0
Problem 7.5
a) Conservation statements are
dh1
Qin Q = A Tank # 1 (1)
dt
dh2
Q=A Tank # 2 (2)
dt
Addition of Eqs. (1) and (2) gives
dh1 dh2
Qin = A + (3)
dt dt
3
Simplification gives
A
Qin = (h1 + h2 0.8) (5)
t
Take t = 3 min:
1.5
Qin = (0.74 + 0.46 0.8) = 0.2 m3 / min (6)
3
b) Equation (1) takes the form
p dh1
0.2 h1 = A (7)
dt
or, Z Z
h1 t
dh1
A = dt (8)
0.5 0.2 h1 0
Integration of Eq. (8) and rearrangement gives
0.2 0.2 h1 t
h1 0.5 + ln + =0 (9)
0.2 0.5 2A
Note that this is a transcendental equation in terms of . Substitution of the values into Eq.
(9) and solution by M AT HCAD gives the values of as
t ( min)
2 0.0948
3 0.1016
4 0.0984
5 0.0994
6 0.0993
Problem 7.6
The conservation statement for mass reduces to
or,
d(Vsys )
hvo iAo = (2)
dt
Assumptions
1. Liquid is incompressible,
4
The velocity through the orifice is related to the height of the liquid in the tank as
p
hvo i = Co 2gh (3)
dVsys
2g Co Ao h = (4)
dt
a) Vertical Cylinder
The volume of the liquid in the tank is given by
D2
Vsys = h (5)
4
c) Horizontal Cylinder
5
Substitution of Eq. (9) into Eq. (8) gives the volume as
Z hp
Vsys = 2 L 2uR u2 du (10)
0
d) Sphere
a2 + x2 = R2 a2 + (h R)2 = R2
a2 = 2Rh h2 (15)
Substitution of Eq. (15) into Eq. (14) gives
Z h
Vsys = (2Ru u2 ) du (16)
0
Substitution of Eq. (16) into Eq. (4) and the application of the Leibnitzs rule gives
p dh
2g Co Ao h = 2Rh h2
dt
or, r
Z h
1 1/2 3/2 2 h3/2
t= (D h h )dh = (D 0.6 h)
2g Co Ao 0 g 3 Co Ao
6
Problem 7.7
For steady-flow
in = m
m out = m
Divide Eq. (6.3-9) by m
to get
b + E
H bK + E
bP = Q
bint + W
cs (1)
where
b int = Qint
Q (2)
m
cs = W
W (3)
m
= out in (4)
b = U
b + (P Vb ) = U
b + Vb P = U
b+ P
H (5)
Substitution of Eq. (5) into Eq. (1) and the use of identities
bK = 1 hvi2
E (6)
2
b
EP = g h (7)
results in
P hvi2 b Q
bint ) = W
cs
+ + g h + (U (8)
2
a) Using the thermodynamic relations
b = T dSb P dVb
dU (9)
bint
dQ
dS = + dSbgen (10)
T
one can get
dU bint + T dSbgen P dVb
b = dQ (11)
Since volume is constant, Eq. (11) reduces to
bv = T dSbgen = dU
dE b dQ
bint (12)
P hvi2 bv W
cs = 0
+ + g h + E (13)
2
c) For steady flow in a horizontal pipe
hvi2 = 0 h = 0 cs = 0
W
7
From Eq. (4.5-6)
|P | 32 Lf Q2
= (15)
2 D5
Comparison of Eq. (14) with (15) gives
2
bv = 32 Lf Q
E (16)
2 D5
The use of
D2
Q = hvi (17)
4
reduces Eq. (16) to the form
2
bv = 2 fLhvi
E (18)
D
Problem 7.8
a) Note that
P2 = P1 = Patm
hv1 i ' 0
Therefore, Bernoulli equation becomes
or,
d2 d D2
hv2 i = (h H ) (4)
4 dt 4
Simplification gives
2
d dh
hv2 i = (5)
D dt
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (5) and rearrangement gives
2 s
D 1 4f Leq dh
dt = 1+ (6)
d 2g d h
c) At any instant, the pressure drop in the drain pipe system is g(h H ). From Eq. (4.5-19)
1/2 1/2
2 d5 g (h H ) 2 d5 g (h H )
Y = = (7)
32 Leq 32 Leq
8
From Eq. (4.5-20)
/d d
Q = 4 Y log + (8)
3.7065 Y
From Eq. (4.5-18)
2
Y
f= (9)
Q
For the problem at hand
h ( m) Y 103 Q f 103
4.0 7.64 0.125 3.76
3.5 6.97 0.113 3.79
3.0 6.24 0.101 3.83
2.5 5.40 0.087 3.88
2.0 4.41 0.070 3.96
1.5 3.12 0.049 4.12
9
t h hv2 i dh/dt
( s) ( m) ( m/ s) ( m/ s)
50 3.6712 3.0407 0.0064
100 3.3566 2.9075 0.0062
150 3.0560 2.7742 0.0059
200 2.7696 2.6410 0.0056
250 2.4972 2.5078 0.0053
300 2.2389 2.3746 0.0050
350 1.9947 2.2413 0.0047
400 1.7646 2.1081 0.0045
450 1.5487 1.9749 0.0042
462 1.4989 1.9429 0.0041
Problem 7.9
a) Application of the Bernoulli equation gives
2 gh
hv2 i2 = (1)
4 fLeq
1+
d
The volume of the liquid in the tank is
Z h
V = a2 dh
H
It is necessary to relate a to h:
a2 + x2 = R2 or a2 + (h X1 )2 = R2
in which
X1 = H + R
Therefore,
a2 = h2 + 2 hX1 + R2 X12 = h2 + 2 hX1 X2 (2)
where
X2 = X12 R2 (3)
Considering the contents of the tank as a system, conservation statement for mass becomes
Z h
d2 d 2
hv2 i = ( u + 2 uX1 X2 ) du (4)
4 dt H
10
Integration gives
s 2 2
4 2 4f Leq h 2X1 h H 2X1 H
t= 2 1+ h + X2 H + X2 (7)
d g d 5 3 5 3
b) At any instant, the pressure drop in the drain pipe system is g(h H ). From Eq. (4.5-19)
1/2 1/2
2 d5 g(h H ) 2 d5 g(h H )
Y = = (8)
32 Leq 32 Leq
h
Y 103 Q f 103
( m)
4.5 8.25 0.135 3.74
4.0 7.64 0.125 3.76
3.5 6.97 0.113 3.79
3.0 6.24 0.101 3.83
2.5 5.40 0.087 3.88
2.0 4.41 0.070 3.96
1.5 3.12 0.049 4.12
11
Problem 7.10
a) System: Liquid
The conservation statement for species A reduces to
or,
dcA
Ahkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (2)
dt
Note that 3 2
M D A D
= and = (3)
Mo Do Ao Do
Therefore,
2/3
M
A = Ao (4)
Mo
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (1) gives
2/3
M dcA
Ao hkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (5)
Mo dt
V d ln(csat
A cA )
hkc i = 2/3
(6)
Ao (M/Mo ) dt
dcA
hAihkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (7)
dt
where hAi is the average surface area which is considered constant during dissolution. Rear-
rangement of Eq. (7) yields
Z cA Z
dcA hAihkc i t
= dt (8)
0 csat
A cA V 0
Integration gives !
V csat
A
hkc i = ln (9)
hAi t csat
A cA
12
Problem 7.11
Note that Eq. (5) of Problem 7.10 is also valid for this case, i.e.,
2/3
M dcA
Ao hkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (1)
Mo dt
M + V cA = Mo (2)
or,
M V
=1 cA (3)
Mo Mo
b) Substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (1) gives
V dcA
Ao 1 cA hkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (4)
Mo dt
In terms of the given dimensionless quantities, Eq. (4) takes the form
d
dt = 2/3 (5)
1 (1 + 3 ) (1 )
u3 = 1 (1 + 3 ) (6)
Then
3u2 du = (1 + 3 ) d (7)
Substitution of Eqs. (6) and (7) into Eq. (5) gives
Z t Z u
du
dt = 3 3 (8)
0 1 + u3
Note that Z
dx 1 (x + a)2 1 1 2 x a
= ln + tan
x3 + a3 6 a2 x2 a x + a2 3 a2 3a
Integration of Eq. (8) yields
(1 + )2 (u + )2
t= 2 ln ln 2
2 1 + 2 u u + 2
1 2 1 2u
+ 3 2 tan tan (9)
3 3
13
Problem 7.12
a) The conservation statement for species A becomes
dnA
Qin cAo k c2A Vsys = (1)
dt
Note that
nA
cA = (2)
Vsys
Vsys = Qin t (3)
Substitution of Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1) gives
dcA
t + k tc2A + cA = cAo (4)
dt
Let us define
1 du
cA = (5)
ku dt
Therefore,
2
dcA 1 du 1 d2 u
= 2 + (6)
dt ku dt ku dt2
Substitution of Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (4) yields
d du
t k cAo u = 0 (7)
dt dt
Note that
p=1 a = kcAo j=0 b=0
Since b = 0, Eq. (7) is reducible to Bessels equation.
2p+j 1
= = (8)
2 2
1p
= =0 (9)
2p+j
p
(1 p)2 4b
n= =0 (10)
2p+j
a p
= i = 2 kcAo (11)
Therefore, the solution is
p p
u = k1 Io 2 kcAo t1/2 + k2 Ko 2 kcAo t1/2 (12)
where k1 and k2 are constants. Since at t = 0, Ko (0) = , k2 must be zero and the solution
becomes p
u = k1 Io 2 kcAo t1/2 (13)
14
Substitution of Eqs. (13) and (14) into Eq. (5) gives the expression for cA as
r p
cAo I1 2 kcAo t
cA = p (15)
k t Io 2 kcAo t
15
Problem 7.13
a) Equation (7.4-7) is
Z ReP 1
(P + 0.5 )DP2 3
t= Ar f Re2P d ReP (1)
0 4
For creeping flow the relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number is given
by Eq. (4.3-7) as
24
f= (2)
ReP
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) and integration gives
(P + 0.5 )DP2 ReP
t= ln 1 18 (3)
Ar
Note that
ReP v
= 2 (4)
Ar DP g(P )
Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) and solving for v gives
DP2 g(P ) 18 t
v= 1 exp (5)
18 (P + 0.5 )DP2
DP2 g(P )
vt = (6)
18
Therefore,
v 18 t
= 1 exp (7)
vt (P + 0.5 )DP2
Note that t = t when v/vt = 0.99. Therefore, Eq. (7) becomes
(P + 0.5 )DP2
t = (8)
3.9
DP2 (P )
18 t
s = t vt vt 1 exp (10)
18 (P + 0.5 )DP2
16
Problem 7.14
a) Equation (7.4-7) is
When Newtons law is applicable, the friction factor is constant and is given by Eq. (4.3-9) as
f = 0.44 (2)
Note that Z
dx 1 a+x
= ln x2 < a2
a2 x2 2a ax
For the problem at hand, a = 3.03 Ar = 1.74 Ar. Integration gives
!ReP
(P + 0.5)DP2 1 1.74 Ar + ReP
t= ln
0.33 (2)(1.74) Ar 1.74 Ar ReP 0
or, !
(P + 0.5)DP2 1.74 Ar + ReP
t = 0.87 ln (4)
Ar 1.74 Ar ReP
Rearrangement gives
" #
1.74 Ar ReP Ar
= exp 2
t (5)
1.74 Ar + ReP 0.87 (P + 0.5 )DP
As t , ReP 1.74 Ar = RePt . Therefore,
1/2
DP vt (P )gDP3
RePt = = 1.74 (6)
2
Solving for terminal velocity gives
1/2
(P )gDP
vt = (7)
17
so that Eq. (8) reduces to
vt v
= exp( t) (10)
vt + v
or,
v 1 exp( t)
= (11)
vt 1 + exp( t)
b) The distance traveled is given by Z t
s= v dt (12)
0
Substitution of Eq. (11) into Eq. (12) and integration yields
h ih it
vt
s = ln 1 + exp( t) 1 + exp(t)
0
" #
vt (1 + et )(1 + et ) vt t 2
t 1 + e
= ln = ln e
4 2
vt 1 + et
= t + 2 ln (13)
2
Therefore, the distance traveled is
2 vt 1 + et
s = vt t + ln (14)
2
Note: It is also possible to express Eq. (13) as
" #
vt t 2 1 + et
t 1 + e vt
s = ln e = t + 2 ln
2 2
Problem 7.15
The unsteady-state momentum balance reduces to
or, !
DP2 DP3
1 2 dv
v f = P (1)
4 2 6 dt
Simplification of Eq. (1) gives
dv 3
DP P= v2 f (2)
dt 4
Since the friction factor f is given as a function of the Reynolds number ReP , it is much more
convenient to express the velocity v in terms of ReP , i.e.,
v= ReP (3)
DP
18
Therefore, Eq. (2) takes the form
Z ReP o
4 P DP2 d ReP
t= 2
(4)
3 ReP f ReP
a) When Stokes law is applicable, i.e., f = 24/ ReP , Eq. (4) reduces to
P DP2 Z ReP o
d ReP P DP2 ReP o P DP2 vo
t= = ln = ln (5)
18 ReP ReP 18 ReP 18 v
Problem 7.16
Considering the beer can as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy is written
as
Rate of energy out = Rate of accumulation
or,
bP dT
hhiA(T T ) = M C (1)
dt
Rearrangement gives
Z t bP Z Tf
MC dT
dt =
0 hhiA Ti T T
bP
MC Ti T
t= ln (2)
hhiA Tf T
19
(0.355)(4200) 29 + 21
Freezer hhi = ln = 12.9 W/ m2 . K
(21.1)(60)(0.03) 15 + 21
(0.355)(4200) 29 13
Tap water hhi = ln = 200 W/ m2 . K
(8.6)(60)(0.03) 15 13
The tap water overall coecient is almost 16 times greater than the freezer coecient.
b)
(0.355)(4200) 29 + 21
t= ln = 2670 s = 44.5 min
(12.9)(0.03) 4 + 21
c) The time required to cool the beer from 29 C to 15 C is 8.6 min. On the other hand, the
time required to cool it from 15 C to 4 C is
(0.355)(4200) 15 + 21
t= ln = 1405 s = 23.4 min
(12.9)(0.03) 4 + 21
Problem 7.17
System: Contents of the tank
Assuming perfect mixing, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy becomes
or,
d h b i
U A(Ts T ) = M CP (T Tref ) (2)
dt
Rearrangement gives
Z t bP Z T2
MC dT
dt = (3)
0 UA T1 Ts T
Therefore, the time required is
bP
MC Ts T1
t= ln (4)
UA Ts T2
Problem 7.18
a) From energy balance
(Tin T ) (Tout T )
C (Tin Tout ) = U A
m
(1)
Tin T
ln
Tout T
Simplification gives
Tin T UA
ln = (2)
Tout T m
C
20
or,
Tin T UA
= exp = (3)
Tout T m
C
From Eq. (3)
Tin T
Tout = T + (4)
Note that examination of Eqs. (3) and (4) indicates:
21
Problem 7.19
a) Conservation statement for thermal energy reduces to
Rate of energy in = Rate of energy out
or,
d h b i
bP dT
U A(Ts T ) = M CP (T Tref ) = M C (1)
dt dt
Rearrangement gives
Z t bP Z 150
MC dT
dt = t = (2)
0 A 15 U (Ts T)
Using trapezoidal rule with n = 10, i.e., T = (150 15)/9 = 15, we have
15 h i
= 16.5 + 2 (15.4 + 15.1 + 16 + 17.5 + 20 + 24 + 30.1 + 45) + 73.5 106
2
= 3421.5 106
Therefore, the heating time is
(500)(1850)(3421.5 106 )
t= = 703.3 s = 11.7 min
4.5
b) The use of the method of least squares gives:
U (1/T ) 103
T ( K) xi yi x2i 106
(yi ) (xi )
390 288 3.472 1.354 12.06
465 303 3.300 1.535 10.89
568 333 3.003 1.706 9.02
625 363 2.755 1.722 7.59
664 393 2.545 1.690 6.47
680 423 2.364 1.608 5.59
P P P P
= 3392 = 17.44 = 9.615 = 51.62
22
P P P
N ( xi yi ) ( xi )( yi ) (6)(9.615) (17.44 103 )(3392)
B = P 2 P 2 = = 2.612 105
N ( xi ) ( xi ) (6)(51.62 106 ) (17.44 103 )2
P P P P
( yi )( x2i ) ( xi )( xi yi ) (3392)(51.62 106 ) (17.44 103 )(9.615)
A= P 2 P 2 = = 1325
N( xi ) ( xi ) (6)(51.62 106 ) (17.44 103 )2
Therefore,
2.612 105
U = 1325 (3)
T
Substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) gives
MC bP Z 423 T MCbP
t= 5
dT = I (4)
A 288 (1325 T 2.612 10 )(443 T ) A
The value of I is
1 (1325)(423) 2.612 105 443 423
I= 197 ln + 443 ln = 0.0033
325, 775 (1325)(288) 2.612 105 443 288
Therefore, the time required is
(600)(1850)(0.0033)
t= = 823 s = 13.7 min
4.5
Problem 7.20
The unsteady-state energy balance gives
bP dT
U A(Ts T ) = M C (1)
dt
or,
MC bP dT
U= (2)
A(Ts T ) dt
From the given data,
t T dT U
( s) ( C) dt ( W/ m2 . K)
0 15 0.416 551.7
120 59 0.308 571
240 90 0.222 569.3
360 112 0.156 551.4
480 129 0.110 553.6
600 140 0.086 590
720 150 0.083 849
23
The variation of U as a function of temperature can be calculated as
from which hU i can be calculated. Equation (2), however, is not correct. Rearrangement of
Eq. (1) gives
Z 720 Z 150
b dT
A (Ts T ) dt = M CP (6)
0 15 U
Note that Z 150
dT 1
= h i(150 15) (7)
15 U U
and
1 1
h i 6= (8)
U hU i
Problem 7.21
a) Considering the sphere as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy is written
as
Rate of energy out = Rate of energy generation
or,
T 4 A = 1000
Substitution of the numerical values gives
The solution is
T = 901.5 K
b) The radiation heat transfer coecient, hR , is given by Eq. (3.2-14)
(T14 T24 )
hR = = T 3 = (5.67 108 )(0.85)(901.5)3 = 35.3 W/ m2 . K
T1 T2
The Biot number is
(35.3)(0.1/2)
BiH = = 0.005
353
Therefore, lumped-parameter analysis is applicable. Considering the copper sphere as a system,
the inventory rate equation for thermal energy is written as
24
or,
d h bP (T Tref )
i
T 4 A =
V C (1)
dt
Rearrangement of Eq. (1) and noting that V /A = DP /6 yields
Z t bP Z Tf dT
DP C
dt = 4
(2)
0 6 Ti T
Integration gives
bP
DP C 1 1 (0.1)(8924)(387) 1 1
t= 3
3 = = 1300 s (21.7 min)
18 T Ti 18(0.85)(5.67 108 ) 6003 901.53
Problem 7.22
a) Considering the thermocouple as a system
or,
2 d D3 b
hhiD (T T ) = CP (T Tref ) (2)
dt 6
where T is the temperature of the medium surrounding the thermocouple. Rearrangement of
Eq. (2) gives
Z t Z T
6hhi dT
dt = (3)
DC bP 0 To T T
Integration yields
bP bP
1 DC T To 1 DC 1
t= ln = ln
(4)
6 hhi T T 6 hhi T To
1
T To
The response time, ts , is the time when
T To = 0.63 (T To ) (5)
bP bP
1 DC 1 1 DC
ts = ln = (6)
6 hhi 1 0.63 6 hhi
| {z }
1
(1 102 )(1900)(1050)
ts = = 14.5 s
6(230)
25
Problem 7.23
a) The Biot number is
hhiL (80)(2 102 )
BiH = = = 0.004 (1)
k 401
Thus, the lumped-parameter analysis is applicable. Considering the copper slab as a system,
the inventory rate equation for thermal energy is written as
Problem 7.24
System: Contents of the tank
nsys = no + Xt (2)
26
yields
(H esys )X = (no + Xt) dTsys
e in U (5)
dt
e + P V = U
=U
Since H e + RT, the left-side of Eq. (5) can be rearranged to the form
H esys = (U
e in U ein U
sys ) + RTin = C eV (Tin Tsys ) + RTin
eV + R)Tin C
= (C eV Tsys = CeP Tin C
eV Tsys = CeV ( Tin Tsys ) (6)
where = CP /CV . Substitution of Eq. (6) into Eq. (5) yields
dTsys
( Tin Tsys )X = (no + Xt) (7)
dt
Note that Eq. (7) is a separable equation. Dropping the subscript sys and rearrangement
gives Z t Z T
dt dT
X = (8)
0 no + Xt To Tin T
Integration yields
no + Xt Tin T
ln = ln (9)
no Tin To
Solving for temperature, T :
no + Xt 1
T = Tin ( Tin To ) (10)
no
The dependence of pressure on time can be calculated from the ideal gas law as
" #
nRT (no + Xt)R no + Xt 1
P= = Tin ( Tin To )
V V no
(no + Xt)R Tin no R
= ( Tin To ) (11)
V V
Simplification gives
XR Tin
P = Po + t (12)
V
The plot of P versus t gives a straight line with a slope 0.114 bar/ min . Hence,
XR Tin
= 0.114 (13)
V
The numerical values are:
R = 8.314 105 bar. m3 / mol. K
= 1.4
Tin = 120 + 273 = 393 K
V = 0.1 m3
From Eq. (13) the molar flow rate is
0.114V (0.114)(0.1)
n in = X = = = 0.25 mol/ min
R Tin (8.314 105 )(1.4)(393)
The mass flow rate is
m
in = (0.25)(29) = 7.25 g/ min
27
Problem 7.25
System: Contents of the tank
Since n in = n out = n,
the inventory rate equation for mass reduces to
dnsys
=0 nsys = constant = no (1)
dt
where
(2)(0.2)
no = = 15.6 mol
(8.314 105 )(35 + 273)
On the other hand, inventory rate equation for energy takes the form
e
H e out n out = d(nU )sys
e in n in H (2)
dt
or,
e
n (H e out ) = no dUsys
e in H (3)
dt
e out = H
Assuming complete mixing within the tank at any instant, i.e., H e sys , and expressing
enthalpy and internal energy in terms of temperature give
n C eV dTsys
eP (Tin Tsys ) = no C (4)
dt
Note that Eq. (4) is a separable equation. Rearrangement of Eq. (4) results in
Z T Z t
dT n
= dt (5)
To Tin Tsys no 0
Integration gives
n
t
T = Tin (Tin To ) exp (6)
no
The numerical values are
The pressure is
nRT (15.6)(8.314 105 )(326.8)
P = = = 2.12 bar
V 0.2
28
Problem 7.26
System: Contents of the tank (V = 0.2 m3 )
ein + RTin ) 6 (U
esys + RTsys ) = (no + 4 t)C
eV dTsys esys
10 (U + 4U (6)
dt
Rearrangement of Eq. (6) results in
ein U
10 (U eV dTsys
esys ) + 10 RTin 6 RTsys = (no + 4 t)C
dt
or,
10 C eV dTsys
eV (Tin Tsys ) + 10 RTin 6 RTsys = (no + 4 t)C (7)
dt
Simplification yields (Note: C eV = ; R/C
eP /C eV = 1)
dTsys
10 Tin (4 + 6 ) Tsys = (no + 4 t) (8)
dt
Since Eq. (8) is a separable equation, rearrangement gives
Z t Z T
dt dTsys
= (9)
0 no + 4 t To 10 Tin (4 + 6 ) Tsys
Integration yields
(1+1.5)
no + 4t
T = X (X To ) (10)
no
29
where
10 Tin
X= (11)
4 + 6
The numerical values are
nsys = 6 t (14)
esys
dU eV dTsys
=C
dt dt
yields
esys ) = t C
e in U eV dTsys
(H (16)
dt
e =U
Since H e + P V = U
e + RT, the left-side of Eq. (16) can be rearranged to the form
e in U
H esys = (U
ein U
esys ) + RTin = C eV (Tin Tsys ) + RTin
eV + R)Tin C
= (C eV Tsys = CeP Tin C
eV Tsys = CeV ( Tin Tsys ) (17)
eP /C
where = C eV . Substitution of Eq. (17) into Eq. (16) yields
dTsys
Tin Tsys = t (18)
dt
Note that the term Tin in Eq. (18) is given by Eq. (12). Therefore, Eq. (18) takes the following
form
dTsys 1 542.22 111.02 (1 + 0.256 t)3.1
+ Tsys = (19)
dt t t
30
Note that Eq. (19) is a linear equation with an integrating factor of = t. Multiplication of
Eq. (19) with an integrating factor gives
d(Tsys t)
= 542.22 111.02 (1 + 0.256 t)3.1 (20)
dt
Integration yields
111.02 (1 + 0.256 t)2.1
Tsys t = 542.22 t +K (21)
(0.256)(2.1)
where K is a constant of integration. At t = 0, K = 206.51. Therefore, the variation of air
temperature in the larger tank as a function of time is expressed as
206.51
Tsys = 542.22 1 (1 + 0.256 t)2.1 (22)
t
After 2 minutes, Tsys = 482.3 K. Hence, the pressure is
Problem 7.27
a) System: Fluid in the cylinder
or,
d dVref
ref =
m (Vref ref ) = ref (2)
dt dt
Integration of Eq. (2) gives
m
ref
Vref = t + C1 (3)
ref
The use of the initial condition
at t = 0 o
Vref = Vref (4)
o . Therefore, Eq. (3) becomes
gives C1 = Vref
o m
ref
Vref = Vref t (5)
ref
31
dV
V = V |Tref + (T Tref ) = Vref + Vref C (T Tref ) (8)
dT Tref
The product V then becomes
Therefore,
V = ref Vref + ref Vref ( C L )(T Tref ) (9)
c) Substitution of Eq. (9) into Eq. (6) gives
dVref dVref dT
m
= ref ref ( C L )(T Tref ) ref Vref ( C L ) (10)
dt dt dt
The use of Eqs. (2) and (5) in Eq. (10) yields
o m
ref dT
m
=m
ref ref ( C L )(T Tref ) ref Vref
+m t ( C L ) (11)
ref dt
where
dVref
Ro = (13)
dt
d)
m
m ref
100 = (4 105 1.1 103 )(5)(100) = 0.53%
m
ref
This much fractional error is important for high-precision pumps of 0.1% or better
stated reproducibility.
32
Tf = Tref + A cos t (15)
dTf
= A cos t (16)
dt
Substitution of Eqs. (15) and (16) into Eq. (12) gives
o
m m ref Vref
= ( L C )A sin t + t ( L C )A cos t (17)
m
ref Ro
Simplification gives
m
m ref
= 1.06
| 103 sin t} + 26.64 103 (20 t) cos t
{z (18)
m
ref | {z }
X Y
While the sine and cosine are out of phase by /2 rad, the term Y in Eq. (18) is usually the
important error contribution.
or,
d h bP (T Tref )
i
U A(T Tf ) =V C (19)
dt
where A is the surface area of the liquid pumped. Rearrangement of Eq. (19) gives
dT
(T Tf ) = (20)
dt
where
UA
= (21)
bP
V C
The variation of Tf as a function of time is given as
Tf = T + (Tref T ) e t (22)
33
Substitution of Eq. (22) into Eq. (20) gives
d
+ = (Tref T )e t (23)
dt
where = T T . Note that Eq. (23) is a linear equation with an integrating factor =
exp(t). Multiplication of Eq. (23) with an integrating factor yields
d
(et ) = (Tref T )e( )t (24)
dt
Integration of Eq. (24) and the use of the initial condition, T = Tref at t = 0, results
T Tref
= (e t et ) + et 1 (25)
Tref T
Substitution of Eq. (25) into Eq. (12) yields
o
Vref
f= (e t et ) + et 1 + t (e t et ) (26)
Ro
in which the term f is defined as
m
m ref 1
f = (27)
m
ref ( L C )(Tref T )
f ) To determine the time at which the fractional error function f achieves its maximum absolute
value, dierentiate Eq. (26) and equate the result to zero, i.e., df/dt = 0. The result is
ln(/ )
t= (28)
Problem 7.28
Designating spherical salt particle (species A) as a system, the conservation statement for
species A becomes
2 d D3
(D )hkc i(cAw cA )MA = SA (1)
dt 6
Taking cA 0, Eq. (1) becomes
Z t Z D
2hkc iAw dt = SA dD (2)
0 Do
Integration gives
2 hkc iAw t = SA (Do D) (3)
Note that 3
M D M 1/3
= D = Do (4)
Mo Do Mo
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) results in
" #
SA Do M 1/3
hkc i = 1 (5)
2 Aw t Mo
Substitution of the numerical values gives the average mass transfer coecient as
(2500)(0.05) h i
hkc i = 1 (0.95)1/3 = 8.2 106 m/ s
2(180)(12 60)
34
Problem 7.29
The governing equations are
dP1
m
in Qout P1 vs A2 P1 + A2 hkc ir P2 = V1 (1)
dt
dP2
vs A2 P1 A2 hkc ir P2 A2 hkc ib P2 = V2 (2)
dt
From Eq. (1)
V1 dP1 Qout + vs A2 m in
P2 = + P1 (3)
A2 hkc ir dt A2 hkc ir A2 hkc ir
Substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) gives
d2 P1 Qout + vs A2 A2 hkc ir dP1
+ +
dt2 V1 V2 dt
(Qout + vs A2 ) vs A2 in A2 hkc ir
m
+ P1 = (4)
V2 V2 V1 V2
where
hkc ib
=1+ (5)
hkc ir
Substitution of numerical values gives
d2 P1 dP1
2
+ 5.392 + 0.429P1 = 9.811 (6)
dt dt
One of the initial conditions is
at t = 0 P1 = 60
The second initial condition can be found from Eq. (1). Substitution of the numerical values
gives
dP1
at t = 0 = 861.9
dt
The solution is
P1 = 22.9 165.4 e 5.311 t + 202.5 e 0.081 t
35
CHAPTER 9
Problem 9.1
Note that for an incompressible fluid, i.e., = constant, integration of of the equation given in
the problem statement gives
|P | = gz (1)
a) Note that
1 mmHg = 1.3332 103 g/ cm. s2
The pressures are
(1.05)(980)(25)
Pneck = Paorta gz = 120 = 100.7 mmHg
1.3332 103
(1.05)(980)(90)
Pleg = Paorta + gz = 120 + = 189.5 mmHg
1.3332 103
b) The pressure at the bottom of the ocean is
dP
= g (2)
dz
in which z is measured in the direction opposite to gravity with z = 0 at sea level.
In this case since air is compressible, i.e., = (T, P ), Eq. (2) cannot be integrated directly.
Therefore, it is first necessary to express density as a function of temperature and pressure.
Assuming air to be an ideal gas
PM PM
= = (3)
RT R (To z)
where M is the molecular weight of air. Substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and rearrangement
gives Z P Z
dP Mg z dz
= (4)
Po P R 0 To z
Integration results in
z Mg/R
P = Po 1 (5)
To
The numerical values are
1
Note that z is measured in kilometers. For z = 8.9 km, P = 0.31 atm. Therefore, the atmo-
spheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about a third that at sea level.
The amount of oxygen usable for breathing is determined by atmospheric pressure. The
greater the atmospheric pressure, the closer the oxygen molecules. At high altitudes, air
molecules are further separated as a result of the decrease in atmospheric pressure. There-
fore, there is less oxygen that is able to enter the lungs.
Problem 9.2
For flow between parallel plates, the velocity distribution, Eq. (9.1-23), and the volumetric
flow rate, Eq. (9.1-26), are given by
(Po PL )B 2 x x 2
vz = (1)
2 L B B
(Po PL )W B 3
Q= (2)
12 L
Note that
x = r R (3)
B = R(1 ) (4)
W = R(1 + ) (5)
Substitution of Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (1) gives the approximate velocity distribution for
the axial annular flow as
2
approx (Po PL )R2 r 1 r
vz = 2(1 ) (6)
4L R 1 R
On the other hand, substitution of Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (2) gives the approximate
volumetric flow rate for the axial annular flow as
(Po PL )R4 2(1 2 )(1 )2
Qapprox = (7)
8L 3
The exact expressions for the velocity distribution and volumetric flow rate are
r 2 1 2 r
exact (Po PL )R2
vz = 1 ln (8)
4L R ln R
(Po PL )R4 (1 2 )2
Qexact = 1 4 + (9)
8L ln
Therefore,
vzapprox 2(1 )( )
= (10)
vzexact 1 2 (1 2 )(ln / ln )
and
Qapprox 2 (1 )2
=
Qexact 3 1 + 2 + [(1 2 )/ ln ]
where = r/R. Comparison of the approximate values with the exact ones are given in the
tables below:
2
vzapprox /vzexact Qapprox
= 0.6 = 0.7 = 0.8 = 0.9 Q
exact
0.60 1.000 0.60 0.996
0.65 0.926 0.65 0.997
0.70 0.950 1.000 0.70 0.998
0.75 0.973 0.956 0.75 0.999
0.80 0.995 0.977 1.000 0.80 0.999
0.85 1.015 0.997 0.980 0.85 1.000
0.90 1.035 1.017 0.999 1.000 0.90 1.000
0.95 1.053 1.035 1.017 1.000 0.95 1.000
Problem 9.3
a) The conservation of momentum for the oil phase gives
d2 vz g cos
2
= (1)
dx
g cos 2
vz = x + C2 (4)
2
The boundary condition on the belt surface is
at x = vz = V (5)
W g 3 cos
Q= WV (8)
3
3
b) When Q = 0, we get from Eq. (8) that
g 2 cos
V = (9)
3
Therefore,
g 2 cos
>V Q>0 Downward flow
3
g 2 cos
<V Q<0 Upward flow
3
Problem 9.4
The average velocity is
Z 2 Z R
vz r drd Z R
0 0 2
hvz i = Z 2 Z R
= 2 vz r dr (1)
R 0
r drd
0 0
Problem 9.5
The velocity distribution is given in Example 1.3 as
R |P | r R
v = 1 + 1 (1)
2 E ( ) sin R r
where
1 + cos
E ( ) = ln (2)
1 cos
a) When v is a maximum
v 1 R
=0 + 2 =0 (3)
r R r
Solving for r gives
r= R (4)
b) From Table C.3 in Appendix C
v
r = r (5)
r r
4
Substitution of Eq. (1) into Eq. (5) leads to
R |P | 1 1 2R
r = + 2 (6)
2 E ( ) sin r r r
When r = 0
2 R
r= (7)
1+
Problem 9.6
In rectangular coordinates, the governing equation for temperature is
2
T 2T 2T
k + + +<=0 (1)
x2 y2 z 2
Problem 9.7
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z, the conservation of energy is
expressed in the form
qz |z A qz |z+z A + A z < = 0 (1)
Dividing Eq. (1) by Az and letting z 0 gives
qz )|z qz )|z+z
lim +<=0 (2)
z0 z
or,
qz
+<=0 (3)
z
Substitution of
dT
qz = k (4)
dz
into Eq. (3) leads to
d2 T
k +<=0 (5)
dz 2
with the following boundary conditions
dT
at z = 0 k = hhA i(TA T ) (6)
dz
dT
at z = L k = hhB i(T TB ) (7)
dz
b) In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (5)-(7) become
d2
+=0 (9)
d 2
5
d
at = 0 = (BiH )A (1 ) (10)
d
d
at = 1 = (BiH )B (11)
d
d) The location of the maximum temperature, , is the point at which d/d = 0. Thus
Problem 9.8
The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.2-26), i.e.,
k d dT
r =< (1)
r dr dr
Problem 9.9
The location of the maximum temperature can be calculated from Eq. (9.2-33):
( )1/2
r 0.5 1 (R1 /R2 )2
= (1)
R2 T =Tmax ln(R2 /R1 )
6
The use of Eq. (9.2-32) gives the value of the maximum temperature as
( " 2 # )
< R22 rmax 2 R1 ln(rmax /R2 )
Tmax = T2 + 1 1 (2)
4k R2 R2 ln(R1 /R2 )
or, ( " 2 # )
(106 )(0.8)2 60 ln(0.872)
Tmax = 55 + 1 (0.872)2 1 = 389.6 C
4(15) 80 ln(60/80)
Problem 9.10
a) The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.2-26), i.e.,
k d dT
r =< (1)
r dr dr
< 2
T = r + C2 (6)
4k
Application of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (3) gives
<R < R2
C2 = + + T (7)
2 hhi 4k
b) Note that
at r = R T = Ts (9)
Thus, from Eq. (8)
<R
Ts = + T (10)
2 hhi
7
c) The rate of heat loss from the rod is given by
dT
Q = k 2RL = R2 L< (11)
dr r=R
d) Considering the rod as a system, the conservation of energy is
Rate of energy out = Rate of energy generation (12)
or,
2RLhhi(Ts T ) = R2 L< (13)
Solving for Ts gives
<R
Ts = + T
2 hhi
From Eq. (12), the rate of heat loss is equal to rate of heat generation. Thus
Q = R2 L<
Problem 9.11
a) The governing equations for temperature in Regions A and B are given by
kA d dTA
r +<=0 (1)
r dr dr
d dTB
r =0 (2)
dr dr
subject to the following boundary conditions
dTA
at r = 0 =0 (3)
dr
at r = RA TA = TB (4)
dTA dTB
at r = RA kA = kB (5)
dr dr
dTB
at r = RB kB = hhi(TB T ) (6)
dr
The solutions of Eqs. (1) and (2) are
< 2
TA = r + C1 ln r + C2 (7)
4 kA
TB = C3 ln r + C4 (8)
Application of the boundary conditions gives
C1 = 0 (9)
< RA 2 2
< RA < RA2
RB
C2 = + ln + + T (10)
4 kA 2 kB RA 2 hhiRB
< RA2
C3 = (11)
2 kB
< RA 2 < RA2
C4 = ln RB + + T (12)
2 kB 2 hhiRB
8
Therefore, the temperature distributions take the form
2
" # < R2
< RA r 2 A 1 1 RB
TA = 1 + + ln + T (13)
4 kA RA 2 hhiRB kB RA
2
< RA 2
< RA
r
TB = ln + + T (14)
2 kB RB 2 hhiRB
b) Note that
at r = RB TB = Ts (15)
at r = RA TA = TB = TAB (16)
Thus, from Eq. (14)
2
< RA
Ts = + T (17)
2 hhiRB
Either from Eq. (13) or (14)
2
< RA 2
< RA
RA
TAB = ln + + T (18)
2 kB RB 2 hhiRB
9
Solving for TAB gives
2
< RA 2
< RA
RB
TAB = ln + + T
2 kB RA 2 hhiRB
Problem 9.12
a) The governing equations for temperature in Regions A and B are given by
d dTA
r =0 (1)
dr dr
kB d dTB
r +<=0 (2)
r dr dr
subject to the following boundary conditions
dTA
at r = 0 =0 (3)
dr
at r = RA TA = TB (4)
dTA dTB
at r = RA kA = kB (5)
dr dr
dTB
at r = RB kB = hhi(TB T ) (6)
dr
The solutions of Eqs. (1) and (2) are
TA = C1 ln r + C2 (7)
< 2
TB = r + C3 ln r + C4 (8)
4 kB
Application of the boundary conditions gives
C1 = 0 (9)
2
" # " #
< RB RA 2 RA 2 RA < RB RA 2
C2 = 1 +2 ln + 1 + T (10)
4 kB RB RB RB 2 hhi RB
2
< RA
C3 = (11)
2 kB
2
< RA 2
< RB 2
< RA
< RB
C4 = + ln RB + T (12)
2 hhi 2 hhiRB 4 kB 2 kB
" # " #
2
< RB r 2 RA 2 r < RB RA 2
TB = 1 +2 ln + 1 + T (14)
4 kB RB RB RB 2 hhi RB
10
b) Note that
at r = RB TB = Ts (15)
at r = RA TA = TB = TAB (16)
or, 2
2
2RB Lhhi(Ts T ) = RB RA L< (20)
Solving for Ts gives " #
< RB RA 2
Ts = 1 + T
2 hhi RB
From Eq. (19), the rate of heat loss is equal to rate of heat generation. Thus
2
Q = RB RA2
L<
Problem 9.13
a) The governing equation for Region A is
d dTA
r =0 (1)
dr dr
11
Integration of Eq. (5) gives
dTB
r = C20 (6)
dr
The use of the boundary condition
dTA dTB
at r = RA kA = kB (7)
dr dr
gives C20 = 0 and Eq. (6) simplifies to
dTB
=0 TB = C2 (8)
dr
The use of the boundary condition
at r = RA TA = TB (9)
indicates that
C1 = C2 TA = TB when 0 r RB (10)
The governing equation for Region C is
d dTC
r =0 (11)
dr dr
dTC
=0 TC = C3 (14)
dr
The use of the boundary condition
at r = RB TB = TC (15)
indicates that
C1 = C2 = C3 TA = TB = TC when 0 r RC (16)
12
The boundary conditions are
at r = RC TC = TD (19)
dTC dTD
at r = RC kC = kD (20)
dr dr
dTD
at r = RD kD = hhi(TD T ) (21)
dr
Application of Eq. (20) gives
2
< RC
C4 = (22)
2 kD
Application of Eq. (21) leads to
<RC2 2 2
<RD <RD <RC
C5 = + ln RD + T (23)
2 hhi 2 RD hhi 4 kD 2 kD
Therefore, Eq. (18) becomes
" # " #
< RD2
r 2 RC 2 r < RD RC 2
TD = 1 +2 ln + 1 + T (24)
4 kD RD RD RD 2 hhi RD
13
Problem 9.14
a) The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.2-26), i.e.,
k d dT
r =< (1)
r dr dr
The rate of generation per unit volume is given by
< = <o (1 + a T ) (2)
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) gives
d dT <o
r + (1 + a T )r = 0 (3)
dr dr k
b)
dT 1 du
u = 1 + aT = (4)
dr a dr
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) gives
d du <o a
r + ru = 0 (5)
dr dr k
or,
d du
r + r u = 0 (6)
dr dr
where
<o a
= (7)
k
c) Comparison of Eq. (7) with Eq. (B.2-16) indicates that
p=1 a= b=0 k=0
Since b = 0, Eq. (6) is reducible to Bessels equation. From Eqs. (B.2-17)-(B.2-19)
=1 =0 n=0
Therefore, the solution is p p
u = C1 Jo r + C2 Yo r (8)
Since Yo (0) = , C2 = 0 and the solution reduces to
p
u = C1 Jo r (9)
or,
C1 p 1
T = Jo r (10)
a a
The use of the boundary condition
at r = R T = TR (11)
gives the solution as
T + (1/a) Jo r
= (12)
TR + (1/a) Jo R
d) When R = 2.4048, Jo (2.4048) = 0 and T .
14
Problem 9.15
a) The governing equations for temperature in the stem and air regions are given by
k d dT
r +<=0 (1)
r dr dr
d dTa
r =0 (2)
dr dr
subject to the following boundary conditions
dT
at r = 0 =0 (3)
dr
at r = R T = Ta (4)
dT dTa
at r = R k = ka (5)
dr dr
at r = R + Ta = T (6)
< 2
T = r + C1 ln r + C2 (7)
4k
Ta = C3 ln r + C4 (8)
Application of the boundary conditions gives
C1 = 0 (9)
< R2 < R2
C2 = + ln 1 + + T (10)
4k 2 ka R
< R2
C3 = (11)
2 ka
< R2
C4 = ln(R + ) + T (12)
2 ka
Therefore, the temperature distribution within the stem becomes
r 2 < R2
< R2
T T = 1 + ln 1 + (13)
4k R 2 ka R
b) The temperature in excess of the ambient air at the center of the stem is
< R2 < R2
T |r=0 T = + ln 1 +
4k 2 ka R
3 2 2
(50 10 )(1 10 ) (50 103 )(1 102 )2 0.1
= + ln 1 + = 11.36 K
4(0.6) 2(0.0257) 1
The temperature in excess of the ambient air at the surface of the stem is
< R2 (50 103 )(1 102 )2 0.1
T |r=R T = ln 1 + = ln 1 + = 9.27 K
2 ka R 2(0.0257) 1
15
Problem 9.16
Remember from Problem 9.4 that the velocity profile is almost flat in the case of a turbulent
flow.
a) The inventory rate equation for energy is
m bP ( Tb | Tref ) m
C bP ( Tb |
C
z z+z Tref ) + Dzh(Tw Tb ) = 0 (1)
Tb |z Tb |z+z
m bP lim
C + Dh(Tw Tb ) = 0 (2)
z0 z
or,
m bP dTb = D h (Tw Tb )
C (3)
dz
Note that the term h is the local and not the average heat transfer coecient.
b) Rearrangement of Eq. (3) gives
Z Tbout Z L
bP dTb
m
C = D h dz (4)
Tbin Tw Tb 0
or,
bP ln Tw Tbin
m
C = DhhiL (5)
Tw Tbout
c) The average bulk temperature is (15 + 35)/2 = 25 C (298 K). The physical properties of
water at this temperature are:
On the other hand, the viscosity of water at 112 C is 248 106 kg/ m. s.
The Reynolds number is
Dhvz i 4m 4 (0.3)
Re = = = = 18, 618
D (892 106 )(23 103 )
Substitution of the numerical values into Eq. (5) gives the length of the heat exchanger as
(0.3)(4180) 112 15
L= ln = 1.13 m
(0.023)(3554) 112 35
16
Problem 9.17
a) The assumptions are
Considering the double-pipe heat exchanger as the system, the macroscopic energy balance
reduces to
H = HA + HB = 0 (1)
or,
(m bP )A (TA TA ) + (m
C bP )B (TB TB ) = 0
C (2)
2 1 1 2
Q = (m bP )A (TA TA ) = (m
C bP )B (TB TB )
C (3)
2 1 2 1
b) For fluid A:
TA |z TA |z+z
(m bP )A lim
C + D1 UA (TB TA ) = 0 (5)
z0 z
or,
(m bP )A dTA = D1 UA (TB TA )
C (6)
dz
For fluid B:
(m bP )B ( TB |
C bP )B ( TB | Tref ) = 0
z+z Tref ) D1 zUA (TB TA ) (m
C z (7)
TB |z+z TB |z
(m bP )B lim
C D1 UA (TB TA ) = 0 (8)
z0 z
or,
(m bP )B dTB = D1 UA (TB TA )
C (9)
dz
c) Subtraction of Eq. (6) from Eq. (9) yields
" #
d(TB TA ) 1 1
= D1 UA (TB TA ) (10)
dz (m bP )B
C (m bP )A
C
17
Substitution of Eqs. (11) and (12) into Eq. (10) gives
d(TB TA ) (TB2 TA2 ) (TB1 TA1 )
= D1 UA (TB TA ) (13)
dz Q
Note that UA is assumed constant along the length of the heat exchanger. Integrating Eq. (14)
and rearrangement gives
(TB2 TA2 ) (TB1 TA1 )
Q = (D1 L)UA (15)
| {z } TB2 TA2
AH ln
TB1 TA1
| {z }
TLM
f ) Neglecting the thermal resistance of the wall and assuming R1 R2 , the expression for the
overall heat transfer coecient becomes
1 1
1 1 1 1
UA = + = + = 840 W/ m2 . K
hhA i hhB i 3554 1100
Q 25, 080
L= = = 5.2 m
D1 UA TLM (0.023)(840)(79)
Problem 9.18
Assumptions
18
The rate of heat transferred from oil to water can be calculated by using three dierent equa-
tions, i.e.,
Q = (m CbP )oil |Toil | = (m bP )water |Twater | = Uo Ao TLM
C (1)
where Uo is the overall heat transfer coecient based on the outside diameter of the pipe.
The log-mean temperature dierence is
When the temperature approaches are equal to each other, TLM = T = 25 C. Hence,
Eq. (1) becomes
or,
(m bP )oil = (m
C bP )water = 1.25Uo Ao
C (3)
The overall heat transfer coecient based on the outside diameter can be calculated from Eq.
(8.2-43) as
1 1
Do 1 25 1
Uo = + = + = 383 W/ m2 . K (4)
hhoil iDi hhwater i (600)(22) 1400
(m bP )oil = (m
C bP )water = 479 Ao
C (5)
When the oil flow rate is increased by 40%, the new values of the flow rates become
The new value of hhoil i under the new set of conditions can be calculated from the relation
0.83
hhoil i1 m
1
= (8)
hhoil i2 m
2
or,
hhoil i2 = (600)(1.4)0.83 = 793 W/ m2 . K (9)
Therefore, the new value of Uo is
1
Do 1 25 1 1
Uo = + = + = 466 W/ m2 . K (10)
hhoil iDi hhwater i (793)(22) 1400
19
Substitution of Eqs. (6) and (7) into Eq. (11) gives
Substitution of the values from Eqs. (6), (10) and (14) into Eq. (15) gives
0.4 Toil 24
1.44 (60 Toil ) = (16)
1.4 Toil 39
ln
Toil 15
The solution gives Toil = 43 C. Therefore
Twater = 99 (1.4)(43) = 39 C
Problem 9.19
Physical Properties
= 453 106 kg/ m. s
k = 656 103 W/ m. K
For water at (82 + 42)/2 = 62 C : b = 4186 J/ kg. K
C
P
Pr = 2.88
= 15.08 106 kg/ m. s
For air at 20 C : k = 25.63 103 W/ m. K
Pr = 0.712
Analysis
a) Since the pipe wall has a negligible thickness, either Eq. (8.2-42) or Eq. (8.2-43) reduces to
1 1 1
U= + (1)
hw ha
Considering water in the pipe as a system, the inventory rate equation for energy becomes
20
or,
m bP (Tb Tref ) = m
C bP (Tb Tref ) + DLU TLM
C (3)
in out
bP
m
C Tbin T
L= ln (5)
DU Tbout T
4m
4(0.4)
Re = = = 11, 243
D (0.1)(453 106 )
21
Problem 9.20
The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.3-79) as
d2 T V 2
k + =0 (1)
dx2 B2
The boundary conditions are
at x = 0 T = To (2)
at x = B T = To (3)
T x V 2
= = Br = (4)
To B kTo
Eqs. (1)-(3) take the form
d2
= Br (5)
d 2
at = 0 =1 (6)
at = 1 =1 (7)
Problem 9.21
The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.3-79) as
d2 T V 2
k + =0 (1)
dx2 B2
The boundary conditions are
at x = 0 T = To (2)
dT
at x = B =0 (3)
dx
22
In terms of the following dimensionless quantities
T x V 2
= = Br = (4)
To B kTo
Eqs. (1)-(3) take the form
d2
= Br (5)
d 2
at = 0 =1 (6)
d
at = 1 =0 (7)
d
Thus, the temperature distribution is given by
2
1 = Br (8)
2
or,
V 2 x 1 x 2
T To = (9)
k B 2 B
Problem 9.22
a) From Eq. (9.1-23) the velocity distribution is
(Po PL )B 2 x x 2
vz = (1)
2 L B B
d2 T
k = < (2)
dx2
where 2
dvz
<= (3)
dx
The use of Eq. (1) in Eq. (3) gives
2 x x 2
Po PL B2
<= 14 +4 (4)
L 4 B B
23
Application of the boundary conditions
at x = 0 T = To
at x = B T = To
b) In order to calculate the Nusselt number, first it is necessary to determine the bulk temper-
ature Z Z Z
W B 1
vz T dxdy vz T d
0 0 0
Tb = Z W Z B
= Z 1
(8)
vz dxdy vz d
0 0 0
where
x
= (9)
B
Substitution of Eqs. (1) and (7) into (8) gives
Z 1
2
1 3 2 3 4
2 + 2 d
Po PL B4 0 2 2
Tb = To + Z 1
L 12 k
2 d
0
2
Po PL B4 2
= To + (10)
L 12 k 35
Note that the hydraulic radius is 2B and the definition of the Nusselt number is given by
2 Bhhi
Nu = (11)
k
The use of Fouriers law of heat conduction and Newtons law of cooling gives
dT dT
k = hhi(Tb To ) and k = hhi(Tb To ) (12)
dx x=0 dx x=B
Problem 9.23
a) Since vz (x), the only non-zero shear stress component is xz and it is given by
dvz
xz = (1)
dx
24
Since the pressure gradient is zero, the equation of motion becomes
d xz d dvz
=0 =0 (2)
dx dx dx
The temperature is dependent on x. Following the derivation given in Section 9.3.2, the
equation of energy becomes
d2 T
k 2 +<=0 (3)
dx
or,
d2 T dvz 2
k 2 + =0 (4)
dx dx
b) Integration of Eq. (2) gives
dvz
= C1 (5)
dx
where C1 is a constant of integration. In Eq. (5) is dependent on x via T . Integration of Eq.
(5) gives Z vz Z x
dx
dvz = vz = C1 (6)
0 0
Note that Eq. (6) can also be expressed as
Z V Z B
dx
dvz = V = C1 (7)
0 0
d2
2 + e = 0 (11)
d
25
d) Multiplication of Eq. (11) by 2(d/d) gives
d d2 d
2 2 + 2 e =0 (12)
d d d
| {z }
!
d d 2
d d
where C is an integration constant. Taking the square root of Eq. (13) yields
p
d
= 2 C e (14)
d
Rearrangement gives
! r
C e C C 1
arctanh =2 arctanh (18)
C 8 C
or, " r
#
C e C C 1
= tanh 2 arctanh (19)
C 8 C
Solving for e
( " r #)
C 2 C 1
e = C 1 tanh 2 arctanh
8 C
" r #
C C 1
= C sech2 2 arctanh (20)
8 C
26
Note that when = 1, = 0. Therefore, from Eq. (18)
r
C 1 C C 1
arctanh =2 arctanh (22)
C 8 C
or,
r
C 1 C
arctanh = (23)
C 8
Substitution of Eq. (23) into Eq. (21) gives the temperature distribution as
( "r #)
C
= ln C sech2 (2 1) (24)
8
at = 1 =1 (25)
gives r ! r !
C C
C sech2 =1 C = cosh2 (26)
8 8
f) Substitution of Eq. (24) into Eq. (9) gives
Z "r #
C
sech2 (2 1) d
vz 0 8
=Z "r # (27)
V 1
C
sech2 (2 1) d
0 8
Using Z
tanh ax
sech2 ax dx = (28)
a
and
tanh( x) = tanh x (29)
gives the velocity distribution as
"r #
C
tanh (2 1)
vz 1 8
= 1+ r ! (30)
V 2 C
tanh
8
Problem 9.24
a) Since T = T (x), the total energy flux in the xdirection is
dT bP T )V
ex = k + ( C (1)
dx
Over a dierential volume element of thickness x, the inventory rate equation for energy is
written as
ex |x W L ex |x+x W L = 0 (2)
27
Dividing Eq. (2) by W Lx and taking the limit as x 0 gives
ex |x ex |x+x
lim =0 (3)
x0 x
or,
dex
=0 (4)
dx
Substitution of Eq. (1) into Eq. (4) gives
2
CbP V dT = k d T (5)
dx dx2
b) In dimensionless form, Eq. (5) becomes
d2 d
2 d = 0 (6)
d
c) The solution of Eq. (6) is
= A + B e (7)
The boundary conditions are
at = 0 =0 (8)
at = 1 =1 (9)
Evaluation of the constants leads to
1 e
= (10)
1 e
d) The heat flux at the lower plate is
dT k (T1 To ) d
qx |x=0 = k = (11)
dx x=0 B d =0
Substitution of Eq. (9) into Eq. (11) yields
k (T1 To )
qx |x=0 = (12)
B (1 e )
Problem 9.25
In this case Eq. (9.4-7) becomes
d2 cA
DAB = ko (1)
dz 2
Integration of Eq. (1) twice leads to
ko
cA = z 2 + K1 z + K2 (2)
2 DAB
The use of the boundary conditions
at z = 0 cA = cAo (3)
dcA
at z = L =0 (4)
dz
gives the concentration distribution as
z
ko L2 z 2
cA cAo = 2 (5)
2 DAB L L
28
Problem 9.26
a) Remember from Problem 9.4 that the velocity profile is almost flat for turbulent flow.
Problem 9.27
a) Neglecting the mass transfer resistance in the liquid, the inventory rate equation for the
conservation of species A becomes
2 z DAB
Q cAb |z Q cAb |z+z + (cA cAb ) = 0 (1)
ln(R2 /R1 )
Dividing Eq. (1) by z and taking the limit as z 0 gives
cAb |z cAb |z+z 2 DAB
Q lim + (cA cAb ) = 0 (2)
z0 z ln(R2 /R1 )
or,
dcAb 2 DAB
Q = (cA cAb ) (3)
dz ln(R2 /R1 )
b) Rearrangement of Eq. (3) gives
Z cA Z z
b dcAb 2 DAB
= dz (4)
cAo cA cAb Q ln(R2 /R1 ) 0
Integration results in
cA cAb 2 DAB z
ln = (5)
cA cAo Q ln(R2 /R1 )
or,
2 DAB z
cAb = cA (cA cAo ) exp (6)
Q ln(R2 /R1 )
29
Problem 9.28
a) Using the chain rule of dierentiation
d DAB
= = (1)
z dz vmax 2
d 1 1
= = = (2)
x dx x
2 1 1 1 2
= = = (3)
x2 x x 2 2
Therefore, Eqs. (9.5-88)-(9.5-91) become
2
(1 2 ) = (4)
2
at = 0 =1 (5)
at = 0 =0 (6)
at = 1 =0 (7)
(, ) = F () G() (8)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (10)
F d G (1 2 ) d 2
| {z } | {z }
f () only f () only
1 dF 2
= 2 F = e
(11)
F d
1 d2 G
= 2 G (12)
1 2 d 2
Equation (12) is an eigenvalue problem, and there are many solutions (eigenfunctions) Gn ()
corresponding to the many eigenvalues n . Complete solution will then be a linear combination
of products of the form
X
2
= An e n Gn () (13)
n=1
30
Since Gn () are orthogonal over the range = 0 to = 1 with respect to the weight function
(1 2 ), then multiplication of Eq. (14) by (1 2 )Gm and integration from = 0 to = 1
gives
Z 1 Z 1
X
2
(1 ) Gm d = An (1 2 ) Gn Gm d (15)
0 n=1 0
Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 ) Gn d = An (1 2 ) G2n d (16)
0 0
Z 1
(1 2 ) Gn d
0
An = Z 1
(17)
2
(1 ) G2n d
0
c) At the gas-liquid interface
cA
DAB = kc (cA cAb ) (18)
x x=0
kc (/)=0
Sh = = (22)
DAB b
d) Note that the term (/)=0 can be obtained from Eq. (13) as
X
2n dGn
= An e (23)
=0 d =0
n=1
31
On the other hand, the use of Eq. (13) in Eq. (21) gives
Z
1X
3 2
b = An e n (1 2 ) Gn d
2 0 n=1
X Z 1
3 2
= An e n (1 2 ) Gn d
2 n=1 0
X 1 Z 2
3 2 1 d Gn
= An e n 2 d
2 n=1 0 n d 2
3 X An 2n dGn
= e d (24)
2 n=1 n 2 d =0
Substitution of Eqs. (23) and (24) into Eq. (22) gives the Sherwood number as
X
dGn 2
An e n
2 n=1 d =0
Sh = (25)
3X An 2 dGn
e n
n=1
2n d =0
For large , we need only the first term in each sum so that
2
2 A1 e 1 (dG1 /d)=0 2
Sh = = 21 (26)
3 (A1 /21 ) e 21 (dG1 /d)=0 3
Therefore, if we want the local Sherwood number at large , all we need to calculate is the first
eigenvalue for the boundary value problem
1 d2 G 2
2 2 = G (27)
1 d
at = 0 G=0 (28)
dG
at = 1 =0 (29)
d
A reasonable first guess for G which satisfies the boundary conditions is
G1 = ( 2) (30)
d2 G
= 21 (1 2 )( 2) (31)
d 2
32
Hence, the first approximation is
Z 1
(1 2 )f1 ()( 2) d
2 (1) 0
1 = Z 1
= 5.122 (33)
2
(1 )f12 () d
0
(2)(5.122)
Sh = = 3.41 (34)
3
Problem 9.29
When
x
p =2 (1)
4 DAB z/vmax
Eq. (9.5-128) becomes
cA cAo
= 1 erf(2) = 1 0.995 = 0.005 (2)
cA cAo
Problem 9.30
For water at 20 C
= 999 kg/ m3 = 1001 106 kg/ m. s
The mass flow rate of water is
4m
4 (6.5 103 )
Re = = = 32.5 (2)
W (1001 106 )(0.8)
Q 6.5 106
hvz i = = = 0.06 m/ s (4)
W (0.8)(1.36 104 )
33
The mass transfer coecient can be calculated from Eq. (9.5-106) as
3.41 DAB 3.41 (1.3 109 )
hkc i = = = 3.26 105 m/ s (5)
1.36 104
The macroscopic material balance for H2 S (species A) becomes
h i (cA cAo ) cA (cAb )L
Q (cAb )L cAo = (W L)hkc i (6)
cA cAo
ln
cA (cAb )L
Since cAo = 0, Eq. (6) simplifies to
W Lhkc i
(cAb )L = cA 1 exp
Q
(0.8)(2)(3.26 105 )
= (0.1) 1 exp ' 0.1 kmol/ m3 (7)
6.5 106
Therefore, the rate of absorption is
n A = Q (cAb )L = (6.5 106 )(0.1) = 6.5 107 kmol/ s
Problem 9.31
For water at 25 C
= 997 kg/ m3 = 892 106 kg/ m. s
The mass flow rate of water is
= Q = (8.5 106 )(997) = 8.5 103 kg/ s
m (1)
The width, W , is
W = D = (0.05) = 0.157 m (2)
The Reynolds number is
4m
4 (8.5 103 )
Re = = = 243 (3)
W (892 106 )(0.157)
The thickness of the film, , is calculated from Eq. (9.1-61) as
1/3
3 Q 1/3 3 (892 106 )(8.5 106 )
= = = 2.5 104 m (4)
gW (997)(9.8)(0.157)
The maximum velocity can be calculated from Eq. (9.1-58) as
g 2 (997)(9.8)(2.5 104 )2
vmax = = = 0.342 m/ s (5)
2 2 (892 106 )
The use of Eq. (9.5-132) gives the rate of absorption of CO2 , n A , as
r
4 DAB vmax
n A = W L (cA cAo )
L
s
4 (1.92 109 )(0.342)
= (0.157)(1.5)(0.0336) = 1.87 107 kmol/ s
(1.5)
34
Problem 9.32
The exposure time, texp , is
D
texp = (1)
v
where D and v are the diameter and velocity of the bubble, respectively. Therefore, the range
of texp is
0.2 0.6
texp = = 5.7 103 s texp = = 4 102 s (2)
35 15
The mass transfer coecient is given by Eq. (9.5-139), i.e.,
s
4 DAB
hkc i = (3)
texp
Taking DAB = 105 , the range for the mass transfer coecient becomes
s
4 (105 )
hkc i = = 4.7 102 cm/ s
(5.7 103 )
s
4 (105 )
hkc i = = 1.8 102 cm/ s
(4 102 )
Problem 9.33
a) The inventory rate equations for the mass of species A and B are
dNAz
= <A (1)
dz
dNBz
= <B (2)
dz
where
<A = <B = kcxB (3)
Addition of Eqs. (1) and (2) indicates that
b) On the other hand, the heterogeneous reaction at the catalytic surface indicates that
35
c) We need to solve one of the conservation equations because xA + xB = 1 everywhere in
0 z . The molar flux of species B is
dxB
NBz = c DAB (9)
dz
Substitution of Eqs. (3) and (9) into Eq. (2) gives
d2 xB k
xB = 0 (10)
dz 2 DAB
at z = 0 xB = xBo (11)
NBz
at z = xB = 1 + (12)
c ks
d) Let be the dimensionless distance defined by
z
= (13)
so that Eq. (10) takes the form
d2 xB
2 xB = 0 (14)
d 2
The solution of Eq. (14) is
Application of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (11) gives C1 = xBo . On the other hand,
application of the Eq. (12) gives
NBz |=1
1 xBo cosh +
C2 = = ks c (16)
sinh
Therefore, the solution is
xB = xBo cosh() + sinh() (17)
Let us evaluate NBz |=1 :
c DAB
NBz = [xBo sinh() + cosh()] (19)
Evaluation of Eq. (19) at = 1 yields
NBz |=1
c DAB 1 xBo cosh + ksc
NBz |=1 = xBo sinh + cosh (20)
sinh
36
Solving for NBz |=1 gives
(xBo cosh )
NBz |=1 = (21)
sinh cosh
+
c DAB ksc
Substitution of Eq. (21) into Eq. (16) gives
xBo cosh
1 xBo cosh +
(/) sinh + cosh
= (22)
sinh
in which
ks
= (23)
DAB
e) For an instantaneous heterogeneous reaction, . Under these circumstances, Eq. (22)
simplifies to
1 xBo cosh
= (24)
sinh
f ) If there is no homogeneous reaction, i.e., = 0,
xBo cosh sinh()
xB = xBo + lim 1 xBo cosh + lim (25)
0 (/) sinh + cosh 0 sinh
Problem 9.34
a) For a cylindrical dierential volume element of thickness r in the polymeric rod, the
conservation statement for the mass of species A becomes
37
into Eq. (3) gives the governing dierential equation for the concentration of species A as
DAB d dcA
r + ko = 0 (5)
r dr dr
cA r ko R2
= = =
cA R 4DAB cA
d
at = 0 =0 (9)
d
at = 1 =1 (10)
d
= 2 (12)
d
= 2 + K2 (13)
Application of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (10) gives K2 = 1 + and the solution
becomes
= 1 + (1 2 ) (14)
b) The dimensionless term represents
Rate of reaction
=
Rate of diusion
When 1, i.e., Rate of diusion Rate of reaction, ' 1, indicating that the concentration
distribution of species A is almost uniform within the rod .
38
Problem 9.35
Equation (9.4-33) is given by
d 2 d
2 2 = 0 (1)
d d
Comparison of Eq. (1) with Eq. (B.2-16) indicates that p = 2, j = 2, a = 2 and b = 0.
Therefore, Eq. (1) is Bessels equation and the use of Eqs. (B.2-17)-(B.2-19) gives = 1,
= 1/2 and n = 1/2. Equation (B.2-25) gives the solution as
1 h i
= K10 I1/2 () + K20 I1/2 () (2)
39
CHAPTER 10
Problem 10.1
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element with dimensions of xy z, Eq. (10.2-1)
is expressed as
qx |x qx |x+x yz + qy |y qy |y+y xz + qz |z qz |z+z xy =
h i
bP (T To ) (1)
xyz C
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by xyz and letting x 0, y 0, z 0 give
bP T 2T 2T 2T
C =k + k + k (5)
t x2 y 2 z 2
2T k T
k =
x2 H2
2T k T
k =
y 2 W2
2T k T
k =
z 2 L2
Thus,
L 2T 2T
When 1 k k
H z 2 x2
L 2T 2T
When 1 k k
W z 2 y2
Problem 10.2
a) Under steady conditions, the temperature distribution is
T = C1 z + C2 (1)
1
The use of the boundary conditions
at z = 0 T = To (2)
at z = L T = TL (3)
2
= 2 (13)
at = 0 = (14)
at = 0 =1 (15)
at = 1 =0 (16)
b) Since the boundary condition at = 0 is not homogeneous, propose a solution in the form
( , ) = () t ( , ) (17)
d2
=0 = C3 z + C4 (18)
d 2
2
with the following boundary conditions
at = 0 = 1 (19)
at = 1 = 0 (20)
= 1 (21)
c) Substitution of Eq. (17) into Eq. (13) gives the governing equation for the transient
contribution as
t 2 t
= (22)
2
subject to the following initial and boundary conditions
at = 0 t = 1 2 (23)
at = 0 t = 0 (24)
at = 1 t = 0 (25)
1 dF 1 d2 G 2
= 2 = (28)
F d
| {z } G d
| {z }
f ( ) only f () only
1 dF 2
= 2 F = e
(29)
F d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C5 sin() + C6 cos() (30)
d 2
The boundary conditions for G() are
at = 0 G=0 (31)
at = 1 G=0 (32)
C5 sin = 0 (33)
3
The unknown coecients Ak can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (23).
The result is Z 1 Z 1
(1 2 ) sin(k) d = Ak sin2 (k) d (36)
0 0
or, ( 4
2 h i
when k = 2, 4, 6
Ak = (1)n + 1 = k (37)
k 0 when k = 1, 3, 5
Replacing k by n such that
k = 2n (38)
Eq. (35) becomes
2X1
t = exp 4n2 2 sin(2n) (39)
n=1 n
Problem 10.3
a) For a cylindrical dierential volume element of thickness z, conservation of energy is
expressed in the form
h 2 bP (T Tref )
i
qz |z R2 qz |z+z R2 = R z C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by R2 z and letting z 0 gives
q | qz |z+z
bP T = lim z z
C (2)
t z0 z
or,
bP T = qz
C (3)
t z
Substitution of
T
qz = k (4)
z
into Eq. (3) gives
2
C bP T = k T (5)
t z 2
The initial and boundary conditions are
T To z 2
at t = 0 = (6)
TL To L
T
at z = 0 =0 (7)
z
T
at z = L =0 (8)
z
In terms of dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (5)-(8) take the form
2
= 2 (9)
4
at = 0 = 2 (10)
at = 0 =0 (11)
at = 1 =0 (12)
b) The solution is proposed in the form
( , ) = F ( ) G() (13)
1 dF 1 d2 G 2
= 2 = (15)
F d
| {z } G d
| {z }
f ( ) only f () only
1 dF 2
= 2 F = e
(16)
F d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C1 sin() + C2 cos() (17)
d 2
The boundary conditions for G() are
dG
at = 0 =0 (18)
d
dG
at = 1 =0 (19)
d
Application of Eq. (18) gives C1 = 0. Application of Eq. (19) yields
C2 sin = 0 (20)
5
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e. Eq. (10).
The result is Z 1 Z 1
2 1
cos(n) d = An cos2 (n) d (25)
0 3 0
or,
4 (1)n
An = (26)
2 n2
Thus, Eq. (24) becomes
1 4 X (1)n
= + 2 2
exp n2 2 cos(n) (27)
3 n=1 n
Problem 10.4
From Eq. (10.2-67), the heat flux at the surface is given by
k (T To )
qz |z=0 = (1)
t
where T is the surface temperature and To is the initial temperature of the slab.
Equating the heat fluxes at the interface leads to
where Ti is the interface (or, contact) temperature. Simplification of Eq. (2) gives
Ti TBo B kA
= (3)
TAo TBo B kA + A kB
Note that when you touch the hot wall for a very short period of time, both the wall and the
finger act as a semi-infinite solid.
Ti 33 1.5 107 (0.15)
= Ti = 49.9 C
80 33 1.5 107 (0.15) + 1.2 107 (0.3)
6
Problem 10.5
The left-side of Eq. (10.2-65) is
T T 15 2
= = 0.68 (1)
T To 15 10
Therefore,
s s
erf = 0.68 = 0.703 (2)
4 t 4 t
The time required is
2
1 s 2 1 1 1
t= = = 351.3 h (3)
4 0.703 4 (4 107 ) 0.703 3600
Problem 10.6
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z, conservation of energy is
expressed in the form
h bP (T Tref )
i
qz |z A qz |z+z A = Az C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by Az and letting z 0 gives
T qz |z qz |z+z
bP
C = lim (2)
t z0 z
or,
bP T qz
C = (3)
t z
Substitution of
T
qz = k (4)
z
into Eq. (3) gives
2
CbP T = k T (5)
t z 2
The initial and boundary conditions associated with Eq. (5) are
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at z = 0 k = hh1 i(T T ) (7)
z
T
at z = L k = hh2 i(T T ) (8)
z
b) In terms of the dimensionless quantities Eqs. (5)-(8) become
2
= 2 (9)
at = 0 =1 (10)
at = 0 = (BiH )1 (11)
at = 1 = (BiH )2 (12)
7
c) Assume a solution in the form
( , ) = F ( ) G() (13)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (14)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(15)
d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C1 sin() + C2 cos() (16)
d 2
The boundary conditions for G() are
dG
at = 0 = (BiH )1 G (17)
d
dG
at = 1 = (BiH )2 G (18)
d
If we let
B1
Xn (n ) = cos(n ) + sin(n ) (23)
n
Eq. (22) takes the form
X 2
= An e n Xn (n ) (24)
n=1
d)
d2 Xn
+ 2n Xn = 0 k Xm (25)
d 2
d2 Xm 2
2 + m Xm = 0 k Xn (26)
d
8
First subtraction of Eq. (26) from Eq. (25), then multiplication of the resulting equation by
d and integration from = 0 to = 1 gives
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2 2 d2 Xm d2 Xn
(n m ) Xn Xm d = Xn d Xm d (27)
0 0 d 2 0 d 2
The integrals on the right-side of Eq. (27) are integrated by parts to get
Z Z 1
1
d2 Xm dXm 1 dXn dXm
Xn d = Xn d (28)
0 d 2 d 0 0 d d
Z Z 1
1
d2 Xn dXn 1 dXn dXm
Xm d = Xm d (29)
0 d 2 d 0 0 d d
Substitution of Eqs. (28) and (29) into Eq. (27) gives
Z
1
dXm dXn 1
(2n 2m ) Xn Xm d = Xn Xm (30)
0 d d 0
Noting that
dXn dXm
=0 B1 Xn = 0 B1 Xm = 0 (31)
d d
dXn dXm
=1 + B2 Xn = 0 + B2 Xm = 0 (32)
d d
Eq. (30) becomes
Z 1 Z 1
(2n 2m ) Xn Xm d = 0 Xn Xm d = 0 (33)
0 0
Now consider Z 1
d2 Xn
2
+ n Xn = 0 Xn d
d 2 0
or, Z Z
1 1
d2 Xn
2n Xn2 d = Xn d (34)
0 0 d 2
The integral on the right-side of Eq. (34) is integrated by parts and the result is
Z Z 1
1
dXn 1 dXn 2
2n Xn2 d = Xn + d (35)
0 d 0 0 d
9
On the other hand, taking the square of Eq. (36) gives
Now, consider the first term on the right-side of Eq. (42). The use of the boundary conditions
defined by Eqs. (31) and (32) yields
dXn 1
Xn = B1 Xn2 =0 + B2 Xn2 =1 (43)
d 0
On the other hand, the use of Eq. (40) together with Eq. (32) gives
2n + B12
Xn2 =1 = 2 (45)
n + B22
e) The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (10).
The result is Z 1 Z 1
Xn d = An Xn2 d (48)
0 0
or,
2 2n + B22 (n sin n B1 cos n + B1 )
An = 2 (49)
n (B1 B2 )2 + 2n + B1 B2 2n + B1 B2 + B1 + B2
10
f ) The average temperature is given by
Z 1
hi = d
0
! 2
X B22 n sin n B1 (cos n 1) exp( 2n )
=2 1+ (50)
n=1
2n 2n (B1 B2 )2 + 2n + B1 B2 2n + B1 B2 + B1 + B2
When B1 = 0.1 and B2 = 0.2, solution of Eq. (21) gives the eigenvalues as
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0.539 3.234 6.331 9.456 12.590 15.727 18.865 22.005 25.145 28.285 31.425
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 1.875 4.507 7.355 10.293 13.287 16.319 19.378 22.455 25.545 28.645 31.753
Problem 10.7
In this problem, L represents the total thickness of the slab.
a) The Biot number is
hhiL (40)(0.2)
BiH = = = 4.21
k 1.9
The use of Eq. (10.2-81) gives
11
b) In this case the Biot number is
hhiL (400)(0.2)
BiH = = = 42.1
k 1.9
and we can assume that the surface temperature is also 600 C. The use of Eq. (10.2-36) gives
600 500 4 2
= exp = 0.814
600 15 4
Thus, the time required is
L2 (0.814)(0.2)2
t= = = 33, 108 s (9.2 h)
1.9
(2300)(840)
Problem 10.8
a) The governing equation is
bP T k T
C = r (1)
t r r r
The initial and boundary conditions associated with Eq. (1) are
at t = 0 T = To (2)
T
at r = 0 =0 (3)
r
at r = R T = T1 (4)
at = 0 =1 (7)
at = 0 =0 (8)
at = 1 =0 (9)
c) The use of the method of separation of variables in which the solution is sought in the form
( , ) = F ( ) G() (10)
12
d dG
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C1 Jo () + C2 Yo () (13)
d d
The boundary conditions for G() are
dG
at = 0 =0 (14)
d
at = 1 G=0 (15)
Since Yo (0) = , C2 = 0. Application of Eq. (15) yields
C1 Jo () = 0 (16)
For a nontrivial solution, the eigenvalues are given by
Jo (n ) = 0 n = 1, 2, 3, ... (17)
The zeros of Jo are given as 2.405, 5.520, 8.654, 11.792, etc.
The general solution is the summation of all possible solutions, i.e.,
X
= An exp 2n Jo (n ) (18)
n=1
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition given by Eq.
(7). The result is
Z 1 Z 1
Jo (n ) d = An Jo2 (n ) d (19)
0 0
Evaluation of the integrals yields
2
An = (20)
n J1 (n )
Substitution of Eq. (20) into Eq. (18) leads to the following expression for the dimensionless
temperature profile
X
1
=2 exp 2n Jo (n ) (21)
J ( )
n=1 n 1 n
d) Eq. (10.2-119) is
X 1
= 2 BiH 2
exp( 2n ) Jo (n ) (22)
2
n=1 (n + BiH )Jo (n )
The use of Eq. (10.2-112) in Eq. (22) leads to
X 1
=2 exp( 2n ) Jo (n ) (23)
2 J ( )
n=1 n o n + n J1 (n )
BiH
Taking the limit as BiH gives
X 1
=2 exp 2n Jo (n ) (24)
J ( )
n=1 n 1 n
Rearrangement of Eq. (10.2-112) is
n J1 (n )
Jo (n ) = (25)
BiH
Taking the limit as BiH gives
Jo (n ) = 0 (26)
13
Problem 10.9
The Biot number is
hhiR (120)(0.01)
BiH = = =3
k 0.4
The use of Eq. (10.2-112) gives the eigenvalues as
The temperature at the center, Tc , can be found by evaluating Eq. (10.2-119) at = 0. The
result is
X5
T Ts 1
= 2 BiH 2
exp 2n (1)
T To 2
n=1 ( + Bi ) Jo (n )
n H
or,
X 5
100 60 1
=6 2 exp 2n = 0.389
100 2 (n + 9) Jo (n )
n=1
R2 bP
R2 C (0.01)2 (0.389)(1200)(3300)
t= = = = 385 s (6.4 min)
k 0.4
Problem 10.10
The dimensionless time (or, the Fourier number), , is
Considering only the first term of the series in Eq. (10.2-153), the temperature at the center
is given as
T Tc sin 1
= 4 BiH exp 21 (2)
T To 21 sin 21
Substitution of the values into Eq. (2) gives
23 30 sin 1
= 4(0.302) exp( 0.302 21 )
23 60 21 sin 21
BiH k (7.826)(0.12)
hhi = = = 6.3 W/ m2 . K
R (0.15)
14
Problem 10.11
a) The Biot number is
hhiR (100)(0.1)
BiH = = = 0.056
k 180
Therefore, the lumped-parameter analysis is applicable. Considering the sphere as a system,
the inventory rate equation for thermal energy is written as
or,
2 d D3 b
hhiD (T T ) = CP (T Tref ) (1)
dt 6 s
Rearrangement gives
Z t bP D Z T
C dT
dt = s
0 6 hhi Ti T T
bP D Ti T
s C kD
Ti T
t= ln = ln
6 hhi T T 6 hhi T T
(180)(0.2) 150 40
= ln = 1798 s (30 min)
(6)(100)(8 103 ) 50 40
b) The Biot number is
(850)(0.1)
BiH = = 0.472
180
Thus, the lumped-parameter analysis is not applicable. Considering only the first term of Eq.
(10.2-153), the temperature at the center, Tc , is given by
Tc T sin 1
= 4 BiH exp 21 (2)
To T 21 sin 21
where 1 is given by
1 cot 1 = 1 0.472 1 = 1.136
Substitution of the numerical values into Eq. (2) gives
t
= = 0.55
R2
Thus,
(0.55)(0.1)2
t= = 69 s
8 105
Problem 10.12
It is required to calculate time when = 0.01 at = 0. From Eq. (10.3-16)
4 2
0.01 = exp '2
4
Therefore
2 L2
t=
DAB
15
Problem 10.13
a) The concentration distribution is given by
" #
HcA1 cA 2 X ( 1)n 1 2 2 1
= exp n + cos n + (1)
HcA1 cAo
n=0
n + 12 2 2
Note that
1
sin n+ = ( 1)n
2
b) Take cA1 = 0 and consider only the first team in Eq. (3) to get
hcA i 8 2
= 2 exp (4)
cAo 4
L2 (0.1958)(2 102 )2
t= = = 2611 s (43.5 min)
DAB 3 108
Problem 10.14
b) The steady-state equation is
d2
=0 (1)
d 2
with the following boundary conditions
at = 0 = 0 (2)
at = 1 = 1 (3)
= (5)
16
c) The governing equation for the transient part is
t 2 t
= (6)
2
Since t = , the initial and the boundary conditions become
at = 0 t = 1 (7)
at = 0 t = 0 (8)
at = 1 t = 0 (9)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (11)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(12)
d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C1 sin() + C2 cos() (13)
d 2
The boundary conditions for G() are
at = 0 G=0 (14)
at = 1 G=0 (15)
C1 sin = 0 (16)
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition in Eq. (7). The
result is Z 1 Z 1
( 1) sin(n) d = An sin2 (n) d (19)
0 0
Evaluation of the integrals yields
2
An = (20)
n
The transient solution becomes
2 X 1 n2 2
t = e sin(n) (21)
n=1 n
17
Therefore, the total solution is
cAo cA 2 X 1 n2 2
= =+ e sin(n) (22)
cAo n=1 n
or,
cA 2 X 1 n2 2
=1 e sin(n) (23)
cAo n=1 n
Problem 10.15
The number of moles of species A transferred into the semi-infinite medium, nA , is
Z
nA = A (cA cAo ) ds (1)
0
where
s
cA cAo = (cA1 cAo ) 1 erf (2)
4 DAB t
Note that
s
= (3)
4 DAB t
Therefore, combination of Eqs. (1) and (2) leads to
p Z p Z
nA = A 4 DAB t (cA cAo ) d = A (cA1 cAo ) 4 DAB t (1 erf ) d (4)
0 0
Note that Z
1 2
erf x dx = x erf x + e x (5)
Hence, Z
1
(1 erf ) d = (6)
0
Finally, Eq. (4) becomes
A (cA1 cAo ) 4 DAB t
nA = (7)
Problem 10.16
The order of magnitude of the terms appearing in Eq. (10.3-32) is given by
cA 2 cA
= DAB 2
| t{z } | {zs }
H cA cAo
t D
(H cA cAo )
AB 2
Thus, p
DAB t
Penetration distance increases with the square root of time.
18
Problem 10.17
The fractional uptake is
Mt 6.06 6
= = 0.5
M 6.12 6
The use of Eq. (10.3-34) leads to
r
Mt 2 DAB t
=
M L2
s
2 DAB (54 3600)
0.5 = DAB = 1.01 1012 m2 / s
(1 103 )2
Problem 10.18
The use of Eq. (10.3-41) gives
!
0.3 1 103
= erf p
0.6 4(2.1 1011 )t
or,
1 103
p = 0.477 t = 52, 322 s (14.5 h)
4(2.1 1011 )t
Problem 10.19
The time scale for semi-infinite medium assumption is
L2 (1 103 )2
t= = = 1.25 1011 s 5 h
16 DAB 16(0.5 1018 )
Problem 10.20
It is required to calculate time when = 0.01 at = 0. From Eq. (10.3-57)
2
0.01 = exp 2 = 0.42
Note that this dimensionless time is 2/0.42 ' 4.8 times shorter than the corresponding dimen-
sionless time for a rectangular slab.
19
Problem 10.21
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z in the liquid phase, the con-
servation statement for the mass of species A (salt) becomes
h i
NAz |z A NAz |z+z A = Az (cA cAo ) (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by Az and taking the limit as z 0 gives
cA NAz |z NAz |z+z
= lim (2)
t z0 z
or,
cA NAz
= (3)
t z
Substitution of
cA
NAz = DAB (4)
z
into Eq. (3) gives the governing dierential equation for the concentration of species A as
cA 2 cA
= DAB (5)
t z 2
The initial and boundary conditions are
at t = 0 cA = 0 (6)
at z = 0 cA = cA (7)
at z = cA = 0 (8)
20
Application of the boundary conditions
at = 0 =1 (16)
at = =0 (17)
d) Considering the salt layer as a system, the conservation statement for salt becomes
or,
d sA
NAz |z=0 A = AL (22)
dt MA
where A represents the surface area of the salt layer. Substitution of Eq. (20) into Eq. (22)
and rearrangement give r
Z L Z
DAB cA MA t dt
dL = (23)
Lo sA 0 t
Integration leads to
r
2 c MA DAB t
L = Lo A s (24)
A
Problem 10.22
a) For a spherical dierential volume element of thickness r in the liquid phase, the conser-
vation statement for the mass of species A becomes
h i
NAr |r 4r2 NAr |r+r 4(r + r)2 = 4r2 r (cA cAo ) (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by 4r and taking the limit as r 0 gives
cA 1 (r2 NAr )r (r2 NAr )r+r
= 2 lim (2)
t r r0 r
or,
cA 1 (r2 NAr )
= 2 (3)
t r r
Substitution of
cA
NAr = DAB (4)
r
21
into Eq. (3) gives the governing dierential equation for the concentration of species A as
cA DAB 2 cA
= 2 r (5)
t r r r
at t = 0 cA = cAo (6)
at r = R cA = cA (7)
at r = cA = cAo (8)
at t = 0 =0 (10)
at r = R =1 (11)
at r = =0 (12)
u 2u
= DAB 2 (13)
t r
at t = 0 u=0 (14)
at r = R u=R (15)
at r = u=0 (16)
d)
u du 1 du
= = (17)
t d t 2 t d
2
2u d2 u du 2 1 d2 u
= + = (18)
r2 d 2 r d r2 4 DAB t d 2
Substitution of Eqs. (17) and (18) into Eq. (13) leads to
d2 u du
2
+2 =0 (19)
d d
2
e) Multiplication of Eq. (19) by e , i.e.,
d2 u du
2
2
+ 2 = 0 e (20)
d d
yields
d 2 du
e =0 (21)
d d
22
Integration of Eq. (21) twice leads to
Z
2
u = K1 ey dy + K2 (22)
0
at = 0 u=R (23)
at = u=0 (24)
or,
d2 4 3 s 1
NAr |r=R 4R = R A (30)
dt 3 MA
Simplification of Eq. (30) gives
sA dR
NAr |r=R = (31)
MA dt
h) Substitution of Eq. (28) into Eq. (31) results in
DAB cA cAo R
sA dR
1+ = (32)
R DAB t MA dt
In terms of Eq. (32) becomes
1 1 dR
DAB + = (33)
R DAB t dt
23
In terms of and Eq. (33) becomes
1 1 1 d
+ = (34)
d
i) The transformation
2 d 1 dX
= X = X + (35)
d 2 X d
reduces Eq. (34) to
2 dX
2 + X +X = (36)
d
Rearrangement of Eq. (36) gives
Z Z
d dX
= (37)
2
2 + X +X
Note that
Z
x dx 1 2 b 1 1 2ax + b
= ln ax + bx + c tan (38)
ax2 + bx + c 2a a 4ac b2 4ac b2
Thus, integration of Eq. (37) gives
r
" # R
+
R 2 2 R 2 Ro
ln + + 2 = p tan1
p +C
(39)
Ro Ro 2 2
2 2
24
Problem 10.23
a) Evaluation of Eq. (10.3-20) at = 0 yields
HcA cA |=0 4 2 DAB t
= exp (1)
HcA 4 L2
sin (n)
lim = n (4)
0
0.31(250 106 )2
t= = 258 s
0.75 1010
Problem 10.24
a) The governing dierential equation for the concentration of species A as
cA DAB 2 cA
= 2 r (1)
t r r r
at t = 0 cA = cAo (2)
at r = Ri cA = 0 (3)
cA
at r = Ro =0 (4)
r
25
In terms of the following dimensionless quantities
cA Ri r DAB t
= = = = (5)
cAo Ro Ro Ro2
at = 0 =1 (7)
at = =0 (8)
at = 1 =0 (9)
b) The transformation
u( , )
( , ) = (10)
reduces Eqs. (6)-(9) to
u 2u
= 2 (11)
at = 0 u= (12)
at = u=0 (13)
u
at = 1 =u (14)
Assume a solution in the form
u( , ) = F ( ) G() (15)
Substitution of Eq. (15) into Eq. (11) yields
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (16)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(17)
d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = K1 sin() + K2 cos() (18)
d 2
The boundary conditions for G() are
at = G=0 (19)
dG
at = 1 =G (20)
d
26
The use of Eq. (21) in Eq. (18) gives
K1 h i
G() = cos() sin() sin() cos() (22)
cos()
| {z }
A
or, h i
G() = A sin ( ) (23)
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition given by Eq.
(12). The result is
Z 1 h i Z 1 h i
sin n ( ) d = An sin2 n ( ) d (26)
" #
2 X 1 2n + 1
= 2
exp 2n sin n ( ) (32)
n n (1 )
n=1
27
c) The molar flux is given by
cA DAB cAo
NAr |r=Ri = DAB = (33)
r r=Ri Ro =
2 cAo DAB X 2n + 1
NAr |r=Ri = 2 exp 2n (34)
Ro n=1
n (1 )
The use of
at = 0 F =1 (40)
gives ( )
6 X 2n + 1
2 =1 (41)
1 3 n=1 n 2n (1 )
and Eq. (39) simplifies to
" #
6 X 2n + 1 exp 2n
F =1 (42)
1 3 2
n=1 n (1 )
2n
28
Problem 10.25
a) Taking cA = 0, Eq. (10.3-128) reduces to
hcA i 6
= 2 exp 2 (1)
cAo
or,
6 2
0.05 = exp = 0.253
2
0.253 R2 (0.253)(2.5 102 )2
t= = = 18, 175 s ( 5 h)
DAB 8.7 109
b) The Biot number is
(0.405)(2.5 102 )2
= 0.405 t= = 29, 095 s ( 8.1 h)
8.7 109
Problem 10.26
a) The inventory rate equation for species A is
Over a cylindrical dierential volume of thickness r and length z, Eq. (1) takes the form
h i
2rr NAz |z + 2rz NAr |r 2rr NAz |z+z + 2 (r + r) z NAr |r+r = 0 (2)
29
The boundary conditions are
at z = 0 cA = cAo (7)
cA
at r = 0 =0 (8)
r
cA
at r = R DAB = k s cA (9)
r
b) In terms of the following dimensionless quantities
cA DAB z r ks R
= = = = (10)
cAo vo R2 R DAB
at = 0 =1 (12)
at = 0 =0 (13)
at = 1 = (14)
c) Note that Eqs. (11)-(14) are similar to Eqs. (10.2-99)-(10.2-102) (BiH is replaced by ).
Therefore, the solution is given by Eq. (10.2-119), i.e.,
X 1
= 2 exp 2n Jo (n ) (15)
2 2 J ( )
n=1 n + o n
n J1 (n ) = Jo (n ) (16)
30
CHAPTER 11
Problem 11.1
a) The x- and z-components of the equation of motion are
P
0= + g (1)
x
vz P 2 vz
= + (2)
t z x2
The modified pressure is defined by
P = P + gx (3)
so that
P dP P
=0 and = (4)
x dz z
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (2) yields
vz 2 vz dP
2
= (5)
| t {z x } | {zdz}
f (t,x) f (z)
While the right-hand side of Eq. (5) is a function of z only, the left-hand side is dependent on
x and t. This is possible if and only if both sides of Eq. (5) are equal to a constant, say .
Hence,
dP Po PL
= = (6)
dz L
where Po and PL are the values of P at z = 0 and z = L, respectively. Substitution of Eq. (6)
into Eq. (5) gives the governing equation for velocity as
vz Po PL 2 vz
= + (7)
t L x2
The initial and the boundary conditions associated with Eq. (7) are
at t = 0 vz = 0 (8)
at x = 0 vz = 0 (9)
at x = B vz = 0 (10)
2
=2+ 2 (11)
at = 0 =0 (12)
at = 0 =0 (13)
at = 1 =0 (14)
b) Since Eq. (11) is not homogeneous, the solution is proposed in the form
( , ) = () t ( , ) (15)
1
in which is the steady-state solution, i.e.,
d2
0=2+ (16)
d 2
The boundary conditions are
at = 0 = 0 (17)
at = 1 = 0 (18)
= 2 (20)
t 2 t
= (21)
2
with the following initial and the boundary conditions
at = 0 t = 2 (22)
at = 0 t = 0 (23)
at = 1 t = 0 (24)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (26)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(27)
d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 sin() + C4 cos() (28)
d 2
The boundary conditions for G() are
at = 0 G=0 (29)
at = 1 G=0 (30)
C3 sin = 0 (31)
2
Therefore, the transient solution becomes
X
t = Am exp m2 2 sin (m) (33)
m=1
The unknown coecients Am can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (22).
The result is Z 1
X
2
= Am sin (m) sin (n) d (34)
m=1 0
or, Z Z Z
1 1 1
2
sin (m) d sin (m) d = Am sin2 (m) d (35)
0 0 0
Evaluation of integrals leads to
4 h m
i
Am = 1 ( 1) (36)
m3 3
Note that
8
m = 1, 3, 5, ...
Am = m3 3 (37)
0 m = 2, 4, 6, ...
Therefore, Eq. (33) becomes
X
8 1
t = exp m2 2 sin (m) (38)
3 m3
m=1,3,5
Replacing m by n in which
m = 2n + 1 (39)
Eq. (38) becomes
8 X
1 h i h i
2 2
t = 3 exp (2n + 1) sin (2n + 1) (40)
3
n=0 (2n + 1)
Substitution of Eqs. (20) and (40) into Eq. (15) gives the solution as
8 X
1 h i h i
2 2
= 2 3 exp (2n + 1) sin (2n + 1) (41)
3
n=0 (2n + 1)
3
Problem 11.2
a) The governing dierential equation is given by
vz Po PL vz
= + r (1)
t L r r r
The initial and the boundary conditions associated with Eq. (1) are
at t = 0 vz = 0 (2)
at r = R vz = 0 (3)
at r = R vz = 0 (4)
at = 0 =0 (6)
at = =0 (7)
at = 1 =0 (8)
at = = 0 (10)
at = 1 = 0 (11)
4
Substitution of Eq. (18) into Eq. (14) yields
1 dF 1 d dG
= = 2 (19)
F d G d d
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(20)
d
d dG
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 Jo () + C4 Yo () (21)
d d
The boundary conditions for G() are
at = G=0 (22)
at = 1 G=0 (23)
Application of Eq. (23) indicates that the eigenvalues n are the roots of the following equation
Yo (n ) Jo (n ) Jo (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n ) Yo (n )
=0 = (26)
Jo (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n ) Yo (n )
| {z }
Zo (n )
The values of the first eigenvalue, 1 , are given as a function of the radius ratio, , as follows:
d) The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (15).
The result is
X Z 1
1 2
2
1 ln = An Zo (n )
Z (
o m ) d (28)
ln n=1
or,
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
3 1 2
Zo (n ) d Zo (n ) d Zo (n ) ln d = An Zo2 (n ) d
ln
(29)
5
Note that Z 1
1 h i
Zo (n ) d = Z1 (n ) Z1 (n ) (30)
n
Z 1 ! !
1 4 3 4
3 Zo (n ) d = Z1 (n ) 3 Z1 (n ) (31)
n 3n n n
Z 1
ln
Zo (n ) ln d = Z1 (n ) (32)
n
Z 1 Z12 (n ) 2 Z12 (n )
Zo2 (n ) d = (33)
2
Substitution of Eqs. (30)-(33) into Eq. (29) yields
8 1
An = 3 (34)
n Z1 (n ) + Z1 (n )
e) The dimensionless velocity distribution is
X
2 1 2 1 2n Zo (n )
=1 ln 8 3
e (35)
ln n Z1 (n ) + Z1 (n )
n=1
Yo (n ) Jo (n )
Yo (n ) = (41)
Jo (n )
6
Similarly,
2 1
Z1 (n ) = (43)
n Jo (n ) Yo (n )
Thus,
2 Jo (n ) Jo (n )
Z1 (n ) Z1 (n ) = (44)
n Jo (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n )
2 Jo (n ) + Jo (n )
Z1 (n ) + Z1 (n ) = (45)
n Jo (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n )
The use of Eqs. (44) and (45) in Eq. (37) leads to
( )
(Po PL )R4 (1 2 )2 X 1 Jo (n ) Jo (n )
4 2
Q= 1 + 32 exp n (46)
8 L ln 4n Jo (n ) + Jo (n )
n=1
g) When , exp 2n 0 and Eq. (46) becomes
(Po PL )R4 4 (1 2 )2
Q= 1 + (47)
8 L ln
Jo (n )
1
Jo (n ) Jo (n ) Jo (n )
= (48)
Jo (n ) + Jo (n ) Jo (n )
1+
Jo (n )
Yo (n )
1
Jo (n ) Jo (n ) Yo (n )
= (49)
Jo (n ) + Jo (n ) Yo (n )
1+
Yo (n )
As 0, Yo (n ) . Therefore,
Jo (n ) Jo (n )
lim =1 (50)
0 Jo (n ) + Jo (n )
7
Problem 11.3
The governing equation for temperature is
bP T 2T
C =k +< (1)
t z 2
The initial and boundary conditions associated with Eq. (1) are
at t = 0 T = To (2)
at z = 0 T = T (3)
at z = L T = T (4)
at = 0 =1 (6)
at = 0 =0 (7)
at = 1 =0 (8)
Since Eq. (5) is not homogeneous, the solution is proposed in the form
( , ) = () t ( , ) (9)
at = 0 = 0 (11)
at = 1 = 0 (12)
at = 0 t = ( 2 ) 1 (16)
2
at = 0 t = 0 (17)
at = 1 t = 0 (18)
8
Representing the solution as a product of two functions of the form
t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (19)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (21)
F d G d 2
Equation (21) results in two ordinary dierential equations. The equation for F is given by
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(22)
d
On the other hand, the equation for G is
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 (23)
d 2
and it is subject to the boundary conditions
at = 0 G=0 (24)
at = 1 G=0 (25)
Equation (23) is a Sturm-Liouville equation with a weight function of unity. The solution of
Eq. (23) is
G() = C1 sin() + C2 cos() (26)
where A and B are constants. From Eq. (24), C2 = 0. Application of the boundary condition
defined by Eq. (25) gives
C1 sin = 0 (27)
For a nontrivial solution, the eigenvalues are given by
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, Eq. (16), with
the result
Z 1
2
( ) 1 sin(n) d
0 2 2 [(1)n 1]
An = Z 1 = 1 2 2 (30)
2
n n
sin (n) d
0
9
Note that
4
1 2 2 n = 1, 3, 5, ...
An = n n (31)
0 n = 2, 4, 6, ...
Therefore, the transient solution is given by
4 X 1 2 2
t = 1 2 2 e n sin(n) (32)
n=1,3,5 n n
Substitution of the steady-state and the transient solutions, Eqs. (13) and (32), into Eq. (9)
gives the dimensionless temperature distribution as
2 4 X 1 2 2
= ( ) + 1 2 2 e n sin(n) (33)
2 n=1,3,5 n n
Problem 11.4
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z, the conservation of energy is
expressed in the form
h bP (T To )
i
qz |z A qz |z+z A + A z < = Az C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by Az and letting z 0 gives
q )| qz )|z+z
bP T = lim z z
C +< (2)
t z0 z
or,
bP T = qz + <
C (3)
t z
Substitution of
T
qz = k and < = a + bT (4)
z
into Eq. (3) leads to
T
bP 2T
C = k 2 + a + bT (5)
t z
with the following initial and boundary conditions
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at z = 0 =0 (7)
z
at z = L T = To (8)
2
= 2 + 1 + 2 (9)
10
at = 0 =0 (10)
at = 0 =0 (11)
at = 1 =0 (12)
( , ) = () t ( , ) (13)
t 2 t 2
= 2 + t (19)
with the following initial and the boundary conditions
1 cos()
at = 0 t = 2 1 (20)
cos
t
at = 0 =0 (21)
at = 1 t = 0 (22)
t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (23)
1 dF 1 d2 G
2 = = 2 (24)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2 2
2 )
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e ( (25)
d
11
d2 G 2
2 + G=0 G() = C3 sin() + C4 cos() (26)
d
The boundary conditions for G() are
dG
at = 0 =0 (27)
d
at = 1 G=0 (28)
C4 cos = 0 (29)
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (20).
The result is X Z 1
1 cos()
1 = A cos( ) cos( ) d (31)
2 cos
n n m
n=1 0
or, Z Z Z
1 1 1
1 1
2
cos() cos(n ) d 2 cos(n ) d = An cos2 (n ) d (32)
cos() 0 0 0
Evaluation of the integrals leads to
2( 1)n
An = 2
(33)
n (n 2 )
When n = 0 r
bL2
> (36)
2 k
12
Problem 11.5
a) For a cylindrical dierential volume element of thickness r, the conservation of energy is
expressed in the form
h bP (T To )
i
qr |r 2rL qr |r+r 2(r + r)L + 2rLr< = 2rLr C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by 2Lr and letting r 0 gives
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at r = 0 =0 (7)
r
at r = R T = To (8)
at = 0 =0 (10)
at = 0 =0 (11)
at = 1 =0 (12)
( , ) = () t ( , ) (13)
13
The solution of Eq. (14) is
= C1 Jo () + C2 Yo () (17)
Application of the boundary conditions leads to
1 Jo ()
= 2 1 (18)
Jo ()
Hence,
dF 2 2 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e ( ) (25)
d
d dG
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 Jo () + C4 Yo () (26)
d d
The boundary conditions for G() are
dG
at = 0 =0 (27)
d
at = 1 G=0 (28)
C3 Jo () = 0 (29)
14
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (20).
The result is X Z 1
1 Jo ()
1 = A J ( ) J ( ) d (31)
2 Jo ()
n o n o m
n=1 0
or, Z Z Z
1 1 1
1 1
2
Jo () Jo (n ) d 2 Jo (n ) d = An Jo2 (n ) d (32)
Jo () 0 0 0
Evaluation of the integrals with the help of
Z
ax J1 (ax) Jo (bx) bx Jo (ax) J1 (bx)
x Jo (ax) Jo (bx) dx =
a2 b2
leads to
2
An = 2
(33)
n (n 2 )
Thus, the general solution is given by
X
1 Jo () 1 2
2 J ( )
= 2 1 2 2
exp n o n (34)
Jo () 2
n=1 n (n )
2n 2 > 0 (35)
For n = 1
bR2
21 > (36)
k
Problem 11.6
a) For a cylindrical dierential volume element of thickness r, the conservation of energy is
expressed in the form
h bP (T To )
i
qr |r 2rL qr |r+r 2(r + r)L + 2rLr< = 2rLr C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by 2Lr and letting r 0 gives
15
with the following initial and boundary conditions
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at r = 0 =0 (7)
r
at r = R T = TR (8)
at = 0 =1 (10)
at = 0 =0 (11)
at = 1 =0 (12)
16
Substitution of Eq. (22) into Eq. (18) yields
1 dF 1 d dG
= = 2 (23)
F d G d d
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(24)
d
d dG
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 Jo () + C4 Yo () (25)
d d
The boundary conditions for G() are
dG
at = 0 =0 (26)
d
at = 1 G=0 (27)
C3 Jo () = 0 (28)
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (19).
The result is Z 1
X
4
1 1= An Jo (n )
J (
o m ) d (31)
16 0
n=1
or, Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
5
1 Jo (n ) d Jo (n ) d = An Jo2 (n ) d (32)
16 0 0 0
Evaluation of integrals with the help of
Z
4x2 (x2 2 8) Jo (x) x (x2 2 8)2 J1 (x)
x5 Jo (x)dx = + (33)
4 5
results in
2 4 1
An = 1 2 1 (34)
n 2n n J1 n)
(
17
Problem 11.7
a) For a spherical dierential volume element of thickness r, conservation of energy is ex-
pressed in the form
h bP (T Tref )
i
qr |r 4r2 qr |r+r 4(r + r)2 + 4r2 r < = 4r2 r C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by 4r and taking the limit as r 0 gives
2 q ) (r 2 q )
T (r r r
bP
r2 C = lim r r+r
+ < r2 (2)
t r0 r
or,
2
bP T = 1 (r qr ) + <
C (3)
t r2 r
Substitution of
T
qr = k (4)
r
into Eq. (3) leads to
bP T k T
C = 2 r2 +< (5)
t r r r
The initial and boundary conditions associated with Eq. (5) are
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at r = 0 =0 (7)
r
T
at r = R k = hhi(T T ) (8)
r
b) In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (5)-(8) are expressed as
1 2
= 2 + (9)
at = 0 =1 (10)
at = 0 =0 (11)
at = 1 = BiH (12)
18
The solution of Eq. (13) is
2 C1
= + C2 (16)
6
Application of Eq. (14) gives C1 = 0. The use of Eq. (15) yields
C2 = + (17)
3 BiH 6
Therefore, the steady-state solution is
= 1 2 + (18)
6 3 BiH
d) The governing equation for the transient part is
t 1 2 t
= 2 (19)
with the following initial and the boundary conditions
at = 0 t = 1 2 + 1 (20)
6 3 BiH
t
at = 0 =0 (21)
t
at = 1 = BiH t (22)
The use of the transformation
u
t = (23)
reduces Eq. (19) to
u 2u
= 2 (24)
The solution is proposed in the form
u( , ) = F ( ) G() (25)
1 dF 1 d2 G 2
= 2 = (27)
F d
| {z } G d
| {z }
f ( ) only f () only
1 dF 2
= 2 F = e
(28)
F d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 sin() + C4 cos() (29)
d 2
The boundary conditions for G() are
at = 0 G=0 (30)
dG
at = 1 + G = BiH G (31)
d
19
Application of Eq. (30) gives C4 = 0. Application of Eq. (31) yields
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (20).
The result is
X Z 1
2
sin(n )
1 + 1= An sin(m ) d (36)
6 3 BiH n=1
0
or,
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
1 1 3
+ 1 sin(n ) d sin(n ) d = An sin2 (n ) d (37)
3 2 BiH 0 6 0 0
sin n 1 cos n
= = (40)
n sin n cos n 1 BiH 1 BiH cos2 n
cos n
cos n
Therefore, Eq. (38) becomes
cos n
An = 2 BiH 2 1 2
(41)
n n (1 Bi H cos n )
20
Problem 11.8
Equation (11.3-93) is given by
Z t
cA cno rxn
k cno rxn
=k A
e d + A
e kt (1)
cA 0 cA cA
where
cno
A
rxn X
=1 exp( t) (2)
cA
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) gives
Z t X Z t h i X h i
cA k kt
= k e d k exp (1 + )k d + e exp (1 + )kt (3)
cA 0 0
Simplification yields
( )
cA P 1 + exp (1 + )kt
=1 (5)
cA 1+
Problem 11.9
a) The following equations are given:
Z t
n A = k n no
A
rxn
()ek d + n no
A
rxn
(t)ekt (1)
0
X
n no
A
rxn
= exp( t) (2)
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) gives
X Z t h i X h i
n A = k exp (1 + )k d + exp (1 + )kt (3)
0
Note that
cA
n no rxn
= 2RLDAB = 2LDAB HcA (6)
A
r r=R =1
21
Substitution of Eq. (5) into Eq. (6) and the use of Eq. (10.3-98) [n J1 (n ) = BiM Jo (n )] give
X 1
n no
A
rxn = 4LD 2
AB HcA BiM 2
exp( 2n ) (7)
n=1 (n + Bi2M )
( )
X 1 1 + exp (1 + )kt
n A = 4LDAB HcA Bi2M 2
(9)
n=1 (n + Bi2M ) 1+
22
APPENDIX
Problem A.1
If the average temperatures of the two rooms are the same, this does not tell us anything about
the local temperatures at dierent points in the room. The most important conclusion is that
the mean value theorem works one way only.
The second room is uncomfortable because of the local variations in temperature. This
problem can be rectified with the help of a fan. Note that if the temperature does not vary
from point to point, then hT i = T.
Problem A.2
The average velocity is
Z 1.7
v dz Z 1.7
0 v10 z 0.21
hvi = Z 1.7
= dz
1.7 0 10
dz
0
30 1 0.21 (1.7)1.21
= = 17.1 km/ h
1.7 10 1.21
Problem A.3
Solution by the Newton-Raphson method gives Pe = 1.721.
Problem A.4
The conservation statement for energy becomes
or,
225, 000 = (10)(30) 2.5(T 298)1.25 + 5.67 108 0.9(T 4 2984 )
Simplification gives " #
1.25 T 4
300 = (T 298) + 2.04 78.86 (1)
| {z } 100
A | {z }
B