GREEN CONCRETE

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Green concrete is a concept of using eco-friendly materials in concrete, to make the
system more sustainable.
Green concrete is very often and also cheap to produce, because for example, waste
products are used as a partial substitute for cement, charges for the disposal of waste are
avoided, energy consumption in production is lower, and durability is greater. This
concrete should not be confused with its colour.
Waste can be used to produce new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural
resources are limited and used more efficiently and the environment is protected from
waste deposits. Inorganic residual products like stone dust, crushed concrete, marble
waste are used as green aggregates in concrete. Further, by replacing cement with fly ash,
micro silica in larger amounts, to develop new green cements and binding materials,
increases the use of alternative raw materials and alternative fuels by developing or
improving cement with low energy consumption. Considerable research has been carried
out on the use of various industrial by-products and micro-fillers in concrete. The main
concern of using pozzolanic wastes was not only the cost effectiveness but also to
improve the properties of concrete, especially durability.
This paper summarizes the various efforts underway to improve the environmental
friendliness of concrete to make it suitable as a Green Building material. Foremost and
most successful in this regard is the use suitable substitutes for Portland cement,
especially those that are by products of industrial processes, like fly ash, ground
granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume. Also efforts to use suitable recycled
materials as substitutes for concrete aggregate are gaining in importance, such as recycled
concrete aggregate etc.

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1.1 WHY GREEN CONCRETE?

The main ingredient in concrete is cement and it consists of Limestone (caco3).

During manufacture of cement, its ingredients are heated to about 800-1000c.
During this process the carbon dioxide is driven off.
Approximately 1kg of cement releases about 900gm of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.
Therefore, green concrete came into existence to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide.

1.2 WHAT IS GREEN CONCRETE?

Most people associate GREEN concrete with concrete that is colored with pigment.
However, it is also referred which has not yet hardened. But in the context of this topic,
green concrete is taken to mean environmentally friendly concrete. This means concrete
that uses less energy in its production & produces less carbon dioxide than normal
concrete is green concrete.
Engineers and architects have choices of the material and products they use to design
projects - when it comes to a building frame the choice is typically between concrete,
steel and wood. Material choice depends on several factors including first cost, life cycle
cost and performance for a specific application. Due to growing interest in sustainable
development, engineers and architects are motivated more than ever before to choose
materials that are more sustainable. However, such choice is not as straight forward as
selecting an energy star rated appliance or a vehicle providing high fuel mileage.
Engineers and architects can compare materials and choose one that is more sustainable
or specify a construction material in such a way as to minimize environmental impact?
Recent focus on climate change and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on our
environment has caused many to focus on CO2 emissions as the most critical
environmental impact indicator.

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1.3 MATERIALS FOR GREEN CONCRETE

Fly ash

Glass aggregates

Manufactured sand

Blast furnace slag

Recycled concrete aggregates

Recycled demolition waste aggregates

Figure 1.3 (a) Fine aggregates for green concrete.

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Figure 1.3 (b) Coarse aggregates for green concrete.

1.4 FEATURES OF GREEN CONCRETE:

Where does the Carbon Dioxide come from in concrete?
Cement production accounts for more than 6% of all CO2 emission which is a major
factor in the world global warming (Greenhouse gas). India is the third largest cement
producer in the World and one of the largest consumers of cement per capita in the world.
Rough figures are that India consumes about 1.2 Ton/year/capita, while as World average
is 0.6 Ton/year/capita.

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There have been a number of efforts about reducing the CO2 emissions from concrete
primarily through the use of lower amounts of cement and higher amounts of
supplementary cementitious material (SCM) such as fly ash, blast furnace slag etc. CO2
emissions from 1 ton of concrete produced vary between 0.05 to 0.13 tons. 95% of all
CO2 emissions from a cubic meter of concrete is from cement manufacturing. It is
important to reduce CO2 emissions through the greater use of SCM.

1.4.1 Cement:
Most of CO2 in concrete is from the cement manufacturing process. A typical cubic meter
of concrete contains about 10% cement by weight. Out of all ingredients, cement gives
out most carbon dioxide. The reaction in the process of Cement manufacture is: CaCO 3 =
CaO + CO2

1.4.2 Aggregate:
Use of virgin aggregates contributes about 1% of all CO2 emissions from a typical cubic
meter of concrete. Therefore, the use of alternate aggregate is desirable. The use of local
and recycled aggregates is desirable as it can reduce transportation and fuel cost and
support sustainable development.

1.4.3 Resources:
The growing shortage of natural aggregate and sand is another aspect the construction
industry must consider. While this may not appear to be a priority topic, pressure from
environmentalist and conservationists worldwide will continue to encourage both
legislators and construction engineers to look for viable alternatives to natural resources.
Use of recycled materials like aggregate, water is some ingredient which should be
encouraged since fresh resources are becoming increasingly scarce.

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1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS TO USING GREEN

CONCRETE

Green concrete is part of a movement to create construction materials that have a reduced
impact on the environment. It is made from a combination of an inorganic polymer and
25 to 100 percent industrial waste. Here is a list of 4 benefits to using green concrete for
your next project.
1. 5.1 Lasts Longer:
Green concrete gains strength faster and has a lower rate of shrinkage than concrete made
only from Portland cement. Structures built using green concrete have a better chance of
surviving a fire (it can withstand temperatures of up to 2400 degrees on the Fahrenheit
scale). It also has a greater resistance to corrosion which is important with the effect
pollution has had on the environment (acid rain greatly reduces the longevity of
traditional building materials). All of those factors add up to a building that will last much
longer than one made with ordinary concrete. Similar concrete mixtures have been found
in ancient Roman structures and this material was also used in the Ukraine in the 1950s
and 1960s. Over 40 years later those Ukrainian buildings are still standing. If buildings
aren't constantly having to be rebuilt, fewer construction materials are needed and the
impact to the environment during the process of making those materials is reduced.

1.5.2 Uses Industrial Waste:

Instead of a 100 percent Portland cement mixture, green concrete uses anywhere from 25
to 100 percent fly ash. Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion and is gathered from
the chimneys of industrial plants (such as power plants) that use coal as a power source.
There are copious amounts of this industrial waste product. Hundreds of thousands of
acres of land are used to dispose of fly ash. A large increase in the use of green concrete
in construction will provide a way to use up fly ash and hopefully free many acres of
land.

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1.5.3 Reduces Energy Consumption:

If you use less Portland cement and more fly ash when mixing concrete, then you will use
less energy. The materials that are used in Portland cement require huge amounts of coal
or natural gas to heat it up to the appropriate temperature to turn them into Portland
cement. Fly ash already exists as a byproduct of another industrial process so you are not
expending much more energy to use it to create green concrete.
Another way that green concrete reduces energy consumption is that a building
constructed from it is more resistant to temperature changes. An architect can use this and
design a green concrete building to use energy for heating and cooling more efficiently.

1.5.4 Reduces CO2 Emissions:

In order to make Portland cementone of the main ingredients in ordinary cement
pulverized limestone, clay, and sand are heated to 1450 degrees C using natural gas or
coal as a fuel. This process is responsible for 5 to 8 percent of all carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions worldwide. The manufacturing of green concrete releases has up to 80 percent
fewer CO2 emissions. As a part of a global effort to reduce emissions, switching over
completely to using green concrete for construction will help considerably.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Santosh Kumbhar et al (2016), studied on green concrete: efficient & eco-friendly
construction materials. It presents the feasibility of the usage of by product materials like
fly ash, quarry dust, marble powder/ granules, plastic waste and recycled concrete and
masonry as aggregates in concrete. It concluded that, it focuses on known benefits and
limitations of a range of manufactured and recycled aggregates. Use of concrete product
like green concrete in future will not only reduce the emission of CO 2 in environment and
environmental impact but it is also economical to produce.
The water absorption of green concrete is slightly higher than Normal concrete. 2] The
Split tensile strength and Compressive Strength of Green Concrete is nearly same to the
Normal concrete with low costing, so this concrete is more economical for low cost house
construction.

Shewale Rushikesh et al (2016), carried out green concrete: using industrial waste of
marble powder, quarry dust and paper pulp The green concrete is prepared by using
industrial waste of marble powder, quarry dust with proper proportions. The versatility
of green concrete & its performance derivate will satisfy many future needs.
The review conferred during this report clearly indicates associate degree increasing trend
and incentives for the larger use of manufactured and recycled aggregates in construction.
These are, but limitations to the employment such materials. This report focuses on
better-known advantages and limitations of a spread of factory-made and recycled
aggregates. Use of concrete product like inexperienced concrete in future won't solely
scale back the emission of carbon dioxide in setting and environmental impact however
it's also economical to supply.

2.1 MATERIAL/PRODUCT SELECTION CRITERIA.

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Overall material/product selection criteria:

2.1.1 Resource Efficiency:

Resource efficiency basically includes properties like recycled content, natural or
renewable, resource efficient manufacturing process, locally available,
salvaged/refurbished or remanufactured, reusable or recyclable and durability.

2.1.2 Indoor Air Quality:

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is enhanced by utilizing materials that meet the following
properties: low or non-toxic, minimal chemical emission, moisture resistant and
healthfully maintained.

2.1.3 Energy Efficiency:

This mainly refers to the energy used for making the concrete. Those materials are
preferred that require the minimal amount of energy at the time of construction of the
concrete.

2.1.4 Water Conservation:

Materials that help us and conserve water in landscaped areas are preferred to be used as
construction save water at the time of construction or even help reduce water
consumption in building materials.

2.1.5 Affordability:
Affordability can be considered when building product life-cycle costs are comparable to
conventional materials or as a whole, are within a project-defined percentage of the
overall budget.

2.2 SUITABILITY OF GREEN CONCRETE IN

STRUCTURES.

Several factors which enhance the suitability of green concrete in structures include:
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Reduce the dead weight of a structure and reduce crane age load; allow handling, lifting
flexibility with lighter weight.

Good thermal and fire resistance, sound insulation than the traditional granite rock.

Improve damping resistance of building.

Speed of construction, shorten overall construction period.

Reduction of the concrete industry's CO2-emission by 30 %.

Increased concrete industry's use of waste products by 20%.

No environmental pollution and sustainable development.

Green concrete requires less maintenance and repairs.

Green concrete sometimes give better workability than conventional concrete.

Good thermal resistant and fire resistant.

Compressive strength behaviour of concrete with water cement ratio is more than that of
conventional concrete.

Flexural strength of green concrete is almost equal to that of conventional concrete.

2.3 APPLICATION OF GREEN CONCRETE.

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It is widely used in the building construction.

Used in construction of columns.

Can be used in road construction.

It is used in the construction of bridges.

Figure 2.3 (a)application of green concrete.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

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Materials which are collected from the various sources that materials are Fly ash Glass
aggregates,Manufactured sand,Blast furnace slag,Recycled concrete aggregates and
Recycled demolition waste aggregates these are collected then go with the various
methods of developing of green concrete Concrete with inorganic residual products.
Ceramic wastes used as green aggregates.

By replacing cement with fly ash, micro silica in larger amounts. To develop new green
cements and binding materials (i.e. by increasing the use of alternative raw materials and
alternative fuels, and by developing/improving cement with low energy consumption).

To use residual products from the concrete industry, i.e. stone dust (from crushing of
aggregate) and concrete slurry (from washing of mixers and other equipment). To use new
types of cement with reduced environmental impact(Mineralized cement, limestone
addition, waste-derived fuels).

Figure 3 (a) Methodology for green concrete.

3.1 CASE STUDY.
Many constructions are done by using green concrete for example in Pune railway station
platform is constructed by using green concrete in the year of 2004-2006.

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In this green concrete includes Fly ash Glass aggregates, Manufactured sand, Blast
furnace slag, Recycled concrete aggregates and Recycled demolition waste aggregates
these are collected then go with the various methods of developing of green concrete.

After completion of construction they concluded that green concrete reduces cost of
construction also it is eco-friendly.

Figure 3.1 (a) Pune railway platforms construction using green concrete.

Table 1: Chemical Properties of Fly Ash [1]

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Sl. Test Conducted Observed Requirement as

No. Values (%) per IS:1320-1981
1 Loss of Ignition 2.32 5.0(max)
2 Silica as SiO2 42.04 SiO2+ Fe2O3+
Al2O3=70
3 Iron as Fe2O3 4.40
4 Alumina as Al2O3 33.60
5 Calcium as CaO 12.73
6 Magnesium as MgO 0.00 5.0
7 Sulphate as SO3 0.40 3.0
8 Chloride
9 Lime Reactivity 4 N/mm2 4.5
Table 3.1 (i) Chemical Properties of Fly Ash.

Table 2: Physical Properties of Quarry Rock Dust [3]

Property Quarry
Rock Dust
Specific gravity 2.54-2.60
Bulk relative density (kg/m3) 1720-1810
Absorption (%) 1.20-1.50
Moisture content (%) Nil
Fine particles less than 0.075 mm (%) 12-15
Sieve analysis Zone II

Table 3.1 (ii) physical Properties of quarry dust.

CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES
Green concrete is having better workability than conventional concrete.

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Compressive strength and flexural behavior is fairly equal to that of the conventional
concrete.
That heat of hydration of green concrete is significantly lower than traditional concrete.
Green concrete uses local and recycled materials in concrete.
Reduction in shrinkage and creep.
Good thermal resistant and fire resistant.

LIMITATION
Structures constructed with green concrete have comparatively less life than structures
with conventional concrete.
Split tension of green concrete is less than that of conventional concrete.
By using stainless steel , cost of reinforcement increases.

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SCOPE IN INDIA
Green concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry.

As green concrete is made with concrete wastes it does take more time to come in
India because of industries having problem to dispose wastes and it also reduces
environmental impact with reduction in CO2 emission.

Use of green concrete can help us reduce a lot of wastage of several products.

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Various non-biodegradable products can also be used and thus avoiding the issues
of their disposal.

CONCLUSION
The review presented in this report clearly indicates an increasing trend and
incentives for the greater use of manufactured and recycled aggregates in
construction.

These are, however limitations to the use such materials. This report focuses on
known benefits and limitations of a range of manufactured and recycled
aggregates.

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Use of concrete product like green concrete in future will not only reduce the
emission of CO2 in environment and environmental impact but it is also
economical to produce.

REFERENCES

[1] Garg Chirag & Jain Aakash, Green Concrete Efficient & Eco Friendly Construction
Material,
International Journal of Research In Engineering And Technology
ISSN(E)23218843;ISSN(P):23474599,vol.02,issue 02,Feb2014,pageno-259-264.
[2] Monika Dhoka, Green Concrete Using Industrial Waste of Marble Powder, Quarry
Dust And Paper Pulp, International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN(Online):23196734, ISSN(Print):23196726,vol .2,
issue10,Oct.2013, page no. 67-70.

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[3] Karma Wangchuck et al, Green Concrete For Sustainable Construction,

International Journal Of Research In Engineering And Technology ISSN:2319-
1163;ISSN:2321-7308,volume 2,issue 11,Nov2013.page no-142-146.
[4] D.B.Desai et al., Green Concrete: Need of Environment ,International Journal of
Advanced Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN 2319- 5924,Vol 2, Issue 2, 2013,
page no-134-137.
[5] Raminder Singh et.al, Strength evaluation of concrete using Marble Powder and
Waste Crushed Tile Aggregates, international journal for science and emerging
technologies with latest trends on Feb-2015,ISSN NO-2250-3641.

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