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Equations
From Physical Metallurgy

Crystallography
Atomic Packing Factor

Simple Cubic Body-Centered Cubic Face-Centered Cubic Hexagonal Close-Packed

Linear Density and Planar Density

Linear Density Planar Density

It describes the density along one particular direction in a three-dimensional object. It describes the density along one particular plane in a three-dimensional object.

Weiss Zone Law

Finding the zone axis [uvw] of two planes (hkl)

U V W

Angle between two planes

Number of vacancies per unit volume

(vacancies/m^3). Where: Nv= number of vacancies per unit volume, N= # of atomic sites per unit volume, Qv= activation energy for vacancy formation, k=

Boltzmann's constant (1.3806488 10-23 m2 kg s-2 K-1), T= absolute temperature (Kelvin or Rankine).

Theoretical density of a metal

Where: n= Number of atoms associated with each unit cell; A= Atomic weight (g/mol); VC= Volume of the unit cell (cm3/unit cell); NA= Avogadro's number (6.023*10^23

atoms/mol).

X-ray diffraction
Braggs Law Atomic spacing of planes (cubic) Scherrers Equation

Where: n = integer value; = wavelength; d = distance Where: a = edge length; h, k, l = magnitude in x, y, z Where: t = mean particle size; = wavelength; = peak width (measured at a height
between planes; = Bragg Angle directions, respectively. equal to half the intensity) in units of radians; = Bragg Angle

Volume Free Energy

where:
Hf = Latent heat of fusion

Equilibrium Vacancies Equation

where: nv = equilibrium number of vacancies; n = total number of atomic sites; Qv = energy required to form the vacancy; k = Boltzmann's constant; T = absolute temperature of interest.

Theoretical Strength

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Equations - Physical Metallurgy http://129.89.58.197/mediawiki/index.php/Equations

Shear Modulus:

where: = shear stress; = shear strain;

Phase Diagrams
The Lever Rule

This is used to find the quality of the a phase in an a,b phase mixture, of which each phase contains 2 elements.

Where: Xa= quality of phase a in an a,b mixture; C= weight percentage of the second element in phase b; A= wight percentage of the second element in phase a; B= weight

percentage of the second element in the entire alloy.

Solidification of Pure Metals

Gibbs Free Energy of Formation

where: SL = The interfacial free energy; Gv = The volume free energy.

If a Solid-Solid transformation occurs a strain energy term is required to be included for the Gibbs Free Energy formula shown below

where:
= the applied strain

Diffusion
Diffusivity

where: D & D naught are unique for a specific diffusion couple; R is the gas constant; Q is the activation energy; T is temperature in an absolute scale.

Fick's First Law

Steady State Diffusion

where: J = Flux; D = Diffusivity; C is the concentration gradient; X is the thickness.

Fick's Second Law

Non-Steady State Diffusion

this can be simplified using the error function to:

where: Cs = Surface Concentration; Co = Initial Concentration; Cx = Concentration at X below surface

erf = Error function (Values are tabulated and can be found here (http://www.miniwebtool.com/error-function-calculator/) )

Processing of Metals
Cold Work

where: %CW = the percent cold work, or change in cross sectional area; Ao = the initial square area; Af = the final cross sectional area.

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