Exceeding The Standards Vocabulary Spelling British Traditio PDF

British
Tradition
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, British Tradition
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ISBN 978-0-82194-373-1
2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC

875 Montreal Way
St. Paul, MN 55102
E-mail: educate@emcp.com
Web site: www.emcp.com
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be adapted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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Printed in the United States of America

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Unit 1: Word Study Skills and Word Origins

Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lesson 2: Word Study Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lesson 3: PAVEPredict Associate, Verify, Evaluate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lesson 4: Anglo-Saxon Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lesson 5: Old English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Time Out for Test Practice: Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin. . . . . . . . . . . 11
Unit 2: Word Origins

Lesson 6: Middle English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Lesson 7: Greek and Latin Root Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Lesson 8: British English vs. American English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Time Out for Test Practice: Words of French, Latin,
and Greek Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Unit 3: Word Parts and Spelling

Lesson 9: Word Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lesson 10: High-Frequency Spelling Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Lesson 11: Pronunciation and Spelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Time Out for Test Practice: Recognizing Word Parts and
Spelling Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Unit 4: Context Clues and Syntax

Lesson 12: Inferential Context Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lesson 13: Using Context Clues in Your Own Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Lesson 14: Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Time Out for Test Practice: Context Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Unit 5: Evolution of Language

Lesson 15: Current Events Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Lesson 16: Compound Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Lesson 17: Allusions and Eponyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Time Out for Test Practice: Compound Words and Eponyms. . . . . . . . 42
EMC Publishing, LLC Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition iii

Unit 6: Word Usage
Lesson 18: Common Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Lesson 19: Clichs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Lesson 20: Contractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Time Out for Test Practice: Vocabulary Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Unit 7: Determining Meaning

Lesson 21: Homophones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Lesson 22: Synonyms and Antonyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Lesson 23: Connotation and Denotation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Lesson 24: Literal versus Figurative Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Time Out for Test Practice: Idioms, Colloquialisms,
and Hyperbolic Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Unit 8: Classifying Words and Semantic Families

Lesson 25: Classifying Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Lesson 26: Civics ConnectionEconomic Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Lesson 27: Political and Historical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lesson 28: Civics ConnectionLegal Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Time Out for Test Practice: Economic, Political, and Legal Words. . . . 66
Unit 9: Semantic Families and Expanding Word Knowledge

Lesson 29: Math and Science Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Lesson 30: Technology Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Lesson 31: Weird Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Lesson 32: Expanding Word Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Time Out for Test Practice: Math, Science, and Technology Words
and Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird Words. . . . . . . . . 75
Answer Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
iv Br Tradition Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling EMC Publishing, LLC

Introduction
The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrich
students skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards. Exceeding the Standards:
Vocabulary & Spelling offers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language arts
classroom.
Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad
range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns. These lessons are aligned with
the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as
supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition. Each lesson incorporates
words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook. By using these lessons in
conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers,
speakers, and spellers.
Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components:
A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that
students may find particularly meaningful or interesting.
Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows
students to practice what they are learning.
Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be
fun and interesting.
Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and
give helpful suggestions.
A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to
assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized
test questions in a multiple-choice format.
It is essential that vocabulary instructions include a variety of strategies to develop students
word-study skills. Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and
studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules. Activating students
prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations
between new terms and words they already know.
The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with
words. As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly
confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words.
Related Program Resources

For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and
word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2:
Vocabulary & Spelling. Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature
selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated
Instruction for English Language Learners.
Teaching Tips
Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users
employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings. Effective instruction in word study gives students
tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term. The following teaching
tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling.
EMC Publishing, LLC Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition v

Teach Word Attack Strategies
There are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliar
word. These strategies include:
using the context as a clue
gleaning hints from pictures, charts, graphs, and other text support
examining word parts: prefixes, suffixes, and roots
combing through memories for associations with the word
consulting dictionaries and other reference materials
asking an authority, such as a teacher or other expert in the field
For many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using
them. To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostly
internally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may never
witness them in action. Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies to
become proficient readers and effective writers. The lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide such
explicit instruction.
Create a Word-Rich Environment

The essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly
valued. The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom.
Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom to
provide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize. Use it
as the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborative
storytelling.
Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied in
class, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for real-
world uses of the words.
Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustained
silent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students vocabularies.
Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built into
word processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses.
Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online word
games and other technology tools.
Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students attention to interesting
words in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you.
Foster Curiosity
The key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encourage
dialogue with your students about how words create meaning. Your own curiosity about language
is infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive word detectives motivated to
solve the mystery of word meanings.
About Spelling Rules

Some students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others are
frustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule. To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the term
spelling pattern has been used instead of spelling rule in this resource. In addition to introducing
students to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the same
teaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, and
fostering curiosity.
vi Br Tradition Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling EMC Publishing, LLC

Name: Date:
LEssON 1
Word of the Week
Word study Notebook imploring (im> pl0r i4) v.,
begging, pleading
Understand the Concept
While Jason was imploring his
With more than a million wordsand more added every dayEnglish
mother to let him go to the Mall
has the largest vocabulary of any language in the world. Most of us
of America, he could see his
know only a small percentage of those words and use even fewer of friends drive off without him in the
them in our daily life, so, no matter how literate you are, you are bound direction of the mall.
to run into unfamiliar words from time to time. Keeping track of these
words and their definitions can help you enrich your vocabulary and Synonyms for implore include
therefore become a better reader, speaker, and writer. beg, beseech, plead, entreat,
A good way to collect new words is to keep a word study notebook. demand, and press. The word
In it, you can record each new word with its definition, pronunciation, implore is derived from the Latin
and origins, along with an example sentence or drawing to help you word implorare, which means to
weep. Note that when adding the
remember it.
suffix -ing to implore, the silent e
Here is a sample page from a word study notebook.
is dropped.
Word: penurious
Pronunciation: \p@ ny1> r7 @s\ Tip A word study notebook

helps you actively increase
Origins: from penury, meaning poverty or extreme the words you use in your daily
frugality; derived from Latin penuria or paenuria, writing and speech, making your
meaning want communication more precise
and effective. Why say something
Definition: 1) marked by or suffering from penury, or smelled bad when you could say
severe poverty 2) given to extreme frugality: stingy it was rank, stinking, rancid, foul,
fetid, reeking, or rotten? Why call a
shoe a shoe when you could call
it a sneaker, loafer, pump, running
shoe, mule, sandal, ballet slipper,
or hightop?
EMC Publishing, LLC Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br TradiTion, uniT 1 1
0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 1 5/26/09 4:28:35 PM

Tip Draw a picture or make Try It Yourself
up a catchy saying to help Fill in this sample page of a word study notebook.
you remember the meaning of a
word.
word: vacuous
Pronunciation:
Tip The origins of a word
are known as its
etymology. Many words in Origins:
English come from Latin and
Greek. In a good dictionary, you
will find the etymology of each Definition:
word along with its meaning and
pronunciation.
Sentence using the word:
Tip To write the pronunciation Drawing:

of a word, you need to use
special phonetic symbols such as
the following:
\5\ (as in star) Skim the newspaper until you find a word you dont know. On
\7\ (as in me) your own paper, create a word study notebook entry like the one
\8\ (as in my) shown above. Use a dictionary to find the correct pronunciation and
\0\ (as in paw) definition. If there is more than one definition, use context clues to
\1\ (as in foot) and decide which definition makes the most sense in the article where it is
\@\ (as in extra and civil)
used. You might also include another definition if there is one and write
You can find these and many a contextual sentence using the second meaning.
other symbols in a dictionary or
glossary. Just for Fun
Do you know what a flibbertigibbet is? What does it mean to bloviate?
What is the weirdest word you know? You can add strange or unusual
words to your word study notebook, too. In your word study notebook,
Tip Books, newspapers, and
create an entry for the following words:
magazines are an obvious
starting point to find new words, flibbertigibbet
but dont stop there! Look for new bloviate
words on signs, in directions, and gurning
on packaging materials. You may mudlark
hear unfamiliar words in songs, pettifogging
on the radio, in speeches, or on
television. Wherever you find
them, add them to your word
study notebook.
2 Br TradiTion, uniT 1 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling EMC Publishing, LLC

Name: Date:
LEssON 2
Word of the Week
Word study skills secular (se kye l@r) adj., not
bound by religious guidelines or
Understand the Concept influence
Part of the beauty of literature is the wide variety and richness of
Although the lawsuit involved
language writers can use. When reading, you will often encounter
two religious groups, the judge
words that are new to you. These unfamiliar words should not stop you insisted that her decision would
from understanding and enjoying what you read. Use the following involve a secular interpretation of
strategies to figure out the meaning of unknown words. the law.
Secular describes actions or ideas
Use Context Clues that are free of the influence of
Context clues are other words or information in the passage that hint religion. For example, in some
at the meaning of the word. Look at the following passage: countries laws must conform to
the principles and ideals of the
The criminal adumbrated his plans in a videotaped report and
dominant religion. In a secular
sent it to the police. He taunted them to figure out what he was country, however, laws may
going to do in time to stop him. The detectives followed up on be passed even if they are not
every clue they could pick up from his hints. consistent with the beliefs of
the dominant religion. A secular
You may not know the word adumbrated, but, by looking at some of
person is a nonreligious person.
the clues in the passage, you can figure out what the word means. The
word adumbrated is a verb that describes what the criminal did with
his plans. Later in the passage, you learn that the criminal wanted the
police to figure out what he was going to do, so you know he did not
state his plans outright. The next sentence refers to the mans hints.
From these clues, you can guess that adumbrated means hinted or
partially described.
Try It Yourself Tip Try these strategies to

attack new words:
ExErCIsE A
Context clues
Look at the following passage. Use context clues to figure out the
Text support
meaning of the word chimerical.
Word parts
Mayor Loretti denounced her opponents chimerical plans, Dictionary
saying, The programs Mr. Lassiter mentions are lovely Teacher, adult, or friend
daydreams, but my office must deal with the realities of the If one strategy doesnt work, try a
budget. Well never see these programs functioning. different one.
1. What word other than chimerical describes the plans? What else
do you learn about the plans?

Record unfamiliar words 2. What do you think chimerical means?
Tip
from these lessons in your
word study notebook.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Use your knowledge of word parts to define each of the following
Tip Many words appear in the
words. Record your reasoning on the lines provided.
dictionary as main entries
more than once. Often these 1. indefatigable
entries represent different parts of
speech, such as break, the noun,
and break, the verb. Other times,
entries have completely unrelated
2. postlude
meanings. Use context clues to
determine which meaning makes
the most sense.
3. malodorous
4. presage
5. concordant
Ask for Help

Try the preceding strategies first. Then, if you are still unsure of a
words meaning, ask someone for help. Your teacher, a parent, a
librarian, or another knowledgeable person may be able to help you.
When you discover the meaning of the word, write it in your word
study notebook.

Name: Date:
LEssON 3
Word of the Week
PAVEPredict, Associate, Verify, Evaluate literal (li t@ r@l) adj., actual
Understand the Concept Although Paul had used the

phrase to describe other days,
PAVE is a good way to help yourself remember the meaning of a new
he believed that the day he was
word. PAVE stands for Predict, Associate, Verify, and Evaluate. When
accepted to college was the literal
you encounter a new word, try the following process: best day of his life.
Predict Try to predict the meaning of the word based on context Literal is derived from the Latin
and on your prior knowledge of the word or its parts. word litteralis, which means of
Associate Then, write a sentence using the word. a letter. It is most commonly
used to indicate that something
Verify Next, check the meaning of the word by using a dictionary means exactly what it describes.
or glossary. If you find more than one definition, write Literally is frequently confused
down the most appropriate definition. with figuratively, which means
Evaluate Finally, assess the sentence you wrote using the word. If metaphorically. For example, if
necessary, rewrite the sentence to reflect the meaning you Joe says I busted a gut laughing,
found. he is speaking figuratively. If he
said this phrase literally, however,
it would mean that his stomach
Try It Yourself and intestines actually exploded
Use PAVE to learn the underlined words in the sentences below. from laughing!
1. Michela took umbrage with Trevors suggestion that her ideas were
unoriginal.
Predict Tip Use this process to
remember new words:
Associate
Predict
Associate
Verify
Verify
Evaluate
Evaluate
2. The sun had a soporific effect on Raoul, and he soon found himself
dozing.
Predict
Associate
Verify
Evaluate

Use context clues or your 3. Grow up! Olu shouted, sick of Rens puerile behavior.
Tip
knowledge of word parts Predict
to predict the meaning of the
word. Context clues are words Associate
and phrases in the surrounding
text that hint at the meaning
of a word. Comparison clues Verify
help show the meaning of the Evaluate
word through restatement,
apposition (the use of a noun 4. Many of Lukes statements are fallacious, although they sound
or noun phrase to rename the true.
noun that comes just before it), Predict
and examples. Contrast clues
help show the meaning of a Associate
word through giving its opposite,
or antonym. (Hint: Question 4
contains a contrast clue.) Verify
Evaluate
5. Youve got me. Im flummoxed, Carl said, looking puzzled.
Predict
Tip Use your knowledge Associate
of word parts to predict
the meaning of the word.
(Hint: fallac is a word root Verify
from the Latin fallere, meaning
deceitful.) Evaluate
Just for Fun

What is the weirdest word you know? Write a sentence using the word.
Switch sentences with a partner and try PAVE on your partners word.

Name: Date:
LEssON 4
Word of the Week
Anglo-saxon Word Origins temporal (t@m p[@] r@l) adj.,
relating to time
In solving crimes, the detective
Many different languages and cultures have influenced English, but
uses clues to establish the
most English words come from Anglo-Saxon, a Germanic language,
temporal relationship between
and Norman French, a Latinate language. different events and people; that
The Anglo-Saxon period in Britain lasted from roughly 449, is, he produces a timeline.
when a Germanic people that spoke Anglo-Saxon invaded England
and dominated the Celts living there, to 1066. In 1066, the Normans Temporal is derived from the Latin
invaded England, overtaking the Anglo-Saxons so thoroughly that, word for timetempus. Synonyms
until the mid-1200s, the aristocratic class spoke French almost of temporal include chronological
exclusively. and sequential. Temporal also
The Anglo-Saxon impact on the English language has lasted much means of or related to earthly
life, as opposed to life after
longer. Many of the most frequently used words in English come from
death. Also, the parts of the skull
Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, origins.
just above the ears are called the
Words with Anglo-Saxon Origins temporal bones, and the parts of
the brain under these bones are
black floor love
called the temporal lobes.
body fly meal
bone go moon
cow good see
dog have sun
door help white
drink hill wood
eye home year
fish land
foot live
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
1. How many syllables are in most of the Anglo-Saxon words listed
above?
2. How would you describe Anglo-Saxon words? Are they

sophisticated or simple? Concrete or abstract? Explain what
you notice.

The word diction, when After William the Conqueror, a French duke, invaded England in
Tip 1066 in what became known as the Norman Conquest, Norman
applied to writing, refers
to word choice. Choosing words French became the official language of government, business, and the
of either Latinate or Anglo-Saxon aristocracy. Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, remained as the everyday
origin still contributes to high language of the common people. In time, the languages melded into
or low diction today. Latinate Middle English and became further influenced by Latin and Latin-
words connote a more refined, influenced languages, such as Italian, which were prized during the
intellectual world, indicating status Renaissance.
and education, while Anglo-Saxon Look at the following comparison of words from Anglo-Saxon,
words reflect the physical, basic, French, and Latin. These word groups are similar in meaning, although
common world. you may notice some slight variations. In many cases, the Anglo-Saxon
word is simpler or less formal than the French or Latin word.
Old English French Latin
ask question interrogate
guts courage valor
happiness felicity
holy sacred consecrated
kingly royal regal
rise mount ascend
Tip Use Anglo-Saxon Try It Yourself

words when you want ExErCIsE B
your writing to be plain, direct,
and effective. Using many Latinate
Write a contextual sentence using two of the word sets from the chart.
words together may sound Keep in mind the connotations, or emotional associations, of each word.
sophisticated, but it will make your 1. A.
writing more complex and less
powerful.
Use Latinate words to convey B.
subtle shades of meaning. For
example, the Latinates confer,
discuss, and converse have more C.
specific meanings than the Anglo-
Saxon talk.
2. A.
B.
C.

Name: Date:
LEssON 5
Word of the Week
Old English blithe (bl8th) adj., cheerful;
carefree
While most of the students still felt
The Old English that the Anglo-Saxons used over a thousand years ago
the pressure of studying for final
barely resembles todays English. In fact, Old English used a different
exams, the blithe young woman,
alphabet from ours. If you look closely at Old English, you can see some who had already completed the
words that look familiar because they have been borrowed and adapted semester, skipped merrily around
in Modern English, but they now have a different meaning. Looking for campus.
familiar words is one way, however, to see how the English language
has evolved. Blithe is an Old English word that
The chart below shows some examples of Old English words and is probably of Anglo-Saxon origin.
the Modern English words derived from them. It is used in a positive sense to
describe people who are happy,
Old English Modern English merry, and dont have a care in
earm arm the world. It can also be used
cuman come negatively to describe those who,
daed deed while happy, are selfish, heedless,
eare ear or careless as to how their actions
folc folk affect others.
halig holy
cyning king
lufu love
monn man Notice the similarities
mynd mind Tip
and differences between
seon see Old English and Modern English
sittan sit words. The influence of Latin and
weorc work Norman French brought about
hwaet what huge changes in the language. In
fact, at one time, the Scandinavian
Try It Yourself languages (Swedish, Norwegian,
Danish, Icelandic) and English
ExErCIsE A
were mutually understandable.
Look at each of the following Old English words. For each word, write Scandinavians can still understand
what you think the modern English equivalent is. Look up the word each others languages, but
you guessed in a dictionary and see if the Old English word is part of its English has become largely
etymology. unrecognizable to them.
1. weall
2. fyr
3. scield

4. ondswardrede
5. eower
Tip A kenning is a figurative Many words in Old English use prefixes and suffixes. For example,
compound word, such the word ingang adds the prefix in to the base word gang, which
as swan-road for ocean or battle- means go to create a word meaning go in. Compound words are
flame for sword. In the epic poem also common. A compound word is created by combining two words
Beowulf, the heros name itself is to make a new word. The word aeftergengness is a compound word
a kenning: bee-wolf is a kenning meaning succession. You can see the word after and the word geng,
for bear. which you know means go.
The word domdg or domesdg is a compound word meaning
judgment day. The word dom means judgment and the word dg
means day. It is also interesting to note that domesdg sounds like the
modern English word doomsday.
Figurative compounds called kennings are common in Old English
literature. The word banhus means bone-house. This kenning refers
figuratively to the human body. A large number of kennings found in
Old English literature deal with the sea. Some examples are seolbaep
meaning seal bath, hronrad meaning whale road, and waeterflod
meaning water flood.
Just for Fun Try It Yourself

Make three kennings using the ExErCIsE B
Old English words in the lesson. 1. Make a list of ten Modern English compound words.
Explain what each compound
means.
2. Write a Modern English kenning that could be used figuratively to

mean sea.

Name: Date:
Time Out for Test Practice

Words of Anglo-saxon Origin
Use your knowledge of words to select the correct definition for the following
English words that have roots in the Anglo-Saxon language.
1. misdeed 8. quell
A. crime A. align
B. missed opportunity B. the quiet after a storm
C. missed meeting C. a room in a cathedral
D. middle D. to subdue
2. naught 9. haven
A. nighttime A. a type of sandwich
B. midnight B. a cold beverage
C. nothing C. a safe place
D. a full moon D. a large village
3. goad 10. heathen
A. a male goat A. pagan
B. positive B. a type of bush
C. scoring area in some games C. a type of house
D. to prod D. the area in front of a fireplace
4. loathsome 11. seethe
A. likable A. to leak
B. lighthearted B. to go to sea
C. detestable C. to bleed
D. deadly D. to boil or churn
5. offspring 12. site
A. a river or well A. to reference
B. children B. to recline
C. an offering to a god C. a location
D. a body of water meant for D. a lasso
swimming
13. steadfast
6. pall A. a girlfriend or boyfriend
A. a dark covering B. unwavering
B. palatable C. muscular
C. potable D. a four-legged stool
D. porcine
14. ire
7. ilk A. anger
A. a type of thread derived from B. frozen water
worms C. method
B. anger or malice D. town
C. a rope fiber derived from a plant
D. type or kind

Name: Date:
LEssON 6
Word of the Week
mortified (m0r t@ f8d) v.,
Middle English
extremely embarrassed; subdued;
deadened Understand the Concept
From 1066, the time of the Norman Conquest, to the mid-1200s,
Mark was mortified when Vicki
French was the main language of the ruling class of England, while
publicly rejected his invitation to
the dance; after she walked away
Anglo-Saxon remained the everyday language of the common people.
he could barely move or speak.
This was followed by a period when many aristocrats were bilingual,
speaking both French and English, until the late 1300s. During this later
Mortify is derived from the Latin period, English speakers borrowed heavily from French vocabulary,
word mort, which means death. pronunciation, and grammar. Because of this, many English words
Although mortify has several have French origins.
meanings, it is most commonly
used to express extreme Words Borrowed from French
embarrassment, as demonstrated account costume harmony property
in the sample sentence above. accuse council heir ransom
When a person is mortified, he or allegiance courteous innocent receipt
she can temporarily lose the ability apparel crime judgment reign
to function.
arrest crown jury siege
assault customer justice sovereign
assembly dangerous legal summons
assets defendant leisure tax
attire dignity lieutenant tournament
attorney estate noble turret
authority evangelist obey tyrant
balcony evidence oppress valor
banquet fashion ornament value
bargain feat palace vanquish
budget felony pastry verdict
cathedral frank peace vice
conquer garment perjury village
conscience government plaintiff virtue
convict gracious pleasure
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Circle any words in the list above that you do not know, or choose five
you would like to know better. Write a definition and a contextual
sentence for each word. Use a dictionary if needed to determine the
meaning.
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
Tip Words used to describe

farm animals (calf,
Comparing Origins ox) have Anglo-Saxon origins,
For many words that were incorporated into English from French, since native English people, not
there is a synonymous term with Old English origins. The following the aristocrats in that society,
chart shows some of these pairs. In many cases, the connotations of the tended them. Words describing
French words are more formal or sophisticated than those of the Old prepared meats (veal, beef) are
English words. French, since the French-speaking
Normans were wealthy enough to
Old English Origins French Origins eat prepared meat.
begin commence
calf veal
freedom liberty
happiness felicity
help aid
hide conceal
meal repast
ox beef
stench aroma
theft burglary Just for Fun
Try It Yourself Based on what you learned about
word pairs, try to guess a word
ExErCIsE B
with a French origin that would
Write a dialogue between a Norman aristocrat and a commoner. In the pair with deer, sheep, and pig.
dialogue, include the words each speaker would have been most likely Check your guesses by checking
to use. the etymology for each guess in
the dictionary.

Name: Date:
LEssON 7
Word of the Week
prevarication (pri ver @ k6<
Greek and Latin Word roots
sh@n) n., bending the truth; a lie
When the baseball player was
Many common words in English owe their origins to ancient Greek
asked if he had ever taken illegal
or Latin. These words were used in Greece or the Roman Empire two
performance-enhancing drugs,
his response was a classic case of
thousand years ago. By becoming familiar with as many of these word
prevarication.
roots as possible, youll be able to better recognize and remember new
words.
Prevarication is derived from the
Latin word praevaricatus, which Common Greek Word roots
means to walk a crooked line. It
Word Root Meaning Examples
is an example of a word that has
changed little in the two thousand bio life biography, biology
years since its creation. Its geo earth geopolitical, geology
synonyms include equivocation, hemo blood hemoglobin, hemophilia
fabrication, distortion, and
hydro water hydroplane, hydrogen
deception.
hyper too much hyperactive, hyperextend
meter measure thermometer, kilometer
oct eight octogenarian, octopus
tel far/end telephone, television
Tip Many English words were therm heat thermos, thermometer
derived from ancient tri three triad, triathlon
Greek or Roman words.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Think of five other words that contain the Greek word roots in the
chart above. If necessary, you may use a dictionary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Common Latin Word roots While many English words
Tip
Word Root Meaning Examples are derived from Latin,
some Latin phrases are also used
aqu water aquatic, aqueduct in everyday English. One example
aud sound/hearing auditorium, audible is status quo, which means the
bene good/well benefit, benevolent existing state of affairs.
brev short abbreviation, brevity
cept to take, seize intercept, receptive
claim/clam to cry out declaim, proclamation
jur/just law jury, justice
mult/multi many multiply, multiplex
scrib/script write inscribe, scripture
struct build structure, construction
uni/un one union, university
vac empty vacant, vacuum, vacation
val worthy valuable, valiant
viv to live vivid, revive
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Think of five other words that contain the Latin word roots in the chart
above. If necessary, you may use a dictionary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Name: Date:
LEssON 8
Word of the Week
abominably (@ b5 m@ n@ bl7)
British English vs. American English
adv., detestably; hatefully
She thought he acted abominably
Language is constantly evolving, differing not only from age to age but
at the partyhe grabbed food
also from place to place. There are many variations of English around
with his bare hands, pushed into
people without apologizing, and
the world. Distinct differences exist, for example, between British
yelled at the waiters.
English and American Englishdifferences in pronunciation, spelling,
and word meaning. These differences can sometimes be confusing,
Abominable, an adjective, is used but they also provide fascinating insight into two cultures across the
to describe something that is pondthe Atlantic Oceanfrom each other.
both disgusting and loathsome.
Abominably, an adverb, is used
to describe repugnant behavior.
Pronunciation
The noun, abomination, is used If you are listening to British English, you may notice some variations
to reference something that is in pronunciation. These differences may include a difference in vowel
disgraceful or scandalous. pronunciation or a difference in stressed syllables. Generally these
differences will not hinder your ability to understand. If you learn
words from listening to a British source, you may wish to check the
American pronunciation.
Examples American Pronunciation British Pronunciation
advertisement ad v@r t8z> m@nt ad v@r> tiz m@nt
aluminum a l99> mi n@m a lu mi> n7 @m
fillet fi l6> fil> it
Tip Words that occur in both
garage g5 r5j> g6r> 5j
British and American
herb erb herb
English can differ in pronunciation,
leisure l7> zh@r le> zh@r
spelling, and even meaning.
privacy pr8> v5 s7 pri> v5 s7
schedule ske> j@l she> j@l
semi se> m8 se> m7
spelling
From spelling alone, you may be able to tell if a document is written
in British or American English. Look at the following chart for some
examples of differences in British and American spelling.
American Spelling British Spelling
airplane aeroplane
appall appal
check cheque
connection connexion
defense defence
draft draught
jail gaol
gray grey

American Spelling British Spelling
jeweler jeweller
maneuver maneouvre
mold mould
offense offence
paralyze paralyse
plow plough
program programme
traveler traveller
tire tyre
Some common differences include British spelling that uses ough

instead of ow, doubling the l in words ending in ler, using a c instead of
an s in words ending ence, and using an s instead of a z in words ending
with an /z/ sound.
Just for Fun
Try It Yourself Watch a British film or television
ExErCIsE A show and make a list of words
Change the spelling in the following sentences to standard American used in British English that are
English spellings. not commonly used in American
English.
1. The traveller was happy to finally be home after the paralysing trip
on the aeroplane.
2. What kind of defence do you plan to mount in connexion with the

other teams soccer maneouvres?
3. It will appal you to know that you cant write a cheque for your
purchase.
4. The room was cold and draughty, and she found grey mould in the
shower.
5. Morgan made a pretence of getting ready to speak to the gaoller.

Name: Date:

Words of French, Latin, and Greek Origin
Use your knowledge of words to select the correct definition for the following
English words that have roots in French, Greek, or Latin.
French-derived words
1. nuisance 5. lozenge
A. excitement A. tablet
B. negativity B. pork dinner
C. discrepancy C. goose feather
D. annoyance D. mink stole
2. porous 6. monologue
A. purple A. type of viral disease
B. permeable B. type of surgery
C. skinny C. type of speech
D. underprivileged D. single piece of firewood
3. jargon 7. plumage
A. large jar A. plumbers tool
B. field of grass B. spillway
C. thick branch C. teeth
D. slang D. feathers
4. liaison 8. tenant
A. massage table A. sailor
B. intermediary B. group of ten
C. bank loan C. renter
D. hockey player D. camping tent
Latin-derived words
9. vehement 11. habituate
A. car or truck A. to become accustomed
B. stomach muscle B. to eat healthily
C. passionate C. a bears den
D. part of a cathedral D. part of a fort
10. virile 12. hospice
A. disease caused by a virus A. candy
B. green vegetable B. handgun
C. modern communication strategy C. place to rest
D. masculine D. prisoner

13. garrulous 15. machination
A. talkative A. engine
B. ugly B. marching band formation
C. fancy C. chewing motion
D. strong D. evil scheme or plot
14. gradient 16. commodious
A. high test score A. outhouse
B. inclined surface B. loud
C. spherical object C. spacious
D. airplane motor D. pretty
Greek-derived words
17. antagonize 21. theism
A. feed A. theater design
B. sing B. religious belief
C. dance C. accounting practice
D. provoke D. business strategy
18. eon 22. dilemma
A. subatomic particle A. two performers
B. digestive juice B. pair of rodents
C. long period of time C. predicament
D. newspaper edition D. solution
19. autonomy 23. monolithic
A. study of the body A. massive
B. independence B. unmarried
C. political speech C. boring
D. type of walk D. ill
20. kinetic 24. homogenous
A. energetic A. very intelligent
B. bilingual B. extinct; irrelevant
C. kind C. uniform; well-mixed
D. immature D. very large; significant

Name: Date:
LEssON 9
Word of the Week
abdication (ab< di k6 sh@n) n.,
Word Parts
a formal relinquishing of power
The abdication of Englands King
Many words consist of a central part, called either a word root or a base
Edward VIII in 1936 occurred
word, and a prefix or a suffix (or both a prefix and a suffix). If you are
because he insisted on marrying
a woman who was not of royal
familiar with common roots, prefixes, and suffixes, it will be much
blood.
easier to figure out the meaning of words that are new to you.
The word root or base word is a group of letters to which a prefix
The word abdication comes or suffix is attached. A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to
from the Latin root dicare, to the beginning of a word root or base word, whereas a suffix is a letter
proclaim, the prefix ab-, away or group of letters added to the end. Adding a prefix or suffix almost
from, and -tion, the result of. always changes the meaning of a word.
Although abdication is generally
used in reference to a monarch or
someone who has formal power, Try It Yourself
it can also be used informally. Use a dictionary to identify the prefixes, roots, and suffixes in each of
the following words. Note that all words do not have both a prefix and a
For example, a person might
suffix, and some words have more than one prefix or suffix.
abdicate his or her responsibility
in organizing a birthday party or 1. contemplation
round of golf.
2. covetousness
3. excommunication
Tip Most English words
consist of a word root or
4. immortalize
base word and a prefix, suffix, or
both a prefix and a suffix.
5. reprove
6. transgress
7. tribulation
8. undiscerning

Name: Date:
LEssON 10
Word of the Week
High-Frequency spelling rules righteousness (r8 ch@s n@s) n.,
the state of being morally right
Outraged at the skimpy new
Spelling and vocabulary are closely connected. To use new words
outfits the schools cheerleaders
in your writing, you need to know how to spell them. Learning the
wore, members of the church
following spelling patterns will help you improve your spelling and group marched into the
your ability to proofread for spelling errors. principals office with a sense of
righteousness.
Adding Affixes The adjective righteous, the
Adding affixes, or prefixes and suffixes, often causes spelling errors. adverb righteously, and the noun
When adding a prefix, do not change the spelling of the word itself. righteousness imply thought or
examples un- + natural = unnatural action based on higher morality,
re- + act = react perhaps derived from divine law.
These words all present difficulties
The spelling of most words is not changed when the suffix -ment, in spelling. In the first syllable, the
-ness, or -ly is added. gh is silent. In the second syllable,
examples abate + -ment = abatement the t does not make a t sound;
sudden + -ness = suddenness rather it combines with eou to
produce a ch sound.
sullen + -ly = sullenly
If you are adding a suffix to a word that ends with y, and that y follows
a vowel, you should usually leave the y in place. If the y follows a
Tip Do not change the
consonant, you should change the y to i.
spelling of the word itself
examples coy + -ly = coyly when you add a prefix.
giddy + -ness = giddiness
If you are adding a suffix that begins with a vowel to a word that ends
with a silent e, you should usually drop the e. If you are adding a suffix Tip The spelling of most
that begins with a consonant to a word that ends with a silent e, you words is not changed
should usually leave the e in place. when the suffix -ment, -ness, or -ly
is added.
examples emote + -ive = emotive
trite + -ly = tritely
Tip Every rule has exceptions,

Try It Yourself but knowing the rules
ExErCIsE A will help you spell most words
Rewrite each sentence, correcting any spelling errors. correctly.
1. Igor sighed morosly.
2. Tayas remarks went unoticed by the rest of the class.

3. I sincerly hope youll ask for help if you need it.
4. Malesha was heavyly favored to win.
5. Our ideas were summaryly dismissed.
Tip The following rhyme may More spelling Patterns

help you remember when
to spell words ei and when to I Before E
spell them ie. When a word is spelled with the letters i and e and has the long e sound,
it is spelled ie except after the letter c.
Write I before E
Except after C examples chief, achieve, field
Or when it sounds like an A as in receive, deceit, ceiling
neighbor and weigh.
Unfortunately, there are many exceptions to this rule. A few of them
are the words seize, either, neither, weird, and height. However, the rule
does hold true for most words that have the long e sound, as in shriek
and ceiling.
seed Words
Supersede is the only word in the English language that ends in -sede.
Three words end in -ceed: exceed, proceed, and succeed. Every other
word that ends with the seed sound is spelled -cede.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Correct any spelling errors in the sentences below.
1. The tide comes in and receeds.
2. You exceded my expectations.
3. Put down your sheild and admit defeat.
4. A short ceremony will presede the party.
5. What a releif!

Common Errors
Below is a list of some words that high school students often misspell.
Studying these words can help you avoid common errors.
Commonly Misspelled Words
absence environment nuisance
academically fascinating occasionally
accessible finally occurrence
accidentally hypocrite parallel
acknowledgment independent pastime
anonymous influential persistent
answer irrelevant privilege
beautiful irresistible receipt
beginning judgment referred
business leisure relieve
calendar license schedule
catastrophe manageable separate
changeable mediocre succeed
committee millennium tomorrow
conscientious mischievous undoubtedly
disastrous misspell vengeance
discipline naive (also nave) withhold
efficiency necessity
embarrass noticeable
There are probably some words that you commonly misspell. Keep a
list of these words in your word study notebook. Practice these words
until you know how to spell them correctly. You may also wish to make
up devices to help you remember correct spellings. For example, say
Page the antits time for the pageant to help you remember how to
spell pageant.
Try It Yourself
E x e r ci s e C
Choose ten words from the list above or from your own list of difficult
spelling words. Make up a saying or image to help you remember the
correct spelling. Write or draw your ideas in the space below. Continue
on your own paper if necessary.
EMC Publishing, LLC Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition, unit 3 23

Name: Date:
LEssON 11
Word of the Week
obliquely (9 bl7k l7) adj.,
Pronunciation and spelling
neither perpendicular nor parallel
in nature; indirectly Understand the Concept
As you learn new words, you will want to know their meaning, their
The track coach explained that
spelling, and also their pronunciation. If you pick up new words from
unlike a pole vaulter, who runs
directly at the pit, a high jumper
listening to television, lectures, or other sources, you will know the
approaches the bar obliquely
pronunciation right away. If you learn new words from reading, you
that is, at an intermediate angle. will want to make sure you check the pronunciation before you add
the word to your speaking vocabulary. Use the following system to
In a geometric or spatial sense, determine the pronunciation of a new word.
oblique refers to the relationship
between two items that are
neither parallel nor perpendicular
Use Pronunciation rules
to one another. For example,
First, use rules of pronunciation to come up with a reasonable guess
ocean waves almost always about how to pronounce the word. Sound out the word using what
approach a shoreline obliquely. you know about letter sounds. Remember there are exceptions to every
In everyday speech, an indirect, rule, so some words may not be pronounced the way they look. Keep in
secretive, or underhanded action mind the following trouble spots.
by a person can be called oblique. gh
The letters gh are often silent, as in sigh and fraught.
Sometimes this combination has an f sound, as in cough.
ough
Words that contain the Anglo-Saxon combination ough are tricky. In
Tip For effective each of the following examples, the ough combination is pronounced
communication, the differently.
words of a language need to be
pronounced consistently. Early through rhymes with threw
in the Medieval Period, Middle bought rhymes with taught
English was spoken with many drought rhymes with out
different dialects, making it hard dough rhymes with show
for people in different regions to tough rhymes with stuff
understand each other. Toward cough rhymes with off
the end of the Medieval Period,
You can see that in some of the words the gh is silent, while in others
a London dialect became widely
used while other regional dialects
it has the f sound. The ou can have several different sounds.
were seen as inferior, reflecting a ate/ite
lack of education and social status. These suffixes can be pronounced with a long vowel or short vowel
sound. In some cases, the pronunciation indicates a difference in
part of speech. For example, the word duplicate is pronounced with a
long a when it is used as a verb. It is pronounced with a schwa sound
(short u denoted by the @ symbol) when it is used as an adjective.
Other words may vary in pronunciation, including which syllable is
stressed, based on how the word is being used.

Use a Dictionary Tip If you know another
After you have estimated the pronunciation, use a dictionary to verify language, you might
it. Use the pronunciation key in the dictionary and pay attention to have noticed that vowels in
which syllables are stressed. Here is a sample pronunciation key. other European languages are
pronounced differently from
Vowel Sounds vowels in English. Vowels in
a pan, sap 7 bee, deep 0i boy, coil Middle English were much
6 may, sail i kit, lip u up, scrub more like the vowels in other
5 lot, star 8 my, ice 2 crew, blue languages. As Middle English
a1 out, cow 9 grow, boat 1 soot, foot evolved into Modern English
e bet, sell 0 paw, raw @ extra, summer between 1400 and 1600,
however, it underwent what
b but, cub l lip, pull t tip, cut linguists call the Great Vowel
ch child, patch m man, lamb th thank, forth Shift. With this phenomenon,
d doll, cod n not, can th there, that many of the long vowel sounds
f fall, cuff 4 sing, wrong v very, cove were pronounced higher in the
g girl, hug p pull, up w wet, twin mouth than they had been before.
h hole, ham r ram, core y your, yard Thus the word name, which was
j jam, fudge s sip, miss z zip, puzzle pronounced in Chaucers day as
k kid, pick sh ship, push /n5 m@/ became, in Modern
English, /n6m/. The word bete,
Some words will have more than one pronunciation. Check to see pronounced /b7 t@/, became /
b7t/. The sound that used to
if the pronunciation varies based on usage. If not, use the preferred
be pronounced like the long e in
pronunciation. Recognize that some pronunciations vary by region.
beet became a long i like in sign.
The long i sound combines two
Ask for Help sounds: /5/ and /7/. Thus, blind,
If you are still unsure about how to pronounce a word, ask somebody to which once rhymed with cleaned,
say the word for you. is now /bl8nd/. The word mus,
once pronounced /m99s/,
Try it Yourself became mouse, pronounced /
mous/. The vowel sound in
ExErCIsE A mouse combines /5 /with /99/.
Write a phonetic spelling to show how each of the following words Notice that in both name and
is pronounced. Check your answer using a dictionary. Then practice bete, as in many other words,
pronouncing the words with a partner. the final e was pronounced in
Middle English but became silent
1. furlough or was dropped altogether in
Modern English.
2. cathedral
3. melancholy
4. hyperbole
5. puerile

Name: Date:

recognizing Word Parts
Use your knowledge of word parts to choose the word that best completes each sentence.
1. The city of Blaine is celebrating its 7. The school has recently been
, or one hundred and fiftieth evaluated, and it met the standards
anniversary. for .
A. centennial A. discrediting
B. bicentennial B. accreditation
C. sesquicentennial C. excredition
D. semicentennial D. undercreditation
2. Myrna is usually outgoing, but lately 8. Unfortunately, the tumor is .
she has been . A. inoperable
A. extroverted B. benign
B. introspective C. cooperative
C. reverted D. unnoticeable
D. diverted
9. Before laying the parquet, we put
3. Are you left-handed, right-handed, or down a .
? A. superfloor
A. monodextrous B. transfloor
B. ambidextrous C. subfloor
C. semidextrous D. overfloor
D. antidextrous
10. The once busy area is now .
4. are rare; seven babies is a lot to A. depopulated
have at once. B. repopulated
A. quadruplets C. popular
B. quintuplets D. populous
C. sextuplets
11. The results were ; they didnt
D. septuplets
fall into the usual range.
5. Fang is a for the dog, who A. atypical
simply wags his tail and licks anyone B. semitypical
who enters the house. C. supertypical
A. renomer D. polytypical
B. misnomer
12. The problem was so difficult it
C. multinomer
seemed .
D. prenomer
A. underwhelming
6. The tied up a few loose ends B. insurmountable
and explained what happened to all C. semisufferable
the characters in the future. D. transient
A. prelude
13. A dog is a .
B. introduction
A. biped
C. postlude
B. triped
D. interlude
C. quadruped
D. bivalve

spelling Patterns
Write the letter of the correctly spelled word on the line.
1. Do not information; tell us 8. Lime green hair is .

everything you know. A. unatural
A. withold B. unnaturel
B. withhold C. unnatural
C. whithold D. unaturel
D. with hold
9. If you break the rules, your
2. Our meal at the four-star restaurant will be revoked.
was only . A. priveldges
A. mediocer B. privileges
B. medeocre C. priveleges
C. medieocer D. priviledges
D. mediocre
10. Missy was by her error.
3. Is the mark on my face ? A. embarassed
A. noticeable B. embarrased
B. noticible C. embarrassed
C. noticeible D. imbarressed
D. notisable
11. Drea didnt her invitation yet.
4. We watched the tide . A. reseive
A. reseed B. recieve
B. recede C. receive
C. resede D. reseve
D. receed
12. When you edit your writing, cut out
5. Claude fell behind at the of any information.
the race. A. irrelevant
A. begining B. irelevant
B. begginning C. irrellevant
C. beggining D. irreleveant
D. beginning
13. I try to eat right, but I splurge .
6. The will vote on the new rules A. occasionally
tomorrow. B. occasionnally
A. comittey C. ocasionally
B. comittee D. ocaisonally
C. committee
14. Did you any words on the test?
D. commitee
A. mispel
7. Dont be a . B. mispell
A. hippocrite C. misspell
B. hypocrite D. misspel
C. hipocrite
D. hypocryte

Name: Date:
LEssON 12
Word of the Week
harbinger (h5r b@n j@r) n.,
Inferential Context Clues
indication of what is to come in
the future Understand the Concept
If you come across an unfamiliar word in your reading, you can often
Mrs. Jones knew that Samanthas
use context clues to figure out the meaning of the word. Context clues
ability to easily solve the first
question on the calculus exam
provide hints about unfamiliar words.
was a harbinger of a good test
Some context clues are quite direct. They simply restate the word
performance. in different terms. Using restatement or apposition, the author may
tell you the meaning of the word you do not knoweither in the same
Harbinger can be traced to the sentence or in the following sentence.
Middle English word herbergere,
which means host. Originally, examples The three revelers died because of their cupidity, or greed.
harbinger referred to someone Stop that sniggering! You are laughing at me!
who was sent ahead to establish
lodgings with a host. Other Other times you will have to infer the meaning of a word from the
synonyms of harbinger include surrounding text. Sometimes you will not get an exact definition, but
forerunner, omen, indication, you will know enough about the meaning of the word to continue
portent, and herald. reading. You may infer the meaning from examples or from other
information in the text. When you do this, you are using inferential
context clues.
Examples used in a sentence can help illustrate a term you do not
know.
example Pouting or throwing a tantrum to get your way is
puerile behavior.
Tip Context clues often What kind of behavior is pouting or throwing a tantrum? Its childish
compare or contrast the behavior. From the examples, you can infer that puerile means
word you do not know to other childish.
words you do know. Sometimes you will have to look beyond the sentence in which a
word is found to estimate its meaning. Read the following passage:
My neighbor and I had been involved in a bitter feud for several
months. My husband Lawrence counseled me to forgive her.
He said that my hatred hurt me more than it did her. He warned
that my rancor would eventually poison my own happiness. He
was right; I spent most of my waking hours fuming or plotting.
Tip First look for context clues If you did not know the word rancor, what would you learn about it
in the sentence in which from this paragraph? You can tell it is a negative feeling. It is related
the word appears. Then consider to a bitter feud and to hatred, and it has the power to poison
clues in the surrounding text. happiness. From these clues, you could infer that rancor means
something like bitterness or ill will.

When you are reading, you dont always need to know the exact
dictionary definition of a word. It is often enough to get a general sense
of the meaning. Of course, if the word seems crucial to the passage,
you might want to check your inferences by looking the word up in a
dictionary.
Try It Yourself
The following passage contains a number of words that you probably
dont know. Read the passage, and see if you can answer the questions
that follow.
Jorgen used to have some self-respect, but since the movie
company came to town, hes turned into a spineless sycophant.
At first, his interest seemed innocuous. I mean, a lot of people
are starstruck, right? Then he met the director and became her
lackey. He agrees with and praises everything she says. If she
asks for something, he runs to get it. His only interest is in the
movie. Everything he has to do off the set is done perfunctorily.
When I complain that hes not paying attention to our life, he
says Im just jealous, but really I just want him to go back to
being himself instead of the obsequious toady hes become.
1. How had Jorgen changed?
2. How does he behave on the set? Off the set?
3. How does the narrator feel about the changes in Jorgen?

Name: Date:
LEssON 13
Word of the Week
surmise (s@r m8z) v., infer;
Using Context Clues in Your Own Writing
guess
When Jennifer noticed that
As you know, a context clue is information in a text that tells you
several of her books had been
something about an unknown word. You use context clues when you
moved off her desk, she surmised
that her little brother had been
write contextual sentences in your word study notebooksomething
poking around in her room again.
in your sentence hints at the meaning of the word. You can use similar
clues in other writing to help your reader understand your meaning.
Surmise refers to drawing Context clues allow you to compare or contrast an unfamiliar word
conclusions that are not based on to something familiar. Comparison clues help show similarities between
direct observation or an abundance things. Three types of comparison clues are restatement, apposition,
of facts. Surmise can also be a and examples. Contrast clues show differences between things. See if
noun that means conjecture, as you can guess the meaning of each of the underlined words below.
in His surmise turned out to be
wrong. Surmise is derived from examples
a conjugation of the Old French restatement The tension in the room was palpable. You could
verb surmettre, which comes from
feel it in every corner.
sur, meaning upon, and mettre,
meaning to put. apposition Im in the mood for a weekend jaunt, a trip that is
both quick and fun.
examples The highwaymen engaged in robbery, assault, rape,
and other pernicious behaviors.
Tip Restatement,
apposition, examples, contrast At first glance, the argument seemed logical, but it
contrast, and cause and effect turned out to be specious.
are five common types of context Another type of context clues involve cause and effect.
clues.
example
Because Denises behavior was so incorrigible, the teacher could not
deal with her in class and sent her to the principals office.
Tip When speaking, use Why should you use context clues in your writing? Context clues help
elements of verbal your audience understand your meaning. When you use a recently
communication, such coined word, a piece of jargon, or another term you think may be
as volume, pitch, pace, and unclear, context clues are especially important.
tone, and elements of nonverbal
communication, such as gestures
and facial expressions, to help
Try It Yourself
convey your meaning. Write a sentence using context clues for each of the following words.
Use a dictionary if necessary to understand the meaning of the word.
1. factitious

2. shirk
Just for Fun
Make up four or five words
and use them in sentences.
3. blandish Use context clues to show the
meaning of your made-up words.
4. complicit
5. ignominious
Choose five words from your word study notebook. Use these words in
context as well.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Name: Date:
LEssON 14
Word of the Week
palpable (pal p@ b@l) adj.,
syntax
capable of being felt
This was the first family function
Syntax refers to the order of words in sentences. The English language
since the divorce and the tension
has rules regarding the correct or preferred syntax. When words are not
in the room was palpable.
presented in the right order, the resulting sentences can be awkward
Palpable is derived from the Latin or ambiguous. It is important to understand the rules of syntax so that
word palpare, which means to your writing will be as clear and concise as possible.
stroke or caress. Palpable refers In general, English sentences use the pattern subject-verb-object. In
to something that is capable other words, the sentences first explain who the subject is and then tell
of being felt, either literally or what that subject is doing.
figuratively. For example, if you fall
and scrape your knee, your pain The lion (subject) is chasing (verb) the young zebra (object).
is palpable. In contrast, emotions
can be figuratively palpable, as
George Washington (subject) crossed (verb) the Delaware River
with the tension in the sample (object).
sentence above. Changing the order of these words can produce very different
meanings.
The young zebra is chasing the lion.
Tip Sometimes writers use

strange, awkward, or Try It Yourself
unclear syntax on purpose. This is ExErCIsE A
common in poetry, where it may
Rewrite the following sentences, altering the syntax of each to create a
be used to maintain rhythm or
different meaning.
create a rhyme.
1. The climber walked up the mountain.
2. When the pot was placed over the fire, the water began to boil.
3. The flood filled the basement of the house.

4. The three dogs barked loudly as the jogger ran past them.
5. We set the table after we finished cooking the chicken.
Avoiding Ambiguities
Sometimes, rearranging the syntax of a sentence can make its meaning
clearer. Compare the following sentences:
Leave a note if you want to play volleyball in my mailbox.
If you want to play volleyball, leave a note in my mailbox.

You can probably figure out that the speaker in both of the sentences
above is attempting to tell those interested in playing volleyball to leave
a note in his or her mailbox. However, because of the syntax of the first
sentence, it seems to suggest the possibility of playing volleyball within
the confines of a mailbox! The syntax of the second sentence makes its
meaning much clearer.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
In each of the following pairs of sentences, one sentence has a clear
meaning and the other is ambiguous. Choose the clear sentence and
write the corresponding letter on the line provided.
1. A. He gave her cat food.
B. He gave food to her cat.
2. A. She hit the man carrying the umbrella.
B. She hit the man with the umbrella.
3. A. I think that kids make nutritious snacks.
B. I think that kids prepare nutritious snacks.
4. A. After the accident, I was found in a ditch by some stray
cows.
B. After the accident, I was found in a ditch near some stray
cows.
5. A. I said I would have dinner with you on Tuesday.
B. I said on Tuesday that I would have dinner with you.

Name: Date:

Context Clues
Use context clues to determine the best synonym for the underlined word.
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line provided.
1. The different factions slowly 7. Ever timorous, Yves barely raised his
coalesced into a cohesive group. voice above a whisper when he had to
A. fought speak in public.
B. united A. loud
C. struggled B. hardy
D. worked C. polite
D. timid
2. Thomas followed the instructions
carefully, while Ivan took a desultory 8. The voluble speaker had no trouble
approach. engaging the audience and filling
A. detailed in gaps in the program with witty
B. unsatisfactory anecdotes.
C. haphazard A. loud
D. systematic B. annoying
C. expressive
3. No matter what life throws at
D. glib
Sheila, she remains sanguine and
unperturbed. 9. Climbing Mt. Everest is an arduous
A. bloody and impressive feat.
B. clever A. worthless
C. worried B. enjoyable
D. optimistic C. difficult
D. amazing
4. The mouse helped extricate the lion
from the net. 10. Jorge had a reputation for parsimony;
A. trap nobody knew he gave thousands of
B. save dollars to charity each year.
C. free A. generosity
D. entangle B. heartlessness
C. stinginess
5. After Leon left, we puzzled over his
D. kindness
enigmatic comments.
A. inexplicable 11. I dont think Ben is capable of
B. witty pulling off a scheme of this degree;
C. delightful Ive always found him to be rather
D. outrageous ingenuous.
A. clever
6. Flights of fancy never enter Ugeths
B. deceptive
pragmatic mind.
C. nave
A. ingenious
D. malicious
B. dreamy
C. intellectual
D. practical

12. Despite the childs remonstrances, 17. This substitute is only transitory;
her mother insisted she go to bed on soon, another permanent teacher will
time. take over the class.
A. scolding A. minor
B. protests B. temporary
C. repetitions C. timely
D. demonstrations D. transporting
13. Oh, stamp-collecting is just a 18. One letter to the editor has already
dalliance for Mildred; Mabel is a appeared on this topic, but additional
much more committed collector. letters will just amplify the point; it
A. hobby; avocation doesnt hurt to reinforce our position
B. flirtation; trifle on the issue.
C. career A. contradict
D. dance B. turn up
C. increase
14. Josh is such a staunch advocate
D. distort
of gun control that nothing could
change his mind on the topic. 19. The last thing Serena wants to do is
A. strong sit at a computer at home after being
B. steady fettered to a desk all day at work.
C. stiff A. flung
D. ambivalent B. shackled
C. stroked
15. Mrs. Hunter is known for her strict
D. reduced
classroom policies; in contrast, Mrs.
Jackson is known for lenity. 20. Do you think having a pink flamingo
A. demands in the yard adds to or detracts from
B. honesty the visual appeal of our house?
C. mildness A. takes away
D. stringency B. increases
C. changes
16. The student of Buddhism, a religion
D. slanders
that reveres masters, venerates his or
her teacher and the ancestors from
which the teacher descended.
A. questions
B. respects
C. rebels against
D. challenges

Name: Date:
LEssON 15
Word of the Week
prudent (pr2 d?nt) adj., practical
Current Events Words
Jordan wanted to take another Understand the Concept
course in Italian, but because he
New words are coined, or created, all the time. These newly created
was a chemistry major he knew
words are called neologisms.
it was prudent to devote his time
to additional science and math
Neologisms originate in many ways, but they are often spread
courses.
through the media. What words do the media use? This will depend on
what is happening at the moment. Some high-profile words are related
Prudence (the noun form of to recent inventions, medical breakthroughs, current events, and
prudent) refers to being sensible, cultural developments. Others focus on environmental or social issues
practical, careful, cautious, or that are gaining attention.
even wise. It implies an ability Around the year 2000, words such as Y2K, chad, information
to think ahead and consider superhighway, millennium bug, dotcom, clicks-and-mortar, and SARS
consequences, as opposed
rose to prominence. Some have remained a part of our common
to simply acting on impulses.
vocabulary, but many have fallen into relative disuse since then.
Prudent is derived from the Latin
All of the following words have entered the language in the last fifty
word prudens, which is a form of
years:
the word providere, meaning to
foresee. ATM gridlock soccer mom
bar code homophobia sound byte
cellular phone intrapreneur spin doctor
codependent makeover telemarketing
debit card meltdown triathlete
disinformation netizen voicemail
Tip Neologisms are newly docudrama political correctness yuppie
created words. Some empty-nester quark
of these will be popular briefly;
gazillion reality check
others will last.
Faddish or trendy words or phrases that are popular for a time are
sometimes called buzz words. Additional examples include downsize,
synergy, and outsource. If these words are overused for a long time, they
become clichs, words or phrases that have lost their power.
Tip Buzz words are faddish Try It Yourself

or trendy words or
phrases that are popular for a ExErCIsE A
time. What words have been dominating the media lately? With a partner
or small group, brainstorm a list of words you have heard or read
frequently in the past few months.

Euphemisms and Doublespeak
Euphemisms are inoffensive words or phrases that are substituted for
words or phrases that may be considered offensive. Many euphemisms
exist for death, body parts and functions, and abnormalities. The word
misspeak is a euphemism for lie; this term is often used by people in
government or other positions of authority when they dont want to
admit they have lied.
The use of euphemisms to obscure meaning, protect oneself, or
mislead people is called doublespeak. Doublespeak is language that
does not really communicate, makes the negative seem positive, and
avoids responsibility. Replacing the word casualties with the phrase
collateral damage is an example of doublespeak. Other examples
include regime change to refer to overthrow of a government and
conflict or operation to refer to war.
Governments and corporations use doublespeak in an effort
to avoid responsibility. As you read or listen to news reports,
advertisements, and political speeches, watch for examples of
doublespeak. Take time to interpret what is really being said.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Skim newspapers and Internet pages or listen to news reports and
speeches. In the left column below, make a list of doublespeak terms
you find. In the right column, translate the doublespeak into more
direct language.

Name: Date:
LEssON 16
Word of the Week
Compound Words
redress (ri dr@s) v., to remedy
or compensate Understand the Concept
In order to redress the shop As the English language evolves, new combinations of words are formed
owners financial losses, the and become common in everyday speech. Sometimes these combinations
judge ordered the boys to pay to are formally joined together as new terms, or compound words. For
replace the window that they had example, in the early days of the Internet, one could go on line. As this
broken. term was used more frequently, it was hyphenated as on-line. Now it
Redress is a Middle English is acceptable to omit the hyphen and simply write online. Knowing the
word of French origin. Its original correct way to write a compound word (as two words, with a hyphen, or
meaning, to set upright or combined into one word) can be a confusing part of writing. A recent
restore, is similar to its meaning edition of a dictionary should be used to check the correct forms of
today. Synonyms of redress compound words. A style guide such as The Chicago Manual of Style can
include avenge, rectify, and also provide helpful guidelines for words you cannot find in the dictionary.
equalize. Redress is commonly For many compound words, the meaning of the combined word is
used in the legal sensefor similar to the meaning of the separate words. For example, something
example, citizens with grievances essentially means the same as the words some and thing. Another
can seek redress through the court example is the word toothpaste, which is a paste for teeth. With other
system. compound words, however, the definition has changed over time to
mean something distinct from the words that comprise it. For example,
the word cupboard has a different meaning than the combination of the
words cup and board. A more complicated example is bootstrap, which
literally means a strap or lace for a boot, but also has another more
Compound nouns and
figurative meaning: unaided or independent efforts. This meaning is
Tip usually used in the phrase by ones own bootstraps.
adjectives that are written
as one word, such as baseball
and waterproof, are called closed Try It Yourself
compounds. For each of the following compound words, indicate if the meaning
is similar to or different from that of the two separate words. Briefly
explain each of your responses.
1. goldfish similar different
2. homework similar different
3. supermarket similar different
4. without similar different
5. backbone similar different
6. popcorn similar different
7. stonewall similar different
8. brainwash similar different
9. shoemaker similar different
10. tenderfoot similar different

Name: Date:
LEssON 17
Word of the Week
Allusions and Eponyms vex (veks) v., to annoy; baffle
Understand the Concept Although Mrs. Witherspoon

adored her husband, she found
An allusion is a figure of speech in which a reference is made to a
his habit of chewing with his
person, event, object, or work from history, literature, or art. Allusions
mouth open most vexing.
forge connections that enrich and illuminate the contexts in which they
occur. For example, if you call your neighbor a scrooge, you are making Vex is derived from the Latin word
an allusion to Charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol. You are also saying vexare, which means to agitate.
something about your neighbors personality, that he or she is stingy, Other synonyms of vex include
miserly, or grouchy about holidays. displease, irk, irritate, aggravate,
Allusions are common in literature. Look at the following lines and exasperate.
from Seamus Heaneys poem A Call, which is about hearing the
ticking of clocks in the background as he waits for his father to come to
the telephone:
And found myself then thinking: if it were nowadays,
This is how Death would summon Everyman.

The allusion is to the medieval drama Everyman, in which a character Tip An allusion is a figure
named Everyman is forced to face the end of his life. The allusion shows of speech in which a
reference is made to a person,
that the speaker is thinking about his fathers mortality.
event, object, or work from history
If you have read Everyman or are familiar with the subject of
or literature.
the play, you will recognize and understand the allusion. If you were
not familiar with Everyman, what would you do? You might simply
notice the word Death and understand that the clocks are reminding
the speaker of mortality. You might consult a footnote, if one is
available. Dictionaries and literary guides might also be helpful. By
looking up Everyman in one of these resources, you would gain a better
understanding of the significance of the allusion.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Read each of the following sentences, and try to determine the meaning
of the underlined allusion. Also note the source of the allusion, if you
know it. You might want to work with a partner to pool your knowledge.
1. Dereks proposal seems to be an expression of generosity and
friendship, but Im afraid it might be a Trojan horse.
2. Josh has never paid that much attention to girls, but meeting
Bridget has turned him into a real Romeo!

An eponym is a word 3. Skeptics compare our attempt to find a workable solution to high
Tip health-care costs to knights out searching for a nonexistent grail.
formed from the name of
a person, character, or place.
4. All of these catastrophes at once make me feel like Job.

Tip In your study of
literature, you might
have encountered the term 5. When his little brother sided with his parents, Chris cried, Et tu,
alexandrine, which refers to a Brute?
line containing six metrical feet
or twelve syllables. This poetical
term is an eponym based on the
French poet Alexandre de Bernai
Eponyms
who wrote a popular verse about Words that are formed from proper names are called eponyms.
Alexander the Great. The poem Whether or not you realize it, you are probably familiar with many
was written in lines of six feet. eponyms. Here are some examples of eponyms, their meanings, and
their sources.
Eponym Meaning Source
Tip A proprietary eponym
is a brand name that Cinderella one lifted from obscurity to honor fairy tale character
has evolved into a more widely scrooge stingy person character from Dickenss A
used term. For example, the word Christmas Carol
Kleenex is often used to refer to sherlock detective Sherlock Holmes, detective created
any tissue, and a moving staircase by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
is called an escalator whether
nemesis formidable opponent Greek goddess of revenge
or not it is manufactured by the
Escalator company. odyssey long voyage marked by many Homers epic the Odyssey
changes in fortune
spartan marked by simplicity or self-denial Sparta, ancient Greek city-state
A malapropism is the known for its rejection of comforts
Tip
opposite of an eponym; it maverick independent individual Samuel Maverick, a pioneer who
is an inappropriate name given to broke with convention by not
something. branding his cattle
pasteurize partial sterilization of food using Louis Pasteur, inventor of the
radiation pasteurization process
Just for Fun There are many sources of eponyms. From the list above, you can
Think about a character you see that eponyms come from the names of characters in literature
have read about recently. If and mythology, ancient places or peoples, and people from history.
this characters name were an Inventors often give their names to inventions, and botanists often give
eponym, what would it mean? their names to plants, flowers, or fruits.
If you know something about the source of an eponym, it will help
you determine the meaning of the eponym. Otherwise, rely on word
study skills you have already learned, such as using context clues or a
Imagine your name is an eponym. dictionary.
Write a definition for the word.

Try It Yourself
E x e r ci s e B
Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the following eponyms. Then
use each word in a contextual sentence.
1. draconian
2. tantalize
3. Rubicon
4. Waterloo
5. quisling
6. bowdlerize
7. stentorian
8. Ugly American
9. hector
10. Pandoras box
11. boycott
12. Pyrrhic victory
13. martial
14. narcissistic
15. platonic
EMC Publishing, LLC Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition, unit 5 41

Name: Date:

Compound Words and Eponyms
Choose the best definition for each of the following words. Write the
corresponding letter on the blank provided.
1. chauvinism 6. whitecap
A. an intense need to be accepted A. a blonde woman
B. an excessive sense of superiority B. an elderly man
C. a desire for the finer things C. the crest of a breaking wave
D. the belief that women are equal to D. the edge of a snow-covered street
men
7. ritzy
2. washout A. swanky
A. a weatherproof shed B. dirty
B. an unhealthy child C. rapid
C. a cleaning solution D. loving
D. a failure
8. fishnet
3. underbelly A. a type of dock
A. intestines B. a type of fabric
B. a rarely seen area C. a type of oceanic habitat
C. a productive action D. a type of restaurant
D. a thief
9. titanic
4. herculean A. untrustworthy
A. hairy B. expensive
B. good spirited C. metallic
C. careful D. immense
D. exceptional
10. quixotic
5. stentorian A. quiet
A. extremely loud B. mountainous
B. easy to understand C. idealistic
C. sinister D. spellbinding
D. planetary

Name: Date:
LEssON 18
Word of the Week
Common Acronyms posh (p5sh) adj., elegant;
intended for the upper class
At the ball, Cinderella noticed
An acronym is a word made from the initial letters of the main parts of
the fine drapery, the ornate
a compound term. For example, the acronym PIN stands for personal
chandeliers, and all the expensive
identification number. Initialisms are like acronyms, but each letter gowns and jewel-encrusted
is pronounced as a letter. TV is an example of an initialism. Some necklacesit was quite a posh
initialisms and acronyms, such as RSVP and radar, are well known affair.
and can stand on their own. Others, such as NHTSA are not so clear.
When using an acronym or initialism that may not be recognized by The origin of posh is unknown,
your audience, spell out the word and write the acronym or initialism in although it is commonly believed
parenthesis the first time you use it. Look at the following example: to be an acronym for port-out,
starboard home, which referred
Information about child safety seats is available from the to the ocean-liner cabins given
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). to high paying customers as they
sailed from Britain to India and
The next time you want to reference the agency in your document, you back during the days of the British
can just use the acronym. Empire. Posh may also be derived
from the British street slang for a
Try It Yourself large sum of money. Either way,
posh refers to things associated
ExErCIsE A
with an elegant, expensive, or
You may be familiar with the meanings of many of the following lavish lifestyle.
acronyms. Try to guess what each stands for. Then explain what that is.
example VIP
Stands for: very important person Tip An acronym is a word
Meaning: someone who is considered by many to be made from the initial
important letters of the main parts of a
compound term.
1. TBA
Stands for:
Meaning: Tip Initialisms are like
acronyms, but each letter
2. TLC is pronounced as a letter.
Stands for:
Meaning:
3. DOB
Stands for:
Meaning:

4. FEMA
Just for Fun
Stands for:
LOL is a very common chat room
acronym that stands for laughing Meaning:
out loud. Other chat room 5. NASCAR
acronyms include TY for thank you
and WB for welcome back. Make Stands for:
your own glossary of chat room Meaning:
acronyms. You may wish to include
smileys or emoticons, too. : -) 6. FAQ
Stands for:
Meaning:
7. DPI
Stands for:
Meaning:
8. UFO
Stands for:
Meaning:
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Use a dictionary or the Internet to find the meaning of each of the
following acronyms.
1. START (a United States/USSR treaty)
2. NATO
3. EPCOT
4. radar
5. scuba

Name: Date:
LEssON 19
Word of the Week
Clichs puerile (py1r @l) adj., immature
Understand the Concept When Jakes father heard about

Jakes childish prank, he proudly
If your friend is complaining about something you consider unimport-
proclaimed that Jake was a chip
ant, do you tell him hes making a mountain out of a molehill? If your
off the old block, which prompted
little brother cannot sit still, do you ask if he has ants in his pants? his mother to scold Jake for his
Or are you more original in your language? The familiar phrases above puerile behavior and her husband
are known as clichs. Originally, these statements were metaphors that for use of a foolish clich.
likened some situation to a familiar action or experience. However, they
have been used so frequently that they have become tiresome and trite, Puerile is derived from the Latin
so they are called clichs. word for boy, puer. It refers to silly,
childish behavior. Synonyms of
puerile include juvenile, infantile,
Try It Yourself and babyish.
ExErCIsE A
In each of the following sentences, determine the meaning of the
italicized clich. Then rewrite the sentence so that it retains the same
meaning but does not use a clich.
1. When Joe saw the companys newly designed logo, he said it was a Tip In good writing, one should
horse of a different color. avoid clichs and try to be
more originalafter all, variety is
Meaning:
the spice of life!
Rewrite:
2. Accomplishing everything necessary to complete medical school
is a long row to hoe.
Meaning:
Rewrite: Tip Watch for clichs when
you are reading for school
3. The wrestling coach gave the first-year starter a real tongue-lashing or for pleasure. Notice how these
for surrendering the losing takedown with five seconds remaining phrases make the writing sound,
in the match. and try to think of ways to revise
Meaning: them to make the writing more
original and interesting.
Rewrite:
4. When all is said and done, Chief Justice Roberts surely hopes that
no one will remember his bumbling of the presidential oath of
office.
Meaning:
Rewrite:

In formal writing, such as 5. The investigator found that the warnings had been swept under the
Tip rug by the firms management team.
school papers or work
reports, one should take extra care Meaning:
to avoid using clichs. In general,
the more direct and specific your Rewrite:
writing, the greater the chance 6. The art instructor had such a bad temper that all her students had
your audience will understand to walk on eggshells around her.
what you are saying and remain
interested in your topic. Meaning:
Rewrite:
7. Now that she was famous, the actress complained that her life was
under a microscope.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
8. After watching Morgan do several foolish things, the boys all
decided that he was not playing with a full deck.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
Tip Sports metaphors are sports Metaphors

often overused by Sports metaphors are perhaps the most overused type of clich. How many
politicians. The next time you are times have you heard an occurrence or accomplishment described as a
reading a newspaper or magazine
slam dunk, home run, or grand slam? While these events are exciting and
article about politics, look for
interesting when they occur in a baseball or basketball game, using them to
examples of this. Why do you
describe outside events usually ends up sounding tiresome and lackluster.
think politicians might choose to
use this type of clich?
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
In each of the following sentences, determine the meaning of the
italicized sports metaphor. Then rewrite the sentence so that it retains
the same meaning but does not use a sports metaphor.
1. The judges ruling is a real knockout blow to environmental groups,
who are trying to halt construction of the dam across the Columbia
River.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
2. Now that Ms. Hastings has caught Congressman Jones in the polls,
this campaign has become a real ballgame.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
3. When asked about the likelihood that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass
destruction, the head of the CIA answered that it was a slam dunk.
Meaning:
Rewrite:

Name: Date:
LEssON 20
Word of the Week
Contractions impetuous (im pech w@s or
im pe ch2 w@s) adj., marked by
Understand the Concept impulsive, passionate behavior
In English, as well as other languages, words or groups of words
Georgiana loved shoes and was
are commonly shortened, either in speech, in writing, or both.
most impetuous at mallsshe was
Contractions are words formed by the combination of two words, the always buying new pairs, whether
elimination of one or more letters, and the insertion of an apostrophe. she could afford them or not.
For example, did not is often spoken and written as didnt. Contractions
are common in spoken English as well as in informal written English. Impetuous is derived directly from
In general, contractions should be avoided in formal written English, the Latin word impetus, which
such as in school papers or business reports. means to attack or rush, and
is closely related to the English
word impetus, which means a
Common Contractions compelling force. People who act
Many commonly used contractions are formed from the pronouns impetuously often have difficulty
I, you, we, he, she, and they with the verbs have, will, and are. These controlling their urges and may
include: give into their desires regardless of
Im (I am) weve (we have) the consequences.
Ive (I have) well (we will)
Ill (I will) hell (he will)
Id (I would) shell (she will)
youre (you are) theyre (they are)
youve (you have) theyve (they have)
youll (you will) theyll (they will)
were (we are)
Other common contractions that are formed from verb phrases and not
include:
isnt (is not) didnt (did not)
wasnt (was not) doesnt (does not)
wont (will not) cant (can not or cannot)
Tip Contractions are
dont (do not) shouldnt (should not)
words formed by the
combination of two words, the
Try It Yourself elimination of one or more
letters, and the insertion of an
ExErCIsE A apostrophe.
Rewrite the following sentences so that they do not include contractions.
1. I wont have time to visit her and I hope that shell not be too
disappointed.
2. Youll have all of the tools weve had.

3. Im sure that theyre a fine group of accountants.
4. We cant fix the rocket ship unless were given the right tools.
5. This result doesnt mean that youre going to have to take summer
school.
Contractions versus Possessives

Contractions are sometimes mistakenly used as possessives to show
ownership. Look at the following two sentences and consider which one
uses possessives correctly.
example The horse romped in its favorite field of clover.
The horse romped in its favorite field of clover.
When in doubt, break the contraction into its separate words. If you do
this for the example sentence above, you will discover that the first line
does not make sense. The second sentence is correct. Other commonly
confused contractions and possessives include:
Possessive Form Contraction
its its (it is)
their theyre (they are)
your youre (you are)
whose whos (who is)
Tip Many different kinds of

contractions that were
Try It Yourself
once considered acceptable ExErCIsE B
are now considered archaic In each of the following sentences, circle the correct form of the word.
or obsolete. For example,
Shakespeare often formed the
1. Please hand me your/youre book.
past tense of verbs by adding d, 2. Everyone agrees that your/youre the best dancer in the class.
as in the phrase For Banquos 3. I told him its/its going to be cold when we get to Minnesota.
issues have I fild my mind. 4. The dog drank from its/its water dish.
5. Despite the long climb, there/their/theyre walking up to the top of
the Empire State Building.
6. Are there/their/theyre many recreational opportunities for boaters
in the summer?
7. The frightened children ran to there/their/theyre parents.
8. If you are uncertain, ask whose/whos turn it is.
9. I want to know whose/whos the wise guy that put gum on my
chair!
10. Its/Its rude not to call your mother back.

Name: Date:

Vocabulary Practice
Choose the correct definition for each of the underlined words. Write the
corresponding letter on the blank.
1. After years of war, pestilence led to 6. The plaintive cries of the families
the deaths of many additional people. of the fallen soldiers could be heard
A. cavalry attacks after the battle.
B. bombardment by artillery A. angry
C. draught B. desperate
D. disease C. mournful
D. joyful
2. I am incensed that you would
insinuate that I am responsible for 7. The publication of his compendium
the stolen money. of North American woodpeckers was
A. lie the zenith of his research career.
B. announce A. final step
C. imply B. turning point
D. pretend C. worst moment
D. high point
3. The beautiful azure sky served as
a striking backdrop to the colorful 8. At first, Richard Nixon claimed that
trees. the accusations against him were
A. dark specious.
B. blue A. inaccurate
C. sun-drenched B. appalling
D. cloudy C. natural
D. malicious
4. Since it was such a nice day, the
group decided to meander around 9. At the top of the slope, the boys were
the estate. hiding behind the copse.
A. wander casually A. low building
B. stroll briskly B. water fountain
C. lounge C. grove of trees
D. race D. dead body
5. Many of the pharaohs of ancient 10. He wore a brightly colored
Egypt were interred in their own tie because he enjoyed being
private sepulchers. ostentatious.
A. cemeteries A. friendly
B. gardens B. showy
C. palaces C. unpleasant
D. tombs D. different

Name: Date:
LEssON 21
Word of the Week
vapid (va p@d) adj., dull
Homophones
The politicians vapid responses Understand the Concept
to questions at the town hall
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different
meeting were further evidence
spellings and meanings. The name comes from homo-, meaning
that he did not interact well with
people.
same, and phon, meaning sound. Here are some examples:
Vapid is derived from the Latin

fair and fare
word vapidus, which was used to ball and bawl
describe flat-tasting wine. Vapid course and coarse
is used to describe things that The misuse of homophones accounts for many errors in writing. Study
are boring or that lack interest the meanings and usage of some commonly confused homophones.
and dimension. It is often used
in reference to people who are airs: affected manner
narcissistic or self-obsessed. heirs: people who inherit property
Synonyms of vapid include bland, cent: unit of money
insipid, stale, and vacant. scent: smell
sent: past tense of send
cereal: food made of grain
serial: appearing in parts
Tip Homophones are words complement: something that completes, counterpart

that sound the same compliment: praise
but have different spellings and
council: assembly or group
meanings.
counsel: advice; lawyer
feet: plural of foot
feat: accomplishment
pare: trim excess or outer part of
pair: two things that go together
pear: type of fruit
peace: state of tranquillity or concord
Tip Learn when to use piece: part
commonly confused
homophones. If you are unsure weather: state of atmospheric conditions
which word to use, look up both whether: indicates alternatives
words in a dictionary. weak: lacking strenth
week: a period of seven consecutive days

Try It Yourself Tip A spell-check program
ExErCIsE A will not find most errors
in homophone usage. Always
Circle the homophone that correctly completes each of the following proofread your work in addition to
sentences. running a spell check.
1. Roger (complemented complimented) Johnna on her dress.
2. Use this knife to (pare pair pear) the apples.
3. Mara gave Franz a (peace piece) of her mind.
4. I know you are upset and hope you will soon find some (peace
piece) of mind.
5. I dont know (weather whether) to go to the party.
6. Did you have (cereal serial) for breakfast?
7. Roland used to be modest, but he has been putting on (airs heirs)
lately.
8. I need a new (pare pair pear) of shoes.
9. Gordon (cent scent sent) the letter yesterday.
10. The cat jumped from the window and landed on its (feat feet).
Proofreading for Common Errors

To avoid errors with homophones, first make sure you understand
when and how to use each word. Memorizing the meaning of the
homophones listed above and learning other sets will help. If you are
unsure about which homophone to use, check a dictionary. Always
proofread carefully to make sure you have used the correct word. Even
if you know which word to use, it is easy to write the wrong word by
mistake.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Proofread the following passage for errors in homophone usage.
Correct any errors you find.
I complemented Amy on her dessert. She baked a pie. It was
quite a feet, considering she had never maid one before. First
she had to pear the apples. Then she had to role out the dough.
She sprinkled flower on the table to keep it from sticking. When
the pie was in the oven, the cent of cinnamon filled the heir.
It was hard to weight until the pie was cool enough to eat. We
didnt waist any. We eight the hole thing.

Name: Date:
LEssON 22
Word of the Week
unscrupulous (@n skr2 py@
synonyms and Antonyms
l@s) adj., unprincipled
The unscrupulous businessman
Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meanings,
had no misgivings when it came
such as peaceful and tranquil. Although synonyms have very similar
to distorting the truth about his
products or the terms of the loan
definitions, they can vary slightly in meaning or connotation.
agreement that he offered his
For example, both frugal and miserly refer to being cautious and
customers. discriminating when it comes to spending money. However, frugal
connotes making wise financial decisions, whereas miserly is more
Unscrupulous is an antonym of negative and implies penny-pinching. When you are trying to find an
scrupulous; the latter implies appropriate synonym of a word, it is important to know exactly what
taking care to do things honestly that word means.
and correctly. Some unscrupulous Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings, such as shy
actions are clearly illegal, such as
and outgoing. As with synonyms, it is important to understand the
embezzling money from business
exact meaning and connotation of a word when you are trying to find
partners, but often unscrupulous
an antonym for it. If you are unsure, look the word up in a dictionary.
behavior is simply rude or
Some dictionaries also provide synonyms and antonyms, but a
discourteous. Synonyms of
unscrupulous include dishonest,
thesaurus is usually the most comprehensive tool for finding these
corrupt, deceitful, and devious.
kinds of words. When you are familiar with many different synonyms
and antonyms, as well as their meanings and connotations, you will be
able make your writing as interesting and as accurate as possible.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Use your knowledge, and a thesaurus if necessary, to identify three
Tip If you need to find
synonyms for each of the words below.
synonyms or antonyms
and do not have a thesaurus 1. hot
on hand, many computer word-
2. tiny
processing programs have one
built in. 3. intelligent
4. sorrow
5. tune
ExErCIsE B
Use your knowledge, and a thesaurus if necessary, to identify two
antonyms for each of the following words.
1. smooth
2. careful
3. slowness

4. talkative Knowing synonyms
Tip
5. weak and antonyms is
also important when you are
conducting research for school
Forming Antonyms with Prefixes or workit can help you to
Many antonyms are formed by adding prefixes such as un-, a-, dis, or paraphrase, or rewrite in your own
anti- to a word. An example is the words typical and atypical. words, what you have read and
The following prefixes mean not. Adding one of these to a word learned.
creates a word with the opposite meaning.
Prefix Example
a-, an- amoral
anti- antisocial
dis- disappear
il- illogical
im- impolite
in- insecure
ir- irrational
un- unbelievable
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE C
Use an appropriate prefix to create an antonym for each word.
1. forgettable
2. permeable
3. healthy
4. exact
5. regular
6. connect
7. climactic
8. literate
9. equal
10. agree

Name: Date:
LEssON 23
Word of the Week
alacrity (@ la kr@ t7) n.,
Connotation and Denotation
eagerness and promptness in
response Understand the Concept
The denotation of a word is its dictionary definition. In contrast, the
At work Penelope always
connotation of a word is its implied meaning in addition to its literal
completed her tasks with alacrity,
a characteristic that impressed
definition. For example, the words cheap and economical both denote
her supervisor.
inexpensive, but cheap connotes shoddy and inferior whereas
economical connotes a good value for the money.
Alacrity is derived from the Latin The words scrawny, gaunt, slender, lanky, lean, skinny, and bony
word alacritas, which means essentially all mean thin. While all those words have the same
lively or eager. In general, alacrity denotation, each word has a slightly different connotation. Which
connotes accomplishing things of the words have negative connotations? Which have positive
quickly and cheerfully. connotations? Which seem neutral?
When you are writing or speaking, be aware of the connotations as
well as the denotations of the words you use. If you do not understand
a words connotation, looking up its synonyms in a thesaurus can help.
While connotations are When you fully understand both denotation and connotation, you will
Tip be able to communicate as accurately and specifically as possible.
often positive or negative,
they can also convey degrees
of intensity. Consider the words Try It Yourself
sluggish, sleepy, tired, weary, and The words in each word pair below are synonyms or near synonyms.
exhausteddo some of these That is, they have the same denotation but different connotations.
words seem more intense or
In your notebook, use each word in a sentence that demonstrates its
extreme than others?
connotation.
example lean
scrawny
The runners on the Bellville track team were lean, strong, and ready
to win.
The scrawny old woman slowly stood to shake her fist at Sam as he
pedaled his bike across the corner of her lawn.
1. enthusiastic 6. cage
zealous enclosure
2. celebrated 7. juvenile
notorious youthful
3. save 8. smile
hoard smirk
4. cut 9. fib
gash lie
5. confident 10. plump
arrogant fat

Name: Date:
LEssON 24
Word of the Week
Literal versus Figurative Language encumber (in k@m b@r) v.,
burden; hinder
The leader of the expedition was
Literal language is language that means exactly what it says. In
concerned that the inexperienced
contrast, figurative language is writing or speech that is meant to be
climbers would encumber his
understood imaginatively. Consider the following examples: ascent of the Matterhorn.
Literal: The gymnast performed back flips as part of her tumbling Encumber is derived from the
routine. Middle French word cumbre,
Figurative: He thought his parents were going to do back flips when which referred to nets or dams
he told them he won the college scholarship. placed across a stream for
the purpose of catching fish.
In the first example, back flips is used literally; that is, the gymnast Something that encumbers is
really did back flips during her routine. In the second example, the known as an encumbrance.
phrase back flips is used figuratively; it explains that the parents were You may be familiar with the
very excited. Although your parents may be capable of acrobatics, odds antonym of encumbered
are they dont truly tumble across the lawn whenever you tell them unencumberedwhich means
good news. In this example, the phrase is used figuratively to make the not burdened.
statement more descriptive.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Identify each of the following sentences as literal (L) or figurative (F).
Tip A simile is a comparison
1. L F I thought the coach was going to bite off Joes head after he using like or as, such as
fumbled. the rain was as light as a feather.
2. L F After a period of declining health, Franklin Roosevelt died in A metaphor is a comparison in
1945. which one thing is spoken of or
3. L F When she got nervous, her heart beat very rapidly. written about as if it were another,
4. L F When the young boy jumped into the pool, the water proved such as the rain was a feather.
too deep and he was in over his head. Similes and metaphors are two
5. L F The couple got their wires crossed and ended up at two common types of figurative
different restaurants. language.
6. L F When the seat of his trousers split open, Josh thought he
would die of embarrassment.

Tip An understatement is an Hyperbole and Idiomatic Language
ironic statement in which In writing or speech, when exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, it
something important is spoken is called hyperbole. For example, if you toss a wadded up piece of paper
of or written about as though it into a wastebasket and then claim to be the greatest free-throw shooter
were unimportant. This type of in the world, you are using hyperbole. Idiomatic speech is the use of
figurative language is the opposite phrases that are not meant to be interpreted literally. For example, after
of hyperbole. a romantic relationship ends, one person may feel as though he or she
has a broken heart. In reality, his or her heart is not broken; this phrase,
or idiom, is just a way of expressing extreme sadness. Use of hyperbole
and idioms can add interest to writing and speech; however, one
should try to avoid using clichs, or tiresome, trite phrases. For more
information on clichs, see Lesson 19.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Identify the language in each of the following sentences as hyperbolic
(H) or idiomatic (I).
1. H I Brittany was on cloud nine after hearing the good news.
2. H I The algebra test was easy as pie.
3. H I It looked like Jeremiah was running a hundred miles per
hour!
4. H I We won the basketball game by the skin of our teeth.
5. H I Benjamin said he would walk a million miles to get
autographs from his favorite band.
6. H I Bill said that the information about cancellation of the field
trip came straight from the horses mouth.
7. H I When he got frustrated at school, Anthonys father reminded
him to keep his eye on the ball.
8. H I When the car horn startled him, Jim jumped a mile into the
air.

Name: Date:

Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Hyperbolic Expressions
Choose the response that best describes the meaning of the underlined phrase.
Write the corresponding letter on the blank provided.
1. If you open up that can of worms, 6. The salespeople came to the meeting
well be arguing all night. with a real dog and pony show.
A. bring up a touchy subject A. large group of people
B. make a mess B. elaborate, showy presentation
C. state strong opinions C. unorganized mess
D. tell a lie D. effective sales techniques
2. Uncle Horace and Granny Mildred 7. Claras boss told her she needed to
love to sit around all day and chew get rid of the chip on her shoulder.
the fat. A. bad attitude
A. eat snacks B. tendency to fail
B. converse; gossip C. sense of entitlement
C. complain; grumble D. low self-esteem
D. make plans
8. Well, that idea didnt work, so lets go
3. Harold, the chow hound, helped back to square one.
himself to four plates at the buffet A. skip some steps
dinner. B. start all over again
A. starved person C. ask for help
B. finicky eater D. forget it
C. food expert
9. The trophy case in the front lobby
D. hearty eater; glutton
may well be in poor taste, but it is sort
4. Calvin wondered if he would ever of a sacred cow around here.
be able to earn more than chump A. object held above criticism or
change. question
A. respect from ones peers B. religious icon
B. meager responsibilities C. item that is useful to some but not
C. a small amount of money to others
D. small gifts or tokens D. joke shared by an entire group
5. Bertha, the senior associate, agreed to 10. Dont pick a fight with Jakehe has a
show me the ropes at my new job. short fuse.
A. explain how things are done A. bad memory
B. introduce me to the boss B. quick temper
C. point out the exit C. strong uppercut
D. order my supplies D. tendency to shout

11. Lets not jump the gunwe dont have 15. I look forward to graduating, but I
all the facts. want to make sure I have a career I
A. take drastic measures enjoy instead of simply joining the rat
B. ignore important evidence race.
C. think too much A. unemployed people
D. act hastily B. struggle to make ends meet
C. fierce struggle for success
12. You may think you are the only one
D. traffic jam
who feels cheated, but we are all in
the same boat. 16. Carl is usually a very careful and
A. cheering for someone thoughtful person, but lately, hes
B. suffering been skating on thin ice.
C. in the same predicament A. ignoring important signs
D. cheated B. trying new things
C. showing extreme caution
13. Jenna seems out to lunch today;
D. living dangerously
her quietness and distant stare are
beginning to make me wonder whats 17. Georgia is shy, but her sister Ginger is
wrong. a social butterfly.
A. removed from reality A. busy, popular person
B. intensely focused B. great dancer
C. deeply mournful C. good leader
D. exhausted D. flighty, silly person
14. Jay has gotten away with having 18. Henry was eager to accept Jacks gifts,
Garrett do his homework for weeks, though his friends kept warning him
but someday he will pay the piper. theres no such thing as a free lunch.
A. be grateful A. everyone has to pay at least some
B. face the consequences of the time
C. change the situation B. too many gifts can cause a rift in a
D. return the favor friendship
C. be wary of things that seem too
good to be true
D. dont expect too much

Name: Date:
LEssON 25
Word of the Week
Classifying Words ostensible (5 sten(t) s@ b@l)
adj., intended for display; open to
Understand the Concept view
As you read novels, news reports, sports stories, or other specific types
Sherlock Holmess ostensible
of written communication, you will probably come across new words.
reason for taking a walk in Hyde
These words may seem very different from one another, but their Park was to enjoy the fresh air,
meanings may have something in common, such as the topic of the but he really wanted to see who
written material. When you learn the meanings of new words, it can Mr. Moriarity was meeting.
help to list them in categories based on their similarities. That way, if
you encounter one of the words in the future and cannot remember its Ostensible comes from French
exact definition, you can infer what it means, based on its category. For and is derived from the Latin
example, books in the Master and Commander series by modern British word ostendere, to show, which
novelist Patrick OBrian, which are about the adventures of the British is of Greek origin. Synonyms
of ostensible include apparent,
navy during the Napoleonic wars, use words such as abeam, dunnage,
perceivable, and alleged.
lanyard, keelhauling, and yardarm, which are nautical terms. Grouping
Ostensible is generally used to
these words together in a list can help you remember what they refer to
describe an action that covers up
when you encounter them in the future.
or disguises another action. For
example, if you go to the library
Try It Yourself to see the attractive girl that works
Categorize each of the words below by writing it in the proper space in there, but tell people you are
the chart. If you do not know a word, look it up in a dictionary. going there to study, then studying
is your ostensible reason for going
anticline fluvial patella to the library.
birdie homeostasis peristalsis
bogey integumentary pugnacious
bumptious metamorphism pyroclastic
bunker mulligan subduction Tip To classify new words you
dogleg obsequious supercilious encounter in a piece of
extensor olfactory writing, first make a list of all the
words and their definitions, then
review it to make notes about the
Adjectives
relationships between them.
Describing
People or Earth Science Physiology and
Behaviors and Geology Golf Anatomy

Name: Date:
LEssON 26
Word of the Week
pecuniary (pi ky2> n7 er 7)
Civics ConnectionEconomic Terms
adj., relating to money
If you are unable to budget your
The word economy comes from Greek roots meaning household
money, you are likely to have
management. The economy of a country is household management on
pecuniary problems in the future.
a grander scale, encompassing the system of production, distribution,
The Latin word for cattle or and consumption of goods and services. The state of the economy is
livestock is pecu. Because people frequently in the news. Here are some words you might hear:
originally got what they needed
budget: a plan for the coordination of resources with expenses
by bartering, often with animals,
pecu became associated with finances: money; the study or science of money management; the
wealth and then with money. The process of obtaining money for a project
word peculiar also derives from fiscal: financial
this root; it originally referred to recession: a reduction in economic activity
livestock that was peculiarly, or
especially, ones own.
revenue: total income before expenses are taken out
tariffs: fees imposed on imported or exported goods
taxes: fees levied by the government on its people in order to fund
public programs
Tip A dictionary provides

general definitions of
Word Pairs
economic terms, but for more The following terms are easiest to learn in related pairs. In some cases,
specific information, consult an the words are opposites; in others, they are just closely related.
economics textbook. bull market / bear market
A bull market is a prolonged period of rising stock market prices, while
a bear market is a prolonged period of falling stock prices.
deficit / surplus
A deficit is a shortage while a surplus is an excess.
gross / net
Gross refers to the overall amount, while net refers to what remains after
deductions or loss. Your gross income is the total amount you make.
Your net income is what you make after taxes.
appreciation / depreciation
An appreciation is an increase in value; a depreciation is the
oppositea decrease in value. For example, the value of most cars
depreciates over time because they become more prone to breakdowns
and costly repairs.
in the black / in the red
Operating in the black means you have enough resources to cover
all expenses; in the red means you have a debt you cant pay off
immediately. These terms originate from the accounting process of
recording negative balances in red ink.

Acronyms and Initialisms Just for Fun
Here are just a few acronyms or initialisms you may see in financial writing.
A mnemonic device is a striking
APR annual percentage rate
image or catchy phrase that helps
CFO chief financial officer you remember information. Create
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation a mnemonic device that will help
FY fiscal year you remember the meanings
of the words in one of the word
GNP gross national product pairs.
IPO initial public offering
Economic Policies
Laissez-faire is a French phrase meaning let it be. In economics, it
refers to a policy in which the government tries not to get involved in
the business affairs of the country.
Trickle-down theory is the economic belief that providing benefits
to big business will eventually trickle down to middle- and lower-
income people, causing them to prosper as well. This theory remains
very controversial.
The suffix -nomics has been attached to the names of people and
groups, as in Reaganomics, to suggest a certain economic plan
promoted by that person or group.
Try It Yourself Tip The more you read about

economics, the easier it
ExErCIsE A
will be for you to make sense of
Answer the following questions, making sure that your answer economic terms. You will absorb
demonstrates your understanding of the italicized terms. context clues that will help you
1. What would it mean to budget your time? understand the terms the next
time you encounter them.
2. Which is greater, gross income or net income? Why?
3. Would you rather be in the black or in the red? Why?
4. Is todays United States economy a bull market or a bear

market? Explain.

For more information 5. Describe the economic system you would devise if you were
Tip inventing one that would be named [your name] + -nomics.
on money and financial
matters, type the terms Federal
Reserve into an Internet search
engine.
The following are some additional common economic terms:

accounting expenditure
assets income
audit inflation
bankruptcy investment
capital monopoly
commodity national debt
corporation revenue
cost-benefit analysis subsidy
debt supply and demand
diversification unemployment
embezzlement
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Circle any words in the list above that you do not recognize or do not
know in an economic sense. Use a dictionary to find the economic
meaning of each word you circled. Write contextual sentences for five
of the words you circled. If you recognize all of the words, choose any
five words and write contextual sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Name: Date:
LEssON 27
Word of the Week
Political and Historical Terms subside (s@b s8d) v., to drop or
decrease
Even before Hurricane Katrina
No matter what type of government exists in a country, political
ravaged New Orleans, many
thought and terminology pervades everyday life. After all, important
scientists had warned that much
aspects of a society, such as what citizens can or cannot say or do, of the city was prone to flooding
whether they have healthcare and other social services, and whether because southern Louisiana had
a country is at war or peace, in many ways are determined by way the subsided nearly one meter since
country is governed. Furthermore, the types and styles of governments its levees were first built in the
change over time, sometimes by democratic elections, other times due early 20th century.
to violent overthrow. Also, because political events occur over time and
often make a major impact on history, political words are intricately Subside is derived from the Latin
linked with historical words. word subsidere, which means
to sit down or sink. Subside can
refer to a physical process, such
Try It Yourself as the subsidence of the surface
ExErCIsE A level of a lake or stream, or to
Use a dictionary to look up the origin and definition of each of the an emotional response, such as
following political and historical terms; then use each word in a the subsidence of angry feelings.
Synonyms of subside include
sentence. Write your work in your notebook.
settle, fall, and abate.
1. monarchy
2. republic
3. liberty
4. senate
5. democratic Political and historical
6. whip
Tip
words are common
7. filibuster in everyday speech. You may
8. empire encounter them in the news, in
9. vote historical texts or novels, and in
10. mayor movies or television shows.
ExErCIsE B
Listen to the news on the radio or watch it on television. In your
notebook, list five political and/or historical terms that are used on the
broadcast and define or briefly explain what each one means.

Name: Date:
LEssON 28
Word of the Week
prosaic (pr9 z6 ik) adj.,
Civics ConnectionLegal Terms
ordinary; dull
While Giselles interests included
You are probably familiar with some of the common legal terms in the
ballet and French art, Susan
list below. Use a dictionary to determine the meaning of any word you
preferred more prosaic pursuits,
such as dancing at clubs and
do not already know, and add the unfamiliar words to your word study
collecting posters.
notebook.
Prosaic is derived from the Latin accuse bail law

word prosa, which means prose. acquit convict lawyer
The meaning of prosaic stems affidavit defendant objection
from the classical concept that alibi detain overrule
poetry is a higher art form and appeal evidence perpetrator
prose, in contrast, is much more arraignment indict prosecutor
ordinary. Prosaic can be used in arrest judge statute
a relatively neutral way to mean attorney jury sustain
ordinary or average, or in a more
demeaning way to mean boring Word Parts
or unsophisticated. Additional There are several word roots related to law. Learning these word parts
synonyms of prosaic include
will help you identify and understand some legal terms.
commonplace, pedestrian,
The word legal uses the Latin root leg, which means law. The
colorless, unimaginative,
following chart shows some other words with the root leg.
mundane, and banal.
Word Meaning
alleged accused but not yet convicted or proven
legality quality of being legal
legislate enact a law
legitimate legal; accepted by law
illegal not legal
The root jus or jur also means law or right. The following chart
shows some other words with this root.
Word Meaning
jurisdiction power or right to interpret and apply the law
jurisprudence system or body of law
juror person who serves on a jury
justice administration of the law
perjury violation of an oath

The Latin root culp means guilt. The following chart shows some Remember these roots
other words with the root culp.
Tip
related to law.
Word Meaning leg means law
culpable deserving to be condemned or blamed jus or jur means law or right
culprit someone who is guilty of a crime
culp means guilt
exculpate clear from accusations
crim means fault or crime
The word crime uses the Latin root crim, which means fault or
crime. The following chart shows some other words with the root
crim.
Word Meaning
criminal person who commits a crime
criminology study of crime, criminals, or law enforcement
decriminalize remove the criminal status of something
incriminate show evidence of involvement in a crime
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Identify another word using each of the following roots related to law.
1. leg
Tip Note that the word

2. jur or jus legitimate is pronounced
two different ways depending
on how it is used. Pronounced
3. culp /l@ ji> t@ met/, it is an adjective
meaning accepted by law, and
pronounced /l@g ji> t@ m6t/, it
is a verb meaning to give legal
Write a contextual sentence using a word that uses the given root.
status or to show to be justified.
4. leg
5. jur or jus
6. culp

Name: Date:

Economic, Political, and Legal Words
Write the letter of the word that best completes each sentence on the line.
1. Clarks include a house and a 7. Many people worry that we are

few stocks. entering a(n) .
A. assets A. bull market
B. GNP B. budget
C. deficits C. boondoggle
D. subsidies D. recession
2. An oligarchy is government by 8. The senators vote reflected the
. wishes of his .
A. the people A. audit
B. the rich B. legislature
C. a few C. constituency
D. religious leaders D. bipartisan
3. The United States Congress is 9. Mr. Jones answered some of the
; it consists of the House of questions, but, upon the advice of his
Representatives and the Senate. lawyer, he on others.
A. judicial A. was mirandized
B. bicameral B. cited corpus delicti
C. bipartisan C. pled the fifth
D. unified D. opted for quid pro quo
4. A defendant faces his or her charges 10. The candidate had dreams of
at a(n) . revolutionizing health care as leader
A. affidavit of her state.
B. arraignment A. mayoral
C. indictment B. gubernatorial
D. subpoena C. municipal
D. executive
5. The national, or , government
consists of three branches. 11. Claude absconded with millions of
A. executive dollars before he was caught and tried
B. municipal for .
C. federal A. inflation
D. legislative B. capital
C. embezzlement
6. A twelve-month financial period may
D. bankruptcy
be referred to as FY or .
A. financial year 12. New DNA tests the convict,
B. fiduciary yen proving that she had been justified in
C. fiscal year asserting her innocence.
D. fund year A. perjured
B. inculpated
C. exculpated
D. alleged

13. A high rate is generally a sign 15. A(n) law is one passed after
of a poor economy. the fact; you cant be tried for having
A. capital broken it.
B. audit A. de facto
C. revenue B. de jure
D. unemployment C. ex post facto
D. prima facie
14. Susan B. Anthony is famous for
fighting for womens .
A. disenfranchisement
B. electorate
C. suffrage
D. candidacy
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line.
16. What does APR stand for? 21. Which is a synonym for law?
A. American political review A. jurisdiction
B. annual percentage rate B. statute
C. alleged perpetrator recalled C. legate
D. anticipated primary revenue D. culprit
17. Which name is given to a politician 22. Who is the counterpart to the
who is finishing a term in an office defendant in a legal case?
to which somebody else has been A. judge
elected? B. jury
A. lame dog C. perpetrator
B. sitting duck D. plaintiff
C. lame duck
23. Why is gross income generally larger
D. roosting hen
than net income?
18. Which adjective does not describe a A. Gross income includes money
buzz word? you do not report for purposes of
A. trendy taxation.
B. lasting B. Gross income is inflated.
C. faddish C. Net income is what is left after
D. topical costs or losses are deducted.
D. Net income is what you have
19. Which word is most closely related in
saved over a given period.
meaning to tyranny?
A. oligarchy 24. Which word root means guilt?
B. plutocracy A. leg
C. dictatorship B. jus
D. monarchy C. culp
D. crim
20. What word is used to describe a jury
that cannot reach a verdict by the 25. What can you tell about the meaning
degree required? of the word Promgate based on the
A. divided suffix?
B. grand A. It refers to an entryway.
C. hung B. It refers to something successful.
D. split C. It refers to a fundraiser.
D. It refers to a scandal.

Name: Date:
LEssON 29
Word of the Week
intrinsic (in trin zik) adj.,
Math and science Words
related to causes of internal origin;
inherent Understand the Concept
Like all fields, math and science have special terminology. You can use
Although some blamed the
the word study skills you already know to approach math and science
economy for the Midwest Auto
Corporations failure, many
terms. For example, use what you know about word parts. Here are
experts believed that intrinsic
some affixes and roots that may be helpful when examining terms from
problems within the company led the mathematical and scientific fields.
to its collapse. Numbers and Quantities
Intrinsic is derived from the Word Part Number or Amount
Latin word intrinsicus, and has mono-, uni- one
several meanings. It can refer to di-, duo-, bi-, bin- two
something that originates or is tri- three
located internally (as opposed quadr-, tessar-, tetr- four
to externally), or it can describe pent-, quint- five
a fundamental or essential part hex-, sex- six
or piece. Synonyms of intrinsic
hept-, sept- seven
include essential, basic, and
oct- eight
built-in. An antonym of intrinsic is
nov- nine
extrinsic.
dec- ten
cent-, hecto- hundred, hundredth
milli-, kilo- thousand, thousandth
Tip Use these forms to demi-, hemi-, semi- half
recognize different poly- many
branches of math and science:
-logy Fields of study
-metry
-nomy
Word Part Meaning
astro- star, space
bio- life
chem-, chemo- chemical
geo- earth
Just for Fun eco- habitat or environment
helio- sun
Make up fields of science or
hydro- water
knowledge that appeal to you
-logy science
by adding the suffixes -logy and
-metry process or science of measuring
-nomy. For example pizzalogy
-nomy system of laws or sum of
might be the study of the best
pizza in town, and socceronomy
knowledge of a specific field
might refer to a broad knowledge
of world soccer teams.

Try It Yourself Tip Use all your word study
ExErCIsE A skills to determine the
meanings of mathematics and
Use word parts to define each term. scientific terms.
1. geometry word parts
2. chemistry context clues
text support
3. polygon glossaries and dictionaries
4. quadrilateral ask for help
5. millimeter
6. trigonometry
7. deciliter
8. astronomy
9. kilogram
10. geology
Try It Yourself Tip Remember, some words

that look familiar may
ExErCIsE B
have a specialized meaning in
Use your word study skills to define each underlined term. Use a particular fields.
dictionary to check your response.
1. To determine the perimeter of the quadrilateral, find the sum of all
of the sides.
2. Thirty percent of 270 is 81.
3. What is the diameter of a circle?
diameter
= 4 cm
4. Imogene designed an experiment to test her hypothesis.

Name: Date:
LEssON 30
Word of the Week
marquee (m5r k7) n., a
Technology Terms
prominent advertising sign, or
adj., having the recognition of Understand the Concept
one whose name appears on a One of the sources of constant change in the English language is the
marquee need to identify or describe devices, actions, and processes related to
Jim, the marquee player on the
new technology. From cyberspace to telecommute, new technologies
basketball team, noticed that
have demanded new language with which to talk about them and the
the big game was prominently worlds they create.
publicized on the marquee To unlock the meaning of technology terms, use the same word study
outside the schools sports arena. tools that you would use for any other words:
context clues
The word marquee is derived word parts
from the French word marquise, text support
which means canopy. Its
the dictionary
meaning in English has evolved
help from others
over the last few centuries.
Originally, marquee referred
to the kind of large tent that is Technological Word Parts
often set up for an outdoor party The following prefixes and combining forms will help you understand a
or exhibition. Later it meant the number of technology terms.
tent-shaped sign above theater
doorways that listed the shows
Word Part Meaning Example
or top-billed performers. Now, it cyber- network cyberspace
is any prominent advertising sign.
It has also been used since the
digi- digital digitocracy
1940s as a superlative to refer e- electronic e-mail
to the best-known member of a
team or performance.
net- related to the Internet netiquette
tech- technical, technological technophile
tele- distance teleconference
web- related to or of the Internet website
Consider the word teleconference. This word adds the prefix tele to
the root word conference and means conference from a distance using
technology such as telephones or webcast. Similarly, by understanding
the meaning of techno and phile, you can determine that a
technophile is a person who loves technology.
Remember that many new words are coined by combining parts of
existing words. This process happens frequently and rapidly in the quickly
evolving technological world. For example, the word webcast is a blend
of website and broadcast and refers to a means of transmitting video and
audio over long distances via the Internet, or World Wide Web.

Try It Yourself Tip Know technology-related
ExErCIsE A prefixes.
Define each of the following words based on your knowledge of word e- electronic
parts. cyber- cybernetic
digi- digital
1. e-zine i- related to the Internet
2. cybersquat net- related to the Internet
techno- technical, technological
3. digispeak tele- distance
4. technostress
5. netco
Words with More Than One Meaning

Words may gain new meanings over time as people use them in
different ways. Many words that are now used in a technological way
have other meanings in English. Some examples include bug, host, surf,
and flame.
Try It Yourself Just for Fun

ExErCIsE B Make up your own technology-
Brainstorm a list of words that have gained a new meaning related to related words using technological
technology. Define at least five such words below. prefixes.

Name: Date:
LEssON 31
Word of the Week
oblivious (@ bli v7 @s) adj.,
Weird Words
unaware
While it was obvious to everyone
There are many words you should know because they are used
that Judy was interested in
frequently and will help you communicate with others. They will make
Greg, Greg was oblivious to her
flirtations.
your writing and speech more precise and clear to your audience, and
they will help you understand what you read and hear.
Oblivious is derived from Latin There are other words you will want to know even though they
oblivisci, to forget. Oblivious arent widely used. These words may have unusual spellings, be fun to
can be used in a positive way pronounce, or have unique features. See the list below and use your
(blocking out distractions to be word study notebook to track weird or wacky words you uncover.
able to focus), a light-hearted
way (being so unaware of Word Meaning
things as to lead to humorous balderdash senseless talk or writing; nonsense
misunderstandings), or in a
blatherskite nonsense or foolish talk
negative way (ignoring or refusing
to acknowledge things). bruxer person who frequently grinds teeth
defenestrate fringed or having a border
floccinaucinihilipilification act of judging something to be worthless
gastrocnemious largest muscle in the calf
Tip World Wide Words is an
Internet site devoted to humdudgeon imaginary illness
the English language. One section jactitation restless tossing of a body during illness
of the site is devoted to weird jiffle fidget; shuffle
words.
mulligurbs depression
pollincter person who prepares a dead body for
cremation or embalming
snollygoster unprincipled person, especially a
politician
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Choose five of the words from the list above and use them in contextual
sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Antagonyms Tip The slang use of the word
Some words have two meanings that are opposite or nearly opposite bad to mean good
each other. These words have been called antagonyms or contranyms. makes bad another example of an
Consider the following: antagonym or contranym.
belie oversight
to give a false impression careful supervision
to show something to be false omission or error
bound sanction
moving toward to approve or support
tied; unable to move to impose a penalty
cleave transparent
to adhere tightly see-through
to cut apart obvious
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Can you think of two contradictory meanings for the following words?
1. apparent
Meaning 1:
Meaning 2:
2. fast
Meaning 1:
Meaning 2:
3. clip
Meaning 1:
Meaning 2: Tip A certain number of
onomatopoeic words fall
Onomatopoeic Words into a category called reduplicative
Onomatopoeia is the use of words or phrases that sound like the things words. Reduplicative words are
to which they refer, such as buzz, pop, and honk. compound words in which the
second word somehow duplicates
the first. Onomatopoeic examples
Try it Yourself include ding-dong, flip-flop,
ExErCIsE C bow-wow, and ping-pong. Many
Name or describe who or what makes each of the following sounds. more reduplicative words are not
onomatopoeic, including dilly-
1. sizzle dally, wishy-washy, ship-shape,
2. shush blue blood, and artsy-fartsy, to
name just a few.
3. vroom
4. susurrus
Tip Onomatopoeic words are
often fun to pronounce,
which may make them worth
recording in your word study
notebook.

Name: Date:
LEssON 32
Word of the Week
incredulous (in kre j@ l@s) adj.,
Expanding Word Knowledge
doubtful; skeptical
When John Colter first described
You can become a better reader and improve your vocabulary by
the wonders of Yellowstone in
keeping track of new words you discover and their definitions. These
1808, many people remained
incredulous that colored rocks,
words may be found in your reading of literature, the newspaper,
bubbling mud pots, fumaroles,
instructions, signs, and many other printed pieces. New words will also
and geysers actually existed. present themselves if you listen actively to reports on the television or
radio and to speeches, movies, and songs.
Incredulous is an antonym You have learned several techniques for building your vocabulary.
of credulous, which means Use these as you continue to expand your word knowledge:
believable (from the Latin Use a word study notebook to track new words.
credulous). When people tell you Use PAVE (Predict, Associate, Verify, and Evaluate) to learn and
things that you find unbelievable,
practice using new words.
you may consider their story to
Use context clues to determine word meaning.
be incredulous, or you may feel
Use what you know about word parts to determine meaning.
incredulous about it. Synonyms of
Use text support to understand the meaning of new words.
incredulous include disbelieving,
dubious, and unconvinced.
Look up words in a dictionary, carefully choosing the meaning that
best fits the context.
Ask for help when you need it.
Try It Yourself
Tip To determine the
meaning of a word, first ExErCIsE A
Use context clues Use one or more of the strategies above to determine the meaning of
Use what you know about word the underlined word below. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, set up a
parts word study notebook page using PAVE for the word.
Use text support
Three major networks used to dominate television; now with
Then
hundreds of stations available via cable and satellite, the old
Look up the word in a dictionary
Ask for help triumvirate does not have the same sway it once did.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Choose ten words from your word study notebook. Write an article or
Just for Fun essay using these words. Use a separate sheet of paper. When you have
Many suffixes indicate the function finished, practice speaking the words by reading your article or essay
of the word. Learn variations of aloud to a partner.
words you know already.
Example: adore (verb), adoration
(noun), adoring or adorable
(adjectives), adoringly (adverb)

Name: Date:

Math, science, and Technology Words
Write the letter of the word that best completes each sentence.
1. In , some people assume a new 7. Another word for someone who

persona, an identity quite different spends time on the Internet is
from who they are in real life. A. technophobe
A. chemistry B. cyberpunk
B. telemetry C. netizen
C. cyberspace D. e-card
D. technorealism
8. The appeared to be a funny,
2. are quickly replacing animated greeting, but the program
videotapes. was really destroying the hard drive.
A. CDs A. e-business
B. PDAs B. spam
C. HDTVs C. Trojan horse
D. DVDs D. URL
3. is the study of the 9. My dad doesnt even like to look at
interrelationships among living the computer, never mind doing
things in an environment. anything on it. Hes such a .
A. geology A. geek
B. biology B. technophobe
C. ecology C. cyberphile
D. heliology D. hacker
4. We need a thousandth of a liter, so 10. You can download for
measure out a . nothing.
A. centiliter A. malware
B. deciliter B. software
C. milliliter C. freeware
D. kiloliter D. shareware
5. A has four sides. 11. Using all caps implies screaming and
A. pentagon is considered poor .
B. polygon A. netiquette
C. quadrilateral B. e-business
D. triangle C. technosavvy
D. netware
6. The prefix refers to the sun.
A. geo 12. focuses on water.
B. helio A. Chemistry
C. bio B. Ecology
D. astro C. Heliometry
D. Hydrology

Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird Words
Use context clues and other word attack skills to help you unlock the meaning
of each underlined word. Write the letter of the correct answer on the line.
1. Sally, a chronic hypochondriac, 6. The katzenjammer in the room made

is suffering from another of her it impossible to hear myself think.
humdudgeons. A. animal
A. rambunctious pets B. excitement
B. bad moods C. clamor
C. fake illnesses D. dismay
D. leg injuries
7. Cautious by nature, Kent is too much
2. Jules is such a cruciverbalist; have you of a mugwump to get involved in
ever known anyone to love puzzles so debates about religion or politics.
much? A. outspoken individual
A. talkative person B. politician
B. person who collects crucifixes C. dullard
C. nighttime walker D. avoider of controversial issues
D. lover of crossword puzzles
8. Although Jared always seems to be
3. What blatherskite! Ive never heard happy and optimistic, Ive heard he
such balderdash! used to suffer from occasional bouts
A. skateboarder of the mulligrubs.
B. snobbery A. giggling fits
C. foolishness B. undiagnosed illness
D. good sense C. depression
D. the common cold
4. Chloe has many unusual edacious
habits; for example, she wont allow 9. After a huge breakfast of pancakes
different kinds of food to touch on and sausage, we were hardly hungry
her plate, and she will only eat one for tiffin when noon rolled around.
thing at a time. A. lunch
A. having to do with eating B. salad
B. having to do with biking C. eggs
C. related to an edifice D. supper
D. annoying or odd
10. Charlies jactitation resulted in all
5. Cacography is such a problem among the blankets landing on the floor by
doctors that many of them have morning.
to have the receptionist type their A. thumb-sucking
prescriptions. B. high fever
A. exhaustion C. tossing of the body
B. poor handwriting D. depression
C. irritability
D. susceptibility to illness
76 Br Tradition, unit 9 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling EMC Publishing, LLC

Answer Key
Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook, page 1 Lesson 5: Old English, page 9
Try It Yourself Try It Yourself
word: vacuous E x e r c ise A
pronunciation: \vak> y2 @s\ 1. wall
definition: stupid, lacking ideas 2. fir
contextual sentence: Reponses will vary. 3. shield
Students should set up a sample page for another 4. answered
word from the newspaper. 5. your
E x e r c ise B
Lesson 2: Word Study Skills, page 3 12. Responses will vary.
Try It Yourself
E x e r c ise A
Time Out for Test Practice, page 11
1. daydreams; they are not realistic Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin
2. existing in the imagination; improbable 1. A. crime
E x e r c ise B 2. C. nothing
Reasoning will vary; definitions are given. 3. D. prod
1. untiring 4. C. detestable
2. closing phase 5. B. children
3. smelling 6. A. a dark covering
4. foretell 7. D. type or kind
5. congruent; in accord with 8. D. to subdue
9. C. a safe place
Lesson 3: PAVE, page 5 10. A. pagan
11. D. to boil or churn
Try It Yourself 12. C. a location
Students predictions and contextual sentences 13. B. unwavering
will vary. Definitions are provided for each word. 14. A. anger
1. offense
2. causing one to become sleepy Lesson 6: Middle English, page 12
3. childish
4. false Try It Yourself
5. baffled E x e r c ise A
1.5. Responses will vary. Students should
Lesson 4: Anglo-Saxon Word Origins, write definitions and contextual sentences
using five of the words in the list on the
page 7
worksheet. Encourage students to add
Try It Yourself additional words they dont know to their
E x e r c ise A word study notebooks.
1. one E x e r c ise B
2. Students might say Anglo-Saxon words Responses will vary. Students should write
are simple and concrete and that they tend a dialogue using words appropriate to each
to refer to objects that would have been speaker.
common in an agricultural society.
E x e r c ise B
1.2. Responses will vary.
EMC Publishing, LLC Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition 77
0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 77 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM

Lesson 7: Greek and Latin Root Words, 5. A. tablet
page 14 6. C. type of speech
7. D. feathers
Try It Yourself 8. C. renter
E x e r c ise A Latin-derived words
Responses will vary. Possible answers include: 9. C. passionate
bio autobiography, bionic, biosphere 10. D. masculine
geo geography, geode, geometry 11. A. to become accustomed
hemo hemostat, hematite, hemorrhage 12. C. place to rest
hydro hydrostatic, hydrothermal, 13. A. talkative
hydroponic 14. B. inclined surface
hyper hyperbolic, hyperlink, 15. D. evil scheme or plot
hyperglycemia 16. C. spacious
meter millimeter, symmetry, geometry Greek-derived words
oct octagon, octave, octane 17. D. provoke
tel telescope, telekinesis, telegram 18. C. long period of time
therm thermal, thermostat, thermonuclear 19. B. independence
tri triangle, triple, tricycle 20. A. energetic
E x e r c ise B 21. B. religious belief
Responses will vary. Possible answers include: 22. C. predicament
aqu aqualung, aqueous, aquarium 23. A. massive
aud audiotape, audacious, audience 24. C. uniform; well-mixed
bene benefactor, benediction, beneficent
brev brief Lesson 9: Word Parts, page 20
jur/just jurisprudence, justify
mult/multi multimedia, multinational Try It Yourself
scrib/script scribe, scribble, scriptwriter 1. contemplation
struct destructive, instruct prefix: con-, with or together
uni/un universe, universal, unity root: templat, to think or observe (from
vac vacancy, vacuole, vacuous Latin templum)
suffix: -tion, action or process of
Lesson 8: British English vs. American 2. covetousness
English, page 16 root: covet, to desire (from Latin cupere)
suffix: -ous, full of
Try It Yourself suffix: -ness, state or condition
E x e r c ise A 3. excommunication
1. traveler, paralyzing, airplane prefix: ex-, out or beyond
2. defense, connection, maneuvers root: communicate (from Latin
3. appall, check communicare)
4. drafty, gray, mold suffix: -tion, action or process of
5. pretense, jailer 4. immortalize
prefix: im-, not
Time Out for Test Practice, page 18 root: mort, death
suffix: -ize, make into
Words of French, Latin, and Greek Origin 5. reprove
French-derived words prefix: re-, again; anew
1. D. annoyance root: prove, to test (from Latin probare)
2. B. permeable 6. transgress
3. D. slang prefix: trans-, across or beyond
4. B. intermediary root: gress, to step (from Latin gradi)
78 Br Tradition Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling EMC Publishing, LLC

7. tribulation 3. B. ambidextrous
root: tribula, to oppress (from Latin 4. D. septuplets
tribulare) 5. B. misnomer
suffix: -tion, action or process of 6. C. postlude
8. undiscerning 7. B. accreditation
prefix: un-, not 8. A. inoperable
prefix: dis-, apart 9. C. subfloor
root: cern, to sift (from Latin cernere) 10. A. depopulated
suffix: -ing, having the quality of 11. A. atypical
12. B. insurmountable
Lesson 10: High-Frequency Spelling 13. C. quadruped
Rules, page 21 Spelling Patterns
Try It Yourself 1. B. withhold
2. D. mediocre
E x e r c ise A
3. A. noticeable
1. morosely 4. B. recede
2. unnoticed 5. D. beginning
3. sincerely 6. C. committee
4. heavily 7. B. hypocrite
5. summarily 8. C. unnatural
E x e r c ise B 9. B. privileges
1. recedes 10. C. embarrassed
2. exceeded 11. C. receive
3. shield 12. A. irrelevant
4. precede 13. A. occasionally
5. relief 14. C. misspell
E x e r c ise C
Responses will vary. Students should create Lesson 12: Inferential Context Clues,
verbal or visual cues to help them remember the
page 28
correct spelling of ten words.
Try It Yourself
Lesson 11: Pronunciation and Spelling, 1. He has changed from being his own person,
page 24 with self-respect, to being someone who
grovels for attention from the movie crew.
Try it Yourself 2. On the set, he rushes to do everything the
E x e r c ise A director asks; off the set, he does only what
Students should write out a phonetic spelling and is necessary and puts little interest into what
practice pronouncing each word and five words he is doing.
from their word study notebooks. 3. The narrator is irritated with Jorgen for
1. f@r> l9 changing and for acting in a way that he or
2. cath 7> dr@l she finds foolish.
3. mel> @n k5 l7
4. h8 p@r> b9 l7 Lesson 13: Using Context Clues in Your
5. py2> r@l
Own Writing, page 30
Time Out for Test Practice, page 26 Try it Yourself
1.10. Responses will vary. Students should
Recognizing Word Parts
write contextual sentences for the words
1. C. sesquicentennial given in the exercise and five words from
2. B. introspective their word study notebooks.

Lesson 14: Syntax, page 32 Lesson 16: Compound Words, page 38
Try It Yourself Try It Yourself
E x e r c ise A 1. goldfish: students may say the meaning is
Responses will vary. similar because the word describes a golden-
E x e r c ise B colored fish; or they may say it is different
1. B. He gave food to her cat. because the word describes a specific breed
2. A. She hit the man carrying the umbrella. of fish that may not all be golden in color
3. B. I think that kids prepare nutritious 2. homework: similar
snacks. 3. supermarket: similar
4. B. After the accident, I was found in a ditch 4. without: similar
near some stray cows. 5. backbone: students may say the meaning is
5. B. I said on Tuesday that I would have similar because the word describes a bone
dinner with you. in the back, or they may say it is different
because the figurative meaning of the word
Time Out for Test Practice, page 34 refers to strength of character
6. popcorn: similar
Context Clues 7. stonewall: differentthe word stonewall
1. B. united means to obstruct or be uncooperative,
2. C. haphazard rather than referring to an actual stone wall
3. D. optimistic 8. brainwash: students may say the meaning is
4. C. free similar because the word refers to cleansing
5. A. inexplicable the brain, or they may say it is different since
6. D. practical it is impossible to literally wash the brain
7. D. timid 9. shoemaker: similar
8. D. glib 10. tenderfoot: differentthe word tenderfoot
9. C. difficult refers to someone who is inexperienced at or
10. C. stinginess unaccustomed to the difficulty of something
11. C. nave
12. B. protests Lesson 17: Allusions and Eponyms,
13. B. flirtation; trifle
14. A. strong
page 39
15. C. mildness Try It Yourself
16. B. respects E x e r c ise A
17. B. temporary 1. trick disguised as a gift
18. C. increase 2. lover
19. B. shackled 3. holy cup that may or may not ever have
20. A. takes away existed
4. sufferer of calamities designed to test his
Lesson 15: Current Events Words, faith
page 36 5. You, too, Brutus? meaning Are you a
traitor, too?
Try It Yourself
E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise A Meanings are given; sentences will vary.
Responses will vary. Students should identify a 1. cruel or severe
list of words currently common in the media. 2. torment by presenting something desirable
E x e r c ise B but keeping it out of reach
Responses will vary. Students should list 3. line that once crossed commits one
doublespeak terms they find in news reports, irrevocably
advertisements, and political speeches and 4. decisive defeat
identify what each means. 5. traitor or collaborator

6. cut objectionable parts 5. NASCAR
7. extremely loud Stands for: National Association for Stock
8. American in a foreign country whose Car Auto Racing
behavior is offensive to the people of that Meaning: auto racing group
country 6. FAQ
9. badger; intimidate, or harrass Stands for: frequently asked questions
10. source of trouble Meaning: list of questions and answers
11. refusal to deal with person or organization 7. DPI
to express disapproval or until certain Stands for: dots per inch
conditions are met Meaning: indicator for print quality
12. victory achieved at great cost 8. UFO
13. related to or inclined to war or military life Stands for: unidentified flying object
14. self-absorbed Meaning: alien spacecraft or something
15. of a relationship free of romance or sex believed to be one
E x e r c ise B
Time Out for Test Practice, page 41 1. START: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
2. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Compound Words and Eponyms
3. EPCOT: Experimental Prototype
1. B. an excessive sense of superiority Community of Tomorrow
2. D. a failure 4. radar: radio detection and ranging
3. B. a rarely seen area 5. scuba: self-contained underwater breathing
4. D. exceptional apparatus
5. A. extremely loud
6. C. the crest of a breaking wave Lesson 19: Clichs, page 44
7. A. swanky
8. B. a type of fabric Try It Yourself
9. D. immense E x e r c ise A
10. C. idealistic Responses will vary. Definitions and sample
sentences are given.
Lesson 18: Common Acronyms, page 42 1. Meaning: original; unique
Rewrite: Joe mentioned that the companys
Try It Yourself newly designed logo was unlike anything he
E x e r c ise A had seen before.
1. TBA 2. Meaning: a big job; a daunting task
Stands for: to be announced Rewrite: Accomplishing everything
Meaning: information will be released at a necessary to complete medical school takes a
later time lot of effort.
2. TLC 3. Meaning: rebuke; scolding
Stands for: tender loving care Rewrite: The wrestling coach yelled at the
Meaning: affectionate treatment first year starter for surrendering the losing
3. DOB takedown with five seconds remaining in the
Stands for: date of birth match.
Meaning: when you were born 4. Meaning: afterwards; later
4. FEMA Rewrite: When people look back on history,
Stands for: Federal Emergency Management Chief Justice Roberts surely hopes they
Agency will not remember his bumbling of the
Meaning: government agency that provides presidential oath of office.
disaster assistance 5. Meaning: deliberately ignored
Rewrite: The investigator found that
warnings had been disregarded by the firms
management team.

6. Meaning: take extra care not to aggravate E x e r c ise B
someone 1. your
Rewrite: The art instructor had such a bad 2. youre
temper that all her students diligently tried 3. its
not to annoy her. 4. its
7. Meaning: being closely watched and 5. theyre
evaluated 6. there
Rewrite: Now that she was famous, the 7. their
actress complained that she felt a loss of 8. whose
privacy as her every move was discussed in 9. whos
the newspapers. 10. Its
8. Meaning: strange; crazy
Rewrite: After watching Morgan do several Time Out for Test Practice, page 48
foolish things, the boys all decided that he
was not right in the head. Vocabulary Practice
E x e r c ise B
1. D. disease
Responses will vary. Definitions and sample 2. C. imply
sentences are given. 3. B. blue
1. Meaning: terminating event 4. A. wander casually
Rewrite: The judges ruling will make 5. D. tombs
it very difficultif not impossiblefor 6. C. mournful
environmental groups to be successful in 7. D. high point
their effort at halting construction of the 8. A. inaccurate
dam across the Columbia River. 9. C. grove of trees
2. Meaning: an interesting and competitive 10. B. showy
contest
Rewrite: Now that Ms. Hastings has caught Lesson 21: Homophones, page 49
Congressman Jones in the polls, this Try It Yourself
campaign has become very competitive.
E x e r c ise A
3. Meaning: a sure thing
1. complimented
Rewrite: When asked about the likelihood
2. pare
that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass
3. piece
destruction, the head of the CIA answered
4. peace
that it was very probable.
5. whether
6. cereal
Lesson 20: Contractions, page 46 7. airs
Try It Yourself 8. pair
E x e r c ise A
9. sent
1. I will not have time to visit her and I hope 10. feet
that she will not be too disappointed.
2. You will have all of the tools we have had.
3. I am sure that they are a fine group of
accountants.
4. We cannot fix the rocket ship unless we are
given the right tools.
5. This result does not mean that you are going
to have to take summer school.

E x e r c ise B 9. equal: unequal
Students should mark and correct the following 10. agree: disagree
errors:
complimented Lesson 23: Connotation and
feat
made
Denotation, page 53
pare Try It Yourself
roll Responses will vary. Connotations of each word
flour are given.
scent 1. enthusiastic: excited; eager
air zealous: fanatical; obsessive
wait 2. celebrated: well-known; admired
waste notorious: infamous; disreputable
ate 3. save: set aside; keep
whole hoard: stockpile; take more than ones fair
share
Lesson 22: Synonyms and Antonyms, 4. cut: broken skin; wound
page 51 gash: a deep cut
5. confident: secure; assured
Try It Yourself conceited: arrogant; smug
E x e r c ise A 6. cage: an locked enclosure with bars
1. hot: burning, scorching, sizzling, roasting, enclosure: any entity that surrounds
sweltering 7. juvenile: immature; unsophisticated
2. tiny: small, miniscule, minute, miniature, youthful: young; fresh
diminutive 8. smile: genuine expression of happiness
3. intelligent: smart, wise, clever, bright, gifted smirk: a smug or affected smile
4. sorrow: grief, mourning, sadness, distress, 9. fib: a minor untruth, often with good
heartache intentions
5. tune: song, melody, jingle, ditty, number or lie: a more serious untruth, with less noble
adjust, alter, change, modify, revise intentions
E x e r c ise B 10. plump: robust or ample in a pleasing way
1. smooth: rough, bumpy, awkward, rocky, fat: overindulgent; obese
coarse
2. careful: careless, sloppy, casual, haphazard, Lesson 24: Literal versus Figurative
dangerous Language, page 54
3. slowness: quickness, speed, rapidity,
swiftness, haste Try It Yourself
4. talkative: quiet, reserved, restrained, E x e r c ise A
taciturn, reticent 1. F
5. weak: strong, sturdy, brawny, vigorous, 2. L
forceful 3. L
E x e r c ise C 4. L
1. forgettable: unforgettable 5. F
2. permeable: impermeable 6. F
3. healthy: unhealthy E x e r c ise B
4. exact: inexact 1. I
5. regular: irregular 2. I
6. connect: disconnect 3. H
7. climactic: anticlimactic 4. I
8. literate: illiterate 5. H

6. I 3. Most people would rather be in the black
7. I than in the red because that would mean
8. H they are not in debt.
4. Responses will vary depending on the
Time Out for Test Practice, page 56 current state of the market.
5. Responses will vary.
Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Hyperbolic E x e r c ise B
Expressions 1.5. Responses will vary. Students should
1. A. bring up a touchy subject write contextual sentences for five words
2. B. converse; gossip from the list of economic terms.
3. D. hearty eater; glutton
4. C. a small amount of money Lesson 27: Political and Historical
5. A. explain how things are done
6. B. elaborate, showy presentation
Terms, page 62
7. A. bad attitude Try it Yourself
8. B. start all over again E x e r c ise A
9. A. object held above criticism or question Responses will vary. Sample responses are
10. B. quick temper provided.
11. D. act hastily 1. monarchy
12. C. in the same predicament origin: from monarch plus y; Greek
13. A. removed from reality monarchs, from monos, only, and archos,
14. B. face the consequences leader
15. C. fierce struggle for success meaning: a government with a hereditary
16. D. living dangerously head of state with life tenure
17. A. busy, popular person sentence: In a monarchy, the oldest son
18. C. be wary of things that seem to good to be usually inherits the throne.
true 2. republic
origin: from Latin rs publica, the public
Lesson 25: Classifying Words, page 58 thing
Try It Yourself meaning: a state (nation) where
governmental powers reside in the people
Adjectives Describing People or Behaviors: sentence: After the French Revolution and
bumptious, obseqious, pugnacious, supercilious before the ascension of Napoleon, France
Earth Science and Geology: anticline, fluvial, was a republic for several turbulent years.
metamorphism, pyroclastic, subduction 3. liberty
Golf: birdie, bogey, bunker, dogleg, mulligan Origin: Old French liberte and Latin liber,
Physiology and Anatomy: extensor, freedom
homeostasis, integumentary, olfactory, patella, meaning: the state or quality of being free
peristalsis sentence: After the dictator was overthrown,
the people danced in the streets, enjoying
Lesson 26: Civics Connection their new freedom.
Economic Terms, page 59 4. senate
origin: Latin sentus, council of elders,
Try It Yourself from senex, old
E x e r c ise A meaning: an assembly or council that
1. Budgeting ones time means figuring out possesses high deliberative and legislative
how much of the available time to spend on functions
particular activities. sentence: The minority viewpoint is
2. Gross income is greater because taxes and/or important in the senate because the
expenses have not yet been taken out. members like to look at the issues from all
possible angles.

5. democratic head of a city, some powerful business
origin: from Greek prefix demo, people leaders consider themselves the ultimate
plus kratia, rule decision-makers.
meaning: adjective that describes a form of E x e r c ise B
government ruled by citizens Responses will vary.
sentence: The governor was selected through
the democratic process. Lesson 28: Civics ConnectionLegal
6. whip
origin: Middle English hwippen or whippen, Terms, page 63
Middle Dutch wippen, to move quickly Try It Yourself
meaning: a rope used to hit a person or E x e r c ise A
animal so as to punish or encourage quick Responses will vary. Possible responses are given.
movement; in politics, a whip is a party 1. leglegislation, legitimize
member responsible for ensuring that others 2. jur or jusadjure, abjure, just, adjust
vote in a manner dictated by the party 3. culpinculpate, culpability
leaders 4.6. Sentences will vary.
sentence: The position of whip requires the
ability to use either friendly encouragement
or blustery threats to keep party members in
line. Economic, Political, and Legal Words
7. filibuster 1. A. assets
origin: Spanish filibustero, pirate, or 2. C. a few
French flibustier, freebooter (mercenary 3. B. bicameral
soldier) 4. B. arraignment
meaning: the use of dilatory tactics to delay 5. C. federal
the passage of legislation 6. C. fiscal year
sentence: In the 1960s, southern 7. D. recession
conservative Democrats used the filibuster 8. C. constituency
to delay passage of civil rights legislation for 9. C. pled the fifth
several years. 10. B. gubernatorial
8. empire 11. C. embezzlement
origin: Anglo-French empirie, from Latin 12. C. exculpated
imperium, absolute authority, and 13. D. unemployment
imperare, to command 14. C. suffrage
meaning: an extensive territory ruled by a 15. C. ex post facto
single sovereign authority 16. B. annual percentage rate
sentence: At the height of its power, the 17. C. lame duck
British Empire ruled one quarter of the land 18. B. lasting
surface on earth. 19. C. dictatorship
9. vote 20. C. hung
origin: Latin votum 21. B. statute
meaning: v., to cast a ballot; n., a ballot or a 22. D. plaintiff
formal expression of opinion or choice 23. C. Net income is what is left after costs or
sentence: I will vote for the candidate with losses are deducted.
the best plan for the economy. 24. C. culp
10. mayor 25. D. It refers to a scandal.
origin: derived from major, the military
governor of a city during martial law;
ultimately from Latin maior, more; greater
meaning: the leader of a city
sentence: Although a mayor is the political

Lesson 29: Math and Science Words, Lesson 31: Weird Words, page 71
page 67 Try It Yourself
Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A
E x e r c ise A 1.5. Responses will vary.
Sentences will vary. Definitions are given. E x e r c ise B
1. branch of mathematics that deals with the 1. seeming but not definite
measurement, properties, and relationships obvious
of points, lines, and angles 2. quickly
2. science that deals with chemicals or the unable to move
composition, structure, and properties of 3. to attach
substances and the transformations they to cut apart
undergo E x e r c ise C
3. multi-sided closed figure bounded by 1. sizzle: the sound of frying meat or other
straight lines foods
4. polygon of four sides 2. shush: the sound a person makes to signal
5. one thousandth of a meter others to be quiet
6. study of triangles and functions such as sine, 3. vroom: the roar of a motor when it is
cosine, and tangent accelerating
7. tenth of a liter 4. susurrus: the sound of whispering or
8. study of space rustling of leaves
9. one thousand grams
10. science that deals with history of the earth Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word
and its life
Knowledge, page 73
E x e r c ise B
1. boundary of a closed plane figure; Try It Yourself
measurement of this boundary E x e r c ise A
2. of a hundred; one part in a hundred Triumvirate means group of three. PAVE
3. length of a straight line through the center of exercise and word study notebook pages for the
a circle word will vary.
4. assumption made in order to test E x e r c ise B
consequences Responses will vary. Students should write and
read aloud an article or essay using ten words
Lesson 30: Technology Terms, page 69 from their word study notebooks.
Try It Yourself
E x e r c ise A
1. electronic magazine Math, Science, and Technology Words
2. obtain and hold an Internet domain name 1. C. cyberspace
that uses a companys registered trademark 2. D. DVDs
name 3. C. ecology
3. technical talk 4. C. milliliter
4. stress caused by technology 5. C. quadrilateral
5. Internet company 6. B. helio-
E x e r c ise B 7. C. netizen
Responses will vary. Students should brainstorm 8. C. Trojan horse
a list of technology terms and define five of them. 9. B. technophobe
10. C. freeware
11. A. netiquette
12. D. Hydrology

Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird
Words
1. C. fake illnesses
2. D. lover of crossword puzzles
3. C. foolishness
4. A. having to do with eating
5. B. poor handwriting
6. C. clamor
7. D. avoider of controversial issues
8. C. depression
9. A. lunch
10. C. tossing of the body


Exceeding The Standards Vocabulary Spelling British Traditio PDF

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British

000i-00vi_Gr12_vocab&spelling-FM.indd 1 5/26/09 4:27:51 PM

2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC

Printed in the United States of America

000i-00vi_Gr12_vocab&spelling-FM.indd 2 5/26/09 4:27:51 PM

Unit 1: Word Study Skills and Word Origins

Unit 2: Word Origins

Unit 3: Word Parts and Spelling

Unit 4: Context Clues and Syntax

Unit 5: Evolution of Language

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Unit 7: Determining Meaning

Unit 8: Classifying Words and Semantic Families

Unit 9: Semantic Families and Expanding Word Knowledge

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Related Program Resources

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Create a Word-Rich Environment

About Spelling Rules

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Pronunciation: \p@ ny1> r7 @s\ Tip A word study notebook

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Tip To write the pronunciation Drawing:

0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 2 5/26/09 4:28:36 PM

Try It Yourself Tip Try these strategies to

0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 3 5/26/09 4:28:36 PM

Ask for Help

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Understand the Concept Although Paul had used the

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Just for Fun

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2. How would you describe Anglo-Saxon words? Are they

0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 7 5/26/09 4:28:38 PM

Tip Use Anglo-Saxon Try It Yourself

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Just for Fun Try It Yourself

2. Write a Modern English kenning that could be used figuratively to

0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 10 5/26/09 4:28:39 PM

Time Out for Test Practice

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Tip Words used to describe

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Some common differences include British spelling that uses ough

2. What kind of defence do you plan to mount in connexion with the

5. Morgan made a pretence of getting ready to speak to the gaoller.

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Time Out for Test Practice

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Tip Every rule has exceptions,

1. Igor sighed morosly.

2. Tayas remarks went unoticed by the rest of the class.

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4. Malesha was heavyly favored to win.

5. Our ideas were summaryly dismissed.

Tip The following rhyme may More spelling Patterns

10. Pandoras box

12. Pyrrhic victory