357

ARTICLE
The use of intermediates obtained from aminoglycolysis of waste
poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) for the synthesis of water-reducible
alkyd resin
Isl Acar, Aya Bal, and Gamze Guclu
Can. J. Chem. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Istanbul University on 06/23/13

Abstract: In this study, depolymerization products obtained from an aminoglycolysis reaction of postconsumer poly(eth-
ylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles were used for the synthesis of water-reducible alkyd resins for the rst time. We also
aimed to reduce the amount of amine using aminoglycolysis products of PET having amine end groups for the neutraliza-
tion of alkyds in this work. Alkyds formulated to have an oil content of 50% were prepared with glycerine (G), ethylene
glycol (EG), fatty acid (FA), and phthalic anhydride (PA) or aminoglycolysis depolymerization products (ADP). The K alkyd
constant system was used for the formulation calculations of the alkyd resins. The K constant was 1.1 and the ratio of basic
equivalents to acid equivalents (R) was 1.15. Physical and chemical lm properties and thermal degradation stabilities of
these alkyd resins were investigated. According to the results of surface coating tests, the properties of the waste PET-based
alkyd resins were found to be compatible with the properties of the reference resins. In addition, thermal degradation
stabilities of the water-reducible alkyd resins prepared by ADP were better than that of the reference resin. As a result, we
concluded that aminoglycolysis products of waste PET are suitable for manufacturing water-reducible alkyd resins. Fur-
thermore, the amount of amine used for the neutralization stage of preparing water-reducible resin was reduced by 50%
using aminoglycolysis products having an amine end group.
For personal use only.

Key words: poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), aminoglycolysis, alkyd resin, water-reducible coating, recycling.

Rsum : Dans cette tude, on a utilis pour la premire fois les produits de dpolymrisation obtenus par raction d'ami-
noglycolyse de bouteilles de poly(trphtalate d'thyle) ( PET ) recycles dans la synthse de rsines alkydes pouvant tre
rduites dans l'eau. On s'tait aussi x comme but de rduire la quantit d'amine et utilisant les produits d'aminoglycolyses du
PET possdant des groupes terminaux amins pour la neutralisation des alkydes produits dans ce travail. On a prpar des
alkydes contenant 50% d'huile, de la glycrine (G), de l'thylne glycol (EG), des acides gras (AG) et de l'anhydride phtalique (AP)
ou des produits de dpolymrisation d'aminoglycolyse (PDA). On a utilis le "systme constant d'alkyde K" pour les calculs de
formulation des rsines alkydes. La constante K tait gale a` 1,1 et le rapport des quivalents basiques aux quivalents acides (R)
tait gal a` 1,15. On a tudi les proprits chimiques et physiques et les stabilits vis-a`-vis de la dgradation thermique de ces
rsidus d'alkydes. Sur la base des rsultats obtenus lors d'essais de couvertures de surfaces, on a trouv que les proprits de ces
rsines d'alkydes obtenues a` partir de produits de rcupration de PET sont compatibles avec les rsines de rfrence. De plus,
les stabilits vis-a`-vis de la dgradation thermique des rsines alkydes pouvant tre rduites dans l'eau, prpares a` partir de PDA
sont meilleurs que ceux de la rsine de rfrence. En conclusion, on peut afrmer que les produits d'aminoglycolyse des
PET recycles sont appropris pour la fabrication de rsines alkydes pouvant tre rduites par l'eau. De plus, la quantit d'amine
utilise pour l'tape de neutralisation de la prparation de la rsine pouvant tre rduite par l'eau a t rduite de 50% en utilisant
les produits d'aminoglycolyse possdant des groupes amins terminaux. [Traduit par la Rdaction]

Mots-cls : poly(trphtalate d'thyle) ( PET ), aminoglycolyse, rsine alkyde, recouvrement pouvant tre rduit par l'eau,
recyclage.

Introduction pean Plastics Recyclers) announced that European postsorting

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a saturated polyester of
terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, which is produced for many
applications, such as in the textile industry, bers, photographic
lms, and soft drink bottles, due to its clarity, light weight, and
selective gas permeability.13 PET is one of the extensively recy-
cled polymeric materials. The main reason for the widespread
recycling of PET is its common use in plastic packaging applica-
tions, especially in the beverage industry.4 PET does not create a
direct toxic effect but it has high resistance to atmospheric and
biological conditions. Therefore, PET wastes cannot decompose in
nature easily and it is seen as a harmful material to nature.1,5
Petcore (PET Containers Recycling Europe) and EuPR (Euro-
PET collection reached 1.45 million tonnes in 2010, with a 6.5%
increase over the previous year in 2009.6,7 Recycling of waste PET
has emerged as a necessity due to environmental factors. There
are four main approaches for the recycling of waste PET, namely,
primary, secondary, tertiary or chemical, and quaternary recy-
cling.8,9 The chemical recycling of waste PET can be carried out in
many ways, such as glycolysis,6,10 hydrolysis,8,11,12 aminolysis,1315
aminoglycolysis,14,16 and simultaneous hydrolysis and glycoly-
sis,17 with the aim of obtaining either its monomers or higher
molecular weight intermediates.16 The products obtained from
depolymerization of waste PET have been used for the synthesis of
saturated and unsaturated polyesters,1820 polyurethanes,21,22

Received 24 September 2012. Accepted 16 November 2012.

I. Acar, A. Bal, and G. Guclu. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
Corresponding author: Isl Acar (e-mail: acar@istanbul.edu.tr).

Can. J. Chem. 91: 357363 (2013) dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2012-0370 Published at www.nrcresearchpress.com/cjc on 27 November 2012.
 358 Can. J. Chem. Vol. 91, 2013

Table 1. Reaction conditions and properties of ADP samples.

Reactions Conditions Properties of ADP samples
Weight EG DEtA HV AV AMV
Sample Fraction ratio (%) T (C) (g) (g) (mg KOH/g) (mg KOH/g) (mg KOH/g)
ADP1 WIF 100 220 32 76 63 203 144
ADP2 WSCF 86 220 64 38 426 155 93

Fig. 1. The appearance of alkyd solutions.

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Table 2. The combinations and symbols of water-

For personal use only.

synthetic alkyd resins,23 additives,1 and polyurethane-based poly-
meric foams and lms.13,16
Synthetic alkyd resins are polyesters modied with fatty acids
or fats, and these resins are widely used in surface coating indus-
tries. Alkyd resins are synthesized from the reaction between
polyhydric alcohols (glycerol, pentaerythritol, etc.) and dibasic
acids (isomers of phthalic acid) or their anhydrides (phthalic
anhydride24).
Alkyd resins can be made water-reducible. The free acid func-
tionalities of alkyds are neutralized with amine compounds when
preparing the water-reducible alkyds.2527 Water-reducible alkyds
are considered nonpolluting and an environmentally friendly
coating due to their low volatile organic components.
A literature survey showed that there is only one article about
the use of depolymerization products for the synthesis of water-
reducible alkyd resins9 and the mentioned article was prepared by
a member of our working team. Gl9 reported for the rst time
that water-reducible alkyd resins were synthesized using depoly-
merization products obtained from the hydrolysisglycolysis re-
action of waste PET.
In the present work, we report the results from our investiga-
tions on the possibility of using aminoglycolysis products of waste
PET in water-reducible alkyd resin manufacturing. The results
show that aminoglycolysis products of waste PET are appropriate
for water-reducible alkyd resins due to their amine end groups.
Experimental
Materials
Waste PET used in aminoglycolysis reactions was provided from
disposable PET water bottles. The collected postconsumer PET
bottles were washed with water after removing the labels. Then,
waste PET akes obtained from grinding the postconsumer
bottles (containing 0.3% (w) humidity) were sieved to obtain a
48 mesh fraction. The viscosity average molecular weight (Mv)
was found11 to be 1.8 104.
Depolymerization products employed for water-reducible al-
kyd synthesis were obtained from aminoglycolysis of waste PET
and experimental details of the aminoglycolysis reactions were
reducible alkyd resins.
Amine
content
Symbols (%, w) Dibasic acid component
R alkyd - 5 5 PA
R alkyd - 10 10 PA
D1 alkyd - 5 5 3/4 PA + 1/4 ADP1 (WIF)
D1 alkyd - 10 10 3/4 PA + 1/4 ADP1 (WIF)
D2 alkyd - 5 5 3/4 PA + 1/4 ADP2 (WSCF)
D2 alkyd - 10 10 3/4 PA + 1/4 ADP2 (WSCF)
Note: PA, phthalic anhydride; ADP, aminoglycolysis
depolymerization products.
reported in previous works.10,16,28 Depolymerization reactions of
waste PET are presented briey in the following paragraph.
Simultaneous aminolysisglycolysis reactions of waste PET
with ethylene glycol (EG) and diethylamine (DEtA) were carried
out in a 1 L stainless steel high pressure reactor (Berghof BR-1000,
Germany) equipped with a stirrer and thermocouple well. All re-
actions were catalyzed with zinc acetate (1% (w/w) based on PET).
Molar ratios of PET/EG/DEtA are 1:2:1 and 1:1:2. The reaction was
carried out at 220 C for 3 h. At the end of the reaction period, the
reactor was cooled to room temperature. Liquid and solid phases
were separated with ltration. The solid phase was extracted by
using 1 L of hot water (100 C) four times. The remaining solid was
named the water insoluble fraction (WIF). The ltrates were
cooled to 4 C and the crystallized solid obtained by ltration was
named the water soluble crystallizable fraction (WSCF). WIF and
WSCF were dried under vacuum at 3040 C. The products ob-
tained from the aminoglycolysis depolymerization reaction (ADP)
were used for the synthesis of water-reducible alkyd resins. In
addition, the acid value (AV), hydroxyl value (HV), and amine
value (AMV) of intermediates has been previously determined ac-
cording to related American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) procedures.10,16,28 These values correspond to the amounts
of acid, hydroxyl, and amine end groups of ADP samples in terms
of g KOH/g. Detailed results of the aminoglycolysis of waste PET

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 Acar et al. 359

Table 3. Formulations of water-reducible alkyd resins.

Equivalent Acid Base Amount of
weight equivalent equivalent reactants (g)
R alkyd
Soybean oil fatty acid (SFA) 280 0.1200 --- 33.6
Phthalic anhydride (PA) 74 0.3451 --- 25.5
Glycerine (G) 31 --- 0.4300 13.3
Ethylene glycol (EG) 31 --- 0.1746 5.4
Depolymerization products obtained --- --- --- ---
from aminoglycolysis reaction (ADP)
D1 alkyd
Soybean oil fatty acid (SFA) 280 0.1800 --- 50.4
Phthalic anhydride (PA) 74 0.2138 --- 15.8
Glycerine (G) 31 --- 0.4702 14.6
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Ethylene glycol (EG) 31 --- 0.0426 1.32

Depolymerization products obtained from 277 0.071 0.0221 19.7
aminoglycolysis reaction (ADP, WIF)
D2 alkyd
Soybean oil fatty acid (SFA) 280 0.1500 --- 42.0
Phthalic anhydride (PA) 74 0.2362 --- 17.5
Glycerine (G) 31 --- 0.2407 7.5
Ethylene glycol (EG) 31 --- 0.0781 2.4
Depolymerization products obtained from 361 0.0787 0.2161 28.5
aminoglycolysis reaction (ADP, WSCF)

and characterization of the depolymerization products were re- solutions were heated at 150 C for 2 h in an oven and their
ported in previous studies.10,16,28 Depolymerization reaction con- properties were determined.
ditions and properties of ADP samples are given in Table 1.
For personal use only.

Technical grade soybean oil fatty acid (SFA) was used in the
preparation of water-reducible alkyd resins. Phthalic anhydride
(PA), glycerine (G), and ethylene glycol (EG) was supplied by Merck
(Germany).
Preparation of water-reducible alkyd resins
Alkyds formulated to have an oil content of 50% were prepared
with glycerine (G), ethylene glycol (EG), fatty acid (FA), and
phthalic anhydride (PA) or aminoglycolysis products (ADP). To
prepare water-reducible alkyd resins, ADP were used instead of PA
at a 1:4 ratio. For comparison, the water-reducible alkyd resin
called the reference alkyd was also prepared using PA. The K
alkyd constant system was used for the formulation calculations
of the alkyd resins.29 The K constant was 1.1 and the ratio of basic
equivalents to acid equivalents (R) was 1.15. The K alkyd constant is
generally selected to be between 1.05 and 1.1 for alkyd formula-
tions. Different fatty acid equivalents and different K values were
tested for four-component alkyd systems and then optimum val-
ues were accepted as the constant for desired oil length values
according to the K alkyd constant system have been given in the
literature29 before.
The reaction was realized in a glass reactor equipped with a
mechanical stirrer system, gas bubbler, thermometer, and Dean
Stark piece. The reaction occurred at 220 C and these reactions
were allowed to continue until the acid value of the resin was
approximately 2025 mg KOH/g. The acid values of the alkyd res-
ins were determined by the volumetric method.9 Then, the alkyd
resins were neutralized with diethanolamine (DEA) and trieth-
ylamine (TEtA) at 120 C. The amounts of amine compounds used
for neutralization were chosen at two different ratios of 5% and
10% (w). The alkyds were dissolved in isopropyl alcohol to 70% (w)
solid content. The pH was adjusted to be slightly alkaline (pH = 8)
with a 25% ammonia solution. Water (70% w/w, based on the
weight of the alkyd) was added by stirring vigorously.9,27 The nal
content of solids in the water-reducible resin was 40% (w) solid
content. Driers (1% Pb, 0.1% Co based on the alkyd) and surfactant
were added with water to the alkyd solution. Alkyd solutions were
obtained as stable opaque solutions. The appearance of alkyd so-
lutions are given in Fig. 1. Films cast by 50 m applicators from the
Surface coating testing of water-reducible alkyd resin lms
The physical and chemical properties of water-reducible alkyd
resins lms were determined according to ASTM standards. All
tests were repeated three times to conrm the repeatability of the
tests.
The hardness of the lms was determined using a Knig pendu-
lum, which gave results according to the German Institute for
Standardization (DIN) 53 157. An Ericsen 415/E apparatus was used
for the determination of the drying time of the lms (DIN 53 150).
The adhesion strength of the lms was determined by the cross-
cut method according to ASTM D3359-76. The glosses of the resins
were measured with a Gardner multiangle glossmeter at a
45 angle, which gave results according to ASTM 523.
The chemical resistance of the lms such as alkaline, acid, salt
(NaCl solution), and water resistance were carried out according
to ASTM D1647 and D1308-57. Films were prepared on glass test
tubes and these lms were heated at 150 C for 2 h in an oven.
Then, the tubes were immersed in alkaline (0.1 mol/L NaOH), acid
(0.1 mol/L H2SO4), and salt (NaCl, 5% w) solutions and water. The
tubes were removed from the solutions after immersion for 1, 2, 3,
5, 7, 24, and 72 h and the appearance of the lms were observed
for alkaline, acid, and salt resistance.9 The water resistance of
alkyd resins were also tested in similar conditions and the effect
of 18 h immersion in water on the lm was determined. The
solvent resistance of alkyd resins was performed as follows:
Films were prepared on glass panels and these lms were heated
at 150 C for 2 h in an oven. A piece of solvent-impregnated
(acetone, methanol, toluene and ethyl acetate) absorbent gauze
(2 cm 2 cm) was put on an alkyd resin coated glass panel. The
panel was covered with a petri dish and kept at room temperature
for 30 min.30 At the end of the test, the appearance of the lms
were observed and results recorded.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out by a Linseis
STA PT 1750 instrument under air at a rate of 10 C/min with about
10 mg of water-reducible alkyd resins.

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 360 Can. J. Chem. Vol. 91, 2013

FT-IR analysis Fig. 2. The FT-IR spectra of all alkyd resins.

The infrared spectra of alkyd resins were taken with the Digilab
Excalibur-FTS 3000MX model FT-IR spectrophotometer using KBr
pellets.

Results and discussion

Alkyd resins
Three long oil alkyd resins were prepared using ADP samples.
Reaction conditions and properties of ADP samples are shown in
Table 1. The combinations and symbols of water-reducible alkyd
resins are shown in Table 2. Alkyd resins synthesized using ami-
noglycolysis products (ADP) instead of phthalic anhydride (PA)
were neutralized with different concentrations of TEtA and DEA
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(5% and 10% w) at 120 C. Then, deionized water was added to the
neutral resin.
The main purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility of
using aminoglycolysis products of waste PET in water-reducible
alkyd resin manufacturing. Therefore, we have tested both frac-
tions, i.e., water soluble crystallizable (WSCF) and water insoluble
(WIF), and we have found that both fractions are appropriate for
water-reducible alkyd resin manufacturing. In addition, we aimed
to reduce the amount of amine using aminoglycolysis products of
PET having amine end groups for the neutralization of alkyds.
Therefore, we have selected the fractions according to the amount
of amine end groups of intermediates obtained from preliminary
experiments, which have not given in the manuscript. In other
words, the intermediates having higher amine values were se-
lected from among many intermediates having different amine
For personal use only.

values. Furthermore, the weight ratios of the fractions were also

considered. As it seen in Table 1, fraction ADP1 (WIF) is 100% and
ADP2 (WSCF) is 86%.
Alkyd resins neutralized with DEA were obtained as a dark
brown, opaque, and homogeneous liquid (water-reducible alkyd).
The appearances of alkyd solutions, which are shown in Fig. 1,
were very similar. As seen in Fig. 1, all alkyd solutions were ob-
tained as stable opaque solutions. Figure 1 also shows that all of
the alkyd dispersions were stable. However, in the case of using
TEtA instead of DEA for the neutralization stage, alkyd resins
were obtained as a dark brown, opaque liquid and the water phase
separated from the alkyd resin immediately. Thereby, TEtA was
not used for the neutralization of water-reducible alkyds. The
formulations of water-reducible alkyd resins are given in Table 3.
The amount of amine, which was used for the neutralization
stage of water-reducible alkyd resin synthesis, was 10% (w) based
on the alkyd in previous works.9,25 In this study, the amount of
the amine compound was reduced by 50% using aminoglycolysis
products having amine end groups.
In conclusion, waste PET-based water-reducible alkyd resins
prepared with 5% and 10% DEA content have similar surface coat-
ing properties to reference resins. The use of waste PET for the
synthesis of water-reducible alkyd resin did not cause any nega-
tive effects on the properties of the alkyd resins. In addition, as
the DEA content decreased from 10% to 5% during the neutraliza-
tion stage, the lm properties were remarkably unchanged.
Therefore, we deduced that water-reducible alkyd resins can be
prepared using 5% of the amine instead of 10% without any loss in Table 4. Physical properties of water-reducible
surface coating properties. This is an important result in terms of alkyd resin lms.
using less of the amine compound.
Hardness Adhesion
FT-IR analysis Sample (Knig second) strength (%) Gloss
The FT-IR spectra of all alkyd resins are given in Fig. 2. The resin R alkyd - 5 100 100 42
called the original alkyd is the amine free alkyd resin. The R alkyd - 10 75 100 40
amine modied alkyd resins show an additional band owing to D1 alkyd - 5 18 100 41
the amine compound at about 1620 cm1 different from the orig- D1 alkyd - 10 11 100 42
inal alkyd.31 The aforementioned peak seen in the FT-IR spectra of D2 alkyd - 5 42 100 40
ADP-based alkyd resins is sharper than that of reference alkyds D2 alkyd - 10 14 100 43
because of the aminoglycolysis product content.

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 Acar et al. 361

Table 5. Acid resistance of water-reducible alkyd resin lms.

Time (h)
Samples 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24 48 72
R alkyd - 5 NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
R alkyd - 10 NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
D1 alkyd - 5 NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
D1 alkyd - 10 NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
D2 alkyd - 5 NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
D2 alkyd - 10 NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
Note: NC, no change.

Table 6. Alkaline resistance of water-reducible alkyd resin lms.

Time (h)
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Samples 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24 48 72
R alkyd - 5 NC NC NC DS DS DS DS DS DS DS
R alkyd - 10 NC NC NC DS DS DS DS DS DS DS
D1 alkyd - 5 NC NC NC DS DS DS DS DS DS DS
D1 alkyd - 10 NC NC NC DS DS DS DS DS DS DS
D2 alkyd - 5 NC NC NC DS DS DS DS DS DS DS
D2 alkyd - 10 NC NC NC DS DS DS DS DS DS DS
Note: NC, no change; DS, dissolved.

Table 7. Water, salt, and solvent resistance of water-reducible alkyd resin lms.
Water resistance Salt resistance Solvent resistance
Ethyl
Samples Water NaCl solution Acetone Methanol Toluene acetate
For personal use only.

R alkyd - 5 NC NC NC NC NC NC
R alkyd - 10 NC NC NC NC NC NC
D1 alkyd - 5 NC NC NC NC NC NC
D1 alkyd - 10 NC NC NC NC NC NC
D2 alkyd - 5 NC NC NC NC NC NC
D2 alkyd - 10 NC NC NC NC NC NC
Note: NC, no change.

Fig. 3. TGA curves of D1 alkyd - 5, D2 alkyd - 5, and R alkyd - 5. Fig. 4. TGA curves of D1 alkyd - 10, D2 alkyd - 10, and R alkyd - 10.

Film properties of water-reducible alkyd resin lms
As indicated in the related DIN standard, there are seven drying
degrees and the maximum drying degree is 7. Stage 1 is deter-
mined with glass beads and the remaining stages are determined
with disks of typewriter paper. The glass beads are allowed to
remain on the lm for 10 s. Loads are used in stages 27 and range
from 5 to 5000 g/cm2. The loads on the disks remain for 60 s.32
Previous studies show that drying degrees of water-reducible al-
kyd resins generally remain at low levels.9,24 The drying times of
water-reducible alkyd resins were determined as degree 5 after
baking the lms in this study.
Hardness was determined using a Knig pendulum. The oscil-
lations of a standardized Knig pendulum placed on the test sur-
face are damped in proportion to the softness of the coating.32

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 362 Can. J. Chem. Vol. 91, 2013

Table 8. The temperatures required for reaching certain weight losses (%).
T (C)a
Sample 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
R alkyd - 5 152 244 268 284 296 310 352 411 455
D1 alkyd - 5 242 268 284 302 328 360 388 405 425
D2 alkyd - 5 260 280 296 310 338 376 397 423 437
R alkyd - 10 101 207 254 274 288 300 322 390 410
D1 alkyd - 10 239 262 280 298 324 354 384 408 422
D2 alkyd - 10 254 278 292 303 330 366 396 420 434
aThe temperature where various weight losses have occurred.

The hardness values of alkyd resin lms are presented in Table 4 The following conclusions can be drawn from the obtained
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as Knig seconds. As shown in Table 4, the hardness of the results:

ADP-based alkyd resin was lower than those properties of the
reference alkyd resin. The hardness values of the lms decreased
with increasing amounts of the amine compound, which was used
for neutralization. In addition, in the case of the WSCF, which is
used for the synthesis of water-reducible alkyd resins, the hard-
ness value was determined to be higher than that of the WIF. The
amine values of the WSCF and WIF were determined to be 93 and
144 mg KOH/g, respectively. This case can be related to the pres-
ence of water and amine contents. These components inhibit ox-
idation and cross-linking reaction in the drying stage.24 This study
shows that a higher amine content of alkyd resins causes lower
hardness values due to difculty of drying.
The adhesion of a coating is a mechanical property dening the
bond between the lm and substrate. The adhesion strength of
For personal use only.
Both depolymerization fractions, i.e., water soluble crystalliz-
able (WSCF) and water insoluble (WIF) were appropriate for
water-reducible alkyd resin manufacturing.
In the case of DEA, stable solutions were obtained in the neu-
tralization stage for all water-reducible alkyd formulations.
The use of waste PET for the synthesis of water-reducible alkyd
resin did not cause any negative effect on the properties of the
water-reducible alkyd resins.
The amount of the amine was reduced by 50% for the neutral-
ization stage using the aminoglycolysis products of PET having
amine end groups for the preparation of water-reducible alkyd
resins.
Water-reducible alkyd resins can be prepared using 5% of the

the lms was tested by the cross-cut method. As shown in Table 4,
the percentages of the adhesion strength of the water-reducible
alkyd resin lms were 100% after baking the lms.
In addition, there was no signicant change in the gloss prop-
erty of alkyd resin lms (Table 4). As a result, we can say that ADP
used in the preparation of alkyd resin did not have a negative
effect on the gloss property of the resin.
Chemical lm properties (acid, alkaline, salt, water, and solvent
resistance) of water-reducible alkyd resin lms are given in
Tables 57. All of the alkyd resins have excellent acid, water, salt,
and solvent (acetone, methanol, toluene, ethyl acetate) resistance.
These lms were resistant for around 4 h in an alkaline solution
and there was no signicant change in alkaline resistance of the
alkyd resin lms.
Thermogravimetric analysis
Thermal oxidative degradations of the water-reducible alkyd
resins were investigated by TGA under an air atmosphere at a
heating rate of 10 C/min. TGA curves of all alkyd resins show
almost the same degradation behaviors. TGA curves of water-
reducible alkyd resins are presented in Figs. 3 and 4. As seen in the
TGA curves, ADP-based water-reducible alkyd resins have better
thermal resistance than the reference resin. The temperatures
required for reaching certain weight losses (%) are given in Table 8.
The presence of aminoglycolysis product, which is formed by
larger aromatic molecules in the alkyd structure, instead of the
PA, improved the thermal stability of alkyd resins. In addition,
oxidative thermal stabilities of water-reducible alkyd resins de-
crease with increasing amine content, which arises from ami-
noglycolysis products and neutralization of alkyd resins by amine
compounds. The decrease of thermal stabilities of alkyds occurs
due to the inhibition effect of amine components on the cross-
linking reaction.
Conclusions
Aminoglcolysis products obtained from postconsumer PET bot-
tles were used for the preparation of water-reducible alkyd resin
for the rst time. The lm properties and thermal stability of
these resins were investigated.
amine instead of 10% without any loss in surface coating prop-
erties. This is an important result in terms of using less of the
amine compound.
Aminoglycolysis depolymerization products, which are used
for the preparation of alkyd resin did not have a negative effect
on the physical lm properties, such as adhesion strength, dry-
ing, and gloss, of the resins. The percentage of the adhesion
strength of all alkyd resin lms was 100%. All of the resins
resisted the acid and salt solutions until 72 h. All of the resins
also resisted the water and alkali solutions until 18 and 3 h,
respectively. All of the resin lms showed good resistance to
organic solvents such as acetone, methanol, toluene, and ethyl
acetate.
Thermal oxidative degradation of the alkyd resins were inves-
tigated by TGA under air atmosphere at a heating rate of
10 C/min. Aminoglycolysis depolymerization products-based
alkyd resin were more stable than the reference resin.
As a result, aminoglycolysis products of waste PET are suitable
for manufacturing water-reducible alkyd resins. Depolymeriza-
tion products of waste PET can be used as a cheap and useful raw
material. Hence, evaluating recycled PET, which is obtained from
postconsumer water bottles, as a raw material for water-reducible
alkyd resin is important in terms of the environment.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Research Fund of the Istanbul
University, project No. 3368.
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