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CVP -342
Structure and Material Lab
Exp.-03

Tensile stress-strain response of hot-rolled

steel tubular sections

SUBMITTED BY:
Dharam Singh Meena
(2014CE10336)

Objective:-
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Tensile stress-strain response of specimens taken from hot rolled steel tubular section.

Apparatus:-
1. Steel Coupons from tubular section
2. Extensometer
3. Vernier Callipers
4. Automatic Universal Testing Machine (load capacity of 333KN)

Fig-1: Sketch of the Specimen tested along with dimensions-----From ASTM (A370-16)

Steel Coupon prepared Sample 1 Sample 2

from:
Thickness(T) 2.653 mm 2.64 mm
Gage Length(G) 64.84 mm 65.54 mm
Width(W) 12.78 mm 13.13 mm
Parallel Length(A) 100.14 mm 104.68mm
Table-1:Dimensions of the Steel Coupon

Theory:
General response of ductile material to tension
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FIG-2: Stress Strain curve for ductile material

Proportional Limit: Point up to which the curve follows hooks low (i.e. stress is
directly proportional strain). In the Graph above, point A corresponds to the
Proportional Limit.
Elastic Limit or Yield Point: Point up to which specimen is elastic means if
unloaded up to this point, it will regain its original length. Point B corresponds to
the Elastic Limit or Yield Point.
Upper Yield Point: The point after which yielding starts as point C in the graph.
Lower yield Point: The point after which hardening starts to take place as point D
in the graph.
Yield Point Elongation: Elongation value of material from start to the end of
yielding (i.e. Lower Yield Point) is called the yield point elongation.

Ultimate Tensile Strength: Stress corresponding to the highest point of the graph
as point E in the graph
Fracture Point: Point at which fracture occurs as point F in the graph.
Total Elongation: Total elongation of material from initial to the point at which it
fractures.

Procedure:-
1. Specimens are prepared as per IS 1608:2005. Dimensions have been shown in
fig-1.
2. Now specimen is placed between holders of the UTM.
3. Now attach the extensometer across the gage length of the specimen.
4. Now start the Automatic Universal testing machine with a strain rate between
0.00025/s to 0.0025/s which applies tensile stress on the material. We used 0.8
mm/s.
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5. After elastic limit remove the extensometer as it may damage the extensometer
as elongation of material is high after elastic limit.
6. Continue the elongation of material till it fractures (fails).
7. Now plot the Stress vs. strain graph of the material.

Observations and Calculations:-

Sample1:-
Final gauge length of the specimen = 71.83mm
Final Width = 8.41 mm
Final Thickness = 1.08mm
Final parallel length =111.84mm
Initial cross sectional area of specimen (A1) = 33.9 mm 2
Final cross sectional area of specimen (A2) = 9.08mm 2
Total elongation of the specimen according to gage length = 6.99 mm
6.99
Total % of elongation of the specimen according to gage length = 64.84 0 *100 =

10.8%
Reduction in area = 24.82 mm2
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stress vs strain s1
12

10

6
stress (MPa)
4

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

strain

Sample 2
Final gauge length of the specimen = 71.02 mm
Final Width = 8.63mm
Final Thickness = 1.19mm
Final parallel length =112.98 mm
Initial cross sectional area of specimen (A1) = 34.67 mm 2
Final cross sectional area of specimen (A2) = 10.27 mm 2
Total elongation of the specimen according to gage length = 5.48 mm
5.48
Total % of elongation of the specimen according to gage length = 65.54 *100 =

8.36%
Reduction in area = 24.4 mm2
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Stress vs Strain s2
350
300
250
200
stress (MPa) 150
100
50
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Strain

RESULTS:-
Result Sample 1 Sample 2
Elastic Modulus 178.89 GPa 225.23 GPa
Proportionality limit 260 MPa 264 Mpa
Yield strength 278 MPa 272 MPa
Yield point strain 0.003 0.0026
Ultimate tensile strength 326.23Mpa 320MPa
Elongation 10.8% 8.36 %
Reduction in area 73.22 % 70.34 %

Discussions:-
Importance of this test is that we get to know the actual strength and other properties of
the material in use . As it goes through many processes so its properties may change
and we should know the actual properties so that we can design accordingly
From the results, the elastic modulus of elasticity is coming 178.9 GPa &225.23 GPa for
web and flange respectively which is higher than theoretical value.
In both the graphs it is clear that initially stress increases linearly with strain means that
it is follow hooks low .If we further go ahead it starts yielding means there is increase in
strain although strain remains same or decreases. After that it starts hardening means
stress increases with strain but at a lower slope. Then it attains the highest point at
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which neck forming takes place, if we further go ahead it finally breaks and stops
increaging in length.
Form the graph above it is clear that the experimental graph is similar to the theoretical
one.
For both the samples we, values for all the parameters are approximately same which
shows that the properties of material I same everywhere in the tube.