You are on page 1of 762

A

</^c^^4.
MILITARY DICTIONARY3
OR,

EXPLANATION OF THE SEVERAL SYSTEMS OF DISCIPLINE OF DIFFER


ENT KINDS OF TROOPS,

INFANTRY, ARTILLERY, AND CAVALRY ;


THE PRINCIPLES OF FORTIFICATION,
AND

ALL THE MODERN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE


SCIENCE OF TACTICS :

COMPRISING

THE POCKET GUNNER, OB LITTLE BOMBABDIEB;

THE MILITARY REGULATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES; THE WEIGHTS,

MEASURES, AND MONIES OF ALL NATIONS;


\
THE TECHNICAL TERMS AND PHRASES OF THE ART OF WAR

IN THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.

BARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE USE OF THE MILITARY INSTITUTIONS

OF THE UNITED STATES:

BY WILLIAM DUANE,
ATE LIEUTENANT COLONEL IN THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES,
AND AUTHOR OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY LIBRARY.

An army without discipline is but a mob in uniform, more dangerous to itself than to
its enemy. Should any one from ignorance not perceive the immense advantages that
arise from a good discipline, it will be sufficient to observe the alterations that have happen
ed in Europe since the year 1700. -
Saxe.
I am tactics of Frederic II. the causes of his superiority, of his
fully convinced that the
svstem of battles and lines, and of his most skilful movements have been wholly misun
derstood to the present time, and that the actions of this great man have been attributed
to maxims diametrically opposite to his real principles. Jomini 1808.

PHILADELPHIA:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM DUANE,

NO. 98, MARKET STREET.

1810.
DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, to wit:

BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Tenth day of August, in tie Thirty


Fifth year of the Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1810,
William Duane of the said district, hath deposited in this office, the title of a book,
the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit: " A Mili-
"
tary Dictionary; or, Explanation of the several systems of discipline of different
"
kinds of Troops, Infantry, Artillery, and Cavalrjr; the Principles of Fortification,
*' and all the Modem
Improvements in the Science of Tactics : comprizing the Pocket Gunner, or Lit-
"
tie Bombardier ; the Military Regulations of the United States ; the Weights, Measures, and Monies
"
of all Nations ; the Technical Terms and Phrases of the Art of War in the French language. Parti-
the use of the Military institutions of the United States: by William Duane, late
"cularly adapted to
"
lieutenant colonel in the army of the United States, and author of the American Military Library.
"
An army without discipline is but a mob in uniform, more dangerous to itself than to its enemy.
'
Should any one from ignorance not perceive the immense advantages that arise from a good disci-
"
pline, it will be sufficient to observe the alterations that have happened in Europe since the year 1700.
"
Saxe. I am fully convinced that the tactics of Frederic II. the causes of his superiority, of his system
"
of battles and lines, and of his most skilful movements have been wholly misunderstood to the present
"
time, and that the actions of this great man have been attributed to maxims diametrically opposite to
"
his real principles. Jomini....\808."
conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, intituled " an Act for the encourage
In
ment of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of
such copies during the times therein mentioned." And also to the Act, entitled
"
an Act supplementary
'
an Act for the encouragement of
to an Act, entitled learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts,
and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned,' and ex
tending the benefits thereof to the arti of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints,
D. CALDWELL,
Clerk of the District of Pennsyteantc .
DC

<

ELUCIDATORY PREFACE.

WHEN the editor first undertook to prepare a Military Library _for ge


neral use, he was stimulated thereto by perceiving the total decay of military in
formation, and the gross errors, in particulars the most simple andessential, which
every where had superceded or obstructed useful knowlege. War at the mo
ment seemed to be impending. There was no organization of the militia, nor any
system established, excepting an incomplete elementary hand book, formed dur
ing the revolution, and adapted to fix those who had already some military ex
perience of the first evolutions of a battalion, in a common method.
This book, no way calculated to teach the initiatory exercises, nor to give
an idea of the combined manoeuvres of
larger bodies ; nor any method of in
struction, nor the duties of any other body than an infantry battalion, was im
properly dignified with the name of a system. The most elevated in power as
well as the most subordinate in military or militia duty, adopted this false
notion of a system, without enquiring further than that it was established. When
such a tract was held forth as sufficient by the authority of law and by the silent
indifference of those who knew or ought to know better, it is not at all surprizing
that every other object of military study was neglected, since every other was
announced to be superfluous.
This state of general indifference or unacquaintance vvith. the business of
war, gave rise to the American Military Library ; in which the editor intend
ed originally to have comprehended a vocabulary of military terms; and had
made so much progress in its preparation, as to discover that it would make a
large book, and that any thing short of a minute and comprehensive Diction
ary, would be leaving the undertaking still incomplete. The general want qf
knowlege on the subject, the inaccuracy of the notions which prevailed, and
above all the great revolutions which modern times had produced in the whole
economy and ordination of military science, decided the editor upon the neces
sity of rendering the undertaking as complete as practicable, by giving to the
public a competent book of reference, so necessary to study in the acquisition of
every species of knowlege.
After some numbers of the Library had been published, the French Military
Dictionary of 1768, and the English Military Dictionary of major James, fell in
to the editor's hands. These works rendered much of what' had been already
done superfluous, though not entirely useless ; the French work had been anti
quated long before the revolution, by the changes which took place in the French
establishment in 1788 and 1791, and still more by the total renovation which
it underwent during the revolution. The English Dictionary labored under
difficulties of another nature ; adapted to England alone, the military system
of England, called by the name of Dundas, which was only a modification of
the Prussian system of Saldern, and the French system formed in imitation of
the Prussian after the seven years war, must necessarily be to a British officer
the standard of a work published for the British army;
accordingly, although
major James, both from his fine understanding and experience," was well ac
quainted with the defects of that system, he was still under the necessity of
making it his standard.
In undertaking to give a work to the American
people, the publication of
either the French or English Dictionary,
though it might equally profit the
bookseller, would be only imposing upon the public, instead of giving the best
information^ and the most recent and approved principles and improvements in
the art of war : it was necessary therefore almost to rewrite, and to
augment to
a vast bulk the quantity of information. The whole has been, therefore,mo-
ELUCIDATORY PREFACE.

delled and adapted throughout to the modern principles of discipline and gene-
ral tactics. So much of what is old has been retained as may give some cor
\^
rect ideas of the systems of other nations ; and the body of information, as well
'

as of words of reference, renders this the most ample and particular Military

Dictionary published in the language


that has been
To the general has been added the useful little work called the Little
mass
from
Bombardier, or Pocket Gunner, originally compiled for the British artillerists
the French Manuel de I'Artilleur of Durtubie. The measures of extent and ca

pacity, and the monies of all foreign nations : under the words Tactics, Military
Schools, Topographical Depot, Money, Weights and Measures, Valor, and generally
thnmghout the work will be found a vast body of new information, particularly
adapted to the communication of correct knowlege to all who wish to compre
hend military subjects.
A too prevalent error, and the most fatal if we should ever be engaged in war,
and not acquire more perfect and general knowlege, is, that the art of war re-
this
-

quires neither study nor much attention to what is called discipline ; and
error has obtained a sort of sanctity from the triumphs of our undisciplined yeo
Hessian veterans inour re
manry over the British, Hanoverian, Wurtemburg, and
volution. Undoubtedly without an examination into the causes of the triumphs in

a more particular manner than general history presents, the assumption is very
imposing, and adapted to flatter self-love and national pride.
These natural and often useful passions must, nevertheless, be restrained like
all others within the bounds of reason ; and, in order to avoid the danger which
may flow from our prejudices, we must endeavor to consider our own circum
stances with eyes as dispassionate as we should those of strangers. We must
enquire, what was the state of military knowlege in the armies of the invaders ;
whether they exhibited any of the great qualities which constitute well disci
plined troops or great generals ; whether the whole course of their military
transactions was not a series of blunders, produced by their ignorance of our
people and country ; and even in a great degree owing to the want of talents
in the officers of the enemy, to supply by their genivis and spirit of enterprize,
the disadvantages under which they labored. It would require only an enu
meration of a few facts to shew, that although the patience with which the
American troops endured hardships and privations, afford glorious examples of
the military virtues ; that even these great virtues, conducted as they were,
by a general who united in himself the military qualities of a Fabius and a Scipio,
could not have had so much success were it not for the want of a good disci
pline, and the utter incapacity of the generals of the British army.
In the modern wars of the French revolution, the like truths have been
demonstrated as in the American contest. The British armies had been merely
taught the duties of parade, and when they came into the field, had to learn by
hard fighting and severe defeats, that their officers were generally ignorant of
the art of war ; for they were beaten once more by raw troops ably conducted
to the field by experienced officers, who possessed skill, who had made military
science their study; and, above all, who knew how to take advantage of the
incompetency of the British leaders.
Mankind in every country, educated in the same way, varies very little in
those points which are adapted to military services. It must, therefore, in a
great measure depend upon the education which is applied to military affairs, in
the discipline of armies, whether they are victors or vanquished. All nations
profess to have acted upon this opinion, though there seems not to be that
attention paid to the subject, nor to education of any kind, which the acknow-
leged importance of the case calls for. This indifference or heedlessness has at
times infected all nations, and may be considered as a disease, which if not cured
at a certain stage, ensures destruction.
The triumphs of Spain before the peace of Vervins in 1598, is a most impor
tant part of history for the study of men fond of military enquiries ; the infantry
of Spain was then the first in Europe ; we have seen in the years 1808 and 1809,
that the extinction, by the neglect of military knowlege, has left Spain, with ten
millions of people, an easy conquest. Austria and Prussia have successively shone
preeminent on the military theatre' of Europe. The daily parades at Berlin,
which Frederic II. conducted himself for many years, and from which strangers
were excluded, were only lessons of experiment and instruction by which he

fonuedhis own mind to the conviction of the power of rapid movement, and close
ELUCIDATORY PREFACE. v

i ilutions
f
by small divisions ; divisions moving in different modes, and by different
points, in apparent disorder but by the most exact laws, to one common point of
action. Here it was that he contrived those methods which he accomplished in
action afterwards, and which enabled him, with a force not equal to half the Aus
trian army, to baffle, defeat, and triumph over all Europe. It will be useful for the
man of sense to consider, whether Frederic could have
performed such wonders
in the field, without this previous practice himself, and the previous discipline
which rendered his armies of 40,000 as manageable as a battalion of 500 men.
Perhaps we shall be told that Steuben's tract renders all these considerations un
necessary.
The military triumphs of modern France have been ascribed to a multitude
of causes ; really, perhaps, the causes of her military successes may be reduced
to two. First, the necessity which arose out of what has been preposterously
called the balance of power in Europe, which under the pretence of maintaining
an
equality of nations, has been the real mask for reiterated wars, conquests,
plunder, and desolation ; Spain, Austria, and France, have been at different pe
riods held up as aspiring to universal dominion ; under the color of resisting the
aggrandizement of either, they have been for two centuries constantly engaged
in efforts to plunder each other. France, from her position, was from the pas
sions of the age, forced to be prepared for the defensive ; and in several succes
sive wars had made conquests on her extremities, which rendered it daily more
necessary to maintain a military establishment ; and at length, after suffering
great disasters, and thereby producing a succession of great generals, the pas
sions and character of the people became military.
Taught by triumphs and disasters, the causes of success and failure, her ge
nerals and statesmen directed their attention to the perfection of all the branches
of military institution ; the management of weapons, the array of troops, the
plans of marches, the supply of armies, the passage of rivers, and the simplifi
cation of every species of duty. Colleges were instituted, the sciences were
enlisted in the military service, and it was difficult to tell in which class of citi
zens the greatest military enthusiasm prevailed.. ..the nobles who alone could as
pire to command, or the privates who composed the rank and file of armies.
It is to these institutions, through which the path to honor and renown lay,
that France owes her present preeminence. Under several heads of this Dic
tionary will be found the facts upon which this opinion is sustained ; other na-
tions rather aped than emulated her institutions ; while France pursued the spi
rit of the Romans who adopted every weapon which they found powerful in the
hands of their enemies ; France adopted the prolonged line of the Austrian^, or
abandoned it to pursue the concentric movements of Prussia ; those echellons
which under another name were among the manoeuvres of Scipio and Gustavus
Adolphus, and which so many have affected to laugh at as novelties, because
they know neither their history nor their use ; were recommended by Guibert in
1763, as the column had been before recommended by Folard,- and each of whom
had been calumniated and their tactics reprobated, by the enemies of innovation,
or rather
by the blockheads of their day, a class rfbeings which some are to befund
excr) where.
The rapid principles of Frederic, and the evolutions of the ocheUon and column
adapted to the concentric method of movement, upon oblique as well as di
rect lines; and all executed with a combined precision before unusual, consti
tute the great features of the modern tactics. Simplicity of method in instruc
tion is the key to it.
It must be evident to the humblest understanding, that a great part, of the
success of armies in war must depend as much upon the knowlege of the ene
mies' mode of movement and action, as well as in the perfection, precision, and
promptitude of execution in their own. Voltaire, whose history of Europe is
alike admirable for its conciseness and authenticity, since all his information t

on military affairs was drawn from the military


depot established at Versailles,
speaking of the battle of Rosbach, attributes the defeat of the French under
Soubise to their ignorance of the new methods of movement which had been
introduced by Frederic II. The soldiers saw that the old method of bat
tle was changed; they did not comprehend the motions of the Prussians,
which were not merely novel, but as exact as the movements on a parade ; the}'
beliaved they saw their masters in the art of war, they were dismayed and fled.
ELUCIDATORY PREFACE.

This anecdote, which has many resemblances in ancient history, is 'of great
moment in directing the understanding to the consideration of military institu
tion. It leaves no doubt of the necessity of knowing the art of war as it is prac
tised by other nations, and especially the importance of practising that which
has proved superior to all others.
A fatality has attended all the efforts which have been made for several years
to introduce a suitable organization of the militia, and a correct military system.
The genius of ignorance appears to have cast a spell over all the attempts that
have been made. Like the projector who was so much occupied by the erec
tion of a weathercock, that he set about it before the foundation for the steeple
was laid, every attempt has been made at the wrong end ; apart has been mista

ken for a whole, composedof numerous parts, and the wrong part has always been
chosen first. America, which has been so original in the revolution as to give rise
to the institution of rifle corps, which have decided seven-eighths of the battles
that have been fought in Europe since ; has been led to resort constantly to the
very system of which America proved the futility, for precepts and examples ;
instead of profiting by the march of science, we have gone for instruction to the
worst military institutions of Europe. When any person intrusted with the mi
litary concerns of the U. States wants information, it is to authorities exploded
and condemned by men of military knowlege, reference is made. A minister
of England in addressing that nation in 1806, at the very moment when it was an
nounced to that nation that the bellum ad internicionem had only then
begun
that " the war was now at the foot of her- walls," had the honesty, which times
of danger extracts even from ministers, to declare...." The
military system of Eng
land was equally in want of repairs, or rather a thorough
rebuilding, even to its foun
dation stone.'" There is no truth more certain, yet it is to this tattered and
defenceless fabric we resort for models on every occasion. The bill for esta
blishing a quarter ^master general's department, which was before congress in
1809-10, is a scion of this decayed tree ; no doubt that as long as the present
apology for a system exists, the proposed department may serve, as a crutch is
of use to a body stricken with paralysis.
Military science even in France, where it has now reached the greatest
perfection, has had to struggle with selfishness and the occasional and almost
insuperable difficulties, which the appointment of ministers incompetent and
inexperienced in military affairs, threw in their wray. Folard is reputed to
have died broken-hearted, by the persecution which he
experienced from stupid
generals and ministers who looked to nothing but official patronage. Le-
vrilliere, whose admirable improvements in the various departments of artillerv
to whom is owing the red* ction of the
length and the weight of metal of
guns of the same calibre, was persecuted out of France, aBd obliged to take re
fuge in the army of Austria, where his services proved so formidable as to in
duce his recall, and the final adoption of his vast
improvements ; those improve
ments which, by the
lessening weight of artillery, have led to the powerful insti
tution of horse artillery.
Wise nations are never disposed to
reject the useful because it is not of
their own invention. The Austrians after the battle of Austerlitz
immediately
abolished their old discipline, and the archduke Charles
instituted a better sys
tern upon the of the
principles modern French. Even the French themselves
surrounded by ( numphs, have not yet deemed the science of war
of the
perfect New
dispositions column were
adopted in Egypt ; it was only in 1808 that the re
gulations for the exercise and manoeuvres of
since the
Cavalry were completed- and even
campaign which closed with the battle of Wagram, they have made
some
important alterations in the arms of their
cavalry, founded either on the
experience of inconvenience in their own, or of some
of their enemy.
superior advantages
in those
The conclusions which we draw from these facts
are, that the prevalence of
erroneous opinions on the
military institutions is a subject of very serious con
cern ; because it is
evident, that so long as a nation or a government, which has
the care of the national
concerns, and a great influence over its opinions, suffers
ignorance and prejudice to occupy the place of
be considered as the intelligence, a similar fate may
consequence, whenever the nation shall be attacked, as
odicr negligent or ignorant nations have
and capacity in the art of war.
been, by a power of superior knowlege s
ELUCIDATORY PREFACE. Vll

Nothing more plainly shews the misconception which generally prevails, es


pecially in the legislatures of the Union and the several states, than the contra.
dictory motives which are assigned for leaving the militia and military system in
their present state of disorganization. Some plead that the art of war is laid
down in Steuben ; others that Steuben carried us through the revolution ; when
in fact both Burgoyne and Cornwallis were taken before Steuben's tract was in-
troduced; others are for arming our militia with pikes alone, forgetting that an
to render pikes ef
open country is that for which pikes are best adapted ; and that
fective there must be a most perfect discipline of manoeuvre, which may render
the line as potent and firm as the column, and as easily displayed, concentrated,
and formed to various fronts as the best disciplined infantry ; when the new
modes of movement are mentioned, they are called novelties, though the princi
pal of them are as old as the battle of Pharsalia, and were in practice at the bat
tle"* of Lutzen ; other exceptions are, that besides being new, the modern disci
pline is too difficult to learn, too perplexed and fatiguing ; that the multiplied
manoeuvres require more time and labor, and must be in a great measure use
less ; and that so satisfied are the British of this that they have reduced them
all to nineteen manoeuvres. Nothing so truly depicts the want of judgment or
a proper attention to the subject, as observations like these the truth is that the
modern principles of instruction are fewer in number, more easily taught and un
derstood, and less irksome to the soldier ; better adapted to engage the soldier's
attention and afford him gratification ; that the variety and number of evolutions
is not more various than the eternal variety of ground by which military move
ments and dispositions are always governed ; and that the new discipline, by
teaching the first elements well, enables the military body to be moved by these
principles on any ground, and not only to form any disposition that it is possible?
to form, but without having been previously formed in such new dispositions ; the
elementary principles of modern discipline being peculiarly adapted to the un
derstanding, and the movements by small bodies, enabling every officer of a small
portion of troops to move hi9 particular corps by the mode best adapted to the
'
ground.
It must always be the fault of the government if its military institutions are
erroneous. If there were but a single regiment, that should be instructed ac
cording to the best principles, and made to practise whatever was most useful
and necessary in the art of war. In a nation of freemen the regular force should
constantly exhibit their exercises and evolutions, so that every citizen should be
familiar with the best practice of the use of arms andof manoeuvres. The eye
may be said to have an infallible memory, it is above all other of the organs
of sense the best medium of intelligence. The United States troops are
usually cooped up in garrisons, as if they were, like the king of Prussia, forming
a system in secret, while in fact there is
nothing worthy of the name of discipline
carried on, and in too many instances nothing understood. Perhaps- the troops
of the United States have not, as a part of discipline, fired a ball at a target for
twenty years. Field artillery, or mortar practice, probably not more frequent.
The maxim of economy is an important one in a free state, but there is an econo
my more destructive than the greatest profusion ; and that is the economy of
practical and useful knowlege.
We speak of these things reluctantly, but the evil is almost a disease, and
requires the regard of the intelligent men in all parts of the nation.
What is then requisite for the United States ?
It will be said that there is some difficulty in effecting any improvement.
Unquestionably so it is, and so it ever will be. But the government is bound not
to regard difficulties, when they are put in
competition with1 the dangers
which may flow from neglect. The government possesses the power, and the
army is bound, and the country is anxious to possess a more complete svstem in
lieu of the once useful but at present useless tract of baron Steuben. The diffi
culties are not so great as may be at first sight supposed, and
may be surmount
ed in a way rather to'serve as a pleasure than a
difficulty to the army and mili
tia. The elements of modern exercise might be first introduced,
they are nei
ther so numerous, so perplexed, nor so unnatural as the old forms ; neither are
they tiresome to the teacher or the
so
taught. They have also another advan
tage, that the soldier is not as heretofore stiffened and set up like an embalm
ed Egyptian mummy ; the modern method takes
any number from 10 to 100 men,
and places them in iA\ easy rJ0Siti0n erect without constraint of
head, or llnibs,
vih ELUCIDATORY PREFACE.

or body j and proceeds by familiarizing the earAo equal time by the action
of
the feet of the whole squad or company ; after which they are all taught to face
to either hand or about, indifferently, and never in one routine ; the mode of

moving the limbs and the time of movement is ever the same ; and the words
of command few, simple, and plain ; where they in any case differ from the
usual words of common life the teacher's duty is to explain them often, until the
ears of all are familiar with their practical meaning.
The next process is advancing, at a given length of pace in equal times >
and this is combined with facings, and at last with wheelings, in whole ranks,
or in sections of any given numbers, always varying, diminishing, and augment-
ing at discretion the numbers of the sections, by drawing from the right of each
successive section in the rear of the first, to the left of the leading section, a
number sufficient to augment the first to the number required, and so of every
section from front to rear; the drill is thus carried on always with moving feet
at the time of gay dancing music, and when marching always at a pace of 24
inches.
After thesquad of 20 or 100 is found complete in these minute branches of
marking time, advancing at time, facing and wheeling, augmenting and dimin
ishing sections, they are taught the oblique wheelings and facings, or as the mo-
dern words are half or quarter facing, or half or quarter wheeling; and to march
dressed in these several orders, so as to form exactly in the same relative posi
tion to each other when wheeled or faced to their primitive position.
Thus much may be well taught, and comprehended, and practised in two or
three weeks, employing only two or three hours at each drill, and twice each
day.
The instruction of the pivots or flank men of ranks and sections, go along with
the first wheelings ; andas soon as the uses of the pivots are generally understood,
then the whole are formed into double ranks ; and the men are prepared to ex
ecute any of the modern evolutions or manoeuvres ; it being always calculated
that the officers are equally diligent and as well drilled as the men, and compe
tent not only to comprehend but to correct an error when itoccurs.
At this stage, and not before, arms should be put into their hands ; and a
manual exercise of some kind taught, for it is not material what the motions are
so that the firing and loading motions are taught to be performed with dexterity

and ease. The drill is then manoeuvred once a day with arms, and the officer
who feels a proper sense of the importance of the habit of command, and the ad
vantage of giving troops the practice of movement, will diversify his own plea
sures and gratify his men, by moving them into all the various positions of co

lumn, line, echellons, movements by heads of sections, changing flanks and


fronts, taking new alignements, countermarching in the various modes of which
modern military works furnish such useful and abundant examples.
The elements of the first drills with minute instructions might be comprised
in a hand book of one half the compass of Steuben's tract; and this elementary --

work placed in the hands of all descriptions of troops, infantry, artillery, and ca-
valry, should be the first rule of practice for them all in common. This introduced,
the government could at leisure prepare instructions for a more comprehensive
course ol manoeuvres, and particularly hand books upon the same simple principles
of drills for artillery, riflemen, and cavalry, in their particular branches of duty.
It being to be understood as a fundamental principle, that as the movements and
action of all kinds of troops are regulated by the movements of infantry ; or in
other words, as infantry compose the main body, line, or column ; the riflemen,
aitilh rv, and cavalry must be governed in their movements by the main body,
to which they are appendages or auxiliaries ; and it is therefore required that
they should know themselves how to execute the infantry manoeuvres, in order
that they should not, like the French at Rosbach, be confounded by movements
of which they arc ignorant.
The profound mathematician may look down from the elevation of abstract
science upon the cold common place of syllabic combination and Arabic numeri
cal notation ; but he owes his first knowlege to the alphabet of language and arith
metic ; here he must have begun, and here the military man of whatever
grade must also begin. He must learn the alphabet of military knowlege at the
drill, he must take his lessons and learn them ; he must study and practice what
he has learned there, in order to teach ; and the officer must learn both to com
mand others and to obey. There is no science which may not be attained by
ELUCIDATORY PREFACE. w

earnest application and practice. But no science or art can be acquired or un


derstood without both ; and the more carefully that study is pursued and the
more frequently it is practised, the more efficient will it be in the individual and
in the regular mass of individuals. But practice is above all requisite, careful,
frequent, constant, obstinately pursued practice. ,

But this is not yet a system.


Wc have exhibited the elementary branch of military instruction first, mere
ly because it is the point at which every military body must commence ; be
cause this is what is now most wanted, and because while it is
carrying into
practical use, the general system containing all the purposes and uses of an effi
cient military establishment may in the mean time be prepared and digested ,

Having treated so much on this subject, its importance will excuse the dis
cussion ofit more at large. To the perfection of a military establishment for the
U. States two things are essential.
The frst is, that it should be such as to be equally applicable in its opera
tion to the militia and to the army of the U. States, whenever the former are
called forth.
The second, that every act and duty appertaining to the military establishment
should be transacted by none other than men subject to military order, control,
and responsibility ; and liable to be put in motion or brought to account for delay
or
neglect inmilitary manner.
a

These two principles lead to the consideration of what would be an efficient


military organization ; and here we have a host of formidable enemies, ignorance,
a disorderly mass ; indolence and idleness, hanging on the flanks ; the
steady ha
bits of old prejudice ever alarmed for its patronage or its place ; all immedi
ately exclaim, would there not be great confusion produced by abrogating
some duties and introducing others. We shall not skirmish with this motley and
unmilitary groupe ; we shall come to the point. In considering the subject, it will
be found that the present war department in fact corresponds with what is called
the general staff in other countries; the president representing the commander in
Chief, the secretary at war chief of the staff". From this fact it will be perceived,
that whatever improvements might take place in the system, it would at first
consist only of defining and distributing the duties and details of service by the
war department

After defining and arranging the various heads of service, they should of
course be classed according to analogy or the dependency of one kind
upon ano
ther ; so that there would be several heads, under each of which the inferior bran
ches of duty might be distributed. At the head of one of the superior branches
should be placed a responsible officer, who would have the superintendance of
all the duties, and the direction and control of all those placed in the execution of
the subordinate branches ; this officer to be responsible to the executive di
rectly in peace ; and when the arrangements became necessarily distinct in the
field, to become responsible to the commanding officer in the field. These heads
of branches should be the efficient staffof the military inst itution, it is through the
perfection of the organization of the staff, and the rigid responsibility for the due
execution and for seeing all under them duly performed, that modern tactics is
in an eminent degree indebted for its preeminency and its triumphs. Precision,
promptitude, and provident foresight, are their invariable laws, and upon these be
ing perfect depends all the success of modern military science ; but it must be
taken in connexion also with the disciplinary principles which go into action,
where the same provident foresight, the same precision, and the same celerity
of motion ensure success to all that is undertaken against any force, however
numerous and brave, destitute of a
system equally provident and combined in its
operations.
To commence an efficient system we must take the outline upon the largest
Scale; that is, in preparing an establishment, of which the end is the defence
of all the nation, we must not begin with a system which is only adapted to
a peace ; an assumption of this kind would render any military system nugatory.
To form a system complete, it must be founded in its very nature on the suppo
sition of an actual war. This would no doubt be reversing the present order of
things; since it is not to be concealed, that as it is at present constituted, the
war department is utterly incompetent to conduct a war; but such as would

Jeave the jaind of a general officer, in case of actual war, t labor ui-.kr a mor.*
x ELUCIDATORY PREFACE.

hazardous and perplexing responsibility. Possibly economy may here take the
alarm, we shall quiet this costly chimeru.
'
A peace establishment of the military department wc conceive should be
treated as the incident ; forming and fixing the principles of the institution
would not necessarily call for its immediate completion, or the appointment
even of a single officer, or the expenditure of a single dollar more than at
officers
present; the duties and functions should be defined, but no additional
employed until occasion called for them, that is war. It is necessary to offer
these precautionary ideas to prevent misapprehension, and lest the idea of
the formation of a system, that is a coherent and comprehensive regulation for
the military department, should be mistaken for a wish to immediately organize
an army and staff, and i>ut them into pay. It is barely meant that during peace
provision should be made against war, which we do not know how soon we may be
involved in we shall therefore proceed.

The military system may be said to consist of two principal branches, mill'
tary operations, and subsistence, both of which must be within the full and^ ample
command of the chief of an army. These two branches become the objects of duty
distributed among the staff; which unfolds another important truth, that
every officer who has the provision, or charge of procuring supplies of subsistence
or
clothing, should be responsible in a military manner for the execution of hi6
duty, and liable to military penalties for the abuse or the neglect of that duty. This
is a most important consideration ; and it is apprehended the scandalous state of
the clothing of the army of the U. States, which has been gradually becoming
worse for several years past, is a strong exemplification of this necessity. There
should not be a single officer of the war department, unless perhaps the account
ing officers, who should be exempt from military control, in order to assure a
due exercise of their duty between the public and the military establishment ;
as it would be in the power of men intrusted with the provision of clothing or

subsistence at any time.... to betray the army to an enemy.


The beginning should be with the organization of the general staff, and this
should be adapted, for the reasons given, to a state of war. The secretary of the
war department being in fact the chief of the staff, the rest of the staff should con

sist of an able practical general officer, a capable chief officer of the artillery, an ef
fective chief officer of the engineers, a vigilant and experienced quarter-master ge
neral, and an intelligent and experienced adjutant general, with one or two com
missioned officers, as the service might require, attached to each of these seve
ral officers as aids, who should execute under a board of war the details of duty ;
these superior officers, with others called in, should constitute this council or
board for the regulation of all the military details ; appoint inspectors of reviews ;
and such other persons as might be required to aid in the service, such as sur
geons, draftsmen, &c. They should divide their duties into the military and the
administrative, and have cognizance and control over every branch, always sub
ject to the chief of the staff or secretary at war ; they should assemble and deli
berate, and their consultations and measures, however minute, with their reason
ings or objections, should be daily recorded ; and these consultations should,
whenever required, be presented to the secretary at war, to the president, or
to congress when called for.
The military branch should be distributed under the heads
following
MILITARY I PLANS AND MEANS OF DEFENSIVE OR OFFENSIVE WAR.

1. This should comprehend a


topographical establishment; the prepa
ration of complete maps and surveys of our own
country; and a classi
fication of the surface of the Union into districts of
equal portions of
three, five, or nine parts ; and these again into lesser districts ; de
signating all the passes, roads, rivers, &c, in each, with descriptive
memoirs and references to each.
U. The police of armies.
,". Military exercises or discipline.
i. Military operations,
marchings, and encampments.
>. Movements of troops by water.
(i. Military chronology, or daily and other returns, of duties, actions,
retreats, &c. c.
ELUCIDATORY PREFACE.

FISCAL II Subsistence, pecuniary and civil administration.

1. Pay, and
receipts, expenditures, or thetreasury branch.
2. Clothing, equipments, arms.
3. Provisions, meat, bread, grain, liquors, fuel.
4. Forage, hay, oats, straw, corn.
5. Hospitals and magazines.
6. Carriages and horses for stores and artillery.
Such is the outline of a military system adapted to the circumstances and ne
oessities of the U. States. On a superficial glance, to timid or unreflecting men,
this may appear to be surrounded with difficulties insuperable ; there will be dis
cordant opinions, envy, jealousy, folly will devise objections ; no two men may
concur, however equal and able ; the objects are themselves too numerous and
complex for any one man toprepare in time or in a satisfactory manner ; the pro
position itself will be said to arise from interested motives ; from some lust of
place or profit ; it will require resolution to resist prejudice ; and the requisite
firmness to decide may not be found.
We shall close this part of our essay by stating generally, that whenever
there shall appear a disposition to adopt this or any such system, means can be
pointed out by which the insuperable difficulties shall be made appear easy to be
overcome ; discordant opinions reconciled and brought spontaneously to concur

rence ; envy, folly, and


jealousy will be allowed to prey upon themselves, without
danger of annoyance to the plan ; the variety of the objects can be made subser
vient to render them more simple, practicable, and effective; and instead of the me
rit being ascribed to any one man, every officer in the army and the militia if they
choose shall have an opportunity of laying his claim to a participation in the plan.
If the observations thrown out in this preface are well founded, the neces
sity of a work of this kind will be immediately perceived. Let it not however
be' imagined, says major James, that a Military Dictionary ought exclusively to
belong to a camp or barrack, or be found in the closets or libraries of military
men alone. The arts and sciences are so intimately connected together, that
they eventually borrow language and resources from each other, and go hand
in hand from the senate to the field, from the pulpit to the bar, and from the
desk of the historian to the bureau of the statesman or politician.
We have a few words to say on certain parts of the work. The French
phrases are adopted for their usefulness in reading, and often even in political
reading: the words and phrases in the language of the East Indies, are adopted
from the English Dictionary, in which however there were some errors w hich
the editor of this work was enabled to correct, and to-give more accurate ex
planations to many. Some subjects which might with more propriety be placed
under one letter are placed under another; the course of reading which the edi
tor commenced cotemporaneous with the preparation of the three first letters,
not affording the illustrations until the letter to which they properly belonged
had been printed. Thus under Valor will be found much of what would pro-
perly come under Courage , and under Topographical what would properly be
long to Depot. There are several similar instances.
Should the disposition be manifested to cultivate the knowlege of military
subjects generally, the editor proposes at some future day to publish gen. Grim-
oard's treatise on the Staff of armies ; the French Regulations for Cavalry of
1808 ; and the most modern'and celebrated works on Tactics, the treatise of Jo-
mini, the 4th volume of which was published in the beginning of 1810. All
these works are already translated and ready to be put to press ; beside a Dic
tionary of all the military actions recorded in ancient and modern history which
is now in great forwardness.
Military men who may be desirous of adding to the stock of useful and cor
rect knowlege, will oblige by pointing out any defects or errors, or recommend

ing any additions that are pertinent to the nature of this work, addressed to the
compiler.

Jri.v 4, 1810.
MILITARY

DICTIONARY.

A BS A B S

A BAT IS, in a military sense, is form- In the parabola, the abscissa is a third
-** ed by cutting down many entire proportional to the parameter and the
trees, the branches of which are turned ordinate.
towards an enemy, and as much as pos In the ellipsis, the square of the ordi
sible entangled one into a other. They nate is equal to the rectangle under the
are made either before redoubts, or other
parameter and abscissa, lessened by ano
works, to render the attacks difficult, or ther rectangle under the said abscissa, and
sometimes along the skirts of a wood, to a fourth
proportional to the axis, the
prevent an enemy from getting possession parameter, and the abscissa.
of it. In this case the trunks s;rve as a In the hyperbola, ihe squares of the
breast-work, behind which the troops ordinates are as the rectangles of the ab
are posted, and for that reason should be scissa by another line, compounded of the
so
disposed, that the parts may, if pos abscissa and the transverse axis.
sible, flank each other. But it must be remembered, that the
ARLECTI, in military antiquity, a two proportions relating to the
ellipsis
choice or select part of the soldiery in the and hyperbola, the origin of the abscissas +
Roman armies, picked out of those called or point from whence
they bean to be
extraordinarii. reckoned, is supposed to be the ve:tex of
ABO L LA, in military antiquity, a th curve, or, which amounts to the .-.ame
warm kind of garment, generally lined or thing, the point where the a\is meets it ;
doubled, used both by the Greeks and for if the origin of the abscissa be taken
Romans, chierly out of the city, in fol from the centre, as is often done, the
lowing the camp. above proportions will not be true.
ABORD, Fr. attack, onset. ABSENT, a term used in military
S'A BOUCHER, Fr. to parley. It forms a
returns.
part of regimental
ABOUT, a technical word to express reports, to account for the deficiency of any
the movement, by which a body of troops given number of officers or soldiers ; and
changes its front or aspect, by facing ac is usuaily distinguished under two prin
cording to any given word of command. cipal heads, viz.
Right About, is when the soldier com Absent with leave, officers with per
pletely changes the situation of his per mission, or non -commissioned officers and
son, by a semi-circular movement to the soldiers on furlough.
right. Absent ivithout leave. Men who de
Left About, is when the soldier changes sert are
frequently reported absent ivithout
the situation or' his person by a semi-cir leave, for the specific purpose of bringing
cular movement to the left. their crime unler regimeiv.al cognizance,
ABREAST, a formerly used to
term and to prevent them from being tried
express any number of men in front. At capitally, for desertion.
present they are determined by Files. ABSOLUTE Gravity, in
philosophy,
ABRI, Fr. shelter, cover. Etre a is the whole force by which a body, shell,
Vabri, to be under cover, as of a wood, or shot, is impelled towards the centre.

hillock, &c. See Gravity.


ABSCISSA, /* tniliuiry mathematics, Absolute Number, in Algebra, is the
signifies any part of the diameter or axis known quantity which possesses entirely
of a curve, contained between its vertex one side of the equation. Thus, in the
or some other fixed
point, and the inter equation, xx + io*, =
64, the number
section of the ordinate. 64, possessing entirely one side of the
2 A C A ACC

equation, is called the absolute number, and


and capacity. That at Portsmouth was
is equal th. squareof the unknown root :
to founded by George I. in 1722, for teach
x, added to io*, or to 10 times x j ing of the branches of the mathematics
ABUTMENT. See Bridges. which more immediately relate to naviga-
the
ACADEMY, in antiquity, namej
of a villa situated about a mile from the ; For the American and French Military
city of Athens, where Plato and his fol-
Academies, see School.
lowers assembled for conversing on philo ACANZI, in military history, the
sophical subjects ; and hence they acquir- : name of the Turkish ight-horse that form
od the name of Academics. the van-guard of the Grand Signior'a army
The term Academy is frequently used on a march.
ACCELE ATED Motion on oblique
among the moderns tor a society, of learn
ed persons, instituted for the cultivation er inclined planes. See Motion.
and improvement of arts or sciences, Accelerated Motion ofpendu/mus. See
Some authors confound academy w.-th
j
. Pendulums.
university; but, though m >di ihesamei Accelerated Motion of Prtjectiles,
in Latin, they are very different things in See Projectiles.
English. An university is, properly, a ACCENDONES, in military anti
body composed of graduates in the several quity, a kind of gladiators, or supernu
;

faculties ; of professors, who teach in the i meraries, whose office was to excite and
public schools ; of regents or tutors, and animate the combatants during the en

students who learn under them, and aspire gagement.


likewise to degrees ; whereas an academy , ACCENSI, in antiquity, were officers
was
originally not intended for teaching, j attending the Roman magistrates ; their
or to
profess any art, but to improve it ; j business was to summon the people to the
it was not for novices to be instructed in, : public games, and to assist the praetor
but for those who were more knowing ; i when he sat on the bench.
for persons of distinguished abilities to I Accensi, in military antiquity, was also
Confer in, and communicate their lights an appellation given to a kind of adjutants
and discoveries to each other, for their appointed by the tribune to assist each
mutual benefit and improvement The centurion and decurion. According to
first academy we read of, was established .Festus, they were supernumerary sol
'
by Charlemagne, by the adviceoi Alcuin : diers, whose duty it was to attend their
it was composed of the chief wits of the le ders, and supply the places of those
court, the emperor hims. If being a mem who were either killed or wounded. Livy
ber. ,
mentions them as irregular troops, but
Mrlit.ry Ac \demy. There are in Eng- J little esteemed. Salmasius say, they
land two rojal military academies, were taken out of the fifth class of the
onej
At Woolwich, and one at Portsmouth. I poor citizens of Rome
The first was established by king George j ACCESSIBLE, that which may be
II. in 17 ! r, endowed, and supported, for 1 approached. Wc say, in a military stile,
tUe instructing of the people belonging to; that place, or that fortress, is accessible
the military branch <r' ordnance, in the from the sea, or land, 1 e. it may be en
j .

several parts of mathematics necessary to tered on those sides.


qualify theni tor the service of the artil- An accessible height or distance, in
Icry, and the business of engineers. The geometry, is that wliich may be measured
lectures of the masters in theory were by applying a rule, Sec. to it : or rather,
then duly attended by the practitioner- it is a height, the foot whereof may be
engineers, officers, Serjeants, corporals, approacheu, and from whence any dis
private men, and cadets. At present the tance may oe measured on the ground.
gentlemen educated at this academy are Heights, both accessible, and inacces
the sons of the nobility and military of sible, 1. ay be taken with a quadrant. See
ficers. They are called gentlemen cadets, Altitude; and the article on Fielu For
and are not admined under 14 and not tifications in the American Military Libra
above 16 years of age. They arc taught ry, Thiorem 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
writing, arithmetic, algebra, Latin, One ot the objects of surveying, is the
French, mathematics, mechanics, sur measuring uoth accessible and inaccessible
veying, leveling, and fortification, to distances.
gether with the attack and defence ; g n- ACCLIVITY, in a military sense, is
nery, mining, laboratory works, geogra the steepness or si >pe of any work, in
phy, perspective, fencing, dancing, &c. clined to the horizon, reckoned
upwards.
The mastei -general of the ordnance is Si<me writers on fortification use
acclivity
always captain of the company of gentle as synonymous with talus;
though talus
men cadets, and some officer of merit is is commonly used to denote all manner of
always captain-lieutenant There n, be slo,.es, either in its .scendent or descen
sides, a first lieutenant, and two second ded state.
lieutenants. They are further under the ACCONTIUM, in ancient military
immediate care ot a lieutenant governor, writer , a kind of Grecian dart or javelin,
and an
;.i.-pecior, who arc ofiiceis of great somewhat resembling the Roman pilum
abilities and experience ; and the protes ACCOUTREMENTS, in a military
tors and masters are men of known talents sense, signify habits, equipage, or furnj-
AD J A FF

ture, of a soldier, such as belts, pouches, i tothe ground of the camp. He makes a
cartridge-boxes,saddles, bridles, &c. j daily report of the situation of all the
Accoutrements should be made of stout j posts placed for the safety of the army,
leather, of the spongv kind, which
not is; and of any changes made in their posts.
always stretching, and difficult to clean. viay of battle he acts as aid to the
In a
The belts are about 2i inches broad, In a siege he visits the several
general.
with two buckles to rix ihem to the posts and guards of the trenches, and re-
ouch. Pouches are made of the stoutest pons their situation, and how circum
lackened leaner, especially the outside stanced : he gives and signs all orders for
Haps, which are of such a substance as ski.mishbg parties (if time permit) and
to curn the severest rain. Cartridge- boxts has a Serjeant from each brigade to cany
are made as light as possible, with holes any orders whieh he ma\ have to send.
in each, to hold cartridges. See Car See American Mil. Lib. Article Staff.
tridge. | ADJUTANT, an officer who aids the
AC I IDES, in Roman antiquity, a| major in part of his duty, and performs it
kind ot missive weapon, with a thong j in his absence. He receives orders from
fixed to it, whereby it might be drawn the brigade-major, it in camp; and when
back again Most authors describe the in garrison, from the town-major : after
aclides as a sort of dart or javelin : but he has carried them to his colonel or offi
Scahger makes it roundish or globular, ; cer commanding the regiment, he then
with a wooden stem to poise it by assembles the serjeant- nujor, drum-ma
ACOLUTHI, in military an'iquity, ! jor and fife-major, with a Serjeant and
Was a title in the Grecian empire, given
corporal of each company, who write the
to the captain or commander of theiw orders in an orderly book, to sticw to their
rangi, or body-guards, appointed for the respective officers. If convoys, parties,
security of the detachments, or guards, are to be iur-
emperor's palace
AC'iTAN games, in antiquity, were nished, he gives the number which each
games instituted, or at least restored, by company is to furnish, and hour and lace
Augustus, in memory ot the famous vic for the assembling : he must keep aH exact
tory, at Act! um, over Mark Antouy. roster and roll of duties, and have a per
Act i an years, in chronology, a series fect knowlege of all manoeuvres, &c.
of years, commencing with the epoch < of This post is usually given to an active
the battle ot Actium, otherwise called subaltern.
the a?ra of Augustus. ADMIRAL, on the European esta.
ACTION, in 'he military art, is an blishments, when on shore, are entitled to
engagement between two armies,, or any receive military honors, and rank with
smaller bodjr of troops, or between dif generals in the' army.
ferent bodies belonging thereto. The word ADVANCE. See Pay in Advance.
is likewise used to signify some memor ADVANCED signifies some part of
able act done by an officer, soldier, de- an army in front of the rest, as in advan
tachmnt or party. ced guards, which always precede the line
ACTIVITY, in a military sense, de of march or operations of a body of troops ;
notes labonousness, attention, labor, dili aeain, as when a battalion, or guns of a
gence and study. second line are brought up in front and
ACUTE angle. See Angle. before the first l;ne. This term also ap
ADACTED applies to stakes, or piles, plies to the promotions of officers and
driven into the earth by large malls shod soldiers.
with iron, as in securing ramparts or pon ( Fosse ? See Fortifica-
toons. Advanced <Ditch $ tion.

ADDICE, a sort of axe which cuts ( Guard. See Guard.


horizontally. It is sometimes called an ADVANCEMENT, in a military
Adze. sense, signifies honor, promotion, or pre
ADIT, a passage under ground, by ferment, in the army, regiment or com
which miners approach the part they pany.
intend to sap. See Gallery. ADVANTAGE Ground, a ground that
ADJUTANT-GENERAL is a staff gives superiority, or an opportunity of
fficer, who aids and assists a general annovanci or resistance.
in his laborious duties : he forms the seve At>VlCE-oat, a vessel employed for
ral details of duty of the army, with the intelligence.
brigade- majors, and keeps an exact state ADVOCATE General. See Judge
of each brigade a..d regiment, with a roll Martial.
of the lieutenant-generals, major-generals, ./ENEATORES, in military antiquity,
colonels, lieutenant-colo.ie.s, and majors. the musicians in an army ; including those
He every day at head quarters receives who sounded the trumpets, horns, litui,
orders irom the general officer of the day, buccinx, Sec,
and distributes them to the majors of bri AFFAIR, in the military acceptation
gades, from whom he receives the num of the woid, means any slight action ox
ber of men they are to furnish for the engagement.
duty of the army, and informs them of Affair of Honor, a duel .

any detail whieh may concern them. On AFFAMER, une Place, Fr. to besieje
marching days be accompanies the general
4 AGE AGG

a place so
closely the garrison
as to starve attached to the military department ;
and inhabitants. See Blockade. they act under direct orders from the War
AFFIDAVIT, in military law, signi- Department.
fies an oath taken before some person who AGGER, in ancient military writers,
is properly authorised to administer it ; as denotes the middle part of a military road,
first, when a soldier is inlisted, when it is raised into a ridge, with a gentle slope on
stiled an attestation; secondly, byalloffi- each side, to make a drain for the water,
cers
appointed on a court-martial; thirdly, and keep the way dry.
by the i.ommissapes, or muster-masters. Agger is also used for the whole
road,
AFFRONTER, Fr. to encounter or or military
way. Where highways were
attack boldly. to be made in low grounds, as between
AF1 UT, the French name for a gun- two hills, the Romans used to raise them
carriage, and for which we have no ap above the adjacent land, so as to make
pro; riatc na .e ; the only distinction from them of a level with the hills. These
all other carriages is, that it belongs to a banks they called agseeres B.rgier men
gun. See Carriage. tions several in the Gallia Belgica, which
AGA, in the Turkish army, is the were thus raised 10, 15, or 20 feet above
same as a general with us. ground, and 5 or 6 leagues long. They
AGE. A young man must be 14 years are sometimes called
aggeres calccati, or
old before he can !;ecome an officer in the
.

causeways.
Engl.sh army, or be entered as a cndet at Agger, also, denotes a work of for
Woolwich, in the English academy. tification,used both for the defence and
Persons are enlisted for soldiers from the attackof towns, camps, Sec. in which
17 to 45. After the latter age, every in sense agger is the same with what was
habitant is exempted fiom serving L.. the otherwise called vallum, and in later times,
Brmsh militia. \agesium ; and among the moderns, lines;
By a late regulation in England, grow sometimes, cavaliers, lerrasses, Sec.
ing boys may be enlisted aRder 16 years The agger was usually a bank, or ele
of age. Tiiese recruits arc chiefly intend vation ot earth, or other matter, bound
ed for the East- India service. amis pported with timber; having some
In the United States 18 to 45 is the legal times turrets on the wherein
top, the
age for nvlitia and regulars. workmen, engineers, and soldiery, were
The Romans were obliged to enter placed. It had also a ditch, which served
theins.lv.. s in the army at th age of 17 as its chief defence. The height of the
years; at 45 riiey im:ht demand their agger was fr quently equal to that of the
dismission. Ani-mgst the Lombai is, the wail ot the place. Caesar tells us of one
age of e try war.be. wee:. i8andiQ; among he made, which was
30 feet high, and
the Saxons, at 13 330 feet broad Besides the use of aggers
AG EM A, in the ancient military art, before towns, they generally used to for
a kind ol
soldiery chit fly in the Mace tify their camps with them ; for want of
donian armies. The word is Greek, and which precaution, divers armies have
literally denotes veiiemente, to express been surprised and ruined.
the strength ami eagerne of this There were vast aggers made in towns
corps.
Som. authors will have agema to demote a and places on the sea-
side, fortified with
certain number 01 picked men, answering towers, castles, &c. Those made by
to a ie>.i'n among the Romans. Cqssarand Pompey,- at Brundusium, are
AGENCY, a certain proportion of famous Sometimes aggers were even
money which is ordered to be subtracted built across arms of the sea,
from the pay and allowances of the British morasses ; as was done lakes, and
, by Alexander be-
arnr, for transacting the business of the 1 fore Tyre, and by M. and Cas-
se ca! regiments
Antony
composing it. 'sius.
AGENT, a ;j..-rson in the civil depart- The wall of Severus, in the north of
m t or n.e British army, between the
. .

pay- England, may be considered as a


mdster-'jsenerai and the paymaster of tile agger, to which belong several grand lesser
regimes, through whom every regiment. .1 ones. Besides, the principal agger or W-
concern of a pecuniary nature must be trans
/, on the brink of the Mr. ditch, Hors-
act -d. lie gives security to government lor iey describes another on the south side of
all monies which pass through his hands
,
the
in the ca. acity of an Agent awd by the ' which he calls the

|
former, about 5 paces distant from it,
south agger ,- and
Mutiny Aet, it was provided, That it'an ; another larger one, on the north side of
Agem shall withhold the
or Soldiers lor the
Pay of Officers the
|'
ditch, called the north agger This
Space of one Month, he latter he conjectuies to have served as a
.

slu>u a be dismissed from his Office and military the


way probably, ; former, was
forfeit 100/. ; made for the inner defence, in cas- the
T.i ..nnv agency has since been incor- : enemy should beat them from
j any part of
porated witn the British war office, and I: the principal vallum, or to protect the
forms a special department. '
soldiers against any. sudden attack
from
Miutmy Agent in th. United States tne provincial Britons.
is a civu oilic. r whose duty is the trans
!j
Agcer Tarquinii, was a famous
fence
port ,, of Clothing and other articles; built by Tarquinuis Superbus, on the
and the expenditures for other services east side of Rome, to the stop incursions
AIM ALA

f the Latins, and other enemies, whereby ners, to level and direct their pieces. It
the city might be invested. is not used at present.
Agcer is also used for the earth dug AIR-GUN, a pneumatic machine for
ut of a ditch or trench, and thrown up exploding bullets, &c. with great vio
on the brink of it: in which
sense, the lence.
Chevalier Folard ihinks the word to be The common air-gun is mad; of brass,
understood, when used in the plural num and has two barrels: the inside barrel is
ber, since we can hardly suppose they of a small bore, from whence the bullets
would raise a number of cavaliers, or I are
exploded ; and a large barrel on the
There is likewise a syringe
terrasses.
Agcer is also used for bank
j outside of it.
fixed in the stock of the gun. by which
a or wall,
erected the air is injected into the cavity between
against the sea, or some
great j
river, to confine or keep it within bounds j the two barrels through a valve. The
in which sense, agger amounts to the I ball is put down into its place in the small
same with what the ancients called tumu ! barrel with the rammer, as in any other
lus and moles; the Dutch, dyke; and we, ! gun. Another valve, being opened by the
dam, sea.ivall; the Asiatics call them to come behind
j trigger, permits the air it
Aunds, &c. I the bullet, so as to drive out with great
AG1ADES, in the Turkish armies,
force. If this valve be opened and shut
are a kind of or rather field
pioneers, suddenly, one charge of condensed air may
engineers, employed in fortifying the I be sufficient for several discharges of bul
camp, Sec. lets ; but if the whole air be discharged
AGUERRI, Fr. an officer or soldier on one single bullet, it will drive it out

experienced in war ; a veteran. with uncommon f rce. This discharge


AIDE-DE-CAMP, an officer appoint is effected by means of a lock placed here,
ed to attend a general officer, in the field, as usual in other guns ; for the trigger
in winter-quarters, and in garrison ; he ] being pulled, the cock will go down and
receives and carries the orders, as occasion drive the lever, which will open the
requires. He is taken from the line, and i valve, and let in the air upon the bullet :
'

all aids-de-camp have extra pay allowed but as the expansive power of the con
for their duty. This employment is of densed air diminishes at each discharge,
greater importance than has been generally its force is not determined with sufficient
believed : it has been, however, too often precision for the purposes of war. Hence
entrusted to young officers of little experi it has been long out of use among military
ence, and of as little capacity ; but in the men.
French service they bestow great attention In the air-gun, and all other cases where
on this article. Marshal de Puysegur the air is required to be condensed to a
mentions the loss of a battle through the very great degree, it will be necessary to
incapacity of an aide-de-camp. On the have the syringe of a small bore, viz. not
English establishment, generals, being exceeding half an inch in diameter ; because
field marshals, have four, lieutenant- the pressure against every square inch is
generals ttvt, and major-generals and bri about 15 pounds, and therefore against
gadier-generals one. every circular inch about 12 pounds. If
In the United States the number is es therefore the syringe be one inch in dia-
tablished by law ; though on service the : meter, when the atmosphere is injected,
number must necessarily be equal to the I there will be a resistance of 12 pounds
exigency, or the various points to which 1 against the piston; and when 10 are in
orders must be sent. See American Mil. jected, there will be a force of 120 pounds
Lib Article Staff. to be overcome ; whereas 10 atmospheres
AIDE du Pare des Vivres, Fr. an officer act against the circular half-inch piston
in France, acting immediately under the (whose area is only ipart so large) with
commissary of stores and provisions. only a force equal to 30 pounds ; or 40
AID-MAJOR. See Adjutant. atmospheres may be injected with such a
AIGREMORE, a term used by the syringe, as-well as 10 with the other. In
artificers in the laboratory, to express the short, the facility of working will be
charcoal in a state fitted for the making of inversely as the squares of the diameter
powder. of the syringe.
AIGUILLE, an instrument used by AIR-SHAFTS, in mining. See Min
engineers to pierce a rock for the lodge ing.
ment of powder, as in a mine; or to mine ALARM, is a sudden apprehension
a rock, so as to excavate and make roads. upon some report, which makes men run
AI LE , Fr. a wing or flank of an army to their arms to stand upon iheir guard ;
or fortification. it implies either the apprehension of being
AIM, the act of bringing the musquet, suddenly attacked, or the notice given of
piece of ordnance, or any other missive such an attack being actually made ; ge
weapon, to its proper line of direction nerally signified by the firing of a cannon,
with the object intended to be struck. or rocket, the beat of a drum, Sec.
AIM FRONTLET, a piece of wood Al arm- Post, in the field, is the ground
hollowed out to fit the muzzle of a gun, appointed by the quarter-master general
to make it of an equal height with the for each regiment to march to, in case of
breech, formerly ma.de use of by the gun aii alarm.
6 ALL ALT

Alakm-Posi, in a garrison, is the onwhich is placed a piece of ordnance


place allotted by the governor for the troops with the muzzle downwards. In this
to draw up in, on any sudden alarm. situation the bore is rounded and enlarged
of of instrument which has a
False-Ai.\nMs, are
stratagems war, by means an

frequently made use of to h'arrass an very sharp and strong edge made to tra
enemy, by keeping them perpetually un verse the bore by the force of machinery
der arms. They are often conveyed by or horses, and in an horizontal direction.
false reports, occasioned by a fearful or ALLEZURES, the metal taken from
negligent sentinel. A vigilant officer will i the cannon by boring.
sometimes make a false alarm, to try if ij ALLIAGE, a term used by the French
his guards are strict upon duty. Ij to denote the composition of metals used
"

Alarm Bell, the bell rung upon any for the fabrication of cannon and mortars,
sudden emergency, as a fire, mutiny, Sec.
approach of an enemy, or the like, called ALLIANCE, in a military sense, sig
by the French, Tocsin. nifies a treaty entered into by sovereign
ALCANTARA, knights of a Spanish states, for their mutual safety and de
military order, who gained a great name fence In this sense alliances may be
during the wars with the Moors. divided into such as are offensive, where
ALERT, originally derived from the the contracting parties oblige themselves
French word alerte, which is formed of a
jointly to attack some other power ; and
and ahte. The French formerly said airte into such as are defensive, whereby the
for air ; so that alerte means something contracting powers bind themselves to
'

continually in the air, and always ready stand by, and defend one another, in case
lobe put in action. A general is said to of being attacked by any other power.
be alert when he is particularly vigilant. Alliances are variously distinguished,
To be kept upon the alert, is to be in con
according to their object, the parties ir.
tinual apprehension of being surprised. them, &c Hence we read of equal, un
Alerte, among the French, is an expres equal, triple, quadruple, grand, offensive,
sion which is used to put soldiers upon defensive alliances, Sec.
their guard. It is likewise used by a post ALLODIAL, independent; not feu
that may be attacked in the night, to give dal. The Allodii of the Romans were
notice to the one that is destined to sup bodies of men embodied on any emergen
port it ; and by a sentry to give warning cy, in a manner similar to our volunteer
when any part of the enemy is approach associations.
ing. We have had an alert, is a military ALLOGNE, the cordage used with
phrase. floating bridges, by which they are guided
ALGEBRA, a peculiar kind of arith from one side of a river to the other.
metic, in which every military man ought ALLONGE, Fr. a pass or thrust with
to be versed, but which is
indispensibly a rapier or small sword ; also a long rein
necessary for officers in the ordnance de used in the exercising of horses.
partment. ALLOY, is the mixture of metals that
ALIEN, inlaw, implies aperson born enter into the composition of the metat
in a foreign country, i.i contradistinction proper for cannon and mortars.
to a natural born or naturalized person ALLY, in a military sense, implies
ALIGNEMENT, implies any thing any nation united to another under a

strait
For instance, the alignement of a treaty, either offensive or defensive, or
,

battalion means the situation of a body of both.


men when drawn up in line.
Thcaligne- ALMADIE, a kind of military canoe,
ment of a camp signifies the relative or small vessel, about
24 feet long, made
position of the tents, Sec. so as to form a ot the bark of a tree, and used
by the
strait line, from given points. negroes ot Africa.
ALLAY. See Alloy.
Almadie, is also the name of a long
ALL.#L, in the ancient military art, boat used at Calcutta, often 80 to 100
the two wings or extremes of an army feet long, and
generally six or seven broad,
ranged in order of battle. they row from ten to thirty oars.
ALLEGIANCE, in law, implies the ALTIMETRY, the taking or measur
obedience which is due to the laws. ing altitude, or heights.
Oath o/Allegiance, is that taken by ALTITUDE, height, or distance from
an alien, by which he adopts America the ground, measured
upwards, and may
and renounces the authority of a foreign be both accessible, and inaccessible.
government. It is also applied to the oath Altitude of afgure, is the distance
taken by officers and soldiers in pledge of of its vertex irom its
base, or the length
their fidelity to the state. of a perpendicular let fall from the vertex
ALLEGIANT, loyal, faithful to the to the base. See American Mil. Lib. Art.
law. Field Fortification.
ALLEZ1 R, to cleanse the mouth of a Altitude of a shot or shell, is the
per.
cannon or other piece of ordnance, and to pendicular height of the vertex above the
increase the bore, so as to produce its horizon. See Gunnery and Projec
determined calibre. tiles.
ALLEZOIR, a frame of timber firmly
Altitude, in optics, is usually con
suspended in the air with strong cordage, sidered as th: angle subtend. d between .>
A MB AM M 7

line drawn through the eye, parallel to soldiers to surprise an enemy, by falling
the horizon, and a visual ray emitted from suddenly upon him.
an object to the eye. AME, a French term, similar in its

Altitude, in cosmography, is the per import to the word chamber, as applied to

pendicular height of an object, or its cannon, &c.


distance from the hoiizon upwards. AMENDE honnrsblt, in the old armies
Altitudes are divided into accessible of France, signified an apology for some in
and inaccessible. jury done to another, or satisfaction given
Accessible Altitude of an object, is for an offence committed against the rules
that whose base you can have access to, of honor or military etiquette ; and was
i. e. measure the nearest distance between also applied to an infamous kind of pun
your station and the foot of the object on ishment inflicted upon traitors, parricides,
the ground. or sacrilegious persons, in the following
Inaccessible Altitude of an object, is manner : the offender being delivered into
that when the foot or bottom of it cannot the hands of the hangman, his shirt strip
be approached, by reason of some impe ped off, a rope put about his neck, and a
diment ; such as water, or the like. The taper in his hand ; then he was led into
instruments chiefly used in measuring of court, where he begged pardon of God, the
altitudes, are the quadrant, theodolite, court, and his country Sometimes the
geometric quadrant, cross, or line of punishment ended there ; but sometimes
shadows, Sec. it was only a prelude to death, or banish
Altitude of the eye, in perspective, is ment to the gallies. It prevails yet in
a right line let fall from the eye,
perpen some parts of Europe.
dicular to the geometrical plane. AMMUNITION, implies all sorts of
Altitude of motion, a term used by powder and ball, shells, bullets, car
some writers, to express the measure of tridges, grape-shot, tin, and case-shot;
any motion, computed according to the carcasses, granades, Sec
line of direction of the
moving force. Ammunition, or gun-po-wder, may be
AMAZON, one ot those women who prohibited to be exported.
are fabled to have composed a nation of
'
Ammunition, for small arms, in the
themselves, exclusive of males, and to British service, is generally packed in half
have derived their name from their cutting barrels, each containing 1000 musket, or
off one of their breasts, that it might not 1 500 carbine cartridges. An ammunition
hinder or impede the exercise of their waggon will carry 20 of these barrels, and
arms. This term has often by modern an ammunition cart 12 of them: their
writers been used to signify a bold daring weight nearly 1 cwt. each.
woman, whom the delicacy of her sex The cartouch boxes of the infantry are
does not hinder from engaging in the most made of so many different shapes and
hazardous attempts. The recent and sizes, that it is impossible to say exactly
former wars with France have furnished what ammunition they will contain; but
several instances of females who have un most of them can carry 60 rounds. See
dergone the fatigue of a campaign with the word Cartridges ; and for artillery am
alacrity, and run the hazards of a battle munition, see the word Artillery, for the
with the greatest intrepidity. Several field, for the siege, and the defence of a
cases occurred also in the American Re fortified place.
volution. The French pack all their ammunition
AMBIT, the compass or circuit of any in waggons without either boxes or barrels,
work or place, as of a fortification or en by means of partitions of wood. 'I heir
12 Pr. and 8 Px. waggons will contain
campment, Sec.
AMBITION, in a military sense, sig each 14,000 musket cartridges, but their
nifies a desire of greater pests, or honors. 4 Pr. waggons will contain only iz,c?o
Every person in the army or navy, ought each.
to have a spirit of emulation to arrive at Ammunition bread, such as is con
the very summit of the profession by his tracted for by government, and served in
personal merit. camp, garrison, and barracks.
AMBUSCADE, in military affairs, Ammunition shoes, stockings, shirts,
implies a body of men posted in some stocks, Sec. such of those articles as are
secret or concealed place, 'till they find served out to the private soldiers, by go
an opportunity of falling upon the enemy vernment. Sse H alf-Mountincs.
by surprise ; or, it is rather a snare set for Ammunition iv.iggc?;, is generally a
the enemy, either to surprise him when four-wheel carriage with shafts; thesidts
inarching without precaution; or by post are railed in with staves and raves, and
ing your force advantageously, and drawing lined with wicker-work, so as to carry
him on by different stratagems, to attack bread and all sorts of tools. It is drawn
him with superior means. An ambuscade by four horses, and loaded with 1.1- -a
is easily carried into execution in woods, pound weight. Sec Wacgon.
buildings, and hollow places; bu: re- j AMMUNiTiON-cjr/, a two- wheel car
quires a more fertile imagination, and riage with .shafts; the sides of which, as
greater trouble, in a level country. well as the fore and hind parts, are inclused
j
AMBUSH, a place of concealment fori with boards !i-:sUv:l of wickc-.vork. See
Caisso-.
8 AND ANG

AMMUZETTE. See the wordGuNs. St. ANDREW, or the Thistle, a nomi


AMNESTY, in military political military order of knighthood in Scot
a or
nally
sense, is an act by which two belligerent land. The occasion of instituting this
powers at variance promise to forget and
order is variously related.
bury in oblivion all that is past. In 819, Achaius, king of Scotland,
Amnesty is either general and unlimit having formed a 'eague, offensive and de
ed, or particular and restrained, though fensive, with Charlemagne, against all
most commonly universal, without con other princes, found himself so thereby
ditions or exceptions : such as that which strong, th.it he took for fiis device the
in Germany at the peace of Osna- Thistle and the Rue, which he composed
Eassed
urg in the year 1648, and between the , into a collar of his order, and for his:
United States'and Great Britain, in 1783. motto, Pour ma defense : intimating there
Amnesty, in a more limited sense, by, that he feared not the powers of fo
denotes a pardon to persons rebellious, reign princes, seeing he leaned on the
usually with some exceptions; such as succour and alliance of the French. And
was granted by Charles II. at his restora i though from hence may be inferred, that
tion. I these two plants, the Thistle and the
AMNISTIE, Fr. Sec Amnesty. i Rue, w<rre the united symbols of one
AMORCE, an old military word for order of knighthood, yet Menenius di
'

fine-grained powder, such as is sometimes vides tiiem into two; making one whose
'

used for the priming of great guns, mor badge was the thistle, whence the knghtss
tars or howitzers; as also for small-arms, were so called ; and the motto, Nemo me
on account of its rapid inflammation. A impune laces it ; another vulgarly called
port fire, or quick match. Sertum ruta, or the garland of rue; the
AMPLITUDE of the range of a
pro collar of which v/as composed of two
jectile. See Projectile. branches or sprigs thereof, or else of seve-
AMPOULETTE, an old military | ral of its leaves : at both these collars
term used by th.' French to express the I hung one and the same jewel, to wit, the
stock of a musket, &c. figure of St. Andrew, bearing before him
AMUSETTE, a species of offensive the cruss of his martyrdom.
weapon which was invented by the cele But though the thistle has been ac-
brated Marshal Saxe. It is fired off in knowle^ed for the badg. and symbol of
the same manner us a musquet, but is I the kingdom of Scotland, even from the
mounted nearly like a cannon. It has been \ reign of Achaius, as the rose was of Eng-
found of considerable use during the war 1 land, and th; lily of France, the pome
of the French revolution, especially granate of Spain, &c. ; yet there are some
among the French, who armed some of who refer the order of the thistle to later
their horse artillery with it, and found it times, in the reign of Charles VII. of
superior to the one adopted by the Prus France ; when the league of amity was
sians from Marshal Saxe. renewed between that kingdom and Scot
ANABASI1, in antiquity, were ex land, b> which the former received great
peditious couriers, wl o carritd dispatches succour from the latter, at a period of
of great importance, in the Roman wars. extraordinary distress. Others again place
AN ACL fill CUM, in the ancient art the foundation still later, even as low as
of war, a particular blast of the trumpet, the year 1500 ; but without
any degree of
whereby the fearful and flying soldiers certainty.
were rallied and recalled to the combat. 'I he chief and
principal ensign of this
ANCIliNT, a term, used formerly to order is a gold collar, composed of thistles,
express the grand ensign or standard of an interlinked with annulets ot gold, having
a: my. pendent therer the image of St Andrew
ANC I LE, in antiquity, akindof shield, with his c.oss, and this motto, Nemo me
which fell, as was pretended, from hea impure lacetsit.
ven, in the reign of Muma Pompilius ; at Knights of St. A.ndr e w, is also a nomi
which time, likewise, a voice was heard, nal mi litary order instituted
by Peter 1 1 1 .of
declaring, that Rome would be mistress Muscovy, in 1698; the badge o; which is
of the world as long as she should pre a
golden medal, on one side whereof is re
serve this holy buckler. presented St. Andrew's cross; and on the
Authors arc much divided about its other are these words, Czar Pierre mo-
shape : however, it was kept with great narque de touie la Russie. This medal,
car* in the temple of Mars, under the di being fastened to a bice ribbon, is sus
rection of twelve priests; and lest any pended Ir >m the right shoulder.
should attempt to steal it, eleven others ANGARIA, in ancient wri
military
were made so like it, as not to be dis ters, means a guard of soldiers
posted in
tinguished from the saored one. These any place for the security of it. Vide
Ancilia were carried in procession every Vegetius, lib. i. c.
3. lib. ii. c. 10. lib
of Rome. iii.
year round the city c. 8.
ANDABA'IVE, in military antiquity, Angaria, in civil
law, implies a
a kind of gladiators, who fought hood service by compulsion, as furnishing
winked ; having a sort of helmet that horses and carriages for conveying corn
uovered the eyes and face. They fought or other stores for the army.
mounted on borse-back, or on chariots.
A NG A NG 9

ANGE, a term used by the French to by the intersection of two great circles of
express chain shot. the sphere. All spherical angles are mea
ANGEL Shot. See Chain-Shot. sured by an arch of a great circle describ
ANGLE, in geometry, is the inclina ed on the vertex as a pole, and intercepted
tion of two lines meeting one another in between the legs which form the angle.
a point. Angle lunular is an angle formed by
Sometimes angles are denoted by a the intersection of two curves, the one
single letterplaced at the point of inter concave and the other convex.
section ; but when several lines meet at Mixed- line Angle, is that compre
the same point, each particular angle is hended between a rhjht line and a curved
denoted by three letters, whereof the mid line.
dle letter shews the angular point, and Curved-line Angle, is that intercepted
the other two letters the lines which form between two curved lines meeting each
that angle. other in one point, in the same plane.
The measure of an angle is the arch of Angle of
a semi-circle is that which

a circle, described on the angular


point, the diameter of a circle makes with the
intercepted between the two lines which circumference.
form the angle, and as many degrees, &c. Angle f Incidence, is that which the
as are contained in that arch, so line of direction of a ray of light, Sec.
many
degrees, Sec. the angle is said to consist makes at the point where it first touches
of. the body it strikes against, with a line
Angles are either right, acute, or ob erected perpendicular to the surface of
tuse. that body.
A Right Angle, is that whose two Angle of interval between two places
legs are perpendicular to each other; and is that formed by two lines directed from
consequently the arch intercepted be the eye to those
places.
tween them' is exactly eo or the Angle of Refection, is the angle inter
quarter
of a circle. cepted between the line of direction of a
An Acute Ancle, is that which is less i
body rebounding, after it has struck
than a right angle, or 900. against another body, and a perpendicular
An Obtuse Angle, is that which is erected at the point of contact.
greater than a right angle. Angles; toe centre, in fortification, is
Adjacent Angles, are such as have the the angle formed at the.middle of the po
same vertex, and one common side con lygon, by lines drawn from thence to the
tained beyond the angular point. The points ot the two adjacent bastions.
sum of the adjacent angles is always equal Angle of the curtain, > -rKo. u v-

a jr. 1 a 1 That which is


t

to two right angles (13. Eucl. 1.) and Ancle of tbejlank, }


therefore, if one of them be acute, the made
by, and contained between the cur
other will be obtuse ; and the contrary : tain and the flank.
whence, if either of them be given, the Angle of the polygon, that which is
other is also given, it being the comple made by the meeting of the two sides of
ment of the former to 1800. the
polygon, or figure in the centre of the
Homologous Ancles in similar figures bastion. See Fortification.'
are such as retain the same order, reckon Angle of the triangle, is half the angle
ing from the first in both figures. of the polygon.
Vertical A k g l e s , are the opposite an Ancle of the bastion, or ? That which
gles made by two lines cutting or crossing Flanked Angle, $ is made b y
each other. When two lines cut or cross the two faces, being the utmost part of
each other, the vertical angles are equal the bastion most exposed to the enemy's
(15 Eucl. 1.) batteries, frequently called the pohit of
Alternate Angles, are those cut or ob the bastion. See Fortification.
tuse angles made by two lines cutting or Diminished Angle, only used by some
crossing each other, and formed by a right engineers, especially the Dutch, is com
line cutting or crossing two parallel lines. posed of the face of th'j bastion, and the
Alternate angles are always equal to each exterior side of the polygon.
other (18. Eucl. 1.) Ancle of the shoulder, or P Is formed
A rectilineal or right lined Ancle, is Angle of the epaule, \ by one
made by strait lines, to distinguish it from face, and one flank of the bastion. See
the spherical or curvilineal angle. Fortification.
Angles of contact. Angles of contact Angle of the tenaille, Ms made by two
may be considered as true angles, and Angle nntrant, $ lines fichant,
should be compared with one another, that is, the faces of the two bastions ex
though not with right lined angles as tended till they meet in an angle towards
being infinitely smaller. the curtain, and is that which always
Angle of elevation, in gunnery, is that carries its point towards the out-works.
which the axis of the hollow cylinder, or See Fortification.
barrel of the gun, makes with a horizon Ancle of the flank exterior, is tha:
tal line. See Elevation. which is before the centre of the curtain,
Angles oblique are those which are formed by the prolongation of the faces of
greater than right angles. the bastion, or by both the fichant .line;
Spherical Amlf, is an angle formed it
10 A NG A NI

of defence, intersecting each other on something relating to angles, or that


planning a fortification. hath angles.
Angle of the flank interior, is formed ANGON, in ancient military history,
by the flanked line of defence and the cur was a kind of dart of a moderate length,
tain ; beinfc that point where the line of having an iron bearded head and cheeks ;

defence falls upon the curtain in use about the fifth century. This sort
Angle of the line of defence, is that of javelin was much used by the French.
angle made by the flank, and the line of The iron head oi' it resembles a fleur-de-
defence. lis ; and it is the opinion of some writers,
Anolj of the face, is formed by the that the old arms of Fiance were not fleurs-
angle of the face and the line of defence de-lis, but the iron point of the angon or
produced till they intersect each other. javelin of the ancient French.
Ancle tf the base interior, is the half To ANIMATE, in a military sense,
of the figure, which the interior polygon is to encourage, to incite, to add fresh
makes with the radius, when they join impulse to any body of men who are ad
each other in the centre ; intersecting the vancing against an enemy, or to prevent
centre of the gorges of each bastion. them from shamefully abandoning their
Angle of the base exterior, is an angle colours in critical situations. Soldiers
formed by lines drawn from the centre of may be enco raged and incited to gallant
the figure, to the angle of the exterior actions net only by words, but by the
polygon, cuttin . the centre of the gorges looks and gestures of the officers, particu
of each basion. larly of their commanding one. It is by
Angle of the gorge, is that angle formed the latter alone, indeed, that any of these
by the prolongation of the curtains, inter artificial means should be resorted to ; for
secting each other, in the centre of the silence, steadiness, and calmness are the
gorge, through which the capital line peculiar requisites in the characters of
passes. subordinate officers. Whatever their pri
Angle of the ditch, is formed before vate feelings may be, a superior sense of
the centre of the curtain, by the outward duty should always prevent them from
line of the ditch. discovering the slightest symptom of per
Angle of the mole, is that which is turbation. The best effects, however,
made before the curtain where it is inter may be sometimes produced by a sort of
sected. electrical shock which is communicated
Flanked Angle. See Angle of the to the
soldiery : as, when officers, being
bastion. themselves animates and full of fire, give
Saliant Ancle, ? Is that angle which a sudden and unexpected utterance to
Ancle sortant, \
points outwards, or their sentiments ; make use of some par
towards the country. Such is the angle ticular expression by which the national
of the counterscarp before the point of a ear is captivateu, or by a
happy waving
bastion . of the hand, hat, or sword cause the most
Entering Angle, or ? An angle point- timid to become careless of danger, and
Ancle rentrant, } ing inwards, as keep up the enthusiasm of the bravest.
the saliant angle does utwards. Sucn is Many battles, both in ancient and modern
the an^ic of the counterscarp before the times, have taken a sudden turn from the
curtain most trivial circumstance of this nature.
Ancle of the counterscarp, made by two The French are very susceptible of thi.i
sides of the counterscarp, meeting before species of animation. During the present
the centre of the curtain. war they have furnished several instances
Angle at the circumference of a circle, of the power of military animation. The
is an angle formed by two chords in the success at Lodi, to which
Bonaparte owes
circumference of a circle. so much of his
reputation, was the con
Ancle of the circumference, is the mix sequence of a bold and individual exertion,
ed angle formed by an arch, drawn from when he snatched the standard, and
per
one gorge to another. sonally led the grenadiers across the
Re-entering Angle. See Entering bridge. A variety of instances might be
Angle. enumerated wherein words and
gestures
A::gle of the complement of the li;:i of de have had the most happy result. As far
fence, is the angle formed by the inter back as the cays of Cscsar there are ex
section of the two complements with amples that stand fresh upon record ; and
each other. nothing proves more forcibly the influ
Ancles of a battalion, are made by the ence which a
great reputation has upon
last men at the extremity of the ranks and common minds, than the exclamation
files. which Caesar used when he was
crossing
Front Angles, the two last men of the a branch of tlie
sea, between Brundusiuni
front rank. and Dyrrachium. He embarked by night
Rear Angles, the two l;tst men of the in the habit of a slave, and
lay on the
rear rank. boards like an ordinary As
passenger.
Dead Ant.:.j, is a re-entering angle, they were to sail down the river Annius a
consequently not defended. violent storm arose, which quite over
A:, ulak, in a general sen.'-, denotes came the art of the pilot, who
gave orders
to put back; but this, Cscsar would not
APP A P P n

permit, who discovering himself, and APPOINTE. This word was appli
taking the astonished pilot by the hand, cable to French soldiers only, during the
bade him boldly go on and fear nethii g, old of Frasce, and meant a man
monarchy
for, cried he, thou carries! Caesar and Cae who for his long service and extraordinary
bravery received more than common pay.
"
sar's fortune. Casarem vebis fortunam-
que ejus." There were likewise instances in which
ANNALS, a species of military his officers were distinguished by being stiled
tory, wherein events are related in the officiers appointes.
chronological order they happened. They The word appointc was
originally deriv
differ from ed from it being said, that a soldier was
a perfect history, in being
only a mere relation of what passes every appointed among those who were to do

year, as a journal is of what passes every some singular act of courage, as by going

day. upon a forlorn hope, &c.


ANNUNCIADA, an order of military APPOINTMENT, in a military sense,
in Savoy, first instituted by is the
knighthood pay of the aimy ; it likewise applies
Amadeus I. in the year i49; their col to warlike habiliments,
accoutrements,
lar was of 15 links, interwoven one with Sec.
another, and the motto F. E R. T. sig APPREHEND, in a military sense,

nifying frtitudo ejus Rhodum tenuit. Ama implies theseizing or confining of any
deus VIII. changed the image of St. i-erson. According to the articles of war,
Maurice, patron of Savoy, which hung every person who apprehends a deserter,
atthe collar, for that of the Virgin Mary ; and attests the fact duly before a magis
and instead of the motto abovementioned, trate, is entitled to receive a reward.
substituted the words of the angel's salu APPROACHLS. All the works arc
tation. Now extinct. generally so called that are carried on to
ANOLYMPIADES. See Olym wards a place which is besieged ; such as
piad. the first, second, and third parallels, the
ANSE desPieces, a French term for the trenches, epaulements with and without
handles of cannon. Those of brass have trenches, redoubts, places ot arms saps,
two Tho!>e of iron seldom any these

galleries, and lodtments. See these words


handles serve to pass cords, handspikes, more
particularly under the head Forti
or levers, the more easily to move so fication.

heavy a body, and are made to represent This is the most difficult part of a siege,
dolphins, serpents, Sec. and where most lives are lost The ground
ANSPESADE. See Lance Cor. is disputed inch by inch, and neither gain
foral. ed nor maintained without the loss of
ANTEMURAILLE, in the ancient men. It is of the utmost importance to
military art, denoted what now the mo make yourapproaehes with great caution,
derns generally call the outworks. and to secure them as much as possible,
ANTESTATURE, in ancient fortifi that you may not throw away the lives of
cation, signifies an intrenchment of palli- your soldiers. The besieged neglect no
sades or sacks of earth, thrown up in thing to hinder the approaches ; the be
order to dispute the remainder of a piece siegers do every thins- to carry them on ;
of ground. and on this depends the taking or defend
ANTHONY, or Knights of St. An ing of the place.
thony, a military order instituted by Al The trenches being carried to their
bert, duke of Bavaria, Holland, and Zea glacis, you attack and make yourself mas
land, when he designed to make war ter of their covered- way , establish a lodg

against the Turks in 1382. The knights ment on the counterscarp, and effect a
wore a collar of gold made in the form of breach by the sap, or by mines with se
a girdle, from which hung a stick
hermit's veral chambers, which blow up their in-
like crutch, with a little bell, as they
a trenchments and fougades, or small mines,
are represented in St. Anthony's pictures. if they have any.
APPAREILLES, are those slopes that You cover yourselves with gabions,
lead to the platform of the bastion. See fascines, barrels, or sacks ; and if these
Forti fication. are wanting, you sink a trench.
APPAREILLEUR, Fr. an architect You open the counterscarp by saps to
who superintends the workmen in the make yourself master of it ; but, before
construction of fortifications, sluices, Sec. you open it, you must mine the flanks
APPEAL, might formerly have been that defend it. The best attack of the
made, by the prosecutor or prisoner, from place is the face of the bastion, when by
the sentence or jurisdiction of a regimental its regularity it permits regular
approaches
to a general court-martial. and attacks according to art. It the place
APPEL, Fr. a roll call; a beat of be irregular, you must not observe regu
drum for assembling ; a challenge. lar
approaches, but proceed according to
Appel, in fencing, a smart beat with the irregularity of it ; observing to hu
your blade on that of your antagonist on mor the
ground, which permits you to
the contrary side to that you have engag attack it in such a manner at one place,
ed, generally accompanied with a stamp as would be useless or dangerous at
of the foot, and used for the purpose of another ; so that the engineer who directs
procuring an opening. the attack ought exactly to know the pan
32 AR13 ARC

he would attack, its


proportions, its force ARBALETE ajalet, a stone bow.
and solidity, in the most geometrical ARBALETRIER, Fr. a cross-bow
manner. man.

Approaches, in a more confined sense, ARBALETRIER d'une Gatire, Fr.


signify attacks. that part of a galley where the cross-
Counter Approaches, are such trench bowmen were placed during an engage
es as are carried on by the besieged, against ment.
those of the besiegers. BORER, Fr. to plant. Arborer
AR
APr RENTI, Fr. Apprentice. I'etendart, to plant the standard.
In France they had apprentices or sol ARC, Fr. a bow; an arch in building.
diers among the artillery, who served for ARCH, in military architecture, is a
less pay than the regular artillery men, vault or concave building, in form of a
until they became perfect in their profes curve, erected to support some heavy
sion ; when they were admitted to such structure, or passage.
vacancies as occurred in their respective Triumphal Arch, in military history,
branches. The system is changed. is a
APRON, in gunnery, a square plate of a
stately monumentor erection
semicircular form, adorned with
generally
of lead that covers the vent ot a cannon, sculpture, inscriptions, &c. in honor of
to keep the charge dry, and the vent clean those heroes who have deserved a tri
and open. umph.
A pros s
of lead for guns, according to ARCHERS, in military history, kind a
Deturbie lbs. ox.. of militia or soldiery, armed with bows
Large foot long 10 in. wide 8 4

I
and arrows. They were much used in
Small 6 inch.

4J 1 12 former times, but are now laid aside, ex


Their dimensions are as follow, viz.
cepting in Turkey, and in some parts of
for a 42, 32, and a 24 pounder, 15 inches Asia.
by 13; for an 18, 12, and a 9 pounde., ARCHERY, is the art of shooting
12 inches
by io; for a 6, 5i, 3, and i& with a bow and arrow. The ancient Eng
pounder, 10 inches by 8. They are tied lish were famous for being the best
fast by two strings of white marline, the archers in Europe, and most of their
length of which, for a 42 to a 12 pounder victories in France were the purchase of
inclusive, is 18 feet, 9 feet each string; the long-bow. The statuses made in
33
for a 9 to i pounder, 12 feet, 6 feet for Hen. VIII. relative to this exercise, are
each. worth perusal. It was forbidden, by sta
APPUI Ptinte d'appui, or
point of tute, to shoot at a standing mark, unless it
bearing, direction, or support, is any
or should be for a rover, where the archer was
particular given point or body, upon to change his mark at
every shot. Any per
which troops are formed, or by which son above 24 years old was also forbidden
they are marched in line or column. to shoot with
any prick-shaft, or flight,
Atiera /'Appui, Fr. to go to the assist at a mark of eleven score
ance of any body, to second, to back.
yards or under.
33 Hen. VIII. chap. o. The former
Hauteur d'Aervi, Fr. breast-height. was a provision for
making good marks
AQUEDUCT, a channel to convey men at sight; the latter for giving
water from one place to another.
Aque strength and sinews. The modern rifle
ducts, in military architecture, are gene has rendered the bow an useless weapon.
rally made to bring water from a
spring
or river to a fortress, Sec. thev are likewise
ARCHITECTURE, in a military
sense, is the art of erecting all kinds of
used to carry cana's over low grpund, and
over brooks or small rivers : they are built military edifices or buildings, whether (b>.
habitation or defence.
with arghes like a
bridge, only not so All litary
ARCHITECTURE, instructs US
wide, and covered above by an arch,
are in the method of
fortifying cities, sea
to prevent dust or dirt from being thrown ports, buildings, powder maga
camps,
into the water there are also subterranean

zines, barracks, Sec. Military architecture


aqueducts, such as pipes of wood, lead, is divided into regular and
irregular fortifi-
or iron. See Midler's Practical Fortifica cat:on.
tion.
The Romans had aqueducts which ex
Rrgular fortification consists in having
all its sides and angles
tended 100 miles. That of Louis XIV. equal among
themselves.
near Maintenon, which carries the river
Irregular fortification is composed of
Bute to Versailles, is 7000 toises long.
parts where th. sides and angles are not
ARAIGNEE, in fortification. See uniform among themselves.
Gallery equal or
This species of fortification is
permanent
ARBALET, in the ancient art of or
temporary.
war, a cross-bow, made of steel, set in The permanent one is constructed for
a shaft of wood, with a
string and trigger, th--
purpose of remaining a long time,
bent with a piece of iron fitted for that and tor the protection of
large towns.
purpose, and used to throw bullets, large The temporary one is that which is
arrows, darts, &c. Also a mathematical erected in cases of
instrument called a Jaab's Staff, to mea
emergency. Under this
denomination are contained all sorts of
sure the
height of the stars upon the works which are thrown up to seize a
pass
horizon. or
gain an eminence, or those which are
ARM ARM 13

made in circumvallations and or detachment, provided with


counter- litary corps
] arms
vallations, viz. redoubts, trenches, and and ammunition, ready for an en
batteries. See Fortification. I gagement.
Field Fortification is the art of forming Armed, in the sea language. A cross
temporary works of defence, such as bar- shot is said to be armed, when some
trenches, redoubts, breastworks, epaul- rope-yarn, or the like, u rolled about the
ments, chevaux defrixe, trous de loup, Sec. nd of the iron barvvhich runneth through
See Field Fortification. the shot.
Naval Architecture, is the art of i Armed ship, is a vessel taken into the
building the hull, or body of the ship, } public service, and equipped in time of
distinct from her machinery and furniture I war, with artillery, ammunition, and
for sailing ; and may properly be compre warlike instruments : in the Br tish ser
hended in three principal articles, i. To vice an armed ship is commanded by an
give the ship such a figure, or outward officer who has the rank of master and
commander in the navy, and upon the
form, as
may be most suitable to the ser
vice for which she is intended, i. To same establishment with sloops of war,

find the exact shape of the pieces of tim having a lieutenant, master, purser, sur
ber necessary to compose such a fabric. geon, Sec
3. To make convenient apartments for ARMEE, Fr. See Army.
the artillery, ammunition, provisions, and ARMEMENT, Fr. a levy of troops,
cargo :
together with suitable accommo- equipage of war, either by land or sea.
datiot'S for the officers and men. ARMES a l'Epreuve,'a French term
ARCHITRAVE, the master beam, or for armor of polished steel, which was
chief supporter, in any part of a subter against the sword or small arms;
raneous fortification. Eroof
ut its weight so encumbered the wearer,

AREA, the superficial content of any that modern tacticians have wholly re
rampart, or other work of a fortification. jected its use.
ARIGOT, Fr. a fife or flute. Armes a la legere, Fr. light-troops,
ARM Military writers use this word

who were employed to attack in small
to signify a particular species of troops bodies, as opportunity occurred. See
thus the artillery is an arm, and the Riflemen, Sec.
cavalry, and infantry, and rifle men are Armes dei Pieces de
Canon, the French
each called an arm ; but this use of the term for the tools used in practical gun
word is now deemed quaint. nery, as the scoop, rammer, sponge, Sec.
Arm, in geography, denotes a branch of ARMET, Fr. a casque or helmet.
the sea, or of a river. ARMIGER, an esquire or armor-
Arm is also used figuratively to denote bearer, who formerly attended his knight
power. or chieftain in war, combat, or tourna
To Arm, to take arms, to be provided ment, and who carried his lance, shield,
against an enemy. or other weapons with which he fought.
ARMADA, a Spanish term, signifying ARMILUSTRIUM, in Roman anti
a fleet of men of war, applied particular quity, a feast observed among the Roman
ly to that great one fitted out by the Spa generals, in which they sacrificed, armed,
niards, with an intention to the sound of trumpets, and other war
to
conquer Eng
land in 1588, and which was first
disper like instruments.
sed by a terrible storm, several of the ARMISTICE, a temporary truce, or
ships wrecked on the coasts of England cessation of arms for a very short space of
and I reland, and many overtaken and de time only.
feated by the English fleet, under admi ARMORY, a warehouse of arms, or
rals Howard and Drake. a place where the military habiliments
ARMADILLA, a Spanish term, sig are kept, to be ready for use.

nifying a small
squadron. ARMOR, denotes all such habiliments
ARMATURA, in ancient military his as serve to body from wounds,
defend the
tory, signifies the fixed and established especially darts, a sword, a lance, &c.
military exercise of the Romans, nearly A complete suit of armor formerly con
in the sense we use the word exercise. sisted of a helmet, a shield, a cuiras, *
Under this word is understood, the throw coat of mail, a gantlet, &c, now almost

ing of the spear, javelin, shooting with universallylaid aside.


bows and arrows, Sec. ARMOR BEARER, he that carries
Armaturajs also an appellation given the armor of another.
to the soldiers who were light-armed. ARMORER, person who makes or
a

Aquinus seems without reason, to re deals in armor, or arms ; also a persou


strain armatura to the tyrcnes, or young who keeps them clean.
soldiers. ARMS, in a general sense, signify all
Armatura was also a denomination kinds of weapons, whether used for of
given to the soldiers in the Roman empe fence or defence.
ror's retinue. Fire- Akms, are cannon, mortars, how
ARMED, in a general sense, denotes itzers, grenades, firelocks, rifles, fusils,
something provided with, or
carrying carbines, guns, and pistols ; or any other
arms. machine discharged by inflamed pow
An Armed body of men, denotes a mi* der.
14 A R M ARM

Arms may properly be classed under But by the common law of England now
two specific heads
it is an offence for persons to goor ride arm-*
Arms of offence, which include mus ed wi'h danwerous weapons ; but gentle
quet, bayonet, sword, pistol, rifle, &c. men, both in and out ot th army, may
Arms of defence, which are shields, hel wear common armor, according to their

mets, coats of mail, or any species of re


quality.
pulsive or impenetrable covering, by Arms of parade, or courtesy, were those
which the body of a man is protected. used in the ancient justs and tournaments ;
Asms
Small w ich were commonly unshod lances,
swords without ed*,e or point, wooden
swords, and even canes
Belli of Arms, or Bell Tents, a kind of
U Mr-c^'-'^j-'-'OO
1- o tents in the shape of a cone, where a com
-Suimcii^c^ooO
M
pany's arms are lodged in the field. They
are generally painted with the colour of
NMi-OOOOO
the facing of th regiment ; they have gone
'3
.
HOI
much out of use.
J^oo -
mwnooo Pass of Arms, a kind of combat, when
o
o
anciently one or more cavaliers undertook
t-t l-t -1
to defend a ,>ass against all a. tacks.
N(^-OOOoO
o
Place of Arms. See Forti fication.
Stand of Arms, a complete set of arms
E ' 2 for one soldier.
!oco>-no uioo
3 o o 7; Cn i^-c uyo to in
Arms, in artillery, arc the two ends of
Q
| e
an axletree.

Carriage.
See Axletree, under the word

C'OlO O (1 OO tl ARMY, a laree number of soldiers,


sot; consisting of artillery, foot, riflemen,

-J pa j Tj" Wirt M C*5^ horse, dragoons, and hussars or light
horse, completely armed, and provided
with enginers, a train of artillery, am
munition, provisions, staff, forage, Sta
long
com n Carbine
and under the command of a general, hav
ing lieutenant-generals, major-generals,
the Rifle
piec s brigadier-generals, colonels, lieutenant-
colonels, majors, captains, and subal

Wal Musqet Carbine Pistol,Dito,Rifle,Short terns, and the suitable staff to each por
tion. An army is composed of legions, or
corps, brigades, regiments, battalions, and
squadrons ; and is generally divided into
In a legal sense, arms may extend to three or more co-operating corps.and form
any thing that a man wears for his own ed into three lines ; the first of which is
defence, or takes in his hand, and uses in called the front line, a part of which forms
anger, to strike, throw at, or wound the van guard ; the second, the main
another. It is supposes!, that the first body ; and the third, the rear-guard, or
artificial arms were of wood, and only em corps of reserve. The centre of each line
ployed against beasts ; and that Belus, the is generally possessed by the foot ; the
son of Nimrod, was the first th.t waged cavalry and light troops form the right
war; whence, according to some, came and left wings of each line; and some.
the appellation bellum. Diouorus Siculus rimes a squadron of horse is posted in the
takes Belus to be the same with Mars, intervals between the battalions. When
who first trained soldiers p n> battle. an
army is drawn up in order of battle,
Arms of stone, and even of brass, appear the hcrse are frequently placed at five
to have been used before they came to feet from e.ich other, and the foot at three.
iron and steel. Josephus assures us, that In each line the battalions are distant
the patriarch Joseph fir.->t taujit the use from each other about 180 feet, which is
of iron arms in Ejiyp", arming tlie troops nejrly equal to the extent of their front ;
of Pharaoh with a 'casque and buckler. and the sane rule holds good of the
squa
The principal arms of the ancients were drons, which have about 300 feet dis
hatchets, scythes, lances, swords, and tance, being the extent- f their own front.
bucklers : the Saxons used the halberd, These intervals are left for the squadrons
bow, arrows, cross-bow, &c. By the and battalions of the second line to range
ancient laws of England, every man was themselves against the intervals of the
obliged to bear arms, except the judges first, that both may more readily march
and clergy. Under Henry VIII. it was through those spaces to the enemy. The
all persons to be re front line is generally about 300 feet from
expressly enjoined on
gularly instructed, even from their tender the centre line; and the centre line as
years, in the exercise of the arms then in much from the rear, or corps of reserve ;
use, viz. the long bow and arrows; and that there may be sufficient room to rally
to be provided with a certain number of when the squadrons or battalions are
then). broken. European armies anciently were
ARQ ART 15

a sort of militia; composed chiefly of the ARRAY, order of battle. See Bat
vassals and tenants of the lords. When tle-Array.
each company had served the number of ARRAYERS, officers who anciently
days or months enjoined by their tenure, had the charge of seeing the soldiers duly
or the customs of the fees they held, they appointed in their armor.

returned home. ARREARS, in the army, were the


Armies in general are distinguished by difference between the full pay and sub
the follow, ng appellations
sistence of each officer, which v,as direct
ed to be paid once a year by the agent. See
The grand army.
Pay.
A covering army.
A blockading army. ARREST, a French phrase, similar
in its import to the Latin word retinacu
An army of observation.
lum. It coi sists of a small piece of steel
An arm\ of reserve.
or iron, which was formerly used in the
A flying army.
construction of fire-arms, to prevent the
The grand army, is that which is the piece from going off. Ce pistolet est en ar
armies acting at dif ret is a familiar phrase
principal of several among military men
ferent points remote from each other. in France. This pistol is in ar.est, or is
An army is said to cover a place when stopped.
it lies encamped or in cantonments for the ARREST, is the exercise of that part
protection of the different which of military jurisdiction, by which an offi-
passes ceris noticed for misconduct, or put into a
lead to a principal object of defenc..
An army is said to blockade a place, situation to prepare for his trial by a gene
when, being well provided with heavy ral court-martial.
ordnance an< other warlike means, it is ARRESTE of the glacis, is the junc
to invest a town for the direct tion of the talus which is formed at all the
,

employed
and immediate purpose of reducing it by angles.
assault or famine. ARRIERE, Fr. the rear.
An Army of observation is so called be Arriere Ban, Fr. See Ban.
cause by its advanced positions and desul ARRiERE-g-an/c, Fr. the rear-guard.
tory movements it is constantly employed En A r r i e r e marche ! Fr. to the rear

in watching the enemy: march !


An Army ofteserve may not impr.per- ARROW, a missive weapon of offence,
ly be called a general depot for effective slender and pointed, made to be shot with
service. In cases of emergency the whole a bow.

or detached parts' of an army of reserve art Arrow. See Fortification.


generally employed to recover a lost day ARSE.mAL, is a large and spacious
or to secure a victory. It is likewise buiiding,or number of buildings, in which
sometimes made use of for the double pur are deposited all kinds of arms, and other

pose of secretly inoeasiiig the number of warlike implements ; such as cannon,


active forces and rendering the aid neces mortars, howitzers, small arms, and every
sary according to the exigency ot the mo oth.-r kind of warlike engines and instru
ments if death.
ment, and of deceiving the enemy with re
spect to its real strength. Such was the ART. Military art may be divided in
army at Dijon, before Bonaparte entered to two
principal branches. The first
Italy. branch relates to the order and arrangement
Flying Army, a strong body of horse which must be observed in the manage
and foot, commanded for the most part by ment of an army, when it is to fight, to
i lieutenant-general, which is always in maith, or to be encamped. This branch
motion, both to cover its own garrisons, is called tactics, and derives its appellation
nnd to the enemy in continual alarm. from tactic, which signifies order.
keep
A naval or sea Army, is a number of The same appellation belongs to the
ships of war, equipped and manned with other branch of mditary art, and includes
sailors, mariners, and marines, under the the composition and the application ol
command of a superior officer, with the warlike machines.
requisite inferior officers under him. ARTICLES OF WAR, are known
ARNAUTS, Turkish light cavalry, rules and regulations for the better go
whose only weapon was a sabre very vernment of an aimy. The articles of war
much curved. Some are in the Russian of the Uniteu States underwent an altera
service. tion in 1806, a.,d are of date 10th April ol
ARQUEBUSES Cw, an old piece of that year; they consist of 103 articles;
fire-ar.ns, resembling a musquet, but all that relates to the army not compre
which is supported on a rest by a hook of hended therein, are published in general or
iron, fastened to the barrel. It is longer ders or in established regulations, issued
than a musquet, but of larger calibre, and fr m time to time frcm the War Depart
was formerly used to fire through the loop ment, or by the commanding officer of
holes of antique fortifications. the army, copies ot which arc delivered
ARQUEBUSIER, a French term, for to the officers of the army. In Eng
merly applied to all the soldiery who land they may fee altered and enlarged
fought with fire arm^ whether cavalry at the pleasure of their king. And in cei-
or infantry. tain cases extend to civiliansas when
16 ART ,
ART

by proclamation any place shall be put year 1517, the same number of troops
under martial law ; or when
people fol brought aeo pieces into the field, includ
low a camp or army for the sale of mer ing mortars and howitzers.
chandize, or serve in any civil capacity. It At the battle of Jemappe, which was
is ordained, that the articles of war shall fought between the French and Austrians
be read in the circle of each regiment or on the 6th of November, 1792, the latter
company mustered once every month, or had 120 pieces of cannon disposed along
oftener if the commanding officer thinks the neights of Framery, whilst their effec
proper. A recruit or soldier is not liable tive force in men did not exceed 28,qoo.
to be tried
by a military tribunal, unless The French on this occasion brough, near
j
it can be proved that the articles of war i ly the same quantity of ordnance, some in
have been duly read to him. deed of extraordinary calibre, but their
ARTIFICE, among the French, is un- ; strength in men was above j4o,ooo, and
derstood as comprehending every thing composed of young men who had never
which enters the composition of fire seen service, nor had any more than a few
works; as the sulphur, salt-petre, char- days discipline.
eoal,&c. See Fire Works. A Brigadeof Art i ll e r y generally con
ARTIFICER or Artificier, he sists of 8 or 10 pieces of cannon, with all
who makes fire works, or works in the the machinery, and officers to conduct
artillery laboratory, who prepares the them, and all the necessary apparatus
fuses, bombs, grenades, Sec. It is also thereto belonging.
applied to the military smiths, collar- The Park if Artillery is that place
makers, &c. and to a particular corps appointed by the general of an army, toen-
hi an army. caraip the train of artillery, apparatus, am
ARTILLERY, in a general sense, munition, as well as the battalions of the
signifies all sorts of great guns or can artillery, appointed for its service and de
non, mortars, howitzers, petards, and the fence. The figure of the park of artillery,
like ; together with i 11 the and is that of a parallelogram, unless the situa
apparatus
stores thereto belonging, which are not tion of the ground renders another neces
only taken into the field, but likewise to sary.
sieges, and made use of both to attack and The park of artillery is gererally placed
defend fortified places . See Ordnance. in the centre ot the second line of encamp
Artillery, in a particular sense, sig ment, and sometimes in the rear line, or
nifies the science of aitillery or gunnery, corps of reserve. In both places the muz
which art includes a knowlege of survey zles of the guns are in a line with the fronts
ing, levelling, geometry, trigonometry, co of the Serjeants tents of the regiments of
nic sections, laws of motion, mechanics, artillery and infantry. Some generals
fortification, and projectiles. choose to place the park, about 300 paces
The Train of Artillery consists of before the centre of the front line of the
an unlimited number of pieces of ord army. But let the situation be where it
nance; such as 24 pounders, 18 pounders, will, the manner of forming the park is
j 2, 9, 6, 4, and 3 pounders ; mortars from almost every where the same,
except that
13 to 8 incites diameter ; besides royals and some artillery officers differ in the disposi
cohorns; howitzers of every denomina tion of the carriages; others again divide
tion, mounted on their pro.er carriages the equipage as well as the guns into bri
and beds. Sec. There is moreover attach gades, placing the first in the front line,
ed to the tiain a sufficient quantity of the second in the next, and so on. How
horses, spare carriages, spare mortar-beds, ever the most approved method, is to di
block-carriages, limbers, waggons for am vide the whole into brigades, placing the
munition and stores, shells, round and guns of the first to the right of the front
grape shot, bullets, powder, cartridges, line, and their ammunition behind them,
port-fires, intrenching-tools, artificers in one or more lines. The different bri
tools, miners tools, gins, capstans, forges, gades should be all numbered, as well as
small stores, laboratory-stores, pontoons, every waggon belonging to them. Exam
pontoon-carriages, with their requisites ; ple, 1st brigade, front line, No 1, 2, Sec.
tumbr.-ls, aprons of lead, budge-barrels, 1st brigade, 2d line, No. 1,
2, Sec. 2d bri
chevaux de frize, pallisades, platforms, gade, front line, No 1,2, &c. and so of
chandeliers, blinds, prolonges,dra^-ropes, all the rest. This method prevents confu
flints, harness, powder-measures, fuze- sion in the forming and breaking up of the
engines, fuzes, tents, Sec. The train of park, a also on a march : besides, accord
artillery is, or should be, divided into bri ing to the numbers, the stores therein con
gades, to which belong not only the offi tained are known.
cers of the regiments of artillery, but even Artillery
The proportion of artil
the civil-list, such as comptrollers, com- lery and ammunition necessary to accom
missarits of stores, clerks of stores, artifi pany an army in the field, to lay siege to
cers of all denominations, conductors, a fortified
place, or to defend one, must
store-keepers, waggon-masters, drivers, depend upon so many circumstances, that
Sec. The increase of artillery clearly de it is almost impossible, in a work of this
monstrates its-great utility ; lor in the year kind, to lay down any positive rules as
1 5C0, an ;irmy of 50,000 men had only 40 guides on the subject : the following prin
<A -.innon in the field ; and in the ciples are drawn from the best authorities ;
p,-.-
ART ART 17

ist. Aktillekv for the Field.


Field Artillery is divided into Batta Proportion of Ammu
v. V

lion Guns, Artillery of the Park, and Horse 1? >"


Artillery.
nition and Stores
P *>
The Battalion Guns include all the light (Continued.) ^ 4,15 rt a.
pieces attached to regiments of the line, *
which they
accompany in all manoeuvres, tc lb.
to cover and support them.
c u
r 4 120 00 00 00
00
The following kinds of field ordnance
a >
3* -
00 00 00

are attached to battalions of


infantry, by 2 -
00 120 00 00

different powers in Europe: o


~ 2
00
30 00 00

French two4 Prs. per battalion. n -


00 00 188 00
u ->

English two 6 do. do.



-
- so- r i* -
00 00 68 00

Danes 73. * 10 oz. 00 00 00


two 3 do.

do.

- -
125
Austrians three 6 do.
do.
- -
v- 41 1 lb. 00 00 00 144
Prussians two 6 Prs. to a battalion in
12 oz. 00 00 00 28
the first line. Cartridges flan, empty 12 12 100 ia

two 3 Prs. to a battalion in



Ditto of paper for
00 00 00 120
the second line. bursting 10 oz.
Hanoverians two 3 Prs. Tubes of tinN. P. 172 178 560 190
per battalion.

The Artillery of the Park is composed of Portfires--long small 18 18 62 18


all kinds of field ordnance. It is destin Fuses- -drove 00 - - 00 00
132
ed to form batteries of position ; that is to Powder, mealed lbs. 00 00 00
6ay, to occupy advantageous situations, Travelling carriages
from which the greatest effect may be pro and limbers - -
1 121

duce*, in supporting the general move Aprons of lead - 1 121


ments of an army, without following it, Spunges with staves
like the battalion guns, through all the de and heads -
- 2 242
tail of its manoeuvres. The
park of ar Wad hooks, with staves 1 1 2 00

attached to an army in the field, ge Handspikes, traversing 2 242


tillery with collars
nerally consists of twice as many pieces of TompionsHanoverian 1 1 2 1
different kinds, varied according to the Trucks, 00 1 2 1

country in which it is to act, as there are Straps for lashing side


battalions in the army. Gribauvale pro arms - - - - 00
3 8 00

poses the following proportion between Tarpaulins, gun - 1 121


the different kinds of artillery for the park limber 00 121
or reserve, viz. two-fifths of 12 Frs. two Lintstocks with cocks 1 121
ilfths of 8 Prs. and one-fifth of 4 Prs. or Drag ropes with pins,
reserve for battalion In a difficult pairs - - -
2 242
guns.
.

country he says, it may be i of 12 Prs. Padlocks with keys 2


of 8 Prs. and | of 4 Prs. and for every 100 Match, slow lbs. 28 28 56 28
pieces of cannon he allots 4 Howitzers; SDikes 5.Pring
$ common
_ 1 2 1
spates
but this proportion of Howitzers is much ^ 2 4 2.
smaller than what is generally given. Punches for vents 2 4 2
Ammunition for Field Artillery, Barrels budge - - 1 I I

Couples forchain traces 00 12 6


A proportion of Ammunition and Stores for Spare heads, spui.ge 1 2 I
each Species of Field Ordnance, viz. 1 rammer 1 2 I
Medium 12 Pr.* I heavy 6 Pr.
2 light
Hammers, claw -
1 2 I
6 Prs. as they are Priming irons, sets
always attached to Bat 1 2 I
talions of Infantry -.and one 5 J inch How Draught chains, prs. 2
3 2.
itzer ; according to tie British Service. Powder horns, N. P. 00 CO 00

Water buckets French 1 2 I

Intrench'g tools,
*>
felling axes, 1 2

Prtportion ofAmmuni R 5t "* 3f> pick axes, - 1 2

tion and Stores 3>3 st hand


bills, - 1 2
.
j isj ^ ^3
-M $ spades, 2 4
0 vo Marline, tarred-skeins 1 1

Twine, lbs.
00 00 00
Hambro' line do.
1 1 1
bottoms-case ** 3 68 24
$ Packthread do.
oc 00 00
round 120 120 188 00 Grease firkins
- 1 1 1
Shells fixed
- - 00 00 00 24 boxes -
2
^ 00
- -
empty 00 00 120 Tallow lbs. -
1
Carcasses - -
fixed 00 00 00
4 Lan thorns, dark -
1

* ThePrs. which have a frnall box on their


i*
Jacks, lifting -
-
1

limbers, carry 6 round (hot and 2 cafe Ihot, with handscrew i 00 00 00


6 carttidges of 4 lbs. and 2 of 3 1-2 lbs. of
pow Waggons with hps. p
der, more than the above proportion. and painted covers, > 3
Flanders pattern >
18 ART ART

, 12 Medium
Pr. Has no limber

Proportion of Ammu boxes,* but has two waggons attached to


nition and Stores it, and the ammunition and stores divided
between them.
6 Pr. Heavy Carries 36 round, and
(Continued.)

H
14 case shot in limber boxes, with a pro
portion of the small stores ; and the re
Wad niiltilts - - 1 1 2 mainder is carried in one waggon.
Tanned hides - _
1 x a 6 Pr. Light Carries 34 round, and 16

Men's harness case shot on the limber, with a


(12 to a propor
set) sets - - - I 00 00 tion of the small stores for immediate ser
f New C RoP 6 do. iett 00 00 00 vice; and, if acting separately, must have


I
I
P- <
tern. J
Chain, 6 do. sett 00 I 00 00 a waggon attached to it, to carry the re
mainder. But two 6
a .' Com- | 'Thill
. Truce, 4 do. ieti
- - - 00
2
eo
1
2
1
00
3
a battalion,
pounders attached tc
have only one waggon be
-
S, tnon
tween them.
[ Trace -
00 00
4 00

o I "rn (_ Bit halter* -


00 00 6 00 5J Howitzer, Licht Has 22 shells, 4
* case shot, and two carcasses in the limber-
', Wanties - - 2 1
3 2

LHemp halters -
14 10 10 12 boxes, with such of the small stores as
are required for immediate service
Whips, long - -
00 00 2 00 ; and
... short - -
7 5 a 6 has two waggons attached to carry the rest.
Nose bags - - -
14 10 IO 13 One common pattern ammunition wag
Com sacks - - -
3 2 S 3 gon carries the following numbers of
Forage cords, sets 3 a rounds of ammunition of each kind :
S 3
Rope, tarred, 2 inch Kind*. No. of Rounds
fathoms 00 10 00 I* l'r. Medium,
71
. ....

Linch 6 Pr. Heavy, --.... 120


g* r
pin6 2 1 a
6 Pr. Light, 156
., j Clouts, body 4 2 a 4 J Pr. -
288
3P) linch 4 1 a 4 51-2 Howitzer, 7X
(Cloutnails.fi/. 64 3* 32 64 8 Inch Howitzer*,
24
- - - -

Spare ladle staves 1 Musquet*, aooeof


6 6 The waggons, however, attachsd to the diifer.
Horses, for guns ent parks of
for waggons artillery in England, which have not
4 4 been altered from the old establishment, are load
Drivers, for guns 3 2 ed with only the
following number, and dravrn by
for waggons I three horses:
'

Tube boxes, with Kind*. No. of Rounds.


straps 4 12 Prs. Medium, .....
66
Portfire sticks 4 6 Pr*. Heavy, 120
6 Prs. Light, -

Cutting knives -138


- . .
- 1 2
j 1-2 Howitzer, .....
60
Drawing do. 00 00 00 1

Scissars, pairs x 1 a 1 The horse


artillery having waggons of a
Worsted, ounces i $ 1 i particular description, carry their ammu
Needles, large 2 4 2 nition as follows :

Cartouches of leather 2 4 a
Shot.
f4 oz. 2 00

' l 00 oc 00
1 2 00
KIND*.
&5 II 4 lb.
. Ii 00 00 00
.0 .
I z- , sets
Thumb stalls -
224
12Prs. light, on
Perpendicular - co 00 00
the limber
Quadrant of brass 00 00 00
Do. in one
Diagonal scale - 00 00 00
waggon.
Copper salting box 00 00 00
6 Prs. light, on
Pincers for drawing
the limber.
fuzes, pairs - 00 CO 00 I
Do. in one 15
00
Sheepskins - 00 00 2
Funnels of 00 00 00 I waggon.
copper 5j In. How'ron
Compasses of steel, the limber.
Pairs ... 00 00 00 1
Do. in one 73
Saw, tenant 00 00 00 I

Files, square 00 00 00 waggon.


-
s
3 Prs. heavy,
Rasps, half round 00 00 00 2
curricle.
Flax, oz. - -
00 00 00 8
00
Do.-

ammu 36
Tow, oz. o 00 4 100 24
00 00 00
nition cart.
Saw set - - I
A imall limber bnx hat
Mallets of wood o CO 00 I lately been idtled tnfhm

Setters do. - 00 00 00 2 SBF." Fr.V Proportion


Which '"rie.6 round .hot and 6
of the small rtore*: e
\h c..e

tr i note

This of ammunition aid t Though the waggon! will contain 00,000 cartridn>s.
proportion It it euttomary to load them with
only ig a*lf hymtt '
stores is carried in the following manner : 1000 ech, *nd I blf barrel* of niatJ.
ART ART 19

the following Proportion of Artillery, Am quantity of ammunition with each piece


munition, and Carriages, necessary for four of ordnance, and the number of rounds of
French Armies of different Degrees of musquet ammunition carried for the in
Strength, and acting in very different fantry; for each waggon in the French
Countries, is attributed to Gribauvale, and service, having its particular allotment of
is extracted from Durtubie, on Artillery, ammunition and stores, it needs but to
know the number of waggons of each de-
ARMIES. scription, to ascertain the quantity of am
munition and stores with an army. The
following is the number of waggons usu
dumber of battalions 80 28 32 48 ally attached to each piece of ft Id ord
nance in the French service, and the quan

Battalion guns . . 160 5<5 64 94 tity of ammunition carried with each.


)i2 Prs. 3* 12 12 id J5

Park or C8Prs. 24 32 48 .H
fO 00

Reserve, f 4 Prs. 4o 16 16 24 ti M H

Join. How. 8 4 4 8 2 X 0 0 O 0
0 0 O 0
0
f 0 r^
Total pieces of ord. 312 112 128 192
0 0 O O O O *
' f Case. 0 cl D W 0 m
Carriage 12 Prs. 36 14 18
for ord. I 8 Prs. 81
2l 8
30 54
Round. <* * s $
including I 4 Prs. 215 78 90 129
.
*| <o m o o *

sp. ones . oln.Howtz. 9 5 5 9


r<*>*r* rs+s* r\/*f\ f\*s^ r\y^y

1 C
Total ord. carriages 341 124 145 210
] (j

^12 Prs 36 48 c a
_,_
Ammu. / a8 Prs.
Prc
96 3S '=*
nition
nmon >
r 0 .
144 48 24 96 3 <~
u
> **
-
80
waeeonsQ4 Prs-
waggons
20 72 120 Jr o o
Mo b
)6InHow 24 12 8 24
D
Wags, for musq. cart. 120 42 48 7? 0
-9 Jb w
>eSF o
DC C

acG 5 6C. o ft J3 o
Large wags, for park 10 6 5 _ E o

"g 3 2

594 216 241 368 2 00 r. <*C rl


O

Smiths t. 8 The French horse artillery waggon,


Large .
14 3 3
called the wurst, carries 57 rounds for 8
forges. { Small .
3 3 4
pounders ; or 30 for 6 inch howitzers.
Total 6 6 The following is a proportion of am
forges 14 12
munition for one piece of field artillery
of each kind, by difterent powers in
1
jj^ / Antillery 27 10 16 Europe.
1
*j| C The army 20 10 16

6 31
New iron . . 6 *j cj

Wo ;d for spr
%1 I 7
I car. 9 7 KINDS.
I Anchors, Sec . for
pontoons . 4 3
>
Total store carriages 66 28 32 49 Case. s

Pontoons upon their IC VO * 00


5'
18 Round. 3
carriages ...
36 18 36 0 4> 0<4>-

Spare pontoon carri


2
ages ....
4 24 10 WW
0000
>
Case. 7
c
en
Total pontoon carri'gs 40 20 20 40

RECAPITULATION.
0 0 e 0
Round. I"
Ordnance

pieces 31a 11a 128 192


kjx -os> *-ase.
os 1
0
.
f Ordnance carri'gs 341 124 145 210 M
3
216
3
j Ammunition 594
66
241 368 M M

Round.
n
m
a< Store ... 28 32 49 OiCDO-l
5 I Pontoon . . 40 20 20 40
(^ Forges ... 14 6 6 12
0 0 000 Case.
Cenl. total of carri'gs 1055 394

This tabic contains, beside the propor


tion of ordnance with each army, also the
444679 M
m 01
09^0
M -

4^cn
M

Roun'i. rians. Hanove


20 ART ART

Of the movements and


positions of again, the guns will retire likewise, but
field artillery.
only as far as the second half, and so
Battalion Guns ; the following are the on.
usual positions taken by battalion guns, When in hollow square, the guns will
in the most essential manoeuvres of the be placed at the weakest angles, and the
battalion to which they are attached ; but limbers in the centre of the square. In
the established regulations for the move passing a bridge or defile in front, the
ments of the
infantry in the British ser guns will be the first to pass; unless from
vice, take so little notice of the relative any particular position they can more
situations for the artillery attached to it, and thereby
effectually enfilade the defile ;
that they afford no authority for a guide on better open the passage for the infantry.
the subject. In review, both guns are to But in retiring through a defile, the guns
be placed, when in line, on the right of will remain to the last, to cover the re
the regiment ; unlimbered and prepared treat.
for action. The guns 10 yards
apart, and General rule with very few variations,

the left gun 10 yards from the right of the the guns should attend in all the move
battalion. Nos. 7 and 8 dress in line ments of the battalion, that division of it,
with the front rank of the regiment. The to which they are particularly attached ;
officer, at open order, will be in front of and every attention should be paid in thus
the interval between his guns, and in line adapting the movements of the guns to
with the officers of the regiment. When those of the r giment, that they be not
the regiment breaks into column, the entangled with the divisions of the line,
guns will be limbered up and wheeled by and never so placed as to obstruct the
pairs to the left : the men form the line view of the pivots, and thereby the just
of march, and the officer marches round formation of the line ; but should always
in front of the guns In the review of a seek those positions, from which the ene
single battalion, it is usual after marching my can be most annoyed, and the troops
round the second time, fo> one of the to which
they are attached, protected.
guns to go to the rear, and fall in at the If at anv time the battalion guns of
rear of the column.
Upon the regiment several regiments should be united and
wheeling on the left into line, the guns, if formed into brigades, their movements
separated, will be unlimbered to the right, will then be the same as those for the
but if they are both upon the right, they artillery of the park.
must be wheeled to the right, and then Artilleryo//^ Park The artillery
unlimbered ; and afterwards run up bv of the park is generally divided into bri
hand, as thereby they do not interfere with gades of 4, 6 or 8 pieces, and a reserve, ac
the just formation of the line, by obstruct cording to the force and extent of the
ing the view of thi* pivots. front of an army. The reserve must be
The usual method by which the guns composed of about one-sixth of the park,
take part in the firings while in line, i by and must be placed behind the first line.
two discharges from -.ach If the front of the army be extensive,
piece, previous
to : he firing of the regiment; but this is the reserve must be divided.
usually regulated by the commanding of The following are the principal rules
ficer, before the review. Though the guns for the movements and positions of the
when in line with a regiment in review, brigades of artillery: they are mostly
always remain >n the intervals ; in other translated from the Aide Momoire, a new
situations of more consequence, every French military work.
favorable spot which presents itself, from In a defensive position, the guns of the
which the enemy can be more effectually
largest caliber must be posted in those
annoyed, should be taken advantage of. points, from whence the enemy can be
In column, if advancing, the guns must discovered at the greatest distance, and
be in front; if retreating, in re rear of from which may be seen the whole ex
the column If in open column of more tent of his front.
than one battalion, the guns in the centre In an offensive position, the weakest
must be between the divisions, and when of the line must be strengthened
the column is closed, these guns must Coints
y the largest calibers ; and the most
move to the outward flank of that divi. distant from the enemy : those heights on
sion of the column, which leads the regi- which the army in advancing may rest
m. nt to which they are attached. In its flanks, must be secured
by them, and
changing front, or in forming the line from from which the enemy
may be fired upon
column, should the guns be on that obliquely.
flank of the battalion on which the new The guns should be much
line is to be formed, they will commence
placed as as
possible under cover ; this is easily done
firing formation
to ..over the
upon heights, by keeping them so far
In retiring by alternate wings or divi back that the muzzles are only to be seen
sions, the >;uns must be always with that over them :
by proper attention many si
b. dy nearest the enemy. That is, tuations may be found of which advan
they
will not retire with the first half, but will tage may be taken for this purpose, such
remai. in their position till 'he second half as
banks, ditches, &c. every where to be
retires; and will then only retire to the met with.
flanks of the first half; and when it retires A battery in the field should never be
ART ART

discovered by the enemy till the very mo high may be thrown up, to cover the
ment it is to open. The guns may be carriages.
masked by being a little retired ; or by Artillery should never fire against artil
being covered by troops, particularly ca lery, unless the enemy's troops are cover
valry. ed, and his artillery exposed; or unless
To enable the commanding officer of your troops suffer more from the fire of
artillery to choose the proper positions for his guns, than his troops do from yours.
his field batteries, he shoul.l of course be Never abandon your guns till the last
made acquainted, with the effect intend extremity. The last discharges are the
ed to be produced ; with the troops that most destructive; they may perhaps be
are to be supported ; and with the
points your salvation, and crown you with
that are to be attacked ; that he may place vxtory.
his artillery so as to support, but not in parks of artillery in Great Britain
The
commode the infantry; nor take up sich arecomposed of the following ordnance ;
situations with his guns, as would be 4 medium 12 pounders ; 4 desaxuliers 6
more advantageously occupied by the pounders ; and 4 light 5J inch howitzers.
line. That he may not place his batteries
The following is the proposed line of
too soon, nor too much exposed ; that he
march for the three brigades when acting
may cover his front and his flanks, by with different columns of troops, asset-
taking advantage of the ground; and that in 1798.
he may not venture too far out of the pro tied,
tection of the troops, unless some very
decided effect is to be obtained thereby.
12 Pounders. 1 6 Pounders. Howitzers.
The guns must be so placed as to pro
duce a cross fire upon the position or the 4 Guns. 4 Guns. 4 Howitzers.
8 Ammuni 4 Ammuni 8 Ammuni
onemy, and upon all the ground which he
must pass over in an attack. tion Wag tion Wag tion Wag
They must be separated into many gons. gons. gons.
small batteries, to divide the fire of the 1 Forge Cart 1
Forge Cart. 1 Forge Cart.
enemy ; while the fire from all these bat 1 Store Wag 1 Store Wag \i Store Wag
teries, may at any time be united to pro gon, with gon. gon.
duce a decided effect against any particular a small
points. proportion
These points are the debouches of the of stores

enemy, the heads of their columns, and and spare


the weakest points in the front. In an articles.
attack of the enemy's position, the cross 1 Spare Wag 1 Spare Wag 1
Spare Wag
fire of the guns must become direct, before gon. gon. gon.
it can impede the advance of the troops ; 1 Waggon to 1
Waggon for 1
Waggon
and must annoy the enemy's positions carry bread bread and with bread
nearest to the point attacked, when it is and oats. oats. and oats.
no longer safe to continue the fire upon 2 Waggons 2
Waggons 2
Waggons
that point itself. with mus with mus with mus
The shot from artillery should always quet ball quet ball quet ball
take an enemy in the direction of its cartridges. cartridges. cartridges.
greatest dimension ; it should therefore
take a line obliquely or in flank ; but a 18 Total. 14 Total. I 18 Total.
column in front.
The artillery should never be placed in 2d. Artillery and Ammunition for
such a situation, that it can be taken by a siege.
an enemy's
battery obliquely, or in flank, Necessary considerations in forming an
or in the rear; unless a
position under estimate for this service.
these circumstances, offers every prospect The force, situation, and condition of the
of producing a most decided effect, before place to be besieged ; whether it be suscep
the guns can be destroyed or placed bars tible of more than one attack ; whether lines
de combat. of circum vallation or counter vallation will
The most elevated positions are not the be necessary ; whether it be situated upon
best for artillery, the greatest effects may a height, upon a rocky soil, upon good
be from a height of 30 or 40 ground, or in a marsh ; whether divided
produced
yards at the distance of about 000, and by a river, or in the neighborhood of one ;
about 16 yards of height to 200 of whether the river will admit of forming
distance. inundations ; its size and depth ; whether
Positions in the rear of the line are bad the place be near a wood, and whether
for artillery, because they alarm the ,
that wood can supply stuff tor fascines,
troops, ana offer a double object to the gabions, Sec. whether it be situated near
fire of the enemy. any other place where a depot can be
Positions which are not likely to be formed to supply stores for the siege.
shifted ; but from whence an effect may j Each of these circumstances will make a
be produced during the whole of an ac very considerable difference in proportion
tion, are to be preferred ; and in such po ing the stores, &c. for a siege. More ar
sitions a low breast work of a or 3 feet J tillery will be required for a place suscep-
22 ART ART

tible of two attacks, than for the place Case and Grape shot, at one round p*ff
which only admits of one. For this last gun, per day, of each: 61bs. per charge.
there must be fewer pieces of ordnance, Shells for guns, two rounds do.
but more ammunition for each piece. In Flannel cartridges, for the case, grape;
esse of lines being
necessary, a great quan and shells.
tity of intrenching tools will be required, Tin tubes for the case and grape.
and a numerous fisld train of artillery. In Quill tubes for the round shot.
case of being master of
any garrison in the Spare, one tenth.
neighborhood of the besieged town, from 28
10 Inch mortars, on iron beds, at
whence supplies can readily be drawn, $0 shells each per day, for the whole
this must be regarded as a second park : siege. 3lbs. of powder charge ; albs. xO
and too great a oz. for bursting.
quantity of stores need not
be brought at once before the besieged Pound shot; ioo to a charge ; 50 rounds
place. The number of hatteries to be per mortar each day for 10 mortars 7 days ;
opened before the place must determine albs, of powder each.
the number of pieces of ordnance ; and on Hand granades ; 25 to a charge; the
the quantity of ordnance must depend the same as the
pound shot.
proportion of every species of stores for Carcasses, round; 1
per mortar, ptr
the service of the artillery. day.
There must be a battery to enfilade every 88 Inch howitcers, on travelling car
face of the work to be besieged, that can riages.
in any way annoy the besieger* in their 30 Shells for each per day, during the
approaches. These batteries, at least siege.
that part of them to b allotted for guns, Case th.t 5 rounds per day each.
;
need not be much longer than the breadth Carcasses; 1 per day each.
of the rampart to be enfiladed, and will Powder; lib. per charge; ilb. 1402.
not therefore hold more than 5 or 6 heavy for bursting.
juns ; which, with two more to enfilade 20 5 J Inch mortars, on wooden beds.

the opposite branch of the covert way, 50 Shells for each, per day, for the
will give the number of guns for each whole siege; charge 8 02 ; 12 oz. for
ricochet battery. As the breaching bat bursting.
teries, from their situation, effectually Flannel cartridges, for | the number of
mask the fire of the first or ricochet bat rounds.
teries, the same artillery generally serves Tin tubes in the same proportion.
for both. Having thus ascertained the
Portfires, one half the numberof rounds
number of heavy guns, the rest of the with tubes.
ordnance will bear the following propor Fuzes, one tenth to spare.
tion to them : Match, 50 cwt.
Mortars. From 8 inch to 13 inch,
Spare carriages for 24 Prs. seven.
about i. 2 Devil carriages.
Small Mortars. About J. 6 Sling carts.
Heavy Howitzers. About . 6 Block carriages.
The fewer kinds of ordnance which 3 Forge carts.
Compose the demand the better, as a great 3 Store waggons, with iron and coals.
deal of the confusion may be
prevented, 3 Triangle gins, complete.
which arises from various kinds of am 6 Laboratory tents.
munition and stores being brought to 2 Small
petards.
gether. 4 Grates for heating shot.
The carriages for the ordnance are Of the arrangement of
follows:
gene Artillery at a
rally as
siege.
For 24 Prs. 5-6 the numberof The first arrangement of the artillery at
guns.
For Mortars, 8-9 the number of mor a siege is to the different batteries raised
tars. near the first parallel, to enfilade the faces
For Howitzers, the number of how- of the work on the front attacked, which
itzers. fire on the approaches. I f these first bat
For Stone Mortars, 6-7 the number of teries be favorably situated, the artillery
mortars.
may be continued in them nearly the
Ammunition for the ordnance. whole of the siege; and will save the
24 Prs. At 1000 rounds per gun. erection of any other gun batteries, till the
Mortars, howitzers, and stone mortars, besiegers arrive on the crest of the glacis.
at 800 rounds per piece of ordnance. It however from lo
The following proportion of frequently happens,
artillery cal circumstances, that the besiegers can
and ammunition was demanded by a not avail themselves of the most advan
very
able officer, for the intended siege of Lisle,
tageous situations for the first batteries.
in 1794. which place was thought sus There are four situations from which the
ceptible of two attacks. defences of
any face may be destroyed ;
6424 Prs. with carriages complete, at but not from all with equal facility. The
3j round shot per gun, per day, for the best position for the first batteries, is
whole siege ; half of them en ricochet, with per.
pendicular to the prolongation ot the face
-lbs. of powder; the other half with the of the work to be enfiladed. If this
i;ril charge of 81bjs. po
sition cannot be attained, the next that
ART ART 28

iresents on that side of the prol


itself is, for the manner of constructing batteries,
Iongation which takes the face in reverse ; see the word Battery ; also the words Rice.

and under as small an angle as possible. cbet, Breach, Magazine, Platform, Sec,
From both these positions the guns must
fire en ricochet. But if the ground, or 3d. Artillery and Ammunition for
the defence of a Fortified Place.
other circumstance, will not admit of
either of these being occupied by ricochet OOMMMClflOlOO W

batteries, the battery to destroy the fire of CO


O <">
*
O
0
""
M

a face must be without the prolongation,


so as to fire obliquely upon the outside of
the face. The last position, in point of OOi-i>-<f^C*00 O m
O & O W! "
advantage, is directly parallel to the face. Q
H
O
H
"

From these two last positions the guns


must fire with the full charges.
OOm-wcIOOO O .
The second, or breaching batteries at a 0 n 000
siege, are generally placed on the crest of 0

the glacis, within 15 or 18 feet of the co


vert way; which space serves as the
SOdilHtKOO
0 0
0 c*

paulment : but if the foot of the revete- m


0 0 r>

ment cannot be seen from this situation,


they must be placed in the covert way,
within 15 feet of the counterscarp of the O O rt d (% *<> O O O M
ditck. These batteries must be sunk as Q *- 2 0 0
<t O O M U-|

low as the soles of the embrasures, and


are in fact but an enlargement of the
sap,
run for the lodgment on the glacis or in OortrtrtTtrtOO O cl
O 00 M O 0 O
the covert way. In constructing a bat 0 O
00
O
U1
O m

tery on the crest of the glacis, attention


must be paid that none of the embrasures
O 0 P> C *1^ MOO O *t
open upon the traverses of the covert
O >
O
M O
O N
O O
CN
way. These batteries should consist of O O
at least four guns ; and if the breadth be
tween the traverses will not admit of this O O rf^ 't^O MOO 0 >o
OO n O O O -

number, at the usual distances, the guns - O X O t*> ci


m
be closed to or 12 feet from each r Cn
must
other.
15
^1
The mortars are generally at first ar .
} .

ranged in battery, adjoining the first gun


.

&c. .

. Gins . Sizes carts,Pioners Axes BiUh'ksS


.
.

batteries, or
upon the prolongation of the .

capitals of the works ; in which place they


.
*A
Hi
arc certainly least exposed. Upon theesta-

complet
w

Carts cariges
blishment of the half parallels, batteries i

of howitzers may be formed in their ex


V3
<
) Sf

Garison Triangle SlingJacks Truck Amunito To ls To ls Cuting Forges


tremities, to enfilade the branches of the U
of for for
covert way ; and upon the formation of
the third parallel, batteries of howitzers
and stone mortars may be formed to enfi
lade the flanks of the bastions, and annoy
the besieged in the covert way. In the The guns will be of the following cali
lodgement on the glacis, stone and other bres: one-third f 18 prs. ; one-third of
mortars may also be placed, to drive the 12 prs. ; and one-third of 24, 9, and 4
besieged from their defences. A great pounders in equal proportions. If the
object in the establishment af all these place does not possess any very extraor
batteries, is to make such an arrangement dinary means of defence, it will be very
of them, that they mask the fire of each respectably supplied with 80c rounds of
other as little as possible ; and particular ammunition per gun for the two larger
ly of the first, or ricochet batteries. This calibers, and 900 for each of the others.
may very well be prevented till the esta Gun Carriages ; one-third more than the
blishment on the crest of the glacis, when number of guns.
it becomes in some degree unavoidable: Mortars ; about one-fourth the number
however, even the operations on the glacis of guns in the three first classes ; and one-
maybe so arranged, that the ricochet bat fifth or one-sixth in the other classes. Of
teries be not masked till the breaching these two-fifths will be 13 or 10 inch
batteries be in a great state of forwardness : mortars, and the rest of a smaller nature.
a very secure method, and which prevents Howitzers ; one-fourth the number of
the soldiers in trenches being alarmed by mortars.
the shot passing over their heads, is to Stone Mortars ; one-tenth the number of
raise a parados, or parapet, in the rear of guns.
the trenches, at such parts where the fire Shells ; 400 for each of the 10 and 13
from the besieger's batteries crosses them. inch mortars, and 600 for each of the
F*r further derails on, tins subject, and smaller ones.
24 ART ART

Beds for mortars ;one-third to spare. I whole of the barbette guns are ready to act
Carriages for howitzers ; one-third I in any direction, till the side of attack is
to
spare. determined on ; and with the addition of
j
Hand Grenades ; 4 or 5000 for the two j the reserve, 49 pieces may be opened upon
first classes ; 2000 in the three following | the en. my th< very first night the> begin
classes ; and from 1500 to 600 in the three to work upon the trenches.
last classes. The day succeeding the night on which
Rampart Grenades ; 2000 for the first the trenches are opened, and the side to be
class ; 1000 for the four following classes ; attacked determined, a new arrangement
and 500 for the sixth class ; none for the of the artillery must take place. All the
two last. 24 and 18 prs. must be removed to the
Fuzes ; one -fourth more than the num front attacked, and the other bastions, if
ber of shells. required, su plied with 12 prs The bar
Bottoms of wood for stone mortars ; 400 bettes of the bastions on this front may
per mortar. have each 5 guns, and the twelve 18 prs.
Sand Bags ; 500 for every piece of ord may be ranged behind the curtain. The
nance in the large places, and one-fourth six mortars in reserve must be placed, two
less in the small ones. in each of the salient anjries of the covert
Handspikes ; Io per piece. way of this front, and with those already
Tackle Falls for gins; 1 for every 10 there mounted as howitzers,* to fire down
pieces to spare. the prolongations of the capitals. Three
Musquets ; i per soldier, and the same 4 pounders in each of the salient places
number to spare. of arms of the ravelins on the attacked
Pistols, pairs ; one half the number of fronts, to fire over the palisading, and five
musquets. 9 ;>rs. in the ravelin of this front. This
Flints ; 50 per musquet, and 10 per arrangement will bring 47 guns and 18
mortars to fire on the approaches after the
pistol.
Lead or Balls for small arms ; 39 pounds first night ; and with a few variations will
per musquet. be the disposition of the artillery for the
Powder for small arms ; 5 "pounds for second period of the siege. As soon as
every musquet in the, garrison, including i the enemy's batteries are fairly established,
the spare ones. it will be no longer safe to continue the
The above proportions are taken from guns en barbette, but embrasurest must
Durtubie's Manuel De l'Artilleur. be opened for them ; which embrasures
The following method of regulating the must be occasionally masked, and the
management of the artillery, and estima guns assume new directions, as the ene
ting the probable expenditure of ammu my's firs grows destructive; but may
nition in the defence of a fortified place, is again be taken advantage of, as circum
extracted from a valuable work on fortifi stances offer. As the enemy gets near the
cation lately published at Berlin. It is third parallel, the artillery must be with
particularly applied to a regular hexagon : drawn from the covert way to the rave
the siege 13 divided into three periods, lins, or to the ditch, if dry, or other fa
viz. vorable situations ; and, by degrees, as
1st. From the first investiture to the the enemy advances, to the body of the
first opening of the trenches, about 5 days. place During this period of the siege,
2d. From the opening of the trenches the embrasures must be prepared in the
to the effecting a lodgement on the glacis, flanks, in the curtain whjch joins them,
about iSdays. and in the faces of the bastions which
3d. From this time to the capitulation, flank the ditch of the front ravelins.
about 5 days. These embrasures must be all ready to
First Period. Three guns on the bar open, and the heavy artillery mounted in
bette of each bastion and on the barbettes them, the moment the enemy attempts a
of the ravelins in front of the gate ways, lodgement on the glacis.
half 24 prs. and half 18 pis.* three Every effort should be made to take ad
9 prs. on the barbette of each of the other vantage of this favejable moment, when
ravelins. the enemy, by their own works, must
Twelve 12 prs. and twelve 4 prs. in mask their former batteries, and before
reserve. they are able to open their new ones.
One 13 inch mortar in each bastion. The expenditure of ammunition will
Six of 8 inch in the salient angles of the be nearly us follows :
overt way. First period of the siege ; 5 rounds per
Do. in reserve. gun, per day, with only half the full
Ten stone mortars. charge, or one-sixth the weight of the
The 12 prs. in reserve, are to be ranged shot, and to. only such guns as can act.
behind the curtain, on which ever side Seco/ij period ; 20 tounds per gun,
per
they may be required, and the 4 prs. in
* The iron
the outworks; all to fire en ricochet over mortars, on iron beds, all admit of being
fired at low angles.
the parapet. By this arrangement, the + A German author proposes that the mounds of
earth which enable the guns to fire en Barbette, should
firs. >n the French work, we have said 18

* For lo be so arranged, that the embrasures may be opened
r'-s....f<>r &t prs. 9 prs.. ..for lzinch mortars, 13 inch: betwicn them; and when the guns descend to the em
1. xl.icti they nearly answer, our measures biii(j gene- brasures, the barbettes will serve as traversers.
the sar-e at tfce Engl. lb. I
n".y
A RT ART 25

day, with one-sixth the weight of the right of the whole, and they rate by se
shot. niority, so that the two youngest are next
Third period ; 60 rounds per gun, per but one to the centre or park : the two
or one-third the
day, with the full charge, companies next to the :>ark, are the miners
weight of the shot. on the;
right, and the artificers on the left.
Mortars ; at 20 shells per day, from the In the rear of, and 36 feet from the park,
first opening of the trenches to the capitu are
encamped the civil list, commissioners,
lation. cierks, Sec. all in one line.
Stone Mortars; 80 rounds per mortar, The breadth between the front tent- pole
for every 24 hours, from the establish of one company, and that 01 another, call-
ment of the dem -parallels to the capitu e<i the streets, will depenvl on the size and
;o the
lation ; about 13 Jays. capacity of the tents ; but aecor- ing
old
and Fire balls ; five every niijht, mode du in the revolution o. 1776,

Light,
for each mortar, from the opening of the when the American arrny had tents, 36
trenches to the eighth day, and three from feet to each was the interval .

that tune to the end of the siege. FEET.

These amount to about 700 for guns. From the front pole of officers tent
of the quarter-guard, or guard of the (
)
400 for mortars.
1000 for stone do.
34
army, to the centre of the bells of 1
This proportion and arrangement is arms of ditto )
.however made upon a supposition, that To the parade of the quarter- }
12
the place has no counti rinines to retard guard 5
the progress of the besiegers, to a period To the first line of the regimental ?
150
beyond what is abovementioned ; but the parade 5
same author estimates, that a similar To the centre of the bells of arms 90
place, with tin covert way properly coun From thence to the front poles of P
12
termined beforehand, and those counter Serjeants tents $
mines properly disputed, may retard a For pitching 12 tents of artillery, 1
siege at least 2 months ; and that if the with their proper intervals at 9 feet> 108
other works be likewise effectually coun each )
termined and defended, the siege may be From the rear of companies tents, ?
6o
&till prolonged another month. to the front of the subalterns tents \
The above proportion is therefore to be From the front of the subalterns, ?
further regulated, as the strength of the 7*
to that of the captains $
place is increased by these or any other From the front of the captains, to ?
means. These' considerations should like that of the field officers $ 7-
wise be attended to, in the formation of From the front of the field offi- j
an estimate of ammunition and stores for cers, to that ot the colonels *J 36
the siege of a fortified place. See Carri From the front of the colonels, to ?
\ 48
age, Platform, Park, and the different that of the staff officers
kinds of artillery, as Gun, Mortar, Howit From the front of the staff officers, ?
to the front row of batrnans tents 54
zer, Sec. $
The ammunition for small arms is esti From thence to the first row of ?
0
mated by this author as follows : pickets for horses $
i of a pound of gunpowder, or 10 rounds From thence to the second row 36
per day, per man, for all the ordinary From thence to the second row of )
0
guards. batrnans tents $
ii lbs. or 50 rounds per man, per 12 From thence to the front or theP
42
hours, tor all extraordinary guards. grand suttler's tent $
i of a pound, or 25 rounds for every From thence to the centre of the ?
the 60
man on picket, during period of his kitchens 5
duty. From thence to the front of petit- ?
Artillery, in a military acceptation suttler's tents 5 45
of the term, signifies every species of light From thence to the centre of the ?
or heavy ordnance. It is classed under bells of arms of the rear-guard $ 45
specific heads ; the most important of
which are
Total depth 789
Field A r t 1 l l e r y , which includes every
requisite to forward the operations of an The army guard is in the front of tlie
army, or of any part of an army acting of park, opposite the alarm-guns, in a line
fensively or defensively in ihe held. Field with the artillery quarter-guards, that are
artillery may be divided into two distinct placed on the right and left of the artillery
elasses Field Artillery, commonly called

companies.
the Park, aid Horse Artillery. When there are bells of arms they front
Encampment ofa regiment o/Artillery. the poles of Serjeants tents.
Regiments of artillery are always encamp The colours are placed in the centre of
ed, half on the right, and half on the left the front line of guns, in the interval of the
of the park. Tne company of bombar two alaim-kuns, in line with the bell>
-

diers (when they are formed into compa of arms of the companies.
nies, which they are in European na The lieutenant-colonels and majors t;m
tions excepting England) always takes the
26 ART ART

front the of the second streets from I


centres of English royal artillery, before that time
the left of the regiment. it was only call.d the train of artillery. It
right and j
The colonel's tent is in a line with the' then consisted only of 4 companies, under
colours and guard of the army, facing thei the command of general Borgard. From
same. that period it gradually increased to 6 bat-.
The staff-officers front the centres of the talions, each battalion consisting of 10

second streets, on the right and left of the companies, beside 1 invalid battalion
angles of the park . equal in its establishment to the others,
The batmen's tents front towards their but confined in duty to the home garri
horses. j sons, or to Jersey, Guernsey and Bermu
The rear-guard fronts outwards. The da, commanded by a colonel commandant,
front poles are in a line with the centre of 1 colonel en second, 2 lieutenant-colonels,
the bells of arms, and each is 18 feet dis 1 major, who have no companies. Each
tant. The parade of the rear-guard is 12 company in time of war generally consisted
feet from the bells of arms. of 120 men, commanded by 1 captain, 1
In the rear of the rear guard, and 80 feet captain lieutenant, 2 first, and 1 second
distant from their parade, the artillery- 1 lieutenant. In time of peace the compa
'

horses and drivers tents are placed, in two nies were reduced to 50 men each.

or more lines, parallel with the line of Frederick the second of Prussia, found
j
Suns, extending from the right and left of his army in a very good condition, except
the whole. ing the corps of artillery and engineers,
It sometimes happens, that a very large little esteemed by the rest of thearm\ , ar.d
train of artillery is in the field, with two the officers without commissions. Know
or more regiments : in that case the oldest ing how necessary it was to have a good
takes the right of the park, the next oldest corps of artillery and engineers, and how
the left, and the youngest the centre : the impossible it was to secure that important
centre or grand street is 63 feet broad, op object without having officers learned in
posite to which the tent of the command every branch of military mathematics;
ing officer is placed. In the centre of this immediately diaughted all the illiterate
street, the colours are placed in a line with officers into the garrison regiments, sup
the bells of arms, and the artillery quar plying their places with persons of capa
ter-guard is in the front of the colours at city ; and giving them all commissions,
the same distance as before mentioned. with rank equal to that of the officers of
For further particulars of camps, see the guards, and an extraordinary
pay.
American Mil. Lib. Vol. II. Art. Camps. This method of proceeding established the
Regiment of Artillery. The corps of use ana reputation of that
corps ; induced
artillery, with all its dependencies, is, as the nobility and men of ranic
it werj, the general instrument of the
(provided
they had capacity) to engage in it sooner
army. It is impossible to attack fortified than elsewhere ; which brought it to that
or to defend them, without artil summit of high renown, it since enjoyed.
places,and
lery ; an army in the field, which The Prussian army consisted of 12 bat- '

wants artillery, can not so well makeh.ad talions, 8 for the field, and 4 for gairison.
against one that is well provided with it. Each battalion had 12 companies,
namely,
For this reason it is, that at all times go 1
company of bombardiers, 1 of miners, 1
vernments have taken great care to pro of artificers, and 9 of artillurists. Thefirst,
vide proper officers of learning and capa or bombaidier
companies, were composed
city to govern, repair and keep in order, of 1 captain, 2 lieutenants, 3
upper and 6
this essential part of military force. under fire- workers, 2 Serjeants,
4 corpo.
The strength of a regiment of artillery rals, 2 drummers, and 60 bombardiers.
depends upon the circumstances of the The miners had the same commissioned
countiv, the quantity of troops to main officers, with 3 Serjeants, 6 corporals, a
tain, 1 !u number of fortifications and points drummers, 33 miners, and 33 sappers.
to be defended. It had always been the The artificers had the same officers and
custom, to regulate the of artillery
corps' non-commissioned officers as the miners,
according to the French method ; but, the with 30 artificers, and
celebrated kin>; of Prussia fixed his regi
36 pontoneers.
All the artillery companies had commis
3
ments of artillery on another plan, and sioned and 6 non-commissioned
officers,
produced a great change, upon which the 2
drummers, and 60 artillerists. The co
French have since improved, and are again lonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major'*
followed by all nations. The British me companies, had each a captain-lieutenant ;
thod, from which we borrowed in the re and each batuhon had
further, 1 in, chapl.
volution, may be useful to know as well 1 auditor, 1
adjutant, 1 quarter-master, 1
as the Prussian.
doctor, 3 surgeons, 1 scrjeant-major, 1
In 1628, and probably long before, the
drum-major, 6 musicians, and 1 provost
artillery had sundiy privileges, from which By the law of the 16th March, 1802,
the rest of the army were excluded, viz. sect. 2, the United States
of having the first rank and tiie best quar of five battalions,
artillery consists
consisting of 1 colonel,
ters ; neither could any carriage or wag 1 lieutenant colonel, 4niajors, 1
adjutant,
gon presume to march before theirs, ex 20
companies, each composed of 1
cap
cept that belonging to the treasurer. tain, 1 first
lieutenant, 1 second lieuten
In 1705, we find the first mention made ant, z cadets, 4 Serjeants, 4 corporals, 4
ART ART 27

musicians, 8 artificers, and 56 privates ; must always march at the head of the ar
two teachers of music were added by the tillery, and of each column of equipage or
law of February 28, 1803. baggage.
March ofthe Artillery The marches ] If the enemy be encamped on the right
of the artillery are, of all the operations of I flanks of the march, the art llery, &c.
war, the most delicate ; because they should march to the left of the troops,
must not only be directed on the object ; and vice versa. Should the enemy ap
'

you have in view, but according to the pear in motion, the troops front that way,
movements the enemy make. Armies ge by wheeling to the right or left by divi
nerally m rch in 3 columns, the centre co sions ; and the artillery, which man lies in
lumn of which is the artillery: should a line with the columns, passes through
the army march in more columns, the ar their intervals, and forms at the head of
tillery and heavy baggage march neverthe the front line, which is formed of the co
less in one or more of the centre columns ; lumn that flanked nearest the enemy,
the situation of the enemy determines ,
taking care at the same time that the bag
this. If they are far from the enemy, the ,
gage be well covered during the action.
baggaee and ammunition go before or be- 1
Though we have said armies generally
hind, or are sent by a pa ticular road ; an ' march in 3 columns, yet where the coun
army in such a case cannot march in too try will allow it, it is better to march in a
many columns. But should the march greater number ; and let that number be
be towards the enemy, the baggage must , what it will, the artillery must form the
absolutely be all in the rear, and the whole centre columns. See American Mil. Lib.
artillery form the centre column, except on the march of troops.
some brigades, one of which marches at Line of march of the Artillfry for a
the head of each column, with guns load large army, as established before the
ed and burning matches, preceded by a de French revolution :
tachment for their safety. The French 1. A guard of the army; the strength
almost invariably place their baggage in of which depends on the commander in
the eentre. chief.
Suppose the enemy's army in condi
a 2. The companies of miners (excepting
tion to march towards the heads of your a detachment from each, dispersed in va
columns : the best disposition for the rious places, to mend the roads) with
march is in 3 columns only ; that of the tumbrels of tools, drawn by 2 horses, as
centre for the artillery ; for it is then easy sisted by pioneers.
to form it in order of battle. Hence it is 3. The brigades of artillery's front-
equally commodious for each brigade of guard, with four light 6 pounders loaded,
artillery to plant itself at the head of the and matches burning.
troops, in the place marked for it, in such 4. The trumpeters on horse-back.
a manner, that the whole disposition being 5. The flag-gun, drawn by 12 horses,
understood, and well executed, thelineof and ten 12 pounders more, by 4 horses
battle may be quickly formed in an open each.
country, and in the presence of any enemy, 6. Twenty waggons with stores for the
without risquing a surprise; by which said guns, and 1 spare one, by 4 horses
method the artillery will always be in a each.
condition to act as soon as the troops, pro 7. All the pontoons, with the waggons
vided it march in brigades. thereto belonging.
If your march should be through a 8. Eight 9 pounders, by 3 horses each,
country full of defiles, some cava.ry and 9. Fifteen waggons with stores for said
other light troops must march at the head guns, by 4 horses each, and 2 spare ones.
of the columns, followed bv a detachment 10. Gins and capstans, with their pro
of grenadiers and a brigade of artillery ; per workmen, 3 waggons, with 2 horses
cannon being absolutely necessary to ob each
struct rhe enemy's forming into order of n. A forge on four wheels, and 1 wag
battle. gon, 4 horses each.
When you decamp in the face of the! 12 Twelve heavy 24 pounders, by 16
enemy, you must give most attention to horses each.
your rear-guard. On such occasions, all 13. Sixteen waggons with stores for
the baggage, ammunition, provisions, and ditto, and 2 spare ones, by 4 horses each.
artillery, march before the troops ; your 14 A waggon with tools, and pioneers
best I grit troops, best cavalry, some good to mend the roads

brigades of infantry, together with some 15. Nine light 24 pounders, by 8 horses
brigades of artillery, form the rear-guard. each.
Cannon is of infinite use for a rear-guard, 16. Twelve waggons with stores for
when you are obliged to pass a defile, or a ditto, and 2 spare ones, by 4 horses each.
river ; and should be placed at tUe entry 17 A for^e and waggon, by 4 horses
of such defile, on an eminence, if there be each,
one, or on any other place, from whence j 18. Nine 24 pounders, by8 horses each.
they can discover the ground through 19. Twelve waggons with stores for
which the enemy must march to attack ditto, and 2
spareones.
the rear-guard. j 20. Twelve u pounders, by 8 horsei
A detachment of pioneers, with tools, j each.
28 ART ASP

21. Sixteenwaggons with stores for 61. Four 2 and 1 pounders, by 1 horse
ditto, and 2
spare ones. each.
22. Sixteen 5.8 inch mortars, by 2 62. A hundred waggons with stores, and
horses each. 3 spare ones.
23. Twenty-five waggons with stores 63. Two hundred waggons, and 2 spare
for ditto, ,and 2 ones.
spars ones.
24. Ten 8 inch mortars, by 4 horses 64. Two hundred and fourteen waggons-
each. belonging to the artillery baggage ; some
25. Twenty waggons with stores for with 4, 3, and 2 horses each.
ditto, and 2 spare ones. 6e. Tlie artillery rear-guard.
26. Six to inch howitzers, by 6 horses 60. The rear-guard from the army.
each. Hor.e Artillery. The French horse ar

27. Twenty waggons with stores fori tillery consists of 8 Prs. and 6 inch How
ditto, and 2 spare ones. ! itzers.
28. A waggon with tools, and men to The English of light 12 Prs. light 6
mend the roads. Prs. an light 5J inch Howitzers.
29. A for*e and waggon, by 4 horses The Austrian and Prussian horse artil
each. lery have 6 Prs. and 5J inch Howitzers.
30. Ten 8 inch mortars, by 4 horses : The United States by a law of April 12,
each. 1808, authorised the raising of a regiment
31. Twenty waggons with stores for of horse arrillery often companies, of the
ditto, and a spare one. same number of officers and men as the
32. Sixteen 12 inch mortars, by 8 artillery regiment of the old establish
horses eai h. ment to the company.
33. I ( irty waggons with stores for. Officers of Artillery. The com
ditto, and 2 spare ones. I mander of the army is commander in chief
34. Eight 18 inch stone mortars, by 10 of the artillery ; the colonels of artil
I
horses each. ] lery act under his orders ; they are entrust
35. Sixteen waggons with stores for; ed with one of the most laborious employ
ditto, and a spare one. ments, both in war and peace, requiring
36. Eight 9 pounders, by 3 horses each. the greatest ability, application, andexr

37. Si teen waggons with stores for pcrience. The officers in general should
ditro, and a spare one. be good mathematicians, and engineers,
38. Twenty 6 pounders, by 2 horses should know all the powers of artillery,
each. the attack and defence of fortified places;
39 Twenty waggons with stores for in a word, every thing which appertains
ditto,and a spare one. ! to that very important corps.
40. Two sling- waggons, and 2
truck-, ARTI L'LEUR, Fr. an officer belong
carriages, 4 horses each. ing to the French service.
41. Twenty 3 pounders, by 1 horse ARTJLLIER, Fr. a man who works
each. on pieces of ordnance as a founder
; or one
42. Ten waggons with stores for ditto, who serves them in action.
and a spare one.
ARX, in the ancient military art, a
43. A waggon with tools, &c. fort, castU, &c. for the defence of a place.
44. A forge and waggon, by 4 horses ARZEGAGES, Fr. batons or canes
each. with iron at both ends. They were car.
45. Twelve 2 and 1
pounders, b> 1 horse ried by the Estradiots or Albanian cava
each. liers who served in France under Charles
46. Six waggons with stores for ditto. VIII. and Louis XII.
47. Sixteen 6 pounders, by 2 horses ASAPPES, or Azapes,
each.
auxiliary
troops which are raised
among the Chris
48. Ten waggons with stores for ditto. tians subject to the Turkish
for various
empire,
49. Twenty spare carriages, These troops are generally placed in the
calibres. front to receive tjie first shock of the
50. Eighteen ditto. enemy.
51. Fifty spare limbers. See Gunnery. ASCENT.
52. Ten 18 pounders, by 6 horses each. is the view or profile of
ASPECT,
53. Twenty waggons with stores for coast, and land
contains the figure or
or
ditto, and 2 spare ones. representation of the borders of any par
54. Twenty waggons with ammunition ticular part of the sea. These figures and
ami hiores.
repiesentations may be found in all the
55. Two 12 pounders, by 4 horses charts or directories* for the sea coast.
cacti. The Italians call them demonstration. By
56. Four waggons wjth stores for ditto. means of this knowlege you may ascer
57. Fifty waggons with stoves. tain whether the land round the shore be
"38. A wa gon with tools, and men to high ; if the coast itself be steep or slop
mend the roads. ing ; bent in the form of an arc, or ex
59. A forge and wanton, by 4 horses i tended in strait lines ; round at the top,
each or rising to a
j
point. Every thing, in a
bo. A hundred waggons with stores, and word, is brought in a correct state be
# spare ones. |
fore the eye, as far as regards
harbors,
ASS ATT 29

tranquility therein, against foreignor do


swamps, bogs, gulphs, adjacent church
es, trees, windmills, Sec. See Recon mestic enemies.
noitring in Amer. Mil. Lib. ASTRAGAL. SeeCANNON.
A menacing Aspect. An army is said ATTACH. Officers and non-commis
to hold a menacing aspect, when by ad sioned officers are said to be attached to
vanced movements or positions 't gives the respective army, regimant, battalion,
the opposing enemy cause to apprehend troop, or company with which they are
an attack. appointed to act.
A military Aspect. A country is said ATTACHE, Fr. the seal and signa
tohavea military aspect, when its general ture of the colonel-general in the old
situation presents appropriate obstacles or French service, which were affixed to the
facilities for an army acting on the offen commissions of officers after they had been
sive or defensive. duly xamined.
An imposing Aspect, An army is said ATTACK, any general assault, or on
to have an imposing aspect, when it ap set, that is Riven to gain a post, or break
pears stronger than it really is. This ap a body of troops.
pearance is often assumed for the purpose Attack of a siege, is a furious assault
of deceiving an enemy, and may not im made by the besiegers by means of trench
properly be considered as a principal ruse es, galleries, saps, breaches, or mines,
de guerre, or feint in war. &c. by storming any part of the front
ASPIC, Fr. a piece of ordnance which attack Sometimes two attacks are car
carries a 12 pound shot. The piece itself ried on at the same time, between which
weh'hs 42 50 pounds. a communication must be made. See
ASSAILLIR, Fr. toattack; to asail. Siece.
This old French term applies equally to False Attacks are never carried on
bodies of men and to individuals. with that vigor and briskness that the
ASSAULT, a furious effort to others are ; the design of them being to
carry
a fortified
post, camp, or fortress, where favor the true attack, by amusing the
the assailahts do not screen themselves by enemy and by obliging the garrison to
any works. While an assault during a severer duty in dividing their forces, that
6iege continues, the batteries cease, for the true attack may be more successful.
j
fear of killing their own men. Anassault ! Regular Attack, is that which is car-
is sometimes made by the regiments that i! ried on in form, according to the rules of
guard the trenches of a siege, sustained I art. See Siege, approaches, Sec.
by detachments from the army. To Attack in front or flank, in forlifi.
To give an Assault, is to attack any '

cation, means to attack the saliant angle,


post, &C. or both sides of the bastion.
To repulse an Assault, to cause the This phrase is familiarly used with re
assailants to retreat, to beat them back. spect to bodies of men which attack each
To carry by Assault, to gain a post by other in a military way.
storm, Sec. Attack and Defence. A part of the
ASSAUT, Fr. See Assault, drill for recruits learning thesword exer
ASSIEGER, Fr. to besiege. cise, which is commenced with the re
ASSEMBLEE, Fr. the assembling to cruit stationary on hors back, the teacher
gether of an army. Also a call, or beat riding round him, striking at different
of the drum. See Assembly. parts as openings appear, and instructing
ASSEMBLY, the second beating of the the recruit how to w-.ird his several at-
drum before a march ; at which the men tacks ; it is next executed in a walk, and,
1

strike their tents, if encamped, roll them ! as the learner becomes more perfect, in
up, and stand to arms. See Drum. in th? latter under the idea of a
{speed;
ASSESSMENT, in a military sense, ! pursuit. The attack and defence in line
signifies a certain rate which is paid in and in speed form the concluding part of
England by the county treasurer to the the sword exercise when practised at a
receiver general of the land-tax, to in review of cavalry. It is to be observed,
demnify any place for not having raised that although denominated in speed, yet
the militia; which sum is to be paid by when practising, or at a review, the pace
the receiver-general into the
exchequer. of the horse ought not to exceed three
The sum to be assessed is five pounds for quarters speed.
each man, where no annual certificate of ATTENTION, a cautionary word
the state of the militia has been trans used as a preparative to any particular ex
mitted to the clerk of the peace: if not ercise or manoeuvre. Garde-a-vous, which
paid before June yearly it may be IcvieJ is pronounced Gar-avous, has the same
on the
parish officers. Such assessment signification in the Frerch service.
where there is no county rate is to be rais ATTESTATION, a certificate made
ed as the poor's rate. by some justice of the peace of the enlist
ASSIETTE. Fr. the immediate scite ment of a recruit This certificate is to
or position of a camp. bear testimony, that the recruit has been
ASSOCIATION, any number of men brought before him in conformity to law
embodied in arms for mutual defence in and has declared his assent or dissent to such
their district; and to preserve the public enlist. nent; and, if according to the law
| he shall have bccn> and is duly enlisted-,.
30 A XL B AL

that the proper oath has been adminis


tered to him by the said magistrate. B.
ATILT, in the attitude of thrusting
with a spear, &c. as was formerly the
case in tournaments, Sec. BACK-.S>/>, the retrogade movement
AVANT, Fr. foremost, most advanc of a man or body of men without chang
ed toward the enemy, as ing front ; it is half the forwarJ step.
A v \Nr-chemin-couverr, Fr. The ad BACKWARDS, a technical word made

vanced covert- way which is made at the use of in the Britishserv'ce to


express
foot of the glacis to oppose the approaches the retrogade movement of troops from
of an enemy. line into column, and vice versa See
AvANT-duc, Fr. the pile-work which Wheel.
is formed by a number of youngtrc?s on BAGGAGE, in military affairs, sig
the edge or entrance of a river. They are nifies the clothes, tents, utensils of divers
driven into the ground with battering rams sorts, and provisions, Sec. belonging to an
or strong
pieces of iron, to form a level army.
floor, by means of strong planks being BAGOAcz-Waggons. See Wagcons,
nailed upon it, which serve for the foun BAGPIPE, the name of a musical
dation of a bridge. Boats are placed warlike instrument, of the wind kind,
wherever the avant-duc terminates The used by the Scots regiments, and some
avant-duc is had recourse to when the times by the Irish. Bagpipes were used
river is so broad that there are not boats by the Danes ; by the Romans, and by
t ufficient to make a bridge across Avant- the Asiatics at this day; there is in Rome
ducs are made on each side of the river. a most beautiful
bas-relievo, a piece of
As kut -fosse, Fr. the ditch of the Grecian sculpture of the highest
antiquity,
counterscarp next to th.- country. It is which represents a bag-piper playing on
dug at the foot of the glacis. See For his instrument exactly like a modern
tification. highlander The Greeks had also ai in
strument composed of a
Av ant -garde. See Van Guard. pipe and blown-up
Av kui-train, Fr. The limbers of a skin. The Romans in all probability,
fteld piece,on which are placed one or borrowed it from them. The Italians still
t wo boxes containing ammunition enough use it under the names of piva and cornu.

for immediate service. musa. The Bagpipe has been a favorite


AUDITOR, the person who audits instrument among the Scots. There are
two varieties: the one with long pipes, and
regimental or other military accounts
AVENUE, in fortification, is any kind sounded with the mouth ; the other with
of opening or inlet into a fort, bastion, or short pipes, filled with air by a bel
out -work. lows, and played on with the fingers:
AUG ET, or Aucette, Fr. a wooden the first is the loudest and most ear- pierc
pipe which contains the powder by which ing of all music, is the genuine highland
amine is set fire to. pipe, and is well suited to the warlike
AULNE de Paris, a French measure, genius of that people. It formerly roused
44 inches, used to measure
containing their courage to battle, alarmed them when
sand- bags. secure, and collected them when scatter
ed : solaced them in their long and painful
AUTHORITY, in a general accepta
tion of the term,signifies a right to com marches, and in times of peace kept up
the memory of the gallantry of their an
mand, and a
consequent right to be obeyed.
Th-; appointment of officers in the army cestors, by turn's composed after signal
of the United States is in the nomination victories. The other is the Irish bagpipe.
t/ the president, andapprovedby a majo. BAGS, in military employments, are
ri'ty of the Senate. The used on many occasions : as,
president
may
Sand Bags, generally 16 inches diame
however dismiss at his discretion. The
king of Great- Brit an has the ter, and 30 high, filled with earth or sand
power to repair breaches, and the embrasures of
to exercise military authority without
con'roul, as far as repards the army ; and batteries, when d maged by the enemies
may appoint or dismiss officers at his fire, or by the blast of the guns. Some
times they are made less, and placed three
pleasur.'.
AUXI LI ARY. Foreign or subsidiary together, upon the parapets, for the men
furnished to fire through.
troops which are to a belliger
Eartb-U.\ cs, containing about a cubical
ent power in consequence of a treaty of
foot of earth, are used to raise a parapet
alliance, or for pecuniary considerations.
Of tfee latter description may be consi in haste, or to repair one that is beaten
dered the Hessians that were employed down. They are only used when the
by Great- Britain to enslave America. ground is rocky, and does not afford earth
AWARD, the s ntenoe or determina enough to carry on the approaches.
tion ofa military couit. BALANCE, Fr. a term used in the
French artillery to express a machine in
AXLE-TREE, a transverse beam sup
which stores and ammunition are weighed.
porting a carriage, and on the ends of
which the wheels revolve. See Car- BALL, in the military art, compre
hends all sorts of balls and bullets for
fire-arms, from the cannon to the pistol.
B A L BAL 31

herbs, made up into balls, as mentioned


Balls of Lead, of difterent kinds.
in L/g/.>/-BALL3, agreeably to the size of
Number Diameter No. made the mortar out of which you intend to
KINDS. to one in from om ton
throw them.
Pound. Inches. of Lead Poisoned Balls. We are not sure that
they have ever been used in Europe; but
Wall pieces 61 14,760 the Indians and Africans have always been
.68 ?2,48o very ingenious at poisoning
several sorts of
Musquets Their
Carabine 20 .60 44,800 warlike stores and instruments.
Pistol 34 78,048 composition is mealed powder 4, pitch 6,
46* .46 104,160 rosin 3, sulphur 5, assa-foetida 8, extract
7 Brl. guns
of t6ad's poison 12, other poisonous sub
Lead balls are packed in boxes contain stances 12, made into balls as above di
of lead
ing each 1 cwt. About 4 pounds rected. At the commencement of the
in the cwt. are generally lost in casting. French Revolution poisoned balls were
See Shot. exhibited to the people said to have been
Ca#e-BALLs are of iron ; and musket fired by the Austrians, particularly at
and pistol-balls are of lead. Cannon- the siege of Lisle. We have seen some
their
balls are always distinguished by of this sort. They contained glass, small
respective calibres, thus, pieces of iron, Sec. and were said to be
A 4z1 f 6,684 inches. concocted together by means of a greasy
32 f 6,105 composition which was impregnated with
5,547 poisonous matter. In 1792, they wera
it pound ball, the | 4.403
I 5,o4 deposited in the Archives of Pans.
> diameter of which
Red-hot Balls are fired out of mortars,
^ 4,000
howitzers, or cannon. Use which you
3,498 will, the ball must be made red-hot,
2,775 which is done upon a large coal fire in a
2,423 6 feet
.

square hole made in the ground,


iJ Li,923 every way, and 4 or 5 feet deep. Some
Fire- Balls, ? of whic h t here are va- make the fire under an iron grate, on
J Their composition is
which the shell or hall is laid ; but the
various purposes. best way is to put the ball into the mid
mealed powder 2, saltpetre i, sulphur 1, dle of a clear burning fire, and when red-
rosin 1, turpentine 25. Sometimes they
hot, all the fiery particles must be swept
are made of an iroi: shell, sometimes a oAL Whatever machine you use to throw
stone, filled and covered with various coats
the red-hot ball out of, it'must be elevated
of the above composition, until it con according to the distance you intend it
glomerates to a proper size ; the last coat shall range, and the charge of powder
But the best
being of grained powder. must be put into a flannel cartridge, and
sort in our opinion, is to take thick brown a good wad upon that ; then a piece of
and make a shell the size of the
paper, wood of the exact diameter of the piece,
mortar, and fill it with a composition of and about 3$ inches thick, to prevent the
an
equal quantity of sulphur, pitch, ball from setting fire to the powder; then
rosin, and mealed powder; which being place the ball on die edge of the mortar,
well mixed, and put in warm, will give a Sec. with an instrument for that purpose,
clear fire, and burn a considerable time. and let it roll of itself against the wood,
When they are intended to set fire to
and instantly fire it off. Should there be
magazines, buildings, Sec. the composi- a ditch or parallel before such a battery,
tion must be mealed powder 10, saltpetre with soldiers, the wood must not be used,
2, sulphur 4, and rosin 1 ; or rarner meal as the blast of powder will break it to
ed powdt-r 48, saltpetre 32, sulphur 16,
pieces, and its own elasticity prevent it
rosin 4, steel or iron filings 2, fir-tree saw from flying far; it would in that case
dust boiled in saltpetre ley 2, birch- wood either kill or wound your own people.
charcoal 1, well rammed into a shell for For this deficiency the wad must be
that purpose, having various holes filled double. See American Mil. Lib article
with small barrels, loaded with musket- Artillery.
balls ; and lastly the whole immerged in Chain-B alls are two balls linked to
melted pitch, rosin and turpentine oil.
gether by a chain of 8 or 10 inches loiv.:,
Smoke-B \lls are prepared as above, and some have been made with a cha n of
with this difference, that they contain 5
3 or 4 feet long ; they are used to desiroy
to 1 of pitch, rosin and saw-dust. This the pallisadoes, wooden bridges, and clic-
composition is put into shells made for vaux-de- friezes of a fortification. They
that purpose, having 4 holes to let out arc also very destructive to the ringing of
the smoke. Smoke-balls are thrown out a ship.
of mortars, and continue to smoke from Balls are some called balls'
Stang- by
*5 to 30 minutes. of two heads; tbey are sometimes made
Stink-B alls are prepared by a compo of two half-balls joined together by a bar
sition of mealed powder, rosin, saltpetre, of iron from 8 to 14 inches long ; they are
pitch, sulphur, rasped hoises and asses likewise m.tde of two entire bailo ; tney
hoofs, burnt in the fire, assa-fcetida, sera are for the same
purpose as the before-'
phim gum or ferula, and bug or stinking mentioned.
32 BAN BAN

Anchor-BALLs made in the same


are made by the sound of drums, trumpets,
way as the and filled with the
light-balls, and tamboiines, either at the head of a
same
composition, only with this addi body of troops, or in quarters. Some
tion, that these are made with an iron bar times to prevent the men from quitting
two-thirds of the ball's diameter in length, camp, at others to enforce the rigor of mi
and 3 or 4 inches
square. One half is litary discipline; sometimes for the pur
fixed within the ball, and the other half pose of receiving a new commanding offi
remains without; the exterior end is made cer, and at others to degrade a military
with a grapple-hook. Very useful to set character.
fire to woopen bridges, or any thing made BANDER, Fr. to unite, to intrigue
of wood, or even the rigging of ships, &c. together for the purposes of insurrection.
for the pilu end being the heaviest, flies BAND E RET, in military history, im
foremost, and wherever it touches, fas plies the commander in chief of the troops
tens, and sets all on fire about it. of the canton of Berne, in Switzerland.
Message- Balls. See Shells. BANDES, Fr. bands, bodies ol in
BALLIUM, a term used in ancient mi fantry.
litary history. In towns the appellation Bandes Francoises. The French in
of ballium was given to a woik fenced with fantry was anciently called.
so The
pallisades, and sometimes to masonry, term, however, become less general and
was confined to the Prev&t des Bandes, or
covering the suburbs ; but in castles it
was the space immediately within the the Judge or Prevost marshal that tried
outer wall. the men belonging to the French guards.
BALLOON, a hollow vessel of silk, BANDIERES, Fr. Une Armee ran-
varnished over and filled with inflamma gceen front de bandieres, signifies an army
ble air, by which means it ascends in the in battle array. This disposition 01 the
atmosphere. It has during the war been army is opposed to that in which it is
used by the French in reconnoitering, and cantoned and divided into several bodies.
with great success at Fleurus. BANDOLEER, in ancient military
BALOTS, Fr. sacks or bales of wool, history, a large leathern belt worn over
made use of in cases of great emergency, the right shoulder, and hanging under the
to form parapets or places of arms. They left arm, to carry some kind of warlike
are likewise adapted for the defence of weapon.
trenches, to cover the workmen in saps, Bandoliers were likewise little
and in all instances where promptitude is wooden cases covered with leather, of
required. which every musqueteer used to wear 12
BAN, or Bann, a sort of proclamation hanging on a shoulder- belt ; each of them
made at the head of a body of troops, or contained the chaige of powder for a mus
in the several quarters or cantonments of quet.
.in army, by sound of trumpet, or beat of BANDROLS. ; c n

CampColors'
drum; either for observing martial disci BANNEROLS. SSee
pline, or for declaring a new officer, or BANDS, properly bodies of foot,
punishing a soldier, or the like. At pre almost out of date.
though
sent such kind of proclamations are given Train-B a nds. In England the militia
out in the written orders of the day. of the City of London were generally so
BAN and Arriere Ban, a French called. The third regiment of Foot or
military phrase signifying the convocation I the Old Bulls were originally recruited
of vassals under the feudal system. Me from the Train bands, which circum-^
nage, a French writer, derives the term stance gave ihat corps the exclusive
pri
from the Gernrun word ban,, which means vilege of 111. rching through London with
publication ; Nicod derives it from another drums beating and colors flying. They
German term which signifiesfield. Boret lost their colors in America, which arc
from the Greek pan which means all, now in the war-office at Washington.
because the convocation was geneial. In Band of Music. The term band is ap
the reign of Charles VII. the ban and ar- plied to the body of musicians attached
rieye ban had different significations. For to any regiment or battalion, with wind in

merly it meant the assembling of the or struments.


dinary militia. After the days of Charles Band is also the denomination of a mi
VII. it was called the extraordinary mili litary order in S; am, instituted by '>!-
tia. The first terved more than the lat phonsus XI. king of Castile, for the
ter; and each was distinguished accoiding younger sons of the nobility, who, be
to the nature of its particular service. fore their admission, must serve 10 years,
The persons bel ngim; to the arriere-ban at least, cither in the arm> or
during a
were at one period accoutred and mounted war ; and are bound to take
up arms in
like light-horse; but there were occa defence of the Catholic faith, against the
sions on which tin. v served like the infan- infidels.
,rr. Once under Francis I. in i jA5> and BANERET, Fr. a term derived from
again under Lewis XI If. who issued out Baniere, This appellation was attach
un order in 1637, that the Arriere-Ban ed to any lord 01 a lict who had vassals
should serve on foot. utfn ient to unite them under one Sanies
Ban likewise signified during the an- or banner, and to become chief of t\w
.itrtt monarchy of France, a proclamation 1
rcops or company.
BAR BAR 33

Un Chevalier Baneret, or a Knight , Barrack- Allowance, a specific allow-


Banbret gave precedence to the troop ance of bread, beer, wood, coals, Sec. to
er company which he commanded over the regimei ts stationea in barracks See
that of a baneret who wa^ not a k isjht or Ration.
chevalier ; the latter obeyed the forrner, B.\RRACK-Guard, when a regiment is
and the banner of the first was cut into in .barracks, the principal guard is the
fewer vanes than tha of the second. barrack-; ard ; the otiic r being respon
B\NNERET, Knights-bannerets, ac sible for the regular ty of the me in bar
cording to the English acceptation of the racks, and for all prisoners dulv commit
term, are pe sons who for any particular ted to his charge while mi that dutv.
act of valor were formerly knighted en Barrack Master General, a staff of
the field of battle ficer at the head of thr barrack depart
BANQUET. SeeBRiDCEs. ment ; he has a number of barrack -mas

BANQUETTE. See Fortifica ters and deputies under him, who arc
tion. stationed at the difflient barracks; he
BAR, a long piece of wood or iron. has an office and clerks for the dispatch
Bars have various denominations in the of business; to this office all reports, Sec.
construction of artillery carriages, as respecting the barrack department are
sweep and cross bars for tumbrils : fore, made. This is a British sinecure ffia .

hi: d and under cross bars, for powder Barrack-O^cc- the office at which
carts ; shaft bars for waggons, and dowel all business relating to the Barrack de
bars used in mortar beds. partment is transacted.
BArt Shot, two half bullets joined to BARRELS, in military aft irs, are of
gether by an union bar, forming a kind of various kinds.
double headed shot. Fire-iAXRZLS are of different sorts:
BARB, the reflected points of the head some are mounted on wheels, filled w th

of an arrow. The armor for horses was composition and intermixed with loaded
so called. See C <v*ar ison. grenades, and the outside full of sharp
BARBACAN, or Barbican, a spikes : some are placed under ground,
watch-tower, for the ourpose of descrying which have the effect of small mmes :
an enemy at a ^reat distance : it also im others are used to roll down a br.-ach, to
plies an outer defence, or sort of ancient prevent the enemy's entrance. Compo

fortification to a city or castle, used espe sition, corned powder 301b. Swedish
cially as a fence to the city or wads ; also \ pitch 12, saltpetre 6, and tadow 3 Not
an made in the walls of a fortress ; used now.
aperture
to fire through upon the enemy.
Itisj Thundering-BARRi.Ls are for the same
sometimes used to denote a fort at thei purpose , filled with various kinds of
entrance or" a bridge, or the outlet of a! combustibles, intermixed wirh small
citv, having a double wall with towers. shells, grenades, and other fire-works.
|
BARBETS were peasants of Piedmont, j Not used now.
who abandoned their dwedings when an Fow^-Barrels are about 16 inches
j!
enemy has taken possession of them. \ diameter, and 30 or 32 inches long, hold
They formed into bodies and defended the ing 100 pounds of
powder.
Barrels for powder
Their dimen*
Alps.
Bahiit- Battery, in gunnery, is when sions.
the brcst-work of a battery is only so
high, that the guns may fire over it with t "

out being obliged to make embrasures : in M Q\0 &>


such cases, it is said the guns fire en bar s fc
bette. See Battery. &$ "

BARDEES d'eau, Fr. a measure sed

in the making of saltpetre, containing 0 1


w CI
"i

C*J
three half- hogsheads of water, which are ^-s 5 #

ino'f1 O
tubs for the purpose of refin
poured into
Four half- hogsheads are some
5
ing it. 5 s
r-i r-t M M

times thrown in.


BARILLER, Fr. an officer employed -<o -
CO to
among thegallies,whose chief duty was to 1! -C -O
Q\ CO "4 "O
superintend the distribution of bread and 3

> i:
V

water.
Bar acks, are places 3Q *
BARRACKS, or
erected for both officers and men to lod^e U s
in ; they are built different ways, accord eu.2f-~
ing to their different situations. When .
O
*-.n-a
3 C

there is sufficient room to make a large


Kd
square, surround d with buildings, they
the soldiers
are
very conve .ient, because j: 0
are easily contained in their quarters ; and
the rooms being contiguous, orders are v 3
executed with privacy and expedition ; and Qd !

the soldiers have no connection but with


those who instruct them ip their duty.
34 B A S BAT

The whole barrels are made to contain base line, or appui which each successive
too
pounds, and the half barrels 50 division 1 rolongs.
Base- ring. See Cannon.
pounds of powder; but of late only 90
pounds have been put into the barrels, BASILISK., an ancient name given
and 45 into the ha -f barrels; which, by to a 43 pounder. See Cannon.
leaving me powder room to be shifted, BASIS, the same as Base
preserves it the better. BASKET-//'//, the hilt of a sword,
Budge Barrels, hold from 40 to 60 somade as to contain, and guard the
whole i and.
pounds of powder; at one end is fixed a
leather bag with brass na;ls : they arc- IJASK.ETS, in military affairs, are
used in actual service op, the batteries, smiple baskets, frequent 'y used in s- ges.
to keep the ;:owder from firing by -ccu They are filitd with eartb, and placid on
dent, for loadinc the gnus and mortars. the parapet of th trend., or any other
Thev are gei.eraliy about a loot
Budge-Barrels contain 38 lbs., part
hooped and a naif in diamt ter at the top, and
Weight of barrel

copier
10 lbs. eight inches at the bottom, and a foot
Weight of barrel hazle hooped 61bs.
and a half in height ; so th ', bein.' plac
Length of barrel hazle hooped io

ed on th-. parapet, a kind of embrasure
inches is formed at the bottom, throu I: which
Diameter of barrel hazle hooped 1 the soldiers fire, without beinv -xposed
foot 1 inch. to the shot of the enemy. Sec Gabion.
BARRICADE. To barricade is to Baskets. Ballast, bushel weight

fortify w til trees, or branches of trees, 5 lbs.


cut down for that puruosc, the brushy Diameter, 1 foot 6 inches length i

ends towards the enemy. Ca-ts, wag toot.


gons, Sec. are sometimes made us. of for BAST11.IE, Fr. any place fortified
the s.sruo pur, iose, viz. to keep back both with towers.
hoi se and root for some time. Abatis. Bastillf, a state prison which stood
BARRIER, in a gen; ral sense means neaTemple in Paris, aid was de-
th.
any fortification, or strong pLure on the ifservecily destroyed by the inhabitants of
frontiers of a country. It is likewise a .! that capital on the 14th of July, 1789.
kir.d of fence composed of stakes, anil ,1 BASTINADO, a punishment among
transmits, as ovcrthwart rafters, ere.-wd || the Turkish soldiers, which s performed
to defend the rnrrince of a passage, re by beating tLcm with a cane or Hat of a
trenchment, or the Ike. In the middle sword on the soles of their feet.
of tli e barrier is a moveable bar of wood, BASTION. See Fortification.
which is opened and shut at pleasure. It BASS TL-Ehc einte. See \ a vssz-Braye..
also implies a gate made of wooden bars, BASSINET, Fr. the pan of a mus
about 5 feet long, perpendicular to the quet.
horizon, and kept together by two long BASSON or BASSOON, a wind in-
bars going across, and another cross. ng blown with a reed, performing
stiuinent

diagonally: i?arr.ers are used to stop the the base to alt martial music, one or two
cut made through the esplanade before of which are attached to each regimental
the gate of a town. band.
I! iRRif.a-7w, in military history, BAT de Mulet, a pack-saddle used
wcic Met in, Dendcpnond, Ypres, Tour- on service when mules are
cmplojed to
nay, fvlons, Namur, and lUacstricht. carry stores, &c.
Th.se towns were formerly garrisoned BATAGE. Fr. the time employed in
halt by trench or Imperial, and half by reducing gun- powder to its proper con
Du h troops. sistency. The French usually consumed
BARM, or Berm. SeeBEKM. 24 hours n pounding the materials to
BASCULE, Fr. a counteipoise which makt g.ocd gun-pow;:er; supposin. the
serves to hi'r up the draw bridge of a mortar to contain 16 pound* of con po
town. Likewise a term used in fortifi sition, it would require the application
cation- to express a door that shuts and of the pestle 3500 fines each hour, i he

opens like a trap door. j| labour required in this process is lea in


'BASE, or Basis, in fortification, the j summer than in
winter, becaus the water
exterior part or side of a polygon, or that 1 is setter.

:.ii::igin.iry line which is drawn from the | BATAILLE, Fr. a battle.


rianked.in.de of a bastion to the angle op Cheval i/cBAtA'ai, Fr a w.;r horse,
i|
posite to it.
j] or charter. This expn ssion is used rijju-
Base signifies aLo the level line on
which any work stands that is even with ji somce.
ijrati'cly as a sheet anchor or last re-
tae ground, or other work on which it is
BATAILLER, Fr. to strug Je hard.
erected. Hence the base 01 a parapet is BATARDE, French 8 pounders were
the ram put. | so called.
Bass, an ancient ur.ru for the smallest BATARDE AU, in fortification, is. a
( anuoi. Se Cannon.'

massive perpendicular pile of ma or.ry,


Baie-//w, the line on which troops in w! ose length is equal 'o the breadth of
column move, tlu first division that the ditcii, inundati 01 any part of a
j.
Kiarches into the alignement forms the n fortification where the water cannot be

,
BAT BAT 35

in your
kept in without the raising of these sorts | by fits and starts, to be undecided
of works, which are described either on plans otatti.ck, &c.
the capitals prolonged of the bastions or BATOON, a truncheon, or marshals
half-moons, or upon their faces. In statL
thickness it is from 15 to 1 8 feet, that it BATTAILOUS, a warlike or military
may be able to withstand the violence of appearance.
the enemy's batteries. Its height de- ATT A L I A, J ohnson adopts the word
pends upon the depth of the ditch, and from Battagha, Ital. and calls it the main
its
upon the height of the water that is ne body of an armv, distinguished f-om
cessary to be kept up for an inundation ; wings. 1 1 also implies an army or consi-
but the top of the building must always drawn up in
ays derable detachm nt of troops
be under tlie cover of the parapet of the ,; order of battle, or in any other proper form
covert wav, so as not to be See Battle.
;j
exposed to to attack the enemy. undetermined
the enemv's view. In the middle of its j BATTALION, an body
length is raised a massive cylindrical tur- il ot infantry in rejard to number, generally
the United
ret,
6 feet.
whose height exceeds the batardeau | from 500 to 1000 men. In
1 States the usage is various, as it is in all
BATESME du Tropique, Fr. achris- I other countries. The United States re-
teoin^ under the line. This is a ridicu- gnnent of artillery consists of 10 tom-
Ij
lotis ceremony which every person .& ob- panies, which form five battalions ; the
liged to go through th' first time he cros- other legimcnts infantry and artillery, con-
ses the Line on his passage to the East- I sist of ten companies of each, so that
'

Indies. Different methods of performing each regiment must form two battalions
it are observed by different nations. Eng- L ot five companies each. The militia re-
lishmen frequently buy themselves off. giments in most of the states consist of
j!
Amon^ the trench, the individual who ij
1000 men,
composing two batrali-ns of
was to be
baptized or christened, swore t 500 men each,
being perhaps the most
that he would in .ividually assist in fore- organization for a battalion.
jj perfect
iig every person hereafter, who should | The French call their military corps
be similarly situated, to go through the I! which answer to our regiments, demi bri-
some cer-mony. A barbarous usage. gades, these usually consist ot three bat.
ij
BAT -Horses, P are saggage horses he-
j
talions ot ireo men each; when two
BAW-Honcs, $ longing to the officers ll of the battalions of a demi brigade are in
actual
When on duty. j; the field the other is in quarters or re-
B.Kr-Men, were originally servants j, cruiting and disciplining the young sol-
B\w. Men, } hired in war time, to ; diers, who are thus drafted from their
take care of the horses belonging to the ij regimental depots.
train of artillery, bakery, bai^age, &c. !. On the Biitish establishment the corn-
Men who are excused regimental duty, for |! pan-esoi grenadiers and light infantry-men
the pf-citic purpose of attending to the j having been detached from their several
horses belonging to their officers, are call- corps and formed into separate battalions ;
ed bat-m-.-n. )|
the British guards at present consist of 9
ij
Knights of the BATH, an English mili- battalions. The different companies are
tary order of uncertain original. After i: Hkewi. ceo:.
siderably augmented; sorhat it
long decay, this order w_3 revived under 1 is impossible to affix any specific stand-
George I.
by a creation of a considerable lard to their complement of men. The
number of knights. They wear a red ri I English royal regiment of artillery consists
band, and thei motto is, 77/ / juncta in uno, ! of 4 battalions. Som-. tunes regiments
alluding to the three cardinal virtues which I consist each of 1 battalion only ; but if
every knight ought possess
to ! j more numerous, are divided into several
BATON, Fr. j. staff. See Staff. baaalions, according to their stren.-th ; so
B\TOru citux bouts, Fr. a quarter-staff. that every one may come within the num
Baton de commandement, Fr. an instru bers mentioned. A bat.ahon in one of the
ment of particular distinction which was
English matching regiments consists of
formerly given to generals m the French 1000, and sometiincsof 1200 men, officers
army. Henry III. oefore his access.on a;;d son-commissioned included. When
to the throne was made generalissimo of there are companies of several regiments
all the armies belonging to his brother in a garnson to form a battalion, those of
Charles the 1 X and publicly received the
.
the eldest regiment post themselves on
Baton, as a mark of high command. the right, those of the second on the left,
Baton ferrat tt non ferrat, Fr. all soits and so on until the youngest fall into the
of weapons. centre. The officers take their posts be
Obtenir son object par le tour du Baton, fore their companies, from the right imd
Fr. to accomplish one's ends by equivocal left, according to seniority Each batta
means. lion i divided into 4 divisions, and each di
Etre bien assure de son Baton, Fr. to be vision i;ito two sub-divisions, which arc
morally certam of a thing. again divided into sections. The compa
Etre reduit au Baton blanc, to be re nies of grenadiers being
unequal in all bat
duced to your last stake. talions, their post must be regulated by
A Batons rompus, Fr. to do any thing the commanding officer. See Regiment.
Triangular B a t t a j. 1 o n , i n ancient m i
-
36 BAT BAT

litarv history, a body of troops ranged in feet distance from each other ; conse
the farm of a the merlons (or that part of solid
triangle, in which tne ranks quently
exceed each othc r by an earth between the embrasures) a>e 16 feet
equal numr.er ot
f the first rank consists of one man The genouillierr
m n :
within, and 7 without.
onl\ , and the dilterence between the ranks (or part of the parapet which covers the
is omy one, then its form is that of an carriage of the gun) aie generally made 2$
equilateral triangle; and when the differ feet high from the platform to the open-
ence between the ranks is more than oi.e, in. of tlie embrasures; though this height
its fom may then be an isoscele ; bavin,. ought to be regulated according to the
semi -diameter of the wheels of the car
two sides
eq al, or scalene triangle. This
metho.i is now laid aside. riage, or the calibre of the gun. The
BATTER, a cannonade of heavy ord platforms are a kind of wooden floors,
nance, from the ist or 2d parallel of en- nLde to prevent the cannon from s.nking
into the ground, and to rentier the
trenenment, against any fortress or works. working
To Batter /* breach, implies a heavy of the guns more easy ; and are, strictly
caneo..ade of many pieces directed to one speaking, a part of the barter .
They are
part of the revatement from the third pa composed of 5 sleepers, or joists of wood,
rallel. laid lengthways, the whole length of the
BATTERING, in military affairs, im intended platform ; and to keep them
plies the firing with heavy artillery on firm in their places, stakes must be driven
some fortification or
strong post possessed into the ground on each side : these sleep

b) an enemy, in order -o cumolish the ers are then cove.ed with sound thick
works. planks, laid parallel to the parapet ; and
Batter i ng.-/>/-, are la'ge pieces of at the lower end of the pla'form, next to
cannon, used in battering a fortified town the parapet, a piece ot timber 6 inches
or
post square, called a hurter, is placed, to pre
It is jud.ed by all nat ons, that no less vent the wheels from
damaging the para*
than 24 or 18 plunders are proper for cliat pet. Platforms are generally made if
use former.) m en W^er cal bres were feet long, 15 feet broad behind, and 9 be
useu, but. as tiiey were so long and heavy, fore, with a slope of aoout 9 or 10 inches,
and very troublesome to transportand ma- to prevent the .uns from recoiling too
iiat.c, weie ior a long time rejected, till much, and tor bringing them more easily
ado -ted among the French,' who during foi ward when loaded The dimensions of
the present war have brought 36 and 42 the platf rms, sleepers, planks, hurters,
pouudeisinto tne held. and nails, ought to be regulated according
Battering-7 rain, a train of artillery to the nature of the
pieces that are to be
used solely for besieging a strong place, mounted.
inclusive ot mortars and howitzers: all The powder magazines to serve the
heavy 24, 18, and 12 pounders, come under batteries ught to be at a convenient dis
tins denomination; as likewise the 13, 10, tance torn the same, ao also from each
ai\i 8 inch mortars and howitzers. other ; the large one, at least 55 feet in
Lettering Ram. See the article the rear of tne battery , and the small ones
Ram. about 25. Sometimes the iage magazines
BAT i E Rl E ae Tambour, a French beat are made cithr to the
right or left of the
of 1 1 it drum similar to the
general in the battery, moriLr to deceive the
Br.tisli enemy f
twee
they are generally bunt 5 feet under
Batter.k en ro'uage, Fr. is used to ground; the sides and roof must be" well
dismount tic <;n. my's cannon. secured with boards, and coverei/ with
Ba VTtR it pa-. tui/:ait.ues, Fr. tiled S-
eaith, clay, or something of a similar
tharge of sever..! p cces of ordnance toge substance, to prevent the powder trom
ther, uirecttu at one
object or
place. being fired : they are guarded by centinels.
LATTLRY, in
nuhtar) ai.a.rs, im The balls are piled in readiness beside the
plies .;
y where ca... on or iuoru>r.>
pi..ce merlu s, between the embrasures.
are ;..ou;.t d, either to attack the forces The officers of tne artdler ought al
ot,thcei emy, or to batter a lep.ificatien : ways to construct their own batteries and
henc. ba:teiies i.ave varices name.-, a.ree
platforms, and not the engineers, as is I
abiy to ihe purposes tney a ede.ign uior. practised in the English sen ice ; tor cer- \
G.i/.-BATTfcR y, is a deieiice macie of
tainly none can e so
hood judges of those
earin laced with >.reeii sous o' fascines, 1 hm, s as the artillery omccrs, whose
a. .-.-.: ...i-.e* gabions tilled
inaUeoi 1U1 dany practice it is ;
earih: it Olibistjut a.6reast-work parapet,
consequently they
.
a.e the propcrest people to direct the situ
Ot e;-aulemtnt, 01 18 or 20 le. t thick at io; , ation and to superintend the
andof -2 or 24 at the foui. nation ; ot a
making of
batteries on all itcisions.
ditcli 12 feet broad at tne bottom, and i3 Aiortur- Battery. This kind of bat
to,), and 7
at ti.e ieet deep. Tiiey must tel
y cullers from a gun-battery, o::iy in
be 7^ ieet iiigti. Til- embrasure^ 2
aic
Having no embrasures. It consists ofa
feet wick witJim, and 9 without, slo, ing parapet of 18 or 20 teet thick, 7 J high in
a ht'.ie doWi.ward , 10
uej-re-s the meial trout, and 6 in the rear; ot a bean 2 or
on occasion 1 he d thee ntre
stance lie..:.,
3 feet broad, according to the quality of
of one emorasure to that ol tlie otner is he earth ; 01 a ditcli 24 .eci broau at the
18 ieet ; that is, the guns are placed at 18 top, and ao at the bottom. The beds
BAT 37
BAT

at an angle ot about
shot strike the object
must be 9 feet long, 6 broad, 8 from each which the ball glances from
and 5 feet from the parapet: the 200, alter
othe. ,
ihe gun plat he object, and recoils to some adjacent
ar not to be sloping bke
Tie m- parts.
form-;, but exactly horizontal. ?
sides of such batteries are sometim s Joint Batteries, when seve_
which Camarade Batteries, !>
sunk 2 or 3 feet into the ground, by
hose ot r.d gui.s fire on the same object at the
the .re much sbon r made than When 10 guns are fired at
ma.azinesand same time.
oannm. The powder piles
their effect will be much greater
of shelsare placed as is mentioned in the once,
than when fired separately.
article Gun-Battery. !
those whose
called by its in- Sunk Batteries are
Ricocbet-B a~te*.y, so ,
sunk beneath the level ot
venror M. Va- ban, and
first used at the 1 platforms are
in It is a method of the field ; the ground serving tor the pa
sie^-e of Aeth 1607. the embrasures are
ot ,ow- rapet ; and in it
firing wirh a very small quantity
,

made. This often happens in mortar,


der, and a little elevation ot the g-ni,
so
but seldom in gun-batteries. Battery
and then
as j 1st to fire over tiie larapet ,
ram sometimes signifies the guns themselves
the shot w II roll along tiie opposite
part, dismounting the cannon,
and driv placed in a battery.
the troops In a siege Fascine Batteries, ? are batteries
ing or destroying Gabion Batteries, ^
about 300 ieet !
they are gener Uy placed at lar to mane 01 those machines, where sods are
before the first tarall 1, perpendic loose or sandy.
scarce, and the earth very
the faces produced, which they art to en
not confined For a particular detail of all kinds of bat
filade. Ricochet practice is
No. I.
and how teries, see Toussard's Artillerist,
to cannon alone ; small mortars
c. 1.
itzers may effectually be used t<>r the same Dimensions of Batteries.
of singular use in ac Battery.

purpose. Tney are 1. Gun Batteries.


Gun Batteries

tion to enfilade an eeemy's ranks; tor


are usually 18 feet per un. Their prin-
when the men perceive the shells rolling
and bouncing about with
their fuzes cipal dimensions are as follow :
Di ch Breadth 12 feet. - -

burning; ex,>ectin>c them to burst every 8


moment, the bravest among
them will Depth - - -

Note. Thes-. dimensions give for a bat


hardlv have courage to -ait their ap feet of earth ;
and face the havoc ot their ex tery of two guns 3456 cubic
proach and must be variejt according to the quan
plosion. for the epaulment.
Horizontal Batteries are such as tity required
kpauicment Breadtr. at bottom 23 feet.
have only a parapefand ditch ; the plat at 18
form being only the surface of the hori top
Height within 7
zon made level. 6 ft. 4 in;:

wi hout
Breach Sunk Batteries are sucn
or
with a de Slope, inter or 2-7 of h'gt.
as are sunk upon the glacis, 1 2 of h'gt.
111 the
exerior
sign to make an accessible breach and Note. The above breadths at top and
feces or saliant angles of the bastion
bottom are for the worst soil; good earth
ravelin-
Batteries such as will not require a base of more tnae 20
Cross are piay
ob- feet wide, which will reduce the breadth
athwart each other against the same
ot these
the poiht of at top to 15 feet; an epaulement
lect, forming angle
an at
fol dimensions for two guns wili require
ontact ; whence greater destruction
about 4200 cubic feet of earth, and de
lows, because what one shot shakes, the
other aeats down. ducting 300 cubic feet for each ein bra zure,
leaves 3600 required for the epaulement.
Oblique Batteries or Batteries
en

In confined situations the breadth of the


Echarpe, are those whicli pLy on any
work obliquely, making an obtuse angle epaulement may be only 12 feet.
Embrazures Distance between ? xg feet
with the line 'of range, after striking the

their cent rs $
object.
Enfilading Batteries are those that Openings, interior 20 inc.
or scour the whole length it a
exterior 9 feet
sweep
the face or flank of any Height of the sole above the plat
strait line, or
'

32in<j-
-

form
work.
Note. Where the epauleme..t is made
Sweeping Batteries. See Enfiiading-

of a reduced breadth, the openings of the


Battekhs
Redan Batteries are such as flank embrazures are made with the usual

each other at the saliant and rentrant an breadth within, but the exterior op- nings
proporronably less. The embrazureseven
are
gles fa fortification. sometimes only 12 feet asunder, or
Dhect Batteries are those -situated
inten ed to be bat less when the ground is very
confined.
opposite to the place
Tne superior slope 01 th epaulement need
tered, sothatt..e bdls strike the woiks where it is not to be de
be very little,
neaily at rielit angles
Reverse Batter 12s are those whicn fended small arms. The slope of the
by
nthe rear of the troops appointee s le ol th emDra.',urcs must depend upon
play of the object to be fired at.
10 defend the place. tne height
B.VfTERtE; 8TC SUCJ1 Whose The P"n is usvsllv made 5 test wide,
ty?,-ri%
38 BAT BAT

and where the soil is loose, this breadth is


ry to ricochet with effect, should strike
increased to 4 feet. '
the water at an angle of about 4 or 5 de-
2. Howitzer Batter i es. Thedimen-

; er. es ?t the distance of 200 yards There-
sions of howitzer batteries are the same as I fore the distance of the object mi 1 si be the
those for guns, except that the interior
| radius, and the height of the battery the
openings of the embrazures are 2 feet 6 : tam;ent to this
angle of 4 or 50; which will
inches, and the soles of the embrazures be, at the above distance o 200 yards,
have a slope inwards of about 10 degrees. about 14 yards. At this height, hs say , a
1

3. Monar Batter >es Are also made



batr-ry may ricochet vessels in perfect
of the same dimensions as gun batteries, security ;_ for their ric chet bein;; only
'
but an exact adherence to those dimen from a hcieht of 4 or 5 yards, can have na
sions is not so necessary. They have no ! effect a^amst the battery. Th round -

embrazures. The mortars are commonly i in front of a batt *ry should be cut in
placed 15 feet fr-<m cadi other, andabut j steps, me more effectually to destn y 'he
12 feet from
thc-epauk-m.nt. I ricoci et of the e:my. In case a ship
Note.

Though it has b.en eeneraLy lean approach the battel v so as to fire


customary to fix mortars at 450, and to i musquetry from her to ;s, a few li ht
place them at the dist nee of 12 fe t from | pieces placed higher up on the bank, will
the epaulement, yet many ad- antages soon dislodge the men from that
position,
would often arise fr m firing them ^r low I by a f. w discharges of case s.'.ft. I' is
er angles, and which : also
m.-y be done by re easy to keep vessels at a distance by
moving them to a reater distance from | carcasses, or other fire balls, which they
the epauleiiient, but where they would I are always in dread of.
be in equal security. If the mortars | D rti'bie estirmtes., that a battery of
were placed at the undermentioned dis 4 or 5 guns, well posted, will be a match
tances from the epaulement, they mi^ht be for a first rate man of war.
fired at the angles correspondine, : To estimate the materials for a bat,
At 1 3 feet distance for firing at 30 degrees. tery.
21 - - - 20 Fascines of q feet long are the most
30 - - -
.15 convenient for forming a battery, because
40 - - - 10 they are easily carried, and they answer
ver anepaulment of 8 feet hish. to most parts of the
battery w thout cut
A French author asserts, that all rico ting. The embrazures are however bet
chetbatteries, whether for howitzers or ter lined with fascines of 18 feet The
gurs, might be made after ihis principle, following will be nearly the number re
without tie inconvenience of emnrazures; quired for a fascine batter) of two ;.,uns
and the superior slope of the epaulement or howitzes :

being inwards instead of outwards, would 90 fascines of 9 feet long.


greatly facilitate this mode of firing. 20 fascines of 18 feet for the embnv-
If the situation will admit of the bat zuies.

tery being sunk, even as low as the soles This number will face the outside as
of the embrazures, a great deal of labour well as the inside of the
epaulementj >

may be saved. Inbattries without em which if the earth be stiff, wil' not al
brazures, this method may almost al ways be necessary ; at least not higher
ways be adopted ; and it becomes in some 1 than the soles of the embrazures on the
situations absolutely necessary in rder to
outside. This will require five of 9 feet
obtain earth for the epaulement ; for when foi each merlon less than the above.
a battery is to be formed on the crest of A mortar battery will not
require any
the glacis, or on the edge of the counter long fascines for the lining of the embra
scarp of the ditch, there can be no exca zures. The simplest method of ascer
vation but in the rear of the battery. taining the number of fascines for a mor
4. Batteries on a coast generally
tar ba'. tery, or for any other
plain breast
consist of only an epaulement, without work, is to aivide the length of work to
much attention being paid to the ditch ; be fascined m feet, by the length of each
they are, however, sometimes made with fascine in fiet, for the number
required
embrazures, like gun battery ;
a common for one layer, which being
multiplied bv
but the guns more generally mounted
are the number of layers
required, will of
en traversing platforms, and fire over the course give the number of rascines for fac

epaulement. When this is the case, the ing the whole surface. If a battery be so
can seldom be placed nearer than 3$ shoukkr
guns exposed as to require a to cover
fathoms from each other. The gene it in flank, ab. ut 50 fascines of 9 feet
rality of military writers prefer low situ each will be required for each shoulder.
ations for coast batteries ; but M. Gribau- Each fascine of 18 feet will
require /
vale lays down some rules for the heights pickets.
of coast batteries, which place them in Each fascine of 9 feet will
require 4
such security, as to ena. la them to pro pickets.
duce their greatest effect. He says the 12 workmen of the line, and 8 of the
height of a battery of this kind, above the artillery, are
generally allotted to each
level of the sea, must depend upon the gun.
distance of the principal objects it has to If to the above
proportion of materials,
protect orannoy. Tlie shot from a batte J Sec. for a battery of two guns, there be
BAT BAT 39

added for e-.ch additional gun. 30 fascines merly it was to raise the batteries. This
of 9 feet, and 10 of 18 feet, with 12 work officer is now out of use.
men, the qua tity may easily be fouad BATTEURS d'Estrade. See Scouts.
for 1 battery of a -.y number of pieces. BATTLE, mplies an action, where
The workmen are generally thus dis the forces of two armies are en^a^ed;
posed; one half the men of the line in and is of two kinds, general and particular,
the ditch at 3 feet asunder, who throw general where the whole army is engaged,
the earth upon the h .mi one fourrh um. and pa ticular wlv re only a pa-t is in ac
on the berm at 6 feet asunder, to throw tion ; but as they only differ in numbers,
the earth upon the e|>au'ement, and the the methods are many alike.
other quarter on the epaulement, to le^el Th re is no action in war mor. brilliant
the earth, and beat it down The artil than that o: pitched battles. Their suc
lery men carry on the fascine work, and cess sometiT.es decides the fate of nations.
level the interior for thepUtfonns. This It 's by this action a general acquires re
number of workmen may complete a bat.
putation. It is in battle that his valour,
tery in 36 hou-s, allowing 216 cubic f-.-et his force of genius, and his prudence, ap
to be d'j and t!i own
up, by each man in pear in their full extent ; and wher. espe
the ditch i T.\ nours. cially he has occasion for that firmness of
Tools for the construction of the bat mind, without which the most able gene
tery. ral wdl hardly succeed
Intrenching i.J tims the number of

Battles have ever been the last resource
workmen .--quied ; half to be pick axes, of good generals Astuation where chance
and half siiov Is or spades, according to and accident often baffle and overcome
the sod the most pridentiri and most able ar
Matlets 3 per Elin. rangements, and where superiority in
Ea>th Rammers 3 per gun.

numbers by no means ensures success, is
Crosscut Saws 1 to every two guns.

s..ch as is never entered into witnout a
Axes or Hatchets 2 per gun.

clear necessity for so doing The fighting
This estimate of tools and workmen, a battle only because the
enemy is near,
does not inclu/e what may be req rired for or fr m having no other formed
plan of
making up rhe fascines, or ;reparing the offence, is not the way of making war.
other materals, but supposes them ready Darius lost his v.rown and life by it : Ha
pre ared. For these articles, s.e the rold, of England, did the same; and
words Fascine, Gabion, Platform, Sec. and Francis 1 at Pavia, lost the battle and
for rhe construct on of field magazines his liberty. King John, of France, fought
for batteries, see the word Magazine. th battle of Poictiers, tnough ruin at
Ncte. The following estimate of the tended his enemy if he had not fought.
quantity of arth v>'hich may be removed The king of Prussia los his country, and
by acertain number of workmen in a given the reputation which Prussia acquired
time, may serve to give some idea of the from Frederick II. by the battle of Jena.
time requir d to raise any kind of works A skilful general will give b^tle when
500 common wheel barrows will contain his army's situation cannot be worse, if
2 cubic toises of earth, and may be wheel defeated, than if it does not fight at all ;
ed by one man, in summer, to the dist and when the advantage may be great,
ance of 20 yards up a ramp, and 30 on a and the loss little. Such was the duke
horizontal plain, in one day. In doing of Cumberland's at Ha^tenbeck, i.i 1757,
which he will pass over, going and re and prince Ferdinand's at Vellin&hausen,
turning, about 4 leagues in the first case, in 1761. The reasons and situations for
and 6 in the last. Most men, howevc, giving battle are so numerous, that to
will not wheel more than i toise per day. treat of them all would fill a large vo
Four men will remove the same quantity lume ; the following are a f-w exigencies
to four times the distance. of state they require an army to at'ack
In a soil easy to be dug, one man can the enemy at all events. Such we e the
fill the 500 barrows in a day ; but if the causes of the battle of" Blenheim, in
1704,
ground be hard, the number of fillers of Zorndorlf, in 1758, of Cunnersdortf,
must be augmented, so as to keep pace in 1759, and of Rosbach, in 1757, of
with the wheel barrow man. Austerlitz, in 1805. An army isaiso ob
Battehv-PWj are those planks or liged to engage when shut up in a post.
boards used in maki. g platforms. An army may give battle to effect its
Batter y-Boxcs are square chcsis or junction with another armv , &c.
boxes, filled with earth or dung ; used in The preparations for battle admit of
inak.ng batteries, where gabions and earth infinite variety. By a knowlege of the
are not to be had. detail of battles, the precept will ac
Tiiey must not be too
larg , but of a size that is governable. company the example. The main gene
Batter Y-Ar.../f are wooden pins made ral preparations arc, to profit by any ad
of the toughest wood, with which the vantage of grund ; that the tactical form
planks that cover the platforms are nail of the army be in some measure adapted
ed. Iron nails might strike fire against fo it ; and that s ich form be, if
possible,
the iron, work of the wheels, in recoiling, a form
tactically better than the enemy's ;
Sec. and be dangerous. and, in forming the army, to have a most
J3A.TTERY-i|&/r<r, whose duty for carcfuj attention to multiply resources, ib
40 BAT BAT

that the fate of the army may not lung on a. c.


one or two efforts; to give any particular 1225. The Theban war of the Seven He*
part of the army, whose qua) ty is supe- roes against Eieocles
rior to such part in the nemy' army, a >
j
'
1 184. Troy t-.ken after ten years sieve.

posit on that ensures action ; and finally, j 1048. Je-usalem taken by David from
to have a rear by nature, or if p ssible, ; the Jebus tes.
the Sa-
by art, capable of checking the enemy in i
750. War of the Romans aeainst
case of disaster. bines
The disposit ons of battles admit like-
J| The first Messinian war begins and
743.
wise of an infinite varety of cases; for continues 19 y ars, to the taking
ever the difference of
ground which hap of Ithome,
pens at almost every step, giv-s occasion 721. Samaria taken.
to change the disposition or plan; and a 685. The second Messinian war begins,
gen. ral's experience will teach him to continues 14 years to the taking
profit by this, and take the advantage the of Ira, after 11 years siege.
ground offers him. It is an instant, a 624 Scythians make war in Asia Mi
foup d'ceil which decides this : for it is to nor.
be feared the enemy may tleprve you of 612. Nineveh destroyed by the Mc-des.
those advantages or turn them to his own 596. The warof the Persians against the
profit ; and for that reason this admits of Scythians, who are expelled by
no precise rule, the whole depending on
Cyaxerts.
the time and the occasion. 587. Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnez
With regard to battles, there are three zar after a srge of 18 months.

things to be considered ; what precedes, 548, War ot Cyrus acainst C rosso >.
what accompanies, and what follows the 509. Civil war' at Rome, the TarquirtS
action. As to what precedes the action, expelled, monarchy aboished,
you should unite all your force, examine and consuls chosen.
the advantage of the ground, the vv.nd, 504, The Athenians take and burn Sar-
and the sun, (things not to be neglected) dis,
and chuse, if possible, a field of battle 490. Battle of Marathon.
proportioned to the number of your 480. Thermopylae.
troops. Salamis.
You must post the different kinds of Platea day Persians defea>
) Same
4/9*
troops advantageously for each : they Mycale^ ted at both places.
must be so disposed as to be able to le- 47a. Cyprus, Persians defeated.
turn often to the charge ; for he who can j Eurymedon Persians riefaed.
charge often with fresh troops, is com- Ij 465. Third Messinian war begins, con
monly victorious. Your wings must be j; tinues ten years.
covered so as not to be surrounded, and [ 448. First sacred war concerning the
you must observe, that your troops can i temple of Apollo at Delphi.
assist each other without any confusion, .

439. War between Corinth and Corcyra.


the intervals being proportioned to the 431. The Peloponnesian war begins on
battalions and squadrons. 7th of May, lasts 27 years.
the
Great care must be taken about the re 409. Carthage makes war on Sicily.
gulation of the artillery, which should be 405. Battle of Egospotamos the usur

disposed so as to be able to act in every pation of Dyonisius.


place to the greatest advantage ; for no 404. Lysander takes Athensend of the
thing is more certain than that, if the ar P loponnesian war 30 tyrants

tillery be well commanded, properly dis reign.


tributed, and manfully served, it will 401. Battle of
Cunaxa the younger

greatly comnbute to gaining the battle; Cyrus killed the glorious re


being looked upon as the general instru treat of the 10,000, and expul
ment of the army, and the most essential sion of the 30 tyrants.
part of military force. The artillery must 396. Agesilaus carries the war into Per
be well supplied with ammunition, and j sia.
each soldier have a sufficient number of Athens, Co
395. The Corinthian war

cartridges. The baggage, provisions, and : rinth, Thebes, Argos, against


treasure of the army, should, on the day Lacedaemcn.
|
of battle, be sent to a place of safety. 394. Battle of Cnidus Lacedaemonians

In battle, where the attacks are, there under Pisander defeated by Co-
is r.i*o the principal defence If an army non.
attacks, it forms at pleasure; it makes A tew days after Agesilaus defeats
its points at will : if It defends, it w 11 be the allies at Choronca.
sometimes difficult to penetrate into the j 390. BattLe of Auia Rome taken by
designs of the enemy, but when once ,
the Gauls.
foui'd, succour succeeds to the discovery. ' 387. War against Cyprus ends in two

Groui.d and numbeis must ever Lad in years.


tiie arrangement of battles'; impression j 371. Leuctn, battle of

Epamincndas,
and resource wdl ever bid fairest for win- general of Thebes, defeats the
jfitiw, them. Lacedaemonians.
Th;most remarkable on record are
fi 363, Man tinea battle gained by Eganv"
nondas.
BAT BAT 41

B. C. A. D.
360. Methone, thefirst victory of Philip 405. Battle of Fesulx, Stilicho defeats
of Macedon over the Athenians. 200,000 Goths.
Second sacred war, on the temple 410. Rome taken and plundered by the
357- Goths
being attacked by the Phoceans,
ends in 9 years. 440. England ravaged by the Picts and
340. Battle of Agrigrntum Timoleon Scots.
defeats the Carthaginians. 455. Rome taken and plundered by the
338. Bittle of Cheronea. Vandals.
335- Thebes destroyed bv Alexander the 54-. Rome re-taken by the Goths,
Great, when he left only Pindar 553. Rome re-conquered by the Em
the poet's house standing. peror.
334- Battle of Granicus Alexander.

613. Jerusalem pillaged by the Persians,


Ismis. and 90,000 inhabitants killed.
333-
Arbella. 622. Carthage destroyed bv the Sara
331-
301. I pous Antigonus defea
cens.

ted. 637. Jerusalem taken by the Sa acens.


Tuscan war commenced. 640. Egypt conquered by the Saracens.
278. Battie at Delphi. Gauls under 787, Danes, their first descent upon En-
Brennuscut to nieces. gla d, at Portland.
264. F'rst Panic war la-ts 23 years 89$ The Danes under Rollo, make their
262. Sardis, Antiochus Soter defeated first descent an France.
there by Eumenes. 1016. Battle ot Ashdown, between Ca
Regulus defeared by Xanthippus nute and Edmund.
256.
234. Sardinian war continues 3 years. 1017. Danes under Canute conquer En
222 Battle of Sel'atia. gland.
218 Second Punic war begins, lasts 17 1041 De.nes expelled from En,, land.
1066. ngland invaded by the No. mans,
yea:s.
1066. Battle of Hastings, where Harold
217. Battle of Thrasymene.
216. Cannae. was slain, and William the Nor

208. Mantinea. man became kin.: of Ens!and.

22. Zama. ffeated. 1074. The last Danish invasion of En


197. Cynocephale Philip de-

gland, when they were bribed to


168. Pydna. This battle closed depart.
the Macedonian empire. 1095. First Crusade
Jerusalem taken
and re- taken.
149. Third Punic war.
j 46. Carthage desuo/ed by the Romans. 1 100. Jerusalem taken by Robert, duke
'

111. Jugurthir.e war begins, continues of Normandy.


5 years.
1 147. Second Crusade.,
187. Jerusalem finally conquered by Sa-
105. Battle on the Rhme, the Tuetonss 1

..efeat 80,000 Romans. ladin.


102. Tuetonej defeated by C. Marius at 1189. Third Crusade Siege of Acre.
Battle of Ascalon, in Palestine.
Aqua; Sextia. 1192.
Fjurth Crusade
91. Social war begins, continues three 1203.
years, finished by Sylla. 1204. Constantinople taken by the La
Mithridatic war begins, continues tins.
89.
2'> year-. 1205. Zenghis Khan, till his deathjin
Wars of Marius and Sylla, last six 1227, gains various battles^wi
years. Asia.
73- War of the Slaves under Spartacus, 1215. Piussa subdued by the Mercian
lasts two years, ended by Pom- Knights.
pey and Crassus. 1214. Battle of Bovines, 25 July.
England invaded by Julius Cjesar. 1217. Lincoln, 19 May.
3Battle of Pharsalia. 1218. The Fifth Crusade.
45- Munda. 1219. Prussia revolted to Poland.
43- Mutina. 1 261. recovered
Constantinople by the
42. Philippi. Death of Brutus. Greeks,
3. Actium. Death of the Re 1064. Battle of Lewis, 14 May.
public ; beginning of the 1265. Evesham, 4 Aug.
A. D. Empire. 1
314. Bannockburn, 25 June.
10. Varus the Roman general, defeated 1333. Halydown-Hill,i9Juiy.
in Germany. 1346. Cresy, 26 Aug.
70. Jerusalem destroyed by Titus, Au Battle of Durham, when David,
gust 31. king of Scots, was taken prison
73. Byzantium taken by the Romans. er, 17 Oct.
Au
196. Byzantium destroyed by Severus. 1347. Calais taken by the English,
209. The Goths conquered by Claudius, gust 4.
who massacres 300,000 of them. 1356. Battle of Poictiers, when the Fr,(
340. Battle of Aquileia, Copsta,ntine the king and his son were taken pri<
younger defeated arid killed by soners, 19 Sept*
Constans. F
42 B A T BAT

A. D. A. D.
J357- John, king of France, taken priso 1658. Dunkirk taken by the English,
ner by Edward the Black Prince, J une 24.
Liu-la-d, and ranso 1662. Battle of Ste.nkirk.
brought to
med for 3,000,000 crowns, but 1675. Providence, the town of, in Rhode
being unable to pay this sum, he Island, almost destroyed by In
returned to England, and died in dians.
1675. Medfield, town of, in Massachu-
prison 1364.
Tamer setts, about half-burnt by the
I37C T.mour (vulgarly called
lane) appears a warrior, and con Indians, Feb.
quers Asia, reigns 35
\eurs. 1676. Northampton, and seveial other
Battle ot Otterburn, between Hot towns in Massachusetts, burnt
1388.
spur and earl Doug. us, 31 July.
and
plundered by the Indians,
12 July. March.
1403. Battle of Shrewsbury, Battle
Ag'mcourt, 25 Oct. 1679. of" Bothwell- bridge, 22june.
1415-
Beauge, 3 April. 1686. Buda taken from the Turks by the
1421.
1423. Crevaur, June. Imperialists.
Krneuil, 27 Aug. 1690. Battle or Staffarda, Catemt de
14*4.
1429. Herriive.s, 12 Feb. feats the duke of Savoy.
Mahomed II. takes Constantino Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, taken
ple, and begins the Turkish Em by the Massachusetts forces.
Euro, c, which put an Battle of Boyne, Inland, 1 July.
pire m

end to empire.
the eastern Casco fort, New Hampshire, taken
Same uvr, the wars of the two by the French and Indians.
Roses i.i England commence. 1691. York-town, in the province of
*455- battle of St. Alban's,
2; May. Maine, burnt and plundered by
Blackheath, 23>Sept. the Indians, Jan. 25.
1459-
1460. Nonhampton, 10 July. Battle of Aughrim, Iieland, 22.!
Wakefield, 24 Dec. July.
1461. Tourton, 29 March. 1700. Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, reta
Hexham, 15 May. ken by the French.
1464.
1469. Banbury, 26 July. i73" Deerfield in Massachusetts, burnt,
Stamford, March. and the inhabitants carried off
1470-
1471- Bamet, 14 April. by the French and Indians, as
Tewkesbury, 4 May. prisoners, February .

14S5. Bosworth, 22 Aug. 1704. Battleoi Blenheim,


13 Aug.
1487. Stoke, 6 June. 1705. Cassano, passage of the
I4>)4. Formoi.te, 6 July. Adda, by prince Eugene.
1497- Blackheaih, 22 June. 1706. Battle ot Turin, prince Eugene
1- louden, 9 Sept. when defeats the French.
i5'3- Battle cf
James IV. king of Scots, was Rainillies, on Whitsun*
killed. de\ .

Francis I. Charleston, South Carolina, in


15*5- Cattle of Marigr.ano,
vaded by the French, who were
gains victory, 14 15 25 Sept.
1516. E>t conquered b\ .he: 'lurks. repulsed with loss.
Battle of Pavia, Francis 1. loses 1708. Battle ofOud..iard, 30 June.

I.
'5-T-
all but honor, 24 Feb.
Battle of SoI\>a> , 24 Nov.
rinkey , 20 Sept.
17C9.
W)nendale, 28 Sept.
Malplaquet, EugeEe de
feats Villeroy.
'557- St. yuintin, 10 Aug. Blarignies, 14 Sept.
i55*>- Calais retaken by the French, Pultowa, Charles XII.
January 10. defeated.
in Spam, taken by the En Canada unsuccessfully attacked by
1596. Cadiz,
glish. the New-Yorkers.
Battle of Lutzen, Gustavus Adol- Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, reta
1632.
phus, killed. ken by the English, when it re
ceived the name of Annapolis.
1 641. N.isejy, June.
1642. Ed ehill, 24 Oct. 1711, Canada attacked by the British
1643- Shatton, 16 May. troops and those of New Eng
Lansdown, 5 July. land.
Roundawaydown, 13th 1712. Indian war in North Carolina.
July 1715. Battle of Dumbiain, 12 Nov.
Newbury, 20 Sept. 1717. Indians in'st. gated by a Jesuit to
i644. Indians, in New England, at v. ar make incursions upon the colony
amongst themselves. of Massachusetts.
3644. Battle of Marsion-moor, 2 July.' i-34. Dantzic taken by the Swedes.
1650. Dunbar, 3 Sept. 1743' Dcttingcn, the battle of, won by
Were ester, 3 Sept. the English and allies, in favour
1651.
1658, Ostend attempted ro be taken by of the queen of Hungary, 26th
the French, but they were defea June.
ted with sreat loss.' Battle of Fontcnoy, 30 Apr.
BAT BAT 43

A. D A. D
1745- Louisburgh taken by the Massa- 1760. Dresden taken by the Prussians
chus. trs forces, June 17. again.
Battle of Presf. n-pans, 21 Sept. Chamblee taken from th? French
1746. Fa:kirk, 17 J.1.1. by the Br-tish, Sept. 7.
Cullode.i, 16 Apr i-6i. Cherokee Indians in Carolina, de
Madras t. ken from the English. feated by the Americans under
1747- Laffe dt, 20 luly. Col. Grant.
1749 Louisburi; riven up to the French. Dominica faken by the English.
1755- Fort DuQ.iesne, noyv Pittsburgh] Battle of Langcns'aliz, 15 Feb.
battle of, July 9. Grumberg, 21 March.
1756. Oswego taken by the English. Vellinghau^en, 16 July.
Grenada, the island of, taken by Kirkd.nckern, 15 July.
Admiral Rodney, Feb. Einbeck, 24 Aug.
Battle of Lobositz, 1 Oct. 1762. Doheln, 12 May.
1757. Battle of Rosbaeh, 5 Nov. Wilhelmstahl, 24 June.
Reichenberg, 21
April. Fulda 23
July.
Gros JegerndorfT,30 Aug. Friedberg, 30 Aug.
Breslau, 22 Nov. Freyberg. 10 and 29 Oct.
Lissa, 5 Dec. 1773- Dantzic taken by the Prussians.
Hastei'bcck, 26 July. 1774. Fort William and Mary, in New-
Kolin, 13 June. Hampshire, seized by the ii ha
Prague, 6 May. 1
bitants, who possessed them
1758. Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg) taken selves of a quantity of powder
.

by General Forbes. and military stores, Dec. 14.


Hanover desolated by the French. 1775- Cedars, fort at the, given up to
Louisburgh re-take n, July 22. the British by Major Ruther-
Dresden taken by the Prussians. field, March 15.
Battle of Sandershausen, 23 July. Engagement at Concord and Lex
Crevelt, 23 June. ington. The grenadiers and light
Meer, 5 Aug. infantry of the British army at
Zorndorff, 25 Aug. Boston, under colo. el Smith,
Sandershagen, 10 Oct. 10th foot, and Major Pitcairn,
Munden, 11 Oct. detached to destroy the maga
Hochkirken, 14 Oct. zines at Concord, 20 miles from
*759 Kunersdorf, 12 Aug. Boston, 18 19 'Vpril.

Niagara taken by the English, Ju Another detachment march under


ly 24 e.rl Percy, of 16 companies of
Ticonderoga taken by the Eng infantry and a corps of marines,
lish. 19 April.
Quebec taken by the English. Sep At Lexington, 15 miles from Bos
tember 13. ton, fell in with the continental;
Canada taken by the English, Sep about five in the morning. The
tember 13. British fire on them and a skir
Arcot, Carnatic, taken by the Eng mish is continued to Concord ;
lish from the Hindoos. the British are forced to retreat to
Frankfort upon the Oder, the Boston, driven before the Ame
Prussians and Russians, 20,000 ricans like sheep ; the British
men on field of battle. lost 114 killed, and 127 wound
Dresden taken by the Imperialists. ed, beside 52 missing : the Ame
Crown Point taken from the Eng ricans ;.ad 62 men killed and
lish. wounded; about the third re
Battle of Bergen, 13 April. covered of their wounds.
Zullichau, 23 July. Ticonderoga taken by Ethan Allen,
"
Coefeld, 1 Aug. in the name of Great Jehovah
Minden, 1 Aug. and the continental Congress,''
Torgau, 8 Sept containing 120 pieces of iron ord
Pretsch, 29 Oct. nance, between 6 and 24 pun-
Plains of Abraham. 13 der.i, 50 swivels, 2 ten inc'. nor-
Sept. Wolf killed. tars, 1 howitzer, 1 cohorn, ia
Maxen, 20 and 21 Nov. tons of leaden ball, 3 carts laden
1160. Montreal taken by the English. with flints, 30 new field car
Battle of Cosdortf, 20 Feb. riages, a quantity of shells, ico
Quebec, 28 April. stand of small arms, 10 casks
Grabenst-yn, 4 June. gun-powder, 2 pieces of brass
Corbach, 24 June. artillery, 3 May.
Emsdorif, 9 July. Crown Point taken by the Ameri
Warburg, 31 July, cans, May 14.
Strehlen, 2 Aug. Eunker's-hill, the British began
Leignitz, 15 Aug. the attack about noon ; the Brit
Torgau, 2 Nov. ish lost J-140 men fcilltd, 85;
44 BAT BAT

A. D. A. D.
1
775- wounded ; among the killed were 1776. Crown Point re-taken by the Bri
26 commissioned officers, and : tish.
81 among the wounded. The British attack on the Cedars, Ar
Americans had 452 men killed, nold capitulates ; Americans
301 wounded and missing ; among treated with barbarity ; congress
the killed was the gallant Dr. annuls the capitulation in con
Warren, who commanded the sequence, 26 May.
American forces. The American British tories defeated at Moore's
fire was conducted with great creek, in North Carolina, by
judgment; and the British were colonel Caswell, and the tory
blockaded in Boston, 17 June. leader Macleod killed.
Charlcstown, Massachusetts, burnt Portsmouth, Virginia, destroyed
by the British, June 17. by the British, June 1.
Stonington, Connecticut, set on fire General sir H. Clinton attacks Sul
by the British, Sept. 3. livan's island, in concert with
Canada invaded by the American Sir P. Parker, and is defeated by
forces, October. general Lee, 15 June.
vJhamblee taken by the Americans Montreal retaken by the British,
commanded by Col. Brown and June 15.
Major Livingston, October 18. Charleston, S. C. attacked by a
Falmouth, New England, destroy squadron of ships under Sir Pe
ed by the British forces, Octo terParker, and a body of troops
ber 18. under Generals Clinton and Corn-
Charnblee fort, in Canada, attacked wallis, who were defeated with
by the Americans, Oct. 20. great slaughter, June 25.
Charnblee taken by Montgomery, Battle of Long Island, or Flat
124 barrels gun-powder, 6564 bush ; the American lines at
musket cartridges, 150 stand tacked by sir William Howe,
French made arms, 3 mortars, with 20,000 men, and the Ame
61 shells, 83 stand English arms; rican army suffers great loss from
and other valuable military and an injudicious disposition of the
naval stores, 3 Nov. forces ; the retreat however was
Montreal taken by the Americans, conducted with admirable skill,
Nov 12. in thirteen hours 9000 men with
St. John's taken by Montgomery, artillery, and all their equipage,
17 brass ordnance, 2 eight inch crossed an arm of the sea a mile
howitzers, 22 iron ordnance, wide, in the face of a superior
shot, shells, powder, 800 stand and victorious army. In thisac-
small arms, and naval stores, 13 tion the Americans had 2000
Nov. men killed and
wounded, and
Storm of Quebec, Montgomery 1000 taken
prisoners. 26 Aug.
falls, Arnold wounded, the A- Fort on Sullivan's Island, unsuc
mericans obliged to retieat, but cessfully attacked by the British,
encamp on the Plains of Abra J une 28.
ham, 31 Dec. New-York surrendered to the Bri
Great Bridge in Virginia, battle of, tish forces, Sept. 15.
in which the British were de General Arnold opposes the force
feated, Dec. sent by Carleton from Canada

1776. Norfolk, 111


Virginia, burnt by against Ticonderoga, but is de
order of Lord Dunmore the Bri feated on Lake Chainplain; he
tish governor, and great damage makes an admirable retreat to
sustained, Jan. 1. Crown point, 11 Oct.
Charnblee fort retaken by the Bri Battle of White Plains; generals
tish, Jan 18. Knyphausen, Con wallis, and
Highlanders, and regulators of N. Percy, commanded columns;
Carolina, defeated with great loss Howe commander in chief of the
near Moore's Creek bridge, by British, with 15,000 ctlecthes ;
Gen. Moore, Feb. 27. general Washington commander
Dorchester Point fortified in the i chief of the Amencan
army,
ni^ht, so as to render Boston no consisting, of 5000 regulars, and
longer tenable by the British, ' 1
,oco militia ; the British attack
March 4. the American entrenchments but
Boston evacuated precipitately, the are deteaiec!, 28 Oct.
British leaving behind their arms, Fort Washington, near
King's
military stores and provisions; Bridge, taken by the British,
sir Archibald Campbell, with with a loss of ioco men! 15
1700 m^n, enters the harbor, and Nov.
are maue prisoners by general Fort Lee, near New- York, taken
Wash ngton, 18 March. by the British, Nov. 18.
BAT BAT 45

A. D A. D
i77ft. Ne-wport, R. Island, taken by the i,77- es himself at Saratoga, 17 Sep
British, Dec. 7. tember.
General Washington surprises the British entrenchments near Lake
Hessians at Trenton; general George attacked by general Gates,
William Irvine commanding the and the British completely beat
advance ; general C idwallader, en ; the British general Frazer,
the second column, and general and the Hessian colonel Brcyman
Washington the principal divi killed; Arnold who command
sion, general G reene and general ed on the right, was wounded
Sullivan form d his suite; the in the tendon Achilles ; Gates
enemy and their artillery were took 200 prisoners and 9 brass
captured, 26 Dec field pieces. Burgoyne makes
Strength of British and American a
precipitate Saratoga,
retreat to
armies in 1776. where he the 17th
capitulates on
Br.tish. Americans. of October, surrendering 5790
Aug. 24000 1600c men, and 35 pieces of field ar
Nov. 26900 4500 Sec. 17 Oct.
tillery,
Dec. 27000 33 Esopus, in Neyv-York, was total
Princetown, battle of, when the ly destroyed by the British, with
Amer cans under General Wash grsat quantities of stores, Octo
ington, defeated the British with ber 15.
great loss, Jan. 2. Kingston, in Ulster county, New-
Providence, the island of, taken by York, burnt by the Br.tish, Oc
Commodore Ho,ikins, March. tober 15.
Danbury, town of, in Connecticut, Action at Red Bank, the Hessian
burnt by the British, and large general Donop killed, and the
quantities of continental stores British attack frustrated, and the
destroyed, April 26. ship of war Augusta blown up,
Ticonderoga taken by the British, 22 Oct.
5 July. Forts Montgomery and Clinton ta
Action at Hubberton, the British ken by the British, October.
genjral Frazer attacks the re Martha's Island, pillaged by the
treating Americans under colonel British, who carried oil' 300 oxen,
Francis, and defeats them, 6 and 2000
sheep.
July. Attack of Mud Fort, (now Fort
Fairfield, in Connecticut, burnt by Mifflin) by Cornwallis ; gallantly
the British, July 7. defended by Col. Samuel Smith,
Bcnningt n battle,' 16 Aug. 15 Nov.
General Stark defeats the Hessian Strength of British a/.d American
general Baurn, and colonel Brey- armies in 1777.
man, on Walloon Creek, 16 Aug. British. American..
Fort Stanwix, alias Fort Schuyler, March, 27000 4500
the siege of, raised by Sir John June, 30000 8000
Johnson and Lieut. Col. St. Le- 177S. Battle of Savannah, 15 Jan.
ger, Aug. 22.. Monmouth, tiie British
Eutaw Springs, the battle of, in retreat oy forced marches to New
which General Green defeats the York, 28 June.
British, Sept. 8. Wyoming, out ot 417 Americans
Battle of Brandy wine; the dispo stationed there, 360 were inhu
sitions of the British were mas manly butchered by a purty of
terly in thu action; the Ameri Tories and Indians, commanded
can
army discomfitted and make by Col. John Butler, July 1 .

a
precipitate but circuitous re Dominica taken by the French un
treat, 11 Sept. der the Marquis de Bouille,
Massacre at the Paoli, by sir when 164 pieces ot cannon and
Cnarles Grey, 20
Sept. 24 brass mortars were found
Philadelphia taken by the British therein, Sept 7.
under General Howe, Sept. 26. Attack of Savannah, 28 Dec.
Battle of Germantow.. ; 800 Eng taken Gen. Provost,
1779- Sunbury by
lish, 900 Americans killed and Jan. 9.
wounded; the British lost ge Bria creek, American general
s
neral Agnew and colonei Bud ; Ashe defeated, 3 March.
the Americans, colonei Haslet, Portsmouth, in Virginia, invaded
of Delaware state, a ^allani of
again by the British, un ter Sir
ficer, 4 Oct. George Collier and General Mat
Battle of Stillwater, about 600 thews, who burnt vast quanti
men kihedeach side ; no vic
on tiesof property there, May 10.
tory ; the action as mtrep d as Stoney Point and Verplanks taken
any known for tlie nummr.;
by the British under general
Burgoyne retreats, and entrench- Vnughan, 30 May.
46 BAT BAT

A. D. A. D.
1779. Stomferry, in Carolina, the battle 1780. mounted riflemen collected from
of, June 20. Kentucky, Georgia, and the Ca-
Grenada taken by the French, Ju rolinas, .ttack and kill the tory
ly 6. leader Ferguson, and take 800 of
Norwalk, in Connecticut, burnt' his party prisoners, 7 Oct.
by thcBrtish, July 7. Clermont, S. C. taken by Colonel
General Wayne storms and takes Washington, Dec. 4.
Stony Toint, 16 July. 1781. Richmond, in Virginia, destroyed
Pawlus-hook taken by the Am n- by the British under General
cansunder General Lee, when Arnold, Jan. 5.
30 of the British were killed, in Carolina, the roy
Hillsborough,
and 160 made prisoners, al standard erected there by Lord
July 19.
A conflagrating war carried into Cornwall s, Feb. 20.
Connecticut, by governor Tryon Colonel Henry Lee, with his le
and general Garth, New Haven gion, attacks a body of tories
taken ; Fairfield, Norwalk, and upon the Flaw river, within a
Greenfield burnt to the ground, mile of Tarleton's encampment,
July. and cuts thein to pieces, 25 Feb.
N'ewhaven, Own of, ravaged by Battle of Guilford court house;
the British, July. general Greene commanded the
General Lincoln attacks the British Americans ; general Cornwallis
under colonel Maitland, 27 June. the British ; a hard fought bat
Attack of the British lines at Sa tle, the Americans defeated, but
vannah, by Lincoln and D'Es- the victory was fatal to the vic
taign, who are repulsed and raise tors, 15 March.
the siege, 9 Oct. Fon Watson, South Carolina, ta
FortofOmoa, Key to the Bay of ken by the Americans, April 15.
Honduras, taken by the British Camden, battle at, in South Ca
from the Spaniards, Oct. 20. rolina, between General Green
,r78o. Fort on Sullivan's Island taken by and Lord Rawdon, when the
the British, May 6. Americans retreated, April 25.
Wachaws, North Carolina, where Petersburgh, in Virginia, the ship
Colonel Tarleton surprised 300 ping and stores destroyed at, by
Americans, >of whom he killed Phillips and Arnold, April 26.
by far the greatest number, May. Fort Motte, in South Carolina, ta
Charleston, South Carolina, taken ken by the Americans, May 12.
by the British, after a siege of Camden, S. C. burnt by the Bri-
several weeks, by Gen. Clin tish, May 13.
ton, 12 May. Fort Granby, in South Carolina,
Elizabethtown, New- Jersey, tak taken by the Americans, May 15.
en by the British, June 7.' Fort Cornwallis', at Augusta, tak
Springfield attacked and burnt by en
by the Americans under Gen.
the British from New York ; the Marion and Col. Lee, June 5.
British severely handled and forc Augusta, Georgia, taken by Col,
ed to retire, 23 June. Pickens and Lee, 5 | une.
General Sumpter, after three re Battle of the Cowpens, general
pulses storms and takes the Brit Morgan defeats Tarleton, whose
ish post at Rocky Mount, on whole force is cut to pieces ; the
the Catawba river; but aban British had 600 men killed on the
dons it and attacks the post at fkld; the Americans 12 killed
Hanging Rock, 30 July. and 60 wounded, 7 June. '
Battle of Camden, Gates agamst Battle -f Ninety-six. 19 June.
Coruwallis, both armies set out Grottoii, in Connecticut, burnt by
at midni.'ht, and their advanced Gen. Arnold, Sept. 6.
guards began the action at 2 Battle of H-ibkirks hid, general
o'clock in the morning, 16 Aug. Green. a..d lord Rawdon, 8 Sept.
Tarleton ;a;acks Sumpter on the Eutae.- Springs, the British under
W.iteiee, a skirmish without any general Stewart, defeated by ge-
other eriect than the display of nenii Greene; the standard of the
enterprise and intrcnidity on both 3d Bntish regiment, or old Bulls,
Sides, 18
Aug. taken by the Americans; the
Aii-iuta, Georgia, attacked by American colonel Washington
American general Clark, without wounded and taken by the Brit
success, 14 Sept. ish,8 Sept.
Tarleton attacks Sumpter at Black New London, Connecticut, burnt
Rock, on tho Ts ;cr river, and is by Benedict Arnold, Sept. 13.
defeated; both commanders se Battles of Porto Novo and Mootea-
verely wounded, Oct. poliam, E. Indies.
l>att!e of King's Mountain, in 1782. Floating batteries, the, destroyed
which a party ot American before Gibraltar, Sept. 13.
BAT' BAT 47

Si U. A. D.
1782. Surrender ofYorkrown, by Core -

1793. Baffle of Weissemberg, (or attack


wallis, with his whole army, and repuls" of,] Aug. 27.
consisting of 7000 men, to the Battle of Hondschoote, French un
united armies of America and der Houchard commander, Mar
France, under the command of shal Freytag takc-n, duke of York
general Washington, which dos escapes, Sept. 6
ed the battles of the American Dunkirk besieged by the combined
revolution, 17 Oct. army und r the Duke of York,
Mohawk river, battle at, when August 25, who wc-re repulsed
Colonel Willet defeated the Bri- with great slaughter, Sept. 7,
, tish, Oct. 24. following.
1790. The Miami Indians defeat General Battle of Dunkirk, DukeofY'ork
H.'rmar with great loss, Septem and Marshal Freytag defeated by
ber 30. the French under Houchard
1791. The Indians defeat Gen. St. Clair and Jourdan, 32 24-pounders,
with sreat loss, Nov. 4. and 68 other pieces of cannon ta
Bangalore, battle of, Cornwallis ken by the French, Sept. 8.
-

captures the place. Battle of Pirmasens, on the Rhine,


1792. Ostend taken possession of by the Duke of Brunswick victorious
French under D mourier, Dec. over the French.

Nice taken by the French under Battle of Saorgia, King of Sardinia


General A lselm, Sept. 29. beaten, Sept. 20.
Savoy, part ot the king of Sardi Spaniardsdeieated at Perpignan
nia's dominions taken by the under Ricardos.
French under General Montes Bouffiers, from 8 in the morning to
quieu, Oct. 7 at night, Austrians retreat un
Battle of Jemappe, Dumouricr, der cover of night.
French 40,000, Clairfayt, Aus Battle of Maubegc, Cobourg Aus
trians 28,000, Nov. 5. trian, Jourdan French, lasted
Frankfort treacherovsly given up two days, from day light 'till
to the Austrians, when 1300 night.
Frenchmen were massacred by Jercmie fort, St. Domingo, taken
the Hessians, and several whose by the British, Oct.
lives were spared had their hands Limbach, battle of, when the
cut off, Dec. 2. French were victorious, Sept. 14.
1793. Neuingen, the battle of, between Maubcuge, the battle of, between
the combined armies a-id General the Austrians and the French,
Dumourier, when the French when the former were defeated
were defeated with great loss, with great loss, Oct. 15 & 16.
March 20. Toulon surrendered to the English
Battle of Tirlemont, Clairfayt de Admiral L ord Hood, who took
feats Dumourier, March 18. possession of the town and ship
Battle of St. Amand, in which ping in the name of Louis XVII,
Dampierre the French comman-| When the tree of liberty, which
der was killed by a cannon ball, '
had been erected there, was con
'

in an engagement near the woods verted into a gibbet f jr the re


of Rhemes and Vicoigne, when publicans. On December 19,
the allies were defeated with following, the republicans at
great loss ; General Clairfayt tacked the town in a most vigo
and Duke of York c- mmanded rous manner ; when the < ombin-
the coalesced army. May 8. ed forces, finding that all future
Famars, battle of, between tfur resistance was
useless, atter hav
French and combined powers, ing set fire to the shipping, arse
when the former were defeated, nals, &c. made a precipitate re
by Cobourg and Duke of York, treat.
May 23. Tirlemont, battle of, when after a

Carlberg, the battle of, when the contestof several days, the
French under Custine, defeated French under Dumourier were
the Prussians, May 18. defeated.
Arlon," French and Austrians, latter Battle of Deuxponts, Hoche and
defeated, 9 June. Wurmser, Hoche victorious at
Valenciennes, taken by the combi 4o'clock, afternoon, loss of
ned powers, and soon after reta Austrians 6000, French 2000,
ken, June. 21 Nov.

Marseilles, which had revolted a- Hagenau, Hoche gains a victory,


gainst the convention, subdued 8-9 Dec.
Aug. 24. Action five days at Weissemberg,
Verdun, the French garrison, taken and Austrians driven from Bal-
by the Prussians, and retaken1 bcrotte, 31 Dec.
soon after, Sept. 2.
48 BAT BAT

A. D. \A D.
1794. Noimoutier, the island of, taken 1794. Chandernagore taken from the
from the Insurgents of La Ven French by the British, July.
dee, by the arms of the French Indians defeated by Gen Wayne,
Republic, Jan 3. Aug. 20.
Battle between Russians and Poles, Juliers, the fortress of, submitted
former defeated, 4 Jan. to the French, when all the pro

Fort Vauban taken by the French, vinces west of the Rhine fell into
their hands.
Eatile of Villers en Couchee, 24 Boxtel, Moreau pursues duke of
April. York, 14. 15, 16, Sept.
Battle ot Ceitcau. Bellegarde taken after an action,
Moucron, battle of, when the al- th ; last place possessed bv the
lie.l forces under Clairfayt were coalesced powers in France, 18
totally defeated by the French
' Sept.
under Pichegru, April 26. Battle of Warsaw, between the
Courtray, the same, 11 May. Russians and Poles, in which
Tourr.ay, battle of, between the Kosciusko was taken prisoner
French and English, when the covered yvith -wounds, 10 Oct.
former were defeated, May 10 ; Battle of Rerzese, in Poland, in
again between the French and which Suwarrow annihilated the
combined powers, when the lat Poles, took all their artillery,
ter were defeated with great loss, 19 Oct.
May 17 & i3 following. Berterzel, Moreau, beats the Duke
Lannoy, Pichep.ru defeats duke of of York ; general Fox wins a
York, 18 May, takes 60 pieces ; race here, 19 Oct.

here the duke won the race, but ,


Praga, the suburbof, near Warsaw
lost the battle. in Poland, taken by the Russian
Turcoing, Pichegru and Clairfayt, General Suwarrow, who gave
a victory on neither side, though the barbarous orders to his army
'

a desperate battle, 22 May to give quarters to no one, in

Coilloure, the Spanish garrison of, consequence of which, upwards


also Port Vendre, Fort St. El of 30,000 Poles, men, women
mo, Sec. with 8000 prisoners, ta ancl children, were massacred,
ken by the French under Gen. Nov. .4
Dugoumier, May. Nimeguen, port of, evacuated by
Battle of Espierres, 25 May. the British, Nov. 7.
Hoogleden, Macdonald defeats Warsaw, the capital of Poland, ta
Clairfayt, Jur.c. 13 ken by the Russians under Su
Charieroy, garrison consisting of
a warrow, Nov. 9.
3000 -iustri.ms, surrendered to Maestrccht, the garrison of, consist-
the French under Gen. Jourdan, ingof 8oco Austrian:, surrender
June 2-. ed to the French, Nov. 9.
1-l.tt le 0/Flcurus, Jourdan victo Battle of the Black Mountain,
rious over Cobourg, began at 3 Eastern Pyrennees, in which Du-
o'clock in the morning ; the goinier, commander of the
French three rimes tell back from French, gained a complete vic
tin; powerful artillery of the tory, but fell in the battle; took
Austrians, and returned fresh to 50 pieces of cannon and the
the fight. The French word of Spanish foenderies of Egui and
bittle was, no ictreat to day , for Orbaycetie, 17 Nov.
y hours victory indecisive ; when Another battle, French took tents
jourdan collecting his corps de for 5c,cco men, at Figuerai,
Teserve, Lefebvre leading the ca 20 Nov.

valry, the Austrians were put to Graves, the fortress of, taken by
tlie rc>ute. In this action rccon- tha French, U.c.
_
30.
noitering with balloons was prac 17"5. Battle of Bonnel, in Holland,
tised with the greatest cilect, French under Moreau, took 120
the combined forces lost aboui pieces of cannon, 7 Jan.
8000 men killed and 1 5000 j-riso- Grenada, bloody battle fought be
ners, June 28. Inconsequence of tween the French and English in
of this victoiv, Le Chateau de that island, in which the latter
Namur soon aiter submitted to were defeated, March 3.
th-; French republic. Buttle of Quiberoon, Puissaye de
Battle of licllegardc, in the Eastern feated by Hoche,
3 Aug.
Pyr Spaniards defeated,
ntiee.,, 1796. Batt.e of Kreutsnach, in which
French general Mirabel, killed, the French gensral Moreau, de
13 Ju-y- feats the Austrian generals Kray
f outarabia, the key of Spain, was and Wurmscr, 4 Jan.
taken bv tli. French, July. Buiapartc's fira campaign in Italv,
BAT BAT 49

*
A. D. D. A.
-7<)6. Montenotte, Bonaparte with $6,000 1797. Battle of the defiles of Neumark,
men, defeats Bo lean with 84,000, Massena defeats the Austrians,
took from the Austrians
40 pieces 2
April
of cannon, 11 April. General
1798. Berthier, enters
and occu
Battle of Fonubio, 7 May. pies the city of Rome,in conse
Pavi 17 May.
,
quence of the assassination of
Milessimi, 11
May. general Duphot, and an attempt
Dego, the same, 14 April. to assassinate Joseph Bonaparte
Battle of Momlovi, in which the the French
French general Stengel was kil ambassador, ro Feb.
General Brune takes possession of
led. 22 ^nl. in
Battle of Lodi, over Boileau, 11
Fribourg Switzerland, after a
severe
' -
action, 3 March.
May. A revolt in Ireland, several ac
Passage of the Mincio and battle of tions between the Irish and Brit-
Borghetta, 4 Ju..e. ish
Battle of Renchen, Moreau vic troops with various success,
during this month, April.
torious over the Austrians, 28 Action at
Killalla, 19 April.
June. Action, at Hacketstown, between
Battle of Etingen, the
corps of the Irish
insurgents and British
Conde cut to pieces, 1 July.
troops,- same
day actions in Clare,
Battle of Neukirchen, Lefebvre
Lucan, Lusk, and Kilcullen.
defeats the Austrians, 6 Juiy. '
25 May
Battle of Ca.stiglione laste : five Action
Tarragh, very desperate
at
days, Wurmserdefeaed, 70 field and bloody; same day the in
pieces, 15,000 prisoner, and surgents in Wex.or.i, capture a
killed 6000, 2 Aug. British detachment,
Battle of 27 May.
Pcschiera, Aug. 6 Battle at Enniscoithy,
Roveredo, 6 Ireland;
Sept. same day a
desperate action neac
Bassano, 8
Sept. 28
Limerick, May.
Castellaro, 14 Sept. Battle of A klow, the Irish insur
Le^onaro, 11 Oct. gents defeat the British regulars.
Caldiero, 12 Oct. 29 May.
" '

Arcole, 15 Oct. Battle of Vinegar Hill, the British


Altenkirken, Jourdan de- under general
Fawcett, defeated.'
defeats VVurmse:',i June.
Moreau attacks Wurmser and tie
30 May.
A at
feats him at Frankenthal, 15 o'on Ncwtownbarry,
British compelled
the
to retreat be
June. fore the
insurgents ; the pike the
More-u defeats the Austrians at chief weapon ot the
Nordlingcn, 10
Irish, 1 June.
Aug. The insurgents from
Jourdan defeated and retreats from Wexford, de
feat the British under colonel
Frankfort towards the Rhine,
Walpolc, the colonel is
killed,
30 Aug. to 3
Sept. and the cannon are taken
Desax defeats the Austrians at
by the
insurgent:,, 4 June.
Maricnburg and c.-vers Moreau's Desperate action at New
Ross,
retreat, 7 Sept. county Wexford; the Butish ar
1797. Battle near Laforma on the Adige, my under general Johnson, se
13 Jan. verely cut up, thsir cannon tak
Provera beaten and made prisoner en, and lord Mountjoy killed*
at La Favonta,
15 Jan. Several actions
Passage of Tagliamento and defeat during this month
m which the British
are defeated*
of the Archduke near Gradisca
; 5 June.
who
narrowly escapes, 16 Feb.
Battle of Tagliamento, Austrians
Battle of Antrim, lord O'Neil kil
led, with a pike, 7 June.
under arch duke
Charles, de Battle ot
Ballmahinch, the British
feated by Massena, 16 March.
Battle of Ncuwied, Hoche defeats
army severely handled by the
insurgent general Munroe, who
the Austrians under
Kray, and was wounded and taken
prisoner
takes 4=>oo prisoners, 18 March. and afterwards
Battle of Tarvis in the Noric Alps, executed; the
British in vengeance burned
Massena defeats the the
Austrians, town ot
Saintfield,
12 June.
20 March.
Battle of Lavis, Joubert defeats
Insurgents camp at
Vinegar hill,
stormed by
the Austrians, 22 March. general Lake, and
earned with
Battle of Pufero, Austrians defeat great slaughter, 21
June.
ed by general Guyeux, 23 March. Sir Charles
Battle of Tarvis, fought above the Asgill, defeated by a
body of insurgents, under th -

clouds, Austrians defeated by command of Ir'sli


Massena, the imperial cuirassiers Murphy, an
priest, 23 June.
annihilated, 25 March.
50 BAT BAT

A. D.
1798. Sir Charles Asgill, attacks the 1799. Battle of Esdrelon, near Mount
Irish insurgents on Kilconnel Taoor, 17 March.
Hill, and defeats them, but with General Desolles scales the Julian
the loss of 1000 men ; the insur Alps, takes the intrenched defiles
of Tauffers in the rear, and gains
gents lose as many with all their
cannon, and their leader Mur a complete victory over Lau-
phy falls in battle, 6 June. dohn, 17 March.
Several actions in this month be Ostrach, Jourdan with 40,009
tween the revolted Irish and men, -is attacked by he archduke
British troops, July. with 80,000, and is forced to re-
A French army under general tjc-at, 21 March.
Humbert, lands in Ireland, and Samanhout, a new and elegant dis
takes possession of Kilalla, 22 position, infantry squares form
Aug. ed the two flanks, cavalry in a
Humbert attacks Lake at Castle- square the centre ; the troops to
bar, and defeats him, taking six oppose were Mamalukes and
pieces of British artillery, 27 horsemen. Davoust command
AuS- ed the French horse, Friant and
*
Battle of Underwalden in Swisser- Belliard the two squares of in
land, between the adherents of fantry, 22 March. Sceralbat.
the aristocracy of Berne and the ties at Biramba, Bardis, Girge,
French, under Schauenburg ; the gained by Desaix in this month.
town of Stantz was burnt to the Stockach, Jourdan attacks Arch
ground, o Sept. duke, but is defeated and forced
The Irish insurgents defeat a Brit to retreat; Jourdan's force under
ish force at Rathfarnhain, 18 40,000 men, the Archduke's
Oct above 80,000 ; the battle was
Desperate action at Kilcock, the principally fough. by infantry
British troops sutler from the and was terrible ; 10,000 men lay
pike, 28 Oct. on the field of battle, 25 March.
General Mack commences hostili Schererand Moreau attack the Aus
ties in Italy against the French, trians between the Garda and
by an attack or. five different Adige, gain a hard earned vic
points of the French lines, in the tory, fought from day break to
Roman territory, 22 Nov. 11 at night, 26 March.
Battle of Porto Fermo, on the A- Scherer and Moreau attack general
driatic, the French defeat the Kray before Verona, and are de-<
Neapolitans and take their can feated, 30 March
non and baggage, 2& Nov. Battle of Magnan, the French arc
Macdonald defeats the Nea olitans defeated, 5 April.
at Civita Casteilano, 5 Dec. Battle Malanelly,E Indies, 5 April.
Again defeats Mack at Calvi, 8 Lacourbe defeats Bellegarde in the
Dec. Engadine, 1 May.
Championnet defeats Mack in a ge Seringapatam taken by storm, Tip-
neral action, n Dec. poo put to death, partition of
Macdonald defeats the Neapolitans Mysore followed, 4 May.
under Dumas. The fruit of these Attack of St. Jean d'Acre, and
battles, was 12,000 prisoners, Bonaparte forced to raise the
99 pieces of cannon, 21 stand siege, 7 May.
ards, 3000 horses, and all the Moreau defeats the Russians on tlie
baggage of the Neapolitan ar Po, 12 May.
mies. Lecourbe defeats the Austrians on
Egypt conquered by the French. the Reuss, 2 June.
V799. Battle of El Arish, Bonaparte de Battle of Zurich, the Austrian
feats the Mamal ekes, 9 Feb. Generals Ho;zer and Wal-
Jaffa taken by storm, by generals lis, Kerpen and llillicr wound
Lasnes and Bonaparte, 5 March. ed ; and Judinot and Humbert
Battle of Sadaseer, near Penptnam of the French, 5 June.
first action on the invasion of Battle ot Modena, Macdonald de
Mysore, 5 March. feats Hohenzollern, 10 June.
Battle of Lucicns.eig, Massena forces Battle of the Trebia, at St. J uliano,
that place with dreadful slaught Moreau and Suwarrow; the
er; and thus .ains the key of F rench defeated, 18 une.
J
Tyrol and tin Grisons, 7 March. Battle of Chebnsu,
Bonaparte
Battle at Loubi, on the river Jor against the Mamelukes; a new
dan, near Nazareth ; Bonaparte, disposition, echellona of squares
Murat, and Junot commanded, with artillery and baggage ot each
8 March. square in its eentre and giving a

Kleber defeats the Syrians at Led- front and flank fire.


Jarra, 10 March. Turks land and. take Aboukir affor
BAT BAT 51

AD. A. D.
5799. abattle very desperate, the Turks 1800. Battle at Muhldorf, 1 Dec.
defeated, Bonaparte embarks for 1801. Alexandria, Epypt, Abercrombie
France, 15 July. fell, French defeated by Hutchin
Battle of the Pyramids, the same son, 21 March.
order of battle very decided vic

1805. Battle of Wertingen in Bavaria, the


tory over Mutad Bey, 21 July. first of the coalition of Austria
Second battle of Zurich, most and Russia ; Austrians defeated
terrible and brilliant, Massena and all their cannon taken.
attacks the Archduke; indeci Oct. 8.
sive, 14 Aug. Battle of Guntzburg, marshal Ney
Suwarrow attacks J oubert at Novi, defeats the Austrians, 9 Oct.
who is killed, Moreau takes the Battle on the Adige, Massena forces
command but is forced to retreat, a passage at Verona, and defeats
a bloody ba tie, 15 Aug. the archduke Charles, Oct. 18,
Hclder, 27 Aug. Surrender of Ulm by Mack, Oc
Battle of Berg n, in Holland, tober 20.
general Brune attacks Abercrom Murat defeats prince Ferdinand at
bie, 10 Sept. Nuremburg, Oct. 21.
Second battle, the British and Rus Battle of Caltliero, Massena attacks
sia s under the Duke of York. the whole Austrian line, defeats
defeated by Brune, >nd forced to them ; captures one of theirdivi-
retire within intrenchments, 19 sions; the arch duke escapes at
Sept. night, Oct. 30.
Third battle of Zurich, terrible Battle of Amstetten, the Russians
arid decisive, one of the most defeated by Murat, 4 Nov.
brilliant in history; Massena com Battle of Marienzel, Davoust de
manded, the Austrian general feats the Austrian General Meer-
Hotze killed, the French tri feldt, 8 Nov.
umph, 7 to 24 Sept. Mortier defeats the Russians under
Battk of Fossano, 14 Sept. Kutasoff'at Diernstein, Nov n.
Gaeta, Aquila taken by storm, M-irat and Lasnes defeats the Rus
Mack defeated, and the Neapo sians under Kutasotf at Hola-
litans capitulate to Championnet, brunn, 15 Nov.
1 O t. Soult again at GuntersdorfF, 16
Battle of Berghen, 1 Oct. Nov.
Sand hills near Bergen, Battte of Austerlitz or of the three
2 Oct.
emperors, 500 pieces of cannon
Battle of Egmont, duke of York and 150,000 men were engaged
again defeated and capitulates, in this battle, which was one of
6 Oct. the most profound in the history
Battle of Fossano, French defeat of tactics, and the most brilliant
ed by Melas, 4 Nov. in the annals of victory; 150
.1800. Egypt conquered by the English. pieces of artillery were taken by
Moreau crosses the Rhine, and de the victors ; this battle deprived
feats the Austrians at Engen, the house of Austria of the title
2
May. of Emperor of Germany, 2 Dec.
Battle ot Gremhack, same, 3 May. 1806. Battle of Jena, Oct. 14.
Biberach, same effect, 9 May. Pr issia subdued by Bonaparte.
Severe action at Memmu.gen, Kray 1807. Dantzick taken, May 20.
forced to retreat, 11 May. Battle of Spaudau, J line 5,
Signal defeat of five Austrian co Lonutten, same day.
lumns, by two French on the Deppen, battle of, Marshal Ney
liter, 5 June. makes a fictious retreat, and cuts
Battle of Hochstedt, the Austrians a body of Russians to
pieces,
defeated by Moreau, 18 June June 6.
Action at Unberhausen, 26 June. Eylau, battle of, very bloody and
Celebrated battle at Hohenlinden, desperate, Russians lost 30,500
gained by Moreau, takes 80 pieces men killed. Jui1e6 12.
of cannon and 10,000 Friedland, battle of, this action
prisoners;
acuon began at day break and decided ti.e fate of the Coaltion,
ended at 4 o'clock. and
Battle of Casteggio, Austrians de
produced the peace of Tilsit
on the 7th July succeeding. .

feated by Berthier, 8 June. This battle stands in the same


Battle of Marengo, one of the most rank with Jemappe, Fleuru6,
brilliant in history, and import Nordlingen, Zurich, Marengo^
ant in its consequences ; it last Jena and Austerlitz.
ed 1 1 hours ; decided the fate of B att le- Array, ) the method and or-
Italy, am. placed the iron crown Line.of Battlf, \ der of arranging
on the head of the Bonaparte the troops in order or line of battle ; the

Uym-eity. 14 June. ) form of drawing up the axmy for an er


52 BAT BED

the
gagement. This method generally con II the parapet. When you batter from
reverse side, tbe trajectories or lines of
sists of three lines, viz. the front line,
the rear Lne, and the reserve
j
fire describe accte angles of forty five de
The second line should be about 300 grees or under, with the prolongation of
paces behind the first, and the reserve at that revrse.
about 5 or 600 paces behind the second. Battre de Iricole, Fr. This method
can only be put in
The artillery is likewise divided along the practice at sieges, and
front of the first line The front line against works which have bee- construct
shou d be stronger than the rear line, that ed in front of others that are invested. A
its shock may be more violent, and that, good billiad player will re;>dily compre
by having a greater front, it m3y more hend what is meant by the bricele or back
easily close on the enemy's flanks. If stroke ; it means simply the firing of shot
the first line has the advantage , it should against a wall so that the Dails :Tiay re
continue to act, and attack the enemy'- bound and in the rebound strike men or
second line, terrified by the defeat of their objects, that could not be struck di
first. The artillery must always accom rectly.
pany the line of battle in the order it was Battre/* Caisse, Fr. to beat a drum,
at first distributed, it the ground permit Mener ba'ta*t, to overcom''.
it ; and the rest of the army should fol Mener quelqu'un au Tambour battant.
low the motions of the first line, when it To overcome by strokes of the drum.
contir ues to march on after its first suc To discenCert, to confound, puzzle and
cess. perplex any body.
Battle-^*, an offensive weapon, for BAVINS, in military affairs, implies
merly much used by the Danes, and other small tiggots, made of brush- wood, of a
northern infantry. It was a kind of hil- considerable len.th, no '">art of the brush
bert, and did preat execution when wild- being taken off. See Fascinjs.
ed by a strong arm. BAYARD, Fr a provincia term used
Maiu-BATTLt See BATTLtArray. in ancient Languedoc and Roussillon to
BATTLEMENTS, in military affairs, sign'.fv a wheel -barrow.
are the indentures in the tops ot old cestles BAYONET, a kind of triangular dag
or fortified walls, or other buildings, in ger, made with a hollow handle, and a
the form of embrasures, for the greater shoulder, to fix on the muzzle of a fire
conveniency offiring or looking throuth. lock or musket, so that neither the charg
BATTRE I'estrade, Fr. to send out ing nor firing is prevented by its being
scouts. fixed <-n the piece. It is of infinir ser
Battr k la campagne, Fr. to scour the vice against horse. At first the bayo
country or make incursions against an net was screwed into the muzzle of the
enemy. barrel, consequently could not be used
Battre, Fr to direct one or more during the fire. It is said by some to
pieces of ordnance in such a manner, that h ve been invented by the people of Ma

any given object may be destroyed or lacca, and first made use of on quitting
broken into by the continued discharge of the pikes. According to others, it was
cannon ball, or of other warrike mate first used by the fusileers in France, and
rials; it likewise means to silence an invented or used at Bayonne. At present
enemy's fire it is given to all infantry.
Battre de front, Fr. to throw can BFACON, a signal for securing and
non-shot in a perpendicular or almost guarding against dangers.
perpendicular direction against any body Oh certain eminent places of the coun
or
place which becomes an object of at try are placed long poles erect, whereon
tack. This mode of attack is less effec are fastened pitch-barrels to be fired by
tual than any other unless you batter in night, and smoke made by day, to give
hi each. notice, in a few hours of an approaching
Battre de'echarpe, Fr. to direct shot, invasion; the Irish are reported to have
so that the lines of fire make a manifest risen upon and extirpated the Danes by
acute angle with respect to the line of beacons or fires lighted on their hills.
any particular object against which can BEAR, in gunnery. A piece ot ord-,
non is discharged. nance is said to bear, or come to bear, or
Battre en fane, Fr. is when the shot
brought to bear when pointed directly
from a battery runs along the length of
against the object ; that is, pointed to
the front of any object or place against hit the object.
which it is directed. BEARD, the reflected points of the
Battre a dos, Fr. to direct the shot head of an ancient arrow, particularly of
from one or several pieces of cannon so as such as were jagged.
to batter, almost perpendicularly, from BEAT, In a military sense, signifies to
behind any body of troops, part Of a ram gam the day, to win the battle, &c.
part 01 intrenchment. To B e a t a parley. See C hamad k
Battre de revers, Fr. to direct shot, BEAVER, that part of the ancient hel
in such a manner as to run between -he met which covered rhe
face, and which
two last mentioned lines of fire. When was moveable so as to
expose the face
you batter from behind, the shot fall al without removing the beaver from the
most perpendicularly upon the reverse of helmet.
BED BEN 53

BECHE, Fr. a spade used by pio- I BEE -Eaters, the yeomen of the uard
neers. to the king of Great Britain are so called,
BEDS, in the military language, areof be:ng kept up rather for pageantry, than
Various sorts, viz. for any military service Their arms ire a
Mortar-BiDs serve for the same pur sabre and lance ; and the dress of the 13th
pose as a carriage does to a cannon : they century.
are made of solid timb- r, consisting ge BEETLES, in a military sense, are
nerally of 2 pieces fastened together with i laree wooden hammers for driving down
strong iron bolts and bars. Their sizes | pallisades, and for other uses, &c.
are
according to the kind of mortar they BEETLESTOCK, the stock or han
carry. dle of a beetle.
Beds for Mortars. BELLIGERENT, in a state of war
fare. Hence any two or more nations at
war are called
belligerent powers.
BELTS, in the army' are of dirfcrcnt
sorts, and tor various purposes, viz
Sword- B e l t , a leathern strap fo which
oo a- -
.-.- a
a sword hangs.
c-c-o
s
^3 < 2 < Shouldtr-BuLT, a leathern belt, which
O 3 O .
SO,'
goes over the shoulder, and to widen ihc
o o o

pouch is fixed. It is made of stout lea


O - J O-W O U O >- 09* < ther. See Pouch.

n
Shoulder. Belts for the li^ht cavalry
wooooo^o uw* ^ and dragoons, 2^ inches broad. Regi
ment that have bub' waistcoats, usually
" have butt-coloure-j accoutrements, and
OOOO-On-- -0 7
those which hav> white waistcoats, wear
*
m w u-iu^ u e o*+> g white.
Waii /-Belts, are i| inches; to have
tJoot-io>-iMootJr f
"
buckles or clasps.
J .0 4> 4> -K 0> >-4 S""
Belts are known among the ancient
K*-^0 O M OS (_> Ui o and middle-age writers by divers names,
as zona, cingulum, reminiculum, ringa,
and baldrellus. The belt was an essential
piece of the ancient armor, insomuch
that we sometimes find it used to denote
tlie whole armo In latter ages the belt
VQ O I- K-'Q- O PC*) was given to a person when he was iaised
to knighthood : whence it has also been
.<w/-Beds for guns. used as a badge or marl of the knightly
order.
1 Inch. In Belts among the aborigines of Ame
42 Prs. O I 2C 0 1 0 2 10 11 to 8J 33 rica, arc the symbols of peace or -.var;
32 O I 14 0 1 0 2 10 Lio cl 3* they are made in a rude fanciful taste, of
24 0 1 14 0 1 0
|j 9
8
4 colored beads, and are usually piesented
18 O I 12 0 I O ,2 9i i tf at all conferences or talk*.
12 0 1 10 0 0
2f 2 8 10 65 4 BENDINGS, in military and sea mat
9 0 1 4 0 O 2 ,2 7 9i s* 1* ters, are ropes, wood, &c. bent for seve
6 0 1 0 0 0 ij|2 6 4* ^*
'2
2,
6 H
ral purposes. M Amontons gives seve
4 n 1 0 0 0 I si ral experiments concerning the bending of
ropes. The friction of a rope bent, or
Sea-Mortar-BzDs, are made of solid wound round an immovable cylinder, is
timber, having a hole in the centre sufficient, with a v^ry small power, to
to receive the pintle or strong iron bolt, sustain very great weights. Divers me
about which the bed turns. Sea-rnor thods have been contrived for bending
tars are mounted on these beds, on timb-r, in order to supply croooked planks
board of the oomb-ketches. a d
pieces for building ships ; such as by
These beds are placed upon very strong san.i, boiling water, steam of boiling
timber frames, fixed into the bomb- water, and by fire. See M. Du Hamel,
ketch, in which the pintle is fixed, so in his book called Du Transport, de la
as the bed may turn about it, to fire
any Conservation, & de la Force des bois. M.
way. The fore part of these beds is an Deiesme ingeniously enough
arc of a circle described from the same
proposed to
have the young trees bent, while growing
centre as the
pintle-hole. in the forest. The method of bending
6Vog/-Bed, is a piece of wood on which planks by sand-heat, now used in the
the breech of a pun rests upon a truck- British navy yard*, was invented by
cap
carriage, with another piece fixed to it at tain Cumbeiland.
the him. end, that rests upon the body of A method has been lately invented and
the hind axle-tree; and the fore part is piactised for bending pieces of timber, so
supported by an iron bolt. Sec Car as to make the wheels of carnages with
.f iage. out joints. The bending of boards, and
54 BI V BLO

other pieces of timber for curved works Biovac, Fr. [from the German wey.
in joinery, is efiected by holding them to wacht, a double watch or guard.] A
the fire, then giving them the fkure re night-guard, or a detachment of the whole
or in the pre
quired, and keeping them in this figure army, which during a siege,
by tools for the purpose. sence of an enemy, marches out every

BENEFICIAR1I, in ancient military night in squadrons or battalions tolinethe


history, denotes sotdiers who aitend -he circumvauations, or to take post in front
chief officers of the army, being exempt of the camp, for the purpose of securing
ed from all other duty. In the American their quarters, preventing surprises, and
service called waiters', each commissioned of obstructing supplies. When an army
encamp, but lies under
officer being allowed one. does not arms alt

B.nemciarii were also soldiers dis night, it is Said to bivcac. Thus before
charged from the militaiy service orduiy, the b.'ttle of Austerlitz, Bonaparte was
aiid provided with beneficia to subsist on. all night in bivoac, or with the advanced
BERM, in fortification, is a little spate guard.
r path, of about 3, 4, 6, or 8 feet broad, BIT, the bridle of a horse, which acts

according to the height and breadth of the by the assistance of a curb. See Curb
works, between the ditch and the para and Bridon
pet, when made of turf, to prevent the BLACK-HOLE, a place of confine,'
earth from rolling into the ditch;; and ment for soldiers, in the English disci
serves likewise to pass and repass. pline, who may be confined therein by
To BESIEGE, to lay siege to or invest the commanding officer, but not by any
any place with armed forces. inferior officer. In this place they are
BESIEGERS, tlie army that lays generally restricted to bread and water.
siege o a lortified plate. BLANKETS, are made of coarse paper
BESI L. GED, the garrison that defends steeped in a solution of saltpetre, and
the place against the army that lays siege when dry are again dipt in a composition
to it. .See Sif.ce. ot tallow, resin, and sulphur. They are
To BETRAY, to deliver perfidiously us d only in fire-ships.

any place or body of troops into the hands BLAST, andBLASTING. SeeJVIiNE
ef the enemy. To discover that which and Mining.
has been entrusted to secrecy. BLI N DS, in military affairs, are wood*
BETTY, a machine used for forcing en frames, composed of 4 p.eces, either
open gates o: doors. See Petard. flat or round, t-o of which are 6 teet
BICOO.UE, Fr. a term used in France long, and the others 3 or 4 feet, which
to signify a place ill-fortified and incapa serve as spars to fasten the two first toge
ble of much defence It is derived from ther : the longest are pointed at both ends,
a place on the road between Lodi and Mi and the two others are fastened towards
lan, which was originally a gentleman's the extremities of the former, at about 10
or 12 inches from their
country house surrounded by ditches. In points, the whole
(he year 152a, a body of Imperial troops forming a rectangular parallelogram, the
were stationed in it, and stood the attack Ion/; sides of which project beyond the
of the whole French army, during the other about io or 12 inches. Their use is
reign of Francis I This engagement was
. to fix them either upright, or in a vertical
calied the battle of Biceque. position, against the sides of the trenches
BILBO, a rapier, or small sword, was or
saps, to sustain the earth. Their
formerly so' called: from Biiboain Spair, points at the bottom serve to fix them in.
where excellent swords are made. the earth, and those at top to hold the,
BILL or Bill-Hook, a smallhatchet fascines that are placed upon them ; so
used for cutting waod for fascines, ga that the sa,< or trench is formed into a
bions, bavins, &c. kind of covered gallery, to secure the
BILLET, m England is a ticket for troops from stones andsrenades.
quartering soldiers, which intitles each The term Blind is also used to express a
soldier, by act 01 parliament, to candles, kind of hurdle, made of the branches of
vinegar, and salt, with the use of fire, trees, behind which the soldiers, miners,
and the necessary utensils for dressing and or labourers,
may carry on their work
eating their meat. The allowance of without being seen. See Hurdle.
small beer has been added by a late regu Blinds arc sometimes only canvas
lation. stretched toobstruct the sight of the ene
BILLET de logement, Fr. a billet for my Sometimes they are planks set up,
quarters. This billet or ticket was for for which see Mantlet. Sometimes
merly delivered out to the French troops they arc made of a kind of coarse ba.ket-
ii|)Oii the same general principles that it is vvork ; see Gabions. Sometimes of
issued in England. barrels, or sacks filled with earth. In
Billeting, in the army, implies the short, they signify any thing that covers
quartering soldiers In the houses of any the labourers from the enemy.
town or village. Blind. See Orillon and Forti
BINACLE, a telescope with 2 tubes, fication.
so constructed, that a distant object misfit BLOCKADE, ) in military affairs,
be seen with both eyes,
rarelyi.ow ued. BLOCKADING, $ implies the sur
LI.YQVAC, Biovac, Biouvac, or
rounding a place with different bodice ot
BOA BOM 55

troops, who shut up all the avenues on BOAT.


See Advice-Boat, Pontoon.
every side, and prevent every thing from Boat, Sec.
going in or out of the place ; this is usu-
j
BODY, in the art of war, is a number
ally effected by means of the cavalry. ] of forces, horse or foot, united and march.
The design of the blockade is to oblige ing under one commander.
those who are shut up in the town, to Main Body of an army, sometimes
consume all their provisions, and by that means the troops encamped in the center
means to compel them to surrender for between the two wings, and generally
want of subsistence. consists of infantry. The main body on
Hence it appears that a blockade must a march, signifies the whole of the ar
last a iong time, when a place is well pro my, exclusive of the van and rear-guard.
vided with necessaries ; for which reason Boo y of a Reserve. See Reserve.
this method of Body of a place, is, generally speaking,
reducing a town is seldom
taken, but wherf there is reason to believe the buildings in a fortified town; yet the
the magazines arc unprovided, or some inclosure round them is generally under*
times when the nature or situation of the stood by it.
place permits not the approaches to be BO IS de remontage, Fr. every specie:,
made, which are necessary te attack it in of timber which is used to new mount
the usual way cannon, or refit ammunition waggons,
Maritime towns, which have a port, &c.
are in much the same case as other towns, Bo is de chauffage, Fr. the fuel which
when their port can be blocked up, and is distributed among French troops.
the besiegers are masters of the sea, and BOLT, an iron pin used for strength
can prevent succours from
being convey ening a piece of timben, or for fastening
ed tiiat way into the place. two or more articles together. Bolts in
To Blockade, or to block up a place, gunnery, being of several sorts, admit of
is to" shut up all the avenues, so tiiat it various denominations, which arise from
cannot receive any relief either of men or the specific application of them, as
provisions, &c. I. Eye
To raise a Blockade, is to march 2. Joint
from bafore a place, and leave it free and 3- Transom
open as before. 4- Bed
To turn a siege into a Blockade, is to <;. Breeching > Bolts.
desist from a regular method of besieging, 6. Bracket
and to surround the place with those 7. Stool, bed
troops who had formed the siege. 8. Garnish
To form a Blockade, is to surround 9- Axle tree
the place with troops, and hinder any 0. Bolster
thing from going in or coming out. See Shell.
A new species of Blockade has been Chest. See Caisson.
BOMB
discovered during the French Revolution, Vessels, ) small vessels,
a blockade
by proclamation {. Ketches, $ made very strong
BLOC US, Fr. See Blockade. with large beams, particularly calcula
BLOCK battery, in gunnery, a wooden ted for throwing shells into a town, cas*
battery for two or more small pieces, tie, or fortification, from 13 and 10-mch
mounted on wheels, and moveable from mortars ; two of which are placed on
place to place : very ready to tire en bar- board of each ship. They are said to
bet, in the galleries and casemates, Sec. have been invented by M. keyneau, a
where room is wanted. Frenchman, and to h-ve been first put in
Bi.ocK-hou.-e, in the military art, a action at the bombardment of Algiers ifl
Kind of wooden fort or fortification, some 1681 : t.U then it had been judged im
times mounted on rollers, or on a fiat-bot- practicable to bombard a place from the
toine.i vessel,
serving either on the lakes sea.
r rivers, or in
counter-scarps and couuttr- Bomb Ketch. The old boinb-kctchcj
approaches. This name is sometimes carried one 13. inch and 1 10-iiich mortar;
giten to a brick or stone building on a with 8 six-pounders, beridesswivels, for
bridge, or the brink of a river, serving not their own immediate detence.
j drr.i The ino-
only for its defence, but for the command f| bomb- vei .els earn 2 10-inch moi tars
of the river, both above and below. 4 68-poiuu;ers, and 6 18-poundcrs carro-
BLUNDERBUSS, a well known fire- Jl nades ; and tm morars u.ay be fired at as
arm, consisting of a wide, shorr,-rvjt very li low an angle as 20 degrees ; though these
large bore, capable of holding a number of il mortars arc not intended to be u^idai sej

musquet or pistol odV , very fit fordoing ; rmt on very particular occasions; their
great execution in a croud, making good >| principal intention, at these low angles.
ananow
passage, defending tie door of a | being to cover the landing of troops, aivi
!j
house, stair-case, &c. or repelling an at- protect coasts and harbours. A bornb-
ketch is generally from 60 to 70 ieet lon
tempt to board a ship.
BOARD of Ordnance. See Ordnance, from stem to stern, and draws 8 or 9 feet,
j
Board, also implies an office under water. The tender is generally a hi,., on
t*he toverninent, where the affairs of some board if which the party ot artiiicr> re
||
departments ...e transacted ; of which main, till t.icir services are required on
rherc ax.- sever-! sorts in England. board the bomb-vex.?*.
ae*

56 BOM BOM

.Instructions for their Management and Secu


rity in Action, Proportion of Ordnance, x.~5
A Dutch pump, filled with water,
i. &c. for a Bomb Vessel. "S^
must be placed in each round- 4;
top, one (Continued.) s
upon the forecastle, one on the main-deck,
and one on the and fur
quarter-deck; Spunges, with ram. heads 4

nished with leather buckets, for a fresh Handscrews, small -. .

dipply of water. Handerow levers


6 feet
4
2. The buoms must be weted by the 6
Handsp.kes, common -

pumps before the tarpaulins and mortar- Lins-ocks, with cocks -


4
hatches are taken off; and a w.iouen Powder horns, new

4
pat.
skreen, 5 feet square, is to be hung under | Match -
cwts .

the booms, over each mortar, to receive Marlme skeins


j -

the fire from the vents.


1 Budge bar. cop hooped
3. The embrasures bein; fixed and Lanthorns, Muscovy
properly secured, the oort must be let d.rk - -

down low enou h to b covered by the Carronades, 68 Prs.


sole of the embrasure. Previous to its 18 Prs. 6

being let down, a e,per must be lashed ha vine, sliding carriages,


across it, to wh;ch the tackles for raising
elevating screws, spun
jt again must be fixed ; this s,,ar s rves to rammers &c. com
ges,
project the tackles clear of the explo plete
sion. Gun tackles, complete
4. The mortars must not be fired for
.

traversing- mortars,
through the embrasures at a lower angle 12 Prs. 4
4
than 20 aegrees, nor with a greater charge
Wads, 68 Prs. - - -

270 270 54o


than 5 lbs. of powder. 18 Prs. 180 660
- - -
480
5. Previous to firing, the doors of the . .
<, Bright
.

bulkhead, under the quarter-deck, must Musquets ^ m^k _ 3 _


3.
be shut, to prevent the cabin being injur
Pistols, pairs - - -
i*

15
ed by the explosion. Sword* - - - - -
40 40
6. The bed must be wedged in the Pole axes - -
- -
6 _
6
circular curb, as soon as the mortar is ! Pikes -----
40

40
pointed, to prevent re-actioe ; the first ! Musquetoons - - -
2
2
wedge being driven tight, before the rear I Fhnts, musquet - -

900

900
ones are fixed, in order to give the full
pistol - - -
150

150
bearing on the table, as well as the rear of
'

Ball cartridges, musq. 2000


2000
the bed. The holes for dog-bolts must 2000 2oOO
pistoi -

be corked up, to prevent the sparks falling 1 Shot, musq. cwt.qr.lb. 1. 0.0
1 .0-0
into them.
pistol 1.0.0
] .0-0
7. When any shells are to be used on
'
fixed, roin. Round car 48 J-.2 200
board the bomb, they must be fixed on !' Empty shells, 10 inch. 48 352 400
bo2rd the tender, and brought from thence Iron shot, 1 lb. -
- 1000 40OO 50OO
in boxes in her long-boat ; and kept along Fixed shells, 10 inch 48 -

48
\s':de the bomb-ship till wanted, carefully Case shot, 68 Prs. cat . 20 20 40
covered up.
6. In the old constructed bomb- vessels
\ Emp. sh. 8 in for car. 52 I OCT l52
Shot, round, 68 Prs. 5 10 100
it was necessary to hoist out the boom s, and Carcasses do. 68 Prs.
96 104 2C0
raft them along side previous to firing ; 18 Prs.
Shot, round, 3co 300
but in these new ones, wiih embrasures, Case shot, 18 Prs. 60
3 3
the'boats need be hoisted out ; after
only Carcas. do. fix. 18 Prs. 150 150 300
which the mortars may be prepared for Hand
shells, fixed, sea

action in 10 minutes. service 150 '5


proportion of Ordnance and Ammunition for Fuzes ior do. Spare 15
a Bnvib Ship,
carrying two 10 inch Mor Pap. cov. tor cart. 10 in. ic6 6og 715
tars, to fire at law angles, and at 45 de 68Pr. 293 301 594
18 Pr
grees, Jour 68 Prs. and six i3 Prs. Catro- 2.SB 198 456
nadet. Flan, cartridg. ") to hold
emp. for 10 >
5 lb. ic6 106
in. mor. 'do.io.Pj).
6co 6c y
Flan, cartridg. ) to hold
KINDS,
emp. for 68 5 10. 293 15'
Prs. car. j 110.4 lb 150 S 59--I
0=) Flan.iel cartridges, erap.
Mi'rtai's. sea service, with for 18 Prs. to hold
Sec. 10 inch
Beds, 1* lbs. 528 148 6;6
for do. 2 for 450 Paper cartridges for
Quoins 4
_
4

for 20u elevation
2 bursting, 10 inches,
Cap-qiures, with keys, empty,
35-
&.c. spar - - - -
Paper cartridges, for
H .d.plke.Jar-e - - -. 4 bursting, 8 inches,
empty
IOO I'V"
BOM BON 57

called the military projectile : hence a


mortar, whose trunnions are placed as
proportion of Ordnance, -2?;^ the breech, can have no point-blank
firr. for a Bomb Vessel. $. ^

range. Mortars should be so contrived,


*"
(Continued.) | that they may be elevated to any degree
B3_
filled required, as much preferable to those fix
Faper cartridges ed at an angle of 45* ; because sheila
witii2lb. to oz for io
should never be thrown at thi-t angle but
inch. - - - -
48 -
48
in one single case only, which seldom
-

o. fillod with l lb. 14


52 52 happens; that is, when the battery is so

oz. for 8 inch


far off, that they cannot otherwise reach
Fuzes, drove. 10 men. 52 388 44*
the works : for when shells are thrown
8 -

57 1 10 166
from the trenches into the works of a for
f~2oo for 10 inch. 1

tification, or from the town into the tren


e 2 I sh-lls ar 140Z. > 75 75
ches, they should have as little elevation
f~ j each, lbs. j
as
possible, in order to roll along, and nob
So. > 768 for io
inch.p 42 42 bury themselves ; whereby the damagi
s|
*
|
u
shells, at 9
L
each, lbs.
oz
J they d</, and the terror they cause to the
Tube boxes, tin - -

12 troops, is much greater than if they sink
into the ground On the contrary, when
Fuze composition, for 10
shells are thrown upon magazines, or any
primin-. carcasses, lbs. 10
6 6 other buildings, with an intention to de
Powder bags - - - -

Portfires - - - - - 200 200 stroy them, the mortar should be elevaU


20 ed as high as possible, that the shells may
Quick match, cotton, lbs. 2o
acquire a greater force in their fall
gals. 4
Spirits of wine, 80 Shells should be I aded with no more)
Kitt lbs. 80
to burst them
Bottoms of wood, 10 in. 40 5 powder than is requisite
2
into the greatest number of pieces, and
2
Signal rockets, 1 lb. doz. the length of the fuzes should be exact
Blue lights, do 3 3
for the mor ly calculated according to th-- required
Gunpowder ranges ; for, should the fuze set fire to the
and carronades,
tars 7a 150 222
half barrels powder in the shell, before it fal's on the
Powder for priming, do.
I place intended, the shell will burst in the
burst ng, do. _-
28 28 air, and probably do more mischief to
those who fired the mortar, than to those
with all the small arti
cles which 'isually at
against whom it was discharged. To pre
vent this, the fuzes art divided into as
tend mortars on every the greatest range re
many seconds as
service, and the arti may be cut to any
cles necessary tor the quires, consequentl)
service ol carronades uistance, at an elevation of 45 degrees.
Mortars are not to be fired with two
at sea.
fires ; for when the fuze is properly fix
Laboratory chests, 4 ft.
ed, and both tuze and shell dredged with
,
3 -ft' mealed, powder, the blast of the powder
Handpumps for wetting in the chamber of the mortar, when in
the rigging, &c. 6
flamed by the tube, will likewise set fire
Leather buckets - -
24
10 th-.- f ize fixrd ii. the shell.

Bomb Tender, a small vessel of war la


j BOMBARDIERS, artillery soldiers*
in mortar and howitzer who employed
den with ammunition for the bomb-ket h, j are

and from which the latter is constantly 1duty. Theyareto Load t hem on all occa
supplied. sions ; and in most services they load the
BOMBARD, an ancient piece of ord- j shells and grenades, fix the fuzes, pre
nance, so called, very short, and very pare the composition both for fuzes and
thick, with an uncommon large bon.. tubes, and fire both mortars and howitzers
,

There have been bombards which have I on every accasion In the English ser
thrown a ball or shell of 300 weight : vice, snells and grenades, composition for
in the
they made use of cranes to load them. the same, fuzes, Sec. are prepared
The Turk;; use some ol them a piesent. laboratory by people well-skilled in thas
To BOMBARD, ) the act of as- business.
B0MBARD1NG, S-saulting a city In most ther armies both officers and .

BOMBARDMENT,) or fortrs, by soldiers belonging the companies ol;


to

throwing shells into it in order to set fire bombardiers, have extraordinary pay,
an

to and ruin the houses, churches, maga- as it


requires mathematical
more learn
of
zincs, &c. and to do other mischief. As ing to throw shells with some decree
one of the effects of the siiel! results from exactness, than is iequisite tor the rest
its weighs, it is never discharged as a ball of the artillery. In the British service 4
from a cannon, that is, by pointing it at a specific number is attached to each com
pany of artillery, and uo not form
a sepa*
certain object : but the mortars are fixed
at an elev<tuon of or about 45 degrees; rate corps as in ot!.ercouUries.
that is,inclined so many degrees frum the BON AVOG LI E, Fr. a man that for
horizon, that the shell desenbesa curve, 1 K
58 BOS BOU

a certain consideration voluntarily engages BOSSE, Fr. a term used in the French
to row. artillery, to express a glass bottle which
BONNET, in fortification, implies a is very thin, contains four or five pounds
small but useful work, that greatly an of powder, and round the neck ot which
noys the enemy in their lodgments. This four or five matches are hung under, af
work consists of two faces, which make; ter it has been well-corked. A cord, two
a salient angle in the nature of a ravelin, or three feet in length, is tied to the bot

without any ditch, having only a parapet tle, which serves to throw it. The in
the bottle breaks, the^ powder
3 feet high, and worn feet broad. They
stant

are made at the salient angles of the glacis,


catches fire, and every thing within the
immediate effects of the explosion is de
outworks, and bod' of the place, beyond
the counterscarp, and in the faussebray. stroyed.
See Fortification. BOTTES, Fr. boots.
Bonnet a Pretre, or Priest's Cap, in Grosses Bottes, .fr. jack-boots.
fortification, is an outwork, having three BOTTINE, Fr. half-boots worn by
salient and two inward angles, and dif the hussars and dragoons in foreign ar
fers from the double tenaille only in hav mies.
ing its sides incline inwards tr wards the BOUCHE, Fr. means the aperture or
tenailL are pa mouth of a piece of ordnance, that of a
gorge, and those of a double
rallel toeachother. See Fort ification. mortar, of the barrel of a musket, andof
BORDER, in military diawings, im every species of firt-arms from which a
bailor bullet is discharged.
plies single or double lines, or any other
ornament, round a drawing, &c. BOUCHES a fou, Fr. is generally
BOOKS. There are differ nt books used to signify pieces of ordnance.
made use of in the army, for the specific BOULER la Matiere, Fr. to stir up
the different metals which are used in
purposes of general and regimental eco
nomy. casting cannon.
The general orderly Book is kept by the BOULETS a deux teles, chain-shot.
brigade major, from which the leading j; BOULEVART, Fr. formerly meant
orders of regiments, conveying the parole a bastion. It is no longer used as a mili
and countersign, are always taken. tary ph ase, although it sometimes oc
The regimental orderly Book contains the in the description of works or lines
curs

peculiar instructions of corps which are which cover a whole


countiy, and pro
given by a colonel or commanding officer tect it from the incursions ot an enemy.
to the adjutant
hence adjutant's orderly Thus Strasburgh and Landau maybe
i

Book
and from him to the serjeant- |! called two principal boulevarts or bul-
;
major, who delivers the same to the dif- warks, by which France is protected on
ferent Serjeants of companies assembled ;] this side of the Rhine.
in the orderly room for that purpose :i

The elevated line or rampart which
hence the company's orderly Book. ;| reaches from the Champs Elysees in
The regimental Book is kept by the || Paris beyond the spot wtoere the bastille
clerk of the regiment, and contains all j vvas destroyed in 1789, is stiled the Bou-
the records, &c. belonging to the corps. levart.
The Company Book, is kept by the In ancient times, when the Romans
commanding officer of every company ; attacked any place, they raised boulevarts
and contains returns of all incidents and near the circumference of the walls. These
payments. boulevaits weie 80 feet hi).h, 300 feet
The black Book is a sort of memoran broad, upon which wcodtn. towers com
dum which is kept in every regiment, to manding the ramparts were erected co
describe the character ana conduct of vered on all sides with iron-work, and
non-commissioned officers and soldiers ; from which the besiegers threw upon the
when and how often they have been re besieged stones, darts, fire-works, Sec.
duced or punished, &c. to facilitate the approaches of the archers

Every quarter-master belonging to the and battering rams,


cavalry and infantry, has likewise a book BOULINER, Fr. a French military
which may not improperly oe called a phrase. Bouliner dans un to
tamp, means
book or inventory of regimental stores, steal or pilfer in a camp. Un soldat bou.
&c. lineur, signifies a thief.
Practice Book. Every officer of the BOURGU1GNOTE, Fr. Is a hel
artillery ought to have a book in which met or morion which is usually worn
he should note every useful fact that with a breast-plate. It is prooi against
occurs 111 practice. pikes and s^oras.
BOOM, in marine fortification, is a BOURRELET, Fr. the extremity of
long piece of timber, with which rivers a piece of ord ante towards its mouth. It
or harbors are stopped, to prevent the is usually cast in the
shape of a tulip on
enemy's coming in : it is sometimes done account ot its aptm de to fit the construc
by a cable or chain, and floated with tion ot embrasures. Bourrclet means like
yards, topmasts, or spars of wood lashed wise a pud or collar.
to it. BOURRBR, tr. to ram the wad or
BORE, in gunnery, implies the cavity any other materials into the barrel of a
of the barrel of a gun, mortat, howitzer, fire-arm.
ol any other piece of ordnance..
BOX BRA 59

BOURRIQUET, Fr. a basket made confined to a few inches, and does not ex
useof in mining, to draw up the earth, ceed the following numbers.
and to let down whatever may be neces Table of general dimensions of Ammu
sary for the miner. nition Boxes.
BOUSSOLE, Fr. a compass which
every miner nust be in possession of to Exteror. Weight
direct him in his work. when
Len Bre. | Doth. empty.
BOUTE-SELLE, Fr. the signal or
word which 's given to the cavalry to sad ft. in. fr. in. it. in. lbs.
dle their horses. From 2 2 0 10 0 8 20
BOUT ON, Fr. the sight of a mus- To 2
9 1 6 1 6 10
qu t. when
BOW, an ancient weapon of offence, Weight filled, and number con
tained in each.
made of steel, wood, or other elastic mat
ter; which, after being bent by means of
a string fastened to its two
ends, in re
turning to its natural state, throws out
an arrow with
prodigious force.
The use of the bow is, without all
doubt, of the earliest antiquity. It has
likewise been the most universal of all
weapons, having obtained amongst the
most barbarous and remote
people, who
had the least communication with the
"rest of mankind.
The bow is a weapon of offence amongst
th? inhab -ants of Asia, Africa, and Ame
rica, at this day ; and in Europe, before
the invention of fire-arms, a part of the
infantry was armed with bows. Lewis
XII. first abolished the use of them in
France, intrjducing, in their stead, the
halbert, pike, and broadsword. The long
bow was formerly in great use in Eng
land, and many laws were made to en
courage the use of it. The parliament
under Henry VII. complained of the dis
use of lung bows, theretofore the safe

guard and defer ce of that kingdom, and


the dread and terror of its enemies.
Crow-Bow, is likewise an ancient wea
pon of offence-, of the eleventh century.
Philip II. surnamed the Conqueror, in * Shells
called four and
troduced cross-bows into France. In an half, are really four and
two-fift.s.
this reign Richard I. of England, was
killed by a cross-bow at the siege of The common ammunition waggon will
Chalus. hold from q to 13 of these boxes in one
BOWMAN. See Archer. tier.
BOWYER. The man who made or The tonnage of ammunition in boxes is
repaired the military bows was so cafed. equal to its weight : about 12 boxes make
BOXES, in military affairs, are of se one ton.
veral sorts, and for various purposes. BOYAU, in fortification, is a
parti
Baitery-Boxzt. See Battery. cular trench separated from the
others,
Cartouch- Boxes. See Cartouch. which, in winding about, incloses differ
Nave Boxes, are made of iron or brass, ent spaces of ground, and runs parallel
and fastened one at each end of the nave, to with the works of the place, that it may
prevent the arms of the axle. tree, about not be enfiladed. When two attacks are
which the boxes turn, from causing too made at once, one near to the other, the
much friction. boyau makes a communication between
77.z-Boxes, such as are filled with the trenches, and serves as a line of con-
small s.iot for grape, according to the size travailation, not only to hinder the sallies
of the gun they are to be fired out of. of the besieged, but likewise to secure
Wood-BoxLs, with lids, for holding the miners.
grape-shot, &c. each calibre hasitsow;i, BRACES, in a military sense, are a
distinguished by marks of the calibre on kind of armor for the arm : they were for
the lid. merly a part of a coat of mail.
Boxes for .Ammunition. The dimen BRACKETS, in gunnery, are the
sions of the common ammunition boxes cheeks of the travelling carriage of a mor
vary according to the ammunition they tar; they are made of strong wooden
are made to contain, in order that it
may planks This name is also given to that
pack tight: this variation, however, is part of a large mortar-bed, where the
60 BRE BR I

trunnions are placed, for the elevation of BREAK off,used when cavalry
a term
the mortar : they
sometimes made of
are
j or ordered to diminish it
infantry are
wood, anu more frequently of iron, of : front. It is also used to signify wheeling
almost a semicircular figure, well fasten from line ; as b r 1 a k 1 n c -off to the left,
ed wth nails and sirong plates. for wheeling to th- left.
BRANCH. See Mir* and Gal- BREAK-Grw...... the first opening of
IERY. I the earth to form entrenchments, as at
BRAND, an ancient term for a sword; the commencement of a siege. It
applies
60 called the Saxons.
by '.also to tr>e striking of tents and quitting
:
BRAQUER, Fr. is improperly used the ground on which any troops had been
to express the movement of a cannon to encamped.
any particular side. The correct ex- To Break ground, to begin, to open
is, to point the cannon, painter and work at the trenches in a siege, &c.
Jiression
t canon. BREAST PLATE, in military an
BRASSARTS, Fr. thin platcsof beat tiquity, a piece of defensive armor worn
en iron which w.re used 1
on the breast or both men and horses.
anciently to
cover the arms above the coat of mail. They are b-t seldom used now
Brassarts and cuirasses were worn in B e a s r-work See Parapet. .

the days of St. Louis. BREECH of a gun, the end near the
BRASSER la Matiere, Fr. to mix the I vent. See Cannon.
different ingredients which are required BREVET rank, is a rank in the army
for the making of gunpowder or other higher than that for which yov receive
combustible matter. pay ; and gives a precedence (when coips
BREACH, in fortification, a gap, or { are brigaded] to the date of the -brevet
opening, in any part of the works of a j commission.
fortified plae, made by the anllery or Brevet, Fr. commission, appoint.
mires of the besiegers, preparatory to the mmt. Under the old government of
making an assault. France it consisted in letters or appoint
The batteries to make a breach, should ments signed by the king, by virtue of
commence by marking out as near as pos. which every officer was authorised to
sible, the extent of the breach intended to discharge his particular duty. All of
be made ; first, by r. horizontal line with ficers in the old French service, from a
in a fathom of the bottom of the revete-
ment in a dry ditch, and close to the wa
ter's edge in a wet one ; and then by lines
perpendicular to this line, at short dis
i
,
cornet or sub-lieutenant up to a mar
shal of France were stiled OJpciers a
Brevet.
Brevet d' Assurance ou de Retenue
tances from each other, as high as the d' Argent, Fr. certain military and civil
cordon ; then, by continuing to deepen appointments granted by the old kings of
all these cuts, the wall will give way in France, which were distinguished from
a body. The guns to produce the great* st other places of trust, in as much as every
successor was obliged to pay a certain
effect should be fired as near as possible
in salvos or vollies. The breach should sum of money to the heirs of the deceas-

be one third the length of the face, from ed, or for the discharge of bis debts.
j
the centre towards the flanked angle. Hence the term brevet d' Assurance ou de
I
When the wall has given way, the firing retenue.
must be continued to make the slope of I BRICKS, in military architecture,
the breach practicable. I1 supply the place of stone in common
Four 24 pounders from the lodgement buildings, and are composed of an earthy
in the covert way will effect a breach in 4 matter, hardened by art, to a resem
which be made blance of that kind : they may be very
or 5 days, may practi
cable in 3 days more. well considered as artificial stone. The
Another way of making a breach is by Greeks and Romans, &c. generally
used bricks in their witness
piercing the wah sufficiently to admit two | the Pantheoi:, &c. In buildings,
the east they bak
or three miners, who cross the ditch, and
the sun. The Romans
make their entry during the night into the ed their bricks in
I first left them
wall, where they establish two or three used them unbuint, having
small mines, sufficient to make a breach. ! to dry in the air for 3, 4, or 5 years.
See Artillery at Siege; see also Bat- The best hticks must not be made of
TIRY. any earth that abounds with sand or gra
To repair a Breach, is to stop or fill vel, nor of such as is gritty or stony ; but
Sec. of a greyish marie, or yellow clay, or at
up fie gap with gabions, fascines, least ot reddish earth. But if there is a
and prevent the assault.
To fortify a Breach, is to render it necessity to use that which is sandy,
choice should be made of that which is
inaccessible by means of chevaux-de-
frize, crow's-feet, &c. tough and strong.
The best season for making bricks is
To make a lodgment in the Breach.
the spring ; because they are subject to
After the besieged are driven away, the
crack, when made in tne summer : the
besiegers secure themselves against any loam should be well steeped or soaked,
future attack in the breach. and wrought with water. They are shap
To elear the Brbach, that is, to
re
in
move the ruins, that it may
be the better ed in a mould, and, after some drying
defended.
BR I B R I 61

the sun or air, are burnt to a hardness. tight; and the anchors, if necessary, car
TRhis is our manner of making bricks; ried out, up the stream, and fixed to the
but whether they were always made in cable or sheer line across the river. One
this manner admits a doubt. We are not of thf chess-es is then laid or. the edge of
lear what was the us:, of straw in the the bank, at each end of the bridge, bot
bricks for building in Egypt, or why in tom up ; these serve to lay the ends of
some
part of Germany they mix saw-dust the baulks upon, and as a direction for
in their clay for bricks. placing them at the proper distances, to
.
We are in general tied down bv custom fit the chesses hat cover the bridge. The
to one form, and one size ; which is truly baulks sh'-uld then be laid across the
ridiculous : 8 or 9 inches in length, and 4 boats, and keyed together: their numbers
in breadth, is the general measure : but proportioned to the strength required in
beyond doubt there might be other forms, the bridge. If the gangboards are laid
and other sizes, introduced very advan across the heads and
stejjas of the boats
tageously. from one side of the river to the other,
Compass Bricks, areof a circular form ; they will give the men a foo ing for doing
their use is for steeningof walls ; we have the rest of the work, 'cross the baulks
also concave, and semi-cylindrical, used are laid the chesses, one after another, the

for dirtcrent purposes. edges to meet ; and the baulks running be


Grey-Stocks, are made of the purest tween the cross pieces on the under side
earth, and better wrought: they are us.-d of the chesses. The ga igboards ate thmi
in front in building, being the strongest laid across the ends of the chesses on each
and handsomest of this kind. edge of the bridge.
PIucc-Bricks, are made of the same Precautions for passing a bridge of
earth, or worse, and being carelessly put boats.
out of hand, therefore weaker and
are Whatever size the bridge may be, in
more brittle, and only used out of
are
fantry should never be allowed to pass at
sight, and where little stress is laid on the same time with carriages or cavalry.
them. The carriages should always move at a
Red Stocks, are made of a particular certain distance behind each other, that
earth, well wrought, and little injured the bridge may not be shook, by being
by mixtures : they are used in fine work, overloaded. The horses should not be
and ornaments. allowed to trot over the bridge ; and the
Hedgerly-B ricks, are made of a
yel cavalry should dismount and lead their
lowish colored loam, very hard to the horses over. Large flocks of cattle must
touch, containing a great quantity of not be allowed to cross at once.
sand : their particular excellence is, that For the dimensions, weight, and equi
they will bear the greatest violence of fire page of a pontoon, see the word Pontoon.
without hurt. When bridges are made to facilitate the
BRICOLE, an improved kind of traces communication between dirierent parts of
used oy the French in drawing and ma the approaches at a siege, they should,
noeuvring artillery ; analogous to the old if possible, be placed above the town;
drag rope, but having the addition of a or the besieged will take advantage of the
leather strap or girdle with a buckle, to current to float down large trees, or other
which the drag is affixed; and an iron bodies, in order to destroy the bridge.
ring and hook at the end to drag by. Two of such bridges should always be
BRIDGES. Manner of laying a pon placed close to each other, in order to pre
toon bridge across a river. vent the confusion ot crossing and recross-
'The bank on each side, where the ends ing on the same bridge; the one being
of the bridge are to be, must be made intended to pass over one way, and the
solid and* firm, by means of" fascines, or other to return. Pontoon oridges will
otherwise. One end of the cable must generally net su; port a greater weight
be carried across the river; and being fixed than 4 or 5,000 pounds. Pontoon-, when
to a picket, any thing firm,
or must be united as a bridge, will no doubt bear
drawn tight by means of acapstan, across more in proportion, than when acted
where the heads of the boats are to be upon separately : but the weight which
ranged. Tlie boats are then launched, a
pontoon will bear may be easily ascer
having on board each two men, and the tained, by loading it with water till it
necessary ropes, Sec. and are floated down sinks to any required depth, and then by
the stream, under the cable, to which calculating the number of cubic feet of
they are lashed endwise, by tne rings and water it contains, ascertain the number of
small ropes, at equal distances, and about pounds required to sink it to that par
their own breadth asunder ; more or less, ticular derth.
according to the strength required. If Bridges, in military affairs, are of
the river be very rapid, a second cable several sorts and denominations, viz.
must be stretched across it, parallel to Rusb-BmDGis, are made of large bun
the first, and at the distance of the length dles of rushes, bound fast together, over
of the boats ; and to which the other which planks are laid, and fastened :
ends of the boats must be lashed. The these are put in marshy places, for an
spring lines are then lashed diagonally army to pass over on any emergency.
from one boat to the other, to brace them Pendant or hanging B a 1 u c t s , are those
62 B RI BRI

not supported by posts, pillars, or hut ! middle of the stream or chief current may
ments, but hung at large in the air, sus I flow freely without interruption of a pier ;
tained only at the two ends ; as the new I or that the two halves of the bridge, by
bridge at the Falls of Schuylkill, five I gradually rising from the ends to the
miles from Philadelphia, 1809. j middle, may there meet in the highest
Draw- Bridge, that which is fastened i and largest arch ; or else, for the sake of
with hinges at one end only, so that the : grace, that
by being open in the middle,
other may be drawn up (in which case [the eye inthere viewing it may look directly
the bridge is almost perpendicular) to through as we always expect tq

hinder the passage of a ditch, &c. There ' ;doin looking at it, and without which
are others made to draw back and hinder opening we
generally feel a disappointment
the passage ; and some that open in the in viewing it.
middle; one half of which turns away I If the bridge be equally high through
to one side, aqjl the other half to the out, the arches, being all of a height, are
other, and both again join at pleasure made a 1 of a size, which causes a great
Flying-Bu iogk, is generally made of 1 saving of centering. If the bridge be
'
two small bridges, laid one over the higher in the middle than at the ends, let
other, in such a manner that the upper . the arches decrease from the middle 10-
most stretches, and runs out by the help ! wards each end, but so that each half
of certain cords running through pullies ; have the arches exactly alike, and that
placed along the sides of the upper bridge, ,they decrease in span proportionally to
which push it forwards, till the end of it their height, so as to be always the same
'
joins the place it is intended to be fixed kind of figure. Bridges should rather be
of many and
on. They are frequently used to surprise j of few and large arch s, thanand situation
works, or out-posts that have but nar small ones, if the height
row ditches. There is a curious bridge I will allow of it.
of this kind on the Ohio, worthy of at Names of all the terms, peculiar to
| &c.
tention. Bridges,
Bridge of boats, is a number of com 1 See Butments.
Abutment.
mon boats joined parallel to each other, I Arch,opening of a bridge, through
an

at the distance of 6 feet, till they reach or under which the water, &c. passes,
across the river ; which being covered and which is supported by piers or but
with strong planks, and fastened with ments. Arches are denominated circular,
anchors and ropes, the troops march elliptical, cycloidal, catemarian, equili-
over. brial, gothic, Sec. according to their figure
Bridge of communication, is that made or curve.

over a river, by which two armies, or Archivolt, the curve or line formed by
forts, which are separated by that river, the upper sides of the voussoirs or arch-
have a free communication with one stones. It is parallel to the intrados or
another. under side of the arch when the vous
Floating-BniDCt, bridge made use
a soirs are all of the same length ; otherwise
pf in form of a work in fortification called not.
a redoubt ; consisting of two boats, co By the archivolt is also sometimes un
vered with planks, which are solidly derstood the whole set of voussoirs
framed, so as to bear either horse or ar Banquet, the raised foot-path at the
tillery. Bridges of this kind are frequently sides of the bridge next the parapet : it is
used. generally raised about a foot above the
Floating bridges made of large logs of middle or horse- passage, and 3, 4, 5, 6,
light timber bound together with a floor or 7, &c. feet broad, according to the size

along them arc common in the United of the bridge, and paved with large stones,
States. whose length is equal to the breadth of
Pef0-BRiDGE, a number of tin or the walk.
copper boats placed at the distance of 7 Battardeau, or ^ a case of piling, Sec,
or 8 feet asunder, each fastened with an Coffer-dam, ) without a bottom,
anchor, or a strong rope that goes across fixed in the river, water-tight or nearly
the river, running through the rings of so, by which to lay the bottom dry for a
the pontons. They are covered with space large enough to build the pier on.
baulks, and then with chests or planks, When it is fixed, its sides reaching above
for the army to march over. See Pon the level of the water, the water is pump
ton. ed out of it, or drawn off by engines, &c.
Cask, or Barrel Bridge, a number ot till the space be dry ; and it is kept so by,
empty casks that support
baulks and j the same means, until the pier is built up
in it, and then the materials of it are
planks, made as above into a bridge, drawn up again. Battardeaux are made
where pontons, wanting. Expe
&c. are

rience has taught us that 5 ton of empty in various manners, either by a single in-
casks will support above water 9000 closure, or by a double one, with clay or
chalk rammed in between the two, to
pounds: hence any calculation may be
made. prevent the water from coming through
Bridges are made of carpentry or ma. the sides : and these mclosures are also
The number of arches of a bridge made either with piles only, driven close
sonry .

is generally made odd; either that the ] by one another, and sometimes notched
BR I B R I 63

or dove-tailed into each other, or with the arch is completed, that foundation is
piles grooved in thesides driven in at a struck from under it, to make way for
distance from one another, and boards let the water and navigation, and then the
down between them in the grooves. arch will stand of itself from its curved
Butments, are the extremities of a bridge, figure. The centre must be constructed
by whicn it j.'ins to, or abuts upon, the of the exact figure of the intended arch,
land, or sides of the riv.r, &c. convex, as the arch is concave, to receive
These must be made very secure, quite it on as a mould. If the form be circu
immoveable, and more than barely suffi lar, the curve is struck from a central
cient to resist the drift of its adjacent arch, point by a radius ; if it be elliptical, it
so that, if there are not rocks or very solid should be struck with a double cord, pass
banks to raise them against, they must be ing over two pins fixed in the focusses,
wed re-inforccd with proper walls or re as the mathematicians describe their ellip

turns, Sec. ses ; and not


by striking different pieces
or arcs of circles from several centres ;
Caisson, a kind of chest, or flat-bot
for these will form no ellipsis at all, but
tomed boat, in which a
pier is built,
then sunk to the bed of the river, and an irregular misshapen curve made up of

the sides loosened and taken off from the broken pieces of different circular arches ;
bottom, b. a contrivance for that pur but if the arch be of any other form, the
pose ; the bottom of it being left under several abscissas and ordinates should
the pier as a foundation. It is evident, be calculated ; then their corresponding
therefore, that the bottoms of the caissons lengths, transferred to the centering, will
must be made very strong and fit for the give s-> many points of the curve ; by
foundations of the piers. The caisson is bending a bow of pliable matter, accord
kept afloat till the pier be built to the ing to those points, the curve may be
height of low water mark ; and for that drawn.
purpose, its sides must either be made of The centres are constructed of beams
more than that height at first, or else of timber, firmly pinned and bound toge
gradually raised to it, as it sinks by the ther, into one .ntire
compact frame, co
weight of the work, so as always to keep vered smooth at top with planks or boards
its top above water : and therefore the to place ihe voussoirs on ; the whole
sup
sides must be made very strong, and kept ported by off- sets in the sides of the piers,
asunder by cross -timbers within, lest the and by piles driven into the bed of the
great pressure of the ambient water crush river, and capable of being raised and de
the sides in, and so not onlv endanger the pressed by wedges contrived for that pur
work, but also drown the workmen with pose, and for taking them down when the
in it. The caisson is made of the shape arch is completed. They should also be
of the pier, but some teet wider on every constructed of a strength more than suf
side to make room for the men to work ; ficient to bear the weight of the arch.
the whole of the sides are of two pieces, In taking the centre dow. , first let it
both joined to the bottom quite round, down a little, all in a piece, by easing
and to each other at the salient angle, so some of the
wedges ; then let it rest a few
as to be disengaged from the bottom, and days to try if the arch makes any efforts
from each other, when the pier is raised to fall, or any joints
open, or any stones
to the desired height, and sunk. It is al crush or crack, &c. that the damage may
so convenient to have a little sluice made be repaired before the centre is entirely
in the bottom, occa ionally to open and removed, which is not to be done till
shut, to sii.k the caisson and pier some the arch ceases to make any visible ef
times by, before it be finished, to try it it forts.
bottom level and rightly ; for by opening Chest. See Caisson.
the sluice, the waier will rush in and fill Coffer-dam. See Battardfab.
it to the height of the exterior water, and Drift, ") of an arch, is the push or
the weight of the work alieady built will Shoot, or> force which it exerts in the
sink it : then by sh titling the sluice again, Thrust, j direction of the fength of the
and pumping out the water, it will be bridge. This force arises from the per
made to that agi in, and the rest of the pendicular gravitation of the stones of the
work maybe completed. It must not arch, which being kept from descending
how. ver be s. ink except when the sides
by the form of the arch, and the resistance
are high enough to ieach above the sur of the pier, exert their force in a lateral or
face of tne water, otherwise it cannot be horizontal directio... This force is com
raised and laid dry again. Mr. Labelye puted in Prop. 10, of Mr. Hutton's
states, that the caissons in which he built Principles of Bridges, where the thickness
Westminster" bridge, London, contained of the pier is determined that is necessiry
above 150 load of fir timber, of 40 cubic to resist it, and is rcater the lower the
.

feet each, and were ot more tonnage or arch is, cxteris paribus.
capacity than a 4 gun ship of war. Elevation, the orthographic projection
Centres, arc the tiinoer frames erected of the front of a bridge, on the vertical
in the spaces of the arches to turn them plane, parallel to its length This is ne
on, by building on them the voussoirs of cessary to shew the f Tin and dimensions
the arch. As the centre serves as a foun of the arches and other parts, as to height
dation for the arch to be built on, when and breadth, and therefore has a plain
64 B R I B R I

scale annexed to it, to measure the parts be well secured, and made quite good and
by. It also shews the manner of work safe, if it be not so naturally. The space
ing up and decorating the fronts of the must be bored into, to try the consistence
bridge. of the ground; and if a good bottom of
Extrados, the exterior curvature or line stone, or firm eravel, clay, Sec. be met
of an arch. In the
propositions of the with, within a moderate depth below the
second section in Professor Hutton's bed of the river, the loose sand, Sec. must
Principles of Bridges, it is the outer or up be removed and digged out to it, and the
foundation laid on the firm bottom on a
per line of the wall above the arch ; but
it often means omy the
upper or exterior strong grating or base of timber made
cure of the voussoirs. much broader every way than the pier,
Foundations, the bottoms of the piers, that there may be the greater base to press
&c. or th-- bases on which they are built. on, to prevent its being sunk ; but if a
These bottoms are always to be made solid bottom cannot be found at a conve
with projections, .reater or less, accord nient depth to dig to, the space must then
ing to the s :aces on which they are built : be driven full of strong piles, whose tops
and according to the nature of the ground, must be sawed off level some feet below

depth and velocity of water, &c. the the bed of the water, the sand having
foundations are laid and the piers built been previously dug out for that purpose ;
after difterent manners, either in caissons, and then the foundation on a grating of
in battardeaux, on stilts with sterlii.-'s, timber laid on their tops as before: or,
Sec. for the particular method of doing when the bottom is not good, if it be
which, see each under its respective made level, and a strong grating of tim
term. ber, 2, 3, or 4 times as large as the base
The obvious and simple method
most ot the pier be made, it will form a good
ef laying the foundations and raising the base to build on, its great size preventing
piers up the water-mark, is to turn
to it from sinking. In driving the piles, be
the river out of its course above the gin at the mddle, and proceed outwards
place of the bridge, into a new channel all the way to the borders or margin ; the
cut for it near the place where it makes reason of which is, that if the outer ones

an elbow or turn ; then the piers are built were driven first, the earth ot the inner
on dry ground, and the water turned into space would be thereby so jammed toge
its old course again ; the new one being ther, as not to allow the inner piles to be
securely banked up. This is certainly driven ; and besides the piles immediately
the best method, whtn the new channel under the piers, it is also very prudent to
can be easily and conveniently made.
drive in a single, double, or triple row of

Th.s, however, is seldom or never the them round, and close to the frame of the
ease. foundation, cutting them off a little above
Another method is, to lay only the it, to secure it irom slipping aside out of
space of each pier dry till it be built, by its place, and to bind the ground under the
surrounding it with piles and planks dri pier firmer : for, as the safety of the
ven down into the bed of the river, so whole bridge depends on the foundation,
close together as to exclude the water too much care cannot be used
to have the
from coming in ; then the water is pump bottom made quite secure.
ed out of the inclosed space, the pier Jettee, the border made round the stilts
built in it, and lastly the piles and planks under a pier. See Sterling.
drawn up. This is cofter-uam work, Impost, is the part of the pier on which
but evidently cannot be practised if the the feet of the arches stand, or from
bottom be of a loose consistence, admit whith they spring.
ting the water to ooze and spring up Key. stone, the middle voussoir, or the
through it. arch- stone in the top or immediately over
When neither the whole nor part of the the centre of the arch. The letigth of
river can be easily laid dry as above, other the key-stone, or thickness of the archi
methods are to be used ; such as to build volt at top, is allowed to be about i-i5th
either in caissons-or on stilts, both which or i-i6th of the
span, by the best ar
.
methods are described under their proper chitects.
words; or yet by another methid, which Orthography, the elevation of a bridge,
hath, though seldom, been sometimes or front view, as seen at an infinite dis
t .-.cd, without
laying the bottom dry, and tance.
which is thus; the pier is built upon Parapet, the breast-wall made on the
itror.g rafts or giaiings of timber, well topot abridge to
prevent passengers from
bound together, ar.d buoyed up on the falling over. In good bridges, to build
surface of the water by strong cables, the parapet but a little part of its height
fixed to the other floats or machines, till close or solid, and
upon tiiat a balustrade
the pier is built ; the whole i. then gent to above a man's height, has an elegant

ly let down to the bottom, which must eliect.


be made level for the purpose; but ot Piers, the walls built for the support
these methods, that of building in cais- of the arches, ana from which they
springi
>wns is best. as the.r bases. They should be built of
But before the pier can be built in any large blocks of stone, solid throughout,
manner, the ground at the bottom must and cramped together with iron, which
BR I B R I 65

will make the whole as one solid stone. low- water mark, and then they are called
Their faces or ends, from the base up to stilts. Those to form borders Of defence,
high-water-mark, should project sharp are rows driven in close by the frame of a
Out with a salient to divide the
angle, foundation, to keep it firm, or else thy
stream : or, the bottom of the
perhaps are to form a case or jettee about the
pier should be built Hat or
square up to stilts, to keep the stones within it, that
about half the height of low-water-mark, are thrown in to fill it : in this case;
up
to allow a lodgement against it for the the piles are grooved, .riven at a little
sand and mud, to go over the foundation ; distance from each other, and plank-piles
lest, by being kept bare, the water should let into the grooves between them, and
in time undermine, and so ruin or injur; driven down also, till the whole space is
it. The best form of the projection fo? surrounded. B. sides using this for stilts,
dividing the stream, is the triangle ; aid t is sometimes necessary to surround a
the longer it is, or the more acute the sa stone pier with a sterling, or jettee, and
lient angle, the better it will divide it, fill it U' with stones to secure an injured
and the less will the force of the wat r per from being still more damaged, and
be against the piei; ; but it may be suffi he whole bridge runed. The piles to
cient to make that angle a right one, as support the centres may also serve as a
it will make the work stronger; and in ooraer of piling to secure the foundation,
that case the perpendicular projectio eutting them off low enough after the
will be equal to half the breadth or thick '.entre is removed.
ness of the pier. In rivers, on which Pile-driver, an engine for driving down
large heavy craft navigate and pass the the piles. It consists of a large ram or
arches, it may, -perhaps, be better to i.on sliding perpendicularly down between
make the ends semicircular : for, although two guide posts; which being lifted
up
it does not divide the water so well as the to the
top of them, and there let fall from
triangle, it will both better turn oft" and a great
height, conies down upon the top
bear the shock of trie craft. of the pile with a violsnt blow. It is
The thickness of the piers should be orked either with men or horses, and
such as will make them of wei ht 01 ither with or without wheel-work The
strength sufficient to support their in iiridge on Schuylkill, Philadelphia, is a
terjacent arch independent of any other master-piece of workmanship ; and the
arches ; and then, if the middle of the new bricl. e at Trenton, over the
Delaware,
pier be run up to its full height, the cen !s equally bold and in enious in its plan
tering ma\ be struck to be used in another in t: e latter the floor is suspender from

arch before the hanches are filled p. tne voussoirs of the arches; by
stirfu.-sof
The whole theory of the piers may be
ron

seen in the third section of Professor Pitch, of an arch, the perpendicular


Hutton's Principles of Bridges. iieight from the spring or impost to the
They should be made with a broaci <cy stone.
bottom on the foundation, and gradually Plan, of any part, as of the tounda-
diminishing iii thickness by off-sets up to t.o.is, piers, or superstructure, is the
or
low- water- mark .
orthographic projection of it on a plane
Piles, are timbers driven into the bed parallel to the horizon.
of the river for various purposes, and are Push, of an arch. SeeDRif-..
either round, square, or flat like planks. Salient angle, of a pier, the projection
They may be of any wood which will ; 01 of the end against the stream, to divide
rot under water ; but oak and fir are rself. The righr-lined angle best divides
mostly used, especially the latter, on ac the stream, and the more acute, the bet
count of its length, straightness, and ter for that purpose ; but the fight
angle
cheapness. They are shod with a pointed is generally used, as making the best ma
iron at the bottom, the better to sonry. A semicircular end, though it
penetrate
into the grVnd, and are bound with a does not divide the stream so well, is
strong iron band or ring at top, to prevent sometimes better in large navigable n vers,
them from being split by the violent as it carries the craft the better offi or
strokes of the ram by which they are hears their shocks tne better.
driven down. Shoo:, of an arch. See Drift.
Piles are either used to build the foun Springers, a.e the first or lowest stones)
dations on, or they are driven about the of an arch, being those at its feet, and
pier as a border of defence, or to support bearing immediately on the impost.
the centres on ; and in this case, when Sterlings^ or Jetties, a kind of case made
the centreing is removed, they must either about a
pier of stilts, &c to secure it,
be drawn up, or sawed oft very low under and is described under the
particularly
water ; but it is better to saw them off next word, Stilts.
and leave therrt sticking in the bottom, Stilts, a set of piles driven into the
lest the drawing of them out should loosen space intended for the pier, whose tops
the ground about the foundation of the being saweu level off; above low- water
pier. Those to build on, are either such mark, the pier is then raised on them.
as are cut olfby the bottom of the water, This method was formerly used when
or rather a few feet within the bed of the bottom of the river eould not be laid
the river; of else such as are cut elf at dry ; and the>e stilts were surrounded, at
66 B R I B R I

a few feet distance, by a row ef piles whether horse, foot, or artillery, under
and planks, &c. close to them like a the command of a brigadier. There are,
coffer-dam, and called a sterling, ox jettee ,- properly speaking, three sorts of brigades,
after which loose stones, Sec. are thrown Viz. the brigade of an army, the brigade
or poured down into the space, till it is of a troop ot horse, and the brigade of ar
filled up to the top, by that means form tillery. A brigade of the army is either
ing a kind of pier of rubble of loose foot or dragoons, whose exact number is
not fixed, but generally consists of 3, 4,
work, and which is kept together by the
sides or sterlings : this is then paved 5 or 6 regiments, or battalions : a brigade
level at the top, and the arches turned of horse may consist of 8, 10 or 12 squad
This method was formerly rons ; and that of artillery, of 6, 8 or 10
upon it.
much used, most of the large old bridges pieces of cannon, with all their appurte
Ln England being erected that way, such nances. The eldest brigade takes the
as London bridge, Newcastle bridge, Ro right of the first line, the second of the
chester bridge, &c. But the inconve second line, and the rest in order, the
niences attending it are so great, that it is youngest always possessing the centre,
now quite disused ; for, because of the unless the commander deems a different
loose composition of the piers, they must arrangement expedient ; and in such case
be made very large or broad, or else the mere etiquette always bends to orders.

arch must push them oyer, and rush The cavalry and artillery observe the same
down as soon as the centre was drawn ; order.
which great breadth of piers and ster- The Horse Artillery in the British ser
lirtgs so much contracts the passage of vice are called the horse Brigade ; and
the water, as not only very much to in consist of 6 troops, with their guns and
commode the navigation through the arch, stores. Their head-quarters are at Wool
from the fall and quick motion of the wich, where handsome barracks, detach
water ; but likewise to put the bridge ed from those of the royal artillery, have
itself in much danger, especially in time been erected for their accommodation.
of floods, when the water is too much A Brigade, in the French ordination,
for the passage. Add to this, that be is the same as our Regiment ; but it con
sides the danger there is of the pier burst sists of 3 battalions, each of which is
ing out the sterlings, they are also subject equal to one of our regiments or 1000
to much decay and damage by the velo men ; a demi brigade is half a regiment,
or a French battalion.
city of the water and the craft passing
through the arches. BuiGADK-Majcr, an officer appointed
Thrust. See Drift. by the brigadier, to assist him in the ma
Voussoirs, the stones which immedi nagement of his brigade. The most ex
ately form the arch, their undersides con perienced captains are generally nomina
stituting the intrados. The middle one, ted to this post ; who act in the brigade
or key-stone, should be about i-i5thor as major-generals do in the armies, re

i-i6th of the span, as has been observed; ceiving their orders from their comman
and the rest should increase in size all the ders.
way down to the impost : the more they Brig ADZ-Major. General. The mili
increase the better, as they will the bet tary commands in Great Britain being di
ter bear the great weight which rests up vided into districts, an office has been
on them without being crushed ; and also established for the sole transaction of bri
svill bind the firmer together. Their gade duties. Through this office all
joints should also be cut perpendicular to orders from the commander-in-chief to
the curve of the intrados. For more in the generals of districts relative to corps
formation, see Professor Hutton's Prin of officers, &c. must pass. For further
ciples of Bridges, in 8vo. information on this head, see James's
Bridge, in gunnery, the two pieces of Regimental Companion, id qriktion,vol. i.
w
timber which go between the two tran page 25.
soms of a gun-carriage, on which the Brigade de Boulangers,-J-x. It was
coins are placed, for elevating the piece. usual in the old French service, to brigade
See Carriage. the bakers belonging to the army. Each
F '. I DLF.-Arm Protect, a guard used brigade consisted of one master baker and
by the cavalry, which censists in having three boys ; the system is continued in
the word- hilt above the helmet ; the the modern French army.
blade crossing the back of the head, the BRIGADIER, a military officer,
point of the left shoulder, and the bridle- whose rank is next above that of a
arm ; its edge directed to the left, and colonel ; appointed to command a corps,
turned a little upwards, in order to bring consisting of several battalions or regi
the mounting in a proper direction to ments, called a brigade. This title in
protect the hand. England is suppressed in time of peace,
BRIDON, or Bridoon, the snaffle but revived in actual service in the field.
and rein of a military bridle, which acts Every brigadier marches at the head of
independent of the bit and curb at the his brigade upon duty. On the Uni
pleasure of the rider. ted States establishment, there is only
BRIGADE, in military affairs, implies one
brigadier- general, who is chief in ac
a party or division of a body of soldiers, tual command; provision has been lately
BRO BUI 67

made by law for two more in case of with the Broad Sword, Sec. in which
war. the spadroon or cut and thrust sword
BRIGANDINE, orBRiGANTiNE,in play is reduced into a regular system.
ancient military history,
a coat of maiL, BROND. See Brand.
or kind of defensive armor, consisting of BROWNBILL, the ancient weapon
tin. of the English foot, resembling a battle.
BRINGERS-*/., an
antiquated mili ax.

tary expression, to signify the whole rear BRUNT. The troops who sustain
rank of a battalion drawn up, as being the principal shock of the enemy in ac
the hindmost men of every file. tion, are said to bear the brunt of the
BKlNS-d'Est, Fr. large sticks or poles battle.
resembling small pickets, with iron at BRUSQUE R une attaque, Fr. is to
each end. They are used to cross ditches, open the trenches in the nearest ap
particularly in Flanders. proaches to a place, completing the
BRISURE, in fortification, is a line works from the front towards the rear.
of four or five fathom, which is allowed This undertaking is extremely hazar
to the curtain and orillon, to make the dous, unless the object invested, or at
hollow tower, or to cover the concealed tacked, be ill-garrisoned, have a nar
flank. row front to besiege, the ditches be dry,

BROADSIDE, in a sea fight, implies Sec.


the discharge of all the artillery on one Brusquer /'affaire, Fr. to attack
side of a ship of war. suddenly, and without attending to any
BROAD-SWORD, a sword with a regular rule of military manoeuvre.
broad blade, chiefly designed for cutting ; BUCCANEERS, in military history,
not at present much used in the British a name frequently applied to those fa
service, except by some few regiments of mous adventurers, consisting of pirates,
cavalry and Highland infantry. Among Sec. from all the maritime nations of
the cavalry, this weapon has in general Europe, who formerly joined together,
given place to the sabre. and made war upon the Spaniards in
The principal guards with the broad America.
sword are : BUCKETS. Water-buckets are ne
The inside guard, (similar to carte in cessary appendages to field- pieces, to cool
fencing,) which is formed by directing the gun when hotly engaged ; other
your point in a line about six inches wise it might fire itself, or run at the
higher than your antagonist's left eye, muzzle.
the hilt opposite your own breast, the BUCKLER, a piece of defensive ar

finger-nails turned upwards, and the edge mor used ancients.


by the It was al
of the sword to the left. ways worn on' the left arm, and com
The outside guard, (resembling tierce,) posed of wicker-work, of the lightest
in which, by a-turn of the wrist from the sort, but most commonly of hides, for
former position, the point of the sword is tified with plates of brass or other me
directed above your antagonist's right eye, tals. The shape of it varied considera
the edge of the weapon turned to the right, bly, being sometimes round, sometimes
and the finger-nails downward ; tlie arm oval, and often nearly square. The shield
sufficiently straightened to the right to of Achillesin the 1 Iliad, as well as the book
protect the outside of your body from the itself merits the attention of the military
attack. student.
The medium guard, which is a position BUDGE- Barrels. See Barrel.
between the inside and outside guard, BU^f -Leather, in military accoutre
seldom used, as it affords very little pro ments, is a sort of leather prepared from
tection. the buffalo, which, dressed with oil, af
The hanging guard, (similar to ter the manner of shainoy, makes what
prime
and seconde) in which the hilt of your is generally called buff-skin. Sword-
sword is raised high enough to view your belts were made of this leather.
opponent under the shell, and the point BUGLE-HORN, the old Saxon horn;
directed towards his body. it is now used by the light infantry, and
The St. George's guard, which protects by riflemen. By its sound
the head, and differs from the last-de
particularly
ings, their manoeuvres are directed, either
scribed only in raising the hand somewhat in advancing, skirmishing, or retreating.
higher, and bringing the point nearer to It is also used by the horse artillery, and
yourself. some regiments of light cavalry.
The swords worn by officers of the in BUILDING, in a general sense, a
fantry being constructed eithe. for cutting fabric erected by art, cither for devo
or thrusting, it is necessary for gentlemen tion, magnificence, conveniency, or de
to be both with the method
acquainted fence.
of attacking and defending with the broad Military Buildings, are of various
sword and with the rapier. Those who sorts, viz. powder-magazines, bridges,
have not opportunity of regular lessons gates, barracks, hospitals, store-houses,
from a professed teacher, may obtain
much useful information from a work
mtitled the Art of Defence on Foot, i guard-rooms, &c.
Regular Building,
plan
is that whose
is square, the opposite side; <qual,
68 BUI B UL

and all tire parts nerves of the whole fabric.


disposed with sym they being the
metry. These are sometimes fortified on each
,
Irregular Building, that whose plan side the corners, even in brick buildings,
is contained within equal or parallel
not with square stones; which add both.
lines, either by the accident of situation, beauty and strength to the edifice. See
or the Stone, Bricks, Lime, Sand.
design of the builder, and whose
parts are not relative to one another in the BULLETIN, Fr. any official account
elevation. which is given of public transactions. See
Insulated Building, that which is Gazette.
not contituous to any other, but is en BULLETS, are leaden balls, where
compassed with streets,
squares,open with all kinds of small fire-arms are load
Sec. or any building which stands in a ed. The diameter of any bullet is found,
river, on a rock Grounded by the sea, by dividing 1.6706 by the cube rootot the
mars ., &c. number, which shews how many of them
Engaged Buildinc, one surrounded make a pound ; or it may be done in a
with otherbuildings," having no front to shorter way From the logarithm
any public place, nor any com
street or .2228756 of 1.6706 subtract continually
munication without, but by a common the third part of the logarithm of the num
passage. ber of bullets in the pound, and thediffer-
Interred ot sunk Building, one whose .nce will be the logarithm of the diameter
area is below the surface, of the place required.
where it stands, and ot which the lowest Thus the diameter of a bullet, whereof
coursus of stone are concealed weigh a pound, is found by subtract
12
In building there are three things to be ing 35727> a third pa. t of the logarithm
considered, viz. commodity or conve- of 12, from the given logarithm .2228756,
niency ; secondly, firmness or stability ; or, when the logarithm is less than the
thirdly, delight. former, an unit must be added, so as to
To accomplish which ends, Wotton have 1 2228756, and the difference
considers the whole subject under two 8631486 will be the logarithm of the
heads, namely, the seat or situation, and diameter sought, which is .7297 inches;
'

the work. observing that the number found will


i. As for the seat, either that of the always be a decimal, when the logarithm,
whole is to be considered, or that of its which is to be subtracted, is greater than
parts. that of one pound ; because the divisor
2. As to the situation,
regard is to be is greater than the dividend in this case.
had to the quality, temperatuie, and sa Hence, from the specific gravity of
lubrity or healthiness of the air; that it lead, the diameter of any bullet may be
be a good healthy ir, not subject to found from its given weight: for, since
foggy noisomeness from adjacent fens or
'
a cube foot weighs 11325 ounces, and 678
j
marshes; also free from noxious mineral is to 355 as the cube 1728 of a foot, or 12
exhalations ; nor should the place want inches, is the content of the sphere,
the Sweet influence of the sun-beams, which therefore is 59297 ounces: and
nor be wholly destitute of the breezes of since spheres are as the cubes of their
wind, that will fan and purge the air; diameters; the weight 5929.7' is to 16
the want of which would render it like a ounces, or 1 pound, as the cube 1728 is
stagnated pool, and would be \ery un to the cube of the diameter of a sphere

healthy. which weighs a pound; which cube


In the foundations of buildings, Vitru- therefore is 4.66263, and its root 1.6706
yius orders the ground to be dug up, to inches, the diameter sought.
examine its firmness ; that an apparent The diameter of musket bullets differs
solidity is hot to be trusted, unless the | but 1.50th part from that of the musket
whole mould cut through be sound and bore; for if" the shot but just rolls into
|
solid : 'tis true, he does not say to what II the barrel, it is sufficient. The English
depth it shoulu b dug: but Palladio i| allow 11 bullets in the pound for the
determines it to be a sixth part of the proof of muskets, and 14 in the pound,
!jii
height of the building. or 29 in two
pounds, for service ; 17 for,
i. That' the pioof ot cirbines, aid 20 for service;"
'

The great laws of walling aie:

the walls stand perpendicular on the ; and 28 in the pound for the proof of
ground-work, the right angle being the i pistols, and 34 tor service. The proof
fdundation of all stability. 2. That the : bullet of the U. S. musket made at Har
largest and heaviest materials be the per's ferry in Virgin.a, the barrel of which
lbwest, as more proper to sustain others is 3 feet 8$ inches, is one fifteenth of a
than be sustained themselves. 3. That " pound; the service ball one nineteenth.
the work diminish in thickness, as it , The Rifle of Harper's ferry, the barrel of
rises, both for the ease of \% eU'.ht and to 1 which is 2 feet 10 incbes ; the proof ball
lessen the expence. 4. That certain j is one- twenty-eighth of, a pound; the ser
courses, or lodges, of more strength than j vice ball is one thirty- secondth part of a
the rest, be interlaid, like bones, to ; pound. See Gun and Rifle.
sustain the wall fiom total ruin, if some j Hollow Bullets, orsheils, of a cylin
of the under parts chance to decay. 5. drical shape. These have an opening and
|
'.. Uy, that the angles be firmly bound,. a fuze at the end, by which fire is com-
*w

BUR CAB 69

municated the combustibles within,


to That of a corporal, musician, private
and an take, place, similar to
explosion man, drummer, and fifer, by 1 serjeant
that occasioned by the blowing up of a and 13 rank and file, with 3 rounds of
mine. small arms.
Chain Bullets, are two balls which All officers, attending the funerals of
chain,
at any even their nearest relations, notwith
are joined together by a

given distance from each other. standing wear their regimentals, and .1
Branch Bcllets, two balls joined to black crape round the left arm.
The pall to be supported by officers
gether by an iron bar.
Two-beaded Bullets, sometimes called of the same rank with that of the deceas
which ed : if the number cannot be had, of
anges, are two halves of a bullet their
are kept together by means of a bar or ficers next in seniority are to supply
chain. place.
BULWARK, the ancient name for The order of march to be observed in
bastion or rampart, which words see. military funerals is reversed with respect
BURDEN, ; in a general sense, im- to rank. For instance, if an officer is
BURTHEN, S plies a load or weight, buried in a garrison town or from a camp,
it is customary lor the officers belonging
supposed to be as much as a man, horse,
&c. can well carry. A sound healthful toother corps to pay his remains the com
man can raise a weight equal to his own, pliment of attendance. In which case
can also draw and carry 5olb. a moderate the youngest ensign marches at the head
distance. An able horse can draw 3501b. immediately after the pall, and the gene
though in length of time 300 is sufficient. ral, if there be one, in the rear of the
Hence all artillery calculations are made. commissioned officers, who take their
One horse will draw as mu?h as 7 men, posts in reversed order according to seni
and 7 oxen will draw as much as 11 or 12 ority. The battalon, troop or company
horses. Burthen lik wise in a figurative follow the s 'me rule.
tax, Sec. The expence tor a regimental burial is
sense means impost,
BURGANET, or Burgonet, Fr. a to charged against the captains of the
be
kind of helmet nsed by the French. respective troops or companies.
BURIALS, as practised by the mili tor further particulars, see Reid's Mi
tary, are as follows, in th British ser litary Discipline.
vice, viz. The funeral of a field. marshal BURR, in round iron ring,
a
j gunnery,
shall be saluted with 3 rounds of 15 pieces which serves to rivet the end of the bolt,
of cannon, attended by 6 battalions, and so as to form a round head.

8 squadrons. BVRREL-shot, small bullets, nails,


That of a general, with 3 rounds of 11 and stones discharged from any piece of
pieces of cannon, 4 battalions, and 6 ordnance.
squadrons. BUSKINS, a kind of shoe, or half
That of a lieutenant-general, with 3 boot, adapted, to either foot ; formerly a
rounds of 9 pieces of cannon, 3 battalions, part of the Roman dress, particularly for
and 4 squadrons. tragic actors on the stage. They are now

Thatot a major-general, with 3 rounds much worn by the army.


of 7 pieces of cannon, 2 battalions, and 3 pillage. At the
BUTIN, Fr. booty or
of the French monarchy, and
beginning
squadrons.
That of a brigadier-general, 3 rounds i for a long time after its establishment, a
of 5
pieces of cannon, 1 battalion,
and 2 particular spot was marked out by the
squadrons. prince or general, to which all persons
That of a colonel, by his own bat ; belonging to the victorious army were
talion, or an equal number by detach i directed to bring every species of booty
ment, with 3 rounds of small arms. ] that might have fallen into their hands.
That of a lieutenant-colonel, by 300 This boo;y was not divided, or appro
men and officers, with 3 rounds of small priated according to the will and pleasure
arms. ot the prince or general, but was thrown
That of a major, by 200 men and offi into different lots, and drawn for in com
cers, with 3 rounds of small arms. mon.
That of a captain, by his own com BUTMENTS. See Braces.
or 70 rank and file, with 3 rounds BUTT, in gunnery, is a solid earthen
pany,
of small arms. parapet, to lire against in the proving of
That of a lieutenant, by 1 lieutenant, guns, or in practice.
1 serjeant, 1 drummer, 1 titer, and 36 BUTTON, in gunnery, a part of the
rank and fi;e, with 3 rounds. cascable, in either a gun or howitzer, and
That of an ensign, by an ensign, a Ser is the hind part of the piece, made round
jeant, and drummer, and 27 rankanu file, in the form of a ball. See C a n n o n .

with 3 rounds. BUTTRESS. See Counterfort.


That of an adjutant surgeon, and BUZ.E, a woode.i, or leaden pipe, to
quarter-master, the same party as an convey .he air out of imr.es
.

ensign.
That of a serjeant, by a serjeant, and
19 rank and file, with 3 rounds of small
.'rais.
70 CAM C AI

two sorts, i. e. hot cement, which is the


C. most common, madeof resin, beeswax,
brick dust, and chalk, boiled together.
The bricks to be cemented with this
CABAS, Fr. a basket madeof rushes,
used in ancient Languedoc and Roussil- mixture, must be made hot in the fire,
and rubbed to and fro after the cement is
lon, for the purpose of conveying stores
and ammunition. This term is adopted spread, in the same manner as joiners do
when they glue two boards together.
in military inventories.
Cold cement, made of Cheshire cheese,
CABINET Council, a council held
tvith privacy and unbounded confidence. milk, quick lime, and whi'.es of eggs.
This cement is less used than the former,
CABLE ou Chable, Fr. a large rope.
and is accounted a secret known but to
CADENCE, in tactics, implies a very
very few bricklayers.
regular and uniform method of marching,
by the drum and music, beating time ; Cj^ESTUS, in military antiquity, was
it may not be improperly calkd mathe
alarge gauntlet, composed of raw hides,
used by pug-lists at the public games.
matical marching; for aftei the length of
a step is determined, the time and dist
CAGE de la Bascule, Fr. a space into
ance may be found. It is by a continual which one part of the draw-bridge falls,
whilst the other rises and conceals the
practice and attention to this, that the
Prussians arrived at that point of perfec gate.
CAIC, Fr. a skiff or boat belonging
tion, once so much admired in their evo
lutions. to a French galley.
Cadence or Cadency, in cavalry, is CAIMACAN, inmilitary history, an
which officeramong the Turks, nearly answer
an equal measure or
proportion,
a h rse observes in all his motions. ing to our lieutenant.
CADET, among the military, is a CAISSE, Fr. Battre la caisse is used
in the French service to express the beat
young gentleman, who applies himself
to the study of fortification and gunnery, ing of a drum instead ot battre la Tarn-
&c. and who sometimes serves in the hour.

army, with or without pay, 'till a va


CAISSON, in military affairs, as a
wooden frame or chest, made square, the
cancy happens for his promotion. The
side planks about 2 inches thick : it may
proper signification ot the word is,
be made to contain from 4 to 20 loaded
younger brother. See Academy.
Cadet, Fr. differs in its signification shells, or according to the execution they are
to do, as the ground is firmer or looser.
from the term as it is used in our lan
The sides must be high enough, that
guage. A cadet in the French service
when the cover is nailed on, the fuzes
did not receive any pay, but entered as a
volunteer in a troop or company, for the may not be damaged. Caissons are buried
under ground at the depth of 5 or 6 feet,
specific purpose of becoming master of under some work the enemy intends to
military tactics.
In the reign ef Louis XIV. there weie possess himself of; and when he becomes
master of it, fire is put to the train con
companies of Cadets. The sons of no
blemen and gentlemen of fashion were veyed through pipe, which inflames the
a

received into these companies, and when shells, and blows up the assailants.
Sometimes a quantity of loose powder is
reported fit to undertake a military func
tion, were nominated cornets, sub-lieu put into the chest, on which the shells
tenants or ensigns. In the reign of Louis are placed, sufficient to put them in
XV. a regulation was made, by which motion, and raise them above ground :
at the same time that the blast of powder
no cadet could be admitted unless he had
sets fire to the fuze in the which
passed his fiftsenth year and was under must be calculated to burnshells, from 1 to 2$
twenty.
He was likewise obliged to prove his seconds. When no powder is
put under
the shells, a small quantity of mealed
nobility by the testimony of four gentle
men ! officers' sons, however, were ad powder must be strewed over them,
mitted on proof being given, that their having a communication with the sau.
fathers had actually served, or had died cisson, in order to convey the fire to the
in the service. fuzes.
A chaplain was appointed to every Caisson, is a covered waggon, to carry
bread or ammunition.
cadet-company, whose duty it was to
instruct the cadets In reading and writing. Caisson, Fr. is variously used in the
French service.
They had likewise a master in mathe Caisson des bombes, is a tub which
matics, a drawing master, a fencing
is filled with loadedshells and buriedeven
master and dancing master.
with the ground. 1 1 is inclined a little on
Cadet, Fr. likewise means any officer
that is junior to another. one side, and
by means of a quantity of
C/EMENT, ; among engineers, a powder which is scattered on the top and
connected with the bottom by a saucis-
C E M E N T, S strong sort of mor-
son, an explosion may be effected so as to
tar, used to bind bricks or stones together
in throw the shells into the open air towards
for some kind of moulding ; or cement
given point. Caissons which are bu
ing a block of bricks for the carving of any ried in the glacis produce great effect.
or the like. There are
capitals, scrolls,
CAL CAM 71

Caisson pour les vivres, Fr. a large garithmetic scales of numbers, sines,
||
chest whose lid rises in the centre some versed sines and tangents. 17. A sectoral
what like the capital of a pillar, in order line of equal parts, or the line of lines.
that the rain may runoff. The following 18. A sectoral line of plans, and super
dimensions were adopted to contain eight ficies. 19. A sectoral line of solids.
hundred ratfons at least. CALIBRE, Fr. See Caliber.
The caisson or chest must be 8 French Calibre, Fr signifies, in a figurative
feet 4 inches long at least, 3 feet 4 inches sense, cast or character ; as un hemme de
high from the bottom to the extreme ce calibre, a man of this cast.

point of the lid, or chapiter, 2 feet 6 CALIBRER, Fr. to take the measure
inches from its square sides to the bottom, ment ot the calibre of a gun. A particular
2 feet 5 inches broad at the bottom, out instrument has been invented for this
side, 2 feet 9 inches bioad at top, and purpose. It resembles a compass with
the cover or lid must be 5 feet 4 inches curved branches, which serve to grasp
long. Poplar trees afford the best wood and measure a ball.
for the construction of caissons, because C A L I V E R , an old term for an arque-
that species has a close grain, and is cal buse or musket.
culated to keep out rain. CALOTE, Fr. a species of scull cap
CALATRAVA, a Spanish military which officers and soldiers wear under
order called from a Fort of that name.
so their hats in the French cavalry, and
The knights of Calatrava bear a cross ; which are pioof against a sabre or sword.
gules, fleur-de-lissed with green, Sec. Calotes are usually made of iron, wick,
CALCULATION, lnmihtary affairs, or dressed leather, and every officer chuses
is the art of computing the amplitudes of the sort he likes best. Those delivered
shells, time of night, projectile curve, out to the troops are madeof iron.

velocity of shots, charges of mines, &c C A L Q U I N G , ; the art of tracing any


together with the necessary tables for CALKING, $ kind of a military
practice. drawing, &c. upon some plate, paper,
CALIBER, in gunnery, signifies the &c. It is performed by covering the
same as the bore or opening: and the backside of the drawing with a black or
diameter of the bore is called the diame- red colour, and fixing the side so covered
terof itscaliber. This expression regards upon a piece of paper, waxed plate, Sea
all pieces ef artillery. This done, every line in the drawing is to
Caliber- Compasses, } the name of a be traced over with a point, by which
Calliper. -Compasses, $ particular in means all the outlines of the
drawing will
strument used by gunners, for measuring be transferred to the
paper or plate, Sec.
the diameters of shot, shells, &c. as also CALTROPS, in military affairs, is a
the cylinder of cannon, mortars, and how
piece of iron having 4 points, all disposed
itzers. They resemble other compasses, in a
triangular form : so that 3 of them
except in their legs, which are arched, in always rest upon the ground, and the 4th
order that the points may touch the ex stands upwards in a perpendicular direc
tremities of the arch. To find the true tion. Each point is 3 or 4 inches long.
diameter of a circle, they have a quadrant They are scattered over the ground and
fastened to one leg, and passing through passages where the enemy is expected to
the other, marked with inches and parts, march, especially the cavalry, in order to
to express the diameter required : the embarrass their progress.
length of each ruler or plate is usually CAMAUADE. See Comrade.
between the limits of 6 inches and a foot. CAMION, Fr. a species of cart 01
On these rulers are a variety of scales, dray which is drawn by two men, and
tables, proportions, &c. such as are serves to convey cannon-balls. These
esteemed useful to be known by gunners. carts are very useful in fortified towns.
The following articles are on the com- CAMISADEcr Camisado, in mili
pletest gunners-callipers, viz. 1. The tary transactions, implies an attack by-
measure of convex diameters in inches.
surprise, either during the night, or at
2. Of concave ditto. 3. The weight of break of day, when the enemy is suppos
iron shot from given diameters. 4. The ed to be in their shirts asleep, or off hi.-
weight of iron shot from given gun bores. guard. The attack on Cremona vvas ;.
5. The degrees of a semicircle. 6. The camisade; the Irish regiment of Mac-
proportion of troy and avoirdupois weight. guire, fought in their shifts, and frus
7. The proportion of English and French trated the attack.
feet and pounds. 8. Factors used in cir CAMOUFLET, in war, a kind of"
cular and spherical figures. 9. Tables of stinking combustibles blown out of paper
the specific gravity and weights of bodies. cascs, into the miners faces, when the '

10. Tables of the quantity of powder ne are at work in the


galleries of the coun
cessary for proof arid service of brass and termines.
iron guns. 11. Rules for
computing the* CAMPEMENT, Fr. an encampment.
number of shot or shells, in a finished This word is also used to denote a de
pile. 12. Rule concerning the fall of tachment sent before the army to marl.
heavy bodies. 13. Rules for raising of out the ground for a
camp.
water. 14. Rules for firing artillery and CAMP. With some trifling variation-:,
mortars. 15. A Imcof inches, u. Lo- camps aie formed after the same manner
72 CAM CAM

in all countries. This


principle seems
general, that there should not be more Distribution of the Depth of a

ground occupied by the camp of a body Camp. v^
of men, in front, than the extent of their
line when drawn out in order of battle Yards.
Intervals are however generally left be From this first line of parade to
tween battalions of the front P^erjcant's tents 16
infantry of about one
eighth their front, andbetwe n squadrons of the S quarter master's

24
of cavalry of thirty or forty paces. An N B These tents open to the
army is sometimes encamped in two lines, front.
and sometimes in three; the distance be To the first picker of horses

5
tween the lines varies according f) the Infant, for every tent in depth
face of the country, from 200 to6oo yards, old pattern, 9 feet
or more. new
patter; 15 feet ,

In the distribution of the front of a Cavalry : for every horse, 3 feet

camp, two feet are generally allowed for The soldiers tents for the infantry
every file oi infantry, and thr-e feet for open to the streets The cavalry
each file of cavalry When the ground tents front to the horses heads.
will admit of it, the infantry are usually Suppose infautry 12 tents
)
arranged in rows perpendicular to the deep, old pattern f
36 her
front; each row containing the tents of Suppose cavalry, 60 horses, f
one company ; and the cavalry in the old pattern J
s'ame position, each perpendicular row From the last tent of infantry,
containing the horses of a troop. or the last horse of the caval
The grenadiers and light infantry are ry, to the front ofthe subal
usually placed i. single rows on the terns' tents 15
flanks, and the battalion companies in These tents open to the rear.
double rows. To the front of the line of
A single row, or one company, occu captains -
*5
pies in front, nine teet; and a double These open to the front. The cap
row, or two com anies, twenty-one feet, tains and subalterns in the rear
if formed of the old pattern rectangular of their troops or companies.
tents, which hold o.ly five men each. To the front of the field officers 15
But if the new bell tents are used, 15 feet Open to the front, opposite the
must be allowed for a single row, and 30 outside street of the battalion.
feet for a double row in front. To the colonel's - -

In the cavalry, a row or troop occupies Opens to the front, opposite the
in front as follows : main street of the battalion.
Old Ten:,. New Tents
To the staff officers
Tent
-
io") 14
"
1 > ards 5 yards. Open up the streets next the main
From the front pole street.
of the tent to! '

1 3 To the first row of batmen's


picket rope tents - - - _

For the horse 6 6 The batmen's tents font their


For the dung 3 2
horses.
To the first row of pickets for
> J5
14 yards. 16 yards. bat horses -

The breadth of a row in front, whether To the second row of ditto


Of infantry or cavalry, being multiplied To the second row of batmen
by the number of rows, and the product To the front of ihe grand sut
subtracted from the whole extent of front ler's tent
for a battalion of infantry, or a squadron
-

The grand sutler is in the rear


toj
of cavalry, will leave the space for the of
the colonel.
streets, which are generally divided as To the centre ofthe kitchens
follows: 15
The kitchens are id feet in di
For the infantry, 59J feet each. ameter.
For the cavalry, 30 ieet each between To the front ofthe
the tents. petty sut
lers -

For tiie cavalry, 46 feet each between 15 1?


the horses.
Directly in the rear of ihe kitch
ens : there are allowed 6
The li 1! owing is the distribution of the yards
in front by 8 deep.
depth of a camp of infantry or cavalry, To the rear guard
'
-

15
when the ground permits. 15
Opens to the rear.

Distribution of the Depth of a ~ Total depth required Yards 220


253
Camp. i It the ;round on which the
camp is to
be formed will not, from a
swamp in the
Yards. Vards rear, or any other circumstance, admit of
From the quarter guard parade each troop or formed in
company being
to the line of parade of bat one row
perpendicular to the front ; the
talion -
- 6a distribution of the front of battalion
-

a or;
CAM CAM 73

must be more contracted than j same distance. The grand guard of the
squadron
the above, and laid out as follows: Find ! army consists of horse, and is posted
how many perpendicular rows will be i aboii' a mile distant towards the enemy.
by dividing the number of men In a siege, the camp is placed ull
required,
in the battalion or squadron by the num
j along
the line >!' circumvallation, or rather in
ber the ground will admit of in one row ; | the rear ofthe appn aches, out of cannon-
then the number of rows being multiplied I shot : the army faces the circumvallation,
j
by the breadth of one in front, will give if there be any ; that is, the soldiers have
that part of the front to be occupied by the town in their rear.
the rows : and the difference between it One thing very essential in the estab
and the whole front allowed for the bat lishing a camp, and which should be par
talion or squadron, will be left for the ticularly attended to, if the enemy is
streets; which, if the streets are to be near ; is, that there should not only be a

equal, must be divided by their number, commodious spot of ground at the head
to find a breadth of each ; or is otherwise of the camp, where the army, in case of
easily divided into streets of unequal surprise, may in a moment be ' nder
breadths. When two guns are attached ; arms, and in condition to repuls. the
to a battalion, they are posted on the right | enemy : but also a convenient field of bat
in the following order: from the right of I tle at a small distance, and of a sufficient
battalion to the centre of the first gun, extent for them to form
advantageously,
four yards from this to the second gun,

and to move with facility.
6 yards.

The muzzles of the guns in a ! The arrangement of the tents in camp,
line with the Serjeants' rents. i nearly the same all over Europe, wi. ch
The subaltern of artillery, if any, in a is, to dispose them in such a manner,
line with the subalterns of infantry. The that the troops may form w ith safety and

rear ofthe gunner's tents in a line with expedition


the rear ofthe battalion tents. To answer this end, the troops ar: en
.
For the proper positions for camps, see camped m the same order as that in which
the word Reconnoitring ; and for the they are to engage, which is by battalions
of a park of artillery, see the ana squadrons 5 hence, the post of each
encampment
word Park. battalion ad squadron in the line of bat
Camp, in military affairs, isthewhole tle, must necessari.y be at the head of its
extent of ground, ingeneral, occupied by own encampment. Gustavus Adol|mus,
an army pitching its tents when in the king of Sweden, was the first who formed
field, and upon which all its baggage and encampments according to the order of
apparatus are lodged. It is marked out battle.
by the quarter-master-general, who allots By this disposition, the extent of the
every regiment its ground. The extent camp from right to left, of each battalion
ofthe front of a regiment of infantry is and
squadron, will be equal to the iront
200
yards, including the two battalion of each in line of battle ; and consequent
guns, and depth 520, when the regiment, ly, the extent from right to left ol the
contains 9 companies, each of 100 private whole camp, should be equal to the front
men, and the companies tents in two 01 the whole army when drawn up in line
rows ; but when the companies tents of battle, with the same intervals between
stand in one row, and but 70 private men the several encampments ot the battalions
to each row, the front is then but 155 and squadrons, as are in the line.
yards. A squadron of horse has 120 yards 1 There is no fixed rule foi the intervals :
in front, and 100 for an interval between some will have no intervals, some sni;>Il
each regiment. ones, and others are lor ntervals equal to
The nature ofthe ground must also be the fr nt of the battalion or squadron.
consulted, both for defence against thej The most general method is, an interval
army. It! of 60 feet between each battalion, and of
enemy, and for supplies to the
should have a communication with that. 36 :eet between each
squadron.
army's garrisons, and have plenty of Hence it follows, 1st, That the front
water, forage, fuel, and either rivers, j line t the tamp must be in a direction to
1

marshes, hills, or woods to cover it. Ai. '! face the enemy ; 2dly, That at the head
army al ways encamps fronting the enemy, ofthe encampment of each battalion and
and generally in two parallel lines, be
squadron, there must be a cl.ar space of
sides a corps de reserve, about 500 yards ground, or, which thev
may form in line
distant from each other; the horse and ot battle: and
3<liy, That when tho space
dragoons on the wings, and the foot in taken the
up by army is embarrassed with
the centre. Where, and how ihe train of vvoo.s, ditches, and other obstructions,
artillery is encamped, see Park of artil/ey, ' a communication must be opened for the
and Encampment of a regiment of article y, ! troops to move with ease to the ass stance
under the word Artillery. Each re- j of each other.
giment posts a subaltern's geard at 80 1 The camps of the Greeks and Romans
yards from the colors to the officers tent, | were either round, square, or oval, or
called the quarter guard, besides a corpo-; ratii'jr of an
oblong square figure, w.th
ral's guard in the rear : and each reg ment ' the
sharp corn.-.* taken oil'; and to s cure
of horse or dragoon-,, a mii.iII guard on1 them against
surprises, i; was the pre
''-ot, called the \i*iidard-g:,.ird, at the I vailing custom to surround them with
K
74 CAM CAM

intrenchments. The camps of the Anglo ' grand street, in a line with the bells of
'

Saxons and Danes were generally round, arms of the several companies. The of.
as likewise those ofthe Anglo-Normans. ificers
espontoons were formerly placed
The camps of the ancient Britons were of | at the colors, with the broad part of
an oval form,
composed of stakes, earth, their spears to the front. The Serjeants
and stones, rudely heaped together : but halberts w'e placed between, and on jy.
the practice of the present times is quite each side ofthe bells of arms, with their
different; for the security of our camps, hatchets turned from the colors.
whose form is a rectangle, consists in When two field- pieces are allowed to
being able to draw out the troops with each battalion, they are posted to the
ease and expedition at the head of their right of it. Gustavus Adolphus, king
respective encampments. of Sweden, was the first who ordered two
Camp of a battalion of infantry, is the field-pieces to each battalion, which are
ground on which they pitch their tents, generally light 6 pounders.
&c. Disti ibution f the front and depth of the
The principal object in the arrange Camp for a battalion of infantry. The
ment of a camp is, that both officers and present mode of encampments differs
men may repair with facility and
expe from what was formerly adopted. The
dition to the head of the line ; for which front of the camp for a battalion of 10
reason the tents are placed in rows per companies of 60 men each, is at present
pendicular to the front of the camp, with 400 feet, and during the late wars only
spaces between them, called streets. The 360 feet ; the depth at present 759 feet,
general method is, to form as many rows and during the late war 960. The front
of tents as there are companies in the of the camp of a battalion of 10 companies
battalion ; those for the private men in of 100 men each, is at present 668 feet,
the front, and those for the officers in and formerly only 592. The breadth of
the rear. In the British service the seve the streets from 45 to 55 feet, excepting
ral companies of a battalion are posted in the main street, which is sometimes from
camp, in the same manner as in the line 60 to 90 feet broad.
of battle; that is, the company of grena Of the Camp of a battalion by a new
diers on the right, and that of light-in method. This is, by placing the tents in
fantry on the left ; tne colonel's company 3 rows parallel to the principal front of
on the left of the grenadiers, tne lieuten the camp; which is suitable to the 3
ant-colonel's on the right of the light- ranks in which the battalion is drawn up :
infantry, the major's on the left ofthe the tents of the first row, which front
colonel's, the eldest captain's on the right the camp, are for the men of the front
of the lieutenant-colonel's ; and so on rank : the tents of the second row front
from right to left, 'till the two youngest the rear, and are for the men of the second
companies come into the centre. rank ; and the tents of the third row,
The battalion companies are posted which front the centre row, are for the
two by two: that is, the tents ot every men ofthe rear rank.
two of these companies are ranged close Camp of Cavalry. The tents for the
.ogether, to obtain, though they be fewer cavalry, as well as for the infantry, are
in number, larger and more commodious placed in rows perpendicular to the prin
streets: the entrances ot all the com cipal front of the camp ; and their number
panies tents face the streets, except the is conformable to the number of troops.
first tent of each row belonging to the The horses of each troop are placed in a
serjeants, which faces the front of the line parallel to the tents, with their heads
camp. ! towards them .

The number of tents in each perpen i The number of tents in each row, is
dicular row, is regulated by the strength regulated by the strength of the troops,
of the companies, and the number of men and the number of troopers allotted to
allowed to each tent, which is 5 men to each tent is 5 : it follows, that a troop of
7 men : thence it follows, that a com 30 men will require 6 tents, a troop of 60
pany of 60 men will require 9 to 12 tents, men 12 tents, and a troop of 100 men 20
a company 0175 men 11 to 15 tents, and tents The tents for the cavalry are of
1
a company of 100 men 15 to 20 tents; the same form as those ofthe infantry but
but as it always happens, that some are more spacious, the better to contain the
on duty, few er tents may serve in time of i fire-arms,
accoutrements, saddles, bridles,
necessity. ! boots, Sec. See Tents.
When the battalion is in the first line
!
Distribution of the front and depth of a
of encampment, the privies are opened in iCAMP of cavalry. Supposing the regi
the front, and at least 150 feet beyond ment to consist of 2 squadrons, ot troops
3
the quarter-guard ; and when in the each, and of 50 men in each
troop, the
second line, they are opened in the rear extent of the front will be 450 feet, if
of that line. drawn up in 2 ranks ; but if drawn
up in
To distinguish the regiments, camp 3 ranks, the front will be only 300 feet,
colors are fixed at the flanks, and at the the depth 220, and the breadth of the
b;ick streets 30 feet, and the other streets
quarter and rear guard.
The colors and drums of each bat 46 feet each. In the last war 600 feet
talion are placed at the head of its own were allowed each
regiment of cavalry in
CAM CAM 75

front, 774 feet for the depth, and the army ; and the town or village chosen for
breadth ofthe streets as above. his residence is called head quarters.
The standard-guard tents are pitched 8. That general is inexcusable, who,
in the centre, in a line with the quarter for his own personal accommodation,
master's, The camp colors of the ca-| makes choice of quarters that arc not
valry are also of the same color as the properly secured, or at too great a dis
facings of the regiment, with the rank of tance to have an easy communication
the regiment in the centre : those of the with the camp.
horse are square, like those of the foot ; 9 If the ground permits, the troops
and those of the dragoons are swallow- should b encamped as near to good water
.

tailed. The dung of each troop is laid up as possible.


behind the horses. 10. W hen there are hussars or rifle corps,
Camp duty, consists in guards, both! they are generally posted near the head
ordinary and extraordinary : the ordinary quarters, or in the front of the army.
guards are relieved regularly at a certain 11. The ground taken up by the en
nour every day (generally about 9 or 10
campment of an army, should be eq tally
o'clock in the morning) the extraordinary distributed, and, it possible, in a straight
guards are all kinds of detachments com line ; for then tne whole will have more
manded on particular occasions for the room : for a crooked line, and an ine
further security of the camp, for covering | quality of disposition, afford a very un-
the foragers, for convoys, escorts, or ex p'easing view both of the camp, and of
peditions. the troops when they are under arms.
The ordinary guards are distinguished 12. Cleanliness is essentially necessary
into grand guards, standard, and quarter to the health of a camp, especially when
guards; rear guards, picket guards, and it is to remain for any length of time.
guards for the general officers ; train of To maiitain this, the privies should be
artillery, bread waggons, pay-master ge often filled up, and others opened ; at
neral, quarter-master general, majors of least every 6 days. The offal of cattle,
brigade, judge advocate, and provost and the carcasses of dead horses, should
marshal. be buried very deep : and all kinds of
The number and strength of the grand corrupt effluvia, that may infect the air
guards and out-posts, whether of cavalry and produce epidemical disorders, should
or
infantry, depend on the situation of be constantly removed.
the camp, nature of the country, and the Choice of Camps, i. At the beginning

position of the enemy. The strength of of a campaign, when the enemy is at too
general officers guards is limited. gr*at a distance to occasion any alarm, all
Camp maxims, are 1. The principal situations for camps that are nealthy are
rule in forming a camp, is to give it the good, provided the troops have room,
same front the troops occupy in order of and are within reach of water, wood, and
battle. More ground should be al-
2. The method of encamping is by Iirovisions.
owed to the troops in camps of duration,
battalions and squadrons, except the seve t;ian in temporary ones.
ral corps of artillery, which are encamped 2. Camps should be situated as near as
on the right and left of the park of artil possible to navigable rivers, to facilitate
lery. See Artillery park, and En the conveyance of all manner of supplies ;
campment of a regiment of artilley. for convenience and safety are the prin
3. Each man is allowed 2 feet in the cipal objects for camps.
ranics ot the battalion, and 3 feet in the 3. A camp should never be placed too
squadron : thence the front of a battalion near heie,hts, from whence the enemy
ot 500 men, formed 3 deep, will be 324 may overlook it; nor too near woods,
feet ; and the front of a squadron of 150 from whence the enemy may surprise it.
men, formed 2 deep, will be 225 feet. If there are eminences, not commanded
4. The depth of the camp when the by others, they should be taken into the
army is encamped in 3 lines, is at least camp\ and when that cannot be done,
3750 feet ; that is, 750 feet for the depth they should be fortified.
of each line, and 250 feet for the space 4. The choice of a camp depends in a
between each of those lines. great measure on the position of the
5. The park of artillery should always enemy, on his strength, and on the na
be placed on a dry rising ground, if any ture and situation ofthe country.
such situation offers ; either in the centre 5. A skilful general will avail himself
of the front line, or in the rear of the of all the advantages for a camp, which
second line ; with ail the train horses en nature may present, whether in plains,
camped in the rear of the park. mountains, ravines, hollows, woods,
6. The bread-waggons should be lakes, inclosures, rivers, rivulets, &c
stationed in the rear of the camp, and as 6. The disposition of the troops in
near as
possible to the centre, that the camp should depend on the nature and
distribution of the bread may be rendered situation of tha ground : as there are oc
easy. casions which requr? all the infantry to
7. When the commander in chief en encamp on the rigm, and the cavalry on
camps, it is generally in the centre ofthe the left ; and there are other* which re-
an

76 CAM CAM

quire the cavalry to form in the centre, should if possible, be seen from the army,
and the infantry on the or at least from some grand guard in its
wings.
7. A camp should never be formed on neighborhood, that signals may be readily
the banks of a river, without the space perceived and repeated.
of at least 2 or 5. The guards of infantry are generally
3000 feet, for drawing out
the army in order of battle: the the fixed; that is, they have the same post
enemy cannot then easily alarm the camp, both day and night, except such as are
1

by artillery and small arms from the other to support and protect the guards of
J
side. j cavalry, and to cover the forage grounds.
8. Camps should never be situated near 1 All out-guards should have intrenching-
rivers that are subject to be overflowed, tools with them.
either by the meliing of the snow, or by j 6. The guards of cavalry have generally
accidental torrents from the mountains. !a day-post and a night-post; the latter
Marshy grounds should also be avoided, j is seldom more than 4 or 500 paces from
on account of the vapors arising from the camp ; one third should be mounted,
stagnant water, which infect the air. J
one third bridled, and one third feeding

9. On the choice of camps and posts, i their horses ; but when near the enemy,
frequently depends the success of a cam the whole guard should be kept mounted
paign, and even sometimes of a war. during the night.
Camp guards. They are of two sorts , 7. The security and tranquillity of a
the one serves to mar, ram good order camp depending upon the vigilance ofthe
within the camp; and the other, which guards, the officers who command them
is stationed without the camp, serves to cannot be too active in
preventing sur
cover and secure it
against the enemy. prises : a neglect in this particular is
These guards are formed of both infantry often of fatal consequence. Though an
and cavalry ; and in proportion to the officer should, at all times, be strictly
strength of the army, situations of the attentive to every part of the service, yet
camp, and disposition of the enemy. he should be more particularly watchful
Sometimes it is required, that these in the nighi than in the day. The i.ight
guards should consist of the 8th part of is the time most favorable for surprises :
the army ; at others, of the th who
3d part ; and as se are not on duty, are gene
wher, an attack from the enemy is appre rally asleep, and cannot immediately af
hended, even of the half. ford assistance ; but in the day time, the
Manner of stationing the Camp guards. attention of all the troops is turned to the
It is ofthe utmost consequence to station movements of the enemy : they are sooner
the guards in such places, as may enable under arms, sooner in readiness to march,
them to discover easily whatever ap and in much less danger of being thrown
proaches the camp. into confusion. Those who wish to be
2. The guards of the cavalry are gene better acquainted with the nature and
rally removed further from the camp, mode of encampments, may read Mr.
than those of the infantry ; but never at Lochee's useful ks.,..y on Castrametation.
so great a distance, as to endanger their Concerning the healthiness of the dif
being cut off: within cannon-shot is a ferent seasons of a campaign, the ingeni
very good distance. They ;;re often ous Dr. Pringle has the
following obser
stationed in highways, in open places, vations. The first 3 weeks is always
and on small heights ; but, they are al- sickly ; after which the sickness decreases,
ways so disposed, as to see and commu and the men enjoy a tolerable degree of
nicate with one another. health throughout the summer, unless
3. The vedettes to the out- posts should they get wet clothes. The most sickly
be double: for, should they make a dis part of the campaign is towards the end
covery, one may be detaehed to inform of August, whilst the days are still hot,
the efiicer commanding the out-post, and but the nights cold and damp with togs
the other remain on duty : they should and dews ; then, if not sooner, the dysen
not be at too great a distance from their tery prevails ; and though its violence is
detachment : probably, about 50 or 60 over by the
beginning of October, yet the
paces will be sufficient. remitting fever, gaining ground, continues
4. The guards of infantry have differ I throughout the rest of the campaign, and
ent object.*, and are differently stationed : never entirely ceases, even in winter
quar
their duty is, u- receive and support the ters, 'till the frost begins. He likewise
guards of cas airy in cases ofneed : to pro observes, that the last 14 days of a cam
tect the troops sent out for wood, forage, paign, if protracted 'till the beginning of
or water ; in short to prevent any ap
j November, are attended with more sick-
from the small parties ofthe than the two first nionrhs of the en
proaches
Some are Stationed in the
j ness

enemy. campment. As to winter expeditions,


churches or the neighboring villages, in ! though severe in appearance, he teils us,
barns, houses, and in passages and ave they are attended with little sickness, if
nues of woods : others are stationed on the men have strong and good shoes,
the borders of rivulets, and in every place warm quarters, fuel, and provisions
neccssa-y to secure tne camp. Guards enough.
that are stationed in churches, in woods CAM?-Color-men. Each regiment has
or among trees, barns, and houses, geneially 6, and sometimes 1 per com-
CAN CAN 77

: they always march with the quar | made of thin sheets of iron rolled up to
pany
ter-master, to assist in making the ne gether, and hooped ; and on emergencies
cessary preparations against the arrival of they were made of leather, with plates of
the regiment in a new encampment. They iron or copper. These pieces were made
likewise carry the camp-colors. in a rude and imperfect manner, like the
CA\ie-Fight, an old term for Com first essays of many new inventions.
bat. Stone balls were thrown out of these
Flying-C amt, or army, generally cannon, and a smail quantity of powder
means a strong body of horse and foot, used on account of their weakness. These
commanded for the most part by a lieu pieces have no ornaments, are placed on
tenant-general, which is always in motion their carriages by rings, and are of cylin
both to cover its own garrisons, and to drical form. When or by whom they
keep the enemy's army in a continual were made, is uncertain ; however we
alarm. It is sometimes used to signify read of cannon bring used as early as the
the ground on which such a body of men 13th century, in a sea engagement be
encamps. tween the king of Tunis and the Moorish
CAhip-Utensils, in war time, are hatch king of Seville. The Venetians used
ets, shovels, mattocks, blankets, camp- cannon at the siege of Claudia Jessa, now
kettles, canteens, tents, poles and pins : called Chioggia, in 1366, which vvcrfi
that is, each company has 10 shovels, and brought thither by two Germans, witii
5 mattocks ; each tent i hatchet, 2 some
powder and leaden balls ; as like
blankets, 1 camp-kettle, with its linen wise in their wars with the Genoese in
bag ; and each soldier 1 canteen, i
knap 1369. Edward III. of England made
sack, and 1 havre-sack. use of cannon at the battle of Cressy in
C a mp -diseases are chiefly bilious fevers, 1346, and at the siege of Calais in 134"'.
malignant fevers, fluxes, scurvy, rheu Cannon were made use of by the Turks at
matism, &c. the siege of Constantinople, then in pos-
Camp is also used by the Siamese and s ssion of the Christians, in
1394, or in
some other nations in the East Indies, to that of 145-, that threw a weight of
express the quarters where the persons 5oolb but they generally burst, either
from different countries, who come to the first, second, or third shot. Louis
trade with them, usually reside. XI I. had one cast at Tours, of the same
CAMPUS Maii, an anniversary assem size, which threw a ball from the Bastille;
bly which was observed by ancient pagans to Charenton. One of those famous can.
on
May-day, when they mutually pledg non was taken at the
siege of Diu in 1546,
ed themselves to one another for tne de
by Don John de Castro, and is in the
fence of the country against foreign and castle of St. Juiliao da Barra, 10 miles
domestic foes. from Lisbon : its length is 20 feet 7
Campus Martins, a public place so inches, diameter at the centre 6 feet
3
called among the Romans from the God inches, and discharges a ball of ioolb.
Mars. It has neither dolphins, rings, nor but
CAMPAIGN, in military affairs, the ton, is of a curious kind of metal, and
time every year that an army continues in has a large Hindustanee inscription upon
the field, in war time. We also say, a it, which says it was cast in 1400.
man has served so
many campaigns, i. e. Ancient and present names o/Cansok,
years: the campaign will begin at such a Formerly they were distinguished by un
time ; this will be a long campaign, &c. common names ; for in 1
503, Louis XII.
The word is also used for an open country had 12 brass cannon cast, of an uncom
before any towns, Sec. mon size, called after the names of tlie
CANNIPERS. See Callipers. 12
peers of France. The Spanish and
CANNON or piecetof Ordnance, in Portuguese called them alter their saints.
the military art, imply machines
having The emperor Charles V. when he
tubes of brass or iron.
They are charged marched before Tuni-. founded the 12
with powder and
ball, or sometimes car Apostles. At Milan there is a 70 pound
tridges, grape and ca nister shot, &c. er, called the Pimontcllc; and one at
The length is distinguished
by three Bois-le-duc, called the devil. A 60-
parts ; the first re-inf'orce, the second re pou,:der at Dover castle, called ^ueen
inforce, and the chace : the first re-in- Elizabeth's Pocket-pistol. An 80-poun-
fbrce is 2-7 ths, and the second 1 7th and der in the tower of London
a half of the diameter of the shot.
(formerly in
The Sterling castle) called Mounts-meg. An
inside hollow, wherein the powder and
80-poundcr in the royal arsenal at Berlin,
shot are lodged, is called the bore, Sec. called the Thunderer. An 80- pounder
History of Cannon or pieces of Ord- ; at Malaga, called the Terrible. Two
nance. They were originally made of curious 60-pounders in the arsenal at
iron bars soldered together and fortified
Br.mcn, called the Me sengers of bad
with strong iron hoops ; some of which news. And lastly an uncommon 7c
are still to be seen, viz. one in the tower
pounder in the castle of St. Angelo at
of London, two at Woolwich, one in the made
Rome, of the nails that fastened
royal arsenal at Lisbon, they are nume ' the copperplates which covered the an
rous in all of Asia and baron Tott cient Pantheon, with this
parts ;
inscription upon
describes them in Turkey. Others were| it: Ex cluvis trabalibus
poriicui Ag'ippx.
78 CAN CAN

In the beginning of the 15th century of copper, 204 13.411b. of brass, and
these uncommon names were generally 307 36-41 lb. of tin. Others again use
abolished, and the following mere uni loolb. of copper, 61b. of brass, and olb.
"

versal ones took place, viz. lastly, others ioolb. of cop


of tin; and lai
Pounders Cwt. per, tolb. of brass, and 151b. of tin.,
Cannon royal, or car- ; ...
with respect to iron guns, their structure
=
48 about 90 is the same as that ofthe others, and they
thoun S
Bastard cannon, or i \ * generally stand the most severe engage
ments, being frequently used on ship
__

rarfVi/.iin
carthoun v J

carthoun board. Several experiments have taught


24
|Whole =

that the Swedish iron guns are prefer


culverins
able to all others in Europe.
Demy culverins : Cannon is now generally cast solid,
Falcon o
6 and the cavity bored afterwards by a very
(lowest sort =

Saker curious machine for that purpose, where


< ordinary =
5
the gun is placed in a perpendicular po
C largest size = 8
sition ; but of late these machines have
Basilisk =
48 85
8 been made to bore horizontally, and much
Serpentine =
4
truer than those that bore in a vertical
Aspik = 2 7
form. This new machine was first in
Dragon = 6 12
60 81 vented at Strasburg, and greatly improved
Syren =

Falconet =
3 &i IS. I0 5- by Mr. Verbruggen, a Dutchman, who
was head founder at Woolwich, where
Moyens, which carried a ball of 10 or
12 ounces, &c.
probably the best horizontal boring ma
chine in Europe has been lately fixed ; it
Rabii et,. which carried a ball of 16 both bores the inside, and turns and po
ounces. lishes the outside at once. For length
These curious names of beasts and birds and weight of French and English cannon
of prey were adopted, on account of their see Guns.
swiftness in motion, or of their cruelty ; Names of the several Parts of a Can
as the falconet, falcon, saker, and culver- non.

in, Sec. for their swiftness in flying ; the The grand divisions exterior, are as fol
basilisk, serpentine, aspik, dragon, syren, lows, viz.
Sec. for their cruelty. See the Latin poet First re-inforce, is that part of a gun
Forcastarius. next the breech, which is made stronger,
to resist the force of powder.
At present pieces of ordnance
cannon or
take their names from the weight of the Second re-inforce. This begins where
ball they discharge: thus a piece that the first ends, and is made somethinj
discharges a ball of 24 pounds, is called a smaller than the first.
24 pounder; one that carries a ball of 12 The chace, is the whole space from the
pounds, is called a 12. pounder; and so trunnions to the muzzle.
of the rest, divided into the following The muzzle, properly so called, is the
sorts, viz. part from the muzzle astragal to the end
Ship-g ins, consisting of 42, 3a, 24, of the piece.
s8, 12, 9, 6, and 3 pounders. Small divisions exterior.
Garrison-guns, of 42, 32, 24, 18, 12, The cascable, the hindermost part of
9, and 6 pounders. the breech, from the base-ring to the end
Battering-guns, of 24, 18, and 12 ofthe button.
pound -rs. The cascable-aslragal, is the diminish
Field- nieces, of 18, 12, 9, 6, 3, 2, ij, ing part between the two breech mould
r, and pounders. ings.
The British seldom use any of lower The neck of the eascable, is the narrow
calibre than 6 in the field. space between the breech moulding and
The metal of which brass cannon is the button.
made, is in a manner kept a secret by the The breech, is the solid piece of metal
founders; yet, with all their art and se behind, between the vent and the extre-
er ''cy, they have not hitherto found out mity of the base-ring, and which termi
a cciii position that will stand a hot en nates the hind part of the gun, exclusive

gagement without melting, or at least of the cascable.


being rendered useless. Those cast at The breech-mouldings, are the eminent
VVo lwich bid fair t wards this amend parts, as squares or rounds, which serve
ment. The respective quantities which only for ornaments to the piece, &c.
tho aid enter into this composition, is a The base-ring and ogee, are ornamental
point not decided ; founder has his
every mouldings ; the latter is always in the
own proportions, which are
peculiar to shape of an S, taken from civil architec
himscif. Tne most common proportions ture, and used in guns, mortars, and
of the ingredients are the following, viz. howitzers.
To 2401b, of metal fit for casting, they j The vent field, is the part from the vent
pui 681b. of copper, 521b. of brass, and
to the first re-inforce astragal.
12Y0. of tin. To 42oolb. of metal fit for The vent-astragal and fillets, are the
casting, the Germans put 3687 33-4rib. mouldings and fillets at or near the vent.
CAN CAN 79

The charging cylinder, is all the space Searcher, is


an iron, hollow at one end
from the cnace-astragal to the muzzle- to receive a wooden hrndle, and on the
astragal. other end has from four to eight flat
The first re-inforce ring and
ogee, is the springs of about eight or ten inches long,
ornament on the second re-inforce. pointed and turned outwards at int
The first re-inforce astragal, is the or ends.
nament between the first and second re The reliever, is an iron flat ring, with a
inforce. wooden handle, at right angles to it.

The chace-girdle, is the ornament close When a gun is to be searched alter it has
to the trunnions. been fired, th s searcher is introduced ;
The trunnions, are two solid and turned every way, from end to end,
cylindrical
pieces of metal on every gun, which pro and if there is any hole, the point of one
ject from the piece, and by which it is or other of the
springs gets into it, and
supported upon its carnage as an axis. remains till the reliever, passing round
The dolphins, are the two handles, pla the h indie of the searcher, and pressing
ced on the second re-inforce ring of brass the
guns, resembling the fish of that name :
springs together, relieves it.
When there is any hole or roughness in
they serve for mounting and dismounting the gun, the distance from the mouth is
the guns. marked on the outside with chalk.
The second re-inforce rintr and ogee, are The other searcher has also a wooden
the two ornaments joining the trun handle, and a point at the fore end, of
nions about an inch long, at right angles to
The second re-inforce
astragal, is the the length : about this point is put some
moulding nearest the trunnions. wax, mixed with tallow, which, when
The chase-astragal and
fillets, the two introduced into the hole or cavity, is
last-mentioned ornaments jointly. pressed in, when the impression upon
The muzzle-astragal andfillets, the joint the wax gives the depth, and the length
ornaments nearest the muzzle. is known by the motion of the searcher
The muzzle-mouldings, the ornaments backwards and forward : if the fissure
at the very muzzle of the
piece. be one ninth of an inch deep, the gun is
The swelling of the muzzle, the
pro rejected. See Instruments.
jected part behind the muzzle-mould N. B. The strength of gunpowder
ings. having been considerably increased by
Interior Parts. Col. Congreve, of the British Artillery,
The mouth,
or entrance
of the bore, is the quantity for service has been some
that part where both powder and ball are what reduced. That for proof remain
put in, or the hollow part which receives ing as heretofore.
the charge.
r amwow <* &"'* See Balls.
The vent, in all kinds of
fire-arms, is *i Shot. See Shot.
commonly called the touch-hole ; it is a CANNON I ER, a person who ma
small hole pierced at the end, or near
it, nages a gun. See Gunner.
of the bore or chamber, to
prime the Can son -Baskets. See Gabioks.
piece with powder, or to introduce the To nail Cannon. See Nail.
tube, in order, when lighted, to set fire CANNONADE, in artillery, may be
to the charge.
defined the application of
The chamber, which is artillery to the
only in large purposes of a land war, or the directior.
calibers, is the place where the powder of its efforts against some distant
object
is lodged, which forms the
charge. intended to be seized or destroyed, as th-
Toott for loading and
firing Cannon, troops in battle, battery, fortress, or out
are rammers, sponges, ladles, worms, work.
hand-spikes, wedges, and screws.
Cannonading is therefore used from a
Coins, or Wedges, under the
to lay battery, to take, destroy, burn,or drive
breech of the gun, in order to elevate or the enemy from the defences, &c. and
depress it. to batter and ruin the works or fortifies!
Hand-spikes, serve to move and to lay towns.
the gun.
CANON-Bit, that part of the bit
Ladies, serve to load the gun with which s let into the horse's mouth.
loose powder.
CANTEENS, in military articles, ar
Rammers, are cylinders of wood, whose tin vessels used by the sold ers on a
diameter and axis are equal to those of march,
Sec. to carry water r other
the saot : they serve to ram home the liquor in,
each holds about 2
wads put upon the powder and shot. quarts.
CANTONMENTS aredistinct situa
Sponge, is fixed at the opposite end of tions, where thedifferent parts of an army
the rammer, covered with
lamb-skin,
and serves to clean the gun when fired.
he as near to each o her as and
possible,
m the same manner as
used field- they encamp in
Screws, are to pieces, instead the field. The chief reasons for cantor,
of coins, by which the gun is kept to the an
ing army are, first, when thecampaiga
same elevation. begins early ; on which occasio i, in can
Tools necessary far proving
Cannon, toning your troops, two objects demand
are, a searcher with a reliever, iral a
searcher with one point.
attention, viz. the military object, ami
that of subsistence : the second is, when
80 CAP CAP

an army has finished a siege early, th plies being clothed in armor from head
troops are allowed to
repose till the fields to foot.
produce forage for their subsistence : the CAPSTERN, ?in military machines,
third reason is, when the autumn proves CAPSTAN, \ signifies a strong mas

rainy, and forage scarce, the troops are sy piece of timber, in the form of a trun
cantoned to protect them from the bad cated cone, having its upper part, called
weather. the drum-head, pierced with a number
CANVAS-BAGS. See Bags, 5W- of square holes, for receiving the levers.
Bacs, Sec. By turning it round, several actions may
CAPARISON, under this term is in be performed that require an extraordina
cluded the brivile, saddle, and housing, ry power.
of a military horse. CAPTAIN is a military officer, who
CAPITAINE en pied, Fr. an officer is commander of a troop of cavalry, or of
who is in actual pay and does duty. a company of foot or artillery. The name

Capitaine reforme, Fr. a reduced of captain was the first term made use of
officer. to express the chief or head (caput) of a
Capitaine general des vivres, Fr, company, troop, or body of men. He is
the person who has the chief management both to march and fight at the head of
and superintendance of military stores his company. A captain of artillery and
and provisions. engineers ought to be master of the attack
Capita i ne des partes, Fr. a commis and defence of fortified places, and cap
sioned officer who resides in a garrison tains of infantry or cavalry should acquire
town, and whose sole duty is to receive some knowlege of those branches; artil
the keys of the gates from the governor lerists should be good mathematicians, and
every morning, and to deliver them to understand the raising of all kinds of bat
him every night, at appointed hours. teries, to open the trenches, to conduct
CAPITAL, in fortification, is an ima the sap, to make mines and fou), asses,
ginary line which divides any work into and to calculate their charges. They
two equal and similar parts. It signifies ought further to be well acquainted with
also, a line drawn from the angle of a po the power of artillery, the doctrine ofthe
lygon to the point ofthe bastion, or from military projectile, and the laws of mo.
the point of the bastion to the middle of tion, together with the system of mecha
the gorge. nics ; and should be good draughtsmen.
To C A P I T U L ATE, to su rrender any A captain has in most services the power
place or body of troops to the enemy, on of appointing his own Serjeants and cor
certain stipulated conditions. porals, and may by his own authority re
CAPITULATION, in military af duce or break them ; but he cannot
fairs, implies the conditions on which the punish a soldier with death, unless he
jjarrison ofa place besieged agrees to deli revolts ag.-.-inst him on duty.
ver it up, &c. This is likewise the last The captains of artillery in the Prus
action, both in the attack and defence of sian service, rank as majors in the army,
a fortification, the conditions of which and have an extraordinary pay, on ac
count of the great qualifications demand
may be of various kinds, according to the
different circumstances or situations in ed of them ; and the captains of bombar
which the parties may be placed. diers, miners, and artificers, in the Por
As soon as the capitulation is agreed tuguese service, have 9 dollars a mor.th
on, and signed, hostages are generally de more than the captains of artillery in the
livered on both sides, for the exact per same regiment.
formance of the articles ; part of the place C General. The King is cap
a p t a 1 n -

is delivered to the besiegers, and a day tain-general of all the forces of Great Bri
appointed for the ganison to evacuate the tain. This term implies the first rank,
place. The usual and most honorable power, and authority in the British army.
conditions are, with arms and baggage, ."his power was delegated to the Duke
drums beating and colors flying, matches of York, in 1799.
lighted, and some pieces of artillery; Capta xn- Lieutenant, the commanding
waggons, and convoys for the baggage, officer of the colonel's troop or company
sick and wounded, &c. in the British army, in case the colonel is
CAPONNILR, in fortification, is a absent, or he gives up the command of it
passage- made- irum one work to another, to him. He takes rank as full captain,
of 10 or 12 feet wide, and about five feet by an order in 1772, and by a late regula
deep, covered on each side by a parapet, tion, succeeds to the first vacant troop or
terminating in a glacis. Caponniers are company ; the price of a captain-lieuten
sometimes covered with planks and earth. ancy being the same as that of a cap
bee Fort imca rioN. taincy. This title is still used in foreign
CAPS, in gunnery, are pieces of lea serviet-s.
ther, or more commonly sheep- skins, to Captain reformed, one who, upon a
cover the mouth of mortars when loaded, reduction of the forces, on the teimina-
nil tiny are fired, to prevent damps, or tion of war, loses his company, yet keeps
rain getting in. his rank and pay, whether on duty or not.
C AP-.iji.arM. See Carriages. Captain on ha-j pay, is one who loses
L'Ar-A.rsE, in military antiquity, im his ci mpany on the icuuction of an army ,
CAR CAR

and retires on half- pay, until seniority resistancethe first inflammation of the
at
puts him into duty and full pay a am. powder, giving
time for the whole
charge
Captain en second, or second to take fire, before the ball is out of the
captain,
h one whose
company has been brcke, bore. These arms are used by horse-rifle
and who is joined to
another, to serve men, the chasseurs, or light infantry.
under the captain of it.
CARBINEERS, or Carabineers. All
In some armies the
is also a second
captain en seconde, regiments of light armed horse were for
captain to the same com merly called so ; but since the establish
pany, whose rank is above all the lieu ing of hussars and chasseurs, they have
tenants, and below all the captains ofthe lost that denomination ; and now all the
same
corps. cavalry are called carabineers, who carry
CAPTURE de deserteurs, Fr. Under the carabine
the old government of
France, a particu CARACOLE, a semi-circular motion
lar orc.er existed,
by which every intend- or half-wheel ;
chiefly applied to that
ant de
province or commissaire de guerre used either by individuals or
squadrons of
was authorised to
pay one hundred livres, cavalry, to present an enemy from dis
or
twenty dollars, to any peism or covering where they intend to make their
persons who should apprehend and se attack.
cure a deserter
; and three hundred li CARBON, charcoal. It is the name
vres, or seventy dollars tor every man that in the new
eould be proved to
chemistry given to every body
have^nticed a soldier which has the
lrom the regular properties or qualities of
army orniilitia. the carbonic acid or charcoal; i.rpreg-
CAQUE depoudre, Fr. a term synony nated in certa n degrees, bodies are called
mous to a tun or barrel of
powder. carbonates. See Aicremone.
CAR, in military antiquity, a kind of Carbone. Pure charcoal is called
small carriage;
figuratively, used by the carbone in the new chemical nomencla
poets for a chariot : it is mounted on ture. It is he black residuum of
vegeta
wheels, representing a stately throne, bles, which have suffered a
used in triumphs and on other solemn complete
occasions.
decomposition of their volatile piii.cipl.es
by fire. Charcoal is black, brittle, sono
CARABIXIERS, Fr. One complete rous, andlight. It is placed among sim
regiment ot carabineers was formed, dur ple bodies, beca.se no experiment has
ing the monarchy Of France, out of the hitherto show,, the
different corps of cavalry. possibility of decom
They were posing if. It exists in the animal,
usually distributed among other bodies of table, and mineral regions When vege it is
troops, and it was their duty to charge required to procure carbone in a state of

the advanced posts ofthe en. mv. i
great purity, it must be v.ried by
CARABINS, Fr. These were light- ignition in a closed vessel. strong
armed
on foot.
horsemen, who sometimes acted |
Carbonic acid. Carbonaceous acid.
They were generally stationed I Fixed air. Mephitic gas Aerial acid.
in the
out-posts, for the purpose of har The name of cretaceous acid
appears to
assing the enemy, defending narrow I agree best with this
In action, thev
substance, because
passes, Sec. usually j
it is contained in
fought in front of the dragoon' , or upon chalk; and tfure is nolarge quantities in
very
other body with
the wings of the first line. Their name'
which it has so strong an affinity, as with
is derived from the
Arabian word Karab, ! iime, which
composes the base of this
which signifies, generally,
any warlike! earthy salt. The carbonic ac.d possesses
instrument. all the more obvious
qualities of air, and
CARAVAN ; Caravanne, Fr. from a1 existcj m tne atmosphere, of which it is
Turkish word, which \
signifies, a
troop a small part.
ot travellers, who
go armed by sea or land. Atmospheric air. In 100 of at
CARBINE, in military affairs, is a mospheric air there are 72 of parts azote, 27 of
lire-arm somewhat smaller than the fire
oxygenc, and 1 of carbonic acid.
lock of the
infantry, and used by the ca CARCASS, a composition f com
valry. It carries a ball of 24 in the bustibles. Carcasses are of two sorts.
pound : its barrel is three feet long, and oblong and rcund : the uncertain
the whole length, flight or.'
including the stock.' the hist sort has almost rendered them
4 feet. useless. They are prepared in the fol
Rifled- Carbines, are generally of the lowing ma. ner : boil 12 or
same dimensions with the 15 lb. of pitch
above, and in a glazed earthen pot; mix wiih that
have their ba-rels rifled
spirally from the 3 lb. of tallow, 30 lb. of pov.der, 6 lb. of
breech to the mouth ; so that when the
sait-petre, and a., many stopins as can be
ball, which is forced into it, is driven out put in. Before the is cold,
ag-iin by the strength ofthe powder, it is ' the carcass must be composition
!e.i_;thened about the breadth of a finger smear your hands wi.h filled; to do which,
ori or tallow, and
and marked with the rifle of the bore. till '

the carcass i-third full with the


Fire-as ins of this kind have a much
great- \ above composition ; then
put in loaded
er
range than any other, because the rifle pieces ot gun or
of the barrel gives a pistol bands, loaded
sp ral direction, n-..' grenades, and fill the intervals w.th com
stead of a
rotatory direction to die ball, position ; cover the whole ove' with
which by tint means makes the
greater coarse cloth, well sewed together. ':;eD-
82 CAR CAR

mg it in a round form. Then put it into and serves to describe those lines that
the have mason work.
carcass, having a hollow top and
bottom, with bars running between them CAROUSAL, in military history, sig
to hold them
together, and composed of nifies a magnificent entertainment, exhi
four slips of iron bited by princes or other great personages, ^
joined at top, and fixed
at the "

bottom, at equal distances, to a on some public occasion, consisting of


piece of iron, which, together with the cavalcades of gentlemen richly dressed
hoops, when filled, form a complete glo and equipped, after the manner of the
bular body. When quite finished and ancient cavaliers, divided into squadrons,
cold, the carcass must be steeped in melt meeting in some public place, and per
ed pitch, and then instantly immerged in forming justs, tournaments, &c.
cold water. Lastly, bore three or four CARRIAGES, in military affairs, are
holes at top, and fill the same with fuze of various kinds, viz.
composition, covering the holes with Garrison- Carriages, are those on
pitch until used. Carcasses are thrown which all sorts of garrison-pieces are
out of mortars, and
weigh from 50 to mounted. They are made much shorter
230 lb. according to the size of the mor than field-carriages, and have generally
tars they are to be thrown out of. There iron trucks instead of wheels.
are other carcasses for the As the trucks of garrison-carriages are
sea-service,
which differ froma shell only in the com
generally made of cast-iron, their axle-
position, and in the four hole's from which trees should hpve
copper-clouts under
it burns when fired.
neath, to diminish the friction ofthe iron
Carcasses were first used by the against the wood. Travelling-carriages
Irishop of Mm.ster, at the siege of Groll, are in many respects very unfit for gar
in 1672, where the duke of
Luxemburg rison service, though they are frequently
commanded. used.
CARCASSES. Their dimensions and Travclling-C ARRiAczs are such as
weight, 1796 guns are mounted on for sieges, and for
W eight. the field ; they are much longer, and dif
r .

ferently constructed from garrison- car


Kinds. ll riages ; having 4 wheels, 2 for the car
h-
Empty. Ofcom Complete P's riage, and 2 for the limber, which last are
position. only used on marches.
Rt/und Field. Carriages are both shorter and
for
Ib.oz. dr. lb-oz.dr. lb.oz. dr. Mir
lighter than those before-mentioned, bear
c J3 194 10 11 18 14

213 8 16

II ing a proportion to the pieces mounted
^l * 89 13 11 7 8 11 97 6 ij
TO upon them.
* Limbers are two-wheel carriages, some
is8 44 9 5 4 411 48 14

5-
times made with shafts, and sometimes
3
42 27 3 2 7 ii 29 10 11

S
with beams for drawing double; they
%
"
32
24
20
13
12
5 1
1
145 22
16
11 11 4-
serve to support the trail of
field carriages,
14

911 5 11 4
2 18 11
13 11 1 1
5 12
15

4 by means of the pintle or iron bolt, when
68 artillery is transported from one place to
26 another, and are taken off again when
h 4- 2 **
28 7_ 4- the pieces arc to be fired, unless
3* 21 10 1
13- 23 upon a
ii\

7 4

5 24 14 5
-
5

16 10

\-
march, when harrasscd by the enemy,
" iirc
18 10 4
1 2
11 6

3
Oblong Gallopcr-CARRiAczs serve for 1 1-2

for These carriages are made with


pounders.
10
.
*6 7 5 35 10 72 1 5 12
shafts,
to be drawn without a lim
so as

S-o.2 8 16 5 5 18 2 ber. In the war of 1756, the King of


34 7 5 10

Prussia, mounted light 3-pounders on


1"! si 11 120 2 6 15 8 11 3 6

4- 6| 3 11 7 4 11 13 4 these carriages, which answered very


well. The horse-artillery is an improve

AW. It being found at the siege of ment of this method ofthe Prussian.
Quebec, that the quantity of powder re Hcwitz-CARRiAGEs are for transport-
quisite for throwing the carcasses into the ing howitzers; and 'those for the 6and 5-8
town, always destroyed them, the me inch howitzers, are made with screws to
thod of filling the interval between the elevate them, in the same manner as the
powder and carcass with turf was adopt light 6 pounders; for which reason they
ed ; and found to preserve the
carcass, are made without a bed, and the centre-
a:ul to produce every <. erired effect. transom must be 9 inches broad to fix the
CAR1PI, a kin 1 of cavalry in the screw, instead of 4 for those made with
Turkish army, which to the number of out : in the centre, between the trail and
1000 are not slaves, nor bred up in the
centre-transom, there is a transom-bolt,
seraglio, like the rest, but are generally which is not in others, because the cen
Moors, or renegado Christians, who have tre-transom must be made to be taken
obtained the rank of horse-guards to the out ; after which, the howitzer can be
Grand Segnior. elevated to any angle under ninety de
CARMINE, a bright scarlet color, grees.
which is used in plans of fortification, Tumbret-C ARS.1ACZ. See Tumbrel.
CAR CAR 83

cwts. qr. lb. cwts. qr. lb.


BUck-C arui age, a carriage which is *

made from a solid piece of timber, hol 12 Pr.


light gun 12 o

lowed out so as to receive the gun or Carriage complete 123 7 J 36 2 21

howitzer into the cap-squares. The Limber, with em. box. 12 3 14.

lower part of the cap-square is let into 6 Prs. Desaguliers no


")
the solid wood, and the gun or howitzer
is either elevated or depressed by a screw,
Carriage complete
Limb, do. em. box.
to
11
11

b 27)
14^34 I 13

as in other carriages. The limber for 6 Pr.. light batt. gun 60 )

this carriage carries two large chests for Carriagewithout box. ? z


(
24 I
ammunition, and takes four men. The iron axletrees >
'
I
8 3
pintle of the limber is so constructed as Limber, wit hem. box. 21 .

to receive the gudgeon of the carriage ; 5 1-2 Inch howit. light 43 7'
by which means a greater relief is af Carriage, without box. 10 o 7! 24
forded when the carriage passes over Limber, with em. box. 91
j
rough round. 24 Prs. platform tra- ? 22 ^
Block-C arriagzs are also used by veiling carriage 5 'i
the horse-artillery as curricles. They Standing carriage for"^ 2 16
are particularly useful on mountain ser do. iron trucks, and |
vice. The original inventor of them, is .he tackles of the carr.
British Colonel Congreve, author of ma Iron gun
ny other important military inventions. Ball cartridge wag
7>z.*-/r-CARRiAGEs are to carry tim gon, DukeofRich.
ber and other- heavy burthens from one mond's pattern
place to another, at no great distance : with spare pole and
j
they serve also to convey guns or mor swingle trees J
tars upon a battery, whither their own Charge of musquet P
2o o

carriages cannot go, and are drawn by ammunition $


men as well as horses. Common pattern am- 1
Potf/ow-CARRiAGE. Carriages of this munition caisson, > 16 2

kind are solely for transporting the pon altered -


) -

36
tons ; they had formerly but two wheels, Charge of ammunition 20 o

but are generally now made with four.


New infantry ammu- ?
* *4
The making use of two-wheel carriages nition cart $ 9 -
21 1 14
for travelling a great way, is contrary to Charge of ammunition 12 o

sense and reason ; because the whole Common sling cart, complete 17 1
weight lying upon the two wheels, must Common truck carriage 12 2
make them sink deeper into the ground, Common hand cart 4 1
than those of a four-wheel carriage. Forge waggon, complete 2
13
Carriage. Weight of Field Car

Dimensions of certain parts of carriages,


riages at present in use.
the knowlege of which may prevent
cwts. qrs. lbs.
Horse Artillery Carriages many mistakes in arranging the difterent
12 Prs. gun and carriage pieces for disembarkation, or in other
similar situations.
complete for service, with
two men, and their ap Axletrees. Most of the field carriages
pointments on the limber, are now made with iron axletrees ; the
and 16 rounds of ammu dimensions of which are as follows :
nition. - -

45 o 14
Ammunition caisson for do. Len.ofarm
complete, with two men
on the limber, and i spare

wheel, 2 spare skafts, with Iron Axletrees.


78 rounds of ammunition. 33 3 o
6 Prs. equipped as above
with with 42 rounds -

34 1 21
Ammunition caisson as above,
108 rounds - - -
30 o 21 met.
5 1-2 Inch howitzer,equipped 6 Pr. Light -
as above, with 20 rounds
Ammunition caisson for do.
353 3 Pr. Heavy
5 1-2 in. Howitz. I
}
as above, with 52 rounds
39 2 o Ammu. caisson I
Forge waggon, complete for Ball cartridge do. I
travelling - - -

19214 whether horse r 2l


Large tilted baggage waggon,
18
artillery or the j
empty -
r
- -

3 0 park, whether
Equipage to be carried - 12 o o limber or carri
Park Carriages, age J
cwts. qr. lb. cwts. qr lb.
.
Light 12 Pounder;
12 Prs. Med. gun car- ? . .A
and limber
$
riage, without box. S u Medium 12 Pr.
Limber to do. 7 2 I4f*4 1
Limber to do.
-

Gun - 180- -
)
84 CAR CAR

Carriage CARRIER, a kind of pigeon, so cal


!| Limber.
Di. of arm. led from its having been used in armies,
to carry orders from one division of an ar

Wood my to another, r intelligence to some


.

Axletrees. officer commanding a


post or
army at a
<S P.K
distance.
CARRONADES. Their weight and
dimensions
In le In.
24 Prs. Heavy 4-9 18 3-3
12 Prs. Med.' 4 16 4 Length in
6 Prs Des'rs.
34 '34 3,-2 SEm .2 So

6 Prs. Light
13 3 :4 *. 8.E
3 Prs. Des'rs.
3, Qo
tt.in.,Calr,
3 Prs. Light 68~Prs .05 770236 59toi
How'r. 8 In. 15 J. 962 29

5 i-3 in 42
-

6.84 7.518 22
58toi
42-5 in.

3*
~

6-35 7.679J17 14 62tOI


tore iiind
7.65613

56toi
Ammunition
wa^e n, with
_-A_ 24

5.68^ 6336 11 2
25

<.i6^ 7.587 9 56toi


18

folding sides 2.914 2.9 '3 8


5-447 1 25
Close bodied 12 4 52

5-778 5 3 56101
Ammunition N. B. Carronades hav. not so much
caisson 3-3!i4 2.9 14 windage as guns. See Windage.
Dimensions and Weight of Standing Ranges with Carronades, 1798. The
Gun charge is i-i2th the weight of the
Carriages. shot;
and -\ith one shot and one wad. The
d line ot fire from 6 to 9 feet above the level
NO
i- 0 0
& of the water.
i- ro "> CI
0
0 0 0 0 0 c
J3 co 0 on-4- r-
',
"
"
co
C n^-no J-~00 oo
e_-\
-
4J CO IN!
ro 0 0 000000
c* 1-- r-. coo r~ O
ex
i CO
5-o c. ^t r-00 00 O
ON 1/.
^
U- CO 0
O 0 0 0 00
<fr O oeo i^n 10
d CO CN NO co lo r^oo cjn 0
eo r> C*

*t 10 C)
U* 0
N
O O 0 0 0 0 -
cono coo r~oo
c t"~ .0
O* CO^-iOO Os OnO

-t.
* no d *-"oo C<
CI
N
9. ON t On O
N o-
* * d
'J'nC 00 on w

0
CO
r>-\^
J= N
_
A* O
.

r-ov^
~-^-C 0 00 00 T3 S.P O O O
eO >0 **<> 00 0
a 1- 0
13 ~

U 1 C 0- >.
H-C P -J5 -

u pie tr

<
de

len.'t hole beds fl'l
to <u

2
C u
d
V
*
c
.2
5.
a
at
f-

.0
march. See March X U Oi
Carriages on a m c, co-4- in

ing. Note.The highest charge for carron


The carriages for horse


artillery guns, ades is i-8th the
an^ 4 pounders, are constructed
weight of the shot; the
as 1 2, 9, lowest i-i6th.
lighter than formerly; the two first of Diameter ofthe wheels ofthe Field Carriages
these calibres have an additional trunnion at present in use :

plate ; and indeed it does not app: ai why Diameter;.


every travelling carria.e should not hav> All the horse artillery carriages, 1 ft. in.
this importair improvement since it eases limbers, and caissons ; the I
the hordes an 1 sav s the carriage ; and by heavy 6 Prs. and long 3 Prs.
lessening the fatigue increases the celerity and their limbers ; the carriage !
of the movements, and spares the cattle of a 6 Pr. battalion gun, and a ; '

for service. light 5 1-2 inch howitzer; the I


For wood "f which carriages are made, hind wheels 01 a common am- |
see the word Wood. munition caisson J
CAR CAR

Diameter of the Wheels of Field Carriages, wards Low carte, is a thrust at the in
continued. ft. in. side of the lower half of the
Limber to light 6 Pr. and
body ; the
51-2") position of the hand being the same as in
howitzer ( the former.
Med. 12 Pr.limber, 4 ft. 6 in. t 4 8 C arte -blanche Fr. a full and absolute
carriage ) power which is lodged in the hands of a
Sling cart -
8 general of an army, to act according to
Fore wheels of an ammunition ? the best of his judgment, without wait
caisson \ ing for superior instructions or orders. It
likewise strictly means a blank paper ; a
Pontoon carriage \ f. .re,
paper to be filled up with such conditions
as the
8 Inch Howitzer \S J*'mber person to whom it is sent thinks
Carnage proper.
Ball Ammunition Cart
CARTEL, in military transactions,
agreement between
Carriage \
an two states
24 Prs. Platform at war
Hnd for the exchange of their prisoners of
with 8 inch
Ranges shells, from 68 Pr war.
carronades.
CARTOUCH, in military affairs, is a
1) case of wood about
ii 3 inches thick at bot
m
<c
co
1-
0
-0
tom, bound about with marline, holding
o eon about 400 musquet balls, besides 8 or 10
x 2 M MM
iron balls of a pound each, to be fired out
U]
._, Oi CI 000 1^1^. of a howitzer, for the defence of a
O ^ -N C^j>0 pass,
"- rt &c. See G r ape Shot.
M MM
'*< bC
CARTOUCHES in artillery, ar^
C
made of leather, to sling over the shoulder
O of the matross, who therein carries the
Sf
ra
' 1' ammunition from the magazine or
wag

w
'
0,
41 "*
Bin trM gon, for the service ofthe artillery, when
-
W at exercise or on real service.
c c< Cartouches ouformules, Fr. military
*J
-C
M j passes which were given to soldiers going
oo M
j
M CO 1 on furlough.
n, CARTRIDGE, of paper, parch
a case

0
ment, or flannel, fitted to the bore of
a piece, and
-0 1 1 1 1 holding exactly its proper
CO co-tf- 1 1
charge. Musket and pistol cartridges are
U always made of strong paper, between 30
and 40 of which are made fom 1
. I / of powder,
pound
1#
including their priming. Ball
5 "5; In- m
cartridges should be made of a different
I-C u O coloured paper to what is used for blank.
/3> . CO
The trench
.CT | musquet ball-cartridges are
all capped with flannel. Cannon and
To Carry on the treneka. See howitzer cartridges are sometimes made
Trenches. of parchm.nt, though more
in generally of
CART, a
military sense, is a ve flannel: the charges they conta.n arc
hicle mounted on two wheels, and drawn
adapted to the service they are intended
by one or more horses; of which there for.
are several sorts, viz.
Cartridges for cannon, are made with
Powder -Carts, for carrying the best effect, when the flannel does not
powder
with the army ; they are divided into admit the leakage of powder to elfoct
4 ;
parts, by boards of an inch thick, which this the flannels are first sewed to the
enter about an inch into the shafts. Each size of a mandril or wooden
of these carts can only stow 4 barrels of roller; and
the sewing completed, tlie end is
tied,
powder. The roof is covered with an a; d hammered on the end of the
mandril,
oil-cloth, to preyent dampness from com the whole* is then smeared with a coat of
ing to the powder. paste made of wheat flour and gum ; and
Sling- Carts, used to carry mortars or then drawn over, so thai the
pasted side
heavy guns from one place to another at may be inward; then set to dry, b.foic
a small distance, but chiefly to
transport filling they must be examined.
guns from the water side to the proof- The experiment is worth the trial of
place, and from thence back again as

making cartridges of-cotton saturated with


also to convey artillery to the batteries in alum ; its cheapness, its
a fortification ;
abundance, and
they have wheels of a easy formation, all rccjimnend it. The
very considerable diameter, and the guns alum would render it fire
or other heavy articles which p. oof.
they carry Cartridge-/)'..*, a case of wood,
are slung in chains from the axle.
made in a circular form, to wear before
C A RTE, is a thrust with a sword at the body of the
the inside of the upper part of the soldier, holding 24 or
body, more muskst-ball
cartridges in rows : it
with the nails of your sword hand up is covered with
leather, and worn upon a
86 CAR CAS

belt, both on duty, and on the day of Musquet Cartridges, by different


battle. See Pouch. powers in Europe.
The light infantry in the French ser CI
vice carry a cartridge box in front which
covers the abdomen; and contains several
a O
rounds ; some carry the cartridges on the a 1-
side one above the other. fH
14 0
M

Cartridges for guns. O


. -0
*
>M
Tonnage. U
t- 0 r\
Of Paper. No. packed 3 T3 H M

Q
| Ton Vat. N 0 M
O
"*
Pounders. lb oz.dr. Ft. in Number. 6C"
*

2 4 1000
4; 300 O
32

30c 2 4 1 100 to -5
2 3
300 4 1400 M
<
2 14 o 2 4 1500 0

240 2 4 1600 M

C
240 2 4 1800 cs

2 o 2000 .i *- r-
150
<u
r 1 o 2200
M
*
110 2200 0
Of Flannel
42 and 220 2
3 Thetonnage Sb M
32
C Heavy 1 12 o 1 10 of flannel --; -5
bO
24 < Med. 1 6 1 5 cartridges C
8 is 1 -fifth w
M
C Light 0
18 6 o more than
<*-.
f Heav^ 3 that of 0
12 3 Med. 11 o I 2
paper. -a
6 0 IO 3 '
<u
C Light o 60

10 o 1 4 u
'i_ U O.
Heavy 14 o 1 1 Cm

Med.' CASCABLE, in artillery, is the very


Light hindermost knob or button of the can

non, the
or utmost part of the breech.
2
X3.n. Morts. SeeCANNON.
10 8
I CASCANS, in fortification, holes in

7 the form of wells, serving as entrances to


o
51-- 4
galleries, or giving vent to the enemy's
42-5 mines. See Fortification.
8 in. How'r 38
io o
CASEMATE, in fortification, a vault,
51-2 48 or arch of mason-work, in that
part of
42-5 4 o the flank of a bastion which is next the
Cartridges tor small arms.
curtain, made to defend the ditch, and
d ^
j One Sheet uf paper
i
O
nC
M M
^j
C
nj
C
the face of the opposite bastion. See
makts
Forti fication.
<t **nO m
m

Casemates nouvclles, Fr. arched bat.


I 1 Half.
d r) ci n

CO
H

teries which are constructed under all the


a
J CO COCO CO
1 a" openings of revetements or ramparts.
i
On O f t~-

The difierent forts at
Cherbourg, are de
^ M

fended by these casemates : the works


CO CO CO
Whole. I-- C* erected round Dover Castle, come like
J c* M M M
wise under this description ; the works
'S e) at fort Columbus, New York, are erect

0 O 0 0 0 O
is ; ooouoooa ed on the same principles.-
Half. D
3-; 5 * M M M IS M
CASERNES, in fortification, are
S'"b 1
Whole. o 0
. 0 0
0
COO
"-10 buildings for the soldiers of the garrison
-2 * * to live in ;
z J Z -
moo
c<n <* generally erected between the
0 > 0 0 0 0 <* houses of fortified towns, and the ram-
No. of each tied in one
<-> ~ ~
Bundle. .g part.

Cas e r n r. s , in a general acceptation,
powder contained in each 0 <0 ^J" co co L,
Cartridge.
.. M
signify barracks.
CA$E-Shot. See Shot, and Labo

piec s pistol pistol guns


ratory.
CASHIERED. An officer sentenced

Kinds. Wal Musqet Carbine Do. Com. bar.


7
by
rily
a general court-martial,
ordered by the king, to be dismissed
from the service, is said to be cashiered.
or perempto
CAS C A V 87

CASK, Casque, the ancient hel


er the troops will not have room to form
met for the head.
or armor with the proper intervals
CASSINE, in military history,, sig The front or principal line of the camp
nifies a small house in the country, gene is commonly directed to face the enemy.
rally surrounded by a ditch. Cassines See Camp.
are very convenient to post small CAT 0' nine tails, a whip with nine
parties knotted cords, with which the British
in, where they will be sheltered from
any sudden attack, and can even make soldiers are punished. Sometimes it has
head till the nearest detachments can come only five cords. A barbarous and un-
and relieve them. military usage, unknown in any other
CASSIONS. See Caissons. European army.
CASTING, in founding guns, im CATAFALCO, in military architec
plies the operation of running any sort ture, a scaifbld of timber, decorated with
of metal into a mould prepared for that sculpture, painting, Sec. for supporting
purpose. the coffin of a deceased hero, during the
CASTLE, in military affairs, a forti funeral solemnity
fied place, or strong hold, to defend a CATAPHRACT, the old Roman
town or city from an enemy. English tGrm for a horseman in complete armor.
castles are for the most part no higher in CATAPHRACTA, in the ancient
antiquity than the Norman conquest ; or military art, a piece of heavy defensive
rather about the middle of king Stephen's armor, formed of cloth or leather, forti
reign. Castles were erected in almost all fied with iron scales or links, wherewith
parts of that kingdom, by the several sometimes only the breast, sometimes the
contending parties ; and each owner of a whole body, and sometimes the horse too,
castle was a kind of petty prince, coining was covered.
his own money, and exercising sovereign CATAPULTA, in military antiquity,
jurisdiction over his people. History in an engine contrived for throwing of ar
forms us that 1017 castles were built in rows, darts and stones, upon the enemy.
one reign. Some of these engines were so laree, and
CASTRAMETATION, is the art of of s ich force, that they would throw
measuring tracing
or outthe form of a stones of an hundred weight, jesephus
camp on the ground ; yet it sometimes takes notice of the surprising effects of
has a more extensive signification, by in these engines, and says, that the stones
cluding all trie views and designs of a throw n out of them beat down the bat
general ; the one requires only the know- 1 tlements, knocked off the angles of the
lege of a mathematician, the other the towers, and had force sufficient to level a
experience of an old soldier. The an very deep file of soldiers
cients were accustomed to fortify their CATATROME. See Crane.
camps by throwing up entrenchments CATERVA, in ancient military writ
round them. The Turks, and other ers, a term used in speaking of the Gaul
Asiatic nations, fortify themselves, alien ish or Celtiberian armies, denoting a body
in an open country, wirh their waggons of 6oog armed men. The word is also
and other carriages. The practice or." the used to denote a party of soldiers in dis
Europeans is quite different; for the array; in epposiiion to cohort or turma,
surety of their camp consists in the faci which signify in good order.
lity and convenience of drawing out their CATTUS, ^in ancient military
troops at the head of their encampment ; CATHOUSE, $ history, was a kind
for which reason, whatever particular of covered shed, sometimes fixed on
order of battle is regarded as the best dis wheels, and similar to the Vinea and Plu.
position for fighting, it follows of course, teus of the ancients
that we shouldencamp in such a manner CAVAL'..ADE, in military history,
as to assemble and
parade our troops in implies a pompous procession of horse
that order and disposition as soon as pos men, equipages, Sec. by way of parade,
sible. It is therefore the order of battle to grace a
triumph, public entry, or the
that should regulate the order ofencamp- like.
ment; that is to say, the post of each CAVALIER, in fortification, is a

regiment in the line of battle should be work generally raised within the body of
at the head of its own encampment; from the place, 10 or 12 feet higher than'the
whence it follows, that the extent of the rest of the works. Their most common
line of battle from right to left of the situation is within the bastion, and made
camp, should be equal to the front of much in the same form : sometimes they
the troops in line of battle, with the same- are placed in the gorges, or on the mid
intervals in the camp as in the line, by dle ofthe curtain; they are then made
this mejns every battalion covers its own in the form of a horse-shoe. See For-
tents, and they can all lodge themselves, TrucATioN. Their use is to command
or turn out in ease of necessity, at a all the adjacent works and country round
minute's warning. about it ; they are seldom, or never-
I f the front of the camp is greater than made but when there is a hill or rising
the line, the troops must leave large in ground, which overlooks some of the
terrais, or expose their flanks; it less, works.
Trench-C av alizr, in the attacks, J*
88 C A U C E N

an elevation which the besiegers make they may execute the movement to be
by means of earth or gabions, within half directed with unanimity and correctness.
way, or two thirds of the glacis, to dis CAZEMATTE. See Casemate.
cover, enfilade the covert way.
or to CAZE MATE, Jin fortification, is a
CAVALRY, in military affairs, that CASEMATE, 5 certain retired place
body of soldiers which serves and fights in the flank of a bastion, for the defence
on horseback : under this denomination of the ditch, and face of the opposite
areincluded, bastion; not used at present. It also
Horse, that is, regiments or troops of implies a well, having several subterra
horse. The first English troop of horse nean branches, which are extended when
was raised in 1660. they suspect the enemy is forming a
Dragoons, are likewise regiments of mine, till they hear the miners at work.
horse, but distinguished from the former CAZERNES, Fr. See Casernes.
by being taught to fight both on foot and CEINTURE militaire, Fr. a broad
on horseback. The first English regiment leather belt which was worn roupd the
of dragoons was raised in 1681. See Ame waist, and was ornamented with gold or
rican Mil. Lib. Art. Cavalry. silver plates.
Hunters. See Licht-horse. CELERES, the life-guards which at
L\ight-horse, are regiments of cavalry, tended Romulus, in the infancy of Rome,
mounted on light, swift horses, whose were so called. They were laid aside by
men are but small, and lightly accoutred. Numa Pompilius. Celeres arc properly
They were first raised by the British, in distinguished from other troops, by being
I7S7- lightly armed and acting always on foot.
Hussars, generally Hungarian horse; The Celeres cannot be considered under
Their uniform is a large furred cap, adorn the same head as Velites.
ed with a cock's feather ; those of the CEMENT. See Cement. -

officers, either with an eagle's or a heron's ;


a very short waistcoat,
CENOTAPH, in military history*
with a pair of implies the empty tomb of a hero, or a
breeches and stockings in one; short light monument erected to the honor of a per
boots, generally of red or yellow leather ; son, without the body of the deceased
with a curious doublet, having five rows being interred in or near it.
of buttons, which hang loosely on the left CENTESIMATION, in ancient mi-
shoulder. Their arms are a long crooked litary history, a mild kind of military
sabre, light carbines, and pistols. Before punishment, in cases of desertion, mu
they begin an attack, they lay themselves tiny, and the like, when only every 100th
so flat on the necks of their horses, that man was executed.

it is hardly possible to discover their CENTER, general sense, sig-


^in nifies
a

force; but being come within pistol-shot CENTRE, $ a point equally


ofthe enemy, they raise themselves with distant from the extremities of a line,
surprising quickness, and fall on with surface, or solid.
such vivacity, that it is very difficult for Centre of a battalion,
on parade, is the
the troops to preserve their order. When middle, where an interval is left for the
a retreat is
necessary, their horses have colors ; of an encampment, it is the
so much fire, and are so indefatigable, main street : and on a march, is an inter-
their equipage so light, and themselves val for the baggage, Sec.
such excellent horsemen, that no other Centre of a bastion, is a point in the
cavalry can pretend to follow them ; they middle of the gorge of the bastion, from
leap over ditches, and swim over rivers, whence the capital line commences, and
with a surprising facility. Most of the which is generally at the inner polygon
German powers have troops under this of the figure.
nam , as also France; into which country Centre of gravity, in military me
they were originally introduced under chanics, is that point about which the
Louis the XIII. and were called Hun several parts of a body exactly balance
garian cavalry. This description of ca each other in any situation.
valry was accordingly more ancient in the Centre of a conic section, is the
point
trench service, than that of hussars. where all the diameters meet.
CAVEA'i ING, in fencing, implies a Centre of an ellipsis, is that
motion whereby a person in an instant
point
where the transverse aad conjugate dia-
brings his sword, which was presented meters intersect each other.
to one side of his adversary, to the Centre of motion, is that
op- point which
;"site side. remains at rest while all the other
parts
CAV1N, in milifTy affairs, implies a of the body move about it.
natural hollow, sufficiently capacious to Centre of percussion, is thnt point in
lodge a body of troops, and facilitate their which the force ofthe strc ke is the
great
..j'proach to a place. I f it be within mus- est possible. When the moving body re
NCt-shot, it is a place of arms ready made, volves round a fixed
point, the centre of
nnd'serves for opening the trenches, free percussion is the same with the centre of
from the enemy's shot. oscillation, and found by the same me
CAUTION, an es.;>lanation given pre thod ; but when the body moves in a
vious to the word of command, by which parallel direction, the centre of percussion
he soldiers are called to attention, that is th: same with the centre of gravity.
CER C H A 89

CENTINEL, is a private soldier Certificate of an officer in the English


CENTRY, i, from the guard, post aimv upon honor, that he does not ex-
ed upon any spot of ground, to stand and c.ed the regulation in the purchase of his
watch carefully for the security of the commission.
guard, or of any body of troops, or Certificate from a general officer to affirm
post, and to prevent any surprise from and prove the losses which officers may
the enemy. All centinels are to be very sustain in the field.
vigilant 'on their posts ; neither are they Certificate fom colonels of regiments to
to sing, smoke, or suffer the board for admission of proper objects
any noise to be
made near them. They are not to sit to the
hospital.
down, lay their arms out of their hinds, Certificate from a magistrate to identify
or sleep ; but the person of a recruit, and to affirm, that
keep moving about on their
posts during the two hours they stand, if he has enlisted himself voluntarily into
the weather will allow of it. No cei try the service; likewise, that the articles
to move more than of war have been read to him.
50 paces to the right,
and as many to the left of his post, and
Certificate from regimental surgeons,
let the weather be ever so bad, he must wheihci men when they join are proper
not get under and fit objects to be enlisted; this is re
any other cover, but that
of the centry box. No one to be allowed quired m the United States army, to be
to go from his
post without leave from on the back of
every paper of enlist-
his commanding officer; and, to prevent m.nt.
desertion or marauding, the centries and Certificate of commanding officers for
vedettes must be charged to let no soldier stores, Sec,
pass. Certificate, to enable an officer to receive
Centinel perdu, a soldierposted near half pay.
an enemy in some very dangerous post, Certificate of surgeons and assistant sur-
where he is in perpetual
shot or taken.
danger of being |j gco.-s, to prove their having passed a
1
proper examination.
Ct-NTR-e-box,a sort of box, or
hut, I CESSATION, or cessation of arms, in
W shelter the centinel from the injuries ! a military figurative sense, means a
truce,
of the weather ; in fortifications
they are ] or the total abrogation of all military opc-
sometimes madeof masonry, and of stone, I rations for a limited time.
in a circular form. CHACE of a gun, means the length
CENTURION, a military officer I from the trunnions to the muzzle. See
among the ancient Romans; who com- il Cannon.
manded an (centum) hundred men. The CHAFFERY, that part of the foun
term is now obsolete. It answers to the dry where rhe forges are
placed for ham
modern captain of a company. mering iron into complete bars, and there
CENTURY, in a
military sense, means by bringing it to perfection.
a hundred soldiers, who were
employed CHAINyir engineers, is a sort of wire
in working :he battering-ram. chain divided into links of an
equal length,
CERCLE, Grand-cercle, Fr. a form made use of for settim; out works on the
observed under the old government of ground, because cord lines are
apt to
France, by which it was directed, that shrink and give way.
every evening at a specific hour the Ser There are several sorts of chains mad;
jeants and corporals of a brigade should use of in mensuration; as Mr. Rath-
assemble to receive orders ; the former bone's, of two
perches in length; others,
standing in front of the latter. Subse one
perch long ; some of 1 000 feet in
quent to the grand cercle, a smaller one length ; but that which is most in use
was made in each
regiment, when gene amongst engineers is Mr. Gunter's, which
ral, or regimental orders were again re- is 4 poles long, and contains 100 link*,
.

peated to the Serjeants of each regiment, I each link being 7 92-100 inches in length
and from them communicated to the of- I CHAlN-.to. See Shot
fic"f^eP^elg0cmPa.
l.hk.1 it it- A 1
ts, of are
_
|
various 1 to a duel, or other combat
CHALLENGE, a
cartel, or invitation
; it may with
kinds, as applied to officers generally, or propriety be called a provocation, or sum-
to commissaries,
commanding officers, or mons to fight, when an affront in dero
:

staff. They are a testimonial bearing I gat ion of honor has been offered.
witness to the existence of Challenge is also
some
requisite a tern
applied to
qualifications, or to the
performance of objection made against any member of
an
some act the regulations of
required by court-martial, on the score of real or
a
the ar.ny, and for which the officer who
presumed partiality. The prisonei, how
signs is responsible, whether he certifies ever, in this ca:,e, must
assign his cause
for himself, or for any other officer, of challenge ; ofthe
relevancy, or validity
Military Certificates are of various of which the members are th'emselve. the
denominations, and consist chiefly ofthe judges; so that peremptory challenge..,
following kinds, viz. though allowed in civil cases, are not
Certificate from a field officer to the acknowlegcd in military law The pri
commander in chief, affirming the eligi. vilege of challenging belongs equally tp
bility of a young man to hold a com- the prisons and the
prosecutor.
jrftr.s.on.
CHAMaDE, in a military sense,
mesns a
signal made by the enemy, eitlfti
90 CH A CH A

by beat of drum, or sound of trumpet, rels of gunpowder in a proper manner,


when they have any matter to propose ; and frequently to try pieces of ordnance
such as to bury their dead, Sec. See instead of frames.
Parley. CHAPE, the metalline part put on the
CHAMBER of a cannon, in artillery, end of a scabbard, to prevent the point of
that parr of the bore of a cannon which the sword or bayonet from piercing
:

receives the powder with which it is i through it.


charged. See Cannon. CHAPELET, Fr. a piece of fiat iron
Chamber of a mortar, the space where with three tenons or ends of timber, which
the powder f es, and generally of several is fixed 10 the end ef a cannon.
forms and .rimensions, such as the conic, CHAPITEAU, Fr two small boards
spheric, cylindric, parabolic, and con which are joined together obliquely, and
cave, or bottled chambers. See Mor I serve to cover the touch-hole of a piece
tars.
| of ordnance.
In 1787 and 1789 experiments were CHAFPE, Fr. a barrel containing
made at Woolwich with an 8 inch mortar, j
another barrel, which holds gunpowder.
with tour shifting chambers, to ascertain i It likewise means a composition of earth,
which form gives the longest range. horse dung, and wad, that covers the
The chambers were all ofthe same ca
-

mouth of a cannon, or mortar.


pacity, viz. 63.7 cubic inches, and con CHARACTER, in a general sense,
tained two pounds of powder. Their implies any mark used for representing
forms were : either ideas, or objects.
1st. Common conical chamber with the Military Characters, P ,

circular bottom. Mathematical Characters,)^


2d. The same reversed. tain marks invented for avoiding prolixity,
3d. The cylindric chamber with cir
, and more clearly conveying the thoughts
cular bottom. ofthe learned in those sciences to begin
4th. The spheric chamber. ners ; the chief of which are as follow :
The ranges were the medium of 6
+ in algebra is the sign 01 the real ex
rounds ; from them it appears, that when istence of the quality it stands before,
the spheric chamber is filled with pow and is called an affirmative, or positive
der, it has the advantage in point of range; sign. It is also the mark of
but when smaller charges are used, its addition,
and signifies, that the numbers, or quan
ranges are found to be shorter than those tities on each side of it are added together.
of other forms. The conical (No. 1.) This is the note 01 negation, nega

;
chamberof the presem British establish tive existence, or
ment gives the longest range under other non-entity. It is the
circ ^instances.
sign of subtraction, and signifies, that the
numbers, or quantities which come after
Chamber of amine, that' place where
the charge of powder is lodged, to blow
it, are to be taken from the numbers, 01
the works over it. See Mine. quantities which stand before it. As -f
up
Chamber of a battery, is a
place sunk or signifies a positive or affirmative quantity,
under giound for holding powder, loaded absolute number ,
so
signifies a ficti

shells, and fuzes, where they may be tious or negative number or quantity.
out of danger, and preserved from rain or Thus 3, is 8 times less than nothing.

moisture. So that any number or quantity with the


Chambrer, faire chambree, a
military sign + being added to the same number,
phrase among the ! rench, to signify se or
quantity with the sign their sum

,
veral persons lodged in the same room, will be equal to nothing. Thus 8 added
bar lack, or tent. 8 is but 8 taken from
to

equal to o,

cHAMP de bataille, Fr. field of bat


tle ; the ground on which two armies + 8, is equal to 16.
meet. X is the sign of multiplication. It
Champ de Mars, the field of Mars, an signifies into, or multiplied by.
open place in the neighborhood of Pans, -r- is the mark of
where troops are frequently reviewed division, and signi
fies, that the numbers, or quantities
and in which the public festivals have before it are to be divided by the numbers
been held. after it.
CHAMPION, he who undertook to =the signs of equality, and sig
are
settle the difference of contending armies, that the quantities and numbers on
combat.
nify,
by single the one side of it are equal to the
CHANDELIERS, in military affairs, quantities
and numbers on the other.
a kind moveable parapet, consisting of
el
wooden on which tascines are laid
frames, V is the
of radicality, and shews
sign
to cover the workmen when at work on [according the index of the power that
to
is set after it, the square, cube,
the trenches. They are made of various over or
or other
sorts and sizes, according to the use they root, that is extracted, oris to be
are for. so, out of any quantity.
CHANTIER, Pr. a square piece of V is the sign of the cube root, and
wood, which is useu lor the purpose ol signifies the extraction of 'it, as in the
raising anv thing. It serves to place bar square root above.
C H A C H A 91

ing the character of an infinitesimal, or


rf is the sign of continued, or geome
fluxion. Thus the first fluxions of x,y, z,
trical proportion.
is the mark of geometrical propor
: :
being marked thus, *-, y, z ,- the second
tion disjunct, and is usually placed be
tween two pair of equal ratio's ; as 3 : 6 are x, j , z, and the third x, y, .
r : 4 : 8, shews, that 3 is to 6, as 4 is to 8.
Geographical Characters, are ",
Or a : b : : d : e, and are thus read, as a ', ", '", Sec. which signify degrees, mi
is to b, so is d to e, Sec. nutes, seconds, thirds. Thus 400, 55*,
> or C~ are signs of majority ; thus 18", 55'", is read 40 degrees, 35 mi
nutes, 18 seconds, 55 thirds. It is also
a > b expresses that a is greater than b. used in the elevation of pieces of artillery.
< or -3 are Characters. See Cun pow d e r
signs of minority ; and .

when we would denote that a is less than CHARBON, See Aigremore.


b, we write a < b, or a -3 b. Sec. CHARGE, Fr. The French techni
cally use this term in two different senses,

signifies
more, or less such a quan viz. charge precipitee and charge a volonte.
tity, and is used often in the extraction
Charge precipitee is given when the tour
of oots, of squares, Sec.
completing times are expressly marked, as cI.hu gex
Artitlery-CHARACTERS, most gene vos
arms, un, deux, tiois, quatre ; and ap
rally used, are as follow : plies chiefly to the drill. Charge a volonte
C, qr. lb. which signifies centners, or is executed in the same manner as the
hundreds of 112 pounds, qr quarters of charge precipitee, with this difference,
28 pounds, lb.
pounds of 16 ounces that the soldiers do not wait for the spe
avoirdupois. Thus a piece of artillery cific words.
with 14 c. 3 q. 16 lb., is 14 hundred, Charces for field guns.
3 quarters, and 16 pounds. lbs.
Pr. signifies pounder. Thus 24 pr. is 42 Prs. mcd and heavy for Rnd. Shot 4
a 24 pounder. Case
T. C. qr. lb. signifies tons,
hundreds, 12 Prs. Light Round Shot
quarters, pounds; and 28 #. is one quar Case
ter : 4 qr. is one centner, or 1 12
pounds ; 6 Prs. Desagufiers Round Shot
and 20 C. 01 cwt. is one ton. Case
lb. oz. dr. means, pounds, ounces and 6 Prs. Medium Round Shot
drams : 16 dr. is one ounce, and 16 oz. Case
is one pound avoirdupois. 6 Prs. Round Shot
lb. oz. dwts. gr. is pounds, ounces,
light 1
Case 1
penny-weights, and grains; of which 24 3 Prs. Heavy Round Shot 1
gr. make one penny-weight, 20 dwt. Case
make one ounce, and 12 oz. one
pound of 3 Prs. Light Round 12 oz
troy-weight. The charge for battering guns is one
Characters in fire- works, are the
third the weight of the round shot, for
following. round shot, and one fourth of it for case
M Meal- powder.
shot.
7 Corned powder. The charge for carronades is usually
Saltpetre. one twelfth the weight ofthe shot. The
Z Brimstone. highest is one eighth, and the lowest one
CZ Crude Sulphur. sixteenth.
C+ Carbon or charcoal. By the ex eriments made at Woolwich
CS in March 1801, it is recommended, that
Sea- Coal.
B R when cylinder powder is used on service,
Beech raspings. the charges of field ordnance with round
S X Steel iron
or
filings, shot, shall be reduced to the usual quan
B X tities for case shot. The same experi
Brass-dust.
ments recommend, that the thickness or
G X Glass-dust.
lengtb of the wood bottom be varied, in
T X Tanners dust; order to change the position of the shot,
C/ Cast-iron. and thereby save the bore ; and that the
CA Crude antimony. paper cap which is usually thrown away
H Camphor. on service, shall be put over the shot
A Y Yellow amber. before it is introduced into the piece.
LS Lapis calaminaris. For charges for small arms see the word
Gt Gum. Cartridges.
B L Lamp-black. Charges of French guns in French v

GI I sing-glass. weights.
W lbs.
Spirit of wine. 8
ST 24 Prs. -
)c.
Spirit of turpentine.
PO Oil of spike. 16 Prs. -
5*$SieSe
Characters, used in the arithmetic
12 Prs. -
4 5 less for
of infinites, are dots over letters, denot 8 Prs. -
2jS- Field
1 Case Shot.
4 Prs. -
ii>
92 C H A C H A

Charge de mine, Fr. the As pieces of artillery are of various de


ot a certain
disposition
quantity of powder, which is nominations, and made use
consequently
used for the
explosion of a mine. of on several cccasions, their charges must
CHARGE, in gunnerv, implies the of cours. have many variations.
quantity of powder, shot, ball, shells, Charge, is also the attack of cavalry;
grenades, &c. with which a g. n, mortar, and charge bayonet is a word of command
or
howitzer, is loaded. given to
infantry, to force the enemy
Charges for heavy guns from a 42 -pounder whom they are to charge at the
point of
to
3 pounder, both brass and iron, in
a the bayonet. To sound a charge, is the
proof, set ire, saluting, and ricochet. sound of the trumpet as a
signal for ca
valry to begin the attack.
Charge, in military law, is the speci
fication of any crime, or offence for which
a non-commissioned officer or soldier is
tried before a court martial. In all
charges
of this nature, the time and place, when
and where the crime, or offence was com
mitted, must be set forth with accuracy
and precision.
Charged Cylinder, in gunnery, im
plies that part of the chace of a gun,
which contains the powder and ball.
Charger, any horse belonging to an
officer on which he rides in action.
Chargers are also either bandoliers,
Charges for Medium Guns.
or little flasks that contain powder for
1 c< s- 1 <^ j go

u
N
O
M 1 M charge or priming.
M 1 H M CHARIOT, a car, in which of
tax:
C!

1
1 1
1 arms were
anciently placed. These
men
were
O *f
1 1 armed with scythes, hooks, &c. The
N

"* 01
r
1 M O person who drove the chariot was called
"n c
v>'" A 1 1 the charioteer.
1 O O <* O CHARPENTIER, Fr. a
carpenter.
0
c
00 0 Cl M
CHAR'F, .-Chart, is a hydro-
or

>
graphical map, or a projection of some
of
~

1- 0 00 O part the earth's superficies in piano,


N for the use of navigators and
1/5 0
<n
geographers.
m .0
r< M
Planc-CnART, is a representation of
some part of the earth's
0 0 O O
superficies ofthe
s
terraqueous globe, in which the meridians
are supposed
0 oo On NO C-N parallel to each other, the
O parallels of latitude at equal distances,
0 O >o 0 and consequently the
-A, UJ N degrees of latitude
and longitude every where
a
OS ON 0 f) equal to each
CO .0
^
other.
Chart of reduction, is that where the
1 *r r< NO
H1 meridians
1 1 ! r< m are represented by right lines,
inclining towards each other ; thence it
Chat ges for Guns
light appears by construction, that these charts
1 must correct the errors ofthe
0 z 1 n r
| rt CO plane ones.
But since these parallels should cut the
1 "

|
M 0 0 meridians at right angles, and do
5 1 | not,
1 they are defective, inasmuch as they exhi
S bo N O 1 < 1 t Tj- bit the parallels inclined to the meridians.
-rt.S Mercators. Chart, is that where the
s 1 *)

|
-
0
meridians are straight lines
parallel to
c 1 g
1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 each other, and
equidistant : these paral
0 1 c lels are also straight
'-. ^ j A 0 1 0 0 0
lines, and parallel to
(
each other ; but the distance between in
creases from the
equinoctial towards each
"> !
J3 ! jj 1 | 0 0 00
M
pole, in the ratio of the secant ofthe lati
tude to the radius.
1
OQ
Is 1 "M <*> M
0

Globular-CiiART, a meridional pro


v;
c
0
1gJ
| 0
j
r
M jection, wherein the disunce of the eye
1 rrm the
0 i 1 "
| 0 0 1
1
plane of the meridian, upon
which the projection is
made, is sup
Oh : In c
0 0 0 1 00 posed to be equal to the sine of the angle
of 45 degrees. This projection comes
O
03 o m
j -
the nearest of all to the nature of the
globe, because the meridians therein are
placed at equal dist.-trccs.
C H A CHE 93

-

Chirographic- C h a r t s , are descriptions ; crows-feet, thev consist of nails with 4 or


of particular countries. 5 points, of which one always stands up-
Heliographic-C harts, descriptions of ! wards above the level of the ground ;
the body of the sun, and ofthe macula! I each point is 2, 3, 4 or 5 inches long.
or spots observed in it. Thev are usually fixed in different partes
Selenographic-CHARrs, particular ap of a 'breach, or in any place which is ac
to prevent its ap-
pearances of the spots of the moon, her cessible to cavalry;
appearance and maculae. | proach : sometimes they are of use to ob
Telegraphic-C harts, are detcriptions struct the passage cavalry through the
of
of the telegraph on paper. streets of towns.

Topographic-C harts, are specific de Chausses, or Res de Chaussee, an


lineations of military positions, in any old expression for the level of the field or
given tract of country. Companies of the plain ground.
topographers have been formed amomj CHEEKS, a general name among me
the French, for the purpose of accurate chanics, for those pieces of timber in
ly and expeditiously pointing out to ge their machines, which are double and
nerals and commanding officers, all the perfectly corresponding to each other. In
relative points of locality, See. See Ame the construction of military carriages, &c.
rican Mil. Lib. article Reconnoi the term is used to denote the strong
tring. planks which form the sides of gun car
CHASE of a gun. See Chace. riages.
To Chase the enemy, means to march CHEF, Fr. Chef has various signifi
after them on horseback in full speed. cations in the French service. With re
To pursue a ship at sea. gard to private soldiers, it serves to mark
CHASSEURS. The French light in out the corporal or oldest soldier, who
fantry, answering to the American rifle has the management of their provisions
men and German yagers, are called chas in quarters, or in the field; this person
have also chasseurs was called chef de chambree. A chef de
seurs a
pied; they a

cheval. The word means literally a chambree among the Romans, was called
hunter. aoecanus, whence our church deacon.
CHAT, Fr. a piece of iron having Chef d' escadre, Er. a general officer,
one, two or three very sharp prongs, or who commands any part of an army, or
claws ; arranged in a triangular shape, division of a fleet. His duty in the sea-
when it has three prongs. This piece or service is nearly the same as that ofa com
iron is fixed to a shaft. It is used in the modore or a brigadier general on shore.
examination of a piece of ordnance, and Chefs d' escadre sit upon all general courts-
by being introduced into the bore, shews martial, and rank according to the dates of
whether it be honey-combed, damaged, thsir commissions.
or otherwise defective. Chefs de files, Fr. the front rank of
There is another species of Chat which a battalion, consisting generally of the
differs a little from the one we have just best and bravest soldiers. When an en
described. It consists of two branches gagement takes place, par file, by files, as
of iron, that are fixed to the end of a in the action of riflemen, the order of the
piece of the same metal, and have, each battalion is necessarily changed; that
of them two steel prongs or craws. One which was rank becomes file, and what
of these branches contains a hinge with was file becomes rank.
a
spring so fixed, that when the chat is CHELSEA HOSPITAL, a noble
put into the bore, the least cavity releases edifice which was built by Charles the
the spring, and the defect is instantly dis 2d of England on his restoration, and af
covered. Master Founders, who by no terwards improved by his successor
means like the invention, call the com James the 2d. Non-commissioned of
mon chat Le Diable, the devil ; and
they ficers and private men, who have been
distinguish the one with two branches, wounded or maimed in the service, are
by terming it la malice du diable, the malice entitled to the benefit of this hospital.
ofthe devil. There are in and out- pensioners belonging
CHATTER les-^ioces, Fr. to search, to the establishment, and the provisions
to
probe, or examiritrpieces of ordnance of it extend to the militia under the fol
with a chat, in order to discover whether lowing restrictions : Serjeants who have
there are any defects within the bore of a served fifteen
years, and corporals or
cannon. urummers who have served twenty, may
CHAUDIERES, Fr. are vessels made be recommended to the bounty. Ser
use of in military magazines, to boil
pitch jeants on the establishment may likewise
in, for various purposes. receive that allowance, with their pay in
CHAUFFE, Fr. a spot where the the militia. But Serjeants who have been
wood is collected and burnt in a foundry.
appointed subsequent to the passing of
The chauffe stands three feet under the the 26th of
George the 3d, are not entitled
side of the furnace, the flames which to it under twenty years service.
issue from it, spread over every part of CHEMIN-Couvert. See Covert-
the inside of the furnace, and by their WAV.
intense heat dissolve the metal C hem in des rondes, m -fortification, u
'

CHAvssz-Trapes, Fr. rsr.,- wirr.. we '"all spac? between the ..impart ana low pa-
94- CHE C IR

vapet uni.er it, for the' rounds to go about j is used in raising a mortar, it is placed be
it. tween the frame and swell of the mortar.
CHEMISE, Fr. an obsolete term to! CHEVISANCE, Fr.enterprize, feat,
!
signify the revetement made of b-fok or atchievement.
work, which was formerly constructed .
CHEVRE, Fr. a crab or gin. See
to secure works mad. of earth, especially Chevrette.
those that were formed of sandy soil, and CHEVRETTE.akindofgin. Among
would necessarily require too large a talus the many inventions for raising guns 01
to support the weight. The modern term mortars into their carriages this engine is
is ouvrage revetu, place revetue. very useful ; it is made of two pieces of

Chemise de feu, Fr. a French sea-! wood about four feet long, standing up.
term, to signify several pieces of old sails ; right upon a third, which is square : they
of various sizes., which after they have j are about a foot asunder, and parallel;
been pitched, and thoroughly soaked in i pierced with holes opposite one another,
other combustible matter, such as oil of; to hold a strong bolt of iron, which may
petrol, camphor, &c. may be nailed to j be raised higher or lower at pleasure : it
an enemy 's ship on boarding her, and when may be used with a hand-spike, which
set fire to, will consume the same. takes its poise over this bolt, to raise any
Chemise de maille, Fr. a shirt of mail, thing by force.
or body lining made of several scales or CHEVROTINES, Fr. leaden bullet
iron rings, which was worn, under the of small calibre ; there are generally sixty
coat to protect the body of a man to a pound weight.

CHEMISTRY, the art of examining CHI E Y or Chieftain, the head lead


bodies, and of extracting from them any er, or commander of any clan in time of
of their component parts ; a science of war, was so called, especially among the
the first importance to military men; it Scotch.
opens to the mind so many sources of CHIORME, Fr the crew of galley
knowlege applicable to military uses. slaves and bonavogliers or volunteers.
CHESS, a nice and abstruse game,' CIMIER, Fr. a heavy ornament,
supposed to have been invented during which the ancient knights or chevaliers
'

the siege of Troy. This game is particu in France and in other countries were ac
lar!) adapted to military capacities. customed to wear upon their helmets;
CHEVAL de Bois, Fr. a wooden- small figures were afterwards substituted
horse, a military chastisement, which in their stead.
prostitutes who followed the French ; CHOROGRAPHY, in engineering, is
! the art of
army, were subject to undergo, by ex- making a drawing or map of a
posing them, we presume, on a wooden- country, province or district.
horse, i CIMETAR, See Scimitar.
CHEVALER, in the manege, is said CINQUAIN,in ancient military history,
of a horse, when, in passing upon a walk was an order of battle, to draw up 5 bat
or trot, hisoft'forelcg crosses the near fore talions, so that they might make 3 lines;
leg every second motion. \ that is, a van, main-body, and reserve.
CHEVaLET, Fr. a sort of bell-tent, Supposing the 5 battalions, to be in a
,

formerly used in the French service, when j line, the 2d and 4th advance and form the
an army encamped. It resembled in; van, the y!L falls back and forms the rear,
bome degrees the wigwam of the Indian, j the 1st and 5th form the main body upon

CHEVALIER, in ageneral sense, sig- the same ground. Lastly, every batta
.

nifi.s a knight or horseman. lion ought to have a squadron ot horse on


CHEVAoX -de frize, in fortification, a | both the right and left wings. Any
larpe joist or piece ot timber, about 5 or j number of regiments, produced by mul-
6 inches square, and 10 or 12 feet in length; I tii. lying by 5, may be drawn up in the
into the sides whereof are driven a great same manner.
number of wooden pins, about 6 feet long, CIRCLE, in mathematics, is a plane
and 1 1-2 inch diameter, crossing one figure,
comprehended under one line only,
another at right angles, and pointed with to which all right lines drawn from a point
iron. They aie used on numberless occa in the middle of it are equal to one
sions, as to stop up breaches, to secure another
avenues to a camp from the inroads both CIRCUMFERENTER, an instru
of horse and foot. They are sometimes ment used by engineers for measuring an
mounted on wheels, with artificial fires, gles.
to roll down in an assault, &c. They CIRCUMVALLATION, or line oj
were first used at the siege of Groningen, circumvallation, in military affairs, implies
in 1658. a fortification of earth, consisting of a pa
C 11 e v a u x-de-fiize. The body or beam rapet and trench, made round the town
of a chevaux-de-trize is generally made 9 intended to be besieged, when any moles
feet long, and 6 inches square, and weighs tation is apprehended from parties of the
4 1 lbs. The spears are 33 in number, j enemy, which may march to relieve the
weighing 2lb. each, are 5 feet long, and place.
11-4 inches square. They are piaced| Before the attack of a place is begun,
care is to be taken to have the most exact
91-2 inches asunder. j
CHEVET, Fr. a small wedge which | plan of it possible ; and upon this the line
CIV CLU

of circum vallation and the attack are pro CLARENCIEUX, a silly pageant
This a fortification
line, being which has survived the feudal and heral
jected.
opposed to an
enemy that may come from dic ages, and kept up for shew in tin
the open country to relieve the besieged, court of England, he is called the second
ought to have its defence directed against king at arms, fr jm the duke of Clarence,
them ; that is, so as to fire from the town: third son of king Edward III.
and the besiegers are to be encamped be CLAK\GAT\Oti,\nRiman antiquity,
hind this line, and between it and the a
ceremony which always preceded a for
place The camp should be as much as mal declaration of war. It was performed
possible out of the reach of the shot of in the following manner : the chief of the
the place ; and the line of circum vallation, heralds went to the territory of theenenn ;
which is to be farther distant from the where, after some solemn prefatory indi
place than the camp, ought still more to cation, he, with a loud voice, intimated,
be out ofthe reach of Its artillery. that he declared war against them for cer
As cannon are never to be fired from the tain reasons specified ; such as
injun
rear of the
camp, this line should be up done to the Roman allies, or the like.
wards of 1200 fathoms from the place : CLAN, a term used among the Scotch
we will for a number of families subject to one
suppose its distance fixed at 1400
fathoms from the covert way. The depth heau, or chief, who led them to war. The
of the camp may be computed at about word is claown Celtic signifying Children.
30 fathom, and from the head of the camp CLATES. J .

to the line of circumvallation 120 fa Hurdles.


e
C'AYES S
thoms, that the army may have room to CLA YONAGES.JV. a species of hur-
draw up in order of battle' at the head of ale, with which the timber work of a
the camp, behind the line. This distance gallery is covered. It is likewise used in
added to the 30 fathoms, makes 150 fa saps.
thoms, which being added to the 1400, CLEAR, to clear the trenches. See
makes 1550 fathoms constitute the dis Trenches.
tance of the line ot circumvallation from
CLERK, in the general acceptation of
the covert-way. The top of this line is the term, a writer in a public office ; mili
generally 12 feet broad, and 7 feet deep : tary departments have persons .of this
the parapet runs quite round the top of
it ; and at certain distances is
desiription. See Regimental Book.
frequently CLOCHE, Fr. a bell.
strengthened with redoubts and small CLOTHING Clothing of the army
forts ; the base 18 feet wide, the of the United States is
height provided under the
within 6, and on the outside t feet, with order of the war department,
a banquette of
by a pur
3 feet wide, and 1 i-^high. veyor of public supplies, who buys and
See Contravallation, or Coun- sees the
TERVALLATION.
clothing made; it is then placed
in the military stores and issued
upon
CIRCUS, in military antiquity, a very order. The clothing of the British
army
capacious building, of a round or oval is determined by a permanent
board, com
form, erected by the ancients for exhibit posed of the commander in chief, and a
ing shews to the people. certain number of general
officers, who
CISEAUX, Fr. chissels made use of act under the
king's immediate authority :
by miners, to loosen earth tiom the sides The annual clothing of the
infantry of
of the excavation, without the line, or fencible
making a infantry, serving in
noise, which the miner effects by striking
b Europe, in North America, or at the
the handle.
Cape of Good Hope, (Highland corps ex
CITADEL, is a fort with
4, c, or 6 cepted) consists in a coat, waistcoat, or
bastions, raised on the most advantageous waistcoat front, a
ground about the
pair of breeches, un-
a city, better to com lined, except the waistband, and with
mand it ; and commonly divided from it one pocket
only : a cap made of felt and
by an
esplanade,
the better fo hinder the leather, with brass plate, cockade and
approach of an enemy ; so that the citadel tuft. The felt crown of the
defends the inhabitants if cap, cock
they continue in ade, and tutt to be supplied annuallv,
their duty, and punishes them if the leather part and brass
volt.
they re plate, every
Besiegers always attack the city two years. Two pair of good
first, that, being masters of it, shoes, of
they may the value Oi 5s. bd. each
pair," are to be
cover themselves the better,
against the supplied annually in lieu of the half
fire of the citadel. Its having bastions
mounting, and each .serjeant is to be
distinguishes it from a castle. Sometimes credited with the sum of
the citadel stands half within, and half 3*. beiiu- the
difforei.ee between the value of the former
without the ramparts of the place articles of half
mounting for a serjeant
CIVIC-CROWN, among the ancient and private man. Some
Romans, was a crown given to any soldier exceptions are
made with respect to
who had saved the life of a citizen. It highland corp.,, and
regiments serving in the East and West
was composed
only of oaken boughs, but indies.
accounted more honorable than any other. C LO Y, or to
cloy guns. See To Nail.
ClViERE, Fr. a small
which is carried by 2 men, and is much
hand-barrow,' CLOU, Fr. See Nails. -

CLOUTS. See Axle-tree.


used by the artillery. To CLUB a Battalion
implies generally
96 C O C COL

a
temporary inability in the commanding the non-commissioned officers, private
officer to restore any given body of men to soldiers and mariners; light blue,, pink
their natural front in line or column. and white ribands mixed, called- tricolor
This occurs afte- some manoeuvre has or three-colored, distinguish the French;
been performed, and is occasioned by r d marks the
Spaniard, black the Prus
false directions being given to the differ sian and Austrian, green the Russian,
ent component parts. Ignorant and in &c. Under the old government of France,
experienced officers may frequently com officers were not permitted to wear a
mit this sometimes however, the
error ; cockade, unless they were regimentally
circumstance may arise from an erroneous dressed ; and, singular as it may appear,
movement of a division or
company, not the officers and men belonging to a certain
withstanding that the word ot command number of old regiments in the Prussian
was correct. An able officer in that case service do not wear any mark in their hats.
will instantly know how to unravel the In the United States the cockade is worn,
6everal parts. The less informed and the in and out of regimentals, by every species
less capable may find a relief in sounding of military character.
the disperse, which see. It does not, COFFER, in fortification, a hollow
however, always follow, that because an lodgment sunk in the bottom of a dry
officer may occasionally commit this error ditch, from 6 to 7 feet deep, and from lfc
with respect to the minute movements of to 18 fe t broad, and the
length of it, the
a battalion, he must therefore be whole breadth of the said ditch, from
unequal
to the superior functions of command ; or side to side. The besieged generally
that when a man, who has risen from the make use of these coffers to repulse the
ranks, is perfectly master of the mecha besiegers, when they attempt to pass the
nical arrangement of inferior movements, ditch : they are distinguished only by
he should be able to act upon the enlarg. their length from Caponiers; the differ
ed scale ot locality and position. The ence between coffers and the traverse and
t

military science which is required in each gallery, consists in this, that the latter
of these cases essentially differs in its are made
by the besiegers, and the former
appropriate exercise, but both are neces by the besier ed. They are covered with
sary. In the confusion of a manoeuvre, joists, hurdles, and earth, raised 2 feet
the best mode would be to halt those above the bottom of the ditch ; which
which are not disordered, and bring
parts rising serves instead of a parapet, with
the rest either forward in line under se

loop-holes in it.
parate officers in detachments different COFFRE. See Coffer.
ways, or to rear, right, and left : and halt COGNIZANCE. Judicial notice,
each as they recover some order; and trial, judicial authority. In a military
then marching the parts to the positions sense, implies the investigation to which
analogous to those from which they had any person or action is liable. During
been deranged ; it would be a useful ex the suspension of civil
authority, every
ercise to create this disordsr, in order to offence conies under military cognizance,
be ready at correcting it. is subject to military law, and may be
CLE Y-MORE, [Celtic, ihe large sword) proceeded upon according to the summary
a great sword, formerly in use among the spirit of its regulation. Hence, a drum
highlandcrs, two inches broad, doubly head court-martial is the
strongest in-
edged : the length of the blade, 3 feet 7 stance of military cognizance.
inches; the handle, 14 inches; of a plain COHORT, in Roman antiquity, a name
transverse guard, 1 foot ; the weight, 6 given to part of the Roman legion, com
pounds and a half. These swords were prehending about 600 men.
the original weapons c-f England, as ap COINS, in gunnery, are a kind of
pears by the figure of a soldier found wedges to iay under the breech of a gun,
among the ruins of London, after the great toraise or depress the metal.
fire in 1666. COLLET, /<>. that part of a cannon
COALITION, see Confederacy. which is between the astragal and the
COAT of Mail, armor made of scales muzzle.
or iron rings. COLONEL, the commander in chief
COCK, that part of the lock of a of a regiment, whether of horse, foot,
musket, which sustains the two small dragoons, or artillery : but in France,
pieces of iron called jaws, between which Spain, and son e other sou'hern nations,
the flint is fixed. the colonels of horse arc called Maitres de
To Cock, to fix the cockol a musquet Camp .- in Germany, and most northern
or pistol, so as to have it ready tor an in nations, they ate cal ed Ritmeesters. Co
discharge. lonels of toot in the English
stant
army take
COCKADE, a ribbon worn in the hat .
place, and command one another, accord
This military mark succeeded the scarf ing to the seniority of their regiments, and
that was formerly worn
by the officers not of their
commissions; but those of
and soldiers belonging to European na horse, on the contrary, according to the
tions, which are principally distinguished dates of theii commissions.
in the following manner. In the army Colonel of horse, who is the first of
and navy of Great Britain, black silk n- ficer of the regiment; hence his a.tention
'Sjnd for the officers, and hair cockades for I ought to be given to keeping the regiment
COL COL 7

complete, to have it composed of both came an immediate gift of the king,


men and horses fit for service, and to take under HenryIII. in 1584.
particular care to have them well exer There was likewise a coloiel-general
cised and taught the different evolutions ; of the cavalry ; which appointment was
to be able on all occasions to form them entrusted to two officers under the reign
selves according to the ground, or manner ot Louis XIII. One commanded the
in which they may attack, or be at French and the other the German ca
tacked. valry.
Colonel of foot, or infantry. His The appointment of colonel-general of
functions are more extensive than those dragoons was created by Louis XIV. in
of the cavalry, as the infantry are em 1688.
ployed to more and different purposes. Colonelle, Fr. was formerly the
A colonel of infantry should understand first company in a French regiment. Ma
something of fortification, and be well dame la Colonelle is still the colonel's
acquainted with field engineering. He wife.
cannot be too careful to maintain union COLORS in the military art, are
and harmony among his officers ; and, to large silk flags fixed on half pikes, and
succeed in this, he must acquire their carried by the ensi> ns ; when a battalion is
esteem and confidence, and make himself encamped, they are placed in its front ;
to be respected. The true way to suc but in garrison they are lodged with the
ceed in this, is to keep up subordination commaneling officer.
with unalterable firmness; to do justice The size of the colors to be 6 feet 6
to every one, to employ all his credit to inches flying, and6 feet deep on the pike.
procure favors to the corps in general, and The length of the
pike (spear and ferril
to the officers in
particular, without ever included) to be q feet 10 inches. The
losing sight of the health, comfort, and cords and tassels ofthe whole to be of the
contentment of his men. standard color, mixed with gold or silver ;
Colonel of dragoons is nearly connect silver for the infantry and cavalry ; gold
ed with that of horse, to which word we for the artillery, rifle corps, and engineers.
refer the reader. Camp-CoLORS, are a small sort of
Colonel of artillery. The comman colors placed on the right and left of the
der of a battalion of artillery is one of the parade of a regiment when in the field :
most laborious employments both in war one or two to each
company ; they are 18
and peace, requiring the greatest ability, inches square, and of the color of the
application, and experience. He is sup facing of the regiment, with the number
posed to be a very able mathematician and of the regiment upon them. The poles
engineer, to be thoroughly acquainted to be 7 feet 6 inches long,
except those
with the power of artillery, to understand ofthe quarter and rear-guards, which arc-
the attack and defence of fortifications in to be 9 feet. See B innf.rolls.
all the different branches ; to be able on
CoLOR-guard. See Guard.
all occasions to form the artillery accord Color*, used in the drawings offor ti-
ing to the ground or manner in which fication. It is necessary to use colors in
they may attack or be attacked ; in short, the drawings of plans and profiles of a
he should be master of every thing be fortification, in order to distinguish every
longing to that important corps. particular part, and separate, as it were,
Colonel of engineers, should bea very the one from the other, so as to make
able mathematician and mechanician, he their difference more sensible. The dif
should be master of fortification, and be ferent sorts of colors, generally used in
correctly versed in the art of planning, these kinds of drawings, are, Indian-ink,
constructing, attacking, and defending. carmine, verdigrease, sap-giten, gum-beuge,
See Engineer. Prussian blue, indigo, and umber.
Lieutenant Colonel, is the second Indian-ink is the first and most neces
person in command of a regiment. Under sary thing required in drawing; for it
his direction all the affairs ofthe
regiment serves, in drawing the lines, to express
are conducted. His military hills or rising grounds, and, in short, for
qualifica
tions shouldbe adequate to the size and the all what is called shading in
drawings.
importance of the corps in which he has The best sort of Indian ink is of a bluish
the honor to serve.
black, soft and easily reduced into a li
Colonel general of the French
infan quid, free from sand or gravel. It is
try. An appointment of great trust and made in oblong squares. The manner of
authority, which was suppressed during
the old government of France.
liquefying it, is by putting a little clear
A colo water into a shell or
tea-cup, and rubbing
nel-general was formerly entitled to the it gently 'till the water is
black, and of a
nomination of every commission and place consistence much like common ink : when
of trust in the infantry. He could order it is used for
drawing lines, it must be
courts-mirtial, and enforce the sentences made very black, though not too thick,
awarded by them without ulterior refer otherwise it will not easily flow out of
ence ; and he had a
company in every re the camel hair
pencil ; but when it is for
giment which was called the colonel-ge shading, it must be pale, so as to go over
neral's company. the same shade several
This appointment was created times, which adds
fhe reign of Francis I. in 1544, and be-
during a beauty to the
shading.
N
98 COL COM

numerous, that we shall only men


Carmine, is an impalpable powder, and are so
the fairest red we know of: it serves for tion, that columns ought to be able to
coloring the sections of masonry, the form the enemy; and in such a posi
near

plans of houses, and all kinds of military tion, as not to suffer much from the artil
buildings ; as likewise their elevation ; lery ; that their motions be quick, so as
but then it is madeof a paler color. It is not to suffer much during the operation ;
also used for drawing red lines in plans, and that the divisions, in short, which
to represent walls. It is of a high price, compose each column, be so arranged as
but a little will go a great way. 1 1 must to afford each other a mutual defence and

be mixed with a little gum- water. assistance, in case they should be attacked.

used in draw Such are the principf sthat should guide,


Verdigrtase, ox sea-green,
in fotming of columns
ings, is either liquid in small phials, or judiciously, and of
mixed in little pots or shells, &c. it freeing them from that multiplicity of in-
serves to color wet ditcher, rivers, seas, conveniencies which make them liable to
and in general to represent all watery the most melancholy accidents. The
it is most soluble in
places; vinegar; and chevalier Folard has written a treatise on
mixed with vinegar makes a fine green the disposition ofthe column as the best
ink. order of battle ; after his death the theory
Sap-green, is a stone of a faint yellow sunk into disregard ; but the rench re
ish green, when liquefied with clear volution has revived and realized all the
water : but when mixed with a little sea advantages, held forth by Folard.
Close- Column, a
green, it makes a beautiful grass-vreen; compact, solid column,
but, as all mixed colors axe liable to fade, with very little space between the divi
if verdigrease can be had, it will be much sions of which it is composed.
better. Sap-green is very cheap. 0/>.v.-Column, a column with inter
Gum-bouge, is a fine yellow gum. It vals between the divisions equal to their
may be dissolved in ater, but requires respective fronts.
no other gum : it serves to color all pro battle or duel. Anciently
COMBAT, a
it for contending pow
jects of works ; as likewise to distinguish was not uncommon

the works unfinished from those that are ers to adjust their disputes by single com

complete. It serves also to color the bat, when each party ehose for itself a
trenches of an attack. champion who contested the pointin pre
sence of both armies.
Indigo, is in small cakes, and very
cheap ; it serves to color iron, and roofs COME-w, soldiers are said to come
of buildings which are covered with in, as volunteers, recruits, Sec. when in
slates: it must be well ground upon a vited to join any particular standard.
smooth stone or glass, and mixed with a CoME-over, when men desert from an
little gum-water. enemy, and join the army that opposes
Prussian blue, is a kind of friable sub them, they are said to come over. This
stance of an exceeding fine blie: it in term is opposed togo over.
used to represent the coloi of blue cloth To (omf.-/> to, to join with, to bring
"
in drawing encampments, battles, Sec. It help. They marched to Wells, where
must be well ground, and mixed with a the Lord Audley, with whom their lead
ers had before secret
little gum-water. intelligence, came in
to them."
Smalt, also a good sort of blue, and may English History.
be used for the same purposes. To Comz-up, to overtake. To come
up
* Ultramarine, is an impalpable powdur, with an enemy, is a military phrase much
and of a very delicate sky-blue. It is a I in use.
color of high price. COMINGE, Fr. a shell of extreme
Umber, is a yellowish brown color in magnitude, which takes its name from
powder: when it is mixed with g'im- the person who originally invented it.
water, it serves to color dry ditches, COMMAND, generally called tie
sand, and all kinds of earth. By mixing word of command, is a term used by officers
a little red ink with it, it will make a in exercise, or upon service.
wood color. Command, in military matters. All
If some tobacco-leaves be steeped in commands fall to the eldest in the same
clear water for several hours, 'and filtered circumstances, whether of horse, dra-
through a woollen cloth, or brown paper, goons, artillery, foot, or marines.
with a little red ink mixed with it, it will COMMANDE, a rope made use of in
make the best earth or wood color, as lying boats and pontoons.
smoother than any other. Commands, in fortification, are:
Gum-water, is best when it is made A command in front, when
any eminence
some time before it is used; fir which is directly facing the work which it com
take some gum arable and steep it mands.
purpose
in clear water for some h< urs, 'till it is A command in rear, when any eminence
dissolved ; then strain it through a wool is directly behind the work which it com
len cloth or brown paper, and preserve it mands.
in phials, weil stopped, 'till wanted. ,A command by enfilade, when an emi
COLUMN, in the art of war, a long, nence is situated in the prolongation of
deep file of troops or baggage. The ad any line of a work, and a considerable
vantages and disadvantages of columns part of it may be seen from thence".
COM COM 99

COMMANDANT, is that person wno the ordnance. These were subordinate to


has the command of a
garrison, fort, cas the provincial commissaries, and were
tle, regiment, company, &c. called also d stributcd among the navy, forts, and
commander. garrison towns.
COMMANDEMENTFr.in a milita Commissaires extraordinaires d' artil
ry sense, means any spot which is higher lerie, Fr. Extraordinary commissaries
than another. A co'mmandement is called attached to the ordnance. These formed
simple, when the difference between two the third class of commissaries under the
heights is only 9 feet. 1 1 is called double, monarchial government in France. They
when the difference is 1 8 feet ; triple when likewise did duty on board the king's
27, and so progressively, taking 9 feet in ships, or in garrisoned towns.
variably, for the height of each coinman- Commissaire provincial en 1' Arsenal de
dement. A commandement maybecensi- Paris, au department de I' Isle de France.
dered in three lights, \afrom, in enfilade, Provincial commissary belonging to the
and in reverse. The commandement in arsenal in Paris. This officer received his
front , is when you see all the persons who commission from the grand master, in
are employed in protecting a work ; in whose gift the situation lay, and had the
enfilade, when you only see them from a exclusive privilege of beii.g rendered privy
flank ; and in reverse, when you see them to every alteration or movement that was

obliquely from behind. made in the arsenal.


COMMANDING-groW, implies in a Commissaire general des poudres e :
military sense, a rising ground which over saltpetres. Fr. Commissary general of
looks any post, or
strong place. There gun.powder and saltpetre.
are,strictly speaking, three sorts of com Commissaire general des fontes, F r .

manding grounds; namely, Commissary general ofthe Founcleries.


Front Comma ni in g -ground, Every Commissaires des guerres, Fr. Com
height is called so, that Iks opposite to missaries ofthe war departments or mus
the face ofthe post which plays upon its ter masters general.
front. Commissairis or&a/ifr des guerre ,
Reverse Commanding -gr ound, an emi Fr. Commissaries in ordinary, or deputy
nence which plays upon the rear of a muster masters. These were subordinate
to the former, and were entrusted with
post.
Enfilade Comma n di no-ground, or Cur the superintendance of hospitals, to see
tain Commandi so-ground, a high place, that proper provisions were procured for,
which, with its shot, scours all the length and distributed among the sick. They
of a line, Sec. likewise gave
proper vouchers to account
COMMANDERY, a certain benefice for the absence ot soldiers, and regulated
belonging to a order. A body of
military what number of extraordinary waggons
the knights of Malta, were so called. should be furnished to the 'troop's on
They have now only a nominal existence. marches.
COMMIS, Fr. Clerk or inferior per Commissaire provinciaux et ordinaire:
son, who is employed in any ofthe French des guerres, Fr. Provincial or ordinary
war-dep rtments. commissaries of war. Specific dutie'.
COMMISSAIRE, Fr. Commissary. were attached to their
appointments, the
This term used in the old French
was
discharge of which was
principally con
service, to express a variety of military fined to the different provinces.
occupations. The following are the Commissaires des guerres entretenu>
principal designations. dans I'hotel des invalides Fr. Commissa
C o mm i s s a i r e -general
des at mees . ries of war, specifically attached to, and
Commissary -general of the armies. His resident in the hotel des invalides. Ir
duties were correspondent to those of a was their duty to
keep a regular ; oil, con
quarter master, forage master, or agent taining all the names of the different offi
rot supplying an
army with provisions cers, non-commissioned officers, and sol
and stores. diers who might be detached on garrison
Commiss a ire.
general de la cavalerie duty, Sec. which return was made
degere. Fr. Commissary general of light monthly by them to the secretary at
cavalry. war. Each commissary at every review
Commissaire^' artillerie. Fr. Com or
inspectionof the corps of invalids,
missary of artillery. One commissary had particular directions to mark out
general superintended in each department those men who appeared capable of serv
of the ordnance., and had one of the three
ing; and a regular return to that cftec*
keys which belonged to the general maga was made to the
secretary at war.
zine. This officer had the power of giv Commissaire des vivres, Fr. Com
ing directions respecting the cleanliness missary of stores. The commissary of
and the general government of the ma stores had several
deputies, who ctcd
gazines. immediately under, and were in every re
Commissaire provinciaux d' artillerie, spect accountable to him for the manager
Fr. Provincial commissaries attached to ment of their trust.
the ordnance. Commissaire general des Jollifications ,
Commissaire ordinaires d' artillerie, Fr.
Fr. Commissaries in ordinarv attached to
Commissary general ot Fortifica
tions. This was a
tery important sitrtr
100 COM COM

ation during
war, as it was the duty of I of Henry II. 1181, an assize of arms was
the commissary
general to trac. the fines I settled to the following effect That
ot of" a knight's
circumvallation, &c. at the siege ; | every person possessed
to fee,
determine upon the mode of attack and was to have a coat of mail, an helmet, a
defence, and to s; e, that the necessary shield, and a lance, and as many of these
repairs were made. as he had fees. Every free layman that
.
COMMISSARY, i- military affairs, had in goods or rents to the value of 16
is of various denominations, though ge have the same arms ; and
marks, was to

nerally a civil officer apoointed to inspect such as had 10 marks were to have a les
the musters, stores, and provisons for ser coat of mail, an iron
cap, and a lance ;
the army. In war-time their number is th. two last of" which with a wamhois
were assigned for the, arms of burgesses,
proportioned to the service required.
Commissar \-general of the musters, or and all the freemen of boroughs. These
muster-master general. He takes account arms were all to be provided before the
ofthe strength o> every regiment as often feast of St. Hilary next following.
as he pleases ; reviews them, sees that To enforce these regulations, it was
the horse are well mounted, and all the customary for the time, at certain seasons
men well armed and clothed. He re of the year, to issue commissions to ex
ceives and inspects she muster-rolls, and perienced officers, to draw out and array
knows ixactly the strength of the army. the fittest men for service in each county,
The British have created an inspector ge and to march them to the sea coasts, or
neral of cavalry, which answers every to such other quarters of the country as

purpose for which that of muster master were judged to be most in danger. Of
general was mended. these commissions of array, there are many
Commiss ary -general of stores, a civil hundreds in the Gascon and French rolls
officer in the artillery, who has the charge in the tower of London, from the 36th of
of all the stores, for which he is account
Henry III. to the reign of Edward IV.
able to the office of ordnance. He is al The form of the ancient commissions of
lowed various other commissaries, clerks, array mav be seen in Rushworth's histo
and conductors, especially in war-time. rical collection published in 1640. These
Commissary ofthe train horses, a civil commissions were again attempted to be
officer likewise of the artillery, who has revived by Charles I but they were voted
.

the inspection of all horses belonging to illegal and unconstitutional by the parlia
the train, the hospital, and the bakery; ment.
having under him a number of conduc Now-Commissioned, applies to that
tors, drivers, &c. particular class of men who act between
Commissary of accounts is a respon what are called the rank and file of a bat
sible person who attends each army, talion, and the commissioned or warrant
where the numbers are of sufficient im officers. See Serjeants.
portance, with a proper establishment, COMMITTEE, a select number of
for the purpose ot examining and con- I persons to whom the more particular con
trollingaccounts on the spot. All com- I sideration of some matter is referred, and
missaries of accounts make returns of who are to report their opinion to the
their examination, and on these docu court, Sec. of which they are members.
ments the comptrollers of the army ac- | COMMUNICATION, in fortifica.
cou. ts found the best enquiry into the tion signifies all sorts of passages, or ways
expenditure which the nature ofthe sub ; which lead from one work to another.
ject admits of. j The best, and indeed the only good com-
Commissary -general of provisions, has ! munications are those which the besieger
the charge of furnishing the army in the cannot annoy, or interrupt
by his fire.
field with all sorts of provisions, forage, The obstinate defence of a work is ren
Sec. by contract ; he must be very vigi- dered almost impracticable, if you are
laet and industrious, that the troops may destitute of good communications Sub-
never suffer want He has under him t terraneous galleries, coffers, or caponiers,
various commissaries, store-keepers, made on the outside of gorges,
j slopes may
clerks, Sec. be termed communications. When the
'

COMMISSION, in a military sense, ditches are filled with water, floating


any situation or place which an individual bridges, Sec. serve as communications.
may hold in the army, or militia. In the COMPAGNE, F>: a room or cabin
United States the President nominates belonging to the chief of a galley.
theofficer, who enters upon service and Com? a u its- Franches, Ex. free corps
pay immediately on his acceptance, but or
companies, which during the old go
th'- appointment must be submitted to vernment of France, were put upon a
the senate, and approved by a majority, certain establishment in war time. The
before the commission issues ! Austrians and Prussians had free corps in
Militia Commissions are issued in the seven years war ; there were some in
(lifli rent modes in all the United States; France at the beginning of the revolution,
officers being elective by the line in some but they were more fatal to friends than
states, as in Pennsylvania; they are ap enemies, and utterly destitute of dis
pointed by the governor, as Maryland cipline.
Commission of array. In the reign COMPANY, in a military segsej
COM COM 101

means a small body of foot, or artillery, Bengal Light;,


the number of which is never fixed, but First Composition.
isgenetally from 50 to 120, coi. manded lbs. oz.
by a captain, a lieutenant, and an ensign, Saltpetre 7 o
and sometimes by a first and second lieu
Su'phur . .

tenant, as in the artillery and flank com Red or


pi ment
panies of the line. A company has usually Second Composition.
4 or 6 serjeants, 4 or 6 corporals, and 2 lbs. oz.
drums. A company should have at least 2
4 commissioned officers, a serjeant and
Saltpetre 4
8
Sulphur .
o
corporal for every ten men and a company A. timony o 4
consist of 120. In the Austrian service
Orpiment . , o
ij
a company consists of 200 m n.
Light Balls.
Free Company, is one of those Nitre
corps 40 part'
commonly called irregular; is seldom or Sulphur 15
never under the same orders with the
Antimony .
3
regular corps of the army, but for the Pitch
3.
.

most part acts like a detached


army, either This composition to be carefully fused,
by itself, or in conjunction with some of and cast into the
shape of balls, which
its own kind ; therefore their operations when cold will be
are properly considered under the title of sufficiently hard to be
tired from a small mortar.
the petite guerre. Same as companies
Franc lies. Composition for Suffocating Pots.
Sulphur 6 parts . .

Independent Company, that which is Nitre . . . c


not incorporated in a
regiment. Two This when intimately
composition
such companies generally belong to each
mixed, to be rammed into wooden boxes,
regiment in England, who are to supply and in the usual way.
the regiments with recruits. primed
This composition will answer for fu
COMPARTIMENT de feu, Fr. a
migation.
specific division of the intermediate spaces Chinese, White
belonging to a mine, and the regular allot
or
Light.
Nitre from 50 to 60 parts.
ment of the saucissons or
train-bags to Sulphur 16 to 20
convey fire to the furnaces at one and the
same time.
Antimony 5
COMPLEMENT of the curtain, that
Orpiment 8 to 10

For Smoke Balls.


parr in the interior side of a fortification
which makes thedemi-gorge. lbs.
See For. Corned powder
tification.
Seltpetre .
'

Complement of the line of defence, the Pitch


remainder ofthe line of defence, after
. .
4
you Seacoal .
-

have taken away the angle of the flank.


See Fortification.
Tallow .
j
For Fire H-.ops, Fire Arrows, and Fir?
COMPLETE, a
regiment, troop, or
Lances.
company, is said to be complete when
it has the whole number of officers, non Mealed powder . 10
commissioned officers and privates, ac
Saltpetre .
10
cording to the regulation for the time Flour of Sulphur .08
being. Linseed oil
Compliment of the line ofthe army.
.
. . 1.2
pint.
See Honors.
Lomposition to fill cases for setting fire t
Fascine Batteries.
Compliment from guards. See Ho-
'
lbs. oz.
Mealed powder 1 4
COMPOSITION.-For the compo
.

sition of
Fuzes, Portfires, Tubes, Saltpetre .60
Carcasses, see those words. Sulphur 1 5S

All dry compositions must be well


Composition for Kill. mixed ; first by the hands, and then
pas
sed several times
Rosin ...
Q
through fiie hair sieves,
that the ingredients be
Pitch . . . .
6
in may thoroughly
Beeswax corporated. In mixing compositions
.... 0
which require fire, the
Tallow . . .
x greatest precau
tions are
For Fire necessary ; particularly in those
Balls, 1794. where gunpowder enters. The
lbs. oz. of the composition
dry parts
may in general be
_ .

Rosin . 4 8
.
s mixed together first, and
Sulphur put by degrees
3o
. .
into the
Alum powder 18
cauldron, while the other ingre
dients are fluid, being well stirred all the
.
.

Starch, Do. . .08 time of putting in. When the dry ingre
Saltpetre . .
46 dients are inflammable, the cauldron must
Mealed powder .80 not only be taken off the
.

Linseed oil fire, but the bot


Oil of spike
.
1-4 pint tom must
bediptin water, to prevent the
j
. .
pim. possibility accident while mixing them.
of
102 CON CON

COMPOUND motion. from several powers


See Gun- deputies, envoys, &c.
"
meeting to agree on termsfor a general
COMPTROLLER of the artillery, in pacification, or to concert matters for
spects the musters of theartillcrv, makes their common good. A committee of
the pay-list, takes the account and re the American Congress conducted the
mains of stores, and is accountable to the war during the first years of the revolution.
office of ordnance. This post is only in CONNETABLE de France. _
Con
war-time. Also an officer who superin stable of France. This appointment
tends the accounts of the army at large. succeeded to that of Grand Sencchal de
COMRADE, a fellow soldier in the France. It was not originally a military
ame regiment, troop, or company. place of trust, but merely an office be
ToCONCERT, ina military sense, is longing the king's household.
to
to digest, arrange, and dispose matters in CONSCRIPT, conscript us, a term an
such a manner, that you may be able to ciently applied to the senators of Rome,
act in conjunction with other forces, from their names being entered all in one
however much divided, at any given point register. It was used by congress in our
of offensive or defensive operation. revolution.
CONCORDANT, Fr. a certain agree CONSCRIPTS, men raised to recruit
ment, which officers belonging to the same the French armies. In Bohemia and
corps in the French service formerly en Hungary, all men capable of bearing arms
tered into, for the specific purpose of pro are enregistered, and must march when

viding for a comrade who left the regi ever there is occasion for their services.
ment. This contract was, however, The conscripts in France have been raised
without the sanction of government, and during the present war upon similar prin
if known incurred its displeasure, ciples.
CONDUCTORS, areassistants to the The militia of Great Britain come un
commissary of stores, to conduct depots, der the appellation, with this difference,
or magazines, from one
place to another : that the men are raised by ballot, and do
they have also the careot the ammunition not march out of their native country,
waggons in the field ; they report to the unless they be voluntarily disposed so to
commissary, and are under his command. do. In a republic every man is a soldier,
CONFEDERATE Troops. Troops and as the word means must have his
of difterent nations united together in one name writttn on the militia roll.

common cause against an enemy. Hence QOWSE\E\.E-de-guerre, Fr. not on


the league by which they are so engaged, ly signifies a council of war, at which the
is called a confederacy. The same as coali French king and .ris minister sat to deter
tion, the powers of Europe coalesced in mine upon military matters, both by sea
1791, to partition France, and were defeat and land, but it likewise meant a general
ed; there were several other coalitions or regimental court martial.

since,which haveended in the subjugation CONSIGNE, Fr. parole or counter.


of them all. sign.
CONFIDENCE, ina military sense, It likewise means, when used in the
implies an explicit reliance upon the skill, masculine gender, a person formerly paid
courage, Sec. of an individual. Next to by the French government for constantly
a perfect knowlege of military tactics, residing in a garrisoned town, in order to
the faculty of securing the confidence of take cognizance of all persons who enter
the soldiers is, perhaps, one of the surest ed or we.it out of the gates. He had a
means of becoming successful in war. place allotted to him in the half-moon,
There are instances, indeed, which prove and delivered a regular report to the go
lhat many victories have been gained by vernor or commai.dant ofthe place.
men who had the entire confidence of CONSPIRATION, Fr. Conspiracy.
their army, without being remarkable for Conspiration centre It servicedu Rei,
much military knowlege ; whilst on the Fr. a conspiracy against the King's ser
other hand, battles have been lost by the vice. During the existence ofthe old go
most celebrated generals, because they vernment of France, any conspiracy, col
did not possess the ood opinion of their lusion, or unlawful understanding, which
men. When confidence and military sci was discovered to exist against the king,
ence go together, an army must be unfor his governors, commandants, or other in
tunate not to succeed in the most despe ferior officers, was reckoned a capital
rate ent-. rprize. military offence; and by an order which
CONFLICT. See Combat. took place on the 1st of July, 1727; it
CONGE, Fr. leave of absence, The was enacted, that every person convicted
old service of France admitted of two of the crime should be broken upon the
sorts. The Conge lim'tti, a limited or spe wheel.
cific leave, and Conge absolu, a full dis CONSTABLE, chief. A person em -

charge : in time of war, the latter was ployed under the militia establishment to
always suspended, collect fines.
CONGLOMERATE, to gather to- They may likewise apprehend persons
eethei, to assemble in a knot. suspected of being deserted Serjeants, cor
CONGRESS, in military and political porals or drummers.
affairs, is an assembly of commissioners, High Con stable and Marshal were ef-
CON CON 103

fleers of considerable weight and digni CONTRAMURE, in fortification, is


ty, not only in France, but throughout a wall built before another partition wall
all the feudal governments of Europe. to strengthen it, so th t it may receive no
The 'itle of constable or comes stabuli, ac damage from the adjacent buildings.
cording to the ingenious author of an es CONTRAVALLATION, in mili
say on military law, explains th original tary art, implies aline formed in the same
nature of this office, which was that of manner as the line of circumvallation, to
commander of the cavalry, and as these eefend the besiegers against the enter
once constituted the principal strength of prises of the garrison : so that the army,
the imperial or royal armies, this officer i forming a siege, lies between the lines of
became naturally the commander in chief circumvallation and contravallation The
of those armies. The office of marshal trench of this is towards the town, at the
havebeenof much ; foot of the parapet, and is made but
appears originally to a never
inferior nature, the person who exercised '! when the garrison is numerous enough to
it being the actual superintrndant of the ! harrass and interrupt the besiegers by
stables, or chief of the equerries, whose sallies. This line is constructed in th's
duty was to furnish the provender for the I rear of" the camp, and by the same rule as
horses, and to oversee their proper ma- ' the line of circumvallation, with this dif-
'|
nagement. But in process ot time this ference, that as it is only intended to resist
office grew into high consideration, and ,i a body of troops much inferior to a force
the marshal subordinate only to the con- j which might attack the circumvallation,
stable, became the second in command of ij so its parapet is not made so thick, nor
the armies, and in the absence of the lat- j the ditch so wide and deep ; 6 feet is suf
fer supplied his place. See Marshal .; ficient for the ist, and the ditch 8 feet
The powers of the constable as a field broad, and 5 feet deep.
officer, were extremely ample and digni Amongst the ancients this line was very
fied. The constable was suborainate only common, but their garrisons were much
to the king in the command of the army ; stronger than ours ; for, as the inhabitants
and even when the king was actually in of towns were then almost the only sol
the fieid, the efficient command of the diers, there were commonly as many
troops seems to have been in this officer, troops to defend a place, as there were
and all the general orders were issued inhabitants in it r- The lines of circum
jointly in the sovereign's name and in the vallation and contravallation are verv an
constable's. cient, exampl.s of them being found in
CONSUL. The person invested with histories ofthe remotest antiquity. The
the powers of the consulate. author of the military history of Louis le
Consul chief, or ) The first or Grand pr. tends however, that Ceesar was
premier Consul, Fr.) chief magistrate the first inventor of them ; but t appear*
of three persons, each bearing the title of from the chevalier de Folard's treatise
consul, according to the constitution of on the method of attack and defence of
France, in 1799, the chief consul com places, used by the ancients, how little
manded, directed, and superintended all foundation there is for this opinion. This
the military establishments of the coun author asserts with great probability on
try, and whenever it was judged expedi his side, that these lines are as ancient as
ent led the armies into battle. Bona- j the time in which towns were first sur
parte, was appointed chief consul; but rounded with walls, or, in other words,
soon after emperor. were fortified.

CONSULAR, relating, or appertain C;-NTREBANDE, Fr. See Con


ing to the consul. traband.
CONSULATE, a civil and military] ftlV./dCoNTREIANDE, Fr. to smug -

power which was originally instituted by ; gfo-


the Romans, on the extinction of their
CONTREBANDIER, Fr. a smug
kings in Tarquin the Proud. It has gler
been revived in France, and was the prin- I CONTRE-FVat, Fr. Brick-work
cipal feature of uc last constitution. which is added to the revetement ot a
CONSULSHIP. Theoffice of consul. |
rampart on the side ofthe
terre-pleinc,
CONTACT, a touching, or the point j and which is equal to its height. Co.-. re
or points where one
body touches another. torts are used to support the body of earth
CONTINGENT, something casual or with which the rampait is formed. They
uncertain, thai may or may not h.ip,>en. are likewise practised in the revetcments
The Contingent bill of a regim nt, of counterscarps, in gorges and deini-
is an -.ccoun. of exrra charges, which de The latter arc constructed
gorges, &c.
pend on the accidental situation cir.
or
upon a less scale than the former. It has
cum .tances, which attend
may any regi been suggested by an able engineer in the
men- in its due course of service. See i rench service, to unite contre-forti, and
Rlck uiting.
consequently to strengthen them, by
CONTRABAND, this term is appli means of arches.
cable to various foreign commodities Contre-forts likewise form a part of the
which arr-either totally prohibited by the construction ot
powder magazines, which
laws, or are
subject to severe penalties arebomb proof.
and heavy duties. Fr. denotes
CottTRZ-quette d'bironde,
104 CON COO

the figure or shape which is made by the the enemy's out-parties. And as
cerning
oblique direction of the wings, or long the commanding officer of the place from
sides of a horned or crowned work, whose which the convoy is to march, and those
branches widen as they approach any of such other places as he is to pass by,
place. are the most proper persons to apply to

CONTRIBUTION, in military his for assistance; he must therefore take


tory, is an imposition or tax paid by coun such measures as will enable him to keep
tries who suffer the afflictio. s of war, to up a constant intercourse with them.
redeem themselves from being plundered The conducting a convoy is one of the
and totally destroyed by the enemy ; or most important and most difficult of all
when a belligerent prince, wanting money, military operations.
raises it by contribution on the enemy's Convoys. A waggon with four horses
country, and is either in provisions
paid occupies about sixteen paces ; a mile will
or in money, and sometimes in both. therefore hold about 117 waggons: but
CONTROL, comptrol, or controle, is allowing a short distance between each
properly a double register kept of acts, waggon in travelling, a mile may be said
issues of the officers or commissioners in to contain 10a waggons. Waggons in
:he revenues, army, &c. in order to as- convoy may travel from one to two miles
ertain the true state thereof. per hour, according to the roads and other
CONTROLER, an officer circumstances. A great object in convoys
appointed
:o control or oversee the accounts of other is to preserve the horses as much as pos
officers, and on occasions to certify whether sible from fatigue. For this purpose, if
or no things have been controled or ex the convoy amounts to many hundred
amined waggons, they must be divided into divi
CONTROLES, Fr. See Muster- sions of not more than 500 each. Should
AOLLS. it consist of thousands, it will be advise-
CONTROLEURS des guerres, Fr. able to divide them into grand divisions,
Muster-masters. This term was likewise and then again into subdivisions of 500
applied to signify various other appoint each : by this means, and the time of de
ments belonging to the interior arrange
parture being calculated by the following
ment ofthe French army, viz. control- rules, each division may remain at rest,
ieurs general d'artillerie, controleurs des till just before its time of movement;
hopiteaux militaires. Sec Super intend- and which will prevent the necessity of"
'. nt of the latter part of a large convoy being
military hospitals.
Controleur general des vivres See . harrassed for a considerable time beforeits
Commissary general of stores. turn to move.
CONVALESCENT, reoovering, re Rule 1. To find the time in which any
turning to a state of health. number of waggons may be driven off :
List of Convalescents, is a return Divide the number of waggons by 100,
made out by the surgeon belonging to a and multiply by the time of travelling one
liattalion, hospital, Sec. to ascertain the mile.
.pecific number ot men who may shortly R ule 2 To find the time in "which any
.

be expected to do dutv. number of waggons will drive over any num


CONVENT ION, 'a treaty, contract, ber of miles : To the time they take in
or agreement between two, or more
par driving off, add the time any one of the
ries. waggons takes to travel the distance.
CONVERSION, is a military motion The different divisions of the
convoy
>x manoeuvre, which turns the front of a should be numbered, and obliged each
battalion where the flank was, when the dav to change the order of their marching.
dank is attacked. The old method of Whenever the progress of a train of
conversion is now exploded, and the new waggons is arrested by the breaking down
method which has superceded it; has of any one of them, or other delay, all the
received the name of counter-march, or waggons in the rear of the stoppage,
hanging front by counter-march ; this is should immediately drive up into the first
nest effected in column ; and is never at open space, to as great a number as the
tempted in line in the face of an enemy. open space will hold ; this keeps the con
For the manner of performing it and the voy together and better under the care of
had effects of attempting it in the face of the escort.
; n enemy, see Am. Mi I. Lib. The escort for a convoy should be di
CONVOY, in military affairs, a de vided into front, centre, and rear guards ;
tachment of troops employed to guard any beside the divisions for the Hanks, which
supply of men, money, ammunition, should never be beyond musquet shot, or
provisions, stores, &c. conveyed in time at most 400 yards from each other. The
of war, by land or sea, to a town, or whole escort should never be so separated
army. A body of men that marches to that they could not be collected in an
secure any thing from falling into the hour. Under proper precautions against
enemy's hand, is also called a convoy. An an enemy, a convoy of any size cannot

officer having the command of a convoy, travel more than ten or fifteen miles per
must take all possible precautions tor its day.
security ; and endeavor, before its march. To CO-OPERATE, to put a well
:o procure some good intelligence con digested plan into execution, so that
"-I '

COR COR 105

forces, however divided, may act upon as a military term, and is chiefly confined*
one and towards one end.
principle to domestic buildings.
COOK, each troop or company has CORN AGE, an ancient tenure, which
cooks, who are excused from other du obliged the land-holder to give notice of
ties. an invasion by blowing a horn.
COPPER. No other metal is allow CORNE oaOuvRAGEaCoRNE, Fr.
ed to the magazines, or banels of See Horned work.
gun
powder. CORNET, in the military history of
COQUILLES a boulet, Fr. shells or the ancients, an instrument much in the
moulds. They are made either or brass nature of a
trumpet : when the cornet
or iron ; two are
required for the casting only sounded, the ensigns were to march
of a cannon ball ; but they never close so alone without the soldi.rs; whereas,
effectually as to prevent the liquid metal, when the trumpet only sounded, the sol
which has been poured in, from running diers were to move forward without the
somewhat out of the part where they ensigns. A troop of horse was so called.
join. This excrescence is called the Cornet, in the military history ofthe
beard, which is broken oft" to render the moderns, the junior commissioned offi
ball completely round. cer in a
troop >>f horse or dragoons, subor*
CORBEILLES, Fr. Large baskets, dinati to the captain andfieutenants,
equi
which being filled with earth, and nlaced valent to the ensign amongst the foot.
one by another alcm* the His duty is to carry the standard, near
parapet, serve
to cover the
besieged from the shot of the the centre of the front rank of the
squad
bssieging enemy. They are made wider ron.
at
top than at the bottom, in order to af CORNETTF-BLANCHE, Fr. an
ford loop-holes, through which the men ornament which in ancient limes, served
may fire upon the besiegers. Their usual to
distinguish French officeis who were
dimensions are one foot and a half high, high in command. 1 1 was worn by them
as much in breadth at the on the
top, and eight top ot their helmets It likewise
or ten inches at the bottom. See Gabion. meant a royal standard, and was substi
CORDE, Fr. Cord, in geometry and tuted in the room of the Penncn Roi'al.
fortification, means a straight line which The con.ette-blanche was only unfurled
cuts ihe circumference into t \o when the king joined the army ; and the
parts,
without running throiuh the centre. per.ons who served under it were
princes,
CORDEAU, Fr. a ccrd which is used noblemen, marshals of France, and old
in
measuring ground. It is divided into captains, who received orders from the
toiscs, ieet, and inches, for the purpose king direct.
ot
ascertaining with precision, the open CORNETTE, Fr. See Cornet.
ing of angles and the extent ot lines. I n Toe Cornf.ttes
oxCornets, of the co
wet weather a small c:iain made of wire lonel general of
is subst.tuted to cavalry, in the old French
prevent mistakes that service, as well as those attached to the
wouhi necessarily occur, from the cord
quarter-master general ai-d commissary
becoming shorter or longer, according to general, ranked as lieutenants, ir.J the
the influence of the weather. The tech comettes of la colonelle
nical terms among French Engineers,, are general d.-s dia-
gons ranked as youngest iieuier.ants, anil
Manier le cordeau. iVndre le co.cieau, commanded all other cornets.
Travailler au cordeau. Cornette, Fr, was likewise th" term
CORDON, in fortification, is a row of used to signify the standard
pecuharly
stones made round o.i the
outside, and appropriated to the light cavalry. H nee
placed between the termination of the corncttes and
troops were synor.imous
slope of the wall, and the parapet which terms to
express the number of light-
stands perpendicular, in such a horse attached to an
manner, army. The standard
that this difference may not be olfeisive so called was made ot
taffeti or glazed
to the eye ; whence those cordons
serve si.k, one foot and a half square, upon
only as ornaments in walled fortifications. which the arms,
motto, and cypher of
r/vCoRDOi. ofthe revetement of the theotfic.r who commanded rhe
cavalry
rampart is often o.i a level with the terrc were engraved. A sor: or scarf or long
pleine of the r.'mpart. It has been ob piece of v-.-iiiie silk, (the old French colors)
served in a late French military publica was tied to the cornette whenever the*
tion, that it might be more advantae-c cavalry wjnt into action, in order to ren
ously placed some feet lower ; especially der' the standard conspicuous, that the
when there is a wall attached to the in n might iallv round
pa- it.
rap -t, to shield the rounds from the ene CORMSH ring, in eunnery, the next
my's fire. ring from the muzzle backwards. See
Co don, in military history, is a chain C A N NON .

of post.->, or an imaginary lire of separa


tion between two armies, either in the
CORPORAL, a r.nk and file man
with superior pay to that ot commoi. soi-
fieid or in winter quarters,
diets, and with nominal rank under a ser
0>RIDOR, tiie covert way which is jeant. He has cnargeot one ot the
formed between the fos.-e ir,d the palli- squads
ofthe company, places and relieves centi-
sade on the counterscrap. See Cover t- and keen., good order in the euard.
This word is becoming obsolete
_els,
uay. He receives tlie word of the interior
()
106 COT COU

rounds that pass by his guard. Every COTE exterieur du poligone, Fr. exte
j rior sidr* of the polygon. The line which
company should have a corporal for every
ten men.
jI is drawn from the capital of one bastion
Lance-CoRTORAL, one who acts as to another.

corporal, receiving pay as a private. Cote interieur du poligone, Fr. inte*


CO RPS, any body of forces, destined to rior side of the polygon. The line which
act together under one commander. is drawn from the angle of one gorge to
,

Corps de garde, Ex. an inferior post the angle of the gore most contiguous to
Which is sometimes covered in, and at it. See sides of the Polygon.
others is in the open air, garrisoned and COUNCIL of war, in military affairs,
defended by troops who are occasionally | is an assembly of principal officers of an
relieved, and wliose imi< ediate cuty is to army or fleet, caded by the general or ad
prevent a post of greater consequence miral who commands, to concert mea-
j
from being surprised. Corps de garde, in sures for their conduct.
J
the French acceptation of the word, sig- i COUNTER-Approaches, lines or
nifies not only the.place itself, but like- | trenches made by the besieged, when they
wise the men who are stationed to pro- i come out to attack the lines of the be

tcct it. siegers in form.


Corps de garde avances, Fr. These I Lir.eof Counter Approach, a trench
posts are occupied by cavalry and infantry, \ which the besieged make from their co.
according to the exigency of the serrice, vcred way to the right and left of the at
and the peculiar nature of the ground. ] tacks, in order to scour or enfilade the
When a camp is secured by entrench- . enemy's works.
mcnts, and has on; f.,e of defence, the Counter-Z?./tj., a battery used to
corps de garde, or advanced post of the play on another in order to dismount the
cavalry is on the outside of the line, and guns. See Battery.
each part has its quarter and main guard. I CovtiTKR-breastwork. See Fausse
These guards are always within sight of BR A YE.
the same line, unless the unevenness of Covsr iR-forts, in fortification, are
the ground should obstruct the view. certain pillars and parts ofthe wall, dis
The quarter guard or petit corps de garde ; tant from 15 to ao feet one from another,
is more in front, but still in sight of the , which are advanced as much as may be
j
main guard, and the vedette is ..till further in the ground, and are joined to the height
in advance tor the security of both. of the cordon by vaults, to sustain the
Corps de battaille, Ex. the main body ! chemin de rondes, and the part of the
of an army, which marches between the rampart, as well as to fortify the wall,
advanced and the rear guard. and strengthen the ground. See But.
Corps de reserve, See Rear Guard. tresses.

CORRESPOND, an officer or soldier C o u n t e r -guards, in fortification, are


who corresponds with the enemy, is liable small ramparts, with parapets and ditch
to suffer death, by the articles of war. es, to cover some part of the body of the
CORSAIR, in naval history, a name place. They are of several shapes, and
given to the piratical cruisers of Barbary, differently situated. They are generally
who frequently plunder the merchant made before the bastions, in order to co
ships of countries with whom they are ver the opposite flanks from being seen
at peace. from the covert way ; consisting then of
CORSELET, a little cuirass ; or ac 2 faces, making a salient
angle, and pa
cording to others, an armor, or coat rallel to the faces of the bastion. They
made to cover the whole body, anciently are sometimes made before the ravelins.
won. b- the pike-men, who vere usually See Fortification.
pi; ced in die fronts and fiarTks of the bat CoouTZR-round. See Rounds.
tle, for the better resisting the enemy's Counter-www. See Mines.
assaults, and guarding the soldiers posted Covnt ER-trenches. See Siege.
behind them. Covins.*. -working, is the raising of
COSECANT, the secant of an aroh works to oppose those of the enemy.
which is the complement of another Co un rzR-swallow's -tail, in fortifica
to 900. tion, is a kind of an out -work very much
COSINE, the right sine of an arch resembling a single tenaille.
which is the complement of another To Countermand, is to give contra

to 90 ry orders to those already given ; to con
COSSACS, in military history, a wild tradict former orders, &c.
ir.egular people, whoinhabit theUkiaine, COUNTERMURE, a wall built up
and live by plunder and piracy, in small behind another in order to increase the
vessels on the Black Sea. A scythe fix strength of any work.
ed on the end ot a pole was their ancient COUNTERMARCH, a change by
weapon. They are now a regular militia, wings, companies, subdivisions, sec

and use the same arms as the Croats and tions, or files, whereby those who were
Pandours. on the right take up the ground originally
COTANGENT, the tangent of an occupied by the left ; generally used in
arch which is the complement of another c hanging the front
. See M a r c h.

I'O flO. COUNTERSCARP, in fortification,


COU cou 107

dispatches of battles gained, lost,


is properly the exterior talus, ox slope of carry
any other occurrences that happen
the ditch, on the farther side from the Sec. or

Sometimes the in
place, and facing it.
war.

covert way and glacis are meant by this COURIERS des vivres, Fr. were two
expression. See Fortification. active and expert messengers attached to
COUNTERSIGN, in a general ac the French army, whose duty consisted
ceptation of the term means any particu wholly in conveying packets of import
lar word, such as the name of a place or ance to and fro, and in taking charge of

person, which, like the parole, is ex pecuniary remittances.


changed between guards, entrusted to COURONFMENT, or Couronnement ,
persons who visit military posts, go the in fortification, implies the most exterior
rornds, or have any business to transact part of a work when besieged.
with soldiers in camp or garrison. It COURSER. See Charger.
ought always to be given in the language COU RSI ER, Fr. a gun which was
most known to the troops. formerly placed in the forecastle of a gal
COUNTERVALLATION, or line !
ley for the purpose of firing over the
of countervallation, a trench with a para- i ship's beak. The weight of its ball was
pet, made by the besiegers, betwixt them from n to 34 lb.
and the place besieged, to secure them J CO' :RT -martial, a court appointed
from the sallies of the garrison; so tiiat I for the investi-, tion and subsequent pun
the troops which form the siege, are en- .
ishment ox ctfei.ccs in officers, under-
camped between the lines ofVrcumval- j officers, soldiers, and sailors; the powers
lation and countervallation. When the i of which are regulated by the ".tides of
war for the government of the armies of
enemy has no a. my in the field, these j
lines are useless. j the United States, passed in the year
COUP- DE-MAIN, in military af- ; 1806.
fairs, implies a desperate resolution in all Art. 64. General courts martial may
small expeditions, of surprise, &c. The co.sist of aay number of commissfoned
favorable side of the proposed action must officers rrom five to thirteen inclusively.
ever be viewed ; for if wr.ai may happen, but they shall not consist of less than
arrive, or fall out, is chiefly thought , thirteen, where that number can be con
upon, it will, at the very best, not only ; vened, without manifest injury to the
greatly discourage, but, in general, it service.
will produce a total failure. The very) Art. 65. Any general officer command
name of an expedition implies risk, ha-l ing an army, or colonel commanding a se
zard, precarious warfare, and a critical
but desperate operation, or Coup-de main.
j parate department, may appoint general
courts martial whenever necessary. But
COUP-d'oeil, Fr. in a military s nse, '\ sentence of a court martial shall be?
no

signifies that fortunate aptitude of eye in j carried into execution until after the
a general, or other officer, by which he is
||
whole proceedings shall have been laid
beiore the officer ordering the same, or
enabled at one glance on the ground or on ''
a map to see the weak parts of an enemy's i the offive-r commanding the troops for the
country, or to discern the strong ones time being ; neither shall
of! any sentence of
his own. By possess ng a ready coup\ a general court martial, in time of peace,
d'ceil, a eeneral may surmount the greatest extending to the loss of life, or the dis
difficulties, particularly in offensive ope- : mission of a commissioned officer, or
rations. On a small scale this faculty is i which shall, either in time of peace or
of the greatest utility. Actions have I war, respecting a general office.-, be car
been recovered by a sudden conception of; ried into execution, until after the whole
different openings upon the enemy, which ; proceedings shall have been transmitted
could only be ascertained by a quick and to the secretary of war, to be laid before
ready eye, during the rapid movements the President of the United States, for
of opposing armies. See Am, Mil. Lib. his confirmation or disapproval and orders
articles Reconnoitring, and Coup p' in the case. All other sentences may be
OEIL. confirmed and executed by the officer or
COUPURE, in fortificacion, are pas dering the court to assemble, or the com
sages, sometimes cut through the glacis, manding officer for the time being, as the
of about 12 or 15 feet broad, in the re case may be.

entering angle of the covert way, to faci Art. 66. Every officer commanding a
litate the sallies of the besieged. They reriment, or corps, may appoint, fornis
are sometimes made through the lower own regiment or corps, courts martial, to
curtain, to let boats into a little haven consist of three commissioned officers, for
built on therentrant angle of the counter the trial and punishment of offences, not
scarp of the out works. capital, and decide upon their sentences.
COURANTIN, Fr. a squib; a term For the same purpose all officers, com
used among French artificers. manding any of the garrisons, forts, bar
COURCON, Fr. a long piece of iron racks, or other places where the troops
which is used in the artillery, and serves consist of different
corps, may assemble
to constrain, or tighten cannon. courts martial, to consist of three com
COURIER, in a military sense, means missioned officers, and decide upon their
a
messenger sent post, or express, to sentences.
108 COU COU

Art. 67. No garrison, or regimental ! authority, until it shall be duly disclosed,


court martial shall have the power to try by the same. So help you God."
j, Art.
capital cases, or commiss.oned officers; ' ]] 70. When any prisoner arraigned
neither shall they inflict a fine exceeding before a general court martial shall, from
deliberate design, stand mute
one month's
pay, nor imprison, nor put j obstinate and
to ,-ard iabor, any non-commissioned of- 1 or answer foreign to the purpose, the
ficer or soldier, for a longer time than one 1 court may proceed to trial and judgment
month. as if the prisoner had regularly pleaded

Art. 68. Whenever it may be found 1 not ..uilty.


convenient and nece*sary to the public j Art. 71. When a member shall be
service, the officrs of the marine shall ! challenged by a prisoner, he must state
be associated with the officers ofthe land \ his cause of challenge, of which the
forces, for the purpose of holding courts court shall, after due deliberation deter
martial and trying offenders belonging to mine the relevancy or validity, and decide
either ; and in such ca^es the orders of the ! accordingly ; and no challenge to more
senior officers of either c -rps who may be | than one member at a time shall be re-
pres.nt and duly authorised, shall be re I
ceived by the court.
ceived and obeyed. J Art. 72. All the members of a court
martial are to behave with decency and
Art. 69 The judge advocate, or some
person deputed by him, or by the general, : calmness ; and in giving their votes, are
or officer commanding the army, detach 1 to begin with the youngest in com-
'
ment, or garrison, shall prosecute in the mission.
name of the Unit.d Stafs, but shall so 1 Art. 73. All persons who giveevider.ee
iar consider himself as council for the 1 before a court martial, are to be examin-
ed on oath or affirmat on in the following
prisoner, after the said prisoner shall have |
made nis plea, as to object to any leading ; form :
"
question to any of the witnesses, or any I You swear or affirm (as the case may
qui stion to the prisoner, the answer to i be) the evidence you shall give in the cause
which might tend to criminate himself; | now in hearing, shall be the truth, the
and administer to each member of the ; whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
"
court before they proceed upon any trial, \ So help you God
the following oath, which shall also be On the trials of cases not
j Art. 74.
taken by all members of the regimental |
capital, before courts martial, the depo-
: sition of witnesses not in the line or staff
and garrison courts mart.al.
"
You A. B. do swear that you will 1 of the army, may be taken before some
well and truly try and determine, accord justice ofthe peace, and readmevidci ce;
j
ing to evidence, rhe matter now before ; provided, the prosecutor and person ac
you, between the United States of Ame cused are present at the taking the same,
rica, and the prisoner to be tried, and or are duly notified thereof.
that you will duly administer justice, ac Art. 75. No officer shall be tried but
"
cording to the provisicns of An' act by a general court marrial, no- by officers
est bushing rules and articles for the go of inferior rank, if it can be avoided. Nor
vernment of riie armies of the United shall any proceed ngs or trials be carried
States," without partialitv, favor or af on excepting between the hours of
eight
fection ; and if any doubt shall arise, not in the morning, and three in the after
explained by said articles, according to noon, excepting in cases, which, in the
your conscience, the best of y. ur under opinion of the officer appointing the court
standing, and the ustom of war, in like niarual, require immediate example.
.

cases; and you do further swear, that Art. 76. No person whatsoever shall
you will not divulge the sentence Of the use any menacing words,
signs, or ges
court until it shall be published by the tures, in presence of a court martial, or
proper authority ; neitner will you dis shall cause any disorder or not, or disturb
close or discover the vote or opinion of their on the
penalty of being
proceedings,
any particular member of the court mar punisheU at the discretion of the said court
tial, unless required to give evidence martial.
thereof as a witness, by a court of jus Art. 77. Whenever any officer shall be
tice, in a due course of law. So kelp you charged with a crime, he shall be arrested
God." and confined in his barracks,
quarters, or
And as soon as the said oath shall have tents, and deprived of his sword, by the
been administered to the respective mem commanding officer. And any officer who
bers, the president ot the court shall ad shall leave his confinement before he shall
minister to the judge advocate, or person be set at liberty by his commanding of
ofiiciating as such, an oath in the follow ficer, or by a superior officer, shall be
ing'* words : cashiered.
You A. B. do swear, that ycu will Art. 78. Non-commissioned officers
not disclose or discover the vote or opinion and soldiers, charged with crimes, shall
cf any particular member of the court be confined until tried by a court martial,
mart:;!1, unless required to give evidence or released by
proper authority.
thereof as a witness, by a court of justice Art. 79. No officer or soldier who shall
indue course ot law. Nor divulge the be put in arrest, shall continue in cou-
sentence of the couit to any but the proper f-.i-.euicnt more than eight days, or until
cou COU 109

such time as a court martial can be lower ofthe army, shall be tried a second
as- k

s.mbl-d. time f>r the same offence.


Art. 80. No officer commanding a ]l Art. 88. No per>on shall be liable to be
guard, or provost martial, shall refuse to tried and punished by a general court
<j
receive 01 keep any prisoner committed ' martial for any offence which shall ap
to his charge by in officer belonging to the 'I pear to have been committed more than
forces of the United States ; provided the I two years before the issuing of the order
officer committing, shall, at the same for such trial, unless the person by reason
j
time, delivr an account in writing, signed of having absente.i himself, or so.. -c other
by himself, of the crime with which the manifest impediment, shall not have been
said prison.r is charged. amenable to justice within rhat period.
Art. 8r. No officer commanding a Art. 89 Every officer authorised to
guard, or provost martial, shall presume order a general court martial, shall have
to re. ease any person committed to his power to pardon or mitigate any punish
charge, without proper authority for so ment ordered by such court, except the
doing, nor shall lie suffer any person to sentence
(
of death, or of cashiering an of
escape, on the penalty of beie.g punished 1 ficer ; which in the cases -where he has
for it by the sentence of a court martial. authority (by article 65) to carry them
Art. 82. Every officer or provost mar into execution, he may suspend until the

shal, to whose charge prisoners shall be pleasure of th. President of the United
committed, shall within twenty-four States can be known ; which suspension,
j
hours after such commitment, or as soon I together with copies of the proceedings of
as he shall be relieved from his guard, I the court martial, the sad officer shall

make report in writing, to the command- I immediately transmit to the President for
ing officer, of their names, their crimes, !i his determination And the colonel or
and the names of the officers who com-
| commanding officer of the regiment or
mitred them, on the penalty of being | garrison, where any regimental or garri
punished for disobedience or neglect, at ] son court martial shall be held, may par
the discretion of a court martial. don or mitigate any punishment ordered
Art 83. Any commissoned officer con by such court to be intih ted.
victed before a general court martial of Art. 90. Every judge advocate, or per
eond ct unbecoming an officer and a gen son officiating as such, at
any general
tleman, shall be dismissed the service. court martial, shall transmit, with as
Art. 84. Incases where a court martial much expedition as the opportunity of
may think it proper to s- ntence a com- ! time and distance of place can admit, the
missioned officer to be suspended from ! original proceedings and sentence of such
command, they shall have power also to court martial, to the secretary of war,
,

suspend his pay and emoluments from which said original proceedings and sen
the same time, according to the nature tence shall be carefully kept and preserved
and heinou-ness ofthe offence. in the office of the said secretary, to the;
Art. 85. In all cases where 3 commis end that the persons entitled thereto
may
sioned officer is cashiered for cowardice or beenibled, upon application to the said
fraud, it shall be aeided in the sentence, office, to obtain copies thereof.
that the crime, name, and
place of abode, The party tried by any general court
and punishment of the delinquent, he martial, shall, upon demand thereof made.
published in the newspapers, in and about by himself, or by any person, or persons
the camp, and of a particular state from in his b;half, be entitled to a copy of the
which the offender came, or where he sentence and proceedings of such court
usually resides, after which it shall be martial.
deemed scandalous for an officer to asso I he following section is extracted from
ciate with him. the laws of Congress of 1 808
Art. 86. The commanding officer of Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That
any post or detachment, in which there the offieers, non-commissioned officers,
shall not be a number of officers adequate musicians, and privates of the said
corps,
to form a general court martial, shall, in shall be governed by 'he rules and article..
cases which require the cognizance of of war, which have been established
by
such a court, report to the commanding the United States in Congress asserhbled,
officer of the department, who shall order or by such rules and articles as
may be
a court to be assembled at the nearest
hereafter, by law established; Provided
or detachment, and the
post party accus
nevertheless, That the sentence of general
ed, with necessary witnesses, to be trans courts martiai, extending to the loss of
ported to the place where the said court life, the dismission of a commissioned
shall be assembled. officer, or which shall respect the general
Art. 87. No person shall be sentenced1 officer, shall, with the whole of the
pro
to suffer death but by the concurrence of.
ceedings of such cases, respectively, be
two thirds of a general court martial, nor laid before the President of the United
except in the cases herein expressly men States, who is hereby authorised to direct
tioned ; nor shall more than fifty lashes the same to be carried into execution, or
be inflicted on any offender, at the dis otherwise, as he shall judge proper.
cretion of a court martial, and no officer, Court of inquiry, an assemblage cf
non-commissioned officer, soldier, or fol officers who are empowered to inquire.
110 cov CRI

into the conduct of an officer, or to see of distances by an accurate knowlege of


whether there is ground for a court-mar which, ground will be properly covered,
tial, &c. Courts of inquiry cannot and any proportion of men, on horseback
award punishment, but mnst report to or on foot, be drawn up so as to answer
the officer by whose order they were as the intentions of an able general. The
sembled, Courts of inquiry are also ap best way that an officer can form his eye,
pointed to examine into the quality and is to exercise it to the measurement of
distribution of military stores. See Ar ground by the regular pace of two feet,
ticles of War, \. 91, and 92. used in the military drawing ; by this he
A Court-Marti al can can calculate his interval exactly, when
regimental
not sentence to the loss of life or limb. he once knows how many feet his divi
The colonel or commanding officer ap sion occupies ; for it is only halving the
proves the sentence of a regimental court- number of feet, and the number, so pro
martial. duced, is his distance in paces of two feet
A garrison Court- Martial resem each. This instruction has been given
bles a regimental one in as much as the to cavalry officers, by a very able Tac
members are not sworn, and only differs tician.
by its being composed of officers of dif Covin, a term in war to express secu-
ferent regiments. The governor, or other rity or protection : thus, to land under
commanding officer of the garrison, ap cover of the guns, is to advance offensively

proves the sentence. against an enemy who dares not approach


COURTINE, Fr. See Curtain. on account of the fire from ships, boats or
COUSSINET a mousquetaire, Ex. a batteries. It likewise signifies whatever
bag formerly worn by a French soldier on renders any movement imperceptible : as,
his left side beneath the cross- belt. It under cover of the night, under cover of
hung upon hooks near the but of his a wood, &c. The gallery or corridor in
musquet. 1 1 likewise signifies a wedge \ fortification is however, particularly dis
used to support the mortar in its frame. tinguished by the term Chemin Couvert,
COUTELAS, Fr. See Cutlass. covert way, because the glacis of the pa

COUVERT, Fr. See Cover. rade is its parapet.


COUVRE-FACE, Fr a term used COVERT-WAY, in fortification, is
by some engineers, and among others by : a
space of 5 or 6 fathoms on the border
the counter-guard : of the ditch towards the country, cover-
Cehorn, to express j
others, particularly Montalemberr, con- j ed by a rising ground, which has a gentle
Teyby couvre face general a second line of I
slope towards the field. This slope is
complete investment. j called the glacis of the covert- way. Sea
To COVER, in the mechanical dispo Fokti f ication.
sition of a battallion, company or squad, -?fw^CovERT-wAY, orasthe French
only means that is to stand in such
a man j call it avant chemin couvert, is the covert-
a position in files, that when he looks
as way at the foot of the glacis. See For
exactly forward to the neck of the man tification.
who leads him, he cannot see the second CRAB. See Gin.
man from him. Nothing but great atten CRANE, an instrument made with
tion at the drill can bring men to cover ropes, pullies, and hooks, by which great
so truly as never to destroy the perpen are raised.
weights
dicular direction of any leading body. CREDITS. See Debts and Credits,
The least deviation in the men who cover CREMAlLLE.in field fortification, is
upon either flank of a leading column or when the inside line of the parapet is
division, will throw all that follow out broken in such a manner as to resemble
of the true line. the teeth of a saw ; whereby this advan-
To Cover ground, is to occupy a cer tage is gained, that a greater fire can be
tain proportion of ground individually, or brought to bear upon the defile, than if
collectively. A foot soldier upon an ave only a simple face were opposed to it;
rage covers 22 inches of ground when he and consequently the passage is rendered
stands in the ranks. The dimensions are more difficult.

taken from his sholder points. Redouts en Crem aillere, or Cre.


A file on horseback covers or occupies maille, are such as are constructed as
in the raaks ab >ut 2 feet 8 inches. Thus above mentioned.
three file, 8 feet; twelve file will occupy CRESSET, any great light upon a
about 32 feet or 10 yards and 2 feci; thir beacon, light-house, or watch-tower.
teen file, 34 feet 8 inches, or n yards, CRETE, in fortification, implies the
1 foot 8 inches; fourteen file. 37 feet 4 earth thrown out of the ditch in a forti

inches, or 12 yards 1 foor 4 inches, and fication, trench,Sec. The most elevated
so on. part of parapet or glacis.
a

One horse's length from nose to croop, CRI des armes, Ft. a savage custom
on an average, 8 feet and about 2 inches, which is still
preserved by the Turks
2 feet 2 inches. This conse and other uncivilized nations, whenever
or 2 yards
quently will be the space which about they go into action. It was formerly
three files occupy in front. practised among the French, Spaniards,
Cavalry and infantry officers cannot and the English, Sec. The national excla
too much attention to the calculation \ mations were- Mnnfjoie and ct. Denni.: tor
p2v
CRO CRO ill

France, St. James for Spain, St. George of the coat by means of a small riband,
for England, St. Malo or St. Yves for the crimson colored and watered
Dukes of Britanny, St. Lambert for the On one side was the cross of St. Louis,
principality of Liege, Sec. The war- with this inscription Ludovicus Magnus
whoop may likewise be considered in this instituit, 1693 5 on t^ie reverse side a .

light. It is still practised among the sa blazing sword with the following words,
vages of America. See War-whoop. Bellica virtutis, pramium.
Every species of noise however is now This is the only order which could be
exploded in Europe. When two armies properly and strictly called military.
are upon the point of engaging, a dead si There were several others during the
lence prevails, the eye and ear of the old French government, which we judge
soldier are ri vetted to the word of com superfluous to the present work.
mand ; and when he comes into close CROSS, the ensign or grand standard
contact with the enemy, nothing is heard borne by the crusaders in the holy- war.
besides the noise of drums, trumpets and CROSS-fire, in the art of war, is when
cymbals, to which are added the dis the lines of fire of two or more adjoining
charge of ordnance and the fire of the sides of a field-redoubt, &c. cross one an
musquetry. other ; it is frequently used to prevent an
In making any desperate assault, or in enemy's passing a defile. It may be two
charging bayonet, or when one battalion ways obtained : first, by constructing the
is directly opposed to another, or squad redoubt with the face opposite the defile,
ron to squadron, the French soldiery fre tenailled ; that is, forming a re-entering
quently use the cri des armes ; tue tue ; angle. The other way is, to defend the
and the Spaniards vociferate amat. Silence defile by 2 redoubts, whose faces com
and calmness in the soldier, with steadi mand the passage, flanking each other at
ness and observation in the officer, are the same time.
nevertheless superior to such ungoverna Cross--W shot, shot with iron ban
ble effusions. The former must contri crossing through them, sometimes stand
bute to regularity, the latter seldom fails ing 6 or 8 inches out at both sides : they
to create disorder. are used at sea, for destroying the ene

CRIQUES, Fr. small ditches which my's rigging. At a


siege they are of
are made in different parts of a ground, great service in demolishing the enemy's
for the purpose of inundating a country, palisading, Sec.
in order to obstruct the approaches of an Cross -bars. See Carriages.
enemy. CROss-bow, a missive weapon used to
CROATS, in military history, light propel arrows, Sec. previous to the use
irregular troops so cailed ; generally peo of gunpowder.
ple of Croatia. They are ordered upon
CROTCHET, of cavalry. See Cross.
all desperate services, and their method
CROW, an iron bar used as a lever,
ef fighting is the the Pandours.
same as in moving heavy ordnance, or carriages,
They wear a short waist-coat, and long &c.
white pantaloons, with light boots, a
cap CROWS//, or Caltrops, in the
greatly resembling the hussar cap. Their art of war, are 4 pointed irons, so made
arms area long firelock with rifled barrel, that what way soever they fall, one point
and short bayonet, a crooked hanger, and is always uppermost. The short ones
brace of pistols. are about 4 inches in length, and the long
CROCUS, a calcined metal used by ones 6 or 7. The short ones are thrown
the soldiers to clean their musquets, Sec. on bridges, Sec. and the long ones on the
CROIX deSt. Louis, Fr. The cross
earth, both to incommode the cavalry,
of Sf. Louis, a French order which was that they may not approach without great
purely of a military nature. It was in difficulty.
stituted by Louis, surnamed the Great,
in 1693.
CROWS-work, in fortification, an
out work that takes up moreground than
In 1719 the number of grand crosses
any other. It consists of a large gorge,
to be distributed in the French
army was and two sides terminating towards the
limited, with appropriate allowances, in in two demi-bastions, each of
the following manner. country
which is joined
445 Conimandeurs and chevaliers. 12 by a particular curtain,
at 6000
forming two half bastions and one whole
^grand crosses livres, i3Comman- one : they are ma-le before the
curtain,
deurs at 4000 livres, 27 ditto at 3000, 25 or the bastion, and
chevaliers at 2000, 38 ditto at 1500, 106
generally serve to in
close sonic buildings which cannot be
ditto at 1000, 1 ditto at 900, 99 ditto at
brought within the body ofthe place, or
800, 45 ditto at 600, 25 ditto at 500, 35 to cover the town
gates, or else to occupy
ditto at 400, 5 ditto at 300, and 4 ditto at a spot of
200.
ground which might be advan
tageous to the enemy. See Fortifi
The King was Grand Mas
Sovereign cation.
ter of the order. Land and sea officers CROWNED horned-work, in fortifi
wore it promiscuously. The cross con
cation, is a horn-work, with a crown-
sisted of an enamelled golden fleur de lis work before it.
which, was attached to the batten hole
CROWNS, in ancient military histo-
112 CUB CUT

ry, were of various uses and denomina- 1 onier, having infinite legs, diverging con

tions, viz. trary ways.


Oval Cxown, corona ovalis, given to I CUE or Queue, the hair tied in form
a general
who, without effusion of blood, of a tai'-. All the British soldiers, ex
had conquered the enemy.
cepting the grenadiers andhair light infantry,
cue'd.
Naval Crown, corona navalis distri till very lately wore Their
buted to those who first should board an CUIRASSE, a piece of defensive ar
enemy's ship. mor, made ol plate, well hammered, serv-
Camp Crown, corona castrensis, the ing to cover the body, from the neck to
reward of those who first passed the pali the girdle, both befoie and behind, called
sades of, and forced an enemy's camp. breast and back plate.
Mural Crown, corona muralis, the re CUIRASSIERS, in the military art,
and mark of honor die to those are a sort of heavy cavalry armed with
compense
who first mounted the breach at an as cuirasses, as most of the German horse
sault of a besieged town. are. The several German powers have
Civic Crown, corona civica, more es regiments of cuirassiers, especially the
teemed than the preceding : it was the emperor, and the king of Prussia The
distinguishing mark of those who had late king of France had also one regiment ;
saved the life of a Roman citizen in bat but th. xc were none in the English army
tle. It was given to Cicero for dissipat since the revolution of 1688.
ing the conspiracy of Catiline, and denied CUISH, the ancient aimor which co
to Caesar, because he embrued his hands ! vered the thijths, was so called.
in the blood of his fellow citizens. CUISSARS, Fr are plates or scales
Triumphal Crown, corona triumphalis, made of beaten iron, which formerly
the symbol of victory, and presented to a served to cover the thighs.
general who gained any sigi a. advantage CUITE, Fr. a technical woid to ex
to the republic.
press the preearaiion of saltpetre for the
Grass Crown, corona gramirea was making of gunpowder. See Saltpetre.
delivered by ihe whole Roman people to CULASSE, Fr. See Breech of a
any general who had relieved an army Gun.
invested or besieged by the enemy. The CULBUTER, une Colonne, to over
other ciewns were distributed by the em throw a column. This term is frequently
perors and generals; this was given to used when cavalry attack infantry by ra
Fabius by the Roman people, for oblig pidly charging it.
ing Hannibal to decamp from Rome, CULEE d'un pont, Fr. butment of a
Olive Crown, corona oliva, the sym bridge.
bol of peace, and presented to the nego Cl.LVERIN, ") See
tiators of it. Cclverin ordinary, > Can-
CROISADEPin m'litary history, Culver i n of the largest size, j kon.
CRUSADE $ also called a
holy war, CUNEUS. SeeWEDCE.
barbarous expeditions or the Christians CUNETTE. SeeCuLVETTE.
against the Saracens or Turks for the re CURFEW-W/, a signal given incitic.
covery of the holy land, and so called taken in war, &c. to the inhabitants to
from those who engaged in it wearing a go to bed. The most eminent curfew was
cross on their clothes. that in England, established by William
CUBE a solid, consisting of 6 equal the Conqueror, who appointed, under
sides. The solidity of cube severe ^ei.altie.-, that, at the ringing of a
square any
is found by multiplying the superficial bell, at 8 o'clock in the evening, every
content of any one of the sides by the onr should put out their lights and fires,

height. Cubes are to one another in the and go to bed, Sec.


triplicate ratio of their diagonals. CURTAIN, in fortification, is that
Cube- root, is the side of one of the part of the body of the place, which joins
squares constituting the cube. the flank of one bastion to that of the
CUBIC foot, implies so much as is iKXt. See Fortification.
contained in a cube whose side is i foot, Angle of lit Curtain. See Forti
or 12 inches. fication.

Cubic hyperbola, is a figure expressed Complement ef the C u r t a i n See F o a


.

by the equation y :=a, having asymp


x 2 tificat ion.

totes, and consistn j; of 2 hyperbolas, ly CURTELASSE, ) SeeCuTLASS'


c ^

ing in the adjoining angles ofthe asymp CURTELAX, S


totes, and not in the opposite angles, CL'STREL, the shield-bearer of the
like the Apollonian hyperbola, being ancients was so called.
oiherwise called, by Sir Isaac Newton, CUT. Theie are six cuts used by the
in his enumeratio li/.earum tetlii ordinis, an j cavalry, to be made with the broad sword,
hyperbolismus of a parabola : and is the- or sabre. See Sword Exercise.
6jth species of line.;, according to him. To Cut off. To n icrcept, to hinder
Cubic number, is that which is pro trom union or return. In a military sense,
duced by multiplying any number by this phrase is variously applicable, and
itself, and then again the product by that extremely familiar.
number. To C u t off an enemy's retreat, is to ma
Cubic parabola, a curve of the second noeuvre in such a manner as to prevent an
CZ A DEB 113

or body of men, from Basilides, about the year 147- The Em


opposing army,
retiring, when closely pressed, either to press is called the Czarina or Tzarina.
their entrenchments, or into a fortified
town from which they had marched or
sallied. Whole armies may be cut off D.
either through the mismanagement of
their own generals, by extending the line
of operation too far, or through the su DAGGER, in military affairs, a short
perior talents of an individual, who in the sword, or poinard, about 12 or 13 inches
midst of the hurry, noise, and desola lon<. It is not long since, that duellists
tion, which invariably attend a pitched fought with sword and dagger.
battle, suddenly takes advantage of some DAGUE, Fr. dagger, a short thick
opening in the wings or centre, and cuts poniard which was formerly used when
off* a material part of his enemy's line. individuals engaged in single combat.
When one army is superior to another in DAM. See Dyke.
numbers, and is commanded by a shrewd DAME, Fr among miners any por
.

and intelligent officer, it may always cut tion of earth which may remain after the
off a part at least of the opposing forces explosion of a mine has taken place. It
that come into action. likewise means a piece of wood with two
To Cut short. To abridge : as the sol handles used to press down turf or dirt in
diers were cut short of their pay. a mortar.
To Cut up. When the cavalry are sent DARE, a challenge or defiance to single
in pursuit of a flying enemy, the latter combat.
are generally cut DARRAIN. See Battle -array.
up.
To Cut through.A small body of DART, in ancient military history,
brave men, headed by a good officer, will implies small kind of lance, thrown by
a

frequently extricate itself from apparent the hand.


captivity, or destruction, by cutting its DAY, in a military sense implies any
time in which armies may be enraged,
way through superior force.
CUTLER, a military artificer, whose from the rising of one day's sun to that
business is to forge, temper, and mount of another. According to Johnson it sig-
all sorts of sword blades. nifiej the clay of contest, the contest,
CUTTING-ojf. See Retrench the battle. .

ment. DAYSMAN, an umpire of the combat


CUVETTE, in fortification, is a small was so called.
ditch of i o or 12 feet broad, made in the D EBA NDA D E Alt dibandade, hel
. -

middle of a large dry ditch, about 4 or 4^ ter- skelter.


feet deep, serving as a retrenchment to Se battre la
debandade, in
a
fight
to a
defend the ditch, or else to let water in, loos., dispersed manner.
,if it can be had during a siege,] and afford Laisser a la debandade, to leave at ran
an obstacle, should the
enemy endeavor dom, or in disorder.
to cross the fosse. DEBARK., see Disembark.
CYCLOPOEDIA. See Encyclo- DEBAUCHER, Fr. to debauch ox
POEDIA. entice asoldier from the service of his
CYCLOID, a curve in geometry. country. During the reign of Louis
CYLINDER, or concave cylinder of a the XV. and in former reigns, it was
gun, is all the hollow length ofthe piece, enacted, that any person who should be
or bore. See Cannon. convicted of having debauched or enticed a
Charged Cylindlk, the chamber, or soldier from his duty should suffer death.
that part which receives the
powder and By a late act of the British parliament it
ball. See Cannon. is made a capital offence to entice or se
Vacant Cylinder, that duce a soldier from any regiment in the
part ofthe
hollow or bore which remains British service.
empty
when the piece is loaded.
By the 23d section of the articles of war
C YMAR, a slight a scarf. of the United States, the
covering; advising or per
CYMBAL, in ancient military history, suading any officer of the United States
a war-like musical instrument in use to desert, subjects theadviier to tne
army
among the ancients, made of brass and punishment of death, or such other pu-
silver. They arc derived from Asia, where uishmenras a court martial may inflict.
they are of a variety of sizes. They are DEBENTURE, is a kind of waru.it,
now used by the British and othci Eu.
given in the office of the British board of
ropean nations, in their martial music. ordnance, whereby the person whose
CZAR, in military history, a title name is therein
specified, is i.ititled to
assumed by the great dukes, or, as receive such a sum of
they money as by former
are now stiled, emperors of all the Rus- contract had been
sias. This title is no doubt, by
agreed on, whether
corrup .vages, or otherwise. Debenture, in
tion, taken from Casar, emperor; and some of the British acts of
the Czars accordingly bear an eagle, as parliament,
denotes a kind of bond or bill, first given
the symbol of tneir
empire. The first
that bore this tftle was Basil, the son o.
m 1649, whereby the government is
charged to pay the soldier, creditor, or his
assigns, the money due on auditing the
P.
114 DEC DEC

account of his arrears. The payments of names of all the guilty were put into an
the board of ordnance for the larger ser urn or helmet, and as many were drawn
vices at home are always made by deben out as made the tenth part of the whole

tures; and the usual practice has been to number : the latter were put to the sword
make those payments which are said to and the others saved.
be in course of office, at a period which Sec Decimate,
DECIMER, Fr.
is always somewhat more than three DECLARATION of war, a public
months after the date of each debenture, proclamation made to the citizens, or
and which can never exceed six : to pay, subjects of a state, declaring them to be
for instance, at once for the three months at war with any foreign power, and for
of January, February, and March, as bidding all and every one to aid or assist
early as possible after the 30th of June. the common enemy, at their peril.
Debentures were generally made up at DECLIVITY, as apposed to accli
the Pay-Office by virtucof warrants from means a gradual inclination, or ob-
vity,
the War-Office, with the state of regi liquify reckoned downwards.
mental charges annexed, after which is DECOMPTE, Fr. signifies a liqui
issued the final, or clearing warrant. Sec dation, or balance, which from time to
War rant. '
time was made in the old French service,
D E B L A Y E R /. Camp, F r. To eva between the captain of a company and
cuate a camp for the purpose of cleaning
and purifying the ground.
each
private soldier, for monies advanced,
or in hand. In the Biitish service
every
DEBTS and Credits. Every captain infantry soldier is settled with on thea4th
of a troop or company in the British ser- day in each month. The cavalry is
vice is directed to give in a monthly state In the American
paid
every second month.
ment of the debts and credits of his men ;
army the soldiers are required to be paid
and it is the duty of every commanding every two months at least.
officer to examine each list, and to see, DECOUVERTE, Aller a la decou-
that no injustice or irregularity has been verte, Fr. To patrole. In the old French
countenanced or overlooked in so import service, the party ordered to perform
ant an object, as every money matter be this duty, when in a garrison, usually
tween officer and soldier most unques went three miles round the fortifications

tionably is. to pick up stragglers who could not ac


DECAGON, in fortification, is a po count for themselves, and to secure spies,
lygon figure, having 10 sides, and as many should any be lurking about.
angles; and if all the sides are equal, and Aller a la Decouverte, whenapplied
all the angles, it is called a regular deca to any
party that is detached from the
gon, and may be inscribed in a circle. army, signifies to reconnoitre the enemy.
Tfu sides of a regular decagon are, in Cavalry are usually employed upon this
power and length, equal to the greatest duty.
segment of an hexagon inscribed in the DECOY, stratagem
a
carry off the
to
same circle, and cut in extreme and enemy's horses in a foraging party, or
mean proportion. from the pasture ; to execute which, you
DECAGON E. Fr. See Decacon. must be disguised, and mix on horseback
To DECAMP, to march an army or in the pasture, or amongst the foragers on
body of men from the ground where it that side on which you propose to fly:
before lay encamped. It also signifies to you must then begin, by firing a few
quit any place or position in an unex shots, which are to be answered by such
pected manner. See Camp. of your party as are appointed to drive up
DECANUS, in Roman military histo the rear, and are posted at the
opposite
ry, an officer who presided over ten other extremity of the pasture, or foraging
officers, and was head of the contuber- ground ; "after which they are to gallop
niuin, or serjeant of a file of Roman sol from their different stations towards the
diers ; hence our Deacons. side fixid for the flicht, shouting and fir
D F C H A P G E U R S , Fr. axe men r.p- ing all the way : the horses being thus
pointcd to aftei d the park of artillery, alarmed, and provoked by the example
and to assist the non commissioned of of others, will break loose from the
ficers, &c. who are employed on that ser pickets, throw down their riders and the
vice. It is the duty of the former to trusses, and setting up a gallop, will
keep a specific account of articles receiv naturally direct their course to the same
ed and consumed, m order to enable the side ; insomuch that, if the number of
latter to furnish their officers with accu them was ever so great, you might lead
rate statements. tbem in that manner for several leagues
To DECIMATE, to divide any body together : when you are got into some
of men into as many tenths as the aggre road, bordered by a hedge, or ditch, you
gate number will afford, and to make must stop as gently as possible; and
them cast lots for the purpose of being without making any noise; the horse;
punished. will then suffer themselves to be taken
DECIMATION, in Roman military without any opposition It is called in
history, a punishment inflicted upon such French Haraux ; and marshal Saxe is the
soluiers quitted their post, behaved
as or
only author that mentions it.
'hem&cb'cs cowardly in the field. The DECOYED, an enemy is said, to be
DE F DEF 115

the musqueteers stand, to scour the face


decoyed when a small body of troops It should never exceed
draws them into action, whilst the main of the bastion.
body lies in ambush ready to act with the the reach of a musquet It is either fichant
or razant: the first is when it is drawn
greatest effect.
DECURlO^in Roman military his from the angle of the curtain to the flank
tory, a commander of ten men in the ed angle ; the last, when it is drawn from
a point in the curtain, razing the face o:'
army, or chief of a decury.
DECURY, ten Roman soldiers ranged the bastion
under one chief, or leader, called the De- Line of Defence is the distance be
curio. tween the salient angle of the bastion,

DEEP, troops are told off in ranks of and the opposite flank ; that is, it is the
face produced to the flank. See Forti
two, or 3 deep, and on some occasions in
4 or more. fication.
DEFAULTER. See Deserter. Defence of riven, in military affairs.
DEFEAT, the overthrow of an army. is a vigorous effort to prevent the enemy
DEFECTION. See Mutiny. from passing; to effect which, a careful
DEFENCE, in fortification, consists and attentive officer will raise redoubts,
of all sorts of works that cover and defend and if necessary join curtains thereto : he
the ; as flanks, parapets,
will place them as near the banks as pos
opposite posts
casemates, and fausse-brays. It is al sible, observing to cut a trench through
the ground at the windings of the river,
most impossible to fix the miner to the
face of a bastion, till the defences ofthe which may be favorable to the enemy,
opposite one are ruined; that is, till the and to place advanced redoubts there, te>
parapet of its flank is beaten down, and prevent his having any ground fit to form
the cannon, in all parts that can fire upon on, &c. See Rivers.
that face which is attacked, is dismount To be in a posture of D f. f e n e e , is to be
ed. See Fortification. prepared oppose an enemy, whether in
to
Active Defence, generally considered, regard to redoubts, batteries, or in the
means every species of offensive operation open field.
which is resorted to by the besieged, to To DEFEND, to fortify, secv.r., cv
annoy the besiegers. Such for instance, maintain a place or cause.
is the discharge of heavy ordnance from DEFENSE, Fr. See Ligne de De.
the walls, the emission of shells, and the fense.

Defense, Ex. de defense, tech


firing of musquetry. A mass of water etre en

nically signifies be ina state of defence,


may likewise be understood to mean ac to
tive defence, provided it can be increased or able to resist. The French usually
according to the exigency of the service, say : Cette redoute est en defense This re.
.

and be suddenly made to overflow the doubt is in a state of defence.


outworks, or entrenchments of the be Defenses d'une pl.ice, Ex. SeeDr-
sieging enemy. Mines which are carried FENCEin Fortification,
beyond the fortifications may likewise be DEFENSIVE, serving to defend ; ir
included under this head. a state or posture of defence.
Passive Defence is chiefly confined Dr.r ensi v z-war. See War.
to inundations, and is effected by letting DEFIANCE. See Challenge.
out water in such a manner, that the level DEFICIENT, wanting to complete,
ground which lies round a fortified town as when a regiment,
troop, or company
or place
may be entirely overflowed and has not its prescribed number of men.
become an inert stagnant pool. Mere sub DEFILE, in military affairs, a strait
mersion is, in fact, the narrow passage, or road, through u hich
distinguishing cha
racter of this species of defence, which the troops cannot march, otherwise than
does not afford any other movement than by making a smail front, and filing off;
what naturally arises from the greater or so that the enemy may take an opportu
lesser elevation of the waters, without nity to stop, or harrass their march, and
the means of urging them beyond a given to charge them with so much the more

point. advantage, because the rear cannot conic


Distant Defence, consists in being up to the relief of the front.
abj?to interrupt the enemy's movements To Defilx, is to reduce divisions or
by circuitous inundations ; to inundate, platoons into a small front, in order to
for instance, a bridge, when a convoy is march through a defile; which is nios;
passing, or to insulate batteries, the heads conveniently done by quarter facing v.
of saps or lodgments which have been either the right or left, and then cover
made in the covert way is to act upon a ing to either right or left, and marching
distant defence. By this species of de through by files, &c. It has been men
fence an enemy's communications may be tioned bv a writer on military manoeuvres,
perpetually intercepted, and his approach that defiling should be performed with
es so obstructed as to force him to leave rapidity, for this obvious reason, that a
dangerous intervals. body of men which advances towards, or
See Belidor's treatise on Hydraulic Ar retires from an approaching enemy, ma\
chitecture. get into line, or into columns prepared
Line o/Defence, represents the flight for action, without loss of time. Therv-
of a musquet ball from the place where may, however, be exceptions to thisgc
116 D E H DEN

neral rule. For


instance, if the regiment some distance from the walls of a fortifi
is passing a
bridge, either retreating or cation, the better to secure the main
ad .'a. icing, nd the
bridge is not firm, the places, and to protect the siege, &c.
prcssur upon it must be as little as pos See Fortification.
sible; because it it should break down, DELINEATION, an outline or
the- regim nt is suddenly separated, and! sketch. Se Design.
the remaind r may be cut to pieces. In DELIVER. See Surrender.
passing a common defile tne pace must DEMI-BASTION, or half-bastion, is

be proportioned to the nature of the a work with only one face aid one flank.

ground.
'
See Fortification.
DEFILING a lodgment. See Enfi DEMI-CANNON. See Cannon.
lade. DEMI-CULVERIN, See Cannon.
DEF-- RMEk.Fr. ina military sense, DEMI-DISTANCE, des polygenes,
signifies to break : as dejorn.cr une' colonne, Ex. is the distance between the exterior
to i.i -ak a column. polygonsand the angles.
DEFY See Challenge. Demi-Distances, Fr. halfdistances:
D FT AST, Ir. the la\ig waste an as serrez la colonne a demi-distances, close to

enemy's coui.tn, particularly in the the column at half distances


neighborhood of a town which an army DEMI-FILE, Fr. is that-rank ina
attempts o reduce by famine, or which French battalion, which immediately suc-
ret uses to pa\ military exactions. | ceeds to the serre-demi-flle, and is at the
DEGORGEOIR, Fr. a sort of steel i! head of the remaining half of its depth.
pricker used in examii.ing the toucn- DEMI-LANCE, a light lance
hoie or' a canuo- ; called a priming wire. spear.
DEGRADATION, in a military life, DEMI- LINE, in fortification, is a
the act of depriving an officer for ever of work placed before the curtain to cover
his commission, rank, dignity, or degree it and prevent the flanks from being dis
of honor ; md taking away, at the same covered sideways. It is made of two
time, title, badve, and every other privi faces, meeting in an outward angle. See
lege ot an officer. For tif ICATION.
DEG K A DE R, Fr. To degrade The DEMI-GORGE, in fortification, is
character o a soldier in Fiance was for half the gorge, or entrance into the bas
merly, an we p esume still is, so scrupu tion, not taken directly from angle to
lously watched, that criminals were ne angle, where the bastion joins the cur
ver delivered over to the charge ofthe ci tain, but from the angle ef the flank to
vil power, orsent to be exec ".ted, without the centre of the bastion ; or the angle
having been previously degraded ; which which the two curtains would make, by
was done in the
following manner : their prolongation. Sec Fortifica
As soon as the serjeant of the com pan \ tion.
to which the c.'lprit belonged, had re DEMISSION, Fr. Resignation.
ceived oiders from the major of the regi DEMOLITION, the act of over
ment, to degrade and render him incapa- throwing buildings.
pable of bearing arms ; he accoutred him DENIZEN, a free man, residing in a
cap-a-pied, taking care to place his right country or state, and owing allegiance, as
ha'-d upon the but-end of the musquet, opposed to Alien, which means a person
while the soldier remained tied. He 'hen not a citizen, and who owes or acknow
repeated the following words: finding thee ledges a foreign allegiance
to bear arms, we thus DENONC1ATEUR d'un desert ur, Fr.
unworthy
"
degrade thee.
Te truant uidignedi: porter ieo armes, During the old goven ment of Francv,
nous t'en degradons." He then drew the a military regulation existed by which'
musquet Lorn his arm backwards, took any person who discovered a deserter, was
off his cross-belt, sword, &c. and finally entitled to his full discharge, if a soldier :
gave hi in a kick upon the posteriors. and to one hundred livres, or eleven dol
After which the serjeant retired, and the lars reward.
executioner seized the criminal. See Denonciateur, in a general sense,
Dr um-out. may not improperly be called a military
DEGRE. See Decree. informer. So rigid indeed, were the re
DEGREE. Though this term pro gulations (even in the most corrupt state
perly belongs to geometry, nevertheless it of the French government) against every
is frequently used both' in forrification,
species of misapplication and embezzle
and eunnery. Hence it will not be im ment, that if a private dragoon gave infor
proper to stajic, that it is a division ol a mation to the commissary of musters
circle, including a
360th part of its cir of a troop horse that had passed muster,
cumference. Every circle is supposed to having been used in the private service
be divided into 360, parts called degrees, of an officer, he was entitled not only to
and each degree into 60 ', other parts, his discharge, but received moreover one
called minut.s; each of these minutes hundred livres in cash, and became mas
being divided into 60'' seconds, each se ter of the horse and equipage, with which
cond into thirds, ai.d so on. he retired unmolested. It is not men
DEHORS, i;i the military art, are all tioned in the publication from which we
'sorts pf out-works in general, placed at extract this remark, whether the office:
D E P D E P 117

was cashiered, &c. but we presume he which military stores are deposited for the
was. use of the army. In a more extensive-
One hundred andfifty livres were like sense, itmeans several magazines collect
wise paid to any dragoon, or soldier who ed together for that purpose. It also
should give information of a premedi signifies an appropriated fort, or place,
tated duel ; he obtained moreover his for the reception of recruits, or detached
discharge. parties, belonging to different regiments.
DENSITY of bodies See Motion.
.
During hostilities, the greatest attention
DEPAS5ER (or Deborber), Fr. should be given to preserve the several
To over- run. In oblique movements, depots which belong to the fighting army.
care should be taken not to af Hence the line of operation should be in
particular
ford an enemy that advances on the same variably connected with them ; or rather
points with yourself", the means of out no advance should be made upon that
line,
flanking you ; which must inevitably without the strictest regard being paid to
happen, should any part of your troops the one of communication.
over run their proper ground. For tne Depot is also used to denote a particu
instant such an error occurs, your anta lar place at the tail of the trenches, out of
gonist will only have to form a retired the reach of the cannon of the place,
flank, oppose you in front on that part, where the troops generally assemble, who
and charge the remainder in flank, after are ordered to attack the out-
works, or
having cut off" all the troops that had support the troops in ;he trenches, when
over-run. there is reason to imagine the besieged in*
Selaisser Depasser, to sutler yourself tend making a vigorous sally.
to be overtaken. Depot, likewise means a temporary
DEPENSES, Fr. In a military sense, magazine for forage, for fascines, gabions',
implies secret service money. tools, and every other thing necessary for
DEPLOY, to display, to spread out ; the support of an for
army, or
carrying on
a column is said to deploy, when the di a siege.
visions open out, or extend to form line DEPOUILLE.Fr. met ire en dipouille,
on some one of those divisions. is an expression made use of in
cairng ol
DEPLOYMENT, ox flank march, in cannon, and signifies to strip it of tlie mat
j
military sense, the act of unfolding or ting, clay, Sec.
expanding any given body of men, so as Depouilles de I' ennemi, Ex. See
to extend their front. A deployment Spoils.
may
be made in various ways. The prin DEPRESSION, the placing of any
cipal one is, from the close column into piece of ordnance, so that its shot be
line. A battalion in close column may thrown under the point blank line.
form in line on its front, on its rear, or on DEPRESSED #;.#, any piece of ord
any central division, by the deployment, nance having its mouth
depressed below
ox flank march, and
by which it succes the horizontal line.
sively uncovers and extends its several Depth of a battalion or squadron, in
divisions. military affairs, the number of ranks, or
In the passage of an obstacle,
parts of the quantity of men.
Infantry were for
the battalion are required to form in close
merly drawn up 6 or 8 deep, that is, it
column, and again deploy into line; al consisted of so many ranks ; but now the
though the division formed upon, con line of infantry are generally drawn
tinues to be moveable. This, however, up
only 3 deep, and in defence of a breast
depends wholly upon the nature of the work but two deep. When infantry is
ground or country, over which the bat drawn up 3 deep, the first rank is called
talion is marching. the front rank ; the second, the centre
Deployment into line on a front divi rank ; and the third, the rear rank ; and
sion, the right in front, is effected bv halting the files which bind the right and left, are
that division in the
alignement, and all called the flanks. The cavalry is drawn
the others in their true
situations, paral- up 2 deep.
lei and well closed up to it ; and then
by DEPTH, a technical word peculiarly
taking a point for forming upon, and applicable to bodies of men drawn up in
dressing by it in the prolongation of line or column.
that division. For a minute
explanation Depth of formation. The fundamen
of the deployments on a rear and central
tal order of the infantry in which
division. See American they
Military Library. should always form and act, and for
Oblique Deployments differ from those which all their various and
movements, which are made when a bat operations
talion stands perpendicular to the line on
movements are calculated, is thrte ranks.
The formation in two ranks is regarded as
which it is to form, these deployments an occasional exception that
are frequently made on. an may be made
oblique line from it, where an extended and covered
advanced, on an oblique line retired: and front is to be occupied, or wheie an ir
when the close cob inn halted is to form
in line in the
regular enemy, who deals only in fire, is
and on
prolongation of its flank,
either tne front, rear,
to be opposed. The formation in two
or central
division.
ranks, and at open files, is calculated
See Am, Mil. Lib. for
only light troops in the attack and
DEPOT, any particular place in pursuit of a timid ennny, but not '.'.>.
118 DES DES

making an impression on an opposite re taken, and forwarded to those places to

gular line, which vigorously assails, or which he is most likely to resort.

resists. DESERTER, in a military sense, a


Depth is not only applicable to men soldier who, by running away from his
drawn up in line, and standing at close, regiment, troop, or company, abandons
the service.
or open files twoor three
deep, but it may Deserters. A prudent officer will
likewise signify the relative depth of an
army marching towards any given object, always be cautious of what he entrusts
in desultory columns. to a deserter; the judgment of the offi
cer and his knowlege of human charac
DEPUTY, a t rm given to persons
employed in the evil departments ofthe ter, are the only guides which he has in
trusts. his conduct ; the motives of the deserter
army, and subject to superior
Deputy pay-masters. are therefore to be considered , whether
Deputy muster- ma fters .
it was the result ol depravity in himself
Dei'Utv commissaries .
or of causes which might affect a gene

Deputy judge-advocate. rous mind. In this case, however, he


DE ROUTE, Fr. The total over should be as cautious as if it proved to be
throw of an army, battalion, or of any depravity only. A deserter on reaching
armed party. See Defeat. the lines is put under arrest and conduct
To DESCEND, sign 'ties to leave any ed to the commanding officer, where he
eminence for immediate is examined, and it is usual to notify
position on an

action. him he will be punished with death as


To Descend upon, to invade. When a
spy if he gives false information.
an enemy from surrounding heights sud Though great caution is required in re
denly marches against a fortified place, he gard to the information given by deserters,
is .aid to descend upon it. The term is great advantage may be derived from their
also applied to troops debarking from information, as attacks premeditated, the
their ships for the purpose of invasion. positions of officers, corps, and maga
DESCENT. Hostile invasion of any zines, and head quarters, of discontents
state or kingdom. in the army, or disagreements among the
D E SCE NT E >,<&*.? le fossi, Fr. See superior officers.
Descents into the ditch. Deserters from the militia may be
Descents into the ditch, arc cuts and apprehended by any person in the same
excavations which are made by means manner, that deserters are from the regu
of saps in the counterscarp beneath the lar army. Persons apprehending a de- if
*>
covert way. Theyare covered with thick serter are entitled to 10 dollars.
boards and hurdles, and a certain quantity Penalty of Desertion. All officers
of earth is thrown upon the top, in order and soldiers, who havmgi received pay, or
to obviate the bad effects which might having been duly enlisted in the U. S. ser
arise from shells, Sec. vice, shall be convicted of having deserted
When the ditch or fosse is full of the same, shall suffer death or such other
water, the descent must be made to its punishment as by a court-martial shall
be inflicted. Art. V/ar,\ 20,21,22,23.
edge, afrer which the ditch must be filled
with strong fascines covered with earth. Any non commissioned officer or sol
When the ditch is dry, the saps are carried dier, who shall, without leave from his
on to the bottom, and traverses arc made commanding officer, absent himself from
in order to secure a lodgment, or to ren his troop or company, or from any de
der the of the miner more tachment with which he shall be com
approaches
practicable. When the ditch or fosse manded, shall, upon being convicted
which is full of water, has little or no thereof, be punished according to the
nature of the offence, at the discretion ol
bank, the descent is simply made over it,
care being taken to cover its enfilade or a court-martial.
No non commissioned officer or soldier
range with blinds and chandeliers,
or to

execute it as much out of that line as shall inlist himself in any other regiment,
possible. troop, or company, without a regular
Descents, in fortification, arc the discharge from the regiment, troop, or
holes, vaults, and hollow places, made company in which he last" served, on the
by undermining the ground. penalty of being reputed a deserter and
DESCRIPTION, i>igna/ement, Fr. suffering accordingly: and in case any
The description of a man's person, his officer shall knowingly receive and en
It not only signifies the tertain such non commissioned officer or
appearance, Sec.
figure, but an exact and specific detail of soldier, or shall not, after his being dis
such marks and prominent features, that covered to be a deserter, immediately con-
fine him, and give notice thereof to the
bv comparing the copy taken on paper the
with the original, the latter may be in corpse in which he last served, ahe,
stantly recognised. It is the custom in said officer so off ending, shall by court-
all well regulated armies for every regi martial be cashiered.
ment to have an exact description
of each Whatsoever officer or soldier shall be
man that belongs to it, specifically
drawn convicted of having advised any other of
out in the adjutant's books.
So that ficer or soldier, to desert our service, shall
.'-hen a soldier deserts, a copy is instantly suffer such punishment as shall be iu-
D E T D I A 119

sentence of the DESORDE, Fr. See Disorber.


flicted upon him by the
court-martial DESTINATION, the place- or pur
towhich any body ot troops is ap
Penalty for concealing British Desert- pose,
in order to do or attempt some
frs, or buying
their arms, clothes, Sec. pointed
military service.
Provided always, that if any person shall
To DETACH, is to send out part of
harbor, conceal, or assist any deserter from
him to be a great number of men on some particular
his majesty's service, knowing
such, the person so offending shall for service, separate from that of the main
feit for every such offence, the sum of 5/. body.
or if any person shall knowingly detain,
DETACHED pieces, in fortification,
such out-works as are detached, or
buy, or exchange, or otherwise receive,
are

or other furni at adistance from the body of the place;


any arms, clothes, caps,
ture belonging to the king, from any sol such as hall-moons, ravelines, bastions,
dier 01 deserter, or any other person, upon Sec.

any account or pretence whatsoever,


or DETACHEMENT, Fr. See De
to be
cause the color of such clothes
tachment.

changed; the person so offending,


shall DETACHMENT, in military affairs,
men drawn out
forfeit for every such offence the sum of an uncertain number of
oath ot from several reriments or companies
5/. and upon conviction by the
one or more credible witness
or witnesses, equally, to march or be employed as the
before any of his majesty's justices of the general may think proper, whether
on an

peace, the said respective penalties


of 5/. attack, at a siege, or in parties to scour
A detachment of
and 5/. shall be levied by warrant under the country. 2000 or

the hands of the said justice or justices 3000 men is a command for a general offi
of the peace, by distress and sale of the cer; 800 for a colonel, 500 tor a lieuten
goods and chattels of the offender ; one ant-colonel,
200 or
300 for a major, 8a
for a lieutenant
moiety of the said first mentioned penalty or 100 for captain, 4
a

of 5/. to be paid to the informer, by whose or ensign, 12 for a serjeant, and 6 for a
shall be apprehend Detachments are sometimes
means such deserter corporal.
ed ; and one moiety of the said last men made of intirs squadrons and battalions.
tioned penalty of 5/. to be paid to the One general rule in all military projects
informer ; and the residue of the said re that depei.ds upon us alone, should be
be the offi tp,omit nothing that can insure the suc
spective penalties to paid to

cer to whom any such deserter or soldier cess of our detachment and design; but,

did belong : and in c.se any such ofiender, in that which depends upon the enemy,
who shall be convicted, as aforesaid, or to trust something to hazard.

harboring or assisting any such deserter DETAIL, Fr. foire le detail d'une
or deserters, or having knowingly receiv armee, d'une compagnie, ou d'une corps ut
ed any arms, clothes, caps, or other fur gens de guerre ; is to keep a strict eye upon
niture belonging to the king or having every part ofthe service, and to issue out
caused the color of such clothes to be instructions or orders, that every indi
changed, contrary to the intent of this vidual belonging to a military profession
act, shall not have sufficient goods and may discharge his trust with accuracy
chattels, wherein distress may be made, and fidelity. Faire le detail d'une compag-
to the value of the penalties recovered nie, likewise means to make up a com
against him for such offence, or shall not pany's report, Sec.
pay such penalties within 4 days after DETAIL^/ duty, in military affair.:,
such conviction ; then, and in such case, is a roster or table for the regular and exact
such justice of the peace shall and may, I performance of duty, either in the field,
by warrant under his hand and seal, either I garrison, or cantonments. The general
commit such offender to the common I detail of duty is the proper care of the
gaol, there to remain without bail or majors of brigade, who are guided by the
mainprise for the space of three months, ! roster of the officers, and by the tables
or cause such offender to be publicly for the men, to be occasionally furnished.
whippedat the discretion of such jus- The adjutant of a regiment keeps the
rice. detail of duty for the officers of his regi
Deserteur, Fr. See Deserter. ment, as does the serjeant- i;:.ijor that for
DESIGN, ina general sense, implies the non-commissioned, and the latter
ihe plan, order, representation, or con that for the privates.
struction of any kind of military building,
' DEVASTATION, in military his
chart, map*, or drawing, Sec In build tory, the act of destroying, laying waste,
ing, the term ichnograpby may be used, demolishing, or unpeopling towns, Sec.
when by design is only meant the plan of DEVELOPPE, Fr, to unfold, to un
x building or a flat figure drawn on paper : ravel ; as Se de'velopper sur la tele d'uw
when some side or face of the building colonne, to form line on the head of a
is raised from the ground, we may use column.
the term orthography ; and when both DEVICE, the emblems on a shield 01
front and sides are seen in pertpective, we standard.
may call it scenogruphy. DEVIL militaire, Fr. military mourr-
DESIGNING, the art of delineating i|ing.
ix drawing the appearance of natural ob DEVUIDER, in the r.anege, is ;m-
jects, by lines en a plane.
120 DI A DI A

plied to a horse that, upon working upon add the given logarithm .283979 to the
volts, makes his shoulders go too fast for third part of .460070 of the logarithm
the croupe to follow. 1. 38021 12 of 24, the sum .7440494 will
DIABLE. Fr. See Chat. be the logarithm ofthe diameter of a shot
DIAGONAL, reaching from one angle weighing 24 pounds, which is 5. 5468
io another; so as to divide a parallelo inches.
gram into If the weight should be expressed by
equal parts.
Diagonal Movements. See E- a fraction, the rule is still the same: for

f.HEI.LON'. instance, the diameter of a i pound ball,


or 3-2, is found by adding the logarithm
DIAMETE-R, in both a military and
geometrical sense, implies a right line .2839793, found above, to .0586971 1.3
passing through the centre of a circle, ofthe logarithm of 2-3, the sum .3426764
and terminated! at each side by the cir will be the logarithm of the diameter
cumference thereof. See Circle. required, /. e. 2.2013 inches.
The impossibility of expressing the As the diameter of the bore, or the
exact proportion of the diameter of a cir calibre of the piece, is made 1-20 part
cle to its circumference, by any received larger than that of the shot, according to
the present
way of notation, and the absolute neces practice, the following table
is computea for this proportion.
sity of having it as near the truth as pos
sible, has put some of the most celebrat -
J2 .0 JO
ed men in all ages upon endeavoring to S -C
s -O g
approximate it. The first who attempt -n CJ TJ 0 J T3 0
ed it with success, was the celebrated 0 30 30 1 CO 0
Van Culen, a Dutchman, who by the (1
c* m
-n
co c
(1
0
cf
00
CO 00
O fO

ancient method, though so very laborious, t t er to ./N o O NO r^ t-


"-J
carried it to 36 decimal places : these he >o O r* ON co
O CO CO
ordered to be engraven on his tomb-stone, GO
cr
00 O
sr
0 c .>c ""
O
>!- O CO

thinking he had set bounds to improve CO * !/> m u- >c O o" O r


ments. However, the indefatigable Mr. a- n CJN r- 00 O X-
Abraham Sharp carried it to 75 places in 1 r~ 0
r- NO
00
T
ON -
eO
I-*
to
0
0
1-
0
1^
"ef 00
ON <M
decimals ; and since that, the learned Mr. 4 to /" N 0 0
CO CO >C r-
John Machin has carried it to 100 places, ^ ce 00 <o 00 n NT,
O NO 3- 00 ON 00 NT ,~\
which are as follows : NO * 0 90 c ""- -> o nO 00 <s
If the diameter of a circle be 1, the Se.

tf1 0 CO <* 10 to e^ NO O 0 ti
eircumforence will be 3.1415926535,89 CO CO
*J n
00 NO * ao ON ON O *_-
-,9323846,2643383279,502884197 1, 693993 co M * '*- NO n O 0

7510,5820974944,5923078164,0528620899, CO CO *} * ir- 0 nO 0 c-

^628034825,3421 170679, J.of the same CO


m
^r U-> <o
ro NO
t~~
-<t
"*
IS
0
CO
m

*t 00
On

parts; which is a degree of exactness far


o- n O 90 33 r *"-
<*

surpassing all imagination. ro co 't 4 IO to O P. _^


But the ratios generally used in the *j
to -^. is 00 ON -O "to
r- r< * O *f fi r- CO

practice ot military mathematics arc- ~ t^ in r-~ <t l~- l->


* r-. 0

these following. The diameter of the ^> r\ N N-f- *


.-r. <5 nO' t^
circle is to its circumference as 113 is to CO CO CO co~
<s 5 CI 3D NO n
The square of the diameter el- 1- 0
to CO <3
355 nearly.
as m
t <o 0

is to the area of the circle, as 452 to 355. H


c<
_<* IO to eC NO NO f-
ON
The cube of the diameter is, to the solid Id CO l-
r^ ON
to
0
O
r~
CO
t C:
s t
content of a sphere, as 678 to 355. The

<
N 1" CO to O CO nO ON

f
cubes of the axes are, to the solid con
-
<* ^J- -0 to nC 0. nO O

tents of equi-altitude cylinders, as 452 to u CO O 0 o t^. ,*., 0 ^t


* IS 00 r- f~- O
The solid content of a sphere is,

0 *- CI T O- r< 10 ON
355.
to the circumscribed cylinder, as 2 to 3. * 3- e/- to to -C >o O

How to find the Diameter cf shot cr


A 0 - c to *
ihells. For an iron ball, whose diameter
is given, supposing a o-pounder, which is
nearly 4 inches, say, the cube root of EXPLANATION.
i.08 of 9 pounds is, to 4 inches, as the The numbers in the first line ofthe table
cube root of the given weight is to the are units, and those in the first column of
diameter sought. Or, if 4 be divided, by the left side of the table tens ; the other
i.08, the cube root of 9, the quotient numbers, under the one, and opposite to
1.923 will be the diameter of a i-pound the others, are the respective diameters of
shot ; which being continually multi shot and calibres. Thus, to find tie diame
plied bv the cube root of the given weight, ter of the shot, and the calibre of a 24
pr.
,'ivs the diameter required. look for the number 2 on the left-hand
Or by logarithms much shorter, thus: side, and for 4 at top ; then the number
If the logarithm of 1.923, which is 5.547, under 4, and opposite 2, will be
.283979, be constantly added to the third the diameter of the shot in inches and
of the weight, the
part of the logarithm decimals, and the number 58.24, under
sum will be the logarithm of the diame- the first, the calibre of a 24- pounder
er. Suppose a shot to weigh 24 pounds: &c.
DIM DIS 121

which does not perform this operation


NO co

On.
o On with the greatest exactness and attention,
00 NO
so as not to lengthen out in the smallest

io
degree, is not fit to move in the column of
0
CO CO to
a considerable- corps.
ON
00 OO ,nO DIRECT EUR General, Fr. A mili
tary post of nominal importance wi ich
CO o
to
1^ M
o
vvas
originally instituted by Louis XIV.
r oo o to This charge was entrusted to eight lieu
tenant generals, four to command and
^ superintend the infantry, and fourforthe
On
IT
O
! **
^ o ON nO J
no
to
o
>o cavalry. They possessed, however, little
or no
authority over the army in general ;
being subordinate in some degree to the
to ON >o
general officer whose corps they might
to
inspect, and to whom they rendered a
correct account of its interior osconomy.
CO 0\ 1
t q On r- 1
r-
-< They were likewise assisted by Inspec
O >o 1
'
to tors general. The four directors were
afterwards replaced by the inspectors,
00 M t~- 1 m from a principle of ceconomy. The per
oo 1 n
CO manent ones of that
f-e to
j to
appellation were:
director general of the roval artillery
*> NO o <o nO school ; director general of military hos
C< CO ON (S
rt CO r- m to pitals; director general of fortification;
director general of the cavalry; director
to nO general of stores.
M <o
u-> o
NO
CO
to DIRECTION, in military mechan
ics, signifies the line or path of a body in
to >o CO
motion, along which it endeavors to
force its way, according to the
0 0 nS to
propelling
power that is given to it.
" Angle of Direction, that formed by
1 1 1 1 the lines of direction of two conspiring
The diameter of musquet bores differs powers.
about i-5oth part from that of the bul Quantity of Direction, term used
a
let. by military mathematicians for the pro
Diameter of powder measures. See duct ofthe velocity of the coi'imon centre
Powder Measures.,
*
of gravity of a system of bodies,
by the
sum of their
DICTATOR, magistrate of Rome,
a quantities of matter: this is
made in times of exigence and public dis no
ways altered by any collisions among
tress, and invested with absolute au the bodies themselves.
thority. DIRK, a kind of dagger used by mili
DIFFERENCE. The sum paid by tary men, and by the Highlanders in Scot
v

in officer in the British service, when he land.


exchanges from half to full pay. It like To DISARM. To deprive a soldier
wise means the regulation price between of every species of offensive or defensive
an inferior and a
superior commission. weapon.
Officers who retire upon half pay, and DISARMED. Soldiers divested of
fake the difference, their arms, either by
subject themselves conquest, or in con
to
many incidental disadvantages, should sequence of some defection.
they wish into active service.
to return DISBANDED, the soldiers of any re
DIGGING. See Mining. giment, who are in a body dismissed from
DIGLADIATION, a combat with the conairions of their military service.
^ words. D1SBARK. See Disembark.
DIGU0N, Fr. a staff at the erd of DISCHARGE, in a military sense, is
which is suspended a vane or streamer. the dismissing a sold'er from the
troop or
This term is properly marine. company he belonged to, either at .,!*
DIKE or Dyke, a channel to receive own r
quest, or after long services
water, also a dam or mound, to revent This term is also applied to tn:
tiring
inundation. Se Fortificati >n of cannon or musquets, as a dischar. e of
DIMACH.^, in ancient military af cannon, or o small arms.
fairs, were a kind of horse .;en, answer DISCIPLINARIAN, an officer who
ing to the dragons of the moderns. pays particular regard to th di.e pline of

DIMICATION. See Battle. the soldiers under his command


To DIMINISH or increase the front of DISCIPLINE, in a military sense,
a battalion, is to adapt the column of signifies the instruction and government
march or manoeuvre according to the ob- of soldiers.
stiuctions and difficulties which it meets Military Discipline, } By military
in advancing. This is one of the most Military Constitution, constitution
}
..mportant movements, and a battalion is meant, the authoritative declared laws

%
122 D I S D I S

for the guidance of all unfit for use. Guns are frequently dis,
military me., and r-'
all military matters; and by discipline is I manticd and 1 ft upon the field of battle.
meant, the obedience to, and exercise of DISCOMFIT, defeat, rout, over
those laws. As health is to the natural throw.
body, so is a sound military constitution DISCOVERER, a scout; one who
to the
military one ; and as exercise is to is descry the enemy.
set to
the first, so is discipline to the last. Bra DISEMBARK, to land from on board
any vessel or craft, used to
very will perchance gain a battle; but convey troops
every one knows that by discipline alone l on the sea.
the long disputed prize of a war can be DISEMBODIED. See Disbanded.
To DISEMBODY. To disband.
ultimately obtained.
The kingdom of Prussia was a striking DISGARNISH, to take guns from a
example in favor Of perfect discipline ; for fortress.
while that state had a strong army, and DISLODGE, to drive an enemy from
maintained that army in strict discipline, their post or station.
it had held a very considerable share in DISMISSED. An officer in the Bri
the system of Europe. tish service may|be dismissed generally or
Marine Discipline, is the training up specifically. When an officer is dismissed
soldiers for sea service, in suoh exercises generally, it is" signified to him, that there
and various positions as the musquet and is not any further occasion for his ser
body may require: teaching them like vices. When an officer is dismissed spe
wise every manoeuvre that can be per cifically, it is expressly notified, that he
formed on board ships of war at sea, Sec. is rendered incapable of ever serving again.
DISCIPLINE militaire. See Mili Sometimes, indeed this species of dis- *

tary Discipline. missal is attended with public marks of


DISCRETION, Fr. discretion. Se extreme disgrace and degradation. In the
I'endre d discretion, to surrender at dis Austrian service a colonel has been dis
cretion, implies to throw one's self upon missed at the head of his regiment, and
the mercy of a victorious enemy. The has had his sword broken before him, Sec.
French likewise say, les soldats vivent a During the present war the colonel of a
discretion dans un pays ; which in familiar militia regiment has not only been ren
English signifies, soldiers live scot-free in a dered incapable of ever serving again,-
country. but has been expelled the house of com*
To DISENGAGE, to clear a column mons for military misconduct. The
or line, which may have lost its proper charges against him, together with the
front by the overlapping of any particular circumstantial proofs of his guilt, and
division, company, or section when or the king's approbation of the sentence ..

dered to form up. To do this, ground were read in the circle of every regiment i

must be taken to the right or left. It is throughout Great Britain, in 1795, and
however, a dangerous operation when the nothing but a plea of severe indisposition*
army or battalion gets into a line of fire. saved the culprit from having the minute"
In that case the files that overlap must publicly communicated to him at the
remain in the rear, and fill up the first horse guards.
D I SMO UN TING, in a military sense,
openings.
To Disengage, is also extricate
to is the act of unhorsing. Thus, to dis
yourself and th men you command from mount the cavalry, Sec. is to make them
a critical situation. A battalion, for in alight.
stance, which may have advanced too far To Dismount cannon, isbreak
to

during an action, and got between two their carriages, wheels, axle-trees, 6r any
fires, may, by an able manoeuvre, disen thing else, so as to render them unfit for
gage itself. service. It also implies dismounting by
To Disengage the wings of a battalion . the gin, &c.
This is necessary when the battalion DISOBEDIENCE of orders. Any
countermarches from its centre, and on infraction, by neglect or wilful omission,
its 'centre by files. The battalion ha\ing of general or regimental orders. It is
received the word " by wings, inward punishable by the articles of war.
"
face," is next ordered by wings, three DISPART, in gunnery, is to set a
side steps to the right, march," by which mark on the muzzle ring, so that it may
the wings arc disengaged from each other, be of an
equal height wuh the base ring:
or this may be done b\ a quarter face to hence a line drawn between them, will
rhe right and left a.ter facing inward. In be parallel to the axis of the concave cy
counter-marchin. , &c. the leading files linder, for tho gunner to take aim by it,
must uniformly disengage themselves. to hit the mark he is to file at ; for the
To Disengage, in fencim , to quit bore and this imaginary line being paral
that side of your adversary's blade, on lel, the aim so taken must be true. This
which you are opposed by his guard, in exactness cannot be made use of in an en
order to effect a cut or thrust where an gagement, and but very seldom at a siege;
opportunity may present. lor in those cases
practice and the eye
DISMANTLE, to strip a town or must be the only guides.

fortress of its outworks. DrsPART. The dispart of agun is the


To Dismantle agun. To render it half tUfterence between the diameter 0*
DIS DIS 123

of the
the gun at the base ring, and at the swell parts for the ultimate benefit
of the muzzle. The general dispart of whole, &c.
all guns is about the t -56 part of their A particular disposition
or arrangement

length. See the disparts of French and of warsignifies the detail of minute ob
English guns under the word Tangent jects, and the appropriation of various
for the purpose
Scale. parts, one with another,
D1 s pa of effecting a general combination. This
r t -front let See Frontlet.
the other
which
TvDISPERsE. In a military sense, disposition, (without
may be variously understood. In an ac must prove abortive,) consists in an ob
tive one, it signifies to disperse any body servance of the strictest discipline by
to a troop
of men, armed or unarmed, who may every individual that belongs
have assembled in an illegal or hostile or company. To this end, general of
manner. The cavalry are generally em ficers should be scrupulously exact in
ployed on these occasions. attending to the inspection of particular
To Disperse, likewise means to break corps ; specific instructions
for regimen
suddenly from any particular order, in tal ceconomy and discipline should be
line or column, and to repair to some ral given, and the strictest regard be paid to
lying point Hence to sound the dis the execution of orders.
perse, is to give notice that the battalion DISTANCE, in military formation,
or battalions are to retreat from their ac signifies the relative space which is left
tual position, in a loose and desultory between men standing under arms in
manner, and to reassemble according to rank, the intervals which appear be
or
the natural line of formation, taking the tween those ranks, &c
colors as theircentral points to dress by. Distances. Inaccessable distances
DISPLACED, officers in the British may be found several ways ; the most
service are sometimes displaced from a correct of which of course is by means of
instruments ; which,
particular regiment in consequence ofi proper mathematical
misconduct proved upon the minutes of I however, are not always to be had in the
a general court martial ; but they are at | field.
liberty to serve in any other corps. The following different methods are
7o DISPLAY, ina military sense, isi laid down by several authors, where in
to extend the front of a column, and \ struments cannot be had.
hereby bring it into line. See Deploy. Fig. 7.
DISPOSE, to dispose cannon, is to
place it in such a manner, that its dis
charge may do the greatest mischief. For
instance, to dispose cannon along the know
front of the line.
1. Wishing to
the distance of the
DISPOSITION, in a general
sense,
is thejust placing an army or body of men object A from B (fig.
upon the most advantageous ground, and "
i.J place a picket at
,

B and another at C,
,

in the strongest situation for a vigorous


* an,rt an..
at a tew fathoms dis ",>.
attack or defence.
DISPOSITION de guerre, Fr. war- I tance, making ABC
and dl
like arran^mPnr.
arrangement, or or disnnsirinn Under a.r.RhJ &e>
disposition UnHor vide B C into 4, 5, or
this head may be considered the mode of
number of equal
establishing, combining, conducting, and any
finally terminating a war, so as to pro parts: make another
similar angle at C, in
duce success and victory.
a direction from the
Wisdom and discretion in council point
out the form necessary for the first estab object, and walk along
lishment of a warlike enterprise, or dis the line C D till you
bring yourself in a line
position, afford the means of bringing it j with the object A',
to a conclusion, and assimilate all the
various parts so as to unite the whole. and any of the divi
The following maxims are in the me sions, (say 0) of the ~

moirs of general Montecuculi. line BC. Then, a* ^


1. Deliberate leisurely, execute promptly. Co: CD::Bo: BA.
2, Let the safety ofyour army beyour first
Vauban.
object.
3. Leave something to chance.
4. Take advantage of circumstances.
5. Use all the means in your power to se.

cure agood reputation. To gain the distance between two


2.
The disposition or arrangement of a objectsC and D
(fag. 2.) from any point
warlike enterprise may be universal, or A, taken in the line C D, erect the per
particular. pendicular A E : on which set off' Irorr.
An universal disposition or arrange A to E, 1 or 200 feet, more or less, ac
ment of war implies every thing which cording tothe distance between the points
relates to that system upon an extensive C and D ; set off from E to G in the pro
srile; such as the combination of many longation A E, one eighth or one tenth cf
124 DIS DIS

A E ; at G raise the
perpendicular GF,| Nearly after the same manner may
and prodtice it towards I; plant pickets be ascertained the distance from B to
at E and G, then move with another! A when the
point B is accessible ; for
picket on G F till it becomes in a line having n easured the line C B, and made
the an.le C E 1) equal to C B A, it will
be, as CE : DE : : CB : B A.
4 The distance of a battery, or other
object, r, iay be ascertained by the tacgent
scale on the breech of a gun. It is how.
ever necessary in this case to know the

height of the object, the distance of


which s required. Lay the gun by the
upper line of metal for the top of the ob
ject, then raise the tangent scale till the
top ofthe scale and the notch at the muz
zle are in a line with the bottom of the
object, and note what height of the tan-
gmt scale is required: then say, as the
length of the scale a .ove the base ring
of the gun is to the 1 ngth from the base
# !. ring to ihe swell of the muzzle, so is the
height of the object to its distance from
the muzzle of the gun.
5. The breadth of a river, or other
short distance, may be taken thus : take
two pickets of different lengths, drive
the snortest into the ground close to ihe
edge of the bank ; measure some paces
back from it, and drive in the other till
you find, by looking over the tops of
both, that your sight cuts the opposite
side Then pull up the first picket, mea.

sure tht same distance from the second,


with E and D : and on the prolongation in any direction he most horizontal, and

of tlie perpendicular F G place another drive it as ..eep in the ground .s before.


_
picket at I in the line with E ana C ; mea
jpicke Consequently, it you look over them
sure F I, and it will be as GE:A
again, and observe where the line of sight
'-. : F I : C D. i falls, you will have the distance re
3 To gain the inaccessible length A B, quired
(fig. 3.) of the front of a fortification; 6. The following simple method of as
plant a picket at C, from whence both certaining the breadth of a river may be
the lengths C A
pomts may be seen : ffoci
P sufficiently correct for some cases : Place
arr.d C Ji-bv th method just given (No. i.j yourseli at the edge of one bank, and
.

lake CE, any part or C B, and! |


ma or
| lower one corner of your hat till you find
make C D bear the same proportion to the edge of it cuts the other bank
; then
C A : measure D E, then it will be as
steady your head, by placing your hand
CD : D E : : C A : A B. under your chin, and turn gently round
to some level spot of ground, and observe
where your eyes and the edge of tin- lial
again meet the ground : your distance
from that point will be nearly the breadth
ofthe river.
7. Distances ascertained by the dif
ference batween the true and apparent
level. See Levelli ng.
8. Distances measured by sound.
See Sound,
9. The following simple micrometer
may be so usefully applied to military
purposes, that w shall extract it verbatim
from the Philosophical Transactions tbi
1791, where it is described by Cavallo.
This micrometer consists of a thin and
narrow
slip of mother of pearl, finely di
vided, and placed in the fecus of the eye
glass ( f a
telescope, just where the image
is formed. It is immaterial whether the
telescope be a reflector, or a refractor,
providtd the eye glass be a convex lens
i>ee Am. Mil. Lib. Article Field anu not a concave one, as in the Galilean
IORTIFICATION. construction. The simplest way to fix
D IS DJS 125

stick it on the diaphragm, which termined the value of 30', which we will
it, is to
with 16 divisions
generally stands within the tube, and in suppose to orrespond
the focus of the eye glass. When thus on the scale, mark 30' o the opposite
side of the line, opposite 16 on the lower ;
fixed, if you look through the eye glass,
the divisions on the scale will appearvery opposite 8, and so on.
15
By the following table the results may
distinct, unless the diaphragm is not ex
actly in the focus : in which case the be ascertained by inspection only : thus,
scale must be placed exactly in the focus, suppose extension of 1 foot is found
an

by pushing the diaphragm, backwards or by the table to subtend an anje of 22',


forwards, when this is practicable'; or the distance will be 156.2: and suppose
else the scale may be easily removed from at the distance of 171 8 an object sub

one surface of the d aphragm to the other, tends an angle of 20', its height will be
found to be 1 foot ; or, suppose an object
by the interposition of a circular bit of
of 6 feet high to subtend an angle ot 20',
paper or card, or a piece of sealing when
wax.

This construction is fully sufficient the distance is 1030.8, by multiplying


the telescope is always to be used by the 171. 8 by 6.
same person ; but when different persons Table of Angles subtended by I Foot, at dif
arc to use it, then the diaphragm, which ferent Distances.
supports the micromett r, must be so con
structed as to be easily moved backwards
or forwards, though that motion need not "
5 *>

be greater than about th tentii or eighth
of an inch. This is necessary, because G'=
S
the distance of the focus of the same lens
appears different to the eyes of different 3437-7 16 214.8 110.9 46 74-7
persons ; and therefore whoever is going 1718. 9 202.2 107 4 47 73 l
to use the telescope for the mensuration
1145 9 191. < 104 2 48 71.6
of an angle, must first unscrew the tube i8o.i
which contains the eye glass and micro
859.4 101 1 49 70. T

687.5 171 8 5 68./


meter, from the rest of the telescope, 572-9 162.7 Si 67.4
95
and, looking through the eye glass, place 491 156.2 92 )2 66.1
the micrometer where the divisions of
it may appear most distinct to his eye.
429.7 149.4 90.4 53 64.8
382 o
143-2 88 1 54 63.6
The mother of pearl scale may be about 62. 5
the 24th part of an inch broad ; its length
343-7 137-5 85.9 55
3i2-5 132.2 3 56 61.4
is determined by the aperture of the 81.8 57
286.5 127.2 60.3
diaphragm ; its thickness that of writing 264 4 122.7 79-9 5 59.2
paper. The divisions on it may be the 245 118. 5 78 59 58.2
200th of an incii, which may reach from
229.2 114. 6 60 57-3
one edge of the scale to about the middle ;

and every fifth and tenth division may be Distance of files. Every soldier when
a little longer, the tenths going quite in his true position Under arms, shoul
across. When the telescope does not dered and in rank, must just feel with
magnify above 30 times, the divisions his elbow the touch of his neighbor with
need not be so minute. For the sake of whom he dresses ; nor in any situation of
those not conversant in trigonometry, the movement in front, must he ever relin
following is an easy method of determin quish such touch, which becomes in ac
ing the value of the divisions on the scale. tion the principal direction for the preser
Mark upon a wall or other place, the vation of his order, and each fiie as con
length of 6 inches ; then place the teles nected with its two neighboring ones,
cope before it so that the 6 inches be at must consider itself a complete body, so
right angles to it, and exactly 57 feet 3J arranged for the purpose of attack, or ef
inches distant from the object glass of the fectual defence. Close files must in
telescope. This done, look through the variably constitute the foimation of all
telescope, and observe how many divi corps that go into action. The peculiar
sions of the micrometer are equal to it, exercise of the light infantry is the only
and that same number of divisions will be exception See Am. Mil. Lib.
equal to half adegree, 01 30'; and this is Distance of ranks, open distances of
all that need be done to ascertain the value ranks are two paces asunder ; when close
ofthe scale. The reason on which it i3 they are one pace; when the body is halt
founded is, that an extension of six inches ed and to lire, they are still closer locked
at the distance of 57 feet, 3^ inches, sub up. Close ranks, order ur distance is the
tends an angle of 30', as is easily calcu constant and habitual order at which
lated by trigonometry. To save the troops are at all times formed and move ;
trouble of calculation, a scale may be open ranks, order or distance is only an
made requiring only inspection Thus, occasional exception, made in the situ
draw a line equal to the diameter of the ation of parade, or in light infantry mo-
field ofthe telescope, and divide its under .nceuvres.
side into the same number of parts as are Distances offiles and ranks, relate to
on your micrometric scale, and, by the the trained soldier, but in the course of
above operation on the wall, having de his tuition he must be much exercised at
S-Oft*!

126 D I V DOS

open files and ranks,and acquire thereby advance in column, that is, they are di
independence and the command of his vided into several squadrons and bat
limbs and body. talions of a given depth, successively
D' STANCE of the bastions, in forti formed upon one another. If an army
fication, is the side of the exterior poly be drawn out or displayed in order of
gon .See Fortification. battle it is usually divided into the first
DISTRIBUTION. In a military line, which constitutes the front, the
division, second line, which makes the main body,
sense, generally applies to anv
and the third line or reserve.
or
allotment, which is made for the pur
poses of warfare. Thus an army may be DODECAGON, in geometry, is a
distributed about a country. In a more regular polygon, consisting of ia equal
confined sense, it means the minute ar sid. s and angles, capable of being regu-
rangements that are made for the interior ; larly fortified with the same number of
of corps ; as distribution of pay bastions.
ceconomy
or subsistence, distributionof allowances, DODECAHEDRON, is one ofthe
&c. platonic bodies, or five regular solids,
DISTRICT, ina military sense, one and is contained under 12 equal and re

of those parts into which a country is di gular pentagons.


vided, for the conveniences of command, The solidity of a dodecahedron, is found
and to secure a ready co-operation be by multiplying the area of one of the pen
tween distant bodies of armed men. tagonal luces of it by 12 ; and this latter
DITCH. See Fortification, product by 1.3d of the distance of the
Moat. face from the centre of the dodecahedron,
To drain a Ditch, is to make the which is the same as the centre of the
water run ofi'into lower ground, by means circumscribing sphere.
of small trenches cut for this purpose. The side of a dodecahedron inscribed in a
DIVERSION, in military history, is sphere, is the greater part of the side of a
when an enemy is attacked n one place cube inscribed in that sphere, cut into
whcie he is weak and unprovided, in extreme and mean proportion.
order to draw off his forces from making j' If the diameter ofthe sphere be 1,0000,
an irruption some vvher else; or where 1

the side of a dodecahedron inscribed in it
an enemy is strong, and by an able ma- ,
will be .35682 nearly.
nceuvre he is obliged to detach part of his j
i All dodecahedrons are similar, and are to
1 '
one another as the cubes of the sides;
forces to ics.st any feint or menacing at-
and their surfaces are also similar, and
tempt of his opponent. To derive ad-
!

therefore they are as the squares of their


vantage from a diversion, taken in an ex- I
1

tended acceptation of the term, it is ne sides; whence as .509282 is to 10.51462,


so is the square of the side of any dodeca
cessary, that one state should have great
er res urces than another; for it would!
hedron to the superficies thereof; and as
be absurd to attack the territories of! .3637 is to 2.78516, so is the cube of
another before you had se. ured your own. | the side of any dodecahedron to the solidity
It is likewise requisite, that the conn- j of it.
DOG-Nails. See Nails.
try you attack by stratagem or diversion,!
-hould .)- easy of access, and the invasion DOLPHINS. See Cannon.
vow make must be prompt, vigorous and I DOMMAGE, Fr. in a general accep
tation of the term, signified in the old
imexpect d, dir cted againt a weak and! French service, the compensation which
vulne;.iblequarter. A little good fortune |
is however essential to render a diversion ,
every captain of a troop, or company was
peuectly successful, as ..11 the ways and. obliged to make in consequence of any
means by winch it ought be made, cannot damage that their men might have done
in a town, or on a match. If any disa
be reuueed to rule.
The must memorable instance of a di greement occurred between the officers
version well executed, winch we meet and the inhabitants, with respect to the
whb lii.;.,. ient lusio y, was performed by indemnification, a statement of losses
Sci /i -j ii A fix-:, win 1st Anmbal carried the sustained was sworn to by the latter,
war n.tc 1 ta.-, 1 n 1659, a diversion no less before the mayor or magistrates of the
remarkable, was practised by the imperial place, who determined the same. But if
the officers should refuse to abide by
and allied armes against the Swedes.
DIVISIONS of a battalion, axe the their decision, a remonstrance was drawn
several platoons into which a regiment or up and transmitted to the secretary at war,
battalion is divided, either in marching with a copy ofthe same to the intendant
of the province. Officers have frequently
or firing ; each ol which is commanded
an officer.
been displaced or degraded on this ac
by count. Hence the term dommage is
Divisions of an armv, axe thenumber
of brigades and squadrons it contains. supposed to have been derived from the
The advance, the main, and the rear
latin words damnum jactura, and signifies
the loss or privation of a step.
ruards aic composed out of the several
in the cen DONJON. SecDuNCEON.
brigades, and march in front,
ot an army. Each DOSSER, in military matters, is a
tre, and in the rear
its centre, and its sort of basket, carried on the shoulders oi,
army has its right wing, from one
Wt When armies march they men, used in carrying the earth
wing.
DR A D R A 127

of a forrification to another, where vice a dragon ; as that of the infantry bore


part
it is wanted an eagle.
DOUBLING, in the
military art, is To Draco on, is to persecute by
the placing two or more ranks, or files ! abandoning a place to the rage of the sol-
into one. I di.ry.
DOUBLE your ranks, is for the 2d, DRAG-r^s. See Ropes. SeeBRi
4th, and 6th ranks (when so drawn up) COLE.

to march into the ist, 3d, and 5th; so DRAIN or Dreiki, in the military
'
that of 6 ranks they are made but 3 ; art, is a trench made to draw water out
which is not so when they double by of a ditch, which is afterwards filled
'

half files, because then 3 ranks stand to with hurdles and earth, or with fascines.
gether, and the 3 other come up to double ;or bundles of rushes and planks, to fa
them; that is, the ist, 2d, and 3d, are cilitate the passage over the mud. Scv
doubled by the 4th, 5th, and 6th, or the Trench.
contrary. DRAKE, a small piece of artillery.
Double your files, is for every other DRAUGHT, a plan or delineation of
file to march into that which is next to any place; a body of troops selected from
it, on rhe right or left, as the word of others.
command directs ; and then the 6 ranks To Draught, to draw forces from
arc doubled into 12, the men standing 12 one brigade, &c. to complete another;
deep ; and the distance between the files to select a proportion from brigades, re
is double what it was before. By tnis giments, or companies for any particular'
method 3 files may be doubled into 6, service.
Sec. Dr AVGHT-boois, in a un-carriage, are
To Double round, in
military move fixed to the transom-bolts on the cheeks
ments, is to march by an inversion of a of artillery carriages, near the trunnion
second line, on the extremity of a first holes and trails : they are used to draw
line, thereby to outflank an enemy. the guns back wards and forwards by men
Double tenaille. SeeTENAiLLE. with drag ropes fixed to those hooks.
DOUILLE, Fr. a small iron socket DRAUGHTED, the soldiers of any
which is at the heel of the bayonet, and regiment being allotted to complete other
receives tlie extreme end ofthe musquet, regiments are said to be draughted.
so as to be firmly united together. DRAUGHTSMEN, a body of men
Douille likewise signifies, the cavity educated to assist the engineers in draw
which belongs to the round piece of iron ing plans, fortifications, and surveying;
that is fixed to the end of the ramrod, by every officer should endeavor to be a gooti
means of two nails
through two small draughtsman ; and every corps ought to
holes, calledyeux or eyes, and to which have a master to teach in camp or
quar
the worm is attached. ters.
DRAGONetDRAGON VOLANT, To DRAW, to delineate or make a
Fr. some old pieces of artillery were an sketch
ciently so called. The Dragon was a DRAW RAMROD, a word of com
40-pounder; the Dragon Volant a 32. mand, used in the drill exercise, on
But neither the name nor the size of the which the soldier draws his ramrod hak
calibre of either piece is now in use. from the pipes, and seizing it back- hand
DRAGONNER, Fr. According to ed by the middle, wa.ts for the signal for
the French acceptation of the term, is the next motion, when he turns it round,
to attack any
person in a rude and violent and with an extended arm, places the
jnanncr; to take anything by force; to butt of the rod about one inch in the muz
adopt prompt and vigorous measures ; zle of the firelock, in which position he
and to bring those people to reasonby hard waits for the command ram duwn cart
blows, who could not be persuaded by ridge.
fair words. Draw Swords, a word ot" command
DRAGOONS, in military affairs, are in the sword exercise ofthe cavalry.
a kind of horsemen, or cavalry, who The drawing of swords is performed in
serve both on horseback, and foot
; being 3 motions, ist, Bring the right hand
always ready on every emergency, as smartly across the body to the sword
being able to keep pace with the horse, knot, which being placed on the wrist,
and to do infantry duty. In battle, or on and secured by giving the hand a
couple
attacks, they generally fight sword in of turns inwards, seize the hilt ot the
hand after the first fire. In the field they sword. 2d. Draw the sword with an ex
encamp on the right and left of the lines. tended arm ; sink the hand till the hilt of
They are divided into brigades, regiments, the sword is immediately againt the left
and squadrons. Their martial music is nip,.le, thehladeoftheaworaperpendicu-
the clarion or trumpet. The first regiment lar,and the back ofthe hand outwards. 3d .

of dragoons in England vvas raised in Bring down the hilt till in a line with the
1681, and called the royal reg'uneni of bridle hand, the blade perpendicuh r, the
dragoons of North Britain. This name is edge turned towards the horse's left ear.
derived from the Latin word Draconarii, Officers of infantry, when the men arc-
used amongi.t the Romans. The stand under arms, draw their swords withou.
ard of the Roman cavalry bore as its de- waiting for am' word of T.mnnr.r'
128 DRI DRU

To Draw off, to retire. the recruits in performing the manual and


To Draw on, to advance. platoon exercise, &c. This is sometimes
To D aw out, to call the soldiers forth ordered as a punishment to those who are
in array for action. perfect in their exercise, when a battalion,
To Db aw up, to form in battle array. company, or indivi ual has done some
Draw bridge . See Kridge. thing to merit exposure.
DRAWING, in a military sense, is DRIVERS of baggage or artillery, men
the art of representing the appearances who drive the baggage, artillery, and
of all kinds of military objects by imita stores, having no other duty in he army.
tion, or copying, both with and without DRUM, is a martial musical instru
the ..ssistaece of mathematical rules. ment in the form of a cylinder, hollow

DRESS-w/7/'.y. The clothing ofthe within, and covered at the two ends with
army is generally called regimentals, every vellum, which is stretched or slackened
part of which should facilitate, and not at pleasure, by means of small cords and
hinder, the various motions of the ma slidin leathers. This instrument is used
nual exercise. A soldier, without regard both by infantry and artillery ; which is
to fashion or taste (to use th- words of a i done in several manners, either to give no-
modern author) should he dressed in the ! ticeto the troops of what they are todo, or
most comfortable and least embarrassing I to demand liberty to make some proposal
manner possible; and the keepmg him |
to an enemy. Every
company of foot orar-
warm, and Laving him the entire use of tillery, has two or more drums, according
view.
|
his limbs, are objects always to be had in to the effective strength ofthe party. The
i drum was first invented
by Bacchus, who,
To Dress, in a military sense, is to ' as Polyenus reports, fighting against the
keep the body in such a relative position, | Indians, gave the signal of battle with
as to contribute towards, and form a part I cymbals and drums ; and the Saracens,

of, an exat t continuity of line, upon who invaded Christendom, introduced


whatever front, or in whatever shape, the drum into the European armies The
the battalion -may be formed. Soldiers various beats are as follow, among the
dress by one another in ranks, and the British.
body collectively dresses by some given The general, is to give notice to the
object. troops that they are to march.
DRESSING cf a battalion after the The assembly, } to order the troops to
halt, is to bring all its relative parts in a The troop, \ repair to the place of
line with the point, or object, towards rendezvous, or to their colors.
which it was directed to move. What The march, to command them to move,
ever correction is necessary, must be made always with the left foot first.
by advancing or retiring the flanks, and Tat-too, to order all to retire to their
not by moving the centre; which, hav quarters.
ing been the guide in the march, has pro The reveille, always beats at break of
perly stopped at the point where it has day, and is to warn the soldiers to rise,
arrived. and the centinels to forbear challenging,
Dressinc of a battalion when it is to and to rive leave to come out of quarters.
retire, is to have some intelligent officer To arms, for soldiers who are dispersed,

placed thirty paces in the rear, so as to to repair to them.


stand perpendicular to the front directing The retreat, a signal to draw ofFfrom the
serjeant, by whom the direction of the enemy. It likewise means a beat in both
march is to he ascertained, as the officer camp and garrison a little before sun-set,
will, of course, be in the line, or nearly at a hich time the gates are shut, and the
so, of the directing Serjeants.
soldiers repair to their barracks.
DRES-nER, Fr. See/oDRF.ss. The alarm, is to give notice of sudden
DRINKING to excess in the army is danger, that all may be in readiness for
at all times highly criminal, but upon immediate duty.
service it ought never to be overlooked ; The parley, } is a signal to demand
and the consequence will be a t-ial by a The chamade, \ some conference with

court martial. It has been productive of I the enemy.


almost innumerable mischiefs, and is a Drum', or Drummer, the person who
most detestable and horrid practic What. beats the drum.
ever commissioned officer shall be found Kettle-D rvms, are two sorts of large
drunk on his guard, party, or other duty, basons of copper or brass, rounded at the
under arms, shall be cashiered ; any non bottom, and covered with vellum org at-
commissioned officer or soldier, so offend skin, which is kept fast by a circle of
ing, shall suffer such corporal punish iron, and several holes, fastened to the
ment as shall be inflicted by the
sentence body of the drum, and a like number of
of a court martial. An. cf War. screws to stretch it at pleasure. They
To DRILL, to teach young recruits are used among the horse.
the first principles of military movements Dtivu-majer, is always that person in
and positions, &c. the reeiment, who beats the best drum,
To be -</ to D r i i^l, to be piaced under has the command over the other drums,
the command of the drill oliicer, or non and teaches them their duty, Every rc-
commissioned officer, and made to join giment has a drum-major.
DUE DUM 129

Drum-Sticks, the sticks with which abilities, accompanied with the strongest
the drummer beats his drum. passion for true glory, are such as are
DUEL, is a single combat, at a time most liable to be involved in the dangers
and place appointed, in consequence of a arising from this licence. Now, taking
cart.l or challenge. Duelling was an the said premises into our seriovs consi
ciently authorised ; but the motive of deration, and well weighing, that all such
the duellists was the good of their coun emergencies (wherein the mind is incapa
try, whenone, ora small number of com ble of commanding itself, and where the
batants were chosen to save the blood of i injury is too sudden, or too exquisite to be
a whole
army, and decide, by victory or borne) are particularly provided for by
death, the quarrels of kings or nations. laws heretofore enacted ; and that the
Thus it was with Goliah and David,
qualities of less injuries, like those of
the Horatii and Curatii, and several ingratitude, are too nice and delicate to
others. come under general rules ; we do resolve
Duelling was so general a method to blot this fashion, or wantonness of
of determining differences among the anger, out of the minds of our subjects,
nobles, that even ecclesiastics were not by our royal resolutions declared in this
excused ; only, to prevent their being edict, as follows : No person who eithet;

stained with blood, they procured cham sends or accepts a challenge, or the pos
pions to fight for them. None were ex terity of either, though no death ensues
cepted from combat, but sick people, thereupon, shall be, after the publica
cripples, and such as were under 21 years tion of this our edict, capable of bearing
of age, or above 60. Justs and tourna office in these our dominions :
The per
ments, doubtless, rendered duels more son who shall
prove the sending or re
frequent. ceiving a challenge, shall receive to his
No officer or soldier shall pretend to own use and
property, the whole per
send a challenge to any other officer or sonal estate of both
parties ; and their
soldier, to fight a duel ; if a commission real estate shall be immediately vested in
ed officer, on pain of being cashiered ; if the next heir of the
offenders, in as ample
a non-commissioned officer or soldier, of a manner as if the said offenders were ac

suffering corporal punishment, at the tually deceased: Incases where the laws

discretion of a court martial. Articles of (which we have already granted to our


war.
subjects) admit of an appeal for blood :
Pharamond king of the Gauls, in the when the criminal is condemned
by the-
year 420, issued the following edict said appeal, he shall not only suffer
against duelling. death, but his whole estate, real, mixed,
"
Whereas it has come to our royal I and personal, shall, from the hour of his
notice and observation, that in contempt ! death, be vested in the next heir of tlw
of all laws, divine and human, it has of person whose blood he
late become a custom among the
spilt : That it

nobility shall not hereafter be in our royal power,


and gentry of this our kingdom, upon or that of our
successors, to pardon tin;
slight and trivial, as well as great and said offences, or restore the offenders to
urgent provocations, to invite each other their estates, honor, or blood, for ever

into the field, there, by theirown hands, Given at our court, at Blois, the eighth
and of their own authority, to decide of
February, 420, in the second year of
their controversies by combat : we have our
reign."
thought fit to take the said custom into j Duelling was authorised before the
our royal
consideration, and find, upon j Normans came into England, but the
inquiry into the usual causes whereon practice was not so frequent as after the
such fatal decisions have arisen, that
by conquest.
this wicked custom, maugre all the
pre DULEDGE, a peg of wood which
cepts of our holy religion, and the rules joins the ends ofthe felloes, forming the
of right reason, the greatest act of the circle of the wheel of a
gun carriage ; and
human mind, forgiveness
of injuries, is the joint is strengthened on the outside of
become vile and shameful; that the rules the wheel
of good society and virtuous conversation
by a strong
plate of iron, called
the duledge
are hereby inverted ; that the
plate.
loose, the DUMB-BELLS, weights which were
vain, and the impudent, insult the care used in drilling the soldier, who held
ful, the discreet, and the mod s*j that o..c in each hand, which he swun. back
all virtue is suppressed, and all vice wards and forwards, to
sup open his chest,
ported, in the one act of being capable to increase muscular strength, throw back
dare to death. We have also further, his shoulders, and accustom him to thr.t
with great sorrow of mind, observed that freedom of action in the
arms, and to that
this dreadful action, by long impunity, erect
position of body which are so essen
(our royal attention being em ployed upon tially necessary to a soldier.
matters of more general
concern) is be The following method of
exercising
come honorable, and the refusal
toenga/e I recruits with the dumb-bells, is extract
in it ignominious. In these our royal ed iiom a work entitled Military Instruc
*:ares and
inquiries, we ar~ yet farther tion, ^ifc^-
made to understand, that the persons of
jl The dumb-bells being placed one pn
.-lost eminent worth, of most
hopeful ! P. N .
130 DUT EAG

each side of the be observed, respecting duties in ge


recruit, and himself in to
an neral.
erect, steady posture on the word,
Raise hells he will take one in each

When field or other commissioned offi
hand, and by a gentle motion, raise them cers, are given out at head quarters for
-'i
high as his arm will suffer him above one duty, they cannot be taken off to be
his head; then gradually sinking them put on any other duty.
with stretched arm, as much behind him No officer is allowed to exchange his
as
possible, he will form a circle with duty with another, after he has been put
them, making the circle complete, by in orders for it, without have of the com
causing the backs of his hands to meet manding officer of his regiment.
behind his body; tlvs will b<- repeated Guards, or detachments, which have

according to his strength, 5 or 6 times. not marched off from the parade, are not
Extend bells. The bells being raised to

to be reckoned as for a duty done ; but,
ihe shoulder, they will be forced for if they should have marched from the
wards, keeping the same height, then parade, it stands for a duty done, though
brought back in th*. same manner; this they should be dismissed immediately.
a ill throw the chest If any officer's tour of duty for the pic
forward, and force
back the neck and shoulders, this must quet, general court martial, or duty of
be frequently repeated. fatigue, happen when he is on duty, he
Swing bells. The top part ofthe bells

shall ot make good such duty when he
!o be made meet together in front, the comes off.

height of the breast ; then forced back No regiment can demand a tour of duty,
wards with an extended arm, and be unless it has marched off the place of pa.
made to touch behind : in doing this, the rade, and b yond'the main guard.
palm of the hands must be uppermost, General courts martial that have as
and the elbows well down : this circle sembled, and the members sworn in,
must be repeated 14 or 15 times : Time, shall be reckoned for a duty, though they
the circle performed, in 2 seconds. should be dismissed without trying any
Ground bells.' The recruit will let fall

person.
the bells by his sides, and remain steady Whenever the picquets are ordered to
and firm. march to any parade, it is not to be ac
DUNES, Fr. sand hills, commonly counted a duty, unless they march off that
called downs. As tes dunes sur la cote de parade.
Flandres ; the downs, or sand hills along All commands in the regular forces, fall
the coast of Flanders. to the eldest officers in the same circum
DUNGEON, } in fortification, is com- stances, whether of cavalry or infantry,
DONJON,F>. \ monly i lar*e tower entire, or in parties. In case two com
or redoubt of a fortress, whither the gar missions, of the same date, interfere,
rison may retreat, in case ot necessity, a retrospect is to be had to former com-

and capitulate with greater advantage. missiens, or to lot.


Also a dark and secluded place in which Officers, on all duties underarms, are
prisoneis were kept. to have their swords drawn, without wait

DUTY, in a military sense, is the ex ing lor any word ol command for that
ercise of those functions that belong to a purpose.
soldier ; yet with this nice distinction,
that duly is counted the mounting guard,
Sec. where no enemy is directly to be en E.
gaged ; for when any body of men marches
to meet the enemy, this is strictly called EAGLE. Black-E agle, an order of
"ing upon service. militan knighthood in Prussia, instituted
On all duties, whether with or wiih- by the elector of Brandenburg, in 1701,
martial, on his being crowned king of Prussia.
jut arms, picquets, or courts
'he tour of duty begins with the eldest The knights of this order wear an orange
downwards. An officer who is uponduty -colored riband, from which is suspended
cannot be ordered for any other befor a black eagle.
that duty is finished, except he be on the White- E a c l e , is a like order in Poland,
inlying picquet, as then he shall be re instituted in 1325, by Uladislaus V. or.
lieved, and go on the duty ordered. occasion ofthe marriage of his son Casi-
Military Duties may be divided into mir to the daughter of the great duke of
two general classes, under the heads of Lithuania The knights of this order
Brigade and Regimental duties. wear a chain of
gold, to which a silver
Brigade duties, are those which one re eagle, crowned, is suspended.
giment does in common with another, The white headed eagle, peculiar to
collectively or by detachments; and of America, is the standard of the United
which the brigade major keeps a regular States.
roster. Eagle. The standard of the ancient
Regimental Duties, are those which the Romans. In a general sense, it formerly
several companies of a regiment perform m .nt the standard
-
t the Roman armies;
among themselves, and of which the ad in a more limited acceptation, the sign 01

jutant keeps a regular roster. flag of the several legions.


The following general ugulaliov.s are The standard of the German empire
ECH 131
E A U

was an eagle with two heads, referring


to Small running rivulets are preferable to

the eastern and western Roman empires, large rivers, because the latter cannot be
so easily turned for the convenience
of the
whose successors they claimed to be, and
be al
called themselves Keisar, or Caesar. army ; whereas the former may
from their na
The difference between the Roman and ways stopped, or diverted
the Imperial eagle consists in this, that tural course.
the first were eagles of gold or silver, Wells are never resorted to, but incases
fixed at the end of a pike, having their of absolute necessity. Stagnant or pond
water is in general unwholesome, and
wings extended, and holding the light-
nine in their claws ; the second are eagles rarely limpid or clesr.
painted or embossed upon the colors and
Haute E a u High water.
.

standards of theemperors. Theeagle like Basse Eau. Low water.


wise signified, in a figurative sense, the Eaux Meies ou Ameres, Fr. The
water which remains after the fiist boil
German empire, now extinct.
EARL- MARSHAL. An officer who ing of saltpetre. It has a bitter salt taste,
has the care and direction of military and is used to fill the tubs a second time.
solemnities. The dukes of Norfolk are Petites Eaux, Fr. The w.uer which
remains after the saltpetre has been boiled
by hereditary right, earls marshal of Eng to a certain degree. See Saltpetre.
land
EARTH-bags See Bags. ECHANTlLLON,F> means literally
a pattern or In a military sense,
model.
EASE, in a military sense, signifies a
prescribed relaxation of the frame, from
it 'signifies plunk, which is covered
a on

the erect and firm position which every one side with iron, and serves to finish the

well dresseo soldier should observe. He mouldings, &c. of a piece of ordnance.


is, o.i no account to lounge, or in his com ESCHARPE.FV a scarf. Inancier'
mon gait so far to give way to an idle fluc times, a military mark to distinguish of
tuation of his limbs, as to feel himself ficers and soldiers from the rest of the
constrained when he returns to duty A people. Before a regular clothing was
habit of this sort will gradually gain upon adopted among the nations in Europe,
recruits, if they are not corrected during officers and soldiers appeared with two
the intervals of drill scarts of different colors, which crossed
To stand at E \se, in a technical accep each other before and behind, in order to
tation of the term, is to draw the right point out the country and the corps to
foot back about six inches, and to bring which the wearer of it belonged. The
the greatest part of the weight of the body scarf was preserved among the French,
The left knee must be a little as late down as the reign of Louis the"
upon it.
bent, and the hands brought together XlVth. It consisted of a piece of white
before the body, the right hand in front. silk, which previous to the revolution,
But the shoulders must invariably be kept was the national color of France.

back and square, the head to the front, Scarfs, however, were continued much.
and the whole carriage of the person be later among other nations, particularly
unconstrained among the Germans, who wear them to
In cold weather, when standing at ease, this day across their uniforms. Cror.fi
the men are permitted by command, to belts succeed the scarf.
move their limbs without quitting their En ECHARPE, in the military ait.
ground. To batter en echarpe, is to fire obliquely,
Stand at Ease, (from the su. port) on or sideways See Battery.
this command the soldier retires his right ECHAUGETTE, in military history,
foot 6 inches, bends his left knee, and signifies a watc h- tower, or kind of centry

rarrying the right hand smartly across the box.


body, seizes the firelock by the small of ECHELLE, Fr. scale. In a mathe
the butt, and raises it sufficiently to slope matical sense, is a straight line drawn
'

t over his left shoulder, and relieve the double, which is divided into a certain
left arm from the pressure of the cock. number of parts, each part containing as
In some corps, instead of seizing the many toises or yards, Sec. as the size of
small of the butt with the right hand.they the chart or paper will admit, which are
only place the hollow of the hand below again reduced into feet.
the left elbow. Echelle, F> ladder, in civil and mi
.

Eass arms, a word of command, given litary architecture, means a


machine,
immediately after the order, to handle which is madeof two side pieces or arms,
arms, by which the soldier is directed to that receive a certain number of smalL
drop his right hand to the full extent of steps, at equal distances from one another.
the arm, from the top of the ramrod on These echelles or ladders, are of two kinds:
the front of the sling, with his fingers large and small. The small ladders are
spread along it. used to descend into the ditches of forti
EAU, Fr. water, is a principal object fied places, and the large ones for scaling
to be considered, whenever an army ad thewalls, &c. See Scaling Ladders,
vances, retreats, or encamps. It is the ECHELLON, Fr. from echelle, a lad
quarter master general's business, der. A position in military tactics,
through his subordinate deputies, to se where each division follows the preceding
cure this indispensibie necvisarv of life. one, like the st^ps of a ladder ; and is cor>
132 ECU E D U

venient in remo -ing from a direct to an I former being entirely round, and the lat
oblique, or diagonal line. When troops ter oval.
advance in echellon, t ney almost invariably EDGE. The thin or cutting part of a
adopt the ordinary time. Hence to march sword or sabre.
in echellon, may not improperly be said to EDICT See Proclamation.
approach towards any given object by a EDUCATION, in a military sense,
gradual movement. implies the training up of youth to the art
Echf.i.lon mei ements and positions, a re of war; the first object to be considered is,
not on y necessary and applicable to the whether nature has giv.n the young man
immediate attacks and retreats of great the talents necessary for the profession or
bodes, but also to the previous oblique not ; for here sense, parts, courage, and
or direct changes of situation, which a judgment, are required in a very eminent
batt.i'ion, or a more considerable corps degree. The natural qualities of an of
already formed in line, may be obliged to ficer are, a robust constitution, a noble
make co the front or rear, or on a particu open countenance, a martial genius, fire
lar fixe, division of the line to roduce activity, phlegm to mode
The obliqie changes are produced by rate his transports, and patience to sup
any wheel of less than the quarter circle of port the toils and fatigues of war, almost
divisions from line, which places them in without seeming to feel them Acquired
the echellon situation. The direct qualities in an officer consist in moral vir
changes are produced by the perpendicu tues and sciences ; by the first is meant,
lar and successive march of divisions a regular good conduct, economy, pru
from line to front, or rear. See Amer. dence, and a serious application to what
Mil. Lib regards the service. Military sciences
ECLAIREURS, Fr. a corps of gre indispensibly demand the reading- of an
nadiers raised by Bonaparte, in France, cient and modern historians ; a good
Who from their celerity of movement knowlege oi military mathematics ; and
were compared to lightning. the study of the chief languages of
E SLOPES, a French military term, Europe.
to express those soldiers who, though in It is in ancient authors we find all that
valids, are yet well enough to follow the is excellent, either in poltics or war:
army. Among these may be classed dra the make and form of arms are changed
goons or horsemen, whose horses get since the invention of gunpowder; but
suddenly lame, and cannot keep up with the science of war is always the same.
the troop or squadron. They always On one hand, history instructs us by ex
march in the rear of a column. amples, and furnishes us with proofs, of
'ECLUSEeS, Fr. Sec Sluices. the beautiful maxims of virtue and wis
ECONOMY, in a military sense, im dom, which morality has taught us : it
plies the min.iiieB, or interior regulations gives us a kind of experience, beforehand,
of a regiment, troop, or company. Hence of what we are to do in the world ; it
regimental economy. I teaches us to regulate our life, and to con
E C O R E, Fr. steep shore. Cote en ecore, duct ourselveswith wisdom, to understand
signifies a very steep descent. mankind; ever to carry ourselves with
E COUPE, Fr. An instrument used integrity and probity, never to do a mean
by the pioneers. SecOuTiLs. action ; and to measure grandeur with the
ECOUVILLON, Fr. a maulkin or level of reason, that we may despise it
drag. The spunge made use of to clean when dangerous or ridiculous.
and to cool the inside of a cannon, when On the other hand,
it has been discharged.
history serves to
give us a knowlege of the universe, and
ECOUVILLONER, FV. To clean a the different nations which inhabit it;
piece of ordnance before it has been fired, their prejudices, their governments, their
or to cool it after. interests, their commerce, their politics,
ECRETER, Fr. To batter or fire and the law of nations 1 1 shews us the
at the top of a wall, redoubt, epaule origin of the illustrious men who have
ment, &c. so as to dislodge or drive away reigned in the world, and given birth to
the men that may be stationed behind it, their successors.
in order to render the approach more easy. The knowlege of military mathematics,
Ecreler les pointes des palissades, is to blunt regards the operations of war in general;
the sharp ends of the palisades. This every thing there consists in proportion,
ought always to be done before you attack measure, and motion : it treats of marches,
the covert way, which is generally fenced encampments, battles, artillery, fortifi
by them. cation, lines, sieges, mines, ammunition,
ECU, Fr. A large shield which was provisions, fleets, and every thing which
used by the ancients, and carried on their relates to war ; but no perfect notion can be
left arms, to ward off the blows of a acquired without geometry, natural phi-
sword or sabre. This instrument of de lophy, mechanics, military architecture,
fence was originally invented by the Sam- and the art of drawing.
nitcs. The Moors had ecus or shields, The study of languages is most useful
sufficiently large to cover the whole of" to an officer, and he feels the necessity of
their bodies. The clipei ofthe Romans, it, in proportion as he rises to higher em
f>i!v differed from the ecu in shape; tlie ployments. Thus the Latin, Germaaj
E DU E M B 133

and French languages, are very necessary after the first few hours, and a
sharp
for an English officer; as the English, sword is put into the hands of the pupils.
French, and Italian, are for a German. If any ot them receive a wound, he has
French Military Education. He nothing but his own aukwardness to
who imdertakes to inves igate the causes blame for it 1 1 is his business to protect
of the military superiority ofthe modern himself by his superiority. Would you
French, will, perhaps, be inclined to at now repeat your
question ?"
tach some importance to the facts con 1 1 is easy t< conceive what an effect such
tained in the following anecdote : a
practical education must have upon the
In the course of the winter of 1806, soldier in the higher ranks ! What may
of the pupils of the Prytaneum, at be expected of an officer thus prepared for
?art
aris, left that cit> tb receive appoint every event ? That the conduct of their
ments as officers in the grand army in Po leader operates with a powerful impulse
land. The route of these youths, of on all those who are under his command,

whom many had not obtained their full is not to be denied. Exercise begets
stature, and others had a weakly appear courage and energy, and at a period when
war is a trade, those who
ance, though they were neither so small possess these
nor so weak as were formerly many su two qualities in the
highest degree, must
balterns in the Prussian army led them

predominate.
through Berlin. An officer accompanied EFFECTIVE men, in a military
them in quality of inspector They passed sense, are soldiers fit for service; as an
one night in that capital. army of 30,000 effective (fighting) men
A well-informed inhabitant ofthe city, E F F O RT du Cannon, F x. The effect
who had formerly been in the army, and or impression made
by a piece of ordnance,
possessing considerable military attain which wholly depends upon the manner
ments, had occasion to be in the neigh it is loaded and fired.
borhood of their quarters. Their juve EGUILLETTES. Shoulder knots.
nile appearance induced him to ask the To ELANCE, to throw darts, &c
officer who accompanied them, whether ELDER battalion. A battalion is
these youths would be capable of endur counted elder than another, by the time
ing the fatigues and da .gers of field en since it was raised. See Seniority.
campments in a northern climate, at so Elder officer, is he whose commission
inclement a season, and in such a country bears the oldest date. See Seniority.
j
as Poland. The officer, a polite and sen- ELEMENTS, im a military sen<e,
sible man, made this reply :

signify the first principles of tactics, for


"
These young men, sir, can scarcely tification, and gunnery.
be subjected to any contingency for which ELLIPSIS, an oval figure, made bv
they are not perfectly prepared by edu the section of a cone, by a plane
dividing
cation and practice. You are mistaken both sides of a cone; and though not pa
if you imagine that the Emperor Napo rallel to the base, yet meeting with the
leon considers theoretical instruction suf base when produced.
ficient for a soldier ; our institution goes E LE VATION, in
gunnery, that com
farther, a great deal farther. All these prehended between the horizon and the
youths whom you here see, have had line of direction of either cannon or mor
much more experience than many officers tars ; or it is that which the chace ol" a
in actual service in other armies. Their piece, or the axis of its hollow cylinder,
constitution is early inured to all the pre makes with the plane of the horizon.
judicial influences which menace the EMBARKATION. The act of put.
practical soldier. Among these young ting troopson board <,f ship, when destin
men there is not one but what has work ed to be conveyed on an
ed with his own hands at the construction
expedition.
Embarkation, i. Of ordnance and
of real forts ; not one but what has stood stores.The first thing necessary is to
centinel whole nights together. All of a list of all the articles to be em
prepare
them have slept many cold and tempestu barked, with the weight of each. This
ous .rights in the open air, and next
day list must have a large column for remarks.
performed a march of 16 or 18 miles ; The tonnage required for
bulky articles
have climbed lofty mountains, beneath will be generally one third more than
the scorching rays of a meridian sun; have their actual but the tonnage of
weight;
swam, sometimes in their clothes, some ordnance, shells, shot, &c. will be equal
times without, through impetuous rivers to tfjeir weight. If vessels be paid ac
and chilling streams ; have even been ob the
cording to tonnage they carry, the
liged to abstain for whole days from food, masters will of course
stowaway as much
and during the hottest, weather from as the
ships will hold; but if, by the
drink, that they -might learn to endure all voyage, they will be averse to loading
possible inconveniences incident to a sol their ships too much; a naval officer
dier's life, and that they might be inti should therefore always attend to see that
mately acquainted with them before they the ships are properly stowed.
'

were involved in them by necessity. Ordnance and stores may be embarked


Nothing would terrify them in an uncom either for the purpose of merely trans
mon degree : for in the sham fights in our
porting them to another situation, or for
institution, the /apier is thrown away a military expedition. In the first r^sp,
134 E M B E M B

~
ich ship must be stowed with as much barked with their axletrees fixed, must
as it will carry, and every article that re be arranged in the ship, side by side, and
lates to one particular species of service or alternately front and rear, that their axle.
ordnance, must be put on board the same trees may not interfere with each
other,
ship ; that in case one ship ic lost, the and take too much room. Every trans
others may remain in themselves com port or other vessel employed in carrying
plete. This principle must of course be troops or stores for an expedition, should
likewise attended to in an embarkation for be numbered on the quarters and on the
an expedition ; but a more particular dis bows, with figures as large as 2 or 3 feet,
tribution must take place of the stores and on the sails, that they may be known
when on board. With each piece of ord at a distance. The 1. umber of the ship,
nance must be placed every thing neces her name and tonnage, and the master's
sary for its service; its side arms, car name should be entered in the list of the

riage, limber, ammunition, &c. so as to stores which she carries.


be readily come at, when required to be In disembarking ordnance and stores,
disemb-irked. 1 f it be an embarkation of they must be landed exactly in order, the
orc'nance, Sec. for a siege, not only every reverse of what they were
shipped. The
thing necessary for the service of the carriages and waggons must be mounted
pieces of ordnance should be arranged as soon as possible, and every kind
with them ; but also every thing neces- must be arranged as far from the shore as

e.ary for the cons'ruction of the battery possible to prevent coniusion. If the
on which they a^e mounted. It will be disembarkation take place in the presence
adviseable in this case, to put different of an enemy, the vessels of course must
kinds of ordnance in the same ship, in be loaded ace ordingly ; and the field ord
proportions according to the service re nance, with their carriages, ammunition,
quired of them. In general it will be &c. must be so arranged as to be first
best to put the heavy articles in first, and landed, and with the greatest ease pos
every thing that is light, easy to be re sible. In this case, the entrenching tools
moved, or likely to be first wanted, on must also be kept in the
greatest readi
the top. Previous to embarkation, the ness.
Aide Memoire.
guns, carriages, wag.ons, &c. must be Of troops. All transports taken into
2.
dismounted, but first numbered as fol the public service, are under the direc
lows : and the number of each article tion of the naval agents, and of their agents
marked in the list, in the column of re at the diff" rent
ports at home and abroad.
marks. Give each piece of ordnance and No troops or other persons can be p.-t on
its carriaie the same number. Give the board them, or victualled, but by an order
ammunition and other carriages, different from the navy department, or one of its
.mmbers from the ordnance carriages. agents. Troops embarked on board trans
Then give every limber, whether of ord ports or ships of war (except as marines)
nance carriage, ammunition carriage, or are only allowed two thirds of a seaman's

waggon, the number of its respective car allowance of provisions. (See th,- word
riage. If for a simple transport, arrange Ration.) It is therefore necessary to
the small stores, side arms, Sec. accord divide the men into messes of 6 each. Six
ing to their several kiids; but if for an women to 100 men embarked on
foreign
exj-cdition, every thing belonging to each service, are allowed rations ; and ic
particular piece of ordnance must be col women to 100 men on home service. The
lected together, and the cases or chests in births on board transports, are usually
which they are put, marked with the made 6 feet square, and each admifs -:
number ot the piece of ordnance to which men at a time; but one third of the
men should
they beioig, their kinds and descrip- always be on deck ; there
*i n. If there be any doubt of the diffcr- fore 6 men (or one mess] are told off
e.m parts of the carriages, being made to each birth," one third of whom are al
w .h that uniformity, so ways on watch. The commanding of
essentially nc-
cessar) , every part which is separated, ficer of the troops on board a transport,
must bear the number of its carriage. has a right to peruse the charter party of
This pr caution at any tate may be a good the ship, which points out every differ
nit, it t:,e same vessel contain different ent article, as firing, candles, boats,
Kinds ol ordnance or carriages. utensils, Sec. which the ship is engaged
The axletre< s need not be taken offthe to find for the of the troops on board.
use

carriages, if the vessel be of a sufficient It likewise expresses the part ofthe ship
size fo admit th m when fixed, as they allotted to the officers, to the master, the
are not e.sily replaced without workmen mate, and the agent, should there be one
and a ed-ous operation. When a carriage
. on bo.ud.

istiainonted, all the small articles, such EMBARGO, a prohibition for any
as e.evatii.g screws, linch pins, drag ships to leave a port : generally enforced
wai.aers, cap squares, &c. mustbccaic- on the rupture of any two or more na

fti'iy colkct d, and secured in a box, tions, or by law.


mark d with the description of stores, EMBARK. See Embarkation.
*.>a number ofthe carriage to which they EMBARRASS, Fr. a cfaeval de frise.
belong. All carriages or waggons em EMBATTLE. SceBATTi* Arr.w.
EMP E NC 135

EMBEZZLING, > of military gitnad's, and shells, in the most secure


EMBEZZLEMENT, $ stores, is and convenient, manner. This generally
the articles of war, but occurs in arsenals and citadels.
punishable by
not at the discretion of a general court EMPRIZE. See Expfdition.
martial, as the offender must be sentenced EMULATION, in a militiry sense,
to be cashiered. is a noble jealousy, without the slightest
EMBLEE, Fr. a prompt, sudden, and tincture of envy, whereby gentlemen er-
vigorous attack, which is made a^ainit deavor to surpass each other in the acqui
the covert way and out works of a forti sition of military knowlege. I
, not the

fied place. This military operation is ex want of encouragement to excite emula


ecuted by means of a ra,>id march, and an tion, the great cause of misconduct among
unexpected appearmce before a town, military men ? An officer who is not pro
followed by an instantaneous assault up tected, who is never sure of the least fa
on the out posts of the enemy, who is vor, neglects himself, and takes less
thrown into so m.ich confusion, that the trouble to acquire glory, rarely heard of,
assailants force their way at the same though merited by the bravest actions,
time, and endeavor to get possession of than to enjoy the tranquillity of an ordi
the 'own, nary reputation. Braeactions, by whom
EMBOUCHURE du canon, Fr. the soever accomplished, should never be
muzzle of a cannon. buried in oblivion, as they excite to emu
EMBRASSEUR, Fr. from embrasser, lation, and are full of instruction.
to embrace or close round. A piece of ENAMBUSH. See Ambush.
iron, which grasps *he trunnions of a piece ENCAMPMENT, the pitching of a
of ordnance, when it is aised upon the camp. See Camp.
boring machine, to widen its calibre. In the ree-ulations published by au
EMBRASURE, in fortification, is an thority, are particularly enjoined the fol
opening, hole, or aperture in a parapet, io win, :
through which cannon is pointed to fire Attentions relative to Encampm.xts.
at the enemy. Embrasures are generally On th arrival of 1 :>ri/.ade, > n battalion,
made from io to 12 feet dist nt from one on the ground destined for i s cami>, the
another, every one of them being from 6 quarter and rear guards of the respective
to 9 feet wide without, and 2 or 2J with regiments will immediarely mount ; and
in : their height above the platform is 2J when circumstances require them, the
or
3 feet towards the town, and i toot advanced picquets will be posted. The
on the other side towards the field, so grand guards of cavalry will be formed,
that the muzzle of the piece may be sunk and the norses picquetcd. The mens"
onoccasion, and brought to fire <ow. See tents will then be pitched, and ill this
Battery and Fortification. duty is completed, the officers are on no
EMBUSCADE, Fr. Se Ambus- account to quit their troops or
companies,
cade. or to employ any soldier for their own

EMERILLON, Fr. amislin, or small accommodation.


piece of brass or cast iron, which does Necessar e are to be made in the most
not exceed a pound weight. convenient situatio; s, and the utmost at-
EMERY, a ground iron ore. The t ntion is required in this, and every
British soldiers are each allowed a certain other particular, to the cleanliness ot thc-
quantity for cleaning their arms camp.
EMIGRANTS, persons who have If circumstances will allow the ground
quitted their native country. on which a regiment is to
encamp to be
EMINENCE, in military art, high
a ;;revioush ascertain d,thc
pioneers should
or rising ground, which overlooks and make these, and other essential conve
commands the low places about it : such niences, before the
corps arrives at its
places, within cannon shot of any forti encamument.
fied place, are a great disadvantage; for Whenever a regiment remains more
if the besiegers become masrers of them, than one nigh: in a camp, regular kitch
they can from thence fire into the place ens are to e constructed.

EMISSARY, a person sent hy any No tents, or huts, arc to be allowed i:


power that is at war with another, for the front of, or between the intervals of the
purpose of creating disaffection among the battalions. A spot of ground for thi;
people ofthe latter. purpose should be marked by the quarter
EMOUSSER, Fr. to blunt, to dull. master, with the approbation of the com
In a military sense,_ it signifies to take manding officer.
oft' the tour corners of a battalion, which On arriving in a camp which is inter
has formed a square, and to give it, by sected by hedges, du. .es, uneq.al ot
those means, an octagon figure ; from the bOeTgy ground, regim.ius will immedi
different obtuse angles of which it may ately make openings of communication,
fire in all directions. of 60 feet in width.
EMPALE. See Fortify. The ground in front of the encampment
EMPATTEMENT, in fortification. is to be cleared, and every obstacle to the
See Talus. movement of the artillery and troops is to
EMPILEMENT, Fr. from empiler, be removed.
-spile up. The <.-t of disposing balls.
"

Commandingofftcers of regiments mu
136 E N G E NG

take care that their communication with or sustain any weight, or produce any
the nearest grand route is open, and free effect which could not be easily effected
from any impediments. otherwise.
ENCEINTE, in fortification, is the Engine to drive fuzes, consists of g
interior wall or rampart which surrounds wheel with a handle to it, to raise a cer
a
place, sometimes composed of bastions tain weight, and to let it fall upon the
or curtains, either faced or lined with driver, by which the strokes become
brick or stone, or only made of earth. more equal.
The enceinte is sometimes only flanked by Engine to draw fuzes, has a screw
round or square towers, which is called a fixed upon a three-iegged stand, the bot
Roman wall. tom of which has a ring to place it upon
ENCLOUER un canon, Fr. to spike the shell ; and at the end ofthe screw is
the cannon. fixed a hand screw by means of a collar,
ENCLOUEURE, this term is
Fr. which being screwed on the fuze, by
used in the artillery, to signify the actual turning the upper screw, draws out or
state and condition of any thing that has raises the fuze.
been spiked. ENGINEER, is commonly applied
ENCOUNTERS, in military affairs, to an officer who is appointed to inspect
are combats, or fights, between two per and contrive any attacks, defences, &c.
sons only. Figuratively, battles or at of a fortified place, or to build or repair
tacks by small or large armies The them, Sec.
marquis de Feuquieres mentions four in The art of fortification is an art which
stances of particular encounters brought stands in need of so many others, and
on by entire armies, with a design to whose object is so extensive, and its ope,-
ereate a general engagement. rations accompanied with so many vari
ENCOURAGE. See Animate. ous circumstances, that it is almost im->

ENCROACHMENT, the advance possible for a man to make himself mas


ment of the troops of one nation, on the ter of it by experience alone, even sup

rights or limits of another. posing him born with all the advantages '
EN DORM I, Fr. asleep; soldat en- of genius and disposition possible for the
dormi, a soldier asleep on guard. Seethe knowlege and practice of that important
articles of war, which direct that any art. We do not pretend to deny that ex
centinel who is found asleep during the perience is of greater efficacy, than all the
period of his duty, shall be punished precepts in the world : but it has like-
with d- ath. wise its inconveniences as well as its ad.
ENDECAGON, a plain figure of n vantages; its fruits are of slow growth;
rides and angles. and whoever is content with pursuing
ENEMY, in a military sense, one who only that method of instruction, seldom
is of an opposite side in war, or who pub knows how to act upon emergencies of all
licly invades a country. kinds, because old age incapacitates him
ENFANS perdus, forlorn hope, in mi from exercising his employment. Expe
litary history, are soldiers detached from rience teaches us, through the means of
several regiments, or otherwise appoint the errors we commit ourselves, what
ed to give the first onset in battle, or in teaches us at theexpence of others.
theory
The life of man being short, and oppor
an attack upon the counterscarp, or the
breach of a place besieged; so called (by tunities of practice seldom happening,
the French) because of the imminent dan it is certain nothing less than a happy
ger they are exposed to. genius, a great share of theory, and intent
ENFILADE, in fortification, is used application joined to
experience, can

in speaking of trenches, or other places, make an engineer one day shine in his pro
which may he scoured by the enemy's fession. From whence it follows, that
shot, along their whole length. In con less than the three first of those four qua
ducting the approaches at a siege, care lities, should not be a recommendation
must be taken that the trenches be not for the reception of a young gentleman
enfiladedfrom any work ofthe place. See into a corps of engineers.
Trenches. The fundamental sciences, and those
To Enfilade, is to sweep the whole absolutely necessary, are arithmetic, geo
length of any work or line of troops, with metry, mechanics, hydraulics, and draw
the shot of artillery or small arms. ing. Without arithmetic, it is impos
EN FI LER, .' V. to enfilade, is to bat sible to make a calculation of the extent,
ter and sweep with cmnon shot, the and to keep an account of the disburse
whole extent of a strait line. ments made, or to be made ; nor without
ENGAGEMENT, Fr. See Enlist- it can an exact computation be made upon
:,; ent.
any occasion whatsoever.
Engagement. See Battle. Without geometry, it is impossible to
ENGARR1SON, to protect any place lay down a plan or map with truth and
by a garrison. exactness, or settle a draught of a fortifi
ENGINES, in military mechanics, are cation, or calculate the lines and angles,
nude ofoneor so as to make a just estimation, in crder
compound machines, more

mechanical powers, as levers, pullies, to trace them on the ground, and t


t: :ws, Sec. in order to raise, project,
SB*!

ENG ENG 137

measure the surface and solidity of their 15 captain lieutenants, and captains, 31
parts. lieutenants, 16 second lieutenants.
Mechanics teaeh us the proportions of The establishment of the corps of in.
the machines in use, and how to increase valid engineers, comprises a colonel,- lieu
or diminish their powers as occasion may tenant colonel, captain, captain lieuten
require; and likewise to judge whether ant and captain, first lieutenant, and se
those which our own imagination suggests cond lieutenant.
to us, will answer in practice. The corps of engineers in Ireland con
Hydraulics teach us how to conduct sists of a director, colonel, lieutenant co
waters from one place to another, to keep lonel, major, captain, captain lieutenant
them at a certain height, or to raise them and captain, and 2 first lieutenants.
higher. During the administration of general
How fluently soever we may express Washington, the necessity of some mili
ourselves in speaking or writing, we can tary institute, or school, was frequently
never give so perfect an idea as by an ex recommended ; and in the administration
act drawing; and often in fortification that followed, the same policy was pur
both are wanted; for which reason the sued ; particularly at the period of raising
art ofdrawing is indispensibly necessary the additional army in 1798. In the year
for engineers. 1792, military subjects were very much
To the qualities above mentioned, must pressed upon congress, as arising out of
be added activity and vigilance ; both the state of the world, and the necessity
which are absolutely necessary in all ope of being prepared to ward against the
rations of war, but especially in the at dangers which might arise. In 1800, the
tack of such places as are in expectation subject of military defence was discussed,
of succours. The besieged must have no with increased zeal, and a very able and
time allowed them for consideration ; one judicious report of the then secretary at
hour lost at such a juncture often proves war was laid before congress, in which

irreparable.thatIt is by their activity and it was proposed to establish a military


vigilance, engineers often bring the academy to be divided into four general
besieged to capitulate, much sooner than
departments. 1. A fundamental school.
they would have done, if those engineers 2. A school of artillerists and
engineers.
had not pushed on the attack with firm 3. A school of cavalry and infantry. 4.
ness and resolution. Want of vigilance A naval school. The objects of this re
and activity often proceed from irreso port fell to the ground. In 1802, (16
lution, and that from weakness of ca March) a law was passed, in which it
pacity. was provided, Sect. 26. That the Presi
As the office of an engineer requires dent of the United States is hereby au
great natural qualifications, much know thorised and empowered, when he shall
lege, study, and application, it is but deem it expedient, to organize and estab
reasonable that the pay should be propor lish a corps of engineers, to consist of one
tioned to that merit which is to be the engineer, with the pay, rank, and emo
qualification of the person employed : he luments of a major ; two assistant en
must be at an extraordinary expence in
gineers, with the pay, rank, and emolu
his education, and afterwards for books ments of captains ; two other assistant
and instruments for his instruction and engineers, with the pay, rank, and emo
improvement, as well as for many other luments of first lieutenants; two other
things ; and that he may be at liberty to assistant engineers, with the pay, rank,
pursue his studies with application, he and emoluments of second lieutenants ;
must not be put to shifts for necessaries. and ten cadets, with the pay of sixteen
It should likewise be considered, that if dollars per month, and two rations per
an
engineer do his duty, be his station day : and the President of the United
what it will, his fatigue must be States is, in like manner authorised,
very
great; and, to dedicate himself wholly when he shall deem it proper, Jo make
to that duty, he should be divested of all such promotions in the said
corps, with
other cares. a view to
particular merit, and without
The word engineer is of modem date in
regard to rank, so as not to exceed one
England, and was first used about the year colonel, one lieutenant colonel, two ma
1650, when one captain Thomas Rudd jors, four captains, four first lieutenants,
had the title of chief engineer. In 1600, the four second lieutenants, and so as that
title given to engineers, was trench-mas number of the whole corps shall, at no
ter ; and in 1622, sir William Pelham, and
time, exceed twenty officers and cadets.
after him sir Francis Vere, acted as Sec. 27. And be it further enacted, That
trench-masters in Flanders. In the year the said corps when so organized, shall
1634, an engineer vvas called camp-master be stationed at West Point in the state of
general, and sometimes engine-master, New York, and shall constitute a mili
being always subordinate to the master of tary academy ; and the engineers, assist
the ordnance. ant engineers, and cadets of the said
At present the corps of engineers in
corps, shall be subject at all times, to
England, consists of t colonel in chief, 1 do duty in such places, and on such ser
colonel en second, 1 chief engineer, 5 co vice, as the President of the United States
lonels, 6 lieutenant colonels, 18 captains, | shall direct.
S
138 ENS E N V

Sec. 28. And be it further enacted, That signs belonging the foot, were either
to
the principal engineer, and in his absence the common ones of the whole legion, or
the next in rank, shall have the super the particular of the manipuli. The
ones

intendance of the said military academy, common ensign of the whole legion was
under the direction of the President of the an eagle of gold or silver, fixed on the

United States ; and the secretary of war top of a spear, holding a thunderbolt in
is his talons as ready to deliver it. That
hereby authorised, at the public ex-
ence, under such regulations as shall
this was not peculiar to the Romans, is
evident from the testimony of
e directed
by the President ofthe United Xenophon,
who informs us, that the royal ensign of
States, to procure the necessary books,
implements and for the use and Cyrus was a golden eagle spread over a
apparatus
benefit ofthe said institution. shield, and fastened spear, and that
on a

This school of engineers ofthe U. States the same was still used by the Persian
has been since augmented ; and it is pro kings. In the rustic age of Rome, the
posed to place it at Washington city. ensigns were nothing more than a wisp of
ENGINERY, the act of managing hay carried on a pole, as the word mani-
Artillery; also engines of war. pulus properly signifies. The ensign of
ENGUARD. See Guard. the cavalry was a dragon ; but there were
ENLARGEMENT, the act of going some of cloth, somewhat like our colors,
or being allowed to go beyond prescribed distended on a staff; on which the names
limits : as the extending the boundaries of the emperors were generally depicted.
of an arrest, when the officer is said to The religious care the soldiers took of
be enlarged, or under arrest at large. their ensigns, was extraordinary : they
ENNEAGON, in geometry, ox fortifi worshipped them, swore by them (as at
cation, is a fi;:ure consisting of 9 angles,
present several European powers do) and
and as many sides, capable of being for incurred certain death if they lost them.
tified with the same number of bastions. The Turks and Tartars make use of
ENNEGONE See Enneacon. horses tails for :heir ensigns, whose num
ENRANK, to place in orderly or re ber distinguishes the rank of their com
gular rows. manders; for the Sultan has 7, and the
Enrol em ent, Fr. enrollment. This Grand Vizier only 3, &c.
term, according to the military accepta ENTERPRIZE, in military history,
tion of it in the French service, differs an undertaking attended with some hazaid

from the words engagement, enlistment, and danger -

inasmuch as in some instances, the officer ENTERPRISER, an offieer who un


enrolls or enlists a soldier without his con dertakes or engages in any
important and
hazardous design. This kind of service
sent ; whereas in others the soldier is
enrolled, after having declared that he frequently happens to the light infantry,
voluntarily enlisted. light horse, and hussars.
ENROLLED, ?cM T.
See Inlisted. ,.,. ENTIRE, or rank Entire, a line of
ENROLLMENT, $ men in one continued row on the side of

ENSCONCE, to cover as with a fort. each other. When behind each other,
ENSEIGNE, Fr. the colors, origi they are said to be in file. See Indian
nally derived from the Latin word Insig- files.
nire. The French designate all warlike ENTONNOIR, Fr. the cavity or hole
symbols under the term enseigne; but which remains after the explosion of a
they again distinguish that word by the mine. It likewise means the tin-case or
appellations of drapeaux, colors, an&iten- port-feu which is used to convey the
darts, standards. Drapeaux or colors are priming powder into the touch-hole of a
particularly characteristic of the infantry ; cannon.
etendarts or standards belong to the caval ENTREPOSTS, Fr. magazines and
ry. We make the same distinctions in places appropriated in garrison towns for
our service. See Colors. the reception of stores, Sec. Ina mer
Etn&ziGHi. de vaisseau, Ex. Thelow- cantile sense it means an intermediate
est commissioned officer in the French public warehouse, where goods were de
navy. posited, and from whence they might be
ENSHIELD, to cover from the forwarded to different quarters within
enemy. or beyond the immediate confines of a

ENSIFORM, having the shape of a


country.
sword. ENTREPRENEUR, Fr. See Con-
ENSIGN, in the military art, a ban TR ACTOR.

ner, under which the soldiers are ranged ENVELOPE, in fortification, a work
according to the diffeient regiments they of earth, sometimes in form of a single
belong to. See Colors. parapet, and at others like a small ram
Ensign, ox ensign-hearer, is an officer part : it is raised sometimes in the ditch,
who carries the colors, being the lowest and sometimes beyond it. Envelopes are
commissioned officer in acorn pany of foot, sometimes en zic-zac, to inclose a weak
subordinate to the captain and lieutenant. ground, where that is practicable, with
The word ensign is very ancient, being single lines, to save the great charge of
used both by the Greeks and Romans, horn works, crown works, and tenaille. ,
and amongst both foot and horse. En or where room is wanting for such large
E PI ESC 139

works. These sort of works are to be ; ordnance which does not exceed one

seen at Besancon, Douay, Luxembourg, ! pound in calibre


in ditch sometimes See Proof
EPREUVE, Fr.
Sec. Envelopes a are

called sillons, contregardes, conserves, j EPROUVETTE, is a machine to


lunettes, &c. which words see. prove the strength of gunpowder There
To ENVIRON, to surround in a hos- ! are different sorts of eprouvettes, accord
hem the fancy of different nations who
tile manner, to in, to besiege. | ing to
EPAULE, in fortification, denotes the' use them. Some raise a weight, and
shoulder of a bastion, or the place where i others throw a shot, to certain heights
'

its face and flank meet, and form the an- and distances.
EPTACON. See Heptagon.
gle, called the angle of the shoulder. See
FORTl FICATION. EQU ANGULAR, having equal angles.
EPAULEMENT, in fortification, is EQUATION, an expression of the
a kind of breast work to cover the troops same
quantity in two dissimilar terms,
in front, and sometimes in flank. Inai but of equal value. See Algebra.
EQUERRE, Fr. of rule which
siege, the besiegers general :y raise an| a sort

epaulement of 8 or io feet high, near the j is absolutely necessary to the miner in


durance of the approaches, to cover the

order to make his descent at right angles.
cavalry, which is placed there to support |; EQUERRY, the master of the horse.
the guard of the trenches. These works It likewise means any person who is ap
are sometimes made of filled gabions, or 1 pointed to attend horses.
fascines and earth. This tsrm is fre- EQUESTRIAN statue, the inanimate
j
quently used for any work thrown up to resemblance, in bronze, stone, or marble,
defend the flank of a post, or any other of any person mounted on horseback.
place. 1 1 is sometimes taken for a demi- Equestrian order, among the Ro
bastion, and at other times for a square mans, signified their knights or
equites ;
orillon to cover the cannon of a casemate. as also their troopers or horsemen in the
See Fortification- field; the first of which orders stood in
EPAULETTES, are shoulder knots, c ntradistinction to the senators, as the

worn by officers; those for the officers last did to the foot ; each of these dis
are made of gold or silver lace, with rich tinctions was introduced into the state by
fringe and bullions, those of non-com state cunning.
missioned arf of cotton or worsted They EQUILIBRIUM, equality of weight
are badges of distinction worn on one or or powder.
both shoulders. When a serjeant or cor To EQUIP, to furnish an individual,

poral is publicly reduced, the shoulder- a


corps, or ais army, with every thing
knot is cut ofFby the drum major in the that is requisite for military service,
front or circle of the battalion. such as arms, accoutrements, uniforms,
Among the French, all the degrees of Sec. Sec.
rank, from a cadet to a general officer, EQUIPAGE, in a military sense, is
were so minutely marked out by the all kinds of furniture made use of by the
epaulette, that a common centinel might army ; such as
instantly know what officer approached C-.w/>-Eo,uipace, ?are tents, kitchen
his station, and could pay the prescribed F/Wi-Egu'iPAGE, S furniture, saddle
honors without hesitation or mistake. horses, baggage waggons, bat horses, Sec
All officers above the rank of captain EQUIPMENT, the act of getting
wear two in the United States army and completely equipped, or supplied with
militia; captains wear one on the right everyrequisite for military service.
shoulder: lieutenants and ensigns on the EQUITES, an order of equestrian
left ; Serjeants and corporals wear as cap knights introduced among the Romans by
tains and lieutenants. Romulus.
Epaulettes have been introduced into E SCAD RON, Fr. Squadron. This
the British navy. term is derived from the Italian scara or
The following are the gradations of scadra, corrupted from the Latin quad-
rank as distinguished by epaulettes. rum. Froissart was the first French writer
Masters and commanders have one that made use of the word csc;\dron to
epaulette on the left shoulder. signify a troop of horse drawn out in
Post captains under three years, one order of battle. The term escadron is
epaulette on the right shoulder ^ more ancient than battalion. See Sbuad-
And after having been post three years, RON.
two epaulettes. ESCALADE. Sec Scalade.
Rear admirals have one star on the Escalade d'un soldat was used in the
strap of the epaulette, vice admirals two old French service to express the act of a
stars, and admirals three stars. soldier who got into a town, camp, ot
EPEE, Fr. a sword. quarters, by scaling the ramparts, &c.
EPERON, Fr. a spur. When discovered in the act of so doing,
EPICYCLOID, a curve formed by the centinels had orders to fire at him ;
the revolution of the periphery of a cir and if apprehended, he was tried and
cle along the convex or concave part of condemned to death.
another circle. ESC ALE, Fr. a machine used reap-*
EPIGNARE, Fn a small piece of ply the petard.
140 ESP ETA

ESCARMOUCHE, Fr. See Skir- ] generally used among all military men
! in
MISH.
Europe. It may not improperly be
ESCARPE, is the outward slope or defined a laudable spirit of ambition
talus of the which produces a peculiar attachment to
rampart.
ESCARPMENT. See Declivity. any particular corps, company or service.
ESCORT, in the art of war. See Officers without descending to mean and
Convoy. pitiful sensations of selfish envy, under
ESCORTS, Fr. See Convoy. the influence of a true Esprit de corps rise
ESCOUADE, Fr. in the old French into an emulous thirst after military
service
generally meant the third part of glory. The g<-od are excited to peculiar
a
company ot foot or a detachment. feats of valor by the sentiments it en
Companies were divided in this manner genders, and the bad are deterred from
for the purpose of more conveniently ever hazarding a disgraceful action
by a
keeping the tour of duty among the men. secret consciousness of the duties it pre*
1 he word escouade is, however, more scribes.
specifically applicable to the old distribu ESQUADE. See Squad,
tion of a French artillery company, ESQUIRE. See Armicer.
which was divided into three parts called S'ESQUIVER, Fr. tostealaway.
escouades. The first, containing double ESSES, in the train of artillery, are
the complement of the rest, was com fixed to draught chains and made in the
posed of 24 artillerists or bombardiers, form of an S, one end of which is fastened
including two Serjeants, two corporals, to the chain, and the other hooks to the
two anspessades or lance corporals of the horses harness, or to a staple : they serve
same profession, and twenty-four soldiers likewise to lengthen and piece chains
called soldats apprentis. The second es together.
couade was composed of twelve miners ESSUYER /</., Fr. to remain ex
or sappers, including one serjaant, one posed to the fire of cannon or musquetry.
corporal, and one anspessade or lance F.STABLAGE, Fr. the harness which
corporal of the same profession, and is between the two shafts of a cart, and
twelve soldats apprentis. serves to
support them.
The third escouade was composed of To ESTABLISH, To fix, to settle.
twelve workmen or artificers in wood or It is likewise a technical phrase, to ex
iron attached to the artillery, amongst press the quartering of any considerable
whom were included one serjeant, one body of troops in a country. Thus it is
corporal and one anspessade or lance cor common to say : The army took up a po
poral of the same trade, together with sition in the neighborhood of- and
twelve soldats apprentis. We have cor- established its head quarters at .

rupted the terra and called it squad. See ESTABLISHMENT, in a military


.Squad, sense, implies the quota of officers and
ESCOUT. See Spy. men in an army, regiment, troop, or

ESCUAGE,an ancient feudal tenure company.


was bound to follow Peace- Establishment, is the reduc
by which the tenant tion of corps to a certain number, by
his lord to war or to defend his castle.
ESPADON, in old military books, which the aggregate force of a country is
a kind of two-handed sword, having two diminished, and its expenditure lessened.
edges, of a great length and breadth; ^/-Establishment, is the aug
formerly used by the Spanish. mentation of regiments to a certain num
ESPION, Fr.a spy. ber, by which the whole army of a coun
ESPLANADE, in fortification, the try is considerably increased.
sloping of the parapet of the covert- way ESTAFFE, contribution money.
towards the field, and is therefore the ESTIMATE, army estimates are the
of the of expences to be incurred
same as the glacis counterscarp ; computation
in the support of an army for a givea
but begins to be antiquated in that sense,
and is now only taken for the empty time.
space between the glacis
of a citadel, and ESTOFETTE, a military courier,
the first houses ofthe town. sent express from one part of an army
ESPONTOON, Fr. A sort of half to another.
ESTOILE. SeeEToiLE.
pike. On the 10th of May, 1690, it was E ST R A D E , Fr. a road or way. This
ordered by the French government that
or half pike, should be word is derived from the Italian strada,
every espintoon,
8 feet in length. The colonels of corps which signifies road, street, or way.
as well as the captains of companies
al Some writers take its etymology from
ways used them
in action. The officers Eetradiots, a class of men on horseback,
of the British army have likewise been who were employed in scouring the roads,
with this weapon : but it has and in procuring intelligence respecting
provided
been replaced by the strait sword in both the movements of an army. SeeBAT-
TEUR d'EsTRADE.
countries ; and is generally exploded.
ESPR1NGAL, in the ancient art of ETAIM or ETAIN, Fr. Tin, A
for throwing large darts, white metal of a consistency less hard
war, a machine
muchettas. than silver, but firmer than lead. It is
generally called
ESPRIT de Corps, Fr. this term is
ETA EVE 141

used in the casting of cannon. The best major of a garrison town, or citadel, were
is found in Cornwall.
quality strictly forbidden to absent themselves
ETANCONS, Fr. Stays, supporters. more than four days from their places of

Large pieces of wood which are fixed residence, without especial leave from the
vertically in the cavities of mines, for the king, nor for four days, unless they ob
purpose of sustaining the weight of earth tained permission from the governor or
that is laid upon the galleries. commandant of the town or citadel. See
ETAPE, Fr. subsistence, ora sol Amer. Mil. Lib. Art. Staff.
dier's daily allowance. See Subsis- ETENDART. Fr. Standard. This
word derives its name from the circum
ETAP1ERS, Fr. were military pur stance of its application, being constantly

veyors, who accompanied the French stretched out, itendu or displayed. This
armies or were stationed in
particular etymology does not appear to hold good
places to supply the troops on their with our translation ofthe word.
march. ETERCILLON, ou arcboutant, Fr.
ET AT- Major, Fr. Staff*. Etat ma Buttress. A piece of wood which is
jor in the trench service, is a more com placed transverse, or horizontally in the
prehensive term than staff" appears to be galleries of a mine, in order to sustain the
in our acceptation of the word. As we earth on both sides ; but most especially
have in some degree adopted the term, it to keep the chamber well closed, and to
cannot be superfluous to give a short ac support the corners of the gallery.
count of its origin, Sec. Among the ETIQUETTE, a French term, pri
French, according to the Author of the marily denoting a ticket, or title affixed to
Recueil Alphabetique de tous les termes pro- a bag, or bundle of papers, expressing its

pres a Part de la guerre, etat-major signi contents. It is also used, when applied
fies a specific number of officers who are to the Spanish and some other courts
distinguished from others belonging to the to signify a particular account of what is
same corps. It did not follow that every to be done daily in the king's household.

regiment was to have its staff, as the king 1 1 likewise denotes those forms that re
had thepower of appointing or suppress. gulate the decorum of conduct towards
ing staff officers at pleasure. persons of various ranks and stations.
The etat-major general de I'infanterie, or In the Austrian service, military eti
the general staff" of the infantry, was quette is punctiliously attended to ; and in
created under Francis I. in 1525. That the old French service the utmost defer
ofthe light cavalry under Charles IX. in ence was paid to a superior officer by an

1565. That of the dragoons under Louis inferior, at all times, and on all occasions.
XIV. in 1669. ETOILES, Fr. small redoubts, which
The etat-major of an infantry regiment, are constructed by means of
angles ren-
was composed of the colonel, the major, trant and angles sortant, and have from
the aid-major, quarter-master, the chap five to eight saliant points. Each one of
lain, the provost-marshal, the surgeon, their sides or faces may contain from 12
and the attendant commissary, who to 25 toises. This species of fortification
was called le commissaire a la conduite. has fallen into disuse, not only because
To these were added the lieutenant of the etoiles do not possess the advantage of
provostship, the person who kept the having their angle rentrant effectually
regimental register, or the greffier, the flanked, but because they have been su
drum-major, six archers, and the execu perceded by square redoubts, which are
tioner. By this establishment it is pre sooner built, and are applicable to the

supposed, that a provostship, was al same purposes of defence.


lowed in the regiment, which was not a ETOUPILLE, Fr. an inflammable
general regulation,but depended upon the match, composed of three threads of very
king's pleasure. fine cotton, which is well steeped in
The etat.major, or staff of an old brandy mixed with the best priming gun
French regiment of cavalry, according to powder.
the Ordonnance, or military regulation EVACUATE, in military history, a
which was issued on the 4th of Novem term made use of in the articles of" ca
ber in 1 65 1, consisted of the mestre de granted to the besieged at the
pitulation
camp, or colonel of the horse, the major time they surrender to the besiegers ; and
and the aid-major. It is therein particu is the same as quitting a
place.
larly stated, tnat the etat-major of a EVENT, Fr. Vent. This word is par
cavalry regiment shall not have a pro ticularly applicable to the vent or cavity
vostship, a chaplain, a surgeon, nor any which is left in cannon, or other fire
other subordinate officer under that deno arms, after they have been proved and
mination.
'
found defective. The vent is sometimes
very fortified town or place had like round and sometimes long. Vents are
wise its appropriate 6rat-major, consist frequently so exiguous, that they appear
ing of a certain numbar of officers who like the lines of a small fibre, through
were subject to specific and distinct re which water will ooze, and smoke eva
gulations. porate. These pieces, whether of ord
By an order dated the ist of August, nance, or of musquetry, ate of course
1733, the officer:; belonging to the crut rejected.
142 E V O E X A

EVIDENCE, a declaration made viva Compound evolutions are practised


voce of what any person knows of his own either by repeating the same simple evo
knowlege relative to the matter in ques lution several times, or by going through
tion. Military men are obliged to attend several simple evolutions, or moving in
and give evidence before courts-martial, different modes with different parts ofthe
without any expence to the prosecutor, same corps, which
ultimately tend to the
or prisoner same object.
Hearsay Evidence, the declaration of The Evolutions ofthe ancients were
what one has heard from others. As in formed and executed with uncommon
all other courts of ordinary judicature, good senseand ability. Considering the
this species of evidence is not admissible depth and size of the Grecian phalanx,
in courts-martial. it is astonishing how the different parts
EVOCATI, were a class of soldiers could be rendered susceptible ofthe most
among the Romans, who, after having intricate and varied evolutions. The Ro
served their full time in the army, entered man legion, though more favorable to
as volunteers to
accompany some favo such changes and conversions, from being
rite general. Hence they were likewise more loose and detached, did not ex
called emeriti and
beneficiarii. ecute them upon more sound or better
EVOCATION. A religious ceremo principles.
ny which was always observed among Evolution (in geometry) the equal
the Romans, at the commencement of a evolution of the periphery of a circle, or
sie e, wherein they solemnly called upon \ any other curve, is such a gradual ap
the gods and goddesses of the place to proach of the circumference to rectitude,
forsake it, and come over to them as that all its
parts do meet together, and
When any place surrendered, they al equally evolve or unbend; so that the
ways took it for granted, that their same line becomes
successively a less arch
prayer had been heard, and that the Dii of a reciprocally greater circle, till at last
Pe Kites, ox the household gods of the they turn into a
straight line.
place had come over to them. Evolution of powers (in algebra) ex
EVOLUTION, in the art of war, tract ng of roots from any given power,
the motion made by a body of troops, being the reveise of involution.
when they are obliged to change their EXAGON. See Hexacon.
form and disposition, in order to preserve EXAMINER. One who scrutinizes.
a post, occupy another, to attack an ene EXCAVATION, the act of cutting
my with more advantage, or to be in a or otherwise
making hollows ; also the
condition of defending themselves the cavity formed. In military matters, it
bfter. That evolution is best, which, is generally applied to the place from
with a given number of men, may be whence the earth or other substance has
executed in the least space, and conse been taken by mining.
quently in the least time possible. EXAMPLE, any act or word which
Evolution ofthe moderns, is a change disposes to imitation. The example of a
of position, which has always for its superior officer has con-.iderable influence
object either offence or defence. The over the mind of an
inferior; but in no
essentials in the performance of an evolu instance does it appear more important
tion are, order, directness, precision, and than in the good and bad behaviour of a
the greatest possible rapidity'. non-commissioned officer or corporal.
Evolutions may be divided into two These characters, therefore, should be
classes, the simple and the compound; particularly correct in their duties, tena
simple evolutions are those which con cious of every principle of military honor,
sist in simple movements, which do not and remarkable for honesty. Old soldiers
altar the shape or figure of the battalion, should likewise direct their attention to
but merely afford a more or less extended the strict observance of rules and regula
front or depth, keep it more or less closed tions, as young recruits always look up to
to its flanks or centre, turn its aspeet to them for example.
flank or rear, or break it into divisions, EXAMINATION, a scrutiny or in
subdivisions, sections, or files, in order vestigation of abilities, conduct, &c. All
that it may unfold itself, or defile and officers of artillery and engineers should
resume its proper front or order of battle. undergo an examination in mathema
All the \arious ways of defiling, forming tics, fortification, and gunnery, prior
line, opening to right and left, closing or to their having commissions.
Surgeons
deploying, doubling the ranks or files, or and assistant surgeons should be examined
changing front upon cither of the flanks before a medical board.
by conversion, are called simple evolu EXAUCTO RATIO, in the Roman
tion. military discipline, differed from the mis-
Compound evolutions are those which sio, which was a full discharge, and took
change the shape and figure of battalions, place after soldiers had served in the army
break them into divisions or companies, 20
years ; whereas the exauctoratio was
>eparate the companies from the main only a partial discharge : they lost their
body, and again replace or rejoin them ; pay indeed, but still kept under their co
in a word which afford the means of pre lors or vexilla, though not under the
senting a front at every direction. aquila or eagle, which was the standard
EXE EXE 143

of the whence instead of legionarii,


legion : they have hitherto repaid with extreme
they were called subsignani, and were re ingratitude
tained till they had either served their full EXEMPTION, the privilege to be
time, or had lands assigned them. The free from some service or appearance.
exauctoratio took place after they had Thus officers in the British nulitia
ser\ed 17 years. who have served during the war, accord
EXCELLENCY, a title absurdly ing to prescribed regulations, are
exempt
given to kings and emperors, in Europe, ed from being balloted for.
and with equal falsehood and absurdity EXEMTS, Fr. so called originally,
given to governors, ambassadors, generals, from being ex mpted from certain ser
and other persons. vices, or entitled to peculiar privileges.
EXCHANGE, in a military sense, Exemts du ban tt arriere ban, persons
implies the removal of an officer from one exempted from being enrolled for that
regiment to another, or from full to half particular service, were so called. They
pay, and vice versa : It is usual on these consisted of the domestic attendants be
occasions for individuals belonging to the longing to the palace, those attached to
latter class to receive a pecuniary consi the princes and pr ncesscs of the blood;
deration. See Difference. all persons actually serving his majesty,
Exchange of prisoners , the act of giv together with the sons of office who
were in the
ing up men, that have been taken in war, army.
Exemts des gardes du corps. Exempts
updh stipulated conditions which are sub
scribed to by contending powers. belonging to the body guards. They
Exchange, in a general sense, signi were twelve in numb, r, and held the

fies any contract or agreement whereby rank of captains of cavalry, taking prece
dence of all captains whose commissions
persons or things are exchanged for
were of a
others. younger date to the brevet of
EXCHEQUER. The public office the exempts.
from whence all monies are issued for the These brevet commissions were given
useofthe English army. With respect to away under the old government of France.
the militia, it is enacted that the money Exemts des marechaussees. Certain
paid for that particular service, shall be persons employed to keep the public
kept apart from all other money. peace. Markchaussie means in a literal
Officers belonging to the exchequer, sense, marshalsey. But the functions of
are not to take any fees for receiving, or the exempts were of a nature peculiar to
issuing such money. France. They held their situations under
EXCITE. See Animate. commissions, bearing the great seal, which
EXCUBME, inantiquity, the watches were forwarded to them
by the secretary
and guards kept in the day by the Roman at war. The privileges they
enjoyed
soldiers. They differed from the vigilia were to be
exempted from all taxes, &c.
which were kept in the night. but they could not institute any species
EXECUTER, Fr. The French use of criminal information without the con
this verb technically. They say, executer currence of the greffier or sheriff.
et servir une
piece. See the particular EXERCISE, in military affairs, is
method of so doing, under Tirer le can the practice of all those motions and ac
non, to fire a gun or cannon. tions, together with the whole manage.
Executsr, Fr. to execute, to put to ment of arms, which a soldier is to be
death. perfect in, to render him fit for service,
EXECUTION. Military Execution and make him understand how to attack
is the pillaging or plundering of a country and defend. Exercise is the first part of
by the enemy's army. the military art ; and the more it is con
Military Execution also means every sidered the more essential it will appear.
kind of punishment inflicted on the It
army disengages the human fnme from the
by the sentence of a court martial ; which stiff rusticity of simple nature, anu forms
is of various kinds. When a soldier is to men and horses to all the evolutions of
be punished with death, a detachment of war. The honor, merit, appearance,
about 200 men from the regiment he be strength, and success of a corps depend
longs to form the parade, when a file of wholly upon the attention which has been
grenadiers shoots the prisoner to death. paid to the drill and exercise of it, accord
Every nation has different modes of mi ing to prescribed rules and regulations;
litary execution. while on the other hand we see the great
EXEMPT, men of 45 years of age are est armies, for want of
being exercised,
exempt from serving in the militia. An instantly disordered, and that disorder in
aid-de-camp and brigade major are ex creasing in spite of command; the con
empt from all regimental duties while fusion oversets the art of skilful masters,
serving in these capacities. Officers on and the valor of the men only serves to
courts martial are sometimes exempt precipitate the defeat : for which reason
from all other duties until the court is it is the duty of
every officer to take care,
dissolved. The people called Quakers, and that the recruits be drilled as soon as they
all others who are religiously scrupulous, join the corps.
are by the laws of the U. States exempt The greatest advantage derived from
from militia duty, an indulgence which the exercise, is theexpertness with which
144 EXE EXE

men become capable of loading and established to be


and their
firing, some temporary system
learning an attention to act in observed by all under his command.
conformity with those around them. It These inconveniences were at length
has always been lamented, that men have obviated by the rules and regulations
been brought on service, without being compiled by general Dundas on the sys
informed ofthe uses of the different ma tem of the Prussian discipline, as estab
noeuvres they have been
practising ; and lished by Frederic the Great.
that During the American revolution, a com
haying no ideas of any thing but the
uniformity of the parade, they instantly mittee of officers was appointed bycongress
fall into disorder and confusion when to digest a system of discipline for the mi.
they lose the step, or see a deviation from litary forces ofthe United States. A con
the straight lines they have been accus siderable body of materials were thrown
tomed to at exercise. It is a pity to see together by the several officers, which
so much attention confined to show, and
proving too voluminous, amounting to
so little
given to instruct the troops in three volumes folio, Baron Steuben, an
what may be of use to them on service. officer who had been in the Prussian ser
Though the parade is the place to form vice, was appointed to make a digest,
the characters of soldiers, and to teach which was afterwards adopted, and con
them uniformity, yet when confined to tinues still to be the only regulation for
that alone, it is too limited and mechani discipline. This work which is very
cal for true military use. brief, was of much use where there was
The great loss which the British troops no sort of order established, or rather
sustained in Germany, America, and the where utter disorder prevailed ; but is
West Indies, during the war of 1783, from not by any means adapted to the uses of
sickness, as well as from the enemy, was a good discipline in the present state of

chiefly owing to a neglect of exercise. An military knowlege. It is confined to the


army whose numbers vanish after the duties of a regiment of infantry only, and
first 4 months of a campaign, may be is in fact no more than an abstract modi
very ready to give battle in their existing fication of the Prussian system of 1741.
period; but the fact is, that although The war department of the United States,
fighting is one part of a soldier's business, has had the provision of a more
enlarged
yet bearing fatigue, and being in health, and competent system under preparation
is another, and at Jeast as essential as the for three or four years, and the comman
first. A campaign may pass without a der in chief (general Wilkinson) had made
battle; but no part of a campaign can be great progress in a general arrangement of
gone through without fatigue, without a
system comprehending all the details of
marches, without an exposure to bad drill, exercise, manoeuvre, formations of
weather; all of which have exercise for separate, and co-operating bodies, and of
their foundation ; and if soldiers are not various kinds of troops ; as well as the
trained and enured to these casualties, police of camps, garrisons, rank, and ro
but sink under them, they become in tation ; and other regulations, but public
adequate to bodily fatigue, and eventually service having called him off to the south
turn out a burthen to the country. ern frontier, and general Dearborne hav
1 1 is not from numbers, nor from incon ing resigned, the system of Steuben re
siderate valor, that we are to expect vic mains, while the new discipline of Eu
tory ; in battle she commonly follows rope has become known to all the volun
capacity, and a knowlege of arms. We teer corps of the Union, commanded by
do not see, that the Romans made use of intelligent officers ; and the old discipline
any other means to conquer the world, of Steuben, has from actual deficiency
than a continual practice of military ex. been superceded.
ercises, an exact discipline in their camps, Infantry Exercise, includes the use
and a constant attention to cultivate the of the firelock and practice of the ma
art of war. Hence, both ancients and noeuvres for regiments of foot, according
moderns agree, that there is no other way to the regulations issued by authority.
to form good soldiers but by exercise and When a regiment of foot is drawn up,
discipline; and it is by a continual prac or paraded for exercise, the men are
placed
tice and attention to this, that the Prus two and sometimes three
deep, which
sians arrived at that point of perfection latter is the natural formation of a bat
which was long so much admired in their talion. In order to have the manual ex
evolutions, and manual exerci?e. ercise well performed, it is in a particular
Formerly in the British service every manner requisite, that the ranks and files
commander in chief, or officer command be even, well dressed, and the file lead
ing a corps, adopted or invented such ers well covered: this must be very
manoeuvres as he judged proper, except strictly attended to both by the major,
ing in the instance of a few regulations for and his adjutant: all officers also, on
review : neither the manual exercise, nor service in general, where men are drawn
quick and slow marching were precisely up under arms, or without, must be
defined by authority. In consequence careful, that the ranks and files are ex
when regiments from different parts were actly even; and the soldiers must learn
brigaded, they were unable to act in line to dress themselves at once, without the
till tlie general officer tommsmding had J necessity of being directed to do it. Th?
of all exercise and marching, con ed ; each of which is to teach the men
beauty their duty, and to make them handy in
sists in seeing soldier carry his arms
a

well, keep his firelock steady and even in using the implements for loading, point
the hollow of his shoulder, the right ing, traversing, and firing, &c Sec Prac
hand hanging down, and the whole body tice.

without constraint. The musquets when Howitz Exercise, differs but little
shouldered, should be exactly dressed in from the mortar, except that it is liable
rank and file ; the men must keep their to various elevations ; whereas that of the

bodies upright, and in full front, not mortar is usually fixed to an angle of 45 ;

having one shoulder too forward, or the but the men should be taught the method
other too backward. The distances be of ricochet firing, and how to practise
tween the files must be equal, and not with grape shot : each method requiring
g-reater than from arm to arm, which gives a particular degree of elevation. Sec
the requisite room for the motions. The Practice.
ranks are to be two paces distant from Exercise of guns with reduced num

each other. Every motion must be done bers. When 15 men are attached to the
with life, and all facings, wheelings, and service of a gun in the field, they may be
marchings, performed with the greatest classed to the right and left sides of the
exactness. Hence a regiment should gun ; or they may be placed in a kind of
never be under arms longer than three roster, by a succession of numbers from
hours without rest. See Firings, Ma 1 to 15 ; the two first numbers of each

nual and Manoeuvres. gun being the first and second gunner; and
the remaining 13 as aids. This numerical
Cavalry Exercise, is of two sorts,
on horseback, and on foot, The squad distribution, upon a little practice, will
rons for exercise are sometimes drawn up be found as easy as the regulation ofthe
three deep, though frequently two deep ; guard duties, and is well calculated for
the tallest men and horses in the centre service where discipline is good. It is by
and front. When a regiment is formed this arrangement also well suited to use,
in squadrons, the distance of 24 feet, as a where there are men not well disciplined,
common interval, is always to be left be as these can be placed on the remotest

tween the ranks ; and the files must keep numbers. So it is also well calculated for
boot top to boot top. The officers com horse artillery, where it will require some
manding squadrons must, above all things, men to take care of the horses ; and it is
be careful to form with great celerity, also well adapted to service where men
are lost by the casualties of war.
and, during the whole time of exercise,
to preserve their several distances. In all Supposing, therefore, that a 12 pound
wheelings, the flank which wheels, must gun with .1 j men, is required to exercise
come about in full gallop. The men with 9 men. The six numbers, be-rin-
must keep a steady seat upon their horses, ning with the 4th aid of the left, or Nos.
and have their stirrups at a fit length. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, that is, the fourth
Cavalry Sword Exercise. See Sword ofthe left, fifth and sixth aids of thcrigh*
Exercise. and left, in the practice; they are either
Artillery Exer cis e, is the method of emplovcd on other service, oreiigagcd in se
teaching the corps of artillery the use curing the horses, or in preserving and
and practice of all the various machines securing the caisson. The first gunner
of war, viz. has provided a return of the name's and
Exercise of the light field pieces, ]l stations of each man at the gun They
teaches the men to load, ram, and spunge j' are posted as follows: and the numbers

the guns well ; to elevate them accord which precede their stations are the num
ing to the distance, by the quadrant and bers of their roster, and they should be
screw ; to judge of distances and eleva prepared to answer by their number.
tions without the quadrant ; how to use whenever called for.
the port fire, match, and tubes for No. 1. First gunner on the right.
quick 2. Second gpnner on the left
firing ; how to fix the bricole and prolonge,
and use them in advancim:, retreating, and 3. First aid on the right.
wheeling with the field pieces; how to fix 4. First aid .11 the left.
and unfix the trail of tne carriage on the 5. Second aid on the right.
limbers, and how to fix and unfix the boxes 6. Second aid on the left.
for grape shot on the carriages of each 7. Third aid on the right.
piece. 8. Third aid on the left.
Exercise of the garrison and battering 9. Fourth aid on the right
is to teach the men how to load,
irtillery, 10. Fourth aid on the left.

ram, and spunge ; how to handle the 1 1 .Fifth aid on the right.
handspikes in elevating and depressing 12. Fifth aid on the left.
the metal to given distances, and for ri 13. Sixth aid on the right.
cochet ; how to adjust the coins, and 14. Sixth aid on the left.
work the gun to its proper place 5 and 15. Thirteenth aid.
how to point and fire with exactness, &c A reference to the number prefixed to
Mortar Exercise, is of two different these stations, simplifies the return, and
.sorts, viz. with powder and shells un points out the dutyofeach^ which may
loaded, and w-ith powder and shells load be done he cither telling them off'in rank

T
146 EXE EXE

ing, or
giving them a ballot with their 7 C Cover the aids in front, at a distance
number on it, or any other arbitrary sign 8 ( of 5 yards in their rear.
that maybe devised. It is proposed then 9 Is posted with the tumbril or
caisson,
io
post the artillerists to a gun on the 25 yards in the rear
march; and so of seveial guns. A twelve Heavy guns. The duties and positions

pounder is detached with 15 men, and are the same, only that 4 aids 3 in ram

they are numbered, it is required to know ming home the charge.


the stations ofthe artillerists accordinf to Howitzers. The positions and duties

their numbers, and according with the are nearly the same as at the heavy guns ;
di positions of the men to the same duties. only that 3 sp-.mges, uncaps the fuze, and
First rule, all the odd numbers are en puts in the shell; 4 takes the sh eh.-skin
the right side of the gun; all the even out of the piece, lays it on the ground,
numbers on the left side. This is their with the woollen side up, loads with
position in battery, and prepared for ac cartridge, wipes the bottom ofthe shell,
tion. The next rule is their positions in (when 2 holds it up) puts in the sheep
advancing. skin again, and pulls it out with his left
Line of ;;.-..) 1 -/>. Nos. 2, 4, 6, and 8, are hand, on the word Ready: He stops the
-on the left, which numbers correspond muzzle with it immediately, when the
with the second gunner, the first, second,
piece is fired : 6 serves the vent ; 5 fires ;
and third aids ofthe left ; so en the right 1 commands ; 7 carries the slow match
ofthe gun, are the Nos 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, and bucket; 8 serves 4 with cartridges
answering to the first gunner ofthe right, from a cartouch; 9 serves 3 with shells
and the first, second, third, and fourth from the limber, which he lays on the
aids of the right, making in all nine, The sheep-skin. As from unavoidable acci
other six aids, that is to say, the fourth dents, the number of men attached to a
aid of the left, th'- fifth aids of right and
gun may be reduced, it
will be necessary,
left, the sixth aids of right and left, and if the vacancies happen amongst those
the thiiteeiifh aid, are thus dispensed doing the most essential duties, to im
with, and may be thus dispensed with, mediately leplaccthem by those doing the
unl ss the men are required with their
.
most subordinate duties.
:>ricoles to manoeuvre the gun; if this is
done with horse, their aid is only requiied
The following method of'.'' ,.'r:l/.;t/iig the du.
ties amongst a smaller number of men, will
with the horses, and it exemplifies the
excellent adaptation of the means of this be equally applicable to all kinds of field
to its end. ordnance.
new discipline proposed
The third rule is, to find the men, and
1 heir stations by their numbers, it is only .2
*2
i!2 2'w
l-'in
u *:

requisite to refer to the preceding table of 'c a.ij


numbers, 1 and 2 are stationed opposite \"Z "Z -5
"

the trail, they are the two gunners ; 3 and ES


4 are opposite the muzzle in the march, I" o

they load and ram the cartridge and shot ; :-c.ii


j and 6 are opposite the breech ; they _ 3
have charge ofthe port fire and priming ; .a-3
1 v

7 and 8 march opposite the axletree of the tuj

limber; they arc the third aids of right -03


and ieft, and have to supply ammunition, 2i
an<! move the tumbril on unlimbering;
Silc-a

1

?bey are purveyors of the gun ; 9 leads the V ON


E
limber horse, and takes charge of the tum
l\-or-' ^ L*TJ
bril when the gun is in battery. k*-ry-J :-&
: ^on

Duties of nine men as numbered in battery.


'00 00 CCN N^V*^
fe.t-eOOOO
'MI
|qnO i-^rx CnOn*r~l
Light Artillery duties. t-*r^ ONCT>
Cxvwl
1 Commands the gun. *<- ** '.n -v r^ t- OnCn
mf OnO ono CnO>
z Stops the vent, and elevates the gun. H in H OnO

3 Rams and spunges.


4 Loads with cartridge and shot.
5 Fires the gun. 5
O
6 Clears the vent and primes. 3 O .3 O o 3 O 3 O 3

OS;OS O S OS OS OS OX
1 \ Supply cartridge. V-/YN-/ N-4'l^V-'

i) Takes charge ofthe tumbril or caisson.


Positions. To limber up, light Guns and Howitzers.
\ At the right handspike. The whole of the men face towards the
.1 At the left handspike. gun ; 1 unships the traverinc handspikes;
3 Outside ofthe right wheel, in front. the limber is brought up by 9, rather to
\ Outside ofthe left wheel, in front. the sight of the gun, and then turned to
5 ) t- overing 3 and 4, and dressing with the left about ; 7 and 8 raise the trail, and
6 S the rear ofthe wheels. place it on the Umber, in which they are
EXE EXE 14<

assisted
by 3 and 4 bearing down on the breast of the carriage, and lay them over
muzzle, and 5 and 6 at the wheels; 2 the spokes of the wheels; the driver
Chains the limber brings up a horse to the front, by the
Heavy Field Guns, or Howitzers. The
right ; 3 and 4 unhook the horses traces
only difference from the above is, that 3 from the back band, and hook them to
and 4 assist 7 and 8 to raise the trail, and the gun, and then take post outside the
9 aids 5 and 6 at the wheels ; 1 stands to wheels ; 3 takes his spunge ; 7 and 8 hook
the carriage wheels. the traces to the swingle-trees.
To unlimber. Light Guns and Howitzers. Heavy pieces. This is done with two

horses, one before the other; 3 and 4


The whole face towards the gun; 1 un hook the horses, the driver rides to t he-
chains the limber; 2 and 7 lift the trail rear horse, and 6 and 8 hook the rear
off" the pintle, and set it on the ground, horse to the gun ; 1 and 9 look to the
in which they are assisted, as in Timber and of the
unfixing length fastening pro
-

ing up, by 3, 4, 5, and 6 ; 2 ships the longe.


traversing handspikes, and the whole as Prepare for The different num
action.

sume the position for action. The lim bers undo what they had just
exactly
ber is led by 9 and the driver, 25 yards to done ; 1
beginning to loose the pro
and 9
the rear, and there turned to the left
longe as soon as the gun is fronted orabour
about. The leaaing horse is unhooked by to be limbered.
the driver, and tied to the rear of the
limber Prepare to advance with a limber.
Heaiy Field Guns, and Howitzers.
The between this and
only difference
The same as the light ones, except that advancing with a horse, is, thar the lim
5 and 6 assist 2 and 7 to raise the trail, and ber i-; brought up to the front ; and 9 or
8 and 9 stand to the gun wheels. 15 brings iii> the prolonge, and takes a
It must be understood, that simply to turn on the lashing r ngs of the trail; or
limber up, or to unlimber, means that the if the gun is to be limbered, it is laid on
gun is to be placed upon its limber, or as in the drill.
lifted off", without changing its direction : Exercise with heavy ordnance in a
but -uns may be limbered up to the front, Battery.
fo the right, or to the left, according as it
is intended to advance in any of those di 32, or 42 Pounder.
rections ; and unlimbered to the rear, to 10 Meil.
prepare for action to the front, to the left 3 spunges ; 4 loads.
for action to the right, and to the right for 7 .<nd 8 run the gun up.
action to the left. To limber up, or to S and 2 run up and elevate.
unlimber, in any of these situations, is 6 serves the vent, traverses, primes, and
exactly the same as those already given, runs up.
except that in the first, previous to lim 5 fires.
bering up, the trail is thrown round by 8 brings cartridges.
No. 1, assisted by 2, if necessary, into 1
points and commands.
the direction specified by the word of 9 Men.
command, and the limber is brought up 3 spunges ; 4 loads.
to that side to meet it ; and m the second, 7 and 8 run up.
the trail, after being taken off'the limber, 2
brings cartridges.
is carried round to the rear, right, or left, 6 the vent, runs up, and;;; ha
serves
accord ng as the word of command ex 3 up, traverses, and fires.
runs

presses, before it is put to the ground, 1


points and fires.
and the limber goes round to the rear of 2 traverses and elevates.
the gun. 8 Men.
It must be constantly kept in mind, !
j
3 spunges : 4 loads and runs up.
that the front of a gun, or line of guns, or j 0 runs
up.
column of guns, is that to which the men 5 and 6 run up and elevate.
at the gun front, without any 7 brings cartridges, runs up, and tra
respect to
the situation of the gun or carriage. The verses.
trail of the carriage, when moved round 2 serves the vent, runs up, traverses, and
to the rear, or the contrary, whether in primes.
limbering up, or unlimbering, must al 1
points, fires, and commands.
ways be carried round to the right, and 7 Men.
the limber, or a horse, when brought up 3 spunges and runs
up.
to advance or retire a gun, must always 4 loads and runs up.
be brought up on the right side, and go 7 runs
up and elevates.
ofi'on the left ; and whenever the limber 6 brings cartridges, runs
up, and elevate?.
is turned about, it must be to the left 2 serves the vent, runs up, traverses, ai.<
about By attending to these precautions, primes.
the greatest confusion is avoided. 5 up, traverses, and fires.
runs

Prepare to advance with a horse and 1 and commands.


points
prolonge. 6 Men.
Light pieces. 3 gives his spunge to 5 ;

3 Spunges and runs up.


\ and 4 unhook the chain traces from the 4 loads, runs 111, and ele- .tv ;
148 EXE EXE

6 runs
up and elevates. 8 Inch Mortar, or Howitzer,
5 brings cartridges, runs op, and tra
verses. 5 Men.
3 spunges, runs up, dredges.
up, traverses, and
2 serves the vent, runs
primes. 5 runs up, brings cartridges, and put.
i and commands. them in.
runs
up, points, fires,
5 Men. 4 runs up, brings cartridges, and puts
them in.
3 and 4 load and run up.
2 and 4 runs up, brings shells, puts them in,
3 prime, fire, and run up.
i
elevates, points, and commands. elevates, primes.
2 runs up, traverses, fires.
24 Pounder, fc. 1 serves vent, points, and commands'.
4 Men.
8 Men. 3 spunges, runs up, dredges.
3 spunges ; 4 loads. 4 runs up, brings cartridges, ami puts
5 and 7 run up and elevate. them in.
2 serves the vent, runs up, traverses, 2 serves the vent, brings shells, and puts
and primes. them in, runs up, traverses, and fires.
5 runs
up, traverses, and fires. 1 runs up, points, elevates, and com
3 brings cartridges. mands.
1 and commands.
points
7 Men. 10, er 13 Inch Mortar.
3 spunges ; 4 loads. 10 Men.
7 runs up and elevates.
and ele 3 spunges, runs up, puts in shells, and
(Wirings cartridges, runs up,
vates .
dredges.
vent, traverses, and
4 runs up, brings cartridges, puts then.
2 serves
primes. in, and puts in the shells.
$ runs up, traverses, and fires. 6
and commands. brings cartridges.
1
points 7 and 8 bring shells.
6 Men.
9 and 10 run up and traverse.
_; spunges, runs up, elevates. 2 serves vent and primes.
4 loads, runs up, and elevates.
serves the vent,
5 fires ; 1
points, elevates and com*
- runs up, traverses, mands.
and primes.
6 Men.
5 runs up, traverses, fires.
6 3 spunges, runs
up, puts .in shells,
brings cartridges. and
7 points and commands.
dredges, traverses
4 runs up, brings cartridges, and puts
5 Men. them in, puts in shells, and traverses.
3 spunges, runs up.
5 and 6 run up, bring shells, and tra.
4 brings cartridges, loads, runs up. verse.
- serves vent, runs up, elevates, and 2 runs up, serves vent, and primes.
primes. 1 runsup, points, elevates, fires, and
5 up, traverses, fires.
runs
commands.
1
points and commands.
4 Men. Of the exercise of auxiliary machines.
3 spunges, runs up, points.
Exercise
the Gin. of
4 brings cartridges, loads, runs up, and The complement of men for a gin is
elevates.
- serves vent, runs up, traverses, ele usually 1 con-commissioned officer and
10 men ; they are numbered from 1 to
vates, and primes. 10,
the noncommissioned officer being 11.
1 runs
up, traverses, fires. To carry a Gin.
3 Men. 1 and 2 carry a
1 spunges, runs up,
points, and fires. pry-pole, 3 and 5 the
2 brings cartridges, loads, runs
up, ele
right cheek, 4 and 6 the left, 7 the wind
lass and side, 8 and 9 the blocks and
vates, traverses.
j serves vent, runs up, elevates, tra
tackles, 10 the handspikes, Sec.
To set up a Gin.
verses, and primes. 1 and 2
put a common handspike
1-2 Inch Mortar. through the ring, near the foot of the
4 2-5, or
5
pry-pole, at which they lift; 3 and A
2 Men. steady the cheeks, by placing each a
1
spunges, runs up, brings shells, puts handspike against the lower cross bar ; 5,
them in, traverses, and primes. 7, and 9, lift the right cheek ; 6,. 8, and
2 serves the vent, runs up, brings cart 10, the left cheek; 11 gives directions.
ridges, puts them in, points, and fires. The tackles must be hooked on before
3 Men. the gin is raised.
2 spunges, runs up, traverses, brings To tverk a Gin.
shells, and puts them in. 1 and
3 man the right handspikes of the
3 brings cartridges, puts in, serves the gin : 2 and 4 the left ; 5, 6, 7, and 8, hold
vent, runs up, primes, and fires. on the fall, and pull in the slack ; 9 and
1 points, elevates, and commands. 10 steady the gun, 9 at the muzzle, 10
EXP EXP 149

at the breech. The tackle hook must be though they acknowlege the same prin-

fixed directly over the dolphins, if any, ciples. ,

or a little behind the trunnions. | One of the principles of many small


In heaving, when the ends of i and 4's I expeditions, is surprise; and 6 battalions,
handspikes come as low as their knees, 2 j without much accompai iment, may
and 3 put theirs into the upper holes of sometimes do that which 24, and a great
the windlass, and 3 gives the word Bear, 1 fleet, would not succeed in.
upon which 1 and 4 clear their handspikes ) There is no part of war so interesting
from the windlass, and 1 gives the word to an insulary soldier as an expedition ;
.

Heave; 2 and 3 then bear down their nor can there be any part more worthy of

handspikes,, and remain fast till 1 and 4 | attention.


havim, taken their fresh purchase, 1 gives I Expeditions have heretofore had no
the word Bear, when 2 and 3 clear their I rules laid down for their conduct, and
handspikes, and 3 gives the word Heave ,- that part of war had never been reduced
4111I soon alternately, till the gun is at its to a sxstem. The slow rules of a great
.

proper heiriit, when the handspikes in war will not do in expeditions ; the blow
the upper holes are made to rest against must be struck with surprise, and inti
the upper cross bar, and 5 makes fast the midation he produced in the invaded
fall to the lower cross bar ; a. d if requir enemy, before succors can arrive. De
ed to lower the gun, eases the fall off from bate is out of season, and all slow pro
the windlass; 5, 6, ", and 8, move the ceedings are ruin. Not to advance, is to
carriage, as required, under the gun. recede ; and not to be on the road to con
Exercise of the Sling Cart. quest, is to be already conquered There
The men for the service of the sling must be that glance, which sees certain
cart are numbered from 1 to 7 ; the non ly, though instantly ; that rapidity, which
commissioned officerjbeing No. (1) ; Nos. executes on the surest rules, when it
2 and 3 si ng the gun. The gun must be seems least to act on any. The French
laid with one trunnion touching the have given all their campaigns the cha
ground, and the sling passes diagonally racters of expeditions.
round the gun, being before one trunnion, In all small expeditions, such as ex
and behind the other ; and that end of the peditions of surprise, or coup-de-main,
sling which goes round the lower side of the favorable side of the proposed action
the gun, must be the end to be acted on must ever be viewed; for if what may

by the windlass ; as by that means the happen, what may arrive, what may fall
trunnions become horizontal when the out, is chiefly thought upon, it will, at
gun is raised; Nos. 4, and 6, man the the very best, greatly discourage, but in
right lever ; 5, and 7, the left lever; and general end in a total failure. Hence t he-
upon the word from the non commission very name of an expedition implies risk,
ed officer, then directs, left hand lever hazard, precarious warfare, and a critic*.'
bold on, right lever lear ; the right lever operation.
tak.es a fresh purchase : then, right lever An expedition is governed by five prin
'it.. a on, left lever bear ; the left lever takes
cipal maxims.
a fresh purchase; they then heave to 1st, A secrecy, if possible, of prepara
gether again. When the gun is high tion, and a concealment of design, Sec.
enough, (1) puts in the pall; 2 and 3 2dly, That the means bear proportion
take out the levers, and put in the pry- to the end. In this there will ever be ..

pole ; 4 and 5 raise the breech of the gun difference in opinion


with two common handspikes, and 6 and 3dly, A knowlege of the state and
7 lash it to the pry-pole : 2 and 3 then lay situation of tlie country, where the scene
their levers along side the pry -pole, and of action is, or the place or
object that is
4 and 5 their handspikes on the top of to be attacked.
them, which 6 and 7 lash all fast to 4thly, A commander who has the par
gether. ticular turn ot mind, which is most
Exercises, arc also understood of adapted to such particular sort of war
what young gentlemen or cadets learn in fare.
the military academies and riding schools ; Lastly, The plan of an expedition,
such as fencing, dancing, riding, the ma great or small, is ever to be arranged a.-,
nual exercise, Sec. much as possible before setting out anil
,

EXHORT. See Animate. then any appearances that may \ary a


EXPEDITION, in a general sense, little from what might have been expect
signifies haste, speed, rapidity. In a ed, will not perplex.
military sense, it is chiefly used to de Expedition, Fr. See expedition.
note a voyage or march against an enemy, The French likewise use this word, to
the success of which depends on rapid
express any particular military qualiu,
and unexpected movements. It is out which an officer or soldier may possess.
ef tlie nature of the thing itself to lay As, cet officier est un homme ./' expedition ,

down fixed rules for the minute conduct this officer is a man of enterprise, is cou
ing of small expeditions ; their first prin rageous and daring.
ciples only can be with certainty fixed, EXPLOIT. See Atchievemen 1 .

and men will often disagree about prepa To EXPLODE, burst or blow up.
rations, and ditfer in their conduct,

EXPLOSION, the discharge of a gin.


150 EYE F A C

the blowing up of a mine, or the burst ward, which is the habitual position of
ing of a shell. the soldier. These motions are only use
EXPRESS. A messenger sent with ful onthe wheeling of divisions, or when
direct and specific instructions. dressing is ordered after a halt, and par
To sendby Express, to send any thing ticular attention must be paid in the se
Lry veral turnings of the eyes, to prevent the
extraordinary conveyance.
soldier from moving his body, which
EXPUGN, jjthe taking any
must invariably be preserved perfectly
EXPUGNATION, $ place by as
sault. square to the front. In the American
EXPERIMENTS, ina military sense, practice the direction of the eye is under
are the trials, or applications of any kind stood to follow the word dress as right,

of military machines, in order to ascer centre, or left dress.


tain their practical qualities and uses. Eiz-balts. See Bolts.
EXTEND, when the files of a line,
or the divisions of a column are to
occupy F.
a greater
space of ground, they are said
to extend their front or line. Extended FACADE, in military fortification.
order is applicable to the light infantry. See Face.
EXTORTION, the act of obtaining FACE, in fortification, is an appella
money or property by violence or unjust tion given to several parts of a fortress j
means : taking advantage of the ignorance as the
or peculiar circumstances of a purchaser, Face of a bastion, the two sides, reach
to demand more than a fair price for an ing from the flanks to the saliant angle.
article. All sutlers, or camp followers, These in a siege are commonly the first
who are guilty of extortion in the sale of undermined, because they extend most
necessaries, are punishable by a general outwards, and are the least flanked; con
or regimental court-martial.
sequently the weakest.
EXTRADOS, Fr. The exterior sur Face prolonged, > that part of the line
face of a regular arch, used in the con Face extended, $ of defence razant,
struction of powder magazines. which is terminated by the curtain and
EXTRAORDINAKIES of the army. the angle of the shoulder, that is, it is,
The allowances to troops, beyond the strictly takei , the line of defence razant,
gross pay in the pay office, come under diminished by the face ofthe bastion.
the head of extraordinaries to the army. Face of a place, is the front compr&-
Such are the expences for barracks, hended between the fianked angles of
marches, encampments, staff", Sec. two neighboring bastions, composed of
EXTRAORDINARII, among the a curtain, two flanks, and two faces;
Romans, were a body of men consisting and is sometimes called the Tenaille of
of a third part of the foreign horse, and the place.
a fifth of the foot, which body was sepa Face of a gun, is the superficies of
rated from the rest of the forces borrower! the metal at the extremities of the muz
from the confederate states, with great zle of the piece.
caution and policy, to prevent any design, Face, (to the right, left, &c.} a word
that they might possibly entertain against of command on which the soldiers indi
the natural forces. A more choice body vidually turn to the side directed ; in per
of men was drawn from amongst the ex- forming which, the left heel should
traordinarii, under the name of ablecti. never quit the ground, the knees must
See Aelecti. be kept straight, and the body turned
EXTRAORDINARY. Something smoothly and gracefully. The mojingof
.nit ofthe common course. the right foot forward or backward, is
Extraordinary couriers, persons wholly exploded ; all the facingsare now
sent with some information or order of made upon the left heel as a pivot. The
^reat importance. following- are the old methods.
Extr aordin ar y guards. Guardsout To the right, Face. 2 motions. ist,

of the common routine of duty. They Place the hollow ofthe right foot smart
.ire frequently given as a punishment for ly against the left heel ; 2d, Raise the.
military offences. toes, and turn (a quarter of the circle) to
EYES Centre, an old word of command the right on both heels.
riven when the battalion was advancing in To the right about, Face, 3 motions.

line, denoting, that the men were to look

ist, Place the ball of the right tee


<> the centre in which the colors are against the left heel ; 2d, Raise the toes,
dated, and dress by them. and turn (half of a circle) to the right
E y e s right, ? words of command de- about on both heels ; 3d, Bring the right
Eyes left, S noting the flank to foot smartly back in a line with the left.
which the soldier is to dress. Incast- To the left. Face. 2 motions. ist,

ng his eyes to cither flank care must be Place the right heel against the hollow of
taken that the shoulders arc kept square the left foot ; 2d, Turn (a quarter ofthe
io the front. circle) to the left on, both heels.
E. via front, a word of command given To the left about. Face. 3 motions.

.fter the dressing in line is completed, on ist, Place the right heel against the ball
v. hich the soldier is to look directly for of the left foot; ?.d, Raise the toes, and
FAG F A L 151

turn (half of a circle) to the left about on right were inspected ; they were
the
on both heels ; 3d, Bring up the right drawn off' successively by the rear, and
foot smartly in a line with the left. appeared again in ranks on the left; so
Quarter Face' to the right or left, is that every bullock was three times in
now substituted for the old and awk spected, and the round number returned.
ward mode of oblique marching, the Fagots. See Fascines.
quarter facing being referred to the posi FAILER. SeeDESERTER.
tions of action being all on the face of a FAILURE, an unsuccessful attempt,
semicircle; half of which is facing to the as the failure of an expedition.

right or left ; that is the side ofthe soldier EAXR.E faux feu, Fr. to miss fire;
is thrown to the previous front ; iriquar- to flash in the pan
ter facing the side is thrown diagonally FALAISE, Fr. Any part of the sea-
between the front and flanks ; marching coast is so called by the French, when it

quarter face is called marching by the is extremely steep, and broken into pre
tine of science. cipices.
Great precision must be observed in FALAISER..FV. tobreak upon. La
these facings ; otherwise the dressing will mer
folaise signifies, the sea breaks upon
be lost in every movement. the shore.
Faces of a square. The different FALCHION, short crooked sword.
a

sides of a battalion, Sec. when formed FALCON, or Faucon, an ancient


into a square are all denominated faces, name given to a
3-pounder. See Can
viz. the front face, the right face, the left non.

face, and the rear face. See Square. FALCONET, an ancient name given

F acs ou pan de bastion, Fr. See Face to a i.', -pounder. See Cannon.
of a bastion. FALL. The fall of a place after it
F ace d'une Fr. See Tenaille.
place, has been besieged. See Surrender.
FACINGS, the different move
are Tn Fall back, to recede from any
ments of a battalion, or of any other body situation in which you are placed. This
of men, to the right, to the left, or right phrase is frequently, indeed, always
and left about. All facings must be exe made use of in the drill, or exercise of
cuted with a straight knee ; and the body soldiers ; particularly duriDg the forma
must be kept firm, and turn steadily, tion of a line, when individuals, or whole
without drooping forward or jerking. divisions are apt to overstep their ground
The plant of the foot, after facing about, and get boyontl the dressing point.
must be sharp. FALL in, a word of command for
Facings, likewise signify the lappels, men to form in ranks, as in parade, line,

cuffs, and collar of a military uniform, or division Sec.

and are generally different from the color To fall in likewise means the minute
ofthe coat or jacket. arrangement of a battalion, company,
FACTION, Fr. the duty done by a guard or squad, by which every man is
private soldier when he patroLs, >-oes the ordered to take his proper post. The
rounds, &c but most especially when he long roll, a peculiar beat of the drum,
stands centry. The French usually say, is the usual signal for soldiers to assemble
entrer en faction, to come upon duty ; and fall in.
etre en faction, to be upon duty ; sortir de To Fall into, to become the property
faction, to come off duty. of another, as, we fell in with a large-
FACTIONNAIRE, Fr. Soldat fac- convoy of the enemy, which after a short
tionnaire, a soldier that does every spe resistance made by the escort, foil into ow
cies of detail duty. hands.
The term factionnaire, was likewise To F all in with. A military tech
applicable to the duty done by officers in nical phrase, signified any sudden or un
the old French service. Premier faction locked for rencontre of any enemy. As
naire du regiment implied, that the offi our light cavalry patroles fell in with a
cer, so called, was the fourth captain of party of foragers belonging to the enc
a battalion ; as the colonel, lieutenant co ray's army.
lonel, major, and the captain of grena To Fall off, to desert ; to fail; to re
diers did not mount the ordinary guards. lax in exertion.
FAGOTS, in the military history were To Fall out, to quit the rank or file
men hired to muster by officers whose in which you were first posted. Dirt}
companies are not complete ; by which soldiers on a parade are frequently or
means they cheated the public of the dered to fall out, and remain in the reai
men's pay, and deprive the country of its ol their companies. The phrase is ap
regular establishment. See False return. plicable in a variety of other instances.
A British general in the East Indies To Fall upon. To attack abruptly,
made an immense fortune by bullock fa as, we no sooner came in sight of th>-
gots. Artillery are all drawn by oxen enemy, but our advanced guard instanth
in Asia, as well as all baggage ; upon an fell upon his out-posts and beat them in.
inspection of bullocks, the inspector According to the celebrated Genera!
counted 12,000 : it appeared there were Monk it is very fit, that a general should
only 4,000, they were drawn up in front often command his horse and dragoons
of a wood, ;md as soon as the bollocks to fall upon hi; enemy 'i outermost noiie
1 52 FAN FAR

"pinrtern ; which mode, he says is one color the uniform or livery of the bri
of the easiest, readiest, and securest ways gadier, or of the commandant of any par
to break an enemy's army. ticular corps.
FAI.OTS, Fr. small lanthoms fixed FANTASSIN, Fr. A foot soldier.
upon the end of a stick or pole. Small The term is derived from the Italian fante,
a boy, the light troops in the 14th and
lamps are likewise used, attached in the 15th
same manner, for the purpose of carry centuries being formed of boys who fol

ing them readily about to light a camp, or lowed the armies, that were formed into
besieged towns, as occasion may require. corps with light arms, hence the origin
FALSE alarms, an alarm or appre of the word infantry ; the French still
hension which is either designedly or use the words mes enfans.

unintentionally created by noise, report, FARAILLON, Fr. a light hous.


or signals without being dangerous. FARIAL, Fr. a light house; also a
False attack, an approach which is watch light.
made as a feint for the purpose of divert FARRIER, in a general acceptation
ing your enemy from the real object of ofthe term, any person who shoes horses,
arrack. or professes to cure their diseases. In a
False fires, any fire or light which practical military sense a man appointed ,

is made use of for the purpose of deceiv to do the duty of farriery in a troop of ca
ing an enemy. False fires or lights are valry. Troop farriers should be under
frequently resorted to when an army the immediate superintendance and con-
finds it necessary to retreat from an ad troul of a veterinary surgeon, to whom
vanced position. On this occasion large they ought to apply whenever a horse is
fires are lighted in different parts of the ill or lame, that he may
report the same
camp and round the lines, previous to to the officer commanding the troop. No
the departure of the troops, which gene farrier should presume to do any thing
rally happens in the night. without having first received directions
False lights, in debarkations under from his superior.
cover of the night, may likewise be used When the farrier goes round, after rid
as signals of deception, when it is found ing out, or exercise on horseback, he
expedient to attract the attention of the must carry his hammer, pincers, and
invaded country towards one part of the some nail* to faten
any shoe that may be
coast or territory, whilst a real attack is loose.
meditated against another. When horses at out quarters fall par*
False muster, an incorrect statement ticularly ill, or contract an obstinate lame
ofthe effective-number of men or horses, ness, the case must be reported to the
by which government is defrauded. By I head quarters of the regiment ; and if the
the articles of war every officer, pay I veterinary surgeon cannot prescribe for
master, or commissary, found guilty of him at a distance, he must, if time and
false mustering, is ordered to be cashiered. distance will permit, be personally sent
False report. A false report in mili to examine the horse.

tary matters, may be truly said to be the No farrier should make up any medi
ground work of a false return and a false cine or any external application contrary
muster, and consequently the primary to the
receipt given him by the veterinary
cause of imposition upon the public. surgeon.
The strictest attention should, therefore, If any farrier, through carelessness ox
be paid to the most trifling report which inattention, lames a horse belonging to
is made in a troop or company respect another troop, he ought to be at all the
ing the presence or absence of men or expence in curing the horse so lamed. In
horses, the state of clothing, accoutre some well regulated
cavalry corps this
ments, or necessaries. This can only be forms one of the standing regimental
done by the commanding officer of such orders.
troop or company having constantly the Farriers are in every respect liable to
general good of the service at heart in be tried according to the articles of war.
preference to his own convenience, or to They may be ordered to inflict punish*
that of others. Every serjeant or cor ments ; and they must
constantly recol
poral of a squad should be severely pun lect, that the circumstance of being a
ished when detected in making a false farrier is no extenuation for dirty appear
report. ance, or excuse for drunkenness. The
False return, a wilful report of the guilt ofthe latter vice, indeed, is aggravat
actual state of a
brigade, regiment, troop, ed by the responsibility of their situation.
or company, by which the commander E ar*.is.r- Major, a
person who was
in chief or the war-office is deceived, -as
formerly appointed by the colonel of a
to the effective force of such regiment, dragoon regiment to superintend the far
troop or company. riers of troops, who are named by the
FANION, Fr. corrupted from the several commanding officers of them. He
Italian word g.r.fanone, a particular has since been superceded or replaced by
.tandard which was carried in the front a
veterinary surgeon, who, as the farrier-
if the ordinary baggage belonging to a major was formerly directed, is to have
mkade in the old French service. It free access to every stable of the regiment
was .made of serge, and resembled in whenever he chuses. It is his duty to
F A U F E N 153

t;o frequently into the cantonments of the the place ; its height is about 3 feet
different troops, and examine the horses above the level ground, and its parapet
feet; and if he finds a shoe contrary to about three or four toises from that of
the regimental pattern, or discovers any th.- body of the lac.*. These works
thing amiss in the management of the have been entirely rejected by the mo
troop horses, he is to report it immediate dern engineers, excep.ing M. Vauban,
ly to the officer commanding the regi who makes them < nly before the cur
ment. In all his duty he is to receive the tains ; and then they are called more
utmost support from every .officer and properly tenailles.
quartermaster; and any farrier that dares Fe At hers, are ornamental marks
to act contrary to his instructions, should worn by officers and soldiers in their
be punished. There ought, n fact, to caps or hat>. The tollowing distinctions
be a chain of mutual support and co are mace, and directed by authority to be

operation from the veterinary surgeon, up observed in tine British service. In the
to the commanding officer of every caval royal artillery, both officers and men,
ry regiment, each farrier looking to the have white feathers. The cavalry and
veterinary surgeon for correct instructions battalion corps scarlet and white; the
relative to the preservation of every horse's grenadiers all white, and the light-inf.111-
health. try all <reen.
FASCINES, in fortification, are a FEDERATE. See Confederate.
kind of fagots, made of small branches of FEES, are sums of money claini-d by
treesbrush wood, tied in 3, 4, 5, or 6
or persons in office, and to the' payment of
which
places, and are of various dimensions, ac every British officer is subject.
cording to the purposes intended. Those Fees are paid at the British war office for
that are to he pitched over, for burning different commissions, and are charged
to their
lodgments, galleries, or any other works respective owners by the army
ofthe enemy, should be i or two feet agei.ts.
long. Those that are for making epaule- FEINT, a mock attack, or assault,
inents or chandeliers, or to raise works, often made to conceal the true one.
or fill up ditches, are 10 feet long, and 1 FELLOES, or Fellies, in artil
or 1^ feet in diameter.
They are made as lery, are the parts of a wheel which form
follows : six small pickets are struck into its circumference. The dimensions of
the ground, 2 and 2, forming little cros fellies of British wheels are'as follow ;
ses, well fastened in the middle with wil for a 24- pounder, 5 inches thick, and 6^5
low bindings. On these tresles the inches broad; for a 12-pounder, 4. j
branches are laid, and are bound round j inches thick, and 6 inches bnnd ; for a
with withes at the distance of every 2 feet. I 6-pounder, 4 inches thick, and 5. 5 inches
Six men are employed in making a fas broad, &c. made of dry elm. There
cine; 2 cut the boughs, 2 gather them, are generally 6 in each wheel See
and the remain ng 2 bind them. These Wheel.
six men can make 20 fascines every hour. FELLOW soldier one who fights under
Each fascine requires five pickets to the same commander, a comrade. Dr.
fasten it. Johnson very calls this term
properly
FASTNESSES, strong- places not an endearing appellation
used by officers
easily forced. to their soldiers. The French use an
FATHOM, in fortification, originally equivalent expression, camarade, or com
denoted that space which a man could rade ; the officers also calls
the soldiers
reach when both his arms were extend mesenfans, my boys or my children. The
ed ; but it now means a measure of 6 feet toils and perils, in fact of a military life,
or 2 yards,
equivalent to the French word are so many, that an
army fighting under
foise. SeeToisE. the> same banners may be truly called
FAUCON. See Falcon. one' family, and every officer should look,
Faucon ou
Fauconneau, Fr. a upon himself as the father,
the guardian,
small piece of ordnance, carrying from 1 and the protector of his men.
1 1 pound ball.
to FENCE, a guard, security, outwork,
FAUCHION. See Falchjo... Sec.
FAUCONET. See Falconet. To Ffncf, to practice with
foils; to
FAULX, Fr. an instrument nearly fight with swords ; to secure any place
resembling a scythe. It is often used j by pallisades, Ac.
to defend a breach, or to
prevent an FENCIBLE, any thing capable of
enemy from scaling the walls of a for defence. Such regiments as are raised
tified place. This weapon was first re for limited service, and for a limited
sorted to with some success, when Louis time, are called fencible regiments.
the XIV. besieged Mons. On the sur Thev rank junior to the line.
render of that town, the besiegers found FENCING, is the art or science of
large quantities of faulx, or scythes in making a proper use of the sword, as
the garrison. well for attacking an
enemy, as for de.
FAUSSE.BRAIE. See Fausse fending one's self'. Fencing is a genteel
exercise, of which no military gentle
FAUSSE-BRAYE, in fortification, man should be ignorant. It is learned by
?S a low rsmpart encircling the body of practising with steel foils. See Foils.
V
154 FEN FEU

Fencng is either simple, or compound. tierce, carte over the arm, quinte and
Simple is that which is performed flanconade.
nimbly, and off hand, on the same line. In teaching, the thrusts are not ar
Ir. this the
principal intention, in respect ranged according to the above order; it is
to the offensive part, should be to attack usual to begin with carte (or quarte)
the and tierce, the names of which prove
enemy in the most unguarded quar
ter; and in the defensive, to parry or them to have been originally the 4th and
ward off the enemy's thrusts or blows. 3d positions in the art ; but which are
now justly considered as the chief and
Attitude, in Fencing, the head up
right, though the body hath a forward most elegant.
inclination on a longe ; and all the weight Partying in Fencing, the action of
resting on the left haunch when on guard. warding off the blows aimed at each
The feet, hand, body, arm, and sword, other.
must be to the line. Flanconade, in Fencing, is the ac

Appel, in Fencing, is a sudden beat tion of dropping the point of your sword
of your blade, on the contrary side to under your adversary's hilt, in seizing
ihat you join your adversary on, and a with force the feeble of his blade; which
quick disengagement to that side again. binding, without quitting it, form the
Beating, in Fencing, is when you parade in octave and then throw in youi
parry with a sudden short beat, to get a thrust. See Art of defence with swordi
quick r. post ; or when you beat with by the author of Am. Military Library.
your foot, to try if you are firm on it, or Glissade, in Fencing, is performed
on both feet. by dexterously making your sword slip
Battering, in Fencing, is to strike the along your adversary's blade, and form
feeble of your adversary's blade on the ing at the same time your extension, &c.
iide opposite to that you join, &c. FER, Fr. Iron. Figuratively, this
Back-quarte, is a parade of a late in word is used for a sword or dagger; as
vention, and is a round quarte over the manier le for, to wear the sword, to fol
-irm. low the profession of arms, Battrele/er,
Cave, in Fencinc, is a tierce on a to fence.
quarte side, also the thrust of a prime, Eer a cheval, Fr. In fortification, ?.
or a seconde, at the low quarte side. horse-shoe, which see. It further means.
Darting, in Fencinc, to de-fend ablow according to the French acceptation 95
.vith some contraction of your arm, and the term, a work constructed for the pur-
to dart a thrust right forward. pose of covering a gate, by having with
Feint forward, in Fencing, made by in it a guard-house, to prevent the town
advancing your poirt a little from its from being surprised.
line and coming to it again. FERDWIT, in ancient military his
Guatd, in Fencinc, is any of the pa- tory, a term formerly used to denote a
jades you stand on. freedom from serving upon any military
On guard, is being placed properly on expedition ; or according to some, the
your feet, and well covered with your being quit of manslaughter committed in
weapon. the army.
Lurching in Fencing, to make an FERRIES, water conveyances, made
opening, to invite your adversary to thrust use of to cross rivers, or branches of the
at you, when you, being ready, may find sea.
a favorable repost at him. FERTH or FORTH. See Army.
Locking, in Fencing, is to seize your FEU, Fr. Fire. Faire feu, to dis
adversary's sword arm by twining your charge any sort of firearms.
left arm round it, after you close your Eev, fire, is also understood to mcai.
parade, shell to shell, in order to disarm any light combustible, which is keptuP
him. in the front of a camp, and at each posc
the put- during the night to keep the soldier^
Guards in \cfarle> >Pl*
C tierce, 5, ting ot the body alert, and to prevent them from being
*nd sword in such a state of defence, as surprised.
to prevent the antagonist from how
wounding Every species of fire, or light is,
you, by either of the thrusts so denomi ever, strictly forbidden on a march,
nated. These are the principal positions when the object is to surprize an enemy.
on which to engage. The others, viz. Soldiers on these occasions are hot pel*
prime, seconde, quinte, half-circle, Sec. mitted to smoke. Bundles, and large
aretermed parades, when used with the wisps of lighted straw, which are hung
small .-.word. out from the
tops of steeples, or from
Hanging-guard, one of the broad- sword any other elevation, frequently serve to
juards. See Broad-sword. give the alarm when an enemy is disco
Thrusts are of various denominations, vered in the act of passing a river.
according the direction of the point,
to
Lights are likewise resorted to on va
and ofthe wrist.
position rious other occasions. Sec Lights.
The thrusts directed at the inside of the Ezudcjoie. See RuNMNC-FiaE.
body, are called prime, carte, and low- Feu rasant, Fr. a grazing fire, or a
:?.rte ; those at the outside, arc seconde, discharge ol" ordnance or musquetry so
directed that the. shot shall rnn parallel
F I L FIE

with the ground they fly over, within 3 thus 3 file 9 feet. A file on foot occu.
or 4 feet of the surface. pies in the ranks 22 inches.
That is likewise called a feu rasant, or Close Files in cavalry, are at the di
grazing fire, which is sent in parallel di tance which Was taken before dismount
rections with the faces of the different ing, when each man's boot-top touches,
works belonging to a fortification. but does not press that of his neighbor.
FICHANT. See LiNF.of Defence, Loose Files, in cavalry movements,
FoRTTFICATION. are 6 inches distant from boot top to boot
FIELD. The ground of battle. A top being calculated for the gallop a^
battle, campaign, or the action of an army well as the walk of a squadron.
while it keeps the field. Open Files in cavalry are the ful:
F ield -bed, a breadth of a horse from boot-top to boot-
folding bed used by offi
cers in their tents. top. They contain the distance which
| f Camp co- is left, when from close files the lett
Colors,
| ] Lrx. files rein back to dismount. Recruits
Officers | | and horses must be frequently execised
Field-
Officers.
^ Pieces, SSee-^ Canntn. at this distance. See American Milila>y
Staff, j j Lint stock. library.
I Field forli- Flank File, the extreme file on the
Works,
Fizld- Fort.
J [firation.
See Fort.
right
talion
or left of a
squadron or troop, bat
or
company, Sec.
Fu.LD-marshal, a military rank supe Forming fnm .- 1
le, is
when the front
rior to all others, except the captain ge file halts, and the ride up at a very-
rest
neral. smart gallop, taking care to halt in time,
This rank formerly existed and has been and not to over- run the front. If the
again revived in England. The French formation is by doubling round the front
in their modern system, have given it an file (for instance, when a formation is
effective character, it being the superior made to the rear of the march, or to the
rank of distinguished generals ; the num right, when march.d from the right) the
ber of which have a temporary limitation. files must double round as close and ?

Their corps d'armie or legion of 25,000


expeditious as
possible,
mn, are each commanded by a marshal. In all formings from file, the leaders
FIFE, a military instrument of the of ranks instantly cover each other, take
wind kind, generally used as an accom the ordered front and halt. See Ameii.-an
paniment to the drum. Military Library .

FIFRE, Fr. Fife. In French, this In the covering of files on horseback,


word likewise means fifer. the same directions hold good as on foot.
FIGHT. See Battle. In addition, it must be scrupulously ob
FIGHTING-w*, such as are effec- served that every ma:.'s horse stand*
?ivc, and able to bear arms. exactly straight to the same front as that
Running-E icar, that in which the of the man before him. Both in the
micmy is continually chased. horse and foot drill, the men should be
FIGURE, in fortification, the plan of often practised in covering. Th former

any fortified place, or the interior polygon. are thereby


taught to place their horses
Of this there are two sorts, regular, and
straight under them,
irregular; a regular figure is that where Close Files of infantry, are soldier-
the sides and angles are equal ; en irregu
standing in rank, contiguous to one anc .
lar one where they are unequal. ther, upon any given depth of" line or co
FILE, in the art of war, is an unli lumn. Whenever a regiment marches in
mited term, comprehending any num front, every man should feel the arm of
ber of men, drawn up in a direct line his next man whichever way he dresses ;
behind each other; as a rank on the but he must not lean on him, nor mus':
other hand, includes an;, number drawn he move his arm from the
body to fee!
.ip beside each other; whether in either him. So that close files mean nothing
respect, they be in close or open order. more than that soldiers in tiie ranis
Or rather, byfile is meant the line of sol should lightly touch each other, wittiou.
diers standing one behind another, which
crowding or pressing.
makes the depth of the battalion; and
Open Files, are soldiers standing ir
;s thus distinguished from the rank, rank at given distances without
which 's a line of soldiers drawn up side touching
one another. The formation at
open
by side, forming the length of the bat files is only practised as a
preparatory
talion, A file is 2 or 3 deep; hence a drill for forming at close files,
battalion or regiment drawn up, consists (which ir.
the ordgr for action) so that
every man
of 2 or 3 ranks, and of as many files as
may be taught to stand and move in a
there are men ina rank.
proper position, without acquiring a
The files of a battalion of foot were habit of leaning upon his neighbor. On
formerly 12 and 6 deep, but now only this account every intelligent officer whe
3, which is its natural formation. Those has the management of recruits, will
of the cavalry are but 2 deep. form them sometimes at
open files, and
A File on horseback, in marching march them in that order. Soldiers that
order, occupies in the rarik.s 3 feet ; hrt^ been regularly drilled, sh/quJd li^e*
156 FIL FI L

wise be trifling manner to the right or left.


occasionally practised in advanc- 'I most
Jiig by open files. j! In order to execute this essential part of
Double Files are formed by the left i the drill with any degree of accuracy, two
files in each rank stepping to the rear of' persons should be present, one in the
the right files ; or the front, and the other on the flank, to ob
contrary.
Indian Filfs, a line of men advancing serve the dressing. Young officers should
or
retreating from either of the flanks, be exercised themselves in the presence
from the centre or from any proportion of a superior officer; for upon tlieif.
of a line ;n succession to one another j thereafter will greatly depend the move
'

They are sometimes called goose files ; ment of the battalion in line or column.
but the term is only familiarly, or rather A/arching to the front in close order, is
vulgarly used among soldiers, and de when any number of men advance by
rives its appellation from a flock of ranks at close order, and dress to some
jjeese, generally following a leader, one given objects each man lightly touching
by one. The Prince de Ligne, says, that his next man, without crowding or press
men march forward in file, or en ordre ing. The march in front by closed files
mince, par une instinct moutonnier, meaning, i? much easier than that at open files,
that they follow each other like so
many because every man feels ',.& next man,
sheep, who move by instinct. which ever way the rank dresses, and
EiLt-kader, is the soldier placed in into whatever direction the line ot
the front of any fi!-, or the man who is column moves.
to cover all those tr.at stand To FILE, is to advance to, or move
directly in
the rear of him, and by whom they are from any given point by files ; as to file to
to be guided in all their movements. the front, to file to the rear, to file from
File leaders must be particularly care the right or left flank, or to file from any
ful to preserve their proper distances gi ven company. In some of which cases,
from whic'- eve 1 hand thev are to dress, the leading files must disengage them
and the followers of each file must selves according to the directions given.
only b attc-nrive to cover, and be regu To File off, ) to wheel off'from march.
lated by their proper file leaders. In [ To defile, $ ing in a spacious front,
file the rear rank invariably dresses by, , and march in length by files. When a
and is regularcel by the front rank. regiment is marching in full front, or by
To double '.he Files, is to put 2 files divisions or platoons, and comes to a de
into one, making the depth ofthe batta file or narrow pass, it may file off to the
lion double to what it was, in number right or left, as the ground requires. Sec.
N

of men. Thus four deep are double files. Filings, are movements to the front,
File m.vching on foot, all recruits reaT, or flank by files. These movements
must be taught first to fact , and then to must be executed with great quickness.
cover each other
exactly in file, so that The files must go oft' at a smart gallop,
the head of the man immediately in froi t and continue so till all are in file, the
conceal the heads of all the others rear rank men dressing well to their front
may
bchii'd him. The principal points to be rank ; the front rank covering well, and
attended to are, that the men move in keeping close to the croup. If the filings
equal time ai equal pace of 2 feet, that are to be made from a flank to the front
the front ran:-, men cover exactly, and or rear, the whole must keep
passaging
that the rear ra. k men keep closed and up to the ground from whence the first
dressed to the front rank. file went, before they gooff';' if to a flank,
File marching may be practised to the the horses must be turned as soon as
front, to the rear, and to cither flank ; there is room. If the filings are from a
m all wlijch cases the men must be flank to march along the front or rear,
taught to cover well. When recruits are past the other flank, every file must come
at drill, on the word march, the whole are off'from its own ground as the next gets
to step off" with the left foot together, into file.
gaining at the very first step -4 inches, General and necessary Filings, are
and so continuing each step, without in from either, or both flanks of the squad
creasing the distance betwixt each rc- ron to front, flank or rear; filing from
cruir, every man placing his advanced the centre of the squadron to the front,
foot on the ground, before the spot from or to the flank.
Filing single men by
whence his preceding man had taken up ranks, or by front or rear rank men
his. See Amer Mil. Lib. alternately from either flank of the
Marching in open order to the front, is squadron.
when any body of men advances by ranks In the filings of the squadron, the
at open order, and dress to some given serre-files take their places in the rear
object without touching one another. of the files unless the ground will allow
The' flank man of the flank the soldiers them to remain on the flanks of the rear
dress tc, must be a non-commissioned rank; but their general and proper posi
officer, and he must take especial care tion is in the rear of the files.
not to incline to one hand or the other. In cavahy filing, the greatest attention
as
His h aci must be kept quite straight to must bf paid to keep the squadron
the from, his body must be erect, and he compact together as the nature of the
must advance without deviating in the yiovcingnt will permit. It is 4, situation
FI R F I R 157

No.
free, and with
1
in which horses move
for priming barrels
out confinement, but in which the parts I Composition 3;

apt to lengthen out, I yuick


of a squadron are
match do. . 1

and taka up much more ground than Curtains, dipped , . 48


what they stand upon in line, and is Rccds, long, singledipped .
150
therefore to be adopted only from neces i> u . ? double dipped 75
Do-
sity, in broken or embarrassed ground. shon'\ single
dipped 75
When the word file, has been given, and Bavins, singledipped 250 .
,

the heads of the horses have been turned The fire barrels are about 2 feet ;
inches high, and 1 foot 6 inches diameter.
ready to move off without loss ol dis
Each barrel must have four holes of about
tance, the leaders of files must go off
short and quick in their ordered direc 6 inches square cut in its sides ; and these
holes must have a square piece of canvass
tion. They are followed close by each
man as it comes to his turn, so as to nailed over them quite close. They are
leave no unnecessary interval from one then filled with the same composition as
to another, and instantly to put off the for carcasses, and 4 plugs of about 1 inch
diameter and 3 inches long, and well
ground. After being once in file, a dis
tance of a yard from head to tail may be greased are thrust into the top, and then
taken so as to trot or gallop the easier if left to dry. When dry, these plugs arc
taken out and the holes driven with fuze
required. Every alteration of pace ought
to be made as much as possible by the composition and quick match at the top;
whole file at once: if this is not ob which goes from one hole to the other:
after this the top is smeared over with
served, a crowding and stop in the rear
will always attend such alteration. mealed powder mixed up with spirits of
FIRE, in the art of war, a word of wine. When dry again a sheet or two of
command t5 soldiers of all denominations, brown paper is laid over the top, and
to discharge their fire arms, grenades, then one of the canvass covers, which is
cannon, Sec. made secure by the upper hoop of the
Fire, is also used to denote the dis barrel.
charge of all sorts of fire arms against Composition for dipping Reeds, Bavins, and
the enemy. The fire of the infantry is by Curtains. lbs.
a regular discharge of their fire-locks, in Rosin . . . 120

platoons, divisions, &c. that of the ca Coarse Sulphur . .


90
valry, with their pistols ; and that of a Pitch . . . .60
place besieged with their artillery. Tallow ... 6
Fire of the curtain or second fl ink, is Mealed powder . . .12
from that part of the curtain compre This proportion will dip ibout too
hended between the face of the bastion reeds and 25 bavins.
prolonged and the angle ofthe flank ; fre Each curtain contains 1 square yard of
quently called the line of defence fichant. barras.
Fire rasant, is produced by firing Each cover for fire barrels 1 do. of
the artillery and small arms in a line sacking.
parallel __with the horizon, or parallel Immediately that the curtains, covers,
with those parts of the works you are Sec.axe dipped, they are to be strewed

defending. over with fine


brimstone, before the
E iRi-arms, axe kinds of arms
all composition grows cold.
charged with powder and ball ; every The iron chambers, for blowing open
one of which is mentioned under its re the ports, hold from 9 to 11 ounces, of
spective head. powder. They are fixed in such a man
Running-EiRE, is when a rank or ner as to prevent their recoil, and to en
ranks of men, drawn up, fire one after sure the ports being blown
open. The
another; or when the lines of an army vents are generally corked up, and cover
are drawn out to fire on account of a ed with a piece of barras, till
required
victory ; when each squadron or batta to be primed.
lion takes it from that on its right, from To fit out a fire ship. The whole
the right of the first line to the left, and breadth of the fire room is to be divided
'
Jrorn the left to the right of the second into 9 parts, and troughs laid the whole
line ; also called feu dejoie. length of the room. Cross troughs of
Fi RE-balls. See Balls. communication are laid between them,

FtRE-cross, an ancient token in Scot about 20 in each row, perpendicular to


land for the nation to take up arms. the long troughs. These troughs are
FtRE-ship, a ship filled with a variety usually 4 inches wide, and 4 deep.
of combustibles to set fire to the vessels There are two fire trunks and two fire
of the enemy. scuttles on each side, under which the
Fir z-ship. Proportion of combustible stores eight fire barrels are to be placed.
for afire-ship of 150 tons. The reeds and bavins are to be tied
No. down in the troughs. The curtains arc
Fire barrels, filled with composi to be nailed
up to the btanis, equally
8
tion . .
through the fire room. The ship is not
Iron chambers, to blow open the to be primed when fitted out, but
only
'^\'M . . .12 when intended tp be fired*
158 FIR FIR

To Prime. placed against the masts ; and 4 large


Composition for priming, fire barrels under fire trunks, to convey
Saltpetre pulverized . 22lbs. 8oz. fire to the curtains on the shrouds. All
Rosin . 2 ji these fire barrels and boxes are to be fired
Sulphur . .18

by separate leaders of quick match or


Mealed powder 45.

portfire, in order that any part of the


Linseed oil . 1 pint. . ship may be fired, to cover its approach
All the reeds and bavins are to be taken by the smoke ; and the remaining part
tip, and a little of the above composition instantaneously upon quitting the ship.'
sprinkled in the bottom of the troughs; It has been found by experiment, that
the reeds, &c. to be then gently tied two men with lighted portfires can set
down a'gain. Quick match of 6 or 8 fire to the whole of the leaders
on the
threads doubled must be laid along on the deck, bowsprit, catheads, outriggers, &c.
tops of all the reeds, &c. and priming in less than minute ; therefore the risk
a

:omposition strewed over it, and over all ot trusting to one main leader to the
the fire room. The covers of all the fire whole may be avoided.
barrels must be cut open, and made to The leaders are laid in painted canvass
hang down on the sides of the barrels. hose made for the purpose.
leaders of strong quick match must be EiRt-master, in the artillery, gives the
laid from the reeds to the barrels and to directions and proportions of all ingre
the chambers ; and must be tied down to dients for each composition required in
the vents to ensure its not falling off*. fire- works, whether for the service ol
Strong leaders of quick match, 4 or 5 war, or for rejoicings and recreations.
times doubled, must be laid from the Fir E-masters-mate. His duty is, to aid
reeds to the sally ports; and the sally and assist the chief fire- master, and he
ports must beconnectcd by quick match, should be skilled in every kind of labora
that the whole may take fire at once. tory works.
The following method is now adopt F 1 RE-pan of a gun, is the receptacle for
ed of producing an external fire, in ad the priming powder.
dition to the internal fire, before gained EiRE-pot, in the military art, a small
by the fire room. earthen pot, into which is put a charged
Fireboxes filled with tne carcass com grenade, and over that, powder enough
position, are distributed in the following to cover the grenade ; the whole covered

manner, in a ship of three masts : with a piece of parchment, and two pieces
t
Suspended from each of the catheads of quick match across lighted: it breaks
and davits, on each side the bow 4 and fires the powder, as also the powder
>
Slung across the bowsprit 8 in the grenade, which has no fuze, that
4 Across each of the outriggers its operations may be quicker : it burns
abaft .
8 .
all that is near it.
2 From the gr'aplins of each of the E iRE-woiks, axe particular composi-
lower yard-arms . .12 tions of different sorts, made with sul
: From the dead-eyes on each side of phur, salt-petrc, and charcoal. They
the three round 6 are used in war, and ou
tops .
rejoicing days.

From the middle of the inside of E iRL-workers, were formerly subor


the main, fore, and mizen dinate to the fire-master and his mate:
shrouds . 6 had afterwards the rank of youngesr
lieutenants to the regiment of ar-
44 tillery ; but now that rank is abolished,
and they are all second lieutenants.
The boxes are suspended by chains and They were supposed to be well skilled in
nooks, and those slung across the bow every kind of laboratory-work, which
sprit and outriggers, are fixed by staples. knowlege is an essential qualification in
The two inner ones are laid with leaders every officer of that regiment.
of quick match, which fire instantly, or Fire-locks, so called from their pro
with portfires, which burn a given time; ducing fire of themselves, by the action
they communicate with the outer ones by of the flint and steel ; the arms carried
reeds, which arc tied down on the bow by a foot-soldier: they were formerly 5
feet 8 inches in the barrel, and weighed
sprit and outriggers. The boxes hanging
-."rom the dead-eyes and shrouds, arefireil i4lb. at present the length of the barrel
is from 3 feet 3 inches to 3 feet 6 inches,
by curtains suspended fioin the shrouds,
-he lower one of which hangs immedi- and the weight ofthe piece fromg to J2lb.
itely over one of the large fire barrels. British fire- locks carry aleaden bullet ot
The two boxes on each yard-arm arc which 29 make 2lb. its diameter is
sung one over the other ; the upper one .550 of an inch, and that of the barrel
naving a leader of quick match carried i-50th part of the shot. Fire-locks were
first made use of in 1690, when match
iiong the yard f'om the shrouds; and in
huminc will no doubt fire the lower one. locks were universally disused ; but
Besides the boxes, there are fire barrels when invented we cannot ascertain. A
..nanged as follows ; 2 half barrels on the fire-lock is called, by writers of about the
forecastle ; 2 abaft the main deck, and 4 middla of the last century, awapbaan,
-vi the main deck; 2 in each roundtop, which being a low Dutch word, seem.:
FIR FIR 159

to indicate its being a Dutch invention. jfire independent and quick, so that no
Formerly, both in the manual and pla- , unnecessary pauses being made betwix:
roon exercises, the term fire-lock was al the firing words, the fire of the line
ways adopted as shoulder your fire-lock, should be that of a volley as much as

present your fire- lock At present a more possible; and the whole being thercbi

simple and brief mode of expression pre loaded together, to be ready for the nex;
vails as, shoulder arms, carry arms, Sec. command of movement. In thes.- firing
F I R 1 N fc. in line. A ccording to regu of the line advancing or retiring, the twv
lations, the following principal heads con first ranks fire standing, and the rear rank
stitute firing in line. support their arms, and may change pla
Tlie object of fire against cavalry is ces at the second fire with the centre rank.
to keep them at a distance, and to deter In this manner also may the alternate
them from the attack ; as their move battalions of a line advance or retire, and
ments are rapid, a reserve is always kept when the whole are to form, and tha1
up. But when the fir. commences the last line moves up to the first, every
against infantry, it cannot be too heavy, previous help of advanced guides will h

nor too quick while it lasts ; and should given to ensure its correctness.
be continued till the enemy is beaten or Fire in line advancing, is when th^ in
repulsed. This may not improperly be fantry marches in line to attack the ene
called offensive fire. my and in advancing makes use of its
Defensive fire, belongs principally to fire O a these occasions it is better to
Infantry, when posted on heights, which fire the two first ranks owly standing, re
are to be defended by musquetry. As serving the tlrird, than to make the front
soldiers generally aim too high, and as rank knec-J, (as was formerly the practice.
fire is of the grea:est consequence to and to fire the whole; but when it i.
troops that are on the defensive, the necessary to fire a considerable distance,
habitual mode of firing should therefore or on a
retiring enemy, vollies may be
be rather at a low level of three or four given by the tnrea ranks, the front one
feet than a high one: kneeling.
On these occasions the men are gene- Firing by platoons is practised when a
cally drawn up 3 deep; in which case line is posted, or arrives at a fixed situa
the front rank may kneel when it can be tion. In this position battalions fire in
safely and usefully done ; but this is dependent of one another, and the fire
now generally rejected, and the third generally commences from the centre of
tank loads for the centre rank, which fires each. The first fire of each battalion
the guns of both centre and rear rank. must be regular, and at established
pauses
Fi-ring by half battalions, the line ad and intervals ;, after which each
platoon
vancing. The left wings halt, and the may continue to fire as soon as it is loaded
right ones continue to march 15 paces, independent and as quicK. as possible.
at which instant the word march The use of this is to acqu.ie ihe habit of
being
given to the left wings, the right at the obedience to command ; for in close ac
same time are ordered to halt,
fire, and tion platoon firing is both absurd and
had; during which the left march on anu impracticable.
pass them, till the right wings, being .
Firing by files, is
generally used be
rbadsd and shouldered, receive the word hind a parapt t, hedge, or abbatis. In thi ;
march, on which the left ones halt, fire, situation the two first ranks only can
Sec. and thus, they alternately proceed. fire, an-l tr at must be by the 2 men of
Firing by half battalions, the line re- the same file always fir.ng
together, with

irirg. The right wings ccme to theright coolness and de'ib-ration. When how
about and march 15 paces, are ordered to ever, the parapet, hedge, or abbatis L:
fj.ilt, front, and when the kit wings have but a little raised, platoon
firing may be
gamed 15 pacs, and have received the resorted to.
word halt, front, the right
wings are in Oblique Firing by battalions, 01
stantly ordered to fire, load, about, otherwise, according to tlie ground, .

and march 15 paces beyond the left ones,


extremely advantageous when it is four,.;
where they receive the word halt, front, expedient to give an oblique direction
on which the left wings fire, Sec. and to
part of a line,
or '..hen it is discovered
thus alternately proceed. that their firecan m ihis i.unnei- be
In manoeuvring many battalions there thrown against tiie
should be a regulating battalion named,
opening ot a defile,
the fianks of column, or against ca
by i'-\c half battalions ot which each line valry or infantry that direct their att.uri
may move, halt, and fire : the comman on some
particular batt.dion or portion
der or each line to be with such half bat ofthe line. See Am. Mil. Lib.
talion and in giving his several commands
Oblique firing, is cither to the right
to have an attention to the general rea and left, or from the right and left to
diness of the line, especially after load the centre, depending entirely on the si
ing that the whole be prepared to step tuation of the object to be fired
off together at the word match. The against
The Prussians have a particular con
firing of the advanced wing succeeds the trivance for this purpose : If they are to
-naitb, ox the halt, front, of the retired level to the fight, the rear ranks of evei
''i-i;', instantly; and each In.lf bat'allon platoon !] Hi make trn nuick but r,r't''
160 FIR FLA

paces to the left, and the body of each right and left outwards) prime and load,
soldier to quarter face or turn i -8th of" a and as soon as the last platoon has passed,
circle ; and arc to take the same distance- file inwards and form.
to the right if they are ro level to the left. FISSURE, a narrow chasm where .i
When a line halts at its points of firing, small breach has been made.
no time is to be lost in
scrupulous dress FIT. Qualified, proper; adapted to
ing, and the firing is instantly to com any purpose or undertaking.
mence. But when a line halts, and is Fit for service strong, healthy men,
not to fire, the- usual dressings iim.t be from 1 8 to 45 years of age, of a certain
attended to; and every thing will depend height, and not subject to fits; are con

wpon the coolness and attention of the sidered fit objects for service, and may
olficers and non-commissioned officers. be enlisted into the United States regi
It should be observed with respect ments. The principal heads under which
to firings in general, that after the march every recruit should be rejected, consist
in front, and halt of the battalion, com of rupture, venereal lues, or incurable
pany, or platoon, firing ought invariably pox, habitual ulcers, sore li-s, scurvy,
to begin from the centre, and not from scald head, and fits.
the flank. In other cases, and in suc Fit, a paroxysm. Any violent affec
cessive formations, it may begin from tion ofthe body, by which a man is sud
whatever division first arrives, and halts denly rendered incapable of going through
on its own ground. the necessary functions of life.
Square Firing, is that method of fir Fits, habitual affections of the body
ing where either a regiment or any body to which men and women are subject,
of men are drawn up in a square, each and by which they may be frequently at
front of which is generally divided into tacked without any other immediate con
divisions or firings, and the flanks of the sequence, than a temporary suspension
square, as being the weakest part, are of" the mental powers, accompanied by
sometimes covered by platoons of grena a disordered and
painful action of the
diers who flank the angles. The first fire frame.
is from the right division of each face ; the F ix- Bayonets, a wort! of command in
second fire from the left division of each the manual exercise. See Manual.
face, and so on ; the grenadiers making FLAGS in the United States navy, arte
the last fire. the colors of the Union, red and white
Street Firing, is the method of firing alternate stripes, equal to the number of
adopted to defend or scour a street, lane, states ; with a square in the upper angle
or narrow
pass of any kind ; in the ex of blue, upon which are wrought white
ecution of which the platoon must be stars equal in number to the statts ofthe
formed according to the width of the Union. A custom has grown up among
place, leaving sufficient room on the flanks commanders of ships of appropriating a
lor the platoons which have fired, suc
peculiar flag for each state, but as thisis
cessively to file round to the rear of the not a settled regulation requires no further
others. notice.
Street Firing advancing. When the Flags. See Colors, Standards,
column has arrived at the spot where the Sec.
firing is to commence, the commanding Flags, in the British navy, are either
officer from the rear gives the word bait ! red, white, blue, or yellow, and they
and the officer commanding the platoon, are hoisted either at the heads of the
orders it to make ready, aim, fire"; recover main-mast, fore-mast, or mizen-mast.
arms, load ; he then orders the rear pla Flaos, when displayed from the top
toon ofthe column outward face, (by ha.f ofthe main-mast, are the distinguishing
platoons) quick march. marks of admirals ; when from the fore
At the instant the men in the first pla- mast, of vice admirals; and when from
:oon recover their arms after firing, the the mizcn-niast, of rear admirals.
rt'ar
platoon makes ready, and moves up the The highest flag in the British navy, is
Dank to the front of the first platoon hav- the anchor and cable, which is only dis
filed round the flanks towards the when their lord high admiral, or
.na
played
lords commissioners of the admiralty arc
front, when the second from the rear
Hdvanccs, with recovered arms, until it on board; the next is the .,>.;...'., the dis

receives the words halt, ready, aim, fire. tinction peculiar to the second officer,
The platoon which has fired, primes and called admiral of the fleet ; and the low
loads in its ground immediately, without est flag is the'blue at the mizen-mast.

moving; the rear platoons only advancing. EL AG -Officer, a naval officer com
Sneet Firing retiring, is conducted manding a aquadron.
on the same principles, except that the FLAG-STAFF,the staff on which the
platoons fire without advancing, on the flag is fixed.
front being cleared by the former platoon FLAM, a word formerly made use of
filing round the flank. in the British service, signifying a parti
Another method of street fir ing, advanc- cular tap or beat upon the drum, accord
+(', generally esteemed more eligible, is, ing to which each battalion went through
titter firing, to wheel out by subdivisions, its firings or evolutions. The practice is
(the pivots having f.ken a side step to hi'-', aside, as only a matter of mere parade
FLA FLA 161

without any often inward flank, where the proper pivot


practical utility ; too

employed by officers to cover their igno rests, is in one instance dispensed with,
rance or incapacity, or to indulge their when, after marching by the right in
indolence ; therefore it is the usage now front, the wheeling of the column or
wherever discipline is well understood guard is to the right. On this occasion,
and practised, for every battalion, troop the officer who had shifted from the right
or company to be exercised
by specific to his proper flank, instead of beinr
words of command, delivered in a distinct wheeled upon, wheels with the flank, and
and audible tone of voice. continues his march. It has been re
FLAMME, or oriflamme, Fr. in marked ina late military publication, that
the old French marine establishment, was the squareness ofthe division would cer
a mark of distinction which exclusively tainly be preserved with greater ease,
were the officer to remain upon the right,
belonged to the French king's ships.
Flamme, ou pendant, Ex. Bolting cloth though the right be in front, until the
or ticking. It is a long streamer which wheel in that direction should be com
generally hangs either from the topmast pleted, when he might shift to his proper
head, and serves for ornament, or to give flank. Where the column or guard has
signals. only a few paces to proceed beyond the
FLAMBEAU, a torch, passing or saluting point, this certainly
FLANC du bastion, Ex. See flank of is advisable. The regulation of guides,
the bastion. that is, non-commissioned officers on both
C has, 1 flanks of every subdivision of a line, ren
F l a n c < couvert, > See Retired Flanc, ders it of less moment where the officer
Q retire, j is posted ; but the pivot is the most ra
FLANKS, in the art of war and in for tional position.
tification, are of several denominations, Flank company, a certain number of
according to their uses, viz. men drawn up on the right or left of a
Flanks of an army. Certain propor battalion. Thus where there are grena
tions of offensive or defensive forces which diers they compose the right, and the
aie extended to the right and left of a light infantry the left flank company.
main bo.ly, and ought to be posted in When these are detached, the two ex
such a manner, that it would be certain treme battalion companies become sttch.
ruin to the enemy were he to attempt any The grenadiers and light infantry are
impression between them. In a more generally called flank companies, whe
confined sunse, the troops which are sta ther attached or not to their several bat
tioned on the right and left of each line of talions ; rifle corps are always flankers.
encampment. See Wings. Flanking party, a select body of
E lank.files, axe the two first men on men on foot or on horseback, whose ob
the right and the two last men on the ject is to harrass and perplex the enemy,
left, telling downwards from the right, of to get
upon his wings, or by any ma
a fine, battalion,
company, division, sub noeuvre to hang upon the flank ol an
op
division or section. When a battalion is posing force
drawn up three deep, its flank files con- Flank en polence, is any part of the
sis: of three men, or as the French call right or left wing formed at a projecting
its file and demi-file. When four deep, angle with the line. See Potence.
the flank files are termed double files ; Leading Flank, when tlie fine breaks
so that a column formed from into column in order to attack an enemy,
any of these
alignements will have all its relative flank it is the flank which must almost always
files, be the depth of formation what it preserve the line of appui in all movements
will. in front. The first battalion, division or
Inward Flank in manoeuvring. The company of every column which con
first file on the left of a division, subdi- ducts is called the head or leading flank
vision,or section when the battalion stands of that column. All the writhings and
at clr.se or open column with the turnings to which it must unavoidably
right in
front. Upon this flank, which is called be subject, are followed by
every other
the proper flank, and on which the pivot part of the body, and such head becomes
rests, the division, &c. wheels backward a flank, right or left, when formed into
from line into column, or forward from line. The commander must therefore be
column into line. When the left is in on whichever flank directs the
operations
front the right becomes the proper flank of the line, and by which he
proposes to
and pivot. attack, or to counteract the attempts of
Outward Flank, of aline or battalion, the enemy.
the extreme file on the right or left of a Flank in fortification, in general, is
division, subdivision, or section, accord any part of a work that defends another
ing to the given front, when the battalion work, along the outride of its parapet.
is at close or open column, and which is Flank of a bastion, in fortification,
the farthest wheeling point from line that
part which joins the face to the:
into column, or from column into line. curtain, comprehended between the angle
It is likewise called the reverse flank. of the curtain and that of the shoulder,
The general rule which directs, that lead and is the principal defence ofthe place.
ing officers shall march invariably on the It; use ';>, to defend the curt.im, rhe
162 FLA FLA

flank, and face of the


opposite bastion, miles. The greatest part, if not the
as well as the whole of which, is in the shape of a horse
passage of the ditch ; and
to batter the salient angles of the coun shoe, and presents impregnable flanks.
ter-scarp and glacis, from whence the An anonymous writer, after referring the
besieged generally ruin the flanks with reader to general Lloyd for a specific ac
their artillery ; for the flanks of a forti count of the first and second lines of the
fication are those parts which the besieg French frontier, has made the
following
ers endeavor most to ruin, in order to observations relative to the third and last
take away the defence of the face ofthe which runs from Sedan down the Meuse
to Charlemont, from thence to
opposite bastion. Dunkirk,
Oblique } *v L A N K ' r, that part of thecur- and is 150 miles in length. His wrds
Secend \ ? tain from whence are
While the duke of Brunswick and
the face of the opposite bastion may be the king of Prussia were ruining the most
discovered, and is the distance between formidable armies in Europe by endea.
the lines rasant and fichant, which are voring to penetrate a few miles into Lor-
rejected by most engineers, as being liable rain and Champagne through the first
to be ruined at the beginning of a siege, and second line, (without having previ
especially when made of sandy earth. ously secured the two flanks,) the French
The second parapet, which may be rais with redoubled activity operated upon
ed behind the former, is of no use; for it the third, and finally subdued all Flan
neither discovers nor defends the face of ders. Those very difficulties, in fact,
the opposite bastion : besides, it shortens which presented themselves to oppose
the flank, which is the true defence ; and the progress of the allied army into
the continual fire of the besiegers' cannon France, facilitated every excursion on her
will never suffer the garrison to raise a part, as the direction of the line wbicb goes
second parapet. This second flank de from Sedan to Landau is concave towards
fends very obliquely the opposite face, that part of Germany ,

and is to be used only in a place attacked The remainder of this line, (within
by an army without artillery. which so
Retired S ( the platform of the
many faults were committed,
or rather could not be avoided, because
Low > Flank, < casemate, which the impression itself was founded in
Covered) ( lies hid in the bas error,) runs to Dunkirk. It has been the
tion. These retired flanks are a great scene of successive wars for near two cen
defence to the opposite bastion and pas turies, the most expensive, bloody, and
sage of the ditch ; because the. besiegers durable of any recorded in thea>nalsof
cannot see, nor easily dismount their mankind. This line, continues general
guns.
Flank in fortification, is
Lloyd, is stronger by art than nature,
prolonged, having a prodigious number of strong for
the extending of the flank from the angle tresses and posts upon it, moreover it
oftheepaule to the exterior side, when projects in many places, so that an enemy
the angle of the flank is a right one. can enter no where, without having some
Concave Flank, is that which is of them in front and on his flanks.
made in the arc of a semi-circle bending The United States are flanked by Ca
outwards. nada and Florida.
Flanks of a frontier. A re the di fter- Flanks, in farriery , a wrench, or any
ent salient points of a large extent of ter other grief in the back of a horse.
ritory, between each of which it would To Flank, in fortification, is to erect
be impolitic for any invading army to a
battery which may play upon an ene
hazard an advanced position. The late my's works on the right or left without
celebrated gen. Lloyd (whose accuracy of being exposed to his line of fire. Any for
observation and solidity of conclusion with tification, which has no defence but light
respect to the iron frontier of old France forward, is faulty ; and to make it com
have been universally acknowleged) has plete, one part ought to flank the other.
furnished military men with a full and To Flank, in evolutions, totakesuch
succinct account of the relative positions a
position in action
either to assist your
as

upon it. This long line he begins at Basle own troops, annoy those ot your
or to
in Switzerland, and runs into various di enemy by attacking either- of his flanks,
rections from thence to Dunkirk in old without exposing yourself to all his fire.
French Flanders, he divides it into three To Out- flank. A manoeuvre by
parts, and considers each of them sepa which an
army, battalion, troop, or com

rately. The first part goes tiom Basle t. pany outstretches another, and gets upon
Landau and covers old Alsace, near 130 both or either of its flanks.
miles in length. The second from Lan To Out-Flank, in an extensive ac
dau to Sedan on the Moselle, covers an ceptation of the term, when applied to
cient Lorrainon the side of Treves, Deux- locality, means to possess any range of
Ponts, Luxemburgh, and Limburg ; 190 opposite parts, or territory, whence you
miles in length. From Sadan down the might invade your neighbor. Thus
Meuseto Charlemont in old Flanders, and France, by her present possessions along
thence to Dunkirk, is the third part, and the Dutch and Flemish coasts, outflanks
is -about 150 miles; so that the whole all the opposite shores of England,
pro
natural frontier of old France was 47 perly so called ; resting her left flank a:
FLA FLO 163

Ushant in Finisterre, and her right at Flasques, Fr. in the artillery, are the
Schelling, in North Holland, in the Pro two cheeks ofthe carriage of a great gun.
vince of Friesland. By the conquest of See Arrui.
Spain and Portugal, the French have Flasqoe likewise means a gun-pow
extended their south western flank, and der flask.
rerdered the invasion of Ireland more easy. EL AT -bottomed boats, in military af
Ireland again is completely outflanked by fairs, are made to swim in shallow water,
Great Britain at Penzance, in Cornwall, and to-tarry a great number of troops, ar-
and at the Hebrides or Western Isles, in ! tillery, ammunition, Sec. They are con-
dependent of the continental part of Scot j structed in the following 18 manner: an.

land. pounder, bow chase, an ditto, stern


Flanker, a fortification jutting out chase ; 90 to 100 feet ketl ; 12 to 24 ditto
so as to command the side or flank of an beam; 1 mast, a large square main- sail;
a jib-sail: they are rowed by 18 or 20
enemy marching to the assault or attack.
Riflemen and all light troops are also oars, and can each carry 4c men. The
called flankers. gun takes up one bow, and a bridge the
Flankers, in cavalry manoeuvres, other, over which the troops are to march.
the most active men and horses are se Those that carry horses have therefote
lected to do the duty of flankers. The parts of the boats made to open.
men of course must be
perfect masters of FLAW, any crack or small opening in
their horses. On;: complete file of each a gun or its carriage is so called.
four must be a file of flankers ; it does not FLEAU, Fr. the beam, or balance of
a pair of scales.
signify which file, but if it can conveni
ently be done, the centre file should be There are some fleaux or scales among

taken, as in that case neither the flank the French, which hold 6000 lb. weight
men, nor the telling off of the squadron in one scale, and 6000 lb. weight of am
or division will be affected. munition in the other, making together
When you manoeuvre by whole squad 12000 weight.
rons, six or eight flankers are sufficient in Fl.au de for, an iron instrument or
general for the whole squadron. weapon, that resembles in shape the flails
The word of command, when the with which corn is thrashed.
flankers come out to the front, is flankers FLECHE, in fieldfortification, a work
forward. of two faces, usually raised in the field,
In flanking, a great deal depends upon to cover ihe quarter guards of a camp or
the officer or serjeant ; he must be ex advanced post.
tremely active, and not only attend to the FLETCHER. SeeBowvER.
movements of the division from which he FLIGHT, is used figuratively for the
is detached, but likewise to his flankers. swift retreat ol an army or any party from
As horses frequently refuse to
quit the a victorious enemy.
ranks and hang back obstinately, the men
Toput to Flight, to force your enemy
indiscriminately should be often called to quit the field of battle.
out of the ranks one by one, and
practised Flight, is likewise applicable to mis
as flankers. sile weapons or shot, as a flight of ar
To Flanker, in French To
flanquer. rows, a flight of bombs, Sec.

fortify the walls of a city with bulwarks FLINT, a well known stone, used at
or countermines. present with every sort of fire arms.
Flankinc, is the same in fortification Every soldier ought to have one or two
as defending.
spare flints when on service.
Flanking party Any body of men

Flints are usually packed in half
detached from the main army to
get upon barrels.
the flanks of an enemy. See Flankers.
Flank ing angle, in fortification, that
Weight.
qrs. lbs.
composed of the two lines of defence, and
One half bar- r M"s<luet> *00 2 ~

M
pointing towards the curtain. See Te
f.,flte.
3 10-

rel contains, t
naille. j Pistol, 2
4000

15
Flankinc line of defence. See line The
of most transparent and free from
defence. veins are esteemed the best flints.
Flanking-foint, See Point. 28 of musquet flints take 18 cwt. in
kegs
FLASH. The flame which issues tonnage.
from any piece of ordnance on its being 10 kegs of pistol
flints take 3cwt. 2 qrs.
lired. in tonnage.
Flash in the pan, an explosion of gun To Float, a column is said to float
powder without any communication be when it loses its perpendicular line in
yond the touch hole. When a piece is march, and becomes unsteady in its move
loaded, and upon the trigger being drawn, ments.
nothing but the priming takes fire, that F LO ATI NG -batteries, vessels used as
piece is said to flash in the pan. batteries, to cover
troops in landing on an
FLASK, a measure made of horn, enemy's coast.
used to carry powder in, with the mea
FLOGGING, a barbarous punish
sure of the
charge ofthe piece on the top ment in general use among the British
of it. foot soldiers It is inflicted with a whip
164 F O N F O O

having several lashes, and is calculated to I FONDERIE, Fr. forge, ou Four.


degrade and render the man totally unfit j See Foundery.
neaux.

for a soldier. It is not practised in any FONDS destines pour le payemtnt, des
other
j Fr. Monies issued for the ser
army in Europe. j troupes.
FLOOD-GATE, in fortified towns, is vice ofthe army.
composed of 2 or 4 gates, so that the be- 1 FONTE des pieces d' artillerie. The
sieged by opening the gates may inundate metal used in the casting of cannon which
the environs so as to keep the enemy out consists of three sorts well mixed toge
of gun shot. ther, viz. copper, tin, and brass.
FLOOR. See Platform. FOOT, in a military sense, signifies aTl
To FLOURISH, ina general musical those bodies of men that serve on foot.
acceptation of the term, is to play some See Infantry.
prelude or preparatory air without any Foot is also a long measure, consist
settled rule. ing of 12 inches. Geometricians divide
A Flourish, any vibration of sound the foot into 10 digits, and the digits into
that issues from musical instrument.
a 10 lines ; but we after the manner of the
The trumpet Flourish in drawing! English divide the foot into 12 inches,
swords, is used regimentally by corps of and an inch into 12 lines, and a line into
cavalry on their own /round, and is the 12 points. The French call the 12th part
sounding used in receiving a general I of a foot, a line.
office/. A square Foot, is the same measure,
FLOWER de Luce, ? The arms of' both in length and breadth, containing
Fleur de Lis, $ France under
12 + 12 = 144 square or superficial
the ola monarchy. They consisted in three
inches.
flowers de lis or, ox gold, in a field azure, A cubic Foot, is the same measure in
ot blue. These arms were superceded by
all the three dimensions, length, breadth,
the three colored flag, when the bastile
was taken and the inhabi and thickness; containing 12 + 12=144
destroyed by
tants of Paris. + 12= 1728 cubic inches. The foot is
FLUSHED, a term of different length in different countries,
frequently applied
when men have been successful, as, flush The Paris royal foot exceeds the English
ed with victory, Sec. by 9 lines ; the ancient Roman foot of
FLUTE, a wind instrument which is the capitol consisted of 4 palms 1 1 4-10 =

sometimes used in military bands ; but I English inches ; and the Rhineiand or
never on service. /
Leyden foot, by which the northern na-
FLUX, an extraordinary evacuation of | tions go, is to the Roman foot as 950 to
the body, to which soldiers are frequent- | 1000. The proportions of the principal
ly subject on service. Towards the fall feet of several nations are as follow. The
of the year this disorder is particularly j English foot divided into 1000 parts, or
prevalent, especially in camps. It is of, into 12 inches, the other feet will be as
a contagious nature, and the greatest care follow :
should be taken to prevent the healthy
ioco
men in a regiment from frequenting the Places. J =

privies to which those infected by this parts


cruel disorder are permitted to resort. A
London foot 1000 -

Centry should always be posted in the vi Amsterdam 942 3 -

cinity of every hospital for that specific Antwerp 2- -


946
purpose. Bologna -
-
1204 4
See Army,
FLYING- \a"W' See Bridge.
Berlin - - 1010 1
( bridge. Bremen - -
964 6
Flying Artillery. See Horse Ar 4
tillery.
Cologne - -
954
6
See Camp.
Copenhagen -

905
FLYING-Cww/i. Dantzic - -
944 3
FOCUS, in mining. See Mine. Dort - -
1 184
FODDER. Sec Forage. Frankfort on the Main
FOE. See Enemy.
948 4
The Greek 1
-
1007
FOIL, in fencing, a long piece of steel Mantua - -
1569 8
of an elastic temper, mounted somewhat Mechlin - -
999
like a sword, which is used to learn to M ddlebourg -
991 9
fence with; it is without a point, or any Paris Royal 1068
-

9
sharpness, having a button at the ex Prague - - 1026
3
tremity, covered with leather. Rhineiand -
1033

4
To Foil, to defeat.
FOLLOWERS cf a camp, Officers Riga - - 1
831 9
I6
Roman - -
907 11
servants, sutlers, Sic. All followers of Old Roman -

97 11 8
a camp are subject to the articles of war
Scotch - -
1005 -5-7
equally with the soldiery. Strasbourg -
920 n

FOND, ground, properly means the Madrid - -


899 10 7
:-,-face of the earth which lies above the 1060 6
Lisbon - -
_

v. .iter. Turin - - 1062


7
.-'OrJDSMV.NS, Fr. fourvr...V.or>. YeX-'e-O -
I l62 t 4
FOR FOR 165

Tt be on the same footing with one. Distribution of the effective Forces 0*


tber, is to be under the same circum a
country. Under this head may be con
stances in point of service ; to have the sidered, notonly the effective forces
same number of men, and the same pay, which might engage an enemy, but like
Sec. wise those included in the several return ,

, To lose ground foot by foot,


gain or that are made from home to foreign sta
is to regularly and resolutely ; de
do it tions to the war office, and out of which
fending every thing to the utmost ex- a grand total is formed to correspond
tremity, or forcing it by dint of art or with the estimates that are annually laid
labor. before the government.
Eoor-iauk, in fortification. SeeBAN- To Force is to take by storm ,- also
EUETTE. to man the works of a garrison.
FORAGE, in the art of war, implies To Force an enemy to give battle. To
hay, straw, and oats, for the subsistence render the situation of an enemy so ha
of the army horses. This forage is divid zardous, that whether he attempt to
ed into rations, one ol" whicn is a day's quit his position, or endeavor to keep
allowance for a horse, and contains 20 lb. it, his capture or destruction must be
of hay, .olb. of oats and 51b. of straw. equally inevitable. In either of which
Dry Forage, oats, hay, Sec. which desperate cases, a bold and determined
are delivered out of magazines to a gar general will not wait to be attacked, but
rison, or to troops when they take the resolutely advance and give battle; cs-
field, before the green forage is sufficient pecially if circumstances should com
ly grown to be cut or gathered. bine to deprive him of the means of
Green Forage, oats, hay, Sec. that honorable capitulation. This can only
have oeen recently cut. It likewise be safely effected, by having previously
means meadow pasture, into which horses disposed your own forces so as to defy
are turned. any impression on his part, and by sub
When the British cavalry are station sequent able manoeuvres to have it in
ed in barracks, the number of rations your power to foil his attack.
of forage to be issued to the horses of To Force a passage. To oblige your
the officers, non-commissioned officers, enemy to retire from his fastnesses, and
and soldiers is not to exceed what fol to open a way into the country which he
lows, and is to be confined to those had occupied. This may be ..lone eirher
which arc actually effective in the bar by coup de main, ox renewal of assaults.
racks. in eitner case, the advancing
body
Rations. should be well supported and its flanks be
Field officers, having 4 effective secured with the most jealous attention.
horses .
.4
. FORCING an adversary's guard or
Captains, having 3 ditto 3 .
blade, a term used in the science of broad
Subalterns and staff* officers, sword.
having 2 ditto . 2 ,
44
If at any time your antagonist ap
Quarter masters, each . 1 pears languid and weak on his guard,
Non-commissioned officers and and barely covers his body on the side he
private men, each . 1 . is opposed ; by stepping well forward,
For each of which rations a and striking the fort of your sword smart
stoppage
is to be madeof 2^d. per diem. ly on his blade, you may be enabled to
On foreign service this article is deliver a cut without risk, even at the
go
verned by circumstances. part he intends to secure, taking care to
FORCE, an armament or warlike j direct your blade in such a manner, that
preparation the plate or cross bar of your hilt shall
FORCE, in a military sense, any body prevent his sword from coming forward."
of troops collected together for warlike Art of defence on foot.
enterprize. FORCEPS, an instrument used in
Effective Forces.
All the efficient chirurgery, to extract any thing out of
parts of an army that may be brought wounds or take hold of dead or cor
to
into action are called effective, and
ge rupt flesh, amputate. It is made
to
nerally consist of artillery, cavalry, and somewhat in the shape of a pair of tongs
infantry, with their necessary appendages or
pincers, with grappling ends. Every
such as hospital staff", waggon-train, ar
regimental surgeon, or assistant surgeon,
tificers and pioneers : the latter, though should have a pair among his set of in
they cannot be considered as effective struments.
fighting men, constitute so far a part of FORD. The shallow part of a river
effective forces, that no army could main where soldiers may pass over without ir-
tain the field without them. juring their arms.
Effective Forces "f a country. All FORE-RANK, first rank, front.
the disposable strength, vigour and acti FOREIGN service, in a general sense,
vity of any armed proportion of native means
every service but home. In a more
or territorial population. The navy of confined and native acceptation of the
Great Britain must be'looked upon as
term, it signifies any service done out of
part of the effective force of England, to the limits of the United State, < r the
vh'ch k added the body of marines.
dependent tcrritorie:.
166 FOR FOR

Foreign troops, in an English


acCe-p- j|i the front file, (in a formation, for in-
tation, regiments or
companies which are I stance, to the rear of the march, or to
composed of aliens, as the Hessians in the | the right when marched from the right,)
American revolution. Before the present i the files must double as close round as
war, no foreigner could bear a commis possible and with the utmost expedition.
sion in the British service, or be enlisted In forming from file, particular attention
as a soldier. should be given to make the men put
FORELAND, in fortification, called their horses quite straight as they come
by the French pas de souris, relais, re- in. They must keep their bodies iquare,
traite, berm or lizier, a confined space of dress by a slight cast of the eye towards
ground between the rampart of a town the point of formation, and close and
or fortified
place, and the moat. When dress in an instant A dragoon, in fact,
ever a fortification can be completed must no sooner get into the ranks, than
without having recourse to this substi his attention should be given to remain
tute for stone, (with which the rampart steady, well closed and dressed. It isge.
ought to be faced ) it certainly is advisa nerally required, that when the cavalry
ble to go to the ex pence. For a bold forms, each man must come up in file to
enemy, who has once made his way his place, and by no means move up to his
over the moat, will derive considerable leader, till that leader has formed to
advantage from having this path to stand which ever hand the file is forming to.
on. It is generally from 3 to 8 or 10 feet The whole must follow the exact track
wide. This space serves to receive the of the first leader, and come up one by
demolished parts of the .rampart, and one into their respective places in squad.
prevents the ditch from being filled up. ron.
In Holland the foreland is planted with To E orm to the front. To move nim
thickset, but it is generally faced with bly up from file into ranks, and close
palisades. See Berm. to your leader, whether on foot, or horse.
FORELAND, > any point of land back.
or FORENESS, $ which juts out into To Form to the rear. To double round
the sea. your leaders, who have themselves turn
FORGE, in the train of artillery, is ed and faced.
generally called a travelling forge, and To F orm to a proper flank. To turn and
may not be improperly called a portable close in to your leader.
smith's shop : at this forge all manner of To Form to a reverse flank. To pass,
smith's work is made, and it can be used turn and successively close to yourleaders.
upon a march, as well as in camp. For In all formations from file, the whole,
merly they were very i 1 contrived, with till otherwise directed, dress to the hand
2 wheels only, and wooden
supporters to to which the squadron, or division forms.
prop the forge for working when in the See Am. Mil. Lib.
park. Of late years they are made with To Form hy moving in front, and sue.
4 wheels, which answers the purpose cessively arriving in line, is by divisions,
much better. or distinct bodies, to advance forward by
Forge for red hot balls, is a place word of command towards any given
where the balls are made red-hot before point of alignement. On these occasions
they are fired off": it is built about 5 or the eye* of the whole are turned to the
6 feet below the surface of the ground, hand to which they are to form, and from
of strong brick work, and an iron grate, which they preserve required distances.
upon which the balls are laid, with a The leading officer must be on the inward
very large fire under them. See Red-hot flank of his division; he conducts it to its
Balls. point of junction in line, and from thence
IORKHEAD. See Barb. dresses and corrects it on the person, who
FORLORN-%, in the military art, is previously placed beyond him, and pro
signifies men detached from several re longing the general line. The outward
manents, or otherwise appointed to make Hank of the last formed and halted body,
the first attack in the day of battle ; or at is always considered as the point of con
a siege, to storm the
counterscarp, mount junction (necessary intervals included) of
the breach, &c. They are so called from the succeeding one. Thus the looking
the great danger they are unavoidably- and lining of the soldier is always towards
exposed t(-; but the expression is old, that point, and the flank of the line form
una begins to be obsolete. ed to ; and the correction of dressing by
To FORM, in a general acceptation of the officer is
always made from that point
the term, is to assume or produce any towards the other flank. Therefore on
or figure, extent or depth of line all occasions of moving up, forming and
shape
or column, by means of prescribed rules
dressing in line, by the men lining them
m military movements or dispositions. selves to one hand (inwards) and the of
To Form from file, among cavahj. The ficers correcting to the other (outwards)
f out file halts at a given point : the r.st, the most
perfect line may be obtained.
,01 k.:i 1 ning files successively ride at Commanding officers of regiments, when
up
a very smart gallop, taking care to halt a considerable line is forming, must take
in rime, ar.d not to over-run the ground. every advantage from timeously throw
] the formation is by doubling round ing out intelligent guides to give them
FOR FOR Hi/

true points in the general line. In the The general use which is made of this
French service these persons are called formation is to punish offenders, oV to
jalonneurs from jalonner, to fix any thing, convey public orders to the men in such
a manner, that every individual may have
by which any true direction, perpendi
cular or otherwise, may be obtained; the an equal opportunity of hearim vvhat is

word guide is the best translation ofthe read, or delivered to the whole battalion.
word jalonneur, and it is so used in the To Form on, is to advance forward,
American Military Library. so as to connect yourself with any given

To Form line, is to wheel to the right object of formation, and to lengthen the
or left from open column of divisions, line.
subdivisions, or sections, according to To Form on a
front division, is from
close, or open column, or by the march
prescribed rules, so as to
present one con

tinued front or straight line ; or to deploy in echellon, to arrive by a


parallel move

from close column for the same end, or ment at the right or left of any given di
to file to the front. vision, by which means a prolongation
To Form rank entire, is to extend the of the line is produced. When this for
front of a battalion or company by re mation takes place with the right in front.
the officer of the second, or leading divi
ducing^ to the least possible depth, from sion (the first standing fast, and all the
any existing number of ranks.
To Form two deep, is from rank entire facing to the teft) having stepped out
rest
or from three deep to produce a regular the right at the words quick march! al
to
line of files. lows his division led by his serjeant to
To Form three deep, is to add the depth go on a space equal to its front, and then
of one half file to two deep, and to pro gives his word front,
dte.s, halt; his ser
duce the natural formation of a battalion jeant still remaining on the left of his di
in line. vision. The officer being still on the
To F orm four deep, is to diminish the right of his division, immediately gives
natural extent of a battalion formed in the word march! and the division pro
line, by adding one half-file to its depth. ceeds at the ordinary step towards its
To Form echellon, is, from line, or place in the alignement. He steps nim
open column, to wheel a given number bly forward, and obliques so as to be
of paces forward or backward, so as to within the third file ot the left flank of
produce a diagonal or oblique direction the preceding division, and is thus ready
in the different proportions of a line, the to give the words, dress, halt ! at the in
outward flank of each succeeding division, stant his inward flank man joins that di
company or section, constantly preserv vision. He then expeditiously eOrrects
ing a perpendicular direction, at a regu his men, (who have dressed upon the
lated distance, from the inward flank of formed
part of the line, on the distant
its leader, until it arrive at its point of given point) and resumes his proper post
junction. in line. Great care should be taken in
To Form line by echellon, is to advance these movements to prevent the outward
in column towards any given object by a flank of every advancing division from
diagonal movement, so as eventually to over-stepping its ground ; as it is a gene
produce a regular continuity of front. ral principle in dressing, to be rather be
See Echellon or Diaconal move hind the preceding formed division at the
ment. word dress, than before it ; the word halt
To Form close column, is to march by being the final and conclusive direction,
files in detached proportions of a line, till and 'he dressing of ranks
being more ea
each proportion shall arrive in front or in sily attained by a forward than a back
rear of any given body. ward movement.
To Form open column, is to wheel In this manner every other division
backwards or forwards, or to march out proceeds; each officer advancing, with a
by files, so that the several proportions firm, steady step, m a perpendicular di
of a line may stand in a perpendicular rection towards his
point of formation,
direction to one another, with intervals while the flank serjeant remains at his
between them equal to the extent of in the rill the succeeding offi
point line,
their front. cer, who has dressed his division, arrives
To Form circle, is to march a battadon to replace him ; after which the
or company sfanding in line from its two
serjeant
covers his own officer.
flanks ; the lading files bringing their To Form on a rear division, is to face
right and left shoulders forward, so as to all the preceding divisions which are in
unite the whole in a circular
continuity column to the right, (the point cf form
of riles On :he word of command lo

ing having been previo'isly taken in that


the right and left, form circle, the two hank
direction, as far as the prolongation of the
files bring their right md left shoulders head division will
[ extend, and just be
forward; and on tiie word q^.ick, march, yond wh re the right of the battal.on is to
the whole fiance. Fhe c.ntre m-rks
come; and to uncover the rear one, so as
time, each hie fr >m the direct central to enable it to advance forward to a given
one gradually inclining to right and left
point on the left, and take up its place in
till the junction of the two extremes has the
alignement.
been completer The lender of the front or head division
168 FOR FOR

having been shewn the distant point in divisions facing and moving outwards, as
the alignement on which he is to march, we have just described.
a;.d having taken his intermediate points, To Form line on a rear company of the
if necessary, at the wotd march, the faced open column standing in echellon, that com
divisions step off quick, heads of files are pany remains placed ; the others face
dressed to the left, ihe front one moves in about, wheel back on the flanks
pivot
the alignement with scrupulous exacti of the column, as being those which
tude, and the others continue in a paral afterwards first come into line. On the
lel direction close on its right ; each care word march, they move forward, and
fully preserving its relative points of pro then front, halt, dress, successively, in the
longation, and being fronted by its officer line of the rear company.
the jnstant it j.ets upon the ground, To Form line on the rear company facing
which is perpendicular to its intended to the rear of the open column standing in
formation in line. echellon, the whole column must first
As soon as the rear division is un countermarch, each company by files,
covered, and has received the word march, and then proceed as in forming on a front
it proceeds forward, and when arrived company.
within a f-:w paces of its ground, the To Form line on a central company of
officer commanding steps nimbly up to the open column, that company stands fast,
the detached officer or serjeant, who has or is wheeled on its own centre into a

carefully marked its left in the new po new


required direction. Those in front,
sition, gives the words dress, halt, and must be ordered to face about. The
quickly corrects his division on the dis whole, except the central company,
tant point of formation; after which he must wheel back, the named number of

replaces his serjeant on the right of'his di paces. Those in front, on the proper
vision. As the officer who conducts this pivot flanks ofthe column, and those in
division has necessarily the longest ex its rear on the reverse flanks, such
being
tent of ground to march on, he must take the flanks that first arrive in li;ie. The
especial care to observe his perpendicular whole then marches in line with the
direction, constantly keeping the diffe central company. See Am. Mil. Lib.
rent points of formation in his eye, and To Form line from close column on a
preserving a perfect squareness of per rear
company facing to the rear, the whole
son. The intermediate divisions will of the column changes front by counter
successively proceed and advance as the marching each company by files. The
ground opens before them. rear
company stands fast, and the remain
To Form on a central division. To ing companies face to the right, deploy,
execute this manoeuvre, the fiontandrear successively front, halt, dress, and move
divisions must deploy, or open, so as to up into the alignement.
uncover the named division, and enable it To Form line from close colun.n on a
to move up to a given point of aligne central company facing to the rear, the cen
ment. A forming point must be given tral company countermarches and stands
to both flanks in the prolongation of the fast; the other companies face out
hcau division. wards, countermarch, deploy, and suc
When the caution of forming on a cen cessively march up to the alignement.
tral division has been given, the leading Whenever the column is a retiring one,
officers will shift to the heads of their and the line is to front to the rear, the
several divisions, the instant they have divisions must each countermarch before
been faced according to the hand which the formation begins. In which case
leads to their giound. The files during the head would be thrown back, and the
their deployment must be kept close, the rear forward.
and well locked up; and when fronted, To Form en potence, to wheel the right
must instantly be corrected in their or left flank of a
body of men, or to
dressing before they march forward. march them forward
by files, so as to
The central division, When uncovered, make that proportion of a line face in
moves up into line to its marked flank. wards, and resemble a potence or angle.
Those that were in front of it proceed as A double potence may be formed by run
in forming on a rear division; those ning out both flanks, so that theystandin
that were in
rear of it proceed as in a perpendicular direction facing towards

forming on front division.


a By means each other like the letter A, or thus, \ ';

of those three iomiations, which are these oblique lines are the potence, so na
effected by the deployment, or flank med
by the power of their cross fire. This
march, every battalion in close column, formation is not only extremely useful on
may uncover anil extend its several di actual service, but it conduces greatly to
visions. The previous formation of the accommodation of any body of men
close column upon given proportions of which may be marched into a place that
a brigatle, battalion, &c. is done by has not sufficient extent of ground to re
facing and moving inwardt, and thus ceive it in line.
contracting the original line with any FORMATION, in a military sense,
.riven division for the head; which line the methodical arrangement, or drawing
may again be re.torr<l by the: different up of any given body of men mounted,
FOR FOR 169

foot, according rules in open column, must arrive at and


ing
or on to prescribed
and regulations. the ground on which it is to
enter on

Cavahy Formation, consists of the form in line, either in the direction of that
following proportions. line, perpendicular to that line, or in a
Squadrons of cavalry are composed direction more or less oblique betwixt the
each of two troops; regiments arc com other two
posed of ten. Infantry Form\tion, is the arrange
Formation of a troop, is the drawing ment or disposition of any given number
out of a certain number of men on of men on foot according to prescribed
horseback on their troop par.;de, in a rules and regulations. When the com
rank entire, fixed according to the size panies join, which are generally ten in
roll, the tallest men in the centre. number, the battalion is formed; there is
Formation of the squadron, is the not to be any interval bet ween the relative
military disposition of two troops that p irts, but the whole front must present
compose it closed into each, from their a continuity of points, and one compact
several troop parades. In this situation, regular line from one flank file to the
the officers move out, and form in a rank other.
advanced two horses length, fronting to The formation or drawing up of the
their troops. The serieants and covering companies will be from right to left.
corporals rein back, and dress with the There is much folly prevalent on the sub
quarter-master in the rear. When the ject of positions of companies. Steuben's
formation of a squadron lias been comr work has endeavored to fix a plan of' al
and its component parts have ternation ; but failed. A simple prin
pleted,
been accurately told off", the commanding ciple would be to number the companies
officer is advanced a horse's length before from right to left, and form rhe first bat
the standard. Two officers are posted, one talion of i, 3,5, 7, 9, and the second of
on each flank of the front rank, covered 2, 4, 6, 8, io. Officers commanding com
by a eon-commissioned officer. One offi panies or platoons are all on the right of
cer is posted in the centre of the front rank their respectise ones.
with the standard, and is covered by a cor The eight battalion companies will
poral. The Serjeants are placed, o:.e compose four grand divisions eight com

on the right of the front of each of the panies or platoons sixteen subdivisions

four divisions, except the right one, and thirty-two sections, when sufficiently

each is covered by a corporal or private strong to be so divided, othcrw ise twenty-


dragoon. The serre-files or supemume. four, for the purposes of march. The
rary officers and Serjeants, the quarter batralion is likewise divided into right
masters and trumpeters, are in the rear and left wings. When the battalion is
of their several troops, divided in a line, on a war establishment, each
company
at two horses distance from the rear rank. will be divided into two equal parts.
Farriers are behind the serre-files a When the ten companies are with the
horse's length. Allowance is always battalion, they may then be divided into
made for sick and absent officers and five grand divisions from right to left.
non-commissioned officers ; and if a suf This is done to render the firings more
ficient number of any rank is not present, exact, and to facilitate deploy move
then Serjeants replace officers, corporals ments.
replace Serjeants, and iancv-corporals or The battalion companies will be num
intelligent men replace corporals. bered from thcri, httothe lctt l. 2. 3. 4.
Formation, considered as to general 5. 6. 7. 8. The subdivisions will be
circumstances, admits of a few deviations numbered 1.2. of each. The sections will
from the strict letter of the term. In be numbered 1.2. 3. 4. of each. The
order to preserve each troop entire, it files of companies will also be numbered
is not material, if one division be a file 1. 2. 3. 4. &c. the grenadier and
light
stronger than another. The flank di companies will be numbered seperately
visions indeed, both in cavalry and in in the same manner, and with the addi
fantry regiments, will be strongest from tion of those distinctions. No alteration
the addition of officers. Officers, in the is to be made in these
appellations
formation of squadrons, are recommended whether the battalion be faced to front
to be posted with their troops.
Corpo or rear.
rals not wanted to mark the divisions, or Formation at close order, rs the ar
to coverolficers or Serjeants, will be in
rangement of any given number of men in
the ranks according to their si^e, or be ranks at the distance of one
pace, except
placed in the outward flank file of their where there is a fourth, or supernume
troops. Farriers are considered as detach rary rank, which has three paces. In
ed in all situations of manoeuvre. firing oider the ranks are more closely
All these general circumstances of for- ! locked in.
mation
apply and take place, whether the j
When a battalion is formed in close
squadron be composed of two, or more order, the field officers and adjutant are
troops, and whether the troops be more mounted. The commanding officer is
or less the only officer advanced in front lor the
strong.
General modes of Formation, are general
purpose of exercise, when the
when a
regiment.brokcn into and march. battalion is single ; but in the march in
170 FO R FOR

line, and during the firings, he is in the themselves on the right of the front rank
rear of the colors. The lieutenant colo of the The colonel and lieu
grenadiers.
nel is behind the colors, six paces from tenant-colonel dismounted, advance be
the rear rank. The major and adjutant fore the colors four and two paces.
are six
paces in the rear of the third and FORMERS, round pieces of wood
sixth companies. One officer i_s on the that aie fitted to the diameter of the bore
right of the front rank of each company of a gun, round which the cartridge paper,
or
platoon, and one on the left of the bat parchment, lead, or cotton is rolled before
talion. All these are covered in the rear it is sewed.
and the Formers were likewise used among
by their respective Serjeants, re

maining officers and Serjeants are in a officers and soldiers to reduce their clubs
fourth rank behind their companies. to an uniform shape, before tlie general

There are no coverers in the centre rank introduction of tails.


to officers or colors. The colors are plac Formati on of guards. SeeGlJARDS.
ed between the fourth and fifth battalion FORT, in the military art, a small

fortified environedon all sides with


companies, both in the front rank, and place,
each covered by a non-commissioned of a ditch, rampart, and parapet Its use
ficer, or steady man in the rear rank. is to secure Some high ground, or the pas
One serjeant is in the front rank betwixt sage of a river, or to make good ah advan
the colors ; he is covered by a second ser tageous post, to defend the lines and
jeant in the rear rank, and by a third in quarters of a siege, Sec.
the supernumerary rank. The sole busi Forts are made of different figures and
ness of these three
Serjeants is, when the extents, according to the "exigency of the
battalion moves in line, to act as g>iides, service, or the peculiar nature of the
and di'ect the march according to pre ground. Some are fortified with bastions,
scribed instructions. The place of the others with demi-bastions. Some aiein
first of those serjeants, when they do form of a square, others of a pentagon.
move out, is preserved by a named officer Some again are made in the form of a star,
or serjeant, who moves up from the su having 5 or 7 angles. A fort differs from
a citadel, the last being built to command
pernumerary rank for that purpose. The
pioneers are assembled behind the centre, some town. See Citadel.
formed two deep, and nine paces from Royal-EoR r, one whose line of defence
the third rank. The drummers of the is at least 26 toises long.
eight batralicm companies are assembled Triangular Forts, are frequently made
in two divisions, six paces behind the with half bastions ; but they arc very
third rank of their 2d and 7th compa imperfect, because the faces are not seen
nies. The music are three paces behind or defended from any other
part. If, in-
the pioneers, in a single rank, and at all stead'of being terminated at the angle,
times, as well as the drummers and pio they were directed to a point about :.
neers, are formed at loose files only, oc toises from it, they would be much bet-
cupying no more space than is necessary. ter, as then they might be defended by
The staff' officers are three paces behind that length of the rampart, though but
the music. very obliquely. The ditch ought tobe
Forma tion at open order, is any open from 8 to 10 toises. Sometimes instead
disposition, or arrangement of men by of half bastions at the angles, wholeone.
ranks, at straight lines parallel to each are placed in the middleof the sides. The
other. gorges of these bastions may be from 20 to
When a battalion is directed to take 24 toises, when the sides are from 100 to
open order, the rear ranks fall back one 120; the flanks are perpendicular to the
and two paces, each dressing by the richt sides, from 10 to 12 toises long; and the
the instant it arrives on the ground. The capitals from 20 to 24. If the sides hap
officers in the front rank, as also the co pen to be more or less, the parts of the
lors, move out three paces. Those in bastions are likewise made more or less in
the rear, together with the music, ad proportion. The ditch round this fort
vance through the intervals left open by may be 10 or 12 toises wide.
tjie front rank officers, and divide them The ramparts and parapets of the.<e
selves in the following manner : the cap- sorts of" works are commonly made of
rains covering the second file from the turf, and the outside of the parapet is
right, the lieutenants the second file from liaised ; that is, a row ol" pallisades are
the left, and the ensigns opposite the placed about the middle of the slope, in
centre 01 their respective companies. The an horizontal manner, the points declin
music form between the colors and the ing rather a little downwards, that the
front rank. The serjeant coverers move grenades or fireworks thrown upon them
up to the front rank, to fill up the inter may roll down into the ditch ; and if the
vals left by the officers. The pioneers ditch is dry, a row of pallisades should
fall back to six paces distance behind the be placed in the middle of it, to prevent
centre of the rear rank. The drummers the enemy from passing over it unper-
take the same distance behind their di ceived, and to secure the fort from any
visions. The major moves to the right surprise.
of the line of officers; the adjutant to the Fort de campagne, Fr.a field fortifi-

left of the front rank, Tlie stall' place catfon, See FoRiuxcAiio.v.
FOR FOR 171

ith : but as other warlike instru


safety
FORTERESSE, Fr. Fortress. Any w

strong place rendered so by art, or origi ments were continually invented to de


these feeble structures, so on th
nally so by local advantages, or by means stroy
of both nature and art. Places which are other hand persons acting on the defen
generally stand upon sive were obliged to build stronger and
strong by nature
mountains, precipices, in the middle of a stronger to resist the new contrived forces
marsh, on the sea-coast, in a lake, or on ofthe desperate assailants.
the banks ol some large river. Places What impiovements they made in
which are strong by art, owe their strengthening their walls many ages ago,
strength to the labor of man, whose inge app.ear from history. The first walls we
ever read of, and which were built by
nuity and perseverance substitute ditches
and ramparts where mountains and rivers Cain, were of brick; and the ancient
are wanting. Crecians, long before Rome was ever
FORT1FIC ATI ON, is the art of for thought of, used brick and rubble stone,
with which they built a vast wall, join
tifying a town, or other place ; or of pur-
ting it in such a posture of defence, that ing mount Hymetus to the city of Athens
every one of its parts defends, and is de The Babylonian walls, built by Sem'ua-
fended by some other
parts, by means of mis, or, as others will have it, by Belli ,
Were 3-. feet thick, and 100 feet high,
ramparts, parapets, ditches, and other
outworks ; to the end that a small num with towers 10 feet higher, built upon
ber of men within may be able to defend them, cemented with bitumen orasph.aU
themselves for a considerable time against tus. Those of Jerusalem seem to have
theassaults of a numerous army without ; come but little short of them, since, in

$o that the enemy, in attacking them, the siege by Titus, all the Roman batter
must of necessity suffer great loss. ing rams, joined with Roman art and
Fortification may be divided into ancient courage, could remove but 4 stones out
and modern ; offensive, and defensive ; ofthe tower of Antoniaina whole night's
regular, and inegular ; natural, and ar assault.
tificial,Sec. After fortification had arrived at this
Ancient Fortification, at first, height it stopped for many ages, 'till the
consisted of walls or defences made of use of
gunpowder and guns was found
trunks, anrTother branches of trees, mix out; and then the round and square
ed with earth, fof security against the towers, which were very good flanks
attacks of an enemy. Invention owes its against bows and arrows, became but in
origin to necessity ; fortification seems to different ones against the violence of can
have had tear for its basis ; for when man non ; nor did the battlements
any longer
had no other enemy but the wild beasts, offer a hiding place, when the force of one
the walls of his cottage were his security ; shot both overset the battlement, and de
but when pride, ambition, and avarice, stroyed those who sought security from
had the minds of the strong and it.
possessed
the daringto commit violences upon their Modern Fortification, is the way
weaker neighbors, either to subject them of defence now used, turning the
into ramparts, and square and round
wallas
to new laws, or to plunder their little in
heritance, it vvas natural for the latter to towers into bastion .r' defended
by nume
contrive how to defend themselves from rous outworks; al. which are made
so
such injuries. solid, that they cannot be beat down, but
Our Aborigines of North America, by the continual fire .of several batteries
have left traces of fortification in its infan of cannon. These bastions at first were
cy, ot which there are some curious and but small, their gorges narrow, their
magnificent remains on the Miami river, flanks and faces short, "and at a
great dis
in the state of Ohio. tance from each other, as are those now
There are abundance of Indian villages to be seen in the
city of Antwerp, built
fenced round by long stakes driven into in 154a by Charles V. emperor of Ger
the ground, with moss or earth to fill the many; since which time they have been
intervals ; and this is their security (to greatly improved and enlarged, and arc
gether with their own vigilance) against now arrived to that
degree of strength,
the cruelty of the savage that it is almost a received
neighboring opinion, that
nations the art of fortification is ; tits
Nor is much less ancient
height, and
fortification almost incapable of being carried to a
than mankind; for Cain, the son of Adam, much greater perfection.
built a city with a wall round it upon
mount Liban, and called it after the name
c^".j/wFortihcation, shews how
to besiege ana take a fortified
of his son Enoch, the ruins of which, it
place; it
turther teaches a general how to take all
is said, are to be seen to this day ; and advantages for his troops ; the manner of
the Babylonians, Soon after the deluge,
encamping, and method of carrying on
built cities and encompassed them with either a regular or irregular accord
siege,
strong walls. ing as circumstances may direct.
At first people thought themselves safe
Defensive Fortification, shews a
enough with a single wall, behind which governor how to make the most of a gar
they made use of their darts and arrows rison committed to his care, and to pro
vide all things necessarv for its defence.
172 FOR F O R
s=g= .

/^./.ii-Fortification, isthatbuilt Line of defence fichant, is a 1 ne drawn


in a regular polygon, the sides and angles from the angle of the curtain, to the point
of which are all
equal, being commonly ofthe opposite bastion, which is not to
a
musqfiet shot from each other, and for exceed 120 fathom ; and from the point
tified according to the Riles of art. of the curtain, and flank, to the face of
Irregular Fortification, on the con the opposite bastion, which is to be de
trary, is that where the sides and angles fended. This line may not improperly
are not
uniform, equi-distanf, or equal ; be called in good English the buttingfiank,
which is owing to the irregularity of since it partly sees the opposite faces in
the ground, vallies, r.vers, hills, and the reverse; and the shot from it, especially
like. near the orillon, strike against the faces.

To Fortify inwards, is to represent Authors are numerous both fora dagainst


the bastion within the polygon proposed the fichant and rasant lines; we can only
to be fortified ; and riVn that polygon is set down as a fixed rule, that the more
called the exterior polygon, and each of its powerful the active quality is, the more
sides the exterior side, terminating at the the passive must suffer ; that in fortifi
points of the two neaiest bastions. cation the active quality is the fire, which
To Fortify outwards, is to represent discovers the assailants (who are the pas.
%he bastion without the polygon proposed sive) going to attack the face ofthe oppo
to be fortified, and then the poly-ton is site bastion; consequently, the more this
-

called the interior po'ygon, and each of its active quality is augmented, by so much
sides th interior side, terminating in the the more must the passive subjects suf
centres ofthe two nearest bastions. fer; and from thence we argue for the
Elementary Fortification, by some fichant flank, since it augments this active
likewise called the theory of fortification, quality, by all the fire of the curtain add.
consists in tracing the plans and profiles ed to the flank, which is the principal
of a forrification on papei, with scales action in the art of defence.
and compasses; and examining the sys Line of defence rasant, is a line drawn
tems
proposed by different authors, in from the point of the b.istion along the
order to discover their advantages and dis face, 'till it comes to the curtain, which
advantages. The elementary part is like shews how much of the curtain will

wise divided into regular and irregular for clear, or defend the face. This line may
tification, which see. very justly in our language be called the
Front Fortification, any propor sweeping flank ; because the shot as it
tion ot the body of a place, consisting of were sweeps along the opposite faces.
two half bastions and a curtain. This line, as well as the fichant, has
Practical Fortification, consists many supporters, and as many oppo-
informing a project of a fortification, ac nents. In our humble opinion, the lint
cording to the nature of the ground, and fichant is preferable to the line raiant.
other necessary circumstances, to trace Line of circumvallation. See Sieci.
it on the ground, and to execute the pro See Circumvallation.
ject, together with all the military build Line of contravallation: See C O N r 11 A
.
.

ings, such as magazines, store houses, VALLATION.


barracks, bridges, Sec. Line of counter-approach. See Ar-
The names of every part of a Fortifi PROACHES.

cation; and first of lines, which Capital line, is an imaginary line which
are divided into right lines, and curve divides the work into two equal and si
lines. milar parts, or a line drawn from the
Line of defence, is the distance between point of the bastion to the point vvheie
the saliant angle of the bastion, and the the two demi-gorges meet, &c.
opposite flank ; that is, it is the face pro Line of defence prolonged. I n the square,
duced to the flank. CommoH experience, and most polygons of the lesser fortifi
together with some of the greatest artists cation, you prolong the line of defence;
in fortification, unanimously agree, that but in the polygons ot the greater and
the lines of defence may extend (though meaner, you draw a line from the angle
not exceed) 150 fathom. Some indeed of the
opposite shoulder to the angle of
will affirm, that as a musquet does not the curtain, upon which you raise a per-
carry more than 130 fathom point blank, which serves for the first
the angle of the bastion should be no fur fiendicular,
ineof the flank.
ther removed from its opposite flank Names ofthe angles in a Fortification.
We agree that a musquet carries no far Angle of the centre, in a polygon, is
ther point blank ; but we are sure it will formed by two radii drawn to the extre
do execution, and kill, at 180 fathom. mities of the same side, or from the cen
The enemy generally makes his breaches tre, terminating at the two nearest angles
near the middle of the face; which if of the figure.
granted, the line of fire from the flank to Angle of a bastion, ? that which is made
the breach, scarcely exceeds 130 fathom ; Flanked angle, \ by the two faces,
besides, the cannon of the flank does less being the outermost part of the bastion,
'

execution upon a short line of defence than most exposed to the enemy's batteries,
on a long one. frequently called the saliant angle, or
point of the bastion.
FOR FOR 173

Antrle of the polygon, is made by the high when double, and iwhen single,
concours. of two adjacent sides of a poly and about 3 feet broad, and 4 J feet lower
than the parapet.
gon, in the centre of the bastion
Angle oj the triangle, is half the angle of Bastion, is a part of the inner inclosure
of a fortification, making an angle to-
the polygon.
and consists of 2 faces,
Angle of the shoulder, ) is made by the wards the field,
1
and an opening towards the
Angle of the epaule, > face and flank \ 2 flanks, the
of the bastion. centre of place, called the gorge : or
mass of
Angle of the flank, ? that which is it is rather largesometimesearth, usually
a
with brick,
An^le of the curtain \ made by, and 'faced with sods, the
contained between the curtain and the but rarely with stone; having figure
flank. described.
) made lines With regard to the first invention of
Angle ofthe tenaille, by two

Flanking angle, ) fichant, that is, bastions, there are many opinions amongst
the face ofthe two bastions extended till authors. Some have attributed this in
towards the cur vention to Zisca, the Bohemian ; others
they meet in an angle
tain, and is that which always carries its to Achmet Bashaw, who having taken
Otranto in the year 1480, fortified it in
point towards the work.
Dead-angle. Every angle is so called, a particular manner, which is supposed
that points inwards, or is not well de to be the first instance of the use of

fended bastions. Those who wrote on the sub-


Angle of the ditch, is formed before the I ject of fortification 2co years ago, seem
centre of the curtain, by the outward to suppose, that bastions were a gradual
line of the ditch. improvement in the ancient method of
Angle rentrant , ? is any ancle whose building, rather than a new thought,
that any one person could claim the ho
Re-entering angle, \ point turns in
wards, or towards the place; that is, nor of. It is certain, however, that they
whose legs open towards the field. were well known soon after the year

Saliant angle, is that which points out 1500 ; for in 1546, Tartalea published
wards or whose legs open towards the Queuti (jf inventioni diverse, in the 6th
place. book of which he mentions, that whilst
Angle of the complement of the line of he resided at Wrona (which must have
defence, is the angle formed by the inter been many years before] he saw bastions
section ofthe two complements with each of a prodigious size : some finished, and
other. others building : and there is besides,
Inward flanking angle, that which is in the same book, a pian ol Turin, which
made by the flanking-line and the cur was then fortified with 4
bastions, and
tain. See Ancle. seems to have been completed some time
Names of the solid works of a Fortifi before.
cation. The great rule in constructing a bas
Advanced-foss, ? or ditch, made at the tion is, that every part of it may be seen,
Avant -fosse, S foot ofthe glacis: it and defended from some other part.
is but very seldom made, because it is Mere angks arc therefore not
sufficient,
easily taken, and serves for a trench to but flanks and faces are likewise neces
the besiegers. sary. The faces must not be less than
Appareilte, is that slope or easy ascent 50 fathom, nor more than 65. The lon
whicli leads to the platform of the bas ger the flanks are the greater is the ad
tion, or to any other work, where the ar vantage which can be derived from them.
tillery, &c. are brought up and carried They must therefore stand at right angles
down. with the line of defence. At the same-
Approaches, are a kind of roads or time the disposition ofthe flanks makes
sunk in the ground
passages by the the principal part of a fortification, as on
besiegers, whereby they approach the them the defence chiefly depends ; ami
place under cover of the fire from the it is this that has introduced the various
garrison. kinds of fortifying.
Area, the superficial content of a ram The angle of the bastion must exceed
or other work.
part, 6o; otherwise it will be too small to
Arrow, is a work placed at the saliant give room for the guns, and will either
angle of the glacis, and consists of two pa render the line of defence too
long, or
rapets, each about 40 fathoms long ; this the flanks too short. It must therefore
work has a communication with the co be either a right angle or some interme
vert-way, of about 24 or 28 feet broad, diate one between that and 60 degrees.
called a caponniere, with a ditch before Full bastions axe best calculated for in-
it of about 5 or 6 fathom, and a traverse trenchments, which are thrown
up at the
at the entrance, of three fathom
thick, gorge, or by means of a cavalier, whose
and a passage of 6 or 8 feet round it. faces are made parallel to those of the
Banquette, whether single or double, bastion at the distance of 15 toises ; hav
is a kind of step made on the*rampart ing its flanks at the distance of 12
of a work near the parapet, for the
toises,
and a ditch measuring 5.
troops to stand upon, in order to fire Large bastions have the advantage of
over the
parapet : it is generally 3 feet c.mM ones, for this palpable reason ; the.
174 FOR FOR

bastion being considered the weakest


part parapet of the lower, and the foot of the
ofthe body of a place, is
always attack higher ; and is sometimes in the nature
ed; when there is room for troops, can of cavalier.
a
non and mortars, its natural weakness is Regular bastion, is that which has its
greatly remedied. true proportion of faces, flanks, and
Gorge of a bastion, the interval between gorges.
theextremity of one flank and that of Irregular bastion, is that wherein the
the next. above equality of just proportion is
Flat bastion. When a bastion upon a omitted.
right line is so constructed, that its Barriers, in fortification, a'kindof rails
to stop the horse or foot from rushing
clemi-gorges do not form an angle, it is
called a flat bastion. in upon the besieged with violence. In
Gorge of a flat bastion, is a right line, the middle of this kind of defence there
which terminates the distance between is a moveable bar of wood, which opens
two flanks. or shuts at pleasure.

Solid bastion, } A bastion is said to be Berm, is a little space or path, of 4 to


Full bastion, \ solid or full, when the 8 feet broad, between the ditch and the
level ground within is even with the talus of the parapet; it is to prevent the
rampart ; that is, when the inside is earth from rolling into the ditch, and
quite level, the parapet being only more serves likewise to pass and repass. As
elevated than the rest. Solid bastions it is in some degree advantageous to the
have this advantage over others, that enemy, in getting footing, most of the
they afford earth enough to make a re modern engineers reject it.
trenchment, in case the enemy lodge Bonnet, in fortification, is a sort of
themselves on the top of the bastion, and work placed before the saliant angle of
the besieged are resolved to dispute every the ravelin to cover it : it consists of 2
inch of ground. faces, parallel to the ravelin, or perpen
ikllew bastion,) \s that where the dicular to those of the lunette. They
Empty bastion, \ level ground within are generally made i fathom broad at the

is much lower than the rampart, or that ends with a ditch of the same breadth,
part next to the parapet, where the the covert-way 6, and the glacis 20 fa
troops are placed to defend the bastion. thom.
The disadvantage of these kinds of bas Breach, is on opening or gap made in
a wall or
tions is, the earth being so low, that when rampart, with cither cannon or
an enemy is once lodged on the rampart, mines, sufficiently wide for a body of
there is no making a retrenchment to troops to enter the works, and drive the
wards the centre, but what will be un besieged out of it.
der the fire ofthe besiegers. Practical breach, is that where men
Detached bastion, is that which is sepa may mount, and make a lodgment, and
rated or cut oft' from the body of the should be 15 or 20 feet wide.
place, and differs from a half mcon, j Capital of a work, is an imaginary line
whose rampart and parapet- axe lower, ; which divides that work into two equal
and not so thick as those of the place. I parts.
having the sam: proportion with the \ Capital of a bastion, a line drawn from
works of the place. Counter-guaids the angle of the polygon to the point of
with flanks are sometimes called detach the bastbn, or from the point of the bas
ed bastions. tion to the centre of the gorge. These
Cut bastion, is that whose saliant angle capitals are from 35 to 40 toises in length,
or point is cut oft", instead of which it i from the pcynt of the bastion to the place
has a re-entering angle, or an angle in where the two derhi-gorges meet ; beinR
wards. It is used, either when the an the difference between the exterior and
gle would, without such a contrivance, the interior radii.
be too acute, or when water, or some ! Caponnier is a passage made in a dry
other impediment, prevents the bastion ! ditcli from one work to another: when
from being carried to its full extent. | it is made fiom the curtain of the body
Composed bastion, is when two sides of j of the place to the opposite ravelin, or
the interior polygon are very unequal, from the front of a horn qr crown- work,
which also renders the gorges unequal ; it has a parapet on each side, of 6 or 7
it may not improperly be called a forced feet high, sloping in a glacis of 10 or 12
bastion, being as it were forced into that toises on the outside to the bottom of the
form. ditch; the width within is from 20 to 25
Deformed bastion, is when the irregu feet, with a banquette on each side:
larity of the lines and angles causes the there is a brick wall to support the earth
bastion to appear deformed, or out of within which only reaches within ij
shape. foot of the top, to prevent grazing shot
Demi-bastion, is composed of one face from driving the splinters amongst the
nas out one fla,,ki and a demi defendants.
only,
urge. with two parapets may
Capennitres
Double bastion, is that which is raised be called double; as there are
properly
some made with one rampart only, in
on the
plane of another bastion, but much
higher ; leaving 12 or 18 feet between the dry ditches ofthe ravelin, and in that of
FOR F O R 175

The cordon being placed on the of


its redoubt, towards the saliant angles, top
the rcvetement of the scarp^ is a conside
and to open towards the body ot the
rable obstacle to the besiegers, when they
place.
attempt to storm a place by applying
Caponnieres, made from the body of
tne
sometimes scaling ladders to the scarp.
place to the out-works, are to fire into Covet t-way is a space of five or six
arched over, with loop-holes
The single ones in the ditch toises broad, e\tending round the coun
the ditch
and covered by a
of the ravelin and redoubt are hkewise terscarp of the ditch,
feet and a half
made with arches open towards the place ; parapet f'tom six to seven
a banquette : the superior
for by making them in this manner, the high, having
guns which defend the
ditch before them, part of this parapet forms a gentle slope
can no other way be dismounted than by
towards the country, which terminates
at the distance of twenty to twenty five
mines.
toises ; this slope is called the glacis.
Cascanes, in fortification, a kind of cel
lars made under the capital of a fortifica Sometimes the covert- way is sunk z or
tion ; also subterraneous passages or galle 3 feet below the horizon ofthe field; for,
as such works are never made to discover
ries to discover the enemy 's mines.
the enemy in their trenches, so this me
Casemate, in fortification, is a work
made under the rampan, like a cellar thod of lowering the covert-way wili
or cave with loop-holes to place guns give room for the tire of the lower curtain
in it. (in works that have one) to scour- the es
Cavaliers, are works, raised generally planade; and the ex pence of it should
within the body of the place, io or 12 be the most material objection against it.
feet higher than the rest of the works. Counter-forts, in fortification, are by
Their most common situation is within some called buttresses; they are solids o*.

the bastion, and they are made much in masonry, built behind walls, and joined
tlie same form : they are sometimes placed to them at 18 feet distance from the cen

in their gorges, or on the middle of the tre to centre, in order to strengthen them,

curtain, and then are in the form of a especially when they sustain a rampart or
horse-shoe, only flatter. terrace.
The useof cavaliers is, to command all Counter- guard, in fortification is a work
the adjacent works and country round placed before the bastions to cover the
them: they are seldom or never made, but opposite flanks from being seen from the
when there is a hill or rising ground which covert way. It is likewise made before
overlooks some of the works. the ravelins.
Centre, the middle point of any work. When coun'cr-guards are placed before
From the centre of a place are drawn the collateral bastions, they are esteemed
the first lines to lay down the form of a of very great use, as the enemy cannot
fortification. batter them without having first secured
Centre of the bastion, is that point where the possession of" the counter-guards.
the two adjacent curtains produced inter They were first invented by Pasino, in
sect each other. 1579, and greatly improved by Speckle,
Citadel, is a kind of fort, or small for in 1589.
tification, of 4, 5, or 6 sides; sometimes Counterscarp, is properly the exterior
joined to towns, Sec. Citadels are always talus of the ditch, or that slope which
built on tlu- most advantageous ground. terminates its breadth, and is the further
They are fortified towards the city, and side from the body of the place. It is so
towards the country ; being divided from called from being opposite to the scarp.
the former by an esplanade, or open place: Crown-work, in fortification is a kind
and serving in one case to overawe the of work not unlike a crown : it has 2
inhabitants; and in the other, not only fronts and 2 branches. The fronts are
to hinder the approach of an enemy ; but composed of 2 half bastions and 1 whole
to become a retreat to the garrison, should one : they are made before the curtain or
the town be taken. the bastion, and generally serve to enclose
Coffers. See Coffers. some buildings which cannot be
brought
Command is when a hill or rising ground within the body of the place, or to co
overlooks any of the works of a fortifica ver the town-gates, or else to
occupy a
tion, and is within reach of common ohot ; spot of ground which might be advanta
such a hill is said to coflamand that work. geous to an enemy. They are of such
See Command.
an
expence, that they are rarely found in
Complement ef the curtain, is that part practice. The best use this work can
of the interior side which forms the demi- possibly be put to, is to cover 2 joining
gorge. curtains, when the sides of it will be
Complement of the line
of defence, is a parallel to the sides of the place, and it
hern-work with crown-work before it.
a should be fortified with the same strength,
See Crown-work. and in the same manner.
Cordon, in fortification, is a round pro The authors who have written on the
jection made of stone, ina semi-circular subject, have never thought of this useful
form, whose diameter is about i toot, and part ; and we often see 2 horn- works put
goes quite round the wall, and within 4 in practice to cover two curtains, where
feet from the upper part. crown- work would do it much cheaper
" "*
-- i -!?-_- ~ '
_ ....

176 FOR FOR

and much better. The crown-work is Ditch, in fortification, is a large deep


adopted for the same
purposes as the trench made round each work, generally
horn work. from 12 to 22 fathom broad, and 15 to 16
Crowned hotn-work, is a born-wsrk feet deep : the earth dug out of it serves
with a crown-work before it. See to raise the rampart and parapet. Almost

Crown-work, every engineer has a particular depth and


Curtain, in fortification, is that part of breadth for ditches ; some are for narrow
the body of the place, which joins the ones and deep, others for broad ones and
flank of one bastion to that of another. shallow ; and it is most certain that
The straight curtains have always been ditches should be regulated according to
to the different designs which the situation. In regard to wet and dry
preferred
have been proposed, of which some have ditches, almost all authors have given it
diminished the expe-nce, and (at the same in favor of the latter; and we shall
only
time) the strength of the place, others add, that the best ef all are those which
have somewhat augmented the strength, can either be filled or kept dry at plea

but greatly diminished its area. sure.

Cuvette, ) in fortification, is a small Wet have stagnant wa


ditches, which
Cunctte, $ ditch from 15 to 20 feet ters, liable to great inconveniences.
are

broad, made in the middle of a large dry They said


areto be well calculated to
ditch, serving as a retrenchment to de prevent sudden surprises and assaults ;
fend the same, or otherwise to let water but we are convinced of the contrary,
into it, when it can be had during a siege. especially during a hard frost. Some
When there is a cunctte, there should again assert, that they stop all commu
be a caponniere to flank it. nication between ill disposed persons in
Defilement, in fortification, is the art the garrison and the besiegers. Every
of disposing all the works of a fortress in man with the least experience, must be
such a manner, that they may be com of a different opinion.
Wet ditches might certainly be so con
manded
by the body of the place. It
also includes the relative
disposition of structed, as to let the surface of the water
the works, and the ground witnin cannon remain 12 or 15 feet above the level ofthe
shot, so that the one may be discovered, adjacent country. In which case they
and the other not observed. would serve as large reservoirs, and not
Demi-gorge, is half the gorge, or en only contribute to the defence of a for-
trance into the bastion, not taken directly,; tified place, but enrich the grounds by
from angle to angle, where the bastion being occasionally let out. The additional
joins the curtain, but from the angle ofi value which the neighboring meadows
the flank to the centre of the bastion, or would bear from these seasonable over
rather the angle the two curtains would flowings, might in some degree compen
make were they protracted to meet in the sate for the ex[ ciee of the fortification.
bastion. Mr. Landmann determines it During a siege, these waters, with pro
to be the line which is formed by the pro per management, must give considerable
longation of the curtain meeting the ob uneasiness to the enemy that invests the
lique radius. place.
Demi-lune. See Ravelin. To answer this double purpose, the
Descents in fortification, are the holes, ditch must be separated into several large
vaults, and hollow places made by un basons, which might be filled or emptied
dermining the ground. at discretion, as often as circumstances
Descents into the ditch orfosse, areboyaux would require.
or trenches effected by the means of saps Dry ditches. There are some ditches
in the ground of the counterscarp, under which may be filled at will; and others
j
the covert way. They are covered with which cannot, except by extraordinary
madriers, or hurdles, well loaded with j means. If they should be intended to
earth, to secure them against fire. In answer the
purpose of agriculture, aque
ditches that are full of water, the descent i ducts might be constructed, or the waters
is made even with the surface of the poured in through artificial channels. In
water; and then the ditch is filled with | which case the ditches would not require
fagots, fast bound, and cove red with I much depth. The glacis might be raised
earth. In dry ditches the descent is car in such a manner as to serve to dam in the
ried down to the bottom ; after which, body of water, and to afford a second
traverses are made either as lodgments glacis from whence the besieger miriit be
for the troops, or to cover the miner. considerably embarrassed.
When the ditch is full of water, the de Ditches that are lined, ditches whose
scent must be made over its surface ; counterscarp is supported, and kept up
which is done by securing it with blinds by a stone or brick wall.
or chandeliers, from being enfiladed, or Ditches that are not lined, whose coun
by directing the course of the descent terscarp is supported by earth covered
from the point of enfilade in the best way with sods. These ditches are not so secure
can. as the former, on account of the breadth
you
Detached bastion. See B a s t io n . which must be given to the talus, and
Detached redoubt. See Redoubt. by which an enemy might easily surprise
a
place.
FOR FOR 177

So that ditches in fortification may be defend another work along the outsidcs of
briefly distinguished under three separate its parapets.
heads, viz : Flank of the bastion, is the part be
Dry diicl-jf, which from the facility tween the lace and the curtain ; the flank
with which they may be repaired, and of one bastion serves to defend the ditch
their capability of containing other works before the curtain and face of the oppo
proper for their security, in most in
are site bastion.
stances pre'erable to any others. Flanking, is the same thing in fortifi
Wet ditches that arc always full of cation, a.-, defending.
water, and consequently must have Retired flanks, are those made behind
'

bridges of communication which are the line which joins the extremity ofthe
li. ble to be destroyed very irequently i face and the curtain, towards the capital
during a siege. ofthe bastion.
Wet ditches are subject to many in Concave flanks, are those which arc
conveniences, are ill calculated to favor made in the arc of a circle.
salli. s, and have only the solitary advan Direct, or grazing flank, is that which
tage of preventing a
surprise is perpendicular to the opposite face pro
The third sort of ditch has all the ad duced, and oblique or fichant, when it
vantages of the other two kinds ; if, as makes an acute angle with that face.
we have just observed, it can be so con Second flank When the face of a bas
trived, as to admit water occasionally tion produced does not meet the curtain
into the difterent basons by means of at its extremity, but in some other ;>oint,

aqueducts, and be drained, as circum then the part of the curtain between that
stances may require point and the flank, is called the second
Draw-bridge. See Bridge flank. The modern engineers have re
Embrasures. See Embrasure. jected this method of fortifying. See
Envelope, is a wi-rk of earth raised oc- Flank.
easiona.ly in the ditch, sometimes like a Heche, a work of two faces, often con
plain parapet, at others like a small ram structed before the glacis of a fortified
part with a parapet to it. Envelopes are place, when threatened with a siege, in
generally made before weak places. order to keep the enemy as Ion.; at a dist
Epaulement See Epaulement. ance as
possible.
Epaute, or the shoulder of the bastion, Gallery, is a passage made under ground,
rhe angle made by the union of the face leading totlie mines: galleries are from
and flank. 4 1-2105 feet high, and about 3 i-2or4
oEscarp. See Scarp. feet broad; supported at top by wooden
rtsplanadc. See Esplanade.
frames, with boards over them.
Exterior side of aforlificalion, is thedist- Ger.ouillierc, the undermost part of the
mce, or imaginary line drawn from one rampart of a battery, or that part from
or the bastion to that of tne next.
point the platform to the sole of the embrasures .

Faces ofthe bastion. t>ee Bastion. Glacis, is the part beyond the cover*.
Faces, of any work, in fortification, way, to which it serves as a parapet, and
are those parts where the rampart is terminates towards the field in an
^asy
made, which produce an angle pointing slope at any required number of fathoms
outwards. distance. Sometimes double gjacis are
Face prolonged, that part of the line of made parallel to the esplanade, and at :hc
eietence rasant, which is terminated by distance of 16, or 20 fathoms.
the curtain, and the angle of the shoulder.
bo:;-,!,- authors think tnese worksnever
Fascine. See Fascines. answer t tic c-xpence; however, M. Vau
Fausse bray, is a low rampart going ban was so sensible of their
utility,,
quite round the body of the place; its that he never failed to make them when
height is about 3 feet above the level the ground was convenient for it ; be-.
ground, and its parapet is about 3 or 4 caus , when such works -ire defended
bv
fathom distant from that of the body ot a skilful governor,
the place. These woiks are made at a
they will afford the
means of being
valiantly supported.
very great expence : their faces are very Gorge, of a bastion, is the interval be
easily enfiladed, and their flank ot course tween the extremity of one flank and that
is seen in reverse : the enemy is under of the other.
cover the minute he bscomes master of
them ; and a great quantity of shells
Gorge, of any work, is that part next
to the
which may be thrown into them, and
body of the place, where there is
no
rampart or parapet; that is, at the
must ol* necessity lodge there, will
go counterscarp of ihe ditch.
near to make a breach, or at worsi to
Half-moon. [Ex. Demi-Lunc.) Is an
drive every one out. Hence they arc out-work that has two faces which form
liable to do more harm than good, and a1 saliant angle, the
contribute no way to the defence of the gorge of which re
sembles a crescent. It owes its original
place. M. Vauban only makes them invention to the Dutch, who use it to
before the curtains, and as such calls cover the points or their bastion,. This
"hem tenailles. kfod of fortification, is, however, defec
Flanks, in fortification, are, generally tive,^ because it is weak .,n its Hanks.
peaking, any pam of a work, which Half-moons are now called, ravelins.;
7,
1-8 FOR FOR

which species of work is constructed in sageof the ditch, and to destroy the
front of the curta'n. See Ravelins. miner, wheresoever he enters h ms' If,
Gorge of a half tne::, the distance be than the orillon. Experience in the last
tween the two fi..nks, taken on the right war has shewn us oi what vast advan
of the counterscarp. tage-it is *o have 2 or 3 reserve pieces
Head of a work, its front next the ene of cannon, which command the ditch,
my, and farthest from the place. and the face of the opposite bastion, in
Horn-work, is composed of a front and such a manner as to destroy the attempts
2 branches: the fior.t is made into 2 of the miners, and see the breach in re
half bastions and a curtain : this work is verse. Hence the great advantages of a
of the nature of a crown-work, only double flank thus concealed weigh so
smaller, and serves for the same purposes. very much with us, and convince us so
Th use of horn- works in general is to entirely of their usefulness, that we af.
take possession of some rising ground ad firm no place to be well fortified with
vanced from the fortification; the dis out the orillon, and that th straight flank
tance of which determine that of the is fit for nothing but field works.
horn-work; and they are pi iced cither The orillon is as old as the bastion, and
before the curtain, or before the bastions, was first made use of about the year 1480;

according to circumstances. and we find it frequently mentioned in


Horse-shne, is a small round or oval the works of Pasino and Speckle, first
work, with a parapet, generally made in published in 1579
a ditch, or in a marsh. Out-works. See Works.
Insult. A wok is said to be insulted, Palisades, in fortification, are a kind
when it is attacked suddenly and openly. of stakes mide of strong spars about
Interior side of a fortification, an imagina 9 feet Ion/, fixed 3 deep in the ground,
ry line drawn frm the centre of one in rows about 6 inches asunder: they
bastion to that of the next, or rather the are
placed in the covert-way, at 3 feet
curtain produced till they meet. from, and parallel to the parapet of the
Lodgment, See Sieg-z. glacis, to secure it from being surprised.
are either square, or oblong
Loop-holes, Parapet, in fortification, is a part of the
holes, made in the wall, to fire through rampart of a work, 18 to 20 feet broad,
with musquets. They are generally 8 and raised 6 cr 7 feet above the rest ofthe
or 9 inches long, 6 or 7 inches wide ram; art: it serves to cover the troops
w-ith'n , and 2 or 3 feet without; so that placed there to defend the work against
every man may fire from them direct in the fire ofthe enemy.
front, or
oblique to right or left, according Parallels. See Siege. \
to circumstances. Port-cultice, in fortification, is a falimg
Lunettes in fortificrtion, are works made gate or door, like a harrow, hungoverthe
on both sides of a ravelin: one of their gates of fortified places, and let down to
:aces is perpendicular to half or
2-3ds of keep out the enemy
the faces of the ravelin, and the other P'.acs is the term commonly used in for
nearly so to those of the bastion. tification instead of a fortified town.
There are likewise lunettes, whose Reguiar place, one whose angles, sides,
faces arc drawn perpendicular to those of bastion, and other parts are equal, &c.
the ravelin, within 1-3 part from the Irregular place, one whose sides and an.
saliant angle; whose semi-gorges are only gles are unequal, Sec.
20 fathoms. place of arms, in fortification, is a part
These kind of works make a good de of the covertrway, opposite to the re
fence, and areof greatno
pence; for
ex
entering angle of the counterscarp, pro
as they are so near the ravelin, the com jecting outward in an angle. It is gene
munication with it is very easy, and one rally 20 fathoms from the re-entering an
cannot well be maintained till
they are all gle of the ditch on both sides, and the
three taken. faces are found by describing a radius of
Lunettes, are also works made beyond 25 fathoms.
the second ditch, opposite to the places Places of arms. See Siege.
of arms: they differ from the ravelins
Pits, orponds, in fortification, are little
only in their situation. holes <.ug beivveen the higher and lower
Lur.ett ons, axe small lunettes. curtains, to hold water, inorderto prevent
Merlon, is that part of the breast- work the passing from the tenailles to the flanks<
>f a battery which is between the embra
Profiles, in fortification, are a represen
sures.
tation, ot the vertical sections of a work ;
Orilhn, is a part of the bastion near the and shew those dimensions which
serve to
houldcr, which serves to cover the retired cannot be described in plans, and are yet
tfank from being seen obliquely : it is
necessary in die building of a fortifica
sometimes faced with stone, on the tion ; they may be very well executed
shoulder of a casemated bastion, to cover and constructed upon a scale of 30 feet to
the cannon of the retired flank, and hin an inch.
By a profile axe expressed the
der them from being dismounted by the several heights, widths, and thicknesses,
-.nemy's cannon. such as they would appear were the
Of all the works in a fortification, there works cut down perpendicularly from
:'<><.)<: morccapable of
j
dsfendingthe pas the top to the bottom. See Pro? ii.es.
FOR FOR 179 >

work raised to cover a post, and fortify


Rampart, is an elevation of earth raised it against an enemy, such as fascines
along the faces of any work, io or i(
feet high, to cover the inner part of that
loaded with earth, gabions, sand-bags, &c.
work against the fire of an enemy : its Revetement, in fortification, is a strong
wall built on the outside ofthe rampart
breadth differs according to the several
and parapet, to support the earth, and
systems upon which it mav be construct its robing into the ditch. When
ed : for De Ville makes them 12 1-2 fa prevent
the revetement ot'a rampart goes quite up
thoms, M. Vauban 6, and others 10 fa
to the top, 4 feet of the upper part
is a
thoms.
in fortification, kind vertical wall of 3 feet thick, with a square
Rams-horns, are a
of it, projecting about 5
of low woric made in the ditch, of a stone at the top
and a circular one below, or
circular arc; they were first invented by I or 6 inches,
I where the slope begins, of 8 or 10 inches
Mr. Belidor, and serve insteadof tenailles.
round the ram
Rave/in, in fortification, is a work diameter. They go quite is called
placed before the curtain to cover it, and the part, and the circular projection
cordon
prevent the flanks from being discovered
Rideiu, in fortification, is a small ele
sideways, it consists of 2 faces meeting in J vation
an outward angle Some raveli. s are of earth, extending lengthways on
counter-guarded, which renders them as
a
plane, and serving to cover a camp, or
serviceable as either the cunettes, or te- to give an advantage to a
post. They are
nai lions. also convenient for the besiegers of a place,
the ravelin, is the distance be they
as serve the workmen in
to secure
Gnge of their approaches to the foot of a fortress.
tween the two sides or faces towards the
Rideau is also used sometimes for a
place.
Gorges, of all other outworks, are the on trench,' the earth of which is thrown up
intervals or spaces which lie bet ween their ita sides, to serve as a parapet for co
several wings or sides towards the main vering the men.
ditch See Gorges. Sap. See Siege.
Redans, in fortification, are a sort of Scarp, is, properly speaking, any thing
indented works, consisting of lines or high and steep, and is used in fortification^
that form or re-entering to express the outside of the rampart of
facings sallying
ditch.
angles, flanking one another, and are any work next to the
in fortification, a work raised in
generally used on the sides of a river theSillon, of a ditch to defend it when
running through garrisoned
a town. They middle
were used before bastions. Sometimes too broad. This work has no particular
the parapet of the covert-way is carried construction, but as it runs, form.- little
on in this manner. bastions, half moons, and redans, which
Redoubt, is a kind of work placed be- are lower tlian the rampart of the place,
,

yond the glacis, and is of various forms. but higherthan the covert way. It is not
|
Its parapet, not being intended to resist | much used at present.
cannon, is only 8 or 9 fe.-t thick, with 2 Sillon means literally a furrow. In for
or 3 banquettes. The length of the sides tification, it is a work raised.
Swallow' s-tail, a kind of out- work,
may* be from 10 to 20 fathoms.
Redoubt, is also the name of a small only differing from a single tenaille, in
work, made somet'mes in a bastion, and that its sides are not parallel as those of
sometimes in a ravelin, ofthe same form. the tenaill. , but narrower towards the
Redoubt, is likewise a square work town than towards the country.
without any bastions, placed at some Talus signifies a slope made either on
distance from a fortification, to guard a the outside or inside of any work, to pre
vent ttie earth's rolling down ; it is of va
pass or to prevent an enemy from ap
proaching that way. rious denominations, viz.
Detached-redoubt, is a kind of work Talus of the banquette is that gentle slope
much like a ravelin, with flanks placed from the top of the banquette to the hori
beyond the glacis: it is made to occupy zontal line.
some spot of ground which might be ad Interior talus of the parapet, the slope
vantageous to the besiegers ; likewise to from the top of the parapet to the ban
oblige the enemy to open their trenches quette.
farther off than they would otherwise Talus of the top of the parapet, that slope
do. Their distance from the coveit-way which lessens the height of the /parapet
should not exceed 120 toises, that it may towards the berm, by which means the
bedefended by musquet shot from thence. troops firing from the banquette can de
Redouts-en-cremaillere, so called from fend the covert way.
their similitude to a saw ; the inside line Exterior talus of the parapet, the slope
of the parapet being broken in such a ofthe parapet from the top to the berm.
manner, as to resemble the teeth of a Interior talus of the ditch, the slope from
saw; whereby this advantage is gained, the top of the ditch to the bottom.
that a greater fire can be brought to bear within.
upon the defile, than if only a simple face Tenailles are low works made in the
was
opposed to it, and consequently the ditch before the curtains ; of which there
passage is rendered more difficult. are three sorts. The first are the faces
Rttrenckmrnt, in fortification, is any of the bastion produced till thev meet,
180 FOR FOR

but much lower ; the second have faces, to each other, and a third row in the mid

flanks, and a curtain ; and the third have dle, covering the intervals.
only faces and flanks. Their height is Wicket, a smalldoor in the gate of a for
about 2 or 3 feet tified place, at which a man on foot mav
higher than the level
ground of the ravelin. Their use is to go in, and which may be opened though
defend the bottom ofthe ditch by a graz the gate itself be kept shut.
ing fire, as likewise the level ground of Works. All the forifications about n
the ravelin, and especially the ditch be place, are called the works of a place.
fore the redoubt within the ravelin, which Out-works. All dtrached works in a
cannot be defended from any other quarter fortification are so called. See Dehors.
so well as from them. Z/g-Zag. SeeSiEOE
Tenaillons are works made en each side The principal maxims of fortification, art
ofthe ravelin, much like the lunettes; these, viz. 1. Ti.at every tart ofthe
witii this difference, that one of the faces works be seen and defended by ot.'ier parts,
in a tenaillonis in the direction ot the ra so that an enemy cannot lodge any w. ere

velin ; whereas that of the lunette is per- without being exposed to the fire of the
pendiculai to it. place.
Terre-pleir.e, in fortification, the hori 2. A fortress should command al!
zontal superficiesofthe rampart, between places round it : and therefore all the out
thi interior talus and ihe banqu-tte. It woncs should be lower than the body of
is on the terre pleine that the garrison pass the place
ar.d repass; it is also the passage of the 3. The works farthest from the centre
rounds. should always be open to those that arc
Tower bastions are small towers made nearer.
in the form of basti' ns ; first invented by The defence ol" eveiy part should
4.
M. Vauban, and used in his second and always be within the reacli of" musquet
third method ; with rooms or cellars un shot, that is, from 120 to 150 fath nis,
derneath, to place men and artillery in so as to be defended both
by ordnance and
them. As these to w.-rs are almost a solid small tiie arms ; for if it be only defended
piece of masonry, they must be attended by cannon, the enemy may rii.^mtunt
with great ex ence, though their resist them by the superiority of 1 heir's, and
ance can be but little ; lor it has been then the defence will be destroyed at once;
foun.l by experience, thatthecasema.es whereas, if a work is likewise defended by
are but of little use, b. cause as soon as small arms, if the one be destroyed, the
they have fired once or twice, the smoke other will still subsist.
will oblige the defenders to leave them, 5. All the elefenccs should be as nearly
notwithstanding the smoke holes : hence direct as possible; for it has been found
it maybe concluded, that the strength of by experience, that the soldiers arc too
these tower bastions does by no means apt to'fire directly before them, without
answer their
cxp nces; and that, if sn.a 1 troubling themselves whether they do
bastions were made instead of them, execution or not.
without casemates, they would be much 6. A fortification
should be equally
better, and less expensive. stiong on all sides; otherwise the emmy

Traditore, in fortification, s gnifics the will attack it in the weakest part, where
concealed or hidden guns in a fortification, by its stren.-th will become useless.
behind the- reverse ofthe orillon. 7. The m: re acute the angle at the
Traverse, in fortification, is a parapet centre is, the stronger will t<e the place.
made across the covert way, opposite to 8. In great places, dry ditches are pre
'he saliant angles o.' the works, and n.-ar ferable to those filled wi!-, water, because
the places of arms, to prevent uifilade-s ; sallies, rerreats, succois, Sec. axe neees.
they are 18 or 20 feet thick, and as high sarv ; but, in small fortresses, wet
as the ridge of the
glacis. There are .;Uo ditches, that can be -trained, are the best,
traverses made in the
capnni.iers, but as standi*. *, in need of no sallies.
then they are calico tambours Field Fortification is the ait of
Traverses are likewise made within
constructing ali kinds of temporary worb
other work.-., wlun there a e any hills or m the field," such as redoubts, field forts,

rising grounds from whence the interior star forts,


triangular and square forts,
parts of these works may be observed. heads of bridges, and various sortsof lines,
Traverses that are made to cover the en Sec. An intrenched, or fortified in
army
trances of redounts in the field, need not tlie field, produces, in many rcspecis,
beabavcS ; r io feet thick. the same effect as a fortress ; for it covers
Trous-dt-loup, or wolf holes, round a
country, supplies the want of numbers,
holes made about 5 or 6 feet deep, with stops a superior enemy, or at least obliges
a stake in tlu middle: they are generally him to engage at a disadvantage.
dug round a field redoubt, toobstruct the The knowlege ol a field engineer being
enemy's approach; circular at top, and founded on the principles of fortification,
ab'i-.ii 4 1-2 feet diameter; pointed at the it must be allowed, that the art ot for
bottom like an inverted cone. 1 wo or tifying is as n cejsary to an army in the
three rows of them are dug chequerwise, field, as in fortified places ; and though
about 6 pace, liom the edge ofthe ditch, the maxims are nearly the same in both,
viz. two rows of holes e.v-.tly opposite
FOR FOR 181

yet the manner of applying and executing these dimensions, you must use smaller
rhem w'th judgment, is very different. ones; in which case you will have the
A project of fortification is commonly precaution to mix a few large stakes.
the result of much reflexion; but in the 6. The pickets, which are fixed in
field it is quite otherwise: no regard is trous-de-loup or wolf-holes, must be 6
to be had to the feet long, 4 inches thick, and sharp at
solidity of the works ;
every thing must be determined on the the top.
spot ; the works are to be traced out di 7. The beams belonging to a chtvaux-
rectly, and regulated by the time and de-frize, must be 12 feet long, and 6
number of workmen, depending on no inches broad. The spokes which are
other materials than what are at hand, laid across, must be 7 feet lony, 4 inches
and having no other tools than the spade, thick, and placed at the distance of 6
shovel, pick-axe, and hatchet. It is inches from each other. These chevaux-
therefore in the field, more than any de-frizes are made use of to biock up the
where else that an engineer should be entrances into redoubts, to close passages
ready, and know how to seize .all advan or gates, and sometimes
they serve to ob
tages at first sight, to be fertile in expe struct the fosse.
dients, inexhaustible in inventions and 8. Gabions are constructed of various
nidefatigably active. sizes. Those which are intended for
Quantity and quality of the materials which field works, must be 3or4feet high, and
arc
required in the construction of field- contain 2 or 3 feet in diameter. These
fortification. gabions are made by means of long stakes,
i. Every common fascine made use of 3 or4 feet long, which are placed so as to
in the construction of field works or for form a circle, which is 2 or 3 feet in di
tifications, should be io feet long and i ameter. The pickets must be covered
foot thick. A fascine is raised by means and bound in the same manner as hurdles
of 6 pickets, which are driven Gabions are chiefly of use in em
obliquely are.
into the earth, so that 2 together form brasures. They are fixed close to each
the shape of across. These
pickets are other, and are afterwards filled \rith
tied with willows, or birch twigs. It is earth. There are also gabions of one foot,
upon supporters or tressels of this kind, with 12 .nches diameter at the
that fascines are made, which are pro- 1 top, and
9 at the bottom The bank ofthe para
perly fagots bound together with rods, pet is lined with gabions of this construc
at intervals of 1 foot each in breadth.
tion, behind which troops may be sta
Six men are required to
complete eaeh tioned, so as to fi-e under cover through
fascine ; viz. 2 to cut the the intervals. A
branches, 2 to quantity of large wooden
gather them up, and 2 to bind the fascines. mallets, rammers, hatchets, axes, and
Six men may with great case, make 12
fascines in an hour. The smaller sort of
grappling irons, is required for this
work.
willows, or birch twigs, are best calcu Names of all works used
lated for this work. The fascines are
infield Fortifi
cation.
fastened to the parapet, which would
otherwise crumble and fall down. A re
Bridge heads, or tetes de pont, are made
ol various
figures and sizes, sometimes
doubt, constructed en crcmaillere, must like a redan or
have fascines 8 feet long. ravelin, with or without
2. There must be
flanks, sometimes like a horn or crown
5 pickets for each work, according to the situation of the
fascine, and each picket must be 3 or 4 ground, or to the
feet long, an inch and a half importance of its de
thick, and fence. Their construction depends on
sharp at one end ; they serve to fasten the various
lascines to the circumstances; for, should the
parapet. river be so narrow, that the work
3. When you cannot procure wood for flanked lrom the other may be
the fascines, the must be cover
side, a single redan
ed or clothed with
parapet is sufficient
; but when the river is so
pieces of turf, 4 inches broad, that the saliant
thick, and a foot and a half" square; these well defended angle cannot be
across the
are fastened to the river, flanks
parapet with 4 small must be added to the but should
8
pickets inches long. redan;
anverbe 100 toises, or more hall
.
4- Jhefraises, or
pointed stakes, must a square may be made, whoseacross,
be 8 feet long, 5 inches diagonal is
thick, and be the river side ; and where
the riveris from
sharp at the top. The beams upon 3 to 500 toises
which they are laid, must be 12 broad, a horn, or crown-
feet work should be made. All the
long and 6 inches thick. These beams sorts different
of heads of bridges, are to be esteem
are
spread horizontally along the parapet ed as good works
andtraises are fixed to against sudden onset
a
them, with nails 7 only, and their use is almost
inches long; after which the momentary,
beams are as they sometimes serve
covered withcarth. but for a few
Twomen will make 1 days
12 iraises in an hour. only, and at mo.it during a cam
paign.
5. The palisades, by which the ditcli I Dams are
or losse of a work is
fortified, must be
generally made of earth, but
sometimes of other
9 or 10 Ieet long, and 6 inches thick- materials, as occa
sion
they must, likewise, be sharpened at the' water. may require : their use is to confine
md. It yOU cannot
procure them of Fleche a work
consisting of two face;-
182 FOR FOR

terminating in a saliant angle of 90?, the flank or fire of the curtain, but when there
tacesare generally 75, or 80 feet long, the is an absolute necessity.
parapet 6 feet thick, and the ditch 7 feet 5th. That the tiai king angle be always
broad. a right one, or at least obtuse, but never to

Forts, in field fortification, are of vari exceed ioo, if possible, there being no
ous sorts, viz. fear here, as in afotification, of the flank
Field forts may be divided into two being too much exposed. Besides, it is
kinds: the one defnding -tself on all not necessary to graze the faces, or even
sides, surrounde.1 the to fire obliquely on them ; since mere is
as being entirely ;
other, bordering on a river, &e remain no danger of being exposed to the defence
open at the gorge. They have the ad of a breach, or lo.igment of the miners.
vantage of redoubts, in being fianked, and The only thing to apprehend, is a sudden
the disadvantage in containing less within, attack.
in proportion to their extent. 6th. That the flanking parts be suf
Star forts are so called, becausethey re ficiently extended, so that the interior of
semble that figure They were common their parapets at least may rake the whole
ly made of 4 angles, sometimes 3.' 5, and breadth ofthe opposite ditch.
very rarely of 6; but we find them now 7th. Never to make an advanced ditch
made of 7 and 8 angles. Let their figure in dry ground, unless it can be enfiladed
however, be what it will, their a.igles throughout, and under a proper angle be
should be equal; if formed of equilateral defended by the work which it covers, or
triangles, so much the better ; for then surrounds.
theflanking angle being 1260, the fires 8th. Not to allow more than from 60
cross better and nearer ; and as the 2 flanks to 80 toises for the lines ot defence, when
are on the same line, the
space not de they proceed from two flanks separated
fended before the saliant anrie, is reduced by two branches, forming a saliant angle,
to a parallelogram, whose smallest side or when not made to cross, though pro
is equal to the gorge. duced.
Bastioned forts differ in nothing from 9th. That the parts most extended,
that of places, except that the figure is and consequently the weakest in them
less, and the attack supposed of another selves, be as much defended as possible,
kind. It is reckoned sufficient to flank and have at least the fire of two flanks,
them with half bastions. besides their own direct fire.
Triangular fot ts. As these kind of forts Redans are a sort of indented works,
contain less in proportion than any other, consisting of lines and faces, that form sa
they are
consequently used as seldom as liant and re-entering angles, flunking one
possible. another. Lines are often constructed
Square forts are in many respects pre with redans : their saliant angles are gene
ferable to the triangular ones. See rally from s to 700.
Fort. Indented redans are when the two faces
Lines, in field fortification, are of se are indented, in that case the faces of each
veral sorts, viz. the front of a fortifica indented angle is 8 1-2 feet only.
tion, or
any other field work, which with Tambour, a kind of woik formed of pa
regard to the defence, is a collection of lisades, 10 feet long, and 6 inches thick,
lines, contrived so as reciprocally to flank planted close together, and driven 2 or
each other. 3 feet into the ground ; so that whep fi
Lines of intrenchment are made to cover nished it has t lie appearance of a square re-
an army; ora place indifferently fortified, d >ubt cut in two. Loop-holes are made
and which sometimes contains the prin 6 feet from the ground, and 3 feet asun-
cipal magazine of an army ; or to cover a der, for the soldiers to fire thiough, who
1 considerable extent of
ground, to prevent are placed on scaifolds 2 feet high. They
an enemy from entering into the country have often been used by the French with
to raise contributions, &c. great advan'.age.
Lines, of whatever form or shape, Tctes-de-pont. See Bridge-heads.
should be every where equally strong, Trous-de-loup are holes dug in the
and alike guarded. ground, circular at top, about 4 1-2 feet
/Maxims, ist. To inclose with the diam ler, and 6 feet deep, pointed at bot
work as much ground as possible, hav tom, like an inverted cone, or sugar loaf.
ing regard to circumstances. This atten A stake six feet long is fixed in their
tion chiefly concerns redoubts and small centre, driven 2 feet into the ground, and
works. made sharp at top. Two or three rows
2d. If there are several works near of them are dug chequerwise, about I
^ach other, their lines ot detence should paces from the ditch of a field-work.
be so directed, as to defend each other
| They prevent the approach of horse,
without being annoyed by their own fire. j Sec.
Not to depend on the detence of Perpendicular Fortification.
3d.
small arms, but where they can fire at The principle- of Vauban for direct ot
I
right anrics; as they too generally fire horizontal works, are the most perfect
1
without aim, and directly before them. ! of all others : indeed all the masters of the

-'th Not to have recourse to the 2d in modern times, who have introduced
(art
I any thing n:\v, allow that their works
FOR FOR 183

The military readers to Belair's Elemens de


only improvements of Vauban.
our
are
writings of Cormontagnc are the most ap Fortification, and content ourselves with
proved ofthe he writers on military de submitting a short account of the differ
The principles of elevated works ent authors who have either given original
fence.
or have greatly improved those
to cover naval roads and harbors, is among systems,
the improvementson Vauban ; the works that were alreau\ known. Independent
at Cherbourg, in France, and at fort Co of whom, may be named the following
lumbus, New York harbour, are very writers, who have likewise contributed
of such to the general knowlege of
happv examples ofofthe-thepower
talents of" the
fortificat.on,
viz. Errard Deville, Belidor, D'Alerti-
works, as well as
Engineers who erected them. Those at bert, Cormontagne, Folard, Clairac, Mul
New York were by Col. Williams ofthe ler, Robins, LeBlond, Dldier, Marshal
United States engineer corps. Saxe, Cugnot, Tielke, Landsb rghen,
Subterraneous Fortification. Trincano, Fallios, Kosard, Belair, Sec.
These consist of the different galleries Fortification, according to the
and branches which lead to mnes, to the method of Pagan, consists in ihr.e dif
chambers belonging to them, or to fou- ferent sorts, viz. the- great, the mean, and
gasses, and which are required whenever little, whose principal cimensions are
it is found necessary to explode for the contained in the following
purposes of attack or defence. A sub
terraneous foitific.ition may be of a per Table
manent or temporary construction, offen
sive or defensive nature. Whenever this for all o- rt ^ oil
u
sort of work is adopted :o strengthen and ther po r- O <" 1
r~ ""
secure a fortified place, it is generally lygons "

built of st >ne or brick, and made suffi O n U-i en


J-3
ciently solid to last a long time ; it is for squares! c _ ir- oo <-^ -<-i
then called permanent and defensive. <T

Any place which is put in a state to for all o 't IT)

withstand the subterraneous attacks of a s


t her po .j.
sf r. o
besieging enemy, is said to be counter lygons ro --> '' o

mined. g rf
When the wishes to make an
besieger 'eJ

fortification of this son, ; for squares o j-. > r~ o


impression on a
r-1 oo
^T
i
\r
"" c
he mustfirst construct galleries which he
r\ LO n
covers w-th wood, &c. He then prac for all o-

tices offensive and temporary fortifica z ther po- O <+

~1 -O <*
tions of the subterran-.ous sort. Tnese
o lveons
.vorks are well calculated to aid him in f- n 't
a lodgment for his subterraneous
securing for squares '

artillery, and in 6 5-
establishing chambers,
~

i'ougasses, &c.
H u
With respect to fortification in general, as
2
different authors recommend different 0
U.
methods; but the
princ;pal are those ot
-j o
V
Pagan, Blondel, Vauba; Coehorn, , Be-
lidor, Scheiter, and Muller. rc

It must, however, be
constantly re
collected by every engineer, that his views
t
-c
j c

K
are not to be confined to H --<
the mere art of X ... -U sz -G
tortifica ion. He ought further to know taj r> J-" --1 r- H
the use which different in dif
generals, Blondel fortifies within the given poly-*,
ferent periods, have made of natura:
gon: he establishes two sorts of fortifica-t
strength and position ; without an atten-
tion of this sort, he will fall io:>; the great one, whose exterior side
very shon is 200 toises, and the lesser one 170 ; be
of that extensive
knowlege, which every cause he will not have the foe of defence
military man, who aims at military fame,
must be ambitious of exceed 140 toises, which is the greatest
acquiring. Chains
of mountains, and volumes of musquet shot, nor less than 120 toises,
water, to not to increase the number of bastions
gether with the influence which different .

climates have upon the latter He begins by the diminishing


element, angle,
should always constitute a which may be found by taking yo degrees
part of the from the angle of the poiygon, and by
natural system that ought to form an es
sential portion of his application. Hy adding 15 degrees to the third of the re
mainder.
drography will likewise assist him in this Vauban's method is divided into little,
pursuit. To enlarge upon this important
branch of geography, and to point out the mean, and great : the little is
chiefly u.-,ed
great means which it affords of natural
in the construction of citadels ; the mean,
detence and offence in fortification, wouh in that of all sorts of towns ; and the
be to exceed the limits of our
present un
great, in particular cases only.
dertaking. .Wo shall, therefore, refer
184 FOR FOR

Table of capitals and flanked Angles. .

in thefirst vertical columnarethenum- Errard, ofBois le-Duc, who was em


jcrs
expressing the lengths of the exterior ployed by Henry IV. and was the first
ides from 80 to 260. that laid down rules in France respecting
In the second, the perpendiculars an the best method of fortifying a place so
as to cover its flank, constructs that flank
swering to these sides.
In the third, the lengths of the faces of perpendicular to the face of the bastion ;
the bastions; md in the fourth, the but by endeavor ng to cover it effectually,
lengths ofthe capitals of the ravelins. he makes the gorges too exiguous, the
Bchd r's method is divided also into embrasures too oblique, and leaves the
little, mean, and great : and in all three ditch almost defenceless.
the exterior side is 200 toises ; the per TheChevalierde Ville, whosucceeded
pendicular of the little is 50, that of the Errard, draws the flank line perpendicu
mean 55, and the great 40 : the faces of lar to the curtain ; but here again the
the first 70, the second 70, and the third embrasures are too oblique, especially in
55 toises. the polygons, and the ditch is necessaiily
Schciter's method is divided into the ill guarded. This engineer's method of
great, mean, and small sort. The ex fortifying is stiled by most authors, the
terior side ofthe polygon for the great sort French method. His favorite maxim is to
is 200 toises, the mean sort 180, and the make the flank angle straight, and the
small 160 The line of defence in the flank equal to the demigorge.
rirst is 140 toises, the second 130, and Count Pagan makes the flank perpen
the third 120. This line is always rasant. dicular to the line of defence, which me
All the other lines are fix. d at the same thod s.ems to agree perfectly with this

len.'th for all polygons, whose structure maxim, because by that means the flank
I the
chiefly depends upon the knowlege of the so raised covers as much as possible
exterior side, of the capital, or of the | face of the opposite bastion ; butn twith-
Hanked angle, the rest being easily finish- I standing this apparent aclvantagethelianL
;d. See the Table. ! becomes too small and is too much ex-
II
posed to the enemy's batteri-:;. Thi-
FOR FOR 185

and finally succeed in getting possession


engineer acquired great reputation during
the s.v; ral sieges which he assist.'d in of the town. The body of the place
conductim; under Louis XIII. His sys must have a command towards the coun
tem has been improved upon by Alain try, and no
qi-artcr in the outward vi
Marrison Mallet, and iris construction in cinity of it must overlook, or command
fortification is to this day esteemed the either the piace itself, or its outworks.
most perfect. It differs very little from Thosl works which are nearest to the
Marshal Vauban's first system. Count eentre of the place, must have a greater

Pa.,an has pointed out the method of elevation than the more distant ones.
building casemates in a manner peculiar The first regular system of fortification
to himself. which appeared and was .dopted in
Marshal Vauban has judiciously steered
ranee, owed its origin to Errard of
between these different methods. He has Bois-le-Duc, whom we have just men
drawn his flank in such a manner, that it tioned. His method, however, has been
does not stand too much exposed, nor uniformly rejected hy able engineers $ and
does i;s collateral line of defence extend if we may give credit to the report of
too far from the direct line of defence. He Ozanan, Errard himself never carried
has effected this by lengthening out his his own system imo practice.
flank and giving it a circular form. Next to Errard of Bois-le-Due, came
It cannot be disputed but that large the Chevalier Antome de Ville, who vvas
r.nd extensive flanks and demi-gor.'es are engineer under Louis XIII. and publish
superior to narrow and confined ones. ed an excellent treatise upon fortification.
The more capacious the flank i>, the His method is stiled by most authors, the
better calculated will it prove for the dis French method. Others call it the Com
position of a formidable train of artillery pound System, or Systeme a trait Compose,
From this conviction many writers in because it united ihe Italian ai d Spanish
their proposed systems of fortific 'tion, methods. He was, indeed, by no means
have added a second flank, in order to an advocate for new
systems ; tor he ge
augment the line ot defence; but they nerally observed, that -;ny new method,
d:.l not foresee, tat this second flank is or invention was
extremely easy, so long
not only incapable of covering the face of as it was confined to the mere alteration
the opposed bastion, <n a of something in the measure, or in the
except very
oblique and insecure direction, but that disposition of those parts cf fortification
the :i Jit flank, or the flank ofthe bastion, which have been discussed by other
is thereby more exposed to the enemy's authors.
batteries, which, it must b.-acknovvleged, The Count de Pagan followed after)
is a great fault. and had tne goo I fortune to propose a sys
The prevailing system of the present tem which
entirely s ipereded the other
day is to make the flanks of th. bastion two. We have already mentioned the
as wide as possible, with ut having re
principal feature, in his method.
course to a second flank, unless it be ab Marshal Vauban, whose reputation.
solutely necessary. Those like
gorges are rose
upon the manifest superiority which
wise best wiiich are most capacious, be his skill gave him over all others that had
cause they ait rd space and ground in the written upon fortification, likewise pro
bastion for the construction of' infench-
posed thre- methods, wim considerable
ments within, should the enemy have ef improvements: viz. The gt tut, the mean,
fected a practicable breach. and the Utile.
All parts of a fortification which stand The great method, according to Vau-#
exposed to the immediate attacks of a be ban, contains on its exterior side from 200
sieging enemy, must be strong enough to to 230, or 240 toises. This extent is not
bear the boldest attempts, and the most uniformly the same throughout A\ the
vigorous impressions. This is a self- sides of a place, but is confined to that
evident maxim, because it mustbemani- side which lies along the banks of a
river,
fest to the most common understanding, where he uniformly erects consideiable
that works; are erected round a place for oui works.
the specific purpose of preventing an Vauban made use of his second method
enemy from getting possession of it. It in fortifying JJofort and Landau. On ac
follows, that flanked angle. count of the bad local situation of
consequently Befort,
are extremely defective- when tiie> are too a:;d the impossibility of
fortifying it with
..cue, since their pri ts may be easily common bastions that would not be ex
flanked and destroyed by the besieger's posed to an enfilade in aimost every direc
cannon. tion, in spite of the traverses or rechutes
The Dutch construct at sixty degrees; which might b made : he invented arch
.

but ac. ording to Vauban's method, no ed bastions that were bomb proof, which
w.rk should be under seven, y-five de he called tours bastionnies, or towers with
grees, unless circumstances ai.u situation bastions These arched bastions are co
should particularly rcqui-c it vered by counter-guards, the
height of
A place to be m a state of defence, whose parapet aimost equals ihe elevation
should be equally strong in all ir relative of the -towers themselves.
Although
directions; for the enemy would of course stncriy speaking, both these plac< s arc
nuke the wenk put hit* rHe-rt of at Me!;. irregularly fortified, nevertheless a method
* a
186 FOR FOR

of regular defence the mean; and the little


may be established from grand royal;
the construction of their works. method agrees
royal, petit royal. His of
Vauban's third system grows out of with the sound maxims good fortifi
the second; and for that reason it is called cation much more than any of the pre
ordre renforce, the reinforced order or method. ceding ones.
It was adopted in the fortifications of Blondel has published a system of for-
New Brisac. Vauban left nothing un tification, which he divides into two
tried to bring this system to perfection, principal heads; the great, whose exte
and he had the ingenuity to execute his rior side contains 200 toises ; and the little,
plan at a less expence, than it would where the side does not exceed 170 toises.
otherwise have been efiected, by means His reason is, because he objects to tlie
of half revetements which he threw up line of defence having more than 140
in the outward works called the dehors. toises, which is the furthest reach of
This system, however, (ingenious and musquetry, or less than 120 toises, to
unrivalled as it certainly is,) has not es prevent an unnecessary increase of bas
caped the censure of some writers It tions. The principles of Blondel's sys
must nevertheless be acknowleged, that tem resemble, in a great degree, those
their remarks are either founded in envy, upon which Pagan's is founded, and
or that
they proceed from ignorance. chiefly consist in methods of fortifying
There are other systems of fortification inward posts. The invention has cer
which have been proposed by the writers tainly great merit, but its adoption must
of other countries besides France. We prove expensive in all its practical bran
shall give a brief detail of them, and leave ches. It must, moreover, be manifest,
the inquisitive to go more at length into that the four long batteries which are sup
the nature of their methods, by referring ported by flanks of his construction,
them to the different treatises. must serve as so many scaling ladders, or
The Italians have furnished several steps to the besiegers, the instant they
authors who have written variously on have effected a breach by cannon shot, or
the subject of fortification. The method shells.
proposed by Sardis has been generally In 1689, a work was publiJied, en
esteemed the best. titled :
The Spaniards in their methods of for Nouvelle maniere de fortifier les places,
tifying, ni ver adopt that which adds a tit ee de methodes du Chevalier de Viile, du
second flank. The obtuse flanked angle Comte de Pagan, et de Nl. de Vauban; uvec
is not looked upon by their best engineers des remarques sur I'otdre renforce, sur Its
as a defective system in fortification. desseins du Capitaine Marchy, et sureeux
Both the Italians and the Spaniards du M. Blondel. This work is full of strong
speak frequently of the ordre renforce, reasoning, from the result of which the
which was originally invented to lessen author has formed a new method, con
the number of bastions in a great town or taining indeed, nothing original, but giv
fortified place, and to render consequent ing references to what has already ap
ly the line of defence equal to the range of peared, and disposing the different pans
musquetry. in so judicious a manner, as to shew how
The Chevalier St. Julien, a very able a place may be rendered stronger, and be
engineer, has published a method, by subject at the same time to a less ex-
which, he asserts, that works may be pence. This writer divides fortification
constructed not only at a less expence into three parts, the great, the mean, and
than others require, but in a manner that the little.
must render his defence or attack more There is a second and a thiid method
formidable. He has likewise invented a proposed anonymously, and containing
new method for the defence of small mere
simple ces.gns. That muthod in
places, which is preferable to the first, which a modern author gives it the pre
although it is not without faults. Ac ference over the system of New Brisac,
cording to his system, the reach of the contains little useful information, and
musquet is taken from the centre ofthe contributes less to the real art of fortify
curtain. To this end he directs, that a ing places.
covert lodgment, 7 feet high, and 10 Donato Rosctti, a Canon belonging to
toisco wide, be constructed from that Livournia, professor of mathematics in
spot to the gorge of the li.ri moon or ra the academy at Piedmont, and mathema
velin. Cannon is disposed a.ong the faces, tician to the Duke of Savoy, has writter.
and a grilcry is erected for tne musquetry, upon a method of constructing works in
which l.kcwisc serves as a passage to the what he calls fortification a rebturs, or
ravelin. fotriiication in reverse; so called not only
Francis Marchi, a gentleman of Bo
_
because the re-entering angle of thecouu-
logna, in his folio edition, has furnished tci scarp is opposite to the flanked angle ,

11s with upwards of 160 dii.erent methods but because, in his idea, it will be lie
ol constructing fortifications. cessary to attack it from the reverse side
The Dutch uniformly pursue the sys of other works. His system is vet;.
tem published by Marollois. simple, and does not require a sacrifice
Bombellehas likewise established three iof much money, or stand in need of ma ;>'

sorts of loruficalion, the ^rca: royal, linen to dcleiAi the v o.-ks : altiuu-,.'! hv
.
FOR FOR 187

.-an,on his side, pour as much fire upon t


ed in his manner of treating the subject,
the enemy, as could be furnished by more and considerable ingenuity in the treatise
complicated methods. he has published, which certainly con
Antonio de Herbart, major of artillery, tains several improvemenrs that are ex
in the Duke of Wurtemberg's service, in clusively his own. It would be impos
*735t published a treatise on fortifications sible to force a passage, or to penetrate
with square angles, which he calls an into any of his works, without being ex
gular polygons. posed on all sides, to the fire of the be
Monsieur de Montalembert has lately sieged, who are under cover, and from
endeavored to bring arches, which are so whose discharge of ordnance and mus
much condemned by the Chevalier de
quetry, it is scarcely possible for an as
Ville, into repute. He treats the sub sailing enemy himself
to secure
ject in a manner, and upon principles so Scheiter, German writer, describes
a
similar to those two kinds of fortifications, the great or
proposed by Antonio de
Herbart, that it is almost impossible to the superior, and tne j mall or the inferior
separate the two systems. M. de Mon species. It has been erroneously and un
talembert asserts, that the science of for justly stated, that the celebrated Vauban
tification, (as it is established and taught only copied after Scheiter, at New Bri
at
present) can only be valued by the sac.
on account of its illusion. He Every of the least knowlege or
public
looks upon the use of bastions, as the ef
man

penetration must see, that the whole sys


fect of prejudice ; lie rejects them wholly, tem of that illustrious engineer differs
and substitutes in their room, a front of essentially from the author we have
angular tenailles, polygons with small wings, quoted.
and angular polygont. The engineers of The defects which are manifest in all
the present day assert with confidence, these difterent systems shew the superio
that the chief security to be derived in rity which exists, to this day, in all the
works that are supported by bastions, fortifications that have been constructed
must depend upon cross and reverse
firing by Vauban.
directed against the enemy's lodgments An anonymous writer in the Sardinian
on the gkcis. Large half-moons are service, proposes two new methods of
made, not only for the purpose of cover fortification in a work entituled Science
ing the curtains a.,d the flanks of bas de Lt Guerre, which was
published at
tions, but principally to obtain a reverse Turin, in 1744 After having discussed,
firing, which effectually
prevents the at considerable
length, the art of fortifi
enemy from maintaining his ground on cation in general, its utility, the dilter-
the glacis of a bastion, before he has taken ent sciences which must be
the two collateral half-moons.
acquired to
wards obtrining any degree of
pei lection
M. Minno, Baron of Coehorn, who was in that art, the various systems in it, ic-
general of artillery in the Dutch service, gular and irregular, and the construction
lieutenant-general of infantry, director- of palisades, gates, mines,
casemates,
general of all the fortified places belong magazines, Sec. Sec. he concludes with
ing to the united provinces, and governor this extraordinary sentence: "It is not
of Flanders and all the fortresses that my intention to propose any alteration in
lay
along tne Scheldt, has been justly esteem the general system, but
merely to sug
ed for his extensive knowlege in the art gest, that the style be rendered more in
of fortifying places. He was cotempo- telligible." It must be noticed, that
rary with Vauban. This intelligent and this Italian writer in his
preface, frankly
sagacious officer being thoroughly con. confesses his deficiency in the Fiencii
viiiceei, that, however expensively the language. We shall however pass over
rampart of a town may be constructed, what he says relative to the
apurobation
it could not long sustain the shock of which his
proposed systems, or rather
heavy ordnance, invented three different Ins explanation of methods
already known
systems, by which he throws so many has met with from scientific
nitn, and
obstacles in the way of a besieging enemy, give his own observations concerning the
that although the place be not in improvements that might be nude. His
reanty
rendered impregnable, it is nevertheless words are

so far Si cured as to make its "


The first method which I
conquest a propose,
business of considerable hazard and ex- consists of a new rieure and
We must however position ihat
pence. acknowlege, should be given to exterior works in for
that the three methods which have been tification. Having constructed ihe body
pointed out by this Dutch general, can ofthe place after Vauban's
manner, my
only suit (daces and grounds that are next object is to erect counter-
guaids
nearly on a level with the surface of the with bastions ut^the
head, anJ flanks
water; that is to say of 3, 4, or 5 feet; upon the wingjf. I have been induced 10
which circumstance plainly indicates, adept rills species of work, in order 10
that his attention has been chiefly di remedy the inconveniences and tiie ciaii-
rected to the soil and ground of Hol gers which invariably attend woiksercci-
land ; so that his instructions are pe- ed at the foot of the
glacis. Thee woiks
cul.arly applicable to low and aquatic si- contribute very little to the
ruations. Thcro is much skill discover- the
security c f
place, and can oi.Iy be uefoi.Uv.4 ly
188 FOR FOR

cannon, which eventually do more harm I the demi-lunes mitrles, or mitred half-
to the garrison than to the
besieging moons (which are their chief protection,)
enemy, since they serve as an epaulement and by these means concealing the body
to the of the place from any outward command,
battery, which the latter will na
turally erect the instant he obtains foot or eminence. This cover or defence can-
ing in that |
quarer. This was proved not, in .act. be taken, before the enemy
during the siege of Turin, where in a I has got complete possession of the out-
very short space of time the French car works.

ried the bonnets and fleches, and made I have spoken of these sorts of fortifi-
J
ust of them for the
purpose of bringing cation in the chapter that treats of t'eld
1

up their artillery. I works, which, in my humble opinion,


By means ot the small bastions which are more useful, more solid, less expen
I have proposed, and which must be sive, and more easily built than a variety
pushed forward into the country, the of others that have been adopted to this
enemy's approaches are necessarily check day.
ed, the saliant angle of the counter-guard The demi-lunes or half-moons which
is covered, the ditch is completely flank are nearly mitr>d or crossed, and which
ed, and the garrison are impressed with II dispose between the counter-g ards,
confidence, because the artillery and the | have been constructed in that manner for
troo.is can always be called in, in cases
of exigency.
| the purpose of stretching as far as pos-
They moreover equal the l sible, beyond the body of the piece to-
enemy in the fire which thev can furnish, i wards the country. O.eessential advan
and the whole body ofthe tage attencts this method, which is, that
place is cover
ed by them.
j the work being more spacious, it is better
I construct the bastions and flanks out calculated to hold 4 great r
qua.tlty of
of the sides of the counter-guard, which
artillery, and a large garrison; that it
are detached
by means of a ditch 4 toises becomes double by means of the ditch,
wide. This ditch is coven d above
by \ which separates it from the advanced
vaults made of brick or timber, and
by work, which it covered as described

boards well supported underneath


by ; above, and which is joined to the interior
strong stakes, the whole being strength j revetement by plain walls, separating a
ened and rendered bomb-proof with earth whole half-moon from it ; in which space
3 ( r 4 feet tliick. This earth keeps the a small fort with loop-holes maybe con-

upper plan ofthe- bastion compact, and is ; structed to enable the garrison to dispute
sufficient to form a parapet to the coun '

every inch of ground as the enemy ad


ter, guard when the bastion is destrosed. vances. Under the main body of the
If tiie vaults should be blown u*-'
by place, I build a subterraneous chamber,
mines, and the besiegers set fire to the to serve as occasion may require, either
be. ms that supported them, a fresh work for a powder magazine, or for mines.
t
will present itself, together with a ditch 1 Between the halt- moons and counter-
which they had not foreseen or expected, guards, I construct another kind of ra
and whic.-'. tiiry must cross before anv velins, which are open towards the body
further impression can be made. *

\ of the place, cover the curtains of the


This sort of subterraneous fortification icounter-guad. , and supply a double fire
is ex emely advantageous, and I against the
may be enemy and the covert vvay.
converted ro various purposes, It serves I These ravelins are not r.used so high as
for casemates and galleries to the mines, I the other works, in or.ler to keep them
which I would construct along the whole I under their fire; and I preserve a com-
1
extent of the faces municatio,! by means of palisaded capon-
belonging to these
bastions: a communication with them is .nieres. I leave them empty within, that
kept up by means of the ealleries attach ; the besiegers may have as little ground as
ed to the counter-guard. These galleries 1 possible; they are moreover sufficiertly
ni' st be blocked
up tiie instant the bas ,
thick and solid to withstand the
discharge
tion is demolished. The flanks of the or ordnance, which can only hatter in
side v*>ll be built alter the same breach from ihe counterscarp, which ac
method, ,
with a eiiteh as wide as the one
dug in quires double strength, because by means
front ofthe bastion, and which, accord of these works, it is enfiladed, and se
ing to circum sta..ces, may be uncovered, cured against the enemy's attack or at
like that alreaay described. The flanks to make a fodgm. nr.
will be of a round figure, m order to avoid
tempt
| If the plan, which I had the honor of
the
r jection of
any angles towards the before the kbit, ol Sai inia, becare-
l.ymg
body of tlit place, which would be the -

fully examuvd, it must be apparent to


case, should the work be carried , for the every military man, that the works I
en my availine,
himself of the earth in therein descr.be, arc not only more use
iront of the walls, ana
throwing it up, ful, but capable of being constructed at
would derive considerable
advantagefrom ; a less expence, than those which are ge
::iese angle*. practised to this day. It will be
The principal advantage
to be obtained
nerally
clearly seen, that I have done nothing
from my system arises out of the double ,
more than add some additional propor
defence which it affords to the salient an tions of the flanks and bastions to the
gles ofthe bastions, by covering apart of | counter-guards, which are usually erect-
FOR FOR 3 89

ed; and that 1 have augmented their II the place; but that on the contrary bv
doub eface, by joining it to the half- II cancelling the parallelogram ot the coun-
moons of the curtain. The object of this f ter-guards, I rendered more oblique any
addrion, is to throw obstacles in the : battery which the- enemy might erect in
ncmy's way, should he attempt to make front of the bastion, whilst the rampar
|| ,

close approaches, to cover the body' of belonging to it fell under a cross fire from
the place, to render the siege difficult, to the mitred half-moon. .

increase the besieger's expence, and to With respect to its usclcssness in ir


give confidence to the troops of the gar regular fortification, after having discusscJ
rison, who are thereby no longer exposed, the subject at some length, I got him to
as
they must be in all outworks erected j agree with me, that every detached piece
upon the foot of the glacis. of fortification might be constructed any
'it is not, however," my design to throw wh re (and with greater advantage to the
>j
works of this kind into utter disrepute. I; ultimate defence of a place) sooner than fo
There are situations and local circum- ' plain counter-guards, horn or crown- _ _

stances, which not only make their adop- : works, tenailles and such like fortifica
tion useful, but render it absolutely ne- I tions, because by means of the retreat
cessary. I cannot pretend to describe j which was secured under a second line oi
j|
the specific nature of such exigencies, as retrenchment, by means of the regular
thev grow out of existing cases, which resistance it afforded, without having oilc
an able general and .:n engineer will know dead angle attached, am: by means of the1
.

how to discriminate by examining the \ little ground it left for the enemy to lodge
ground. [ on, the main body of the place was more
The ditch belonging to the body ofthe effectually protected, and the approaches
j
place, be its soil what it may, must be of the enemy were considerably checked
very broad, as the chief security to be | With regard to the construction pro-
deri.ed from it, depends entirely upon ' posed in this new method, I take all the
its width. The enemy cannot easily fill measurements, and I mark all the essen-
'

it up, and he must suffer a considerable l; tial points upon capital lines; that is to
loss of men, should he attempt to cross ,i say, I prolong the lines of the saliant an-
it ; being exposed to the discharge of ar- oi the bastion, and thoseof thecentr-
Ijgles
tillery from the flanks, which artillery jjof
the curtain; after which I determine
cannot be dismounted from any quarter j the width oi the ditch at
23 or 24 toise
or lodgment, before the counter-guards in order to make the parallels of the f ces
are taken. The storming of the place ofthe diiffr nt bastions for the counter
must depend entirely upon the previous scarp of the counter-guards and of tin-
conquest of the side ravelins, and ofthe great halt-moon, and finally the thickness
centre half moons ; for unless the enemy f of the works, to agree with tire diici.cs in
has first effected tins, he will not be able front.
to cross the ditch, or make any lodg- With regard to the ravelins which a/..-
j
ment, since at every approach he must made between the mitred half-moons ai
be annoyed from the flanks, and battered ! the counter-guards, I place the saliaiv
in front ; he must, in fact, attack and ; angle in the centre ofthe scire, and I con
get the betterof five works at once. The j struct faces to them in such a m-mie..
execution of any part of so important a that they are under a straight line of de
task, must be the more dangerous, be fence from the half- moons and counter-
cause in proportion, as he overcomes one guards 1 erect the counterscarp and gla
line of defence, another presents itself cis in the usual manner,
only w th this
which is equally formidable, and the rest difference that I wish to have a ditch of
increase in uifficulty and hazard. moderate breadth and depth between the
When I submitted this new method to covert way and the glaris : say, two tois
the consideration of able and intelligent es broad ur>on two deep.
men, only one opponent started to con In order to clear the ditch of occasional
trovert the property of its general adop rubbish that may fall in, or of pieces that
tion. This was a celebrated Dutch en may drop from the demolished parts of a
gineer, who asserted that it could not be fortification during a sie^e, square excava
of any essential service, except in hexa tions or wells must
o.casionally be made
gons, or figures that had many sides; he along the flanks and faces of the different
r'urtherargued, that the method was more works; by which means th: ditch is
faulty in small works, because the an always kept clean, and you may at any
ries became more acute, and tnat no use time repair the fortifications, whilst on
ij
could be made of them in regular forti- the other hand, the enemy, should he
|
fication. i| attempt to storm th-. place, must have
1 had the good fortune to satisfy this j; recourse to fascines, as he could derive no
gentleman, and to convince him, that his advantage from the materials thai would
objections were not well founded. I ;i otherwise be found ui..'.er the walls."
stated to him, that b' increasing the j Ths ingenio-.is wriicr has described
width of the ditch at the angle of the every part of the method proposed in a
flanks of the bastion, I reduced that angle i; clear anei
perspicuous manner. His plan
to any size 1
judged necessary ; I main- . is paiiiiularly valuable, 0:1 account of the
tiined, that by so doing I did not weaken h exact measurements it contains, wherebv
190 FOR FOR

the most common understanding may stroying them at once, and by pulling
become acquainted with the construction. down the walls which compose the flanks,
He appears
singularly anxious to have it you suddenly open a new work upon the
practically proved, that works can be enemy ; which work has the advantage
erected according to this method at a less of being considerably larger than the one
expence than by any other, and that there he has just attacked and taken, and
is no comparison between the advantages against which he must raise fresh batte
it affords in point of" real utility I n chap.
. ries, and prepare the means of crossing a
16, p. 61, the following account is given ditch, h.e had not foreseen, and which he
of his second system, which he calls the cannot easily pass. This work either
Great System. communicates with a tenaille that com
"
After I had thoroughly digested my mands it, or is connected with a horned
plan, relative to the best method of co work, flanked by two others of similar
vering a town or fortified place by out construction. The tenaille is open in
works, it naturally occurred, that I had the centre (being divided into two parts by
not provided the necessary means of keep a ditch) in order to leave as little room as

ing the troops under shelter, of securing a possible for the enemy to lodge on, and to
retreat to the artillery, which is always multiply the enfilading points of the
seized whenever a work is taken by as place.
sault, nor of furnishing a heavier dis Between these large works, demi-lunes
charge ofordnar.ee and musquetry than the or half-moons, of three orders, are con
enemy could pour in. These important structed in the shape of bastions. These
objects put my invention to work, and I have orillons and ditches between the
directed all the faculties of my mind to two, which flank the side- works, and are
wards discovering a kind ol" fortification always protected by an enfilade, that the
which might not only cover the body of enemy never can lodge without being ex
the place, and by a new disposition of its posed to a cross and rear fire. In order to
relative parts communicate equally with cover the whole body of the place, I con

every quarter, without there being any struct other intermediate demi-lunes,
necessity to carry the heavy ordnance in which are equal in elevation to the first
to the ditch ; but likewise oblige the be works. These contribute greatly to
sieging enemy to increase his means of wards preventing the enemy's approaches;
attack, and make extraordinary efforts. for they not only enfilade the covert- way,
I
necessarily saw, that the saliant angles but they likewise double the defences in
of the bastions should be well covered, such a manner, that th. enemy, as has
and that the strongest
ought to be raised already been observed, cannot attack one
before the curtain belonging to the body place without experiencing a necessity to
of the place, in order to force the assail attack four others at the same time: to
ants to make their attack on a quarter which may be added this disheartening
from whence the concentrated fire of se circumstance, that as fast as he advances,
veral works, presenting a wide front of so fast a retreat is made behind some new

artillery, would issue with considerable work, and he is, of course, obliged to re
effect. commence his attack.
After having for several years, directed The regular communication between
the whole of my attention to this spe the several works must be kept up by
cific object, and tried the resuit of my means of sleeping bridges, which are well

reflections upon paper by a variety of de supported underneath by strong beams or


signs ; 1 had the good fortune to discover v stakes. Those which form a part of the
a method, whose plan exhibits to the
eye rampart must be covered with four feet
several pieces that are joined together by of earth, well pressed together. The
theirdifferent walls, and in front of which walls by which the works are connected,
there are ditches covered in with beams must be so built as to be easily demolish
and strong oak boards, and made bomb ed, and they must only serve to cover the
proof by means ol" a sufficient quantity of subterraneous fortifications. These walls
earth that is spread upon the whole. So are never within the reach of the enemy'*
that it appears evident to me, that there cannon, and when they are pulled down,
is only one species of fortification, which their ruins are thrown into wells, or ex
affords the means of concentrating your cavations, which have been previously
line of defence from every quarter, and dug at the foot of the main wall, to pre
of lining the parapets with heavy ord- vent the ditch from being filled with
:..incc. By means of this construction, them : subterraneous embrasures ate
;;.e liucs and glacis will be secured against opened from within to enfilade the ditch,
any immediate approaches of the enemy, and toobstruct the passage.
during which seasonableMu corruption, the When by dint of perseverance, and after
artillery may without risk.be withdrawn having expended considerable sums of
..,,d lodged in the interior work ; a con- money, lost many lives and consumed
\ enience which cannot be obtained in de much time the enemy ha at last obtained
j

tached pieces, on account of the difficulty possession of these works, he discovers,


which always attends the first erection, that his sacrifices have only led him to
or ultimate demolition of them. an unexpected body of the place which

By taking away the beams, or by de he cannot injure. This new construe-


FOR FOR 191

tion he finds flanked on both sides by fresh expences must be incurred by the
two double bastions, and a broad curtain assailant, but he will remain exposed to
lined with a triple front of artillery, several fires at once, without being able
having a very wide ditch, traversed by to cover himself from the reverse and
tenailles, batteries from casemates, and cross ones.
defended by flanks with the two cava Double ditches afford the means of
liers belonging to the bastions, which creating perpetual uneasiness in the ene
keep up an incessant fire upon the artil my, by uncovering fresh works as he ad
lery that is planted in the carried out vances. So that the siege is protracted,
works, and render it almost impossible his expencesare increased, and his loss of
for him to establish a lodgment. " men, ammunition, stores, and artillery is
"
1 need not pretend," continues the
"
proportionably multiplied.
same author, to have discovered In the examination which was made
by
this new method, any certain means of of the relief proposed by me ; some per
rendering a place impregnable; such an sons well acquainted with the particular
idea would be chimerical and absurd. subject, objected to its adoption on ac
Let a town be ever so well fortified, count of the expence. I made an accu
that town, if properly invested and reso rate calculation of the amount, and I

lutely attacked, must eventually fall, found that it cost a sixth more than the
unless it be seasonably succoured from usual fortification. This does not assur
without. My chief object is to correct edly form sufficient ground to outba
the errors into which former writers lance the many advantages which can be
seem to have fallen, and by the methods derived from the construction. Besides,
I have proposed, to harrass a besieging there is no occasion of fortifying all the
army, not only by increasing its expence, parts of a town in this manner, since it
but by occasioning a considerable loss of would be advisable to strengthen the
men; I thereby prolong the siege, and weak points only."
gain time for the garrison, so that suc The construction which is
proposed
cours may arrive, or such conditions be in this new method, is simple, and
entered into as will secure the country,
easily
understood. The principal objects to be
which the place attacked is destined to attended to are these ; that there be mines
cover. under all the works, and that a
regular
Counter-guards, ravelins, and demi communication be kept up with the
lunes are, in fact, a species of fortifica chambers by means of subterraneous
gal
tion by which they flank one another leries, which must be resorted to in pro
obliquely, and which only tend to em portion as the enemy approaches.
barrass the troops of the garrison, when The Piedmontese engineer, from whom
ever it is judged expedient to manoeuvre we have made these
extracts, has added
under the fire of artillery
; a circumstance to Vauban's and Cochorn's
systems. We
that invariably causes confusion ; whereas leave the subject to the consideration of
the works which I have proposed are those professional men who have made
capacious enough to admit of every move the art of fortification their
peculiar
ment and evolution without inconve study ; they must determine whether the
nience. theory of the method
proposed be sus
Horned and crowned works are ex ceptible of practice, and if so, whether
tremely expensive in their construction, | it can be rendered so generally useful, as
and of little use when completed ; their the author seems to promise it would.

lines of defence, their faces and their On a general view of the subject it
ilanks are so short and limited, that a must, however, be acknowlegtd, that a
besieging enemy with great ease at
can situation is not always found which will
tack, and carry them by means of an admit of the improvements and additions
equal front and range cf fire : and when that might otherwise be made. There
ue has so far succeeded, he derives con are some old places in which the
siderable advantage from having figure of
opened a the fortifications erected for their
wide opace of ground on which he can
defence,
erect angles to annoy and batter the
j is so strange and whimsical, that the least
of its cirors, must be attended
place. Whereas in the works of my pro
Correction
with an enormous expence.
posed method, the foundations are broad A town may be
irregularly fortified,
er, the defences are more direct and with- jand owe that irregularity cither to the
i n musquet shot, and when the garrison
; figure of the works only, by the angles
retreats towards the body of the
place, |' not being equally distant from the centre,
the ground which it abandons is scarcely
.although every one may admit of a good
sufficient for the erection of a small bat- ; bastion, and the lines be tolerably exten
tery; it is moreover exposed to all the isive ; or by the figure and the angles dif
'

i drenched and flanking points, so that


fering, from some being too acute, and
the enemy would be instantly dislodged.
; others being rcntrant ; or by the ine

Tenailles and queues d'bir*ud:.'le contain jquality of the figure and its sides ; :uinc
dead angles which may always be taken being too long and others too short ; or fi
-dvantage of by the besieging enemy. nally by a disparity all together m the
This do.-., not exist in the works I pro- 'figure, in its s.des ;.nd angles.
po\c. i'ot' at -.
very appro.;- h, r.ot only- Ifthe three t-:a kinds of
irregularity
192 FOR FOR

arc
judiciously corrected, the correction different systems tend to out the
point
of the fourth follows of course, as it is necessary calculations which are required
only the natural consequence ofthe others. to shew the expence attending their con
Those irregularities may be occasioned struction, and to prove the effects they
by a neighboring river, by the entrance mieht produce. The memoirs upon pcr-
into a creek or harbor, or by steep rocks pend'cular fortification, written by M.
beyond which it is impossible to carry Montalembert engineer, will throw con
the works. siderable light upon these observations.
It is a sound and general maxim in the With respect to the knowlege of forti
art of
fortifying, to reduce the irregular fication, it must be manifest to every
proportions of its lines, &c. of defence to thinking man, that from a ch ef magis
as much re. ularity as the ground and trate, or h au of a country, down to the
situation will permit. For by so doing, lowest infantry officer, the acquirement
their strength becomes equally great of it is more or less indispensibly neces
throuchout If you should not be able sary.
io surmount the natural obstacle which A chief magistrate of a country, should
in iv be thrown in your way, you must be well versed in the science of fortifica
never deviate from the general rules that tion, in order to examine the plans that
are laid down in regular fortification. are laid before him, and to determine
up
These are, that all the parts be well on the execution of proposed projects.
Hanked, that the anries ofthe bastionsdo A secretary of war should km w it, in
i. ot fall under sixty degrees, that the line order to explain the nature of the plans
of defence be within musquet shot, or that when questioned by a superior power, to
outworks be established to bring it within calculate the expences which will attend
:hat range ; and finally, that the means of the construction of works, and to distin-i
resistance be distributed in as many equal guish good on.-s from those which might
proportions as the irregularity of the be useless and expensive.
works will suffer. Every commandant of a town or forti
You must, however, be careful to avoid fied place, should be well acquainted with
an error into which many have fallen. the subject, because it may tall to his pe
You must not weaken the collective culiar share to construct works in cases of
means of defence, in order to strengthen emer:ency, or to add to those already
any particular vulnerable quarter; for by erected lor the defence of the place en
so doing you are sacrificing a great line of trusted to his care. He likewise ought,
'.efence, to the security of a small part at all times, to be able to ascertain how
vhich might be strengthened by out- far such a place is capable of holding
.vorks. out. ,

The author of Oeuvres Militarcs, in! Every director of fortification should


bis 2^ volume, page 45, has given obser be master of it, in order to discriminate
vations and maxims relative to irregular between what is proper, or what is de
fortification fective, and make his report accordingly.
Baron d'Espagnac, in consequence of] Every infantry officer, in a word,
ihe remarks which are made by Marshal should be conversant in field fortification
'axe, in his Reveries, has in his supple at least, if not acquan.te.i with the gene
ment to that work amply discussed the ral system. For without some know
-.uhject of fortification, aid described the lege of its branches, how will he, in
different means of attack and defence. casesof emergency, be capable of throw
' 7e refer the
inquisitive officer to those ingup a temporal y redoubt, of fortifying
works Before we conclude these inte aspot of ground which he is orderec to
resting remarks upon an art, which is maintain, or of securing a common out
certainly equal to any invention that has post ?
employed the skill and ingenuity of man, Field Fortifications, fortifications
we must observe that in all periods, pro de campagne, Ex. consist in the art of for
ductions on that head have been as nu tifying, constructing, attacking, and de
merous as the subject has hitherto proved fending all sorts of temporary field works
inexhaustible. It must, however, be ac- during a campaign.
knowleged with some regret, that the Although an engineer may be perfectly
tendency of the greater part, if not of all, master of ihe different methods by which
..ems to be an indiscriminate and bold a -town can be strengthened and secured
.-mack upon the works of the immortal by permanent works, he should n t re
Vauban. These writers censure the me main satisfied with that acquisition, but
thods or' that great engineer by proposing carefully direct his attention to the dis
something of their own, which only dif tribution of ground, for field fortification.
fers in appearance, and which they think He should be able to ascertain, with geo
proper to call a superior system,' Asser metrical precision, all the relative divi
tions, and promises to afford new lights sions and corresponding points of any
upon the science of fortification, have al situation in which it might be judg d ex
ways, in fact, been profusely given by pedient to construct that species of forti
authors of this description. Their la fication which consists in intrenched
bors, however, are only so far to be re- lines, for. ins, or small forts, and in re
r-irded and esteemed, in as much as their doubts of various denominations. The
FOR FOR 193

shape or figure of these works is exactly constructed in places the preservation of


similar those of the permanent kind.
to which is judged to be indispcnsibly ne
Ditches, ramparts, and parapets must be cessary. Such, for instance, are necks
dug and thrown up, to secure the former, of land that stretch into a marsh, and
in the same manner as they are practised are surrounded by it; the passage of a
for the protection of the latter. They road, tltes de poms, or heads of bridges,
only differ in their measurement and pro and other objects of similar importance
portions. Intrenched lines are made for in offensive, or defensive operations. On
the purpose of covering a these occasions the shape and size of the
camp from any
sudtlen insult of the enemy, which should construction must depend upon the na
always, on this account, be pitched in the ture of the ground, the importance of the
most advantageous manner ; contiguous undertaking, and on the number of men
to and facing that quartet where it is by which the works are to be garrisoned.
pro
bable the attack will be made, a ditch Many forts in fie Id fortification are built
must be dug, having three toises at least in triangular forms ; some are square,
in width and two in depth. Tlfs must some starred, or en itoile, some as redoubts,
be defended by a parapet en redans, or be in the of demi-lunes, others in
shape
occasionally flanked with small bastions, crown, horn- work, and others again in
or
two toises thick, consisting of solid good, the figures of tenailles or queues d'hiron-
earth well pressed together, covered and delle.
supported with fascines; having like- 1 When the object of defence is a wind
wise banquettes behind them sufficiently j mill, a castle, or a small dwelling-house,
high to conceal the soldiers' tents. Ifi the first step to be taken, is to select a
water could be conveyed, or drawn into spot of ground upon which you are to
the ditch from any adjacent rivulet, or |
build the field work, so as to check and
river, the security would be greater. |l
prevent the enemy's approaches. In or
When the lines of intrenchment are |j der to do this effectually, the shape and
thrown up with an intention to maintain adjacent parts of the building must be
the ground any length of time, a covert- closely attended to, and the work be
way must be made, which should be re thrown up without exposing it to a rear
gularly fenced with palisades. attack ; but if the place to be defended
There is another species of field forti stand alone, and be r.ot supported by any
fications, which is resorted to in order to ditch or eminence on its flanks, or in its
keep up a communication between two rear, you must then fortify it all round.
places ; in which case great care must be The earth which is dug out of the ditch
taken to prevent the lines from being en will serve to raise the rampart, or para
filaded in any quarter ; and if they should pet. Saliant angles, distributed at equal
be exposed in that manner, no time ought distances, in the shape of bastions, must
to be lost in strengthening the weak n be erected with good flanks to
protect and
points by constructing redoubts, or small cover the intrenchment. If, on account
j|
forts. The defence of these redoubts of the ground, the work should not be
and forts must be entrusted to small arms I much raised, the parapet must be uised,
and musquetry, but not to cannon, as the in order to prevent the enemy liom at
range ofthe latter is always too ex;ensive tempting an easy assault.
to prevent an enemy's close approaches' An engineer from Piedmont, who has
to the lines of communication from their ,
proposed some new methods in field for
field works, or forts. Necessary el'ains tification, is decidedly against stone and
must be made to let out the water that masonry, in the construction of parapets
collects, as it would otherwise destroy and field works. His reason is self-evi
the works, drown the sentries, and cut dent ; for as he justly observes, the scat
oft all communication with the main tered pieces which must
naturally be
body. thrown about in all directions by the de
When a position is taken upon a steep molishing ofthe walls in the discharge of
rock, or eminence extremely difficult of heavy cannon, would do more mischief
access, the lines which surround it do not than the cannon itself.
absolutely require ditches for their safety, It is frequently found necessary to for
as the parapet and banquette
may proba tify a
bridge; the means adopted for
bly be sufficient ; but if any vulnerable or this purpose must depend entirely upon
weak part be observed, every effort should the size and current of the river. If the
be used to get at a spring, and to fill up stream should be broad and
navigable,
an excavation in front of it, to prevent and so far from the fortress, that it can
surprises. An able engineer will be par not be defended by the ordinance of the
ticularly careful in drawing his plan of town or fortified place, in that case a
communication, to ascertain the exact large retrenchment, resembling a place of
points whereby tiiey may be protected by arms, must be constructed, with strong-
an enfilade from one fort to another ; so bastions to suppoit and cover if, curtains
that if the enemy should make a lodgment and half-moons, a broad and deep ditch,
any where, he will not be able to main and covert- way that must be well secur
tain his position on account of his being ed by palisades. This retrenchment, or
fianked by other works. place of arms, must be made sufficiently
Field works, or small forts are generally capaciou.; to hold a garri.on that woi IV . -

3 b
194 FOR FOR

be capableof opposing the attack of a an eminence, either in front, flai.k, or

large detachment from the mam army of rear.


an
enemy. A half-moon must be con Never leave the rear of a work so
9th.
structed w.thin the lines, with a ditch in exposed that th. enemy may turn it.
front, to serve as a work behind which 10th Always make the angles of a
the garrison might retreat with its artille work in the directions least exposed to at
ry, disputing every inch of ground, and by tacks, and conscqiently always present a
that means affbrdim sufficient time to cut front to the most exposed
down the bridge. nth. The garrison should never be
If the river should be narrow, yet wide drawn up more than tw< deep; and an
enoi'rii to prevent any sudden irruption ordinary pace of two fd t is usually al
into the country beyond it, the bridges lowed tor each file, and from 6 to 8 paces
that are across must be fortified by works from each piece of ordnance.
made of earth, which are to be covered h\ 12th. If a work is so latge as to be de
ditch s dug in front Halt-moons, ten fended by a battalion or two, a reserve
ailles, crown and hor. -woiks, and simi should be allowed of about one sixth of
lar constructions, provided they be well the number
fenced with palisades, will answer all the 13th. The space within a work shorld
purposes required in such cases. The en always be sufficient for the men to move
gineer, by th: first glance of his eye, will and lie down Every soldier will require
be able to ascertain the situation of the at least 18 square feet, and every field gun

country, and to fit his plans accordingly. at least 216 squar* feet.
Small lodgments, or wooden recesses, 14th. Provided the line is not made too
must be made as guard-houses, in which
extensive, the more inward space there is
detached parties of men should be station the bett< r.
ed to meet the first attacks ofthe enemy, 15th. A parapet to resist cannon shot
and to keep him in check while the whole should never be less than 12 feet thick;
army passes over the river, or is drawn up and for musquet shot not less tl.an 6
iivoru.r of battle to dispute the passage. feet.
Th.se intrenchments must invariably be 16th The height of the parapet must
well furnished with li*ht artillery, for the be regulated by the situation of the work,
purpose of annoying the approaching ene ana of the adjoining ground ;.. with this

my. But the disposition ami arrangi -


consideration, that its height above the
ment of these pieces must always be such banquette does not exceed 41-2 feet.
as to admit ot their being instantly re 17th. The depth and breadth of the
mo\ed, when the intrenchments are car ditch must be regulated by the quantity
ried, under the cover of heavier ordnance of earth required for the parapet and ban
which is ke. t pbying upon the enemy quette.
from the opposite sid? of the river. 18th. A tete de pont, or work to cover
Prai tical Maxims in building Field the embarkation of troops, or the passage
Works, ist The spot on which works of a river, should, if possible, be made
are to be constructed should determine where the line of the river or coast forms
their figure ; nor should any attention be a kind of re-entering angle ; that the flanks

paid to preserve a regular form which ofthe corps, as well as these of the works,
does not occupy the ground to advan mav be covered.

tage. To cany on tie work


The number of
2d. Every line must be so disposed, woi.'.men mus: be proportioned to the
that the slope of hills all around even to time allotted for carrying on the work,
the very bottom, be o| en to th small the quantity of labor, and the number of
arms of the garrison; and every part hands capable of being tmployed at the
shculd be discoverable to the distance of same time. When the ditches are broad,
at least 500 paces. the workmen may be postedii two rows;
3d. Works thrown up for the defence but if nairow, only in one. In the fist
of a defile, should always be within mus case, the earth will be thrown by those
quet shot of it, which must not be more who are on the outward edge ofthe ditch
than 200
yards. to the second row, and by them upon the
4'h. The best defence in works that parapet; for which reas< n the second nw,
arelis, .keel, or where one side is defended to keep pace with the first, ought to be
by the iiio of another, is that formed by twice as numerous. The workmen should
right angles. never be paced nearer than 2 paces, or 4

5th. A saliant angle should never be feet, from each other ; and two men with
less th-tn 6o, and a re-entering an. le than shovels should be preceded by one with
go degrees ; nor greater than 120 degrees. a pickaxe. If more than usual txpedi-
6th The entrance to the work should t.on be required, one man with a wheel

always be made in the part least exposed barrow, or basket, may be added to six or
to atia.k, and if possible in a ei.lt with shovels. Another row ot
re-entering
angle. workmen should also be placed upon the
it
7'h. Endeavor to present, if possible, a paraper, to spread the earth and beat
laiier front'rhe enemy than he can oc
to down, as it is thrown up.
In fixing the fascines, three men wil!
cupy in making the attack.
Sih. Ayoid all ground commanded by be sufficient forevery 24 c;tcf the wo:.:..
FOR FOR 195

tion to the masonry, is the number of


who should be provided with mallets, a \.
it produces.
saw, and a handbil, or hatchet j splinters Revetements oi masonry are not
In order to form some idea ofthe time ; Entire
for the same r.-ason. The
in which a field work may be completed, advantageous
>

of. masonry of revetements should not be so


compute the number of cubic feet i seen or battered from a dis-
as to be
ear h :o be excavated, thus; multiply! high
half the sum of the breadth of the ditch tance; earth parapets are battered in vain,
:

as the earth forms a natural slope.


at too and at bottom, by the depth, for
the nimber of square feet in the profile ; The best Scarp is made of maso.-.ry,
and this multiplied by the distance be either in wet or dry ditches, be the earth-
tween the workmen in feet will give ; en one ever so well fraized or palisaded.
th number of cubic feet each man has The earthen one may be stormed without
to dig : or being multiplied by the length ' making
a breach. The scarp should be
of the ditch, gives the cubic contents ol 30 or 3J feet huh.
the ditch. Now one man is supposed Tne Counterscarp should also be of ma-
to be able to move 216 cubic feet of earth soury, and not less than 12 feet high.
in a day, durin: the summer; but this is The inonveniences of an earth or iow
not al >ays the case. If a field .\ork be counterscarp, are the impossibility cf de
completed in 24 hours, it will be as much fending to the last the covert way ; as the
as the most diligent workmen are capa enemy may descend into the ditch, and
ble of. This time is generally allowed again mount the covert way, and so get in
for .he formation ofa weak irofile; 48 ! the rear of the tn verses. The enemy
hours for that ofa stronger, with a revete !i may find his way along the nan ral slope
'
ment of fascin:s ; and 72 for the strongest. of an earth counterscarp, and is not delay-
The different slopes for the works ec.by a tedious operation of getting into
must depend upon the nature of the soil, the ditch. Besides the natural sio, e of
and the materials of which the work is the end of an earth traverse prevents its
The interior slope of th pa

effectually covering the covert way.


composed.
Ditches are generally 15 or 18 toises
rapet, though it be fascined, should
be
1-6 of its height ; exterior about 2-3 its wide. Dry ditches are always preferable

height. The slope of the banquette equal to wet ones, on account of the shelter they
to its height. The slope ofthe scarp or afford the troops, and the reativ commu
counterscarp of the ditch, should be from nication with the outworks, without the
half its height to its full height, accord consta.it trouble and danger ,f bridges.
the soil. The superior slope of the The Covert way should be 5 toises wide ;
ing to

parapets must entirely depend upon the less would croud the troops, and more
situation of th. work, and that of the sur would allow room for the enemy to erect
rounding country. The interior slope of batteries in it.
the parapet is generally lined with fas The whole ofthe glacis should be seen,
cines, to keep up the earth ; but it is not not only from the crest of the parapet,
absolutely necessary to fascine the exterior but from the embrasures in the parapet,
slop --, if the soil be pretty stiff. Theem- The Tenaille, must not be so high as to
brasures are generally made 20 inches prevent the flank guns in one bastion see
wide on the inside, and 9 feet on the out ing the breach that may be made in the
side ; they mus' always be lined with collateral one.
something to retain the earth ; turf is gen Ravelins axe best without flanks ; their
-

erally preferred, asfascihes are so apt to faces directed to 10 toises from the shoul
take fire. ders of the bastions.
The manner of making the mater als The crest ofthe parapet ofthe body of
for field works, may be seen under the the place should be 8 feet above the crest
heads Fascines, Gabions, Hurdles, Sec. and of the glacis, to commam; it across a ditch
the manner of estimating the quantity of 15 or 20 toises.
of materials for works of this kind, may Tne crest of the parap. t of the ravelin
be seen under the word Battery S.e Am. is 3 feet lower than that of the body of the
Mil. Lib. place, in order that it may be more effec
Fortification.. ..Permanent. tually commanded from the place; and
A parapet, to resist camion sh< uld therefore to enable the parapet of the ra
never be less than 18 feet thick in earth, velin to command its own glacis, the
and 8 or 9 in masonry A wall need only ditch is only made 10 toises, and this
be two Ieet thick in masonry to resist glacis is a foot lower than that of the
musqutry. The parapet should always body ofthe place
be 4 1-2 feet above the banquet te.and 7 1-2 There must be an equilibrium of defence
or 8 feet above the rampart, or terrc- established through every front ofa forti
fied place ; for it will be needless to
plein.
The Rampart should always be suf stiengthen any particular fro: t, if the
ficiently wide to allow lor the platform, others from their weakness be left expos
and for two carriages passing each other ; ed. The following remarks mas : able
about 9 fathoms at top. A parapet of an observer
toappreciatethc value oi par
earth, though it takes more: room, is al ticular works, in the proper application
ways referable
,
to one of masonry, when ami arrangement of which that equfli.
it can be raised ; though the only objec brium consists.
196 FOR FOR

Intrenchments within the works add An Advanced Covert way, is esteemed


much to their defence. In amongst the best means of adding to the
large bastions
with obtuse flanked defence of places. Besides the advan
angles, the best in
trenchment is formed of the front of a tages common to the usual covert way, it
fortification, or of two demi-bastions and has many peculiar to itself. It however
a
curtain, connecting the angles formed by seems necessary to ensure to it the many
the flank and curtain. If this intrench a I vantages of which it is
susceptible,
ment be advanced to the shoulders ofthe (beside being properly palisaded,) that it
bastion, so as to include its flanks, as is should be secured in the rear by a wet
often the case, it will be subject to be ditch, as the only means of giving it an
taken in the rear, by the fire from the inaccessible counterscarp, and at the same
counter batteries time keeping it under the fire of the mus
opposed to the flanks.
But in bastions w th acute flanked angles
quetry ofthe place. This kind of covert
which do not afford sufficient space for way is generally supported by .edoubts
this kind of intrenchment, Cormontaigne upon the capitals ofthe bastions and rave
proposes one in the form of a cavalier.whose lins which from their position cannot
faces and flanks are parallel to those ofthe mask the fire of the place; and being
bastion. The first kind of intrenchment mounted with artillery, oblite the be
does not operate in the defence of the siegers to commence their attack at a
place, till after the passage of the ditch ; great distance, and ve.y much to extend
till which time it remains their and as their establish
entire, and operations ;
then capable ofa very great defence. The ment upon this covert way must effectu
second kind becomes a support to the
ally mask the fire of their first batteries,
basron from the first cammencementof the it must greatly increase their labor. The
siege; but it is therefore subject to have its retreat from these redoubts must be se
defence destroyed at a distance. Nor is its cured by an underground passage.
defence equal to that of the other form. Countermines axe undoubtedly one ofthe
Counterguards should possess the three first mfans of strengthening places For
following properties : ist. Thev must this article we refer to the word Mines.
cover
effectually the principal work before Detached redoubts, when circumstances
which they are' placed ; at least that part of situation favor them, are employed
of it, which can be battered in breach. 2d. with great success. They are usually de
They must be lower than the work tached and totally unconnected with any
which they cover ; but not so low as to of the works of the place, by any covert
permit its revetement to be seen. 3d. way or other above ground work; and
They must be so narrow as not to afford have for objects, either the opposing an
room for the
besiegers to erect batteries in additional obstacle to the besiegers at the
them, against the work which tiiey cover, point they occupy, or the rendering the
and therefore not leave the besiegers a
adjoining fronts inaccessible, by an enfi
choice of positions. The counterguards lade or reverse fire upon the approaches.
in Coehorn's system are only of earth,
They also afford at theirgorge, a most ex
through which it is necessary to make an cellent rendezvous and retreat for sorties;
opening, before the capitaf work can be upon the level of the country, and with
battered. out the difficulty of filing
troops through
Horn or Crown works, unless to the barrier ofa covert way.
occupy
some irnportant point, to strengthen some But in order to insure to the detached
weak side, or to afford more room for a work or works, all these advantages, it is
confinpd garrison are rather a weak than a
necessary that they shduld be either total
strong arm to a place. This is particu ly inaccessible to the besiegers, by rea
larly the case when they are constructed son of the natural difficulties of their si
with smaller, and
consequently weaker tuation, as in an inundation, morass, Sec.
fronts, than that part of the body of the ot be made secure by art, from being tak
place which they cover: as they facili en by storm, and only attackable by re
tate, when taken, the approaches to the gular approaches. They should be un
body of the place. This is remedied by der cover of the fire of the place; but if
constructing their fronts of the same their distance be too great for that, an in
strength as the front or fronts which they termediate work must be established to
cover
They also facilitate the taking of give them support. Their best form is
the place, by exposing the revetement of that of a bastion with retired flanks; and
the work on which their branches are di a strong system of countermines themost
rected to be battered in breach, along the effectual wayof prolonging their resistance.
ditches of those branches. This is a General remarks.. .The larger the flank
great evil, even to an outwork, but is of ed angles of works, the more direct will
serious consequence if they rest upon the be their fire, and that of their covert way,
body of the place. This defect has been upon the approaches ; the greater extent
remedied by placing these works alto will they oblige the besiegers to occupy
gether outside of the covert way, and al in their and batteries; and the
parallels
lowing their ditch no communication with more will they oblige the besiegers toex-
those in the rear. In this case their gorge
pose themselves to the fire of the fronts
must be made very secure to
prevent its collateral to the one attacked. Faces of
being turned.
FOR FOR 197

works directed to inaccessible situations, I erly constructed in the neighborhood of


such as rivers, lakes, &c. from whence eignts, must not uniformly preserve the

they cannot be enfiladed by ricochet batte same distance from those heights, ui less
ries, add greatly to the strength of a front. their summits b- all upon the same level;
If the flanked angle of a ravelin be so but must approach them at their lowest
advanced as to see in reverse any battery parts, and recede from them as they rise ;
erected upon the crest of the glacis, or in thus will the necessary plane of defilement
the covert way ofthe bastions, it will in- | preserve nearly the same degree of obli
crease the strength of that front; because quity throughout.
it will oblige the besiegers to gain posses Dimensions of Walls and their Counterforts,
sion ofthe ravelin, before they can make
from IO to 50 Feet high, having a Sloye
any lodgment, from which they can bat of I -5 their Height.
ter the bastions. This is the case in Cor-
montaigne's system : and a place thus .5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Length.

fortified, obliges the besiegers to attack


and gain two ravelins to get at the bastion '

<* Klvo t^oo o w n


J* -1 l-l M
between them. Beside, if this system be ,

applied to aright line, or to a polygon of


many sides, the prolongations of the faces 1
<u
j^oo^-000 >tO0O tfo

cf the bastions will be intercepted by the

betwnlBradh.
c u
i-tt "VO -O 1^00
flanked angle of the ravelins, and conse 3
O j
.

quently make the establishment of enfi u


lading batteries against them very difficult.

distancel tl 00 O CI **> 00 0 Mrf


A work which admits of a breach being
hem.
Xt MHHMMdtifl

made in it (particularly the body of the !


place) at a distance, very much facilitates
its being taken. The ditch ofthe ravelin

I.i 0 cvo c 0 OO OS 0
j
-

affords an opening through which the be


siegers may make a breach in the face of i
-j_
the bastion from the glacis, opposite the
flanked angle of the ravelin, and is there
fore subject to this defect. A counter- *3
'
guard before the bastion, lessens this evil, Jj O cy o> 0 c<vo OS 0

by transferring the breach from the body


of the place to the ravelin ; but it requires
h% U 'fr<*1-"3-en-r>vii mo
a counterguard also before the ravelin, ef

fectually to cure it. A crown or horn JO /">0 er>o "> O "SO


work also produces this evil; its remedy neighf j,
h m ti mn^-^in
was given, in speaking of those works.
The direction of the flanks or faces ofa The heights in the above table are taken
work is not so material as relating to the only from the bottom of the ditch, and do
fire of artillery, as to that of musquetry ; , not include the foundations.
for artillery is never fired without being i When the rampart is partly walled and
pointed, but musquetry is fired mechani partly turfed; then 1-5 of the hright of
cally, and perpendicular to the parapet, the turfed part must be added to the
without much attention to the object to breadth of the wall at the top given in the
be struck. table.
A work in the neighborhood of a height The bases of all inward
must be defiladed* from that
slopes of earth
should be equal to their height, if not
height, that
is, instead of being built upon a horizon
J more.
tal plane, it must be erected The bas s of all outward slopes ofearth
upon an im
aginary inclined plane, passing from some 2-3 of their height.
where in the interior of that work, over The superior slopes of all
parapets 1-6
the most commanding points of the I of their breadth.
height : and every part of the works I The slope of all walls, or revetements
must bear the samerelationtothis inclin 1-5 of their height.
ed plane, that they would do, to a hori- I Though the above principles given for
zontal plane in a level country. I the erection of field works
may assist
A wbrk is not therefore always to be I an officer's recollection who
may be em
condemned, because it is in the neighbor- j ployed on that duty, the memorandums
hood of a height ; for if it be properly i given respecting permanent fortification
defiladed from that height, it will receive pretend to no such object : but may serve
a great advantage over the approaches of to remind an
officer, if he should visit a
the besiegers, carried on down an inclined fortification, of its essential requisites ;
plane towards it. But a work to be pro- and may assist his observations in
passing
round the works
*
The French use the word defile in a con FORT1N, FORTLETT, or FOR-
trarysense to enfile ; and as we admit the TILACn. See Field-Fort.
words enfilide and enfiladed from the latter, FORTRESS, any place strongly for.
we cannot
refuse the term r defilade and de. tified.
Jiladed footn the former. FORWARD, a word of command,
198 F O U FOU

havoc than red-hot balls ;


which is given when a regiment, or com- Ii occasion more
and in thenext, they might be used whilst
pany has been interru.'ted in its regular j >: the vessel was in full sail ; which cannot
movement, and the march is continued.
On this occasion every succeeding division !| be done in the first instance. By means of
distance and | their natural velocity t:-ey would do more
must
preserve its proper less space of time, than the
mark time until the word Forward, is j execution ina
most active piece of ordnance could effect;
given. This frequently occurs in the and
passj p of obstacles, and in
the winding they would require fewer hands, as
of roads, streets, &c, the only necessary operation would be to
and dart them forward. As a de
Right ) shoulders Forward, an used light
ab-
-

or > surd word of command,


fensible weapon it must naturally be al
British exercise. It is lowed, that, wheie a small body cf .r.cn
Left ) in the
a gross misconception of" the French
line is attacked, the fougette might be adopt
ed with considerable advantage. The
of science, which requires the whole writer of this
body to face in the given inclination; every likewise the inventor article, who, we find, is
man must see that it is impossible for a ofa fougette which
soldier to march either w itn ease or grace has been submittcato the French ...overn-
in such a position. See Line of Sci men, continues to argue much in favor
ence.
of its adoption. If, adds he, our enemies
FOSSE, in fortification. See Ditch. should imitate the invention, we must
Fosses pleins d'eau, Ex. Wet Ditches then have recourse, especially in sea-
See Fortification. fights to those pieces of ordnance which
Fosses sees, Fr. Dry ditches. are calculated todo more execution at a
Fosses revetus, Fr Ditches that are distance; and it will then be our business
to contrive fougettes that shall reach their
lined.
Fosses non revetus, Ex. Ditches that shipping, by means ot a greater degree of
are not lined.
force and velocity which might be given
would be capab.e of
FOUCADE, FOUGADE, a smail to them, than they
mine. attaining. See Rocket.
FOUILLER, Fr. To search. In a
FOUGASS, in mining, a small mine,
from 6 to 8 feet under ground: It is ge military sense, it signifies to detach small
of infantry round the flanks ofa
nerally placed under the glacis or dry bodies that is marching through a wood,
ditches. column
FOUGETTE. Tr Indian sky-rocket, for the purpose of discovering an ambus--
a species of firework which is frequently cade, and of giving timely notice that it
used by the Asiatics. The author ofa may be avoided. The same precaution
late military production in France makes is necessary when a body of men advan
the following observations relative to ad ces towards or enters a village.

vantages which might be derived from FOUNDATION, in military archi


this weapon against cavalry, and for the tecture, is that p.irt ofa building which
defence of fortified places, or intrench is under ground, or the mass of stone,
ments. He observes, that the fougette, brick, &c. which supports a building, or
in shape, resembles v sky-rocket, whose upon which the walls of a superstructure
flight is gradually brought to run along an are raised : or it is the
the coffer or bed dug
horizontal direction. By throwing seve below the level of ground, to raise a
ral fougettes into parks of artillery and building upon ; in which sense, the foun.
considerable da d.nion cither goes to the whole area or ex
upon the caissons, Sec.
tent of the budding, when there are
mage might be occasioned from the fire
as

which would inevitably be communicated to be vaults, galleries, casemates, or the


to some part. A fougette forces itself like; or is drawn in cuts or trenches, as
immediately forward, cuts as it pene > when only w.. Us are to be raised. Some
trates, by the formation of its sides, times the foundation is massive, and con
which are filled with small spikes, be tinued under the whole building, as in the
comes combustible and on fire at all its
'
antique aretes and aqueducts; but it is
more usually in spaces, or intervals ; in
points; and possesses within itselta thou which latter case, insulated pillars, bound
sand vaiious means by which it can ad
here to w hatever object i-t is destined to j together by arches, should be used.
s,'t on fire or to dest-oy. This weapon There are several things to be well con
would be moreeflectual, because it might sidered in laying thefoundation of a milita
be more variously applied, to defend the ry building, We must first examine the
mouth ot a harbor against an enemy's bed of the earth upon which we are to
snipping, than red-hot balls can ever build, and then the under fillings or sub
be used en board struction. We are not to rest upon any
prove. Fou,:ettes might
ships of war, but there would certainly seeming solidity, unless the whole mould
in the through which we cut has likewise been
be some danger experiment; al i

though, in my humble opinion, a little, | solid; and in such cases, allow i-6th
remove that !; part of the height of the building for the
experience would ellectually
difficulty ; in which case ships might run hollowing or under-digging, unless there
along a coast, and easily d stroy the be cellars under ground, in which case
wooden works that are sometimes erected .: it may be something less.. There are
coon it. Tnee would in the first place many wavs ro try the firmness of the
FOU F.OU 199

ground ; but the following, in our opi would be a means to make


,
he outer
nio , is the best. Take an iron crow, or walls crack, and so ruin the whole build
such a borer as well diggers use, which ing.
at once will point out the Having thus far considered the bed of
goodness and
tenacity ofthe ground. the earth on which the buildini: is to be
j
Engineers should use the utmost dili 'erected, we shall next consider the sub
gence in this oint ; for, of all the errors struction, as it was called by the ancients;
that may happen ii building, those are l but our modern engineers call it the
the most pernicious which are committed 1 foundation. This is the ground- work of
in the foundation, because they bring I the whole edifice, which must sustain
with them the ruin of the whole building; the walls, and may be termed artificial,
nor en 'hey b.
|
amended without very I as the other was atural ; with regard to
.

great diffic Iiy. | which, tne following things are most ne


Foundations are either natural, or cessary to be observed : 1. That the bot-
artificial : natural, as when we build on 1 torn be exactly level ; therefore
lay a
a rock, or of good boards.
very solid earth ; in which case platform 2. That the
we need not seek for
any other strength lowest led.e or row be all of stone, tlie
.

ening ; for these, without digging, or other I broader the better, laid closely whhout
artificial helps, areof themselves excel mortar ; which is a
general caution for
lent foundations, and most fit to uphold the all parts ofa buildi; g that are
contiguous
greatest buildings. But if the ground to board or timber, because lime and
be sandy or marshy, or have lately been utter enemies to one
(woovi_are .mother,
dug, in such case recourse niusi b< had 1 and, if unfit confiners any where, they
to ait. In the foimer case, the engineer 'are more especially so in the foundation.
must
adjust the depth of the foundation 3. That the breadth of the foundation be
by the height, weight, &c oi the build at least double the breadth of the wall

ing: i-6th part of the whole height is which is to be raised upon it : but even
,

looked upon as a medium ; and as to the ! in this case art should give way to dis
thickness, double that of the width ofa cretion : and the foundation may be
wall is a good rule. If you build upon made either broader, or narrower, ac
mossy aid loose earth, then you must dig cording as the ground and the ponderosity
until you find sound ground. This sound of the edifice require. 4. That the foun
ground, fit to support a buildin;, is of dation be made to diminish as it rises, but
divers kinds : in some places so hard, as yet so that there may be as much left on
scarcely to be cut with iron ; in other the one side as on the other; so that the
places very stiff"; in other places black I middle of that above may be perpendicu
ish, which is accounted the weakest ; in larly over the middle of that below, which
others like chalk, and in others
sandy : should in like manner be observed in di
but of all these, that is the best which re minishing the walls above ground; for
quires most labor in cutting or
digging, by this means the building will become
and when wet, does" not dissolve into much stronger th.m it would be
if the
dirt. diminution were made by any other way.
If the earth to be built upon is very 5. That you should never build on the
soft, as in moorish grounds, or such that ruins of an old foundation, unless you are
the natural foundation cannot be
trusted, :well assured of its depth, and that its
then you must get good pieces of oak, strength is sufficient to bear the
whose length should be the breadth of [ The stones in the foundation should be
building.
the trench or about 2 feet longer than ilaid as they
1
..aturally lay in the quarry,
the wall ; these must be laid across the for they have the most
strength in their
foundation about 2 feet assunder, ami be natural position. This should be observ
ing well rammed down, lay long planks ed in all parts of a building, because all
upon them; which planks reed not lie stones have a cleaving grain ; consequent
so broad as the
pieces are long, but only ly, if the horizontal position ofthe stones
about four inches on a side wider than in the
quarry should be placed vertically
the basis, or foot of the wall is to be. in the building, the
superincumbent
But if the ground be so that weight would
very bad, Leapt to cleave them, and
this will not do, then you must
provide so render the building ruinous.
good piles of oak of such a length as wil! FOUNDER, a person, who casts can
reach the good ground, and whose diame non. Sec.
ter must be about i-i2th part of their
FOUNDERING, adisorder in horses,
length. These piles must be driven which may be considered unit r two heads,
down by an engine for that perpose, and viz.
must ba placed as close as one can stand Foundering in tie fid, which is an
by another; then lay planks upon them, univ.rsalrheumatism.or defluxionof hu
and pin them fast. But if the ground be mors upon the rinews of a horse's
Ieet;
faulty in some parts, and firm in others, so that in the course of time the hoofs
you may turn arches over those loose become stilt" anil callous, and the horse
places, which will discharge them of the has no sense or feeling of them. This
weight. You must not forget to place u.soidens gcnera!l> brought on by hard
the piles under the inner, as well as the rieimg. Sometimes it proceeds fronisud-
i:r?r v. ills; for if thes* rio'il.l sink.it d.T. hca::> .. <! colds ; airlfrniLientlv *''>m
200 FOU FR A

the horse being watered when he is very FOURNEAU, Fr. furnace, also the
hot. Too tight a shoe, or frequent trav chamber o: a mine.
elling upon hard flinty ground, will like FOURIER, Fr. A quarter master
wise produce this disorder. belonging to a cavalry or infantry regi
Foundering in the chest, a disorder ment. In France there were fouriers-
which "ay be occasioned by crudities col majors of cavalry who composed a part of
lected in the stomach, or by other infirmi the cavalry staff. Serjeant fourier, and
ties which obstruct the fr e action of the corporal fourier, answer to our quarter
lungs. It is discovered by the horse not master serjeant.
b ing able to bend his joints, and, when FOURNIMENT, Fr. A horn which
once laid, by not be ng able to rise avain. holds abo'it one of gun- powder, to
pound
A swelling in the legs is likewise symp prime cannon. It is likewise used by
tomatic of it. cavalry and infantry soldiers, who hang
FOUND ERY, } in military matters, it across their shoulder. The artillerists
FOUNDRY, 5 the art of casting all keep it in a belt
kinds of ordnance, such as cannon, mor FOURCHETTES 'a mousquet, Fr.
tars, howitzers, Sec. lr likewise signifies Rests for a musquet. They are some
the place or work- house wherein these times used to relieve men who do duty on
operations are performed. At present all the rampart ofa town.
pieces of artilf ry are cast solid, and bored Chemin Fourchu, a cross way
afterwards. Formerly guns were bored Paix F O U R R E E , Fr. a peace sudden.
perpendicularly, but at present in a hori ly patched up.
zontal
position : the boring instrument ^1 FOURRE, Fr. a country thick
is fixed immoveably, and forced into the set with hedges, &c. properly called a
gun or mortar by a mechanical power. close country.
The piece of artillery is turned round by FOURREAU depistolet, a holster.
a large wheel, and at the same time the Faux Fourreau de pistole'., pistol
gun is bored, the outside is turned and bag.
polished, by another very curious ma Fourreau d'epce, the scabbard of a
chine for that purpose, invented by the sword
very ingenious Messrs. V-rbruggen, foun Fourmiller, Fr to swarmwitfo
ders at Woolwich. Guns were first La France fourmille en braves soldats

founded in En. land in 1587. France swarms with


brave soldiers;
IOURAGE, Fr. Forage. In the ar L' Angleterre fourmille braves marins
en

tillery, it is used figuratively to signify En land swarms with brave seamen.


hay, straw, or any thing else of vegetable F O U R de campagne. A field oven.
growth, which is used to ram into the FOUR, a place of confinement in Pa
bore of a cannon for the purpose of cleans ris to which vagabonds and persons who
ing it. could not give any satisfactory account of
Aller au Fo u r a c e, to go a foraging. themselves were committed ; and when
F O U R A C E R, Fr. To forage or look , once shut up had their names enregister-
about for provender and provisions. ed, and were enlisted for the service of
Fouracer likewise means among the th." old French government. A four in
French to ravage, desolate, pillage, and tins acceptation of the term mcansa room
waste a
country for the purpose of throw arched over without having the least
ing the inhabitants into disorder. The aperture to receive day light. There were
word is derived from for as agere, or to seek several such places of confinement ;n Pa
for forage in the fields. ris. They owed 1 heir invention to a Mon
Four ag eur, Fr. foragers, or men sieur D'Argenscn, and were supposed to
employed to procure forage, &c for an add annually two thousand men at least
army. They are generally escorted to the king's regular army; by which
Hence the expression : so many men have means the capital was relieved from a mul
been ordered to escort the foragers. Fhe titude of thieves, pick-pockets, &c.
body of forauers has been charged by the FOURNITURES</hmV.'.-, Fr. See
enemy's cavalry. Stores, &c.
FOURBISSEURS, Fr. a sword cut FOYER, Ft. Focus, or centre of the
ler. The French familiarly say of two chamber. See Mine.
persons who are extre .1
ely intimaf', Ces F RAISE, in fortification, a kind of
s sont tete-a-tete ca.me des stakes or palisades placed horizontally on
fourbisseurs,

,t
meaning, that, like sword cutlers, (who the outward slope of a rampart madeof
v. I en they work sit clossly opposite to earth, to prevent the work being taken by
e.uh othei) they are putting their heads surpr.se. They are generally 7 or 8 feet
together. long, and about 5 inches thick. When an
Se battre a I'epce qui est chez le fourbis- army intrenches itself, the parapets of the
seur, to fight with a sword which is still retrenchments are often fraised in the
in the cutler's hands ; signifying figu parts exposed to an attack.
ratively to dispute about any thing that To Fraise a battalion, is to line, or
does not concern either party. covei it every way with pikes, that it

FOURGON, Fr. a sort of waggon. may withstand the shock of a body of


It likewise signifies a poker. horse.
FRI F R I 201

F RAISER, Fr. To plait, knead or when an horizontal motion is attempted


drill In a
military sense to fraise or in one, the fixed prominent parts of the
fence ; as fraiser un battalion, is to fraise other will giv* more or less resistance to'
orfence all the musquetry-men belong the moving surface, by holding and re
ing to a battalion with pikes, to oppose taining its parts ; and this is what we call
the irruption of cavalry should it charge friction.
them in a plain. At present it means to 3. Now since any body will require a
secure a battalion by opposing bayonets force equal to its weieht, to draw it over
a given obstacle, it follows that the fric
obliquely forward, or
cross-ways iii such
a manner as to render it impossible for a tion arising to the moving body, will al-
horseman to act against it. ways be in proportion to its w right only,
Fraises,FV. See Fraise an adopted and not to the quantity of the surface, by
English term. which it bears upon the resisting plane or
F R A N l: H E S , Fr ...Les campagnies surface. Thus if a piece of wood 4 in
franches, free companies, were bodies of ches wide, and 1 thick, be laid upon
men detached and sepanted firm the rest another fixed piece of the same wood, it
of the army, having each a chief, or com- w:ll require the same weight to draw it
mandant. They consisted chiefly ofdra along, whether it be laid on its broad 01
'

goons, hussars, Sec. and their peculiar narrow side.

duty was to make irruptions into an ene 4. For, though there be 4 times the
my's country ; and may not improperly number of touching particles on the broad
be called land pirates, as their chief occu side (ceteeris paribus) yet each particle is
pation was to harra.s and plunder the ene pressed with only 1.4th of the weight,
my and his adherents, in what, ver man that those are on the narrow side, and
ner they could, without paying any re since 4 times the number multiplied by-
gard to military forms. The persons who one fourth of the weight, it is
plain the
compos d these corps were termed parti resistance is equal in both places, and
sans. They always accompanied the so requires the same force to overcome it.
main army in time of war, and were distri 5. The reason why friction is propor
buted among the difterent garrison towns tional to the weight ofthe moving
body,
in France during peac;. They were com is, because the power applied to move
mon to every power in Europe ; the Pan- the body must ra>sei: over the prominent
dours and Hulans were of this descrip parts ofthe surface on which it is drawn ;
tion. They were the worst afflictions of and this motion of the body, as it is not
war ; and generally as fatal to
theixfriends upright, will not require a power equal
as their enemies. to its whole weight ; but being in the
FRAY, a battle, combat, or duel. nature of the motion on an inclined
plane,
FRICTION, in mechanics, the rub- it will only require a part of its own
bin.' of the parts of engines and machines weight, which will vary with the vari
against each other, by which a considera ous degrees ol" smoothness and
asperity,
ble part of their effect is destroyed. 6. It is found by experiment, that a
It is hardly possible to lay down gene body, may be drawn along by nearly 1 3d
ral rules for computing the quantity of of its weight ; and if the surfaces be hard
friction, because it depends upon a mul and well polished, by less than
1.3d
tiplicity of circumstances, as the struc part ; whereas, if the parts be soft or
ture, firmness, elasticity, &c. of bodies ngged, it will require a much greater
rubbing against each other. Some authors weight.
make the friction upon a horizontal plane, The ingenious Mr. Emerson, in his
equal to i 3d of the weight to be moved ; principles of Mechanics, has given the
while others have found it to be consider following rules tleduced from experi
ably less. But however this be, the doc ments ; but they require some variation
trine of friction, as ascertained b. the under different circumstances, which
latest experiments, may be summed must be left to the judgment of the
up
in the following manner. artist.
1. When one body rests on another I. Wood and all metals, when
greased,
upon a horizontal plane, it presses it with have nearly the same friction; and the,
its whole weight, which being equally smoother they arc, the less fricton
reacted upon, and consequently the whole
they
have ; yet metals may be so far polished
effect of its gravity destroyed by the as to increase friction the
by cohesion of
plane, it will be absolutely free to move trteir parts.
in any horizontal direction by any the Wo d slides easier upon the ground in
least power applied thereto, provided wet weather th..n in dry, and easier than
both the touching surfaces be smooth. iron in dry weather; but iron slides easier
2. But since we find no such thing as than wood, in wet weather. Lead makes
perfect smoothness in the surfaces of a great deal of resistance. Iron or steel
bodies, arising from their porosity and running in brass, makes the least fr ction
peculiar texture, it is easy to understand, of any. In wood acting against wood,
that when two such surfaces come to grease makes the motion twice as easy,
gether, the prominent parts of the one or rather 2-3ds easier. Wheel-naves,
wi.l, in some measure, tall into the con greased or tarred, go 4 times easier than
cave parts f the other ; and
therefore, when wet.
FRI
202 F R I

Metals oiled make the friction less w=22l then


than w n polished, and twice as little
i
as and q the greater; and
when polish d
un
eht upon the axis of the single
is the we
In. general, the softer or rouher the d it is not increased by the ac-
ai
bodies, the less or neater their fr ction pul.py ;
a cubic ce'e ation of the weight q, but remains
cases:
2. As to partivular
ot soft of 8 pounds w ht, always the same.
piece woo
soft wood, The friction ofthe pi. Hies is v ry con
movn. upor a smooth p.aneot
at the rate of 3 foa per second ;
ts fric siderable, when the sheaves rub against
ot it ; the blocks; and by the wearing of the
tion is about i- 3d of tne weight
less holes and axles.
but if it be roueh, the friction is 1 ttle
The frier on of the axis of the pulley
than one ha, fth. weight.
other sot is as the weight w, its ang .lar ve ooty,
Upon iht- same supposition, the the diameter of the axis directlv, and the
wood upon soft w od very smooth,
diameter <f the pul'y inversely. Ap wer
friction is iDout 1 4th ot the wei ht.
hard wood of 100 pounds, with the addition or 50
Soft wod upon hard, or
ith a

upon soft, 1 -5th


or J-half of tie w lght pounds, will oi.ly draw up over 500
a single
tackle of 5; am. 15 pounds
Hard wood upon hard wood, 1.7th
or

j-8th of rhe weight pullv will draw up only 14 pounds.


'

8 In the screw, there is a treat d alof


Pobshed se. 1 movi g upon steel or
w kht; moving on friction : those with sharp thrc.ds have
pewte, i-4th of the more friction tl a those with square
1 5th < f the weight ; on
copp- r or lead,
.Is ot threads; and endl ss screws havr more
brass 1.5th of the weight. Met than either Screws, with a square
the same sor have more friction than
thread, raise a weight with more
ease
different sorts.
than those with a sfo.rp thread.
The frction, caeteris paribus, increases
In he common scrc-w the friction is so
with the weight almost in the same pro the we riit in
he friction is also greater with ,
reat, that it will susta n
portion, when the power is
ve ocity, bu not in proportion any position given,
a greater
A I taken off; and theret'oie the friction sat
to it, except in very few cases. From whence
somewhat Last equal to the p<w. r.
greater surface also
causes
sme weight and it will follow, that in the screw, the pow
more fricti' n, with th. or resistance, at
be er must be to the weight
velocity ; yet friction mav sometimes
surface 10 Last as twice the pi rptndicular h lhtof
increase', by having t< o little described
&c. where the a thiead to the circumfer nee
move on ; as upon clay, if t be
byone revolution of the power;
body sinks. .

able to raise the wei.ht, or only sustain


3. The friction ans ng from the bend
differs ac it. This friction of the screw is of great
ing of ropes about machines, ot use, as it serves to keep
the weight m
cording to their stiffness, th tempe
the wea her, degree of flex bility,
Sic an\ grien position. at
force difficulty In the wedge, the friction is
but, ceteris paribus, the 9.
or
it retai s any
of bending a rope is as the square of the
least equal te. the power, as

therefore in the
diame.er of the rope, a d its tensio.,, positi n t is driven into;
directly ; and the diam. ter of the cylin wedge, the power must be to the weight
at least as twice the nase to the heicht,
der or pulley t -.oes about, reciprocally.
A ro-e incii diametr-r, whose ten
of 1 to ai.y resistance,
vercome
10 find the friction of any engine,
T
sion or weighi drawn-g it is 5 pounds,
inches diamete', re begin the power, and consider the ve
at
going over a puhy 3
quires a force of 1 pound to b.
nd it. locity and the *ei>.ht at the first rubbing
ot tric
4. The resistance
of a iriane moving part- and esrimde its quantity
a fluid is as the square of
the tion by si .me of the to cgoing articles;
through then proceed to the nex rub -mc part,
velocity ; and putti ?/=velocity in feet
.

and do the same for it, and so on through


in a second; it is equal to the weight
the whole.
of a column of the flu.d, whose base the
is .

be
vv
And note that something more is to
And in globe it allowed for increase of friction by every
plane, and height

a
new addition to the power.
b4-
much. FRILL. Ai- ornamental apyendageto
is but half so
the mechanic powers, the thesmrt which officers and soldiers -eiie-
5. As 10 with regimentals. A small
fric
single lever makes no resistance by lever rally wea
at the top to
tion ; but if, by the motion of the- aperture is usually made
ad.i.ir th. hook and eve ot the uimorm
in lifting the fulcrum, or place Of sup
further from the weight, coat. Detached fril s tot the privates are
port, bechaiged which are
the power will be decreased thereby. certainly pieterable to thos at
fixed to > he shirts, as three per week,
6. In any wheel of any machine, r.:n- ot
on the the regular times alotted lor a than
nin. upon an axis, the triction ot
aXis .s as the wci nt u^on it,
the..iam.- linen, would a.swer every ; urpose
and the angular velocity. cleanliness. .

teroi uie ax>s, C ae trize.


F R 1 -> K Fr. Se- h e v a . x
This sort of friction is but small.
.

1-RISkUTTER. An instrument
In the pully, if p, q, be 2 weights,
7.
made of iron, and used for the purpose ot
FRO F U M 203

of -achfile This term is variously used


blocking up an haven, or a river. The
following description of it is among Gene in rhe French service, as Un battalion -jui
ral Monk's observations on political and 'fait front de tous cotes, et presenie les armes

military aliairs. \par tout A battalion which is fronted


The bams through which the upright towards every quarte and pres nts arms
1
bars pass must be twelve feet in length. ' in every direction. Un battalion est sur
and thi* uprigh bars that g<> throueh the son front signifies, that a battalion is.. 1 awn
beam must be of that length, so that when i up so that it presents its natural front
one of t cse iron frisrutters is let down in l.i.e.
into an haven or river, the perpe .cfoular ! RouT-t/w point, a movement of the
bars f this iron instrument shall be deep sword used by the cavalry S.e Sword
enough to reach at high water within fiv< Exercise
feet of the urface. See Chevaux-de- ] Reat-Ev-oax is the disposition of a
Fri z e. t bodv of men in line, or column, so :hat

FROCK, the undress regim ntal coat 1 th natural formation ot 'he bdita'-on is
is vet v ofif-n so called. changed with retard to aspect, hut not to
F R'O \ DE, Ft a sling.
. This weapon shape. Those files, which in the first
was used in France by the Hu.ucnots at tllingufl' were leaders, becom follow rs.
Sane, rre, as late as the year 1572, in or It somet mes happens, that to sav. t me
der to save their powder. There ar. two a column is ordered suddenly to face
sorts, one which is used in throwing a about and retire ; in this case tiie diltcrent
stone from the arm, and the other that companies march rear front. In rhe
was fixed to a lever, and was so contrived, conversion of a regiment, ana during the
that a large quantity of stones mijihr be various mance vres, the divisions, Sec.
throw out of a mach ne, either from a frequently appear rear front. Thev are
camp into a besie ed town, or from a restored to their natural order ;>y the
town into the enemy's camp. This ma cou^tc-ma'ch. Thus a battai on stand
chine has been used since the invention ing in open colum; , the right in front,
of cannon. when f ced about stands rear front ; when
The fronde or sling was used by the counterma-ched it resumes its ori. inal or
Romans on three different occasions, viz. natural formation, and siands left in front
when they sent their light-armed men, with its proper lc-ading tiles When a
called velites, forward to skirmish be top' bdttali.n retiring in line, fire* by wings
a general e. gagemem ; when they wished or alternate companies, every retrograde
to drive the enemy from under the walls movement is made rear front.
ofa town which they were preparing to FRONTIER, the limits, enfines, or
storm, and finally to harrass and wound boundaries of any country. See Bar
the men in the enemy's works. This rier Towns.

weapon, in fact, together w.th the bow FUEL, the matter or aliment of fire;
and arrow, may be numbered among the any thing capable of ignition.
primitive arms of mankind. There is a certain and regulated allow
FRONT, a word of command signi ance of fuei made by government, to
fying, that the men are to turn to their regiments and companies.
proper front ; this movement is perform When, there is a sufficient numb.r of
ed at one. by revolving on the left heel, rooms in a barrack to allow of one to a
with.mt first planting the ri.ht foot, as in s- bal^ernot infantry, a full allowance of
the facings. If the battalion has been fuel and candles may be issued for the
laced to the right, the men turn on this same.
word a quarter circle to the left ; if faced The weekly deliveries of fuel and can.
to he left, they turn a quarter circle to dies for e^ery 100m are not to exceed the
the right, f they have been faced to the given quantities.
right, or left about, they mrna half circle FUGEL MAN, v'an incorrect method
to the ri.ht. When the battaion is march of pronouncim flugel-man , a well drilled
ing bt files, or is put through its right or intelligent soldier advanced in front of the
left facings, as, To the Right, Face, To fine, to rive the tune in the manual and
the Left, Face, the word front is some platoon exercises. The word flugel is
tim.s used to restore it to its natural situa derived from the German, and signifies a
tion in I ne. In disp'ay ing, or, to use the wing ; the man having been originally
French term, in deploying, from close or p: steel on the right wing.
column, or in executing either of FUGITIVE, one who runs from his
open
those movements from line, the word post, station or duty .

front precedes^//. To FUMIGVI E, in a general accep


Front of a tegiment, the foremost rank tation of the term, to medicate or heal by
of a battalion, squadron, o any other vapours; to correct any infected build-
body of men. To front every way, is in , or limited circumference of atmos
wh-'n the m.n are faced to all sides. phere, by smoke, impr-gnat d with an-
Quatre hommes de front, four men in tiputrescent particles of heat. Hospitals
front are strictly ordered to be attended to on
Front of a fortification. Se. Face. this head ; especially when any contagi
Front d'un bataillon, Ex. The front of ous isorUer has prevailed.
. But in 1.0 in-
a
battalion, consisting of the leading man | stance ought this important precaution to
204 F U R FUR

be so Furnace in mining, signifies a hol


scrupulously observed as when
troops are embarked for any space of low, or excavation which is made in the
time. earth and is charged gun-powder,
with
# FUMIGATION, the act of fumigat for the purpose of blowing up a rock,
of a fortification.
ing or
conveying smoke into any confined wall, or any part
plate. Mine Fun naces must be made under
The frequent
fumigation of every ship that part of the glacis belonging to the
from
on which
troops, or prisoners of war are covert way, which faces the quarter
embarked, is deemed highly material, in whence the besiegers will make their
order to prevent mischief from confined principal attacks, the instant they can be
air. The materials for fumigation may ascertained by the opening of the trenches.
be brimstone with saw dust : or the Several small ones must likewise be sunk
brimstone may be thrown over'not coals. under the glacis of .he outworks, in order
Nitre, to which a little vitriolic acid is to blow up the lodgments which theene-
has carried
added; or common salt, with the same my may have made when he
addition of vitriolic acid. Gun-powder the advanced posts. Mine furnaces are
wetted, or the heated loggerhead in the moreover extremely useful in the defence

pitch pot. of the covert way, especially to over


Th's should always be per
operation throw the saps and lodgments, together
formed under the immediate eye of the with the batteries that may hava been
medical officer on board, to prevent impro erected by the besieging enemy. Fo- a
per quantities of the articles being scientific explanation of th s article, see
used Foissac's last edition of Traite dc la defense
FUND. See Stock Purse. det places par le Marechal Vauban, torn. ii.
FUNERALS. SeeBumALS. pages 2> 2, 224, 240.
FUNNEL, any pipe or passage of FURNITURE. In a general sense
communication from one place to an means all sorts of moveables made use of
other. for the comfort, or decoration of a house.
To FURL, in regard to military flags In a military sense it applies to certain ar
or colors, is
opposed to their exposure ; ticles which are allowed in barracks, to
and is used, to express the act of folding which are added household utensils, ac
them .o as to be cased. cording to the number of rooms.
FURLOUGH, a leave of absence. By the British regulations, commis
Every non- commissioned officer and sol sioned and warrant officers' rooms of ca
dier who obtains leave of absence from valry and infantry are to have a closet, 1
his regiment must be provided with a pio- tabic, 2 chair*, a coal box, coal tray, bel
per voucher to satisfy the commanding lows, fire irons and f nder.
officer of any place or party, that he has Non-commissioned officers ar.d private
the sanction ol his superiors to pass and mens' rooms of caval.y and infantry are
repass within a riven peried. to be furnished with bedsteaus, mattras-
The following is an eligible form : ses, or paillasses, bolsters, blankets,
According to the authority vested in sheets, ruts, round towei, closet or
me by law, I lieutenant colonel shelves, 1 table, rack for arms, set of fire-
comma' ding the
quartered irons, a fender and three forms.
at do issue the following. The following utensils are also allowed
"
Permit the bearer private

for each room : 2 iron pots with wooden
in the above regiment and in captain lids, 2 pair of iron pot hooks, 2 iron
to pass to in the state of

trivets, 2 wooden ladles; an iron flesh-


county of for the space of end fork, and a frying-pan, 2 large bowls or
ing the of and then to return to platters; 8 small b-. wis or porringers, 8
as no excise will be taken but that trenchers aiv 8 spoons for cavalry rooms ;
of sickness, for h s over-staying his fur 12 of each of the three last articles for

lough ; and that to be certihe.l by an of rooms; a water bucket, coal-tray,


infantry
ficer ot the army, or civil magistrate; he tin can for beer, large earthen
candlestick,
behaving as becometh. He is feet pan for meat, box or basket for carrying
inches high, years of age, coals ; 2 drinking horns ; a woodes urinal,
complexion, hair, eyes, Sec." broom and mop.
All soldiers found half a mile from a The guard tooms of cavalry and infantry
camp or garrison, going towards an ene arc furnished with a water bucket, candle

my's country, or quarters, without a pass, stick, tin can for beer, dr nking horns;
are deemed and treated as deserters. also with fire irons and a coal-tray, from
FURNACE. In a general accepta ist Sept. to 1st May, when tiny are to
tion ol the term, any vessel or utensil for be taken into store.
maintaining a strong and searching fire, The rooms ot the quarter masters and
either of coal or wood. Serjeants f cavalry, and the se. jeant ma
Furnace is sometimes applied, but jor, and quarter master serjeant of infan
impiO|,erly so, to that used in the melting try, to be furnished with the necessary
of iron, and by some authors it is con- bedding and utensils, in the same manner
fouiul. d with iron forges ; although there j as is allowed to the soldiers' rooms.
is a consielerable difference between them. 1 Each stable of cavalry for 8 horses F
Sec Foundry. I provided with 2 pitchforks, 2 shovels, t
fus F U S 205

wheel-barrow, 2 water buck shell's


flight may becomputedto a second
lantern, r

ets ; and allowed 4brooms per month. or two; which being ascertained, the
Hfise F u r n i t u r t , ornaments and em fuse may be cut accordingly, by burning
bellishments which are adopted by mili twoor three, and making use of a watch,
tary men when they are mounted for
orot astrine. by way ofa pendulum, to vi-
service or parade, consisting chiefly of brat seconds.
housins, saddle cloth, &c. The fol Fusee, according to the French accep
lowing are the usual distinctions in the tation ofthe v ord, is applied to various
British service : purposes, and belongs to various instru
Field Marshal, ments of destruction which are used in

General,
"| Saddle cloth or
\ar. The fusee is differently made by
'covering leopard Some make it consist
Lieutenant General,
hkinirimmed with or one artificers.
different
Major General, black bear skin, pound of gunpowder, and two or
Brigadier General, J three ounces of charcoal well mixed to
Colonel of Infantry 5 gether; others of four pounds of gun
Lt. Colonel of ditto White
furniture. powder, two of saltpetre , and one of sul
Major of ditto j phur. It mi st be generally remarked,
Aid de Camp ) White do. trim- that th.- time a bomb, or grenade, will take
Brigade Major $ med with black. to burst after it has been thrown out of
Cavalrycloth trimmed with silver, or, the mortar, must depend entirely upon the
gold. Privates in cavalry regiments- length and quality ot the fusee.
large saddle cloths, the centre oi* which Fusees a bombes, Et. bomb fuses.
is yellow, with a border to agree with the The intent and object of these fuses, are
of the The tenth to communicate fire to the gun -powder,
facings regiment. re

giment of light dragoons is an exception to with which the bomb is filled, in order to
this gei.eral custom. The privates of fo:ce it to burst and separate in broken
that corps have, a large piece of broad pieces on any given spot. These fuses
blue cloth which is thrown over the sad are usually made in the shape ofa wooden

dle, and covers the horse's loins. pipe or tap, out of the linden tree, the
At the. commencement of the present alder, or any other dry and solid wood,
from and are afterwards filled with a slow com
war, officers were dispensed wear

ing furnitures at reviews, because it was bustible composition. The materials arc
judged very properly that the expence of increased, or diminished, according to he
14 or i j guineas for an arricle which was nature of their application. Fuses are
worn one day in the year, was at such a sometimes made of copper, and they must
moment unnecessary. not have the least aperture or fissure.

FUSES, in artillery, are chiefly made There are fuses for bombs of 12, of
of very dry beach wood, and sometimes 10, and of 8 inches diameter. Fuses for
of horn-beam taken near the root. They bombs of 12 inches diameter, are 8 inches
are turned rough and bored at first, and 4 lines long, being 1 inch 8 lines broad ar
then kept f r several years in a dry place. the thick, and 1 inch 2 lines broad at the
The diameter ofthe hole is abouti-4th of thin end; the breadth or diameter of the
an inch ; the hole does not go quite light, or aperture, is 5 lines. Fuses de
through, having about 1-4 of an inch at crease nearly 1 inch in length and 2 lines
the bottom ; and the head is made hollow indametei, according to the calibre of tho
in the form of a bowl . b>mb. The diameters of the lights or
The composition for fuses is, salt pe- apertures, only diminish one half line.
tre 3, sulphur 1, and mealed powder 3, The composition for bomb fuses con,
4, and sometimes 5. This composition sistsof seven parts of priming powder to
is driven in with an iron driver, whose four of salt-petre, and three of sulphur.
ends are capped with copper, to prevent These different materials are (each sepa
the composition from taking fire ; and to rately) first passed through a silk s eve ;
keep it equally hard; the last shovel-lull and after rhey have been well mixed to
being all mealed powder, and 2 strands of gether, '.he whole mass is thrown into a
ouick match laid across each other, being moderate sized hair sieve, and a> ain passed
driven in with it, the ends of which are thro- gh.
folded up into the hollow top, and a cap The fuse is gradually filled with this
of parchment tied over it until it be composition, each proportion being well
used. pressed in, without violence. Iron ram
When these fuses are driven into the rods, fitted to the bore of the fuse arc
loaded shell, the lower end is cut off' in used for this purpose. Every time the
a sfope, so that the composition may in materials are poured in, the ramrod is
flame the powder in the shell. The fuze inserted, and by means of a small mallet,
must be of such a length as to continue with which it is strucK 14 or 15 times,
burning all the time the shell is in its the composition is pressed into a hard
ran e, and to set fire to the powder as
consistency.
soon as it touches the ground, which oc When fuses have been well loaded, and
casions the shell instantly to burst into the materials have previously been pro
many pieces perly mixed, they will naturally burn
When the distance of the battery from with an equal steady fire, preserving in
the object is known, the time of the
206 F U S F US

general an even length of flame, without ameter, takinc care, that the hole s made
jjn
spitting or
irregularly shaking. precis ly throu h the charge of ounded
In order to preserve fuses for a length J gunpow.ier. Onu end of a priming
of time, thecomposition, when th, rough- '' match must b- fore d in, and three otners
ly prepared, must be covered w.th a mas- 'j be tied to it. which three are tc fall upon
tick or cement made of 2-3ds bees-wax j the bomb when it lies in the mortar.

and i -3-1 rosin, well mixed toteth r The particular object to be obtained
B >mb fuses prepared in this manner, will i from this sort of fuse, is to prev nt the
burn either in water, or in earth, nearly least trace ot fire or lhht b.-ins visible in
70 seconds, without being extinguished. it- projeciion ; so that the enemy may re
Th usual method of pruning fuses, is main ignorant of the range, or direction
to grate about one third of a' French inch of the bomb, and not be able, of course,
of composition. Two small matches to gel out of the way when it falls, or
about 5 or 6 inches long, with the ends to avoid the effects "f i:s explosion.
bent inwards, are then well fixed with These fuses w re made us-: of at the
pounded composition to the eye of the siege of Ham in 1761 The experiments
fuse, bv which last operation it is com which were mad in 1792, with this
plete /filled and closed. This pa.t is | composition, by an artitic r belonging to
finally covered over with cartridge paper the ordnance- beard at Douay, have prov
that is tied, and remains so till there is ed, that it answers every purpose for
occasion to use it Before the fuse is > winch it is invented
driven into the bomb, the thin or small } The author ot the Manual del'Artil.
end must be cut off, inorde that the fire '
tear, trorn whose treatise these observa-
mav be- easily communicated to the mass I tions are taken, concludes this article by
of gun-powder, which is lodged in the statins that the advantages t> be .erived
bomb from this invention are not so great as they
Fusees a bombes, a feu-mort, bomb fu at first
appear.
ses with deadlight. There is a species He remarks that with respect to the
of bomb-fuse, which is distingushed by real utility of the fuse a feu mort, if it be
the term feu mort, or dead-light. The considered as tending mat rially to the
difference between these fuses and the deience ot any besieged place, the argu
ordinary ones consists in this, that the ment cannot be
veiy forcible, when we
eye instead of being pierced and hollow, reflect, tiiat to ^ain time constitutes one
is fuil and of a half spherical shape. ol the pnnci/ ,1 means 01 defence, and that
In both cases, however, the composition the only way to obtain it is by re arding
is introduced throu.h the small end the besieg.rs' operations These ends
The composition for fuses, a feu-mort, aregained by various expedients. Among
consists of 16 parts of pounded gunpow- others, the common lighted fuse con
dei and o parts of ashes. The ashes duces not a little ; since during he hole
must be baked ever again, and run direction of the bomo against the works
through a silk sieve. Potter's earth or ot the assailants, the attention 01 the
clay will prode.ee the same effect as ashes. workmen is diverted from their immedi
In proceeding to charge a bomb. fuse ate labour, and as long as it continues in
that is madeof ordinary Wood, the eye, its ran^e, much uneasiness is created,
or aperture is first closed with because its ultimate explosion and con-
pipe-clay,
vvhic 1 is well beaten and pressed against comrani destruction are unknown.
the fuse in a small platter ; the thin end Add to this, that independent of the
ofthe fuse bring held upwards. Three: contusion which is occasioned among the
lines (or 3 I2ths of a French inch) of' assailants by repeated projectiles, the
this earth will be sufficient to stop the | bombadii-r by means,. f the lighted fuses,
communication of any fire. A tube, or is enabled to correct his aim during the
trundle, tilled with pounded gunpowder dark st night. Thesame principles must
for the purpose of setting fire to the com cer ainly hold eood in a.tacks; and from

position called feu mort, is thrust into the a conviction o. their solid utility in both

fuse,, by which it is finally charged. If instances, the common fuses have been
this charge ot pounded gunpowder were hitherto adopted, although the kind in
to be omitted, the fuse might not b.- question has been known for several
susceptible of ignition ; but the quantity years
never ought to exceed 3 lines, as the fuse F us grc nades, Ex. fuses for gie-
e e s a

would split by the explosion. 1 aces. These fuses are made of the
When the grains of gunpowder have sam.
quality of wood as those adopted
been well [>ounJed,a trundle, orti.be filled for bombs. Theii length is 2 inches 6
with the aforementioned composition lines; their diameter at the head is 10
must be applied, and it is finally loaded lines ; 7 lines in diameter 1 inch irom the
like the rest. head, and 2 lines in diameter ro the sight
It must bereco'lected, that two inches or
aperture. The composition of these
of this composition will last as long as j fuses consists of 5 pans of priming gun
ane of the quality with which common
'
powder, 3 iarts of sulphur, and 2 of salt
fuses are charged. Before the fuse is
j petre : or
3 parts of priming powder, 2 of
driven into the bomb, it must btf pierced saltpetre, and one of sulphur.
through with a gimblet of one line di- \ These fuses must be loaeled with the
FUS FUS 207

same care and precision as are required in I head ofthe fuse, instantly di pi. g it into
boi .b-cha es; that is, the ihickend of cold water, by which precaution the
th. tusj mus: be plac d downwards, so composition will it-main unaltered ; un
that it stands u >right ; the composition less the wood be rotten.
must then be introduced b means of a FUSEE, FUSIL, or FUZEE.alight
trundle, which the French call lanterne, mu-quet.
mad ior that specific purpose; the com F'JSILS .1 Fr. fusils with 1 ng
I'epee,
thrust
p s tio.. must, aitca that, oe well pressed bayonets, shaped like a cut at:d
be<m , ro-
in with a ron ramrod fitted to the bore sword These
.
weapons have
of thv fuse, and gradually forced in by posedby ihe writerot Melanges MiUtah es,

gei't e taps with a mallet. Great pre is being extremely useful in the rear
caution must be observ d during this rank >f a baralion, or in detached bodies
violen e might that are stationed for the defence of bag
op ra :on, as too muc
split the fuse When the ruse has been gage, &c. .

half tilled, a shorter ramtod m st be used, Somethi ,g similar to this invention has
with which th. charge is completed. In been adopted by the dismounted light
mriiing bomb-fuses great care must be horse volunteers in London, who have in
takvii to strike- eqna. blows with the addition temporary swo d hilts made to
mallet rntil you get to the three last, fit the socke's of their bayonets.
when the stren. th of each blow must be; Fusils, mousqutts, Fr. a sort of fusil
increased. i which was invented by Marshal Vauban,
FusfEs d'obus, Ex. howitz r-fuses. I anu which was so contrived, that i case

These are generall\ made or the same the flint did not strike fir., the powder
he inflamed of a small
composition and wood, as serve for might by means

bombs, and are loaded in a similar man match which was fixed to the breech.
ner. They have the same .lmensfons Fusils a cbevalets, a species of fusils
when applied to calibres of 8 or 6 inches upon ests, which is recommended by
diameter; that is, they contai 5 inches Mdisha. Va ban, to be used at the com-
4 luies in length; 15 lines diam ter at m ncem nt 01 a siege, about 50 or 100

the small end, 3 lines diameter at the toises in front of th glacis,at the entrances
thick end; 13 lines diameter 1 1 chimin, or narrow passes, &c.

the head; the eye, or vent >s 10 lin. s.


'
FUSILEERS, are soldiers armed like
These fus'-s do hot exc ed the vent of1 the infantry, with this difference only,
an howitzer, so much as bomb fuses do ,
that their musquets are shorter and
the vent of bombs. They aie in fact, 1 li. hter than thoseof the battalion and the
shorter. I grenadiers. They wear caps which are
Fusees volumes, Ex. sky-rockets. somewhat less in point ot height, than
These fuses are made of various dimen- ! common grenadier caps. Theie are ttirce
sions, and serve for signals in tint' of war. ' regiments in t,,e English service: the
They are sometimes 2 inches and mre royal regiment ol Scotch l-usiieers, raised
in diameter. The cartridges with which in 1678; the royal regiment of Welch
they are loa.led, conuin in thickness thej Fusileers, raised in 1685; and the royal
sixteenth part, or more of thediam. ter 1 re iment of Welch Fusileers, raised in
The composition which is used forj 1688-9.
fuses of tnis description, consists of 16 j 1 is always presumed, that these corps,
parts of saltpetre, 7 1-2 of charcoal, and' like the guards, possess an esprit de corps,
4 of sulphur; or of 16 parts of saltpetre, ! which is peculiar t" themselves.
6 of charcoal, 4 of sulphur, and 2 of! As the fa si leer regiments upon the
riming gunpowder. The materials must | British establishment are distinguished
E e carefully pounded ana well mixed to-
j Irom other corps by some
peculiarities,
getiier. Hollow rods of various lengths j we shall briefly stale what has occurred

are used to charge these fuses. They to us on the subject. In former times
must have cavity enough io admit the 1 ne officers of these r-giments did not car

stick ry spontoons, but had fusils Ike the


Fuses are tied to long sticks, or rods officers of flank companies throughout the
maele of very light wood, such as hazel line. At presem they wear swords. It
tree which must luve been cu. some is necessary to remark, that there are not
time, a: d be perfectly dry. They must any ensigns in t us leer regiments; their
likewise be straight, and contriu from 7 junior officers rank as second lieutenants,
to 8 ic-.r in length ; the thick enct of the taking ,:iece-dence of ail ensigns, and
rod, m which 2 not lies are made to fix those of the 7th or Royal F us.leers, have
it to the fuse, nn.si be 7 or 8 lines in di no seco d lieutenants; so hat they rank
ameter, and a. the small end 3 to 4 hms with the rest ofthe army according to the
diameier When the rod is rather hev\ , dates of their several commissions, as
it takes a more upright direction than lieutenants. On account 01 this difference,
when 11 is light ; but it does not acquire the first commission in the fusileers was,
so many dcy.'ees < f elevation. by a re, mation issued from ihe War Of
It must be .creraliy temarked, ti.ai as fice in 1773, rated titty ounds higher
,

soon as a luse is fixed t.) a ..r..n de, which than t at ol an ensign; whilst the hrst
is noi intended lor immediate use, you co.i mission in the 7th having ihe of pay
must melt some pitch and immerse the lieutenant, attached to it, vvas rated at
208 F U Z GAB

500/. that ofthe other two, having only Thickness of wood at bottom of the
the pay of ensign annexed, was 450/. bore, 2 diameters.

When the estimates of the British army To find the length Fuzes for any
of Range.
were made ou' for the year 1755, the ex The 13 and 10 inch fuzes of the sanie
tra sum of 164/. 5* per annum was charg length burn so
nearly equal, that one com
ed against the 7th regiment. Th s sur mon length answers both, as do the 8
plus, however, was easily explained when inch, 5 1-2 and 4 2-3.
Therefore, to
it came to be understood, that that re. i- find the length of fuze forany
range, mul
ment, being a fusileer corps, had 20 lieu tiply the time of flight by 22 for the 13
and 10 inch, and by 24 for the 8 5 i-2and
tenants, instead of 11 lieutenar.ts and 9
ensigns. The difference between these 4 2-5 ; which is the decimal part of an
commissions amounted to as per diem, inch a fuze burns in a second. Fuzes are
andthesum total to 164/. 5s. per annum. thought to keep better by being painted

The 23d, or royal regiment of Welch fu and for field service, are often marked off'
sileers, wear helmets ; and all officers by black lines into seconds and 1.2 se
belonging to fusileer corps have two epau conds.
lettes.
Fusiliers, Fr. Fusileers are men
armed with fusils or light musquets G
When pikes were in use among the
French, each regiment had only four
fusileers, exclusive often grenadiers who GABION, in fortification, is a kind of
carried the fusil or musquet. At present basket, made of ozier- twigs, ofa cylin
fusils or musquets ire univeisally adopt drical form, having different
dimensions,
ed in the European armies Among the according to what purpose it is used for.
French th^re was a distinct regiment of Some gabions are 5 or G feet
high, and 3
fusileers under the immediate command feet in diameter : these serve in
sieges,
of the grand master of the ordnance. The
carry on the approaches under cover,
to

length of a French fusil was directed to when they come pretty near the fortifica
consist of three French feet eight inches tion. Those used in field-works are or
3
from the touch-hole to tlie muzzle, and 4 feet high, and 2 1-2 or 3 feet diameter.
the calibre to have the diameter ofa ball There are also gabions, about 1 foot
high,
rakine twenty to the pound. 12 inches diameter at
top, and from 8 to
Fr. 10 at bottom, which are
FUYARD, a run-a.wa>, a placed along the
coward. top of the parapet, to cover the troops
Un corps ft/yard, Fr. a regiment that has in firing over it, they are filled with
been in the habit of running away. earth.
FUZE. Se Fuse. In order to make them, some
pickets,
FUZES. Composition .
3 or 4 feet long, are struck into the ground,
in form ofa
Saltpet e . .
3lbs. qoz circle, andof a properdiame-
Sulphur .... 1
ter, wattled together with small branches,
Mealed powder . . 2 12 in the manner ot wattled fences. Batte
ries arc often made of gabions. See Bat
tery.

ej-llO O 0 MO
[Drove by one On n rtuio O Gabions. Small gabions of 3 feet

iman in 1 day.
high, and 2 feet diameter, are made with
1 c \ ime it
.
e m n o>oo 10 least trouble, and are easiest carried. The
2 1 burns. rom c* -. w

pickets for them must be 1 1-2 or 2 inches


thick, and 4 feet long. Large gabions are


|!,{ Length.
^ -^- rt
00
.0 *t >rt vi
r~Q rj- c,ci
6 feet high, and 3 ieet in diameter; and
00 en m
'. r- t-~ <n
require two men to carry them. The
' Diametei. _
-
m^ r^ci n smallest gabions or baskets are formed of
piikets 1 inch in thickness, and 1 foot
'u u
[ at the j-t ON<viao 00 long : they are 12 inches in diameter at
cup- top, and 10 at bottom. The small ga
;b CflflMMH
bions have 7 or 8 pickets, tlie large ones

5 J at the j--
-r-
^

f- >n -
in
m
9 or 10.
To wake them
1 botiom. j in in
N
eo t^<0
The pickets are first to

1
0
n_ be fixed in the ground in a circle, the size
1
;P 1 below "03 tr- 0 00 ofthe bottom ofthe intended gabion ; then
!"** { the am. B N N H h 0 a f. w twigs are to be wove through the
upper ends, n keep them from flying out;
afterwards the evork must be begun at
U no 00 *t%
Kind. the bottom and continued upwards ; and
en

the whole being well driven down with a


C mallet, the edges must be secured by
twigs, wattled up and down. The twigs
of willow, birch, hazle, alder, poplar, and
Diameter inside the cup is 3 diame- beech ate r.-.. er for this purpose. The
of the bore.
top of the guuon must be made ve.y even,
:s

Depth of the cup 1 1-2 do. because that becomes the bottom when
GAL G A L 209

finished. Four men are usually employed It is of the utmost consequence. to the
on each gabion, with a billhook, a mallet, besieged to secure this gallery from every
a
spade, and two axes. Two collect the approach of the enemy ; and if any im
wood, while the other two form the pression should be made, to repair the
A 3 foot gabion ought to be mad< injury without delay. From this gallery
gabion.
in ha If an hour the garrison always direct their attacks,
Stuft-GARiotw, in fortification, arc whenever it is necessary to keep the as
mad. in the sam.' manner as the former: sailants out of the covert- way.
they are only filled with all sorts of bran G aler ie d'ecoutc, Fr. a gallery in front
ches and small wood, and are 4 or 6 foet of the envelope. Ecouter, which signi
Ion;; : they serve to roll before the work fies to listen, sufficiently explains the
men in the trenches to cover them in front
purpose for which these galleries are
against musquet-shot. erected.
Gabion fdrci, Fr. a stuft gabion. Petites Cileries, ou rameaux, Fr.
GABIONADE, Fr. a term made use small galleries, branches, or arraignles, in
of when a retrenchment is suddenly fortification, which issue from the coun
thrown up and formed of gabions, for the ter-mine, and at the extremities of which
purpose of covering the retreat of troops, the furnace or chamber for the lodgment
who may be obliged to abandon a work, of gunpowder is constructed. There is
after having defended it to the last extre not any established or fixed rule to direct

mity. Every parapet that is made of the height to which small galleries, bran
gabions is generally called gabionade ches, or
arrzignees on. ht to becanied;
GABIONNER, Fr. to cover or secure in general they should have the least pos
with gabions. sible elevation.
GAFFLES, the steel lever with which When galleries are built of mason- work
the ancients bent tneir cross-bows. their height is from five to six feet, riieir
GAGES, Fr. wages Among the breadth from three to four, and some
French this phrase signified the fruits or times only three
compensations which were derived by in- Galeries de mines, Fr. galleries in
tlividuals Tom appointments given by the mining differ from counter-mines, in as
crown, whether of a military, civil, or much as that they are supported by cof
judicial nature, or for service done at sea fers resting upon frames, which ,re
or by land covered with earth three feet in
depth ;
GAIN is frequently used in a military that is, two feet and a half from one
sense-, as they gained the day, Sec. frame to another. These galleries are
To G ain ground. See Ground. usually built three feet and a lialf'high,
G A I N E de flamme, F x. a sort of linen and two and a half" broad ; and whenever
sheath or cover, into which the staff" of a there is a necessity to work in the ranieau
flag or pendant is put. orarraignee, tie galleries in that case arc
Gaine de pavilion, Ex. a cloth, or reduced to smaller proportions.
linen-band, which is sewed across the Galerie magistrate, Ex. in mining
flag, and through which the different ri signifies any covered avenue or gallery
bands are interlaced which is parallel to the magistral or prin
Gaines de girouettes, Fr. bands, or cipal line of the place, and exists under
pieces of linen, with which the vanes are the whole or
part of the front of ihe forti
tied to the staff". fications. This gallery is usually as thick
GAITERS, a sort of cover for the leg, as the enemy's mason- work against which
usually made of cloth, and are either j the counter-mine is directed.
By means
long, reaching to tlie knee, or short, as I of this work, the besieged generally endea
as

only reaching just above the ancle ; the vour to interrupt every attempt which
latter are termed half-gaiters. the besiegers may make in the
G aler ies Capitaies, Fr. are those gal
passage of
the fosse or ditch.
leries which lie und.r the capitals in Galerie a passer un fosse, a
works of fortification gallery
constructed for the purpose of crossing a
G aler ie tranversale, Fr. is a ditch. 1 1 is a small passage made of tim
gallery
in fortification which cuts the capital in ber-work, having its beams or supporters
a
perpendicular direction. driven into the bottom of the ditch, and
C a 1. f. R I E meurtriire ou de premiere en
being covered at top with boards that are
velope, Ex. a gallery which runs under again covered witn earth, sufficiently
the whole xtent of the covert-
way, and strong to bear the miner, and to with-
.

is frequently carried close to the counter stand the effect of artificial fire, or the
scarp, in order to afford a circulation of weight of stones which the enemy might
air. direct against ther.i. This sort f
Galerie d 'envelope, Fr. a gallery
gallery
is sometimes called the traverse, or cross
which is constructed at the extremity of
way.
the glacis, and is commonly made paral These galleries have been out of use for
lel to the magistral or principal line of some years. The miner gets at the body
fortification. The envelope is the chief of the place whicii is attacked, cither
gallery in a fortress 01 garrison-to vvn, and through a subterraneous gallery that is
serves as a
path of communication or dug beneath the ditch, when the na-
covered way to all the rest. ture of the ground will permit
theattcrnpt,
D D
210 GAL GAL

"
or under of the epaulement, which
cover The ancients, it is well kown, could
covers th.passage of the ditch. When only undermine in one way; namely un
the ditch is full of water, and the mirier der the tei races orcavaliers, or under the
has made considerable and battering-testudo-machincs
progress under it,
towers
he instantly makes the best of his way to (tortues belieres,) and in order to do any
the breach, either by swimming, or by execution, they were obliged, in the first
supporting his body on a raft of timber ; place, to construct a spacious high sub
as soon as he has reached the spot, he terraneous chamber, to carry
away aid
works into the earth among the ruins of raise the earth, to support the remainder
the wall, and completes the object of his by powerful props, and afterwards to fill
enterprize. the several chambers with dry wood and
Galeries de communication, Ex. are other combustible materials, which were
subterraneous galleries, by means of set fire to in order to r duce the
which, the garrison ofa besieged town or towers and various machines that were
place may, without being perceived by placed above, into one common heap of
the enemy, communicate from the body ruins. But this attempt did not always
of the place, or from the counterscarp, succeed ; for owing to the magnitude of
with the different outworks. the undertaking and the time it required,
G a l e r i e s souterraines des anciens, Fr. the enemy might either trace the miners,
Subterraneous galleries as onrinally in cut oft' their co::.munication with the
vented by the ancients. The author of main Hody of the place, or get into the
the Dictionnaire Militaire in his last edi chambers before they could be finished,
tion of that work enters upon the expla or be
pioperly prepared for inflammation.
nation of these galleries by the following "The ancients constructed their gal-
'
curious assertion. leries on a larger scale than we adopt.
"
I must, he observes, in this place,
jThey were wider, but less elevated;
assert with the chevalier Folard, that it whereas those that we use require less
would be absurd to deny the superiority trouble; our chamber mines being more
which the ancients possessed over us in contracted, and having an advantage of
the essential knowlege and reqvisites access by means ofthe different branches.
of war, and that they pushed the differ On or two small chambers are suffic ent
ent branches of that science to as high with us to blow up the whole face of a
a
pitch of perfection as it was possible to bastion. But the ancients only sapped
rais-rit. in proportion to the extent of wall whicii
"
Tlie only inventions which the mo they were determined to demolish. This
was a tedious
derns can boast of, are those of fire-aims,
operation; for when the
But then, on the besieger had reached the foot of the wall,
mines, and furnaces.
other hand, we stand indebted to them for it became necessary to run a gallery along
our lines of circumvallation and of con the whole extent of what he proposed to
travallation, .air approaches or trenches demolish. Subsequent to this, he had
which are effected from a camp to its to operate upon the entire front, during
different batteries, together with the con which the besieged found time and oppor
struction of those batteries ; our parallel tunities to open subterraneous passages,
entrenchments or places of arms, the and to discover those which the assailants
descent into, or thefillingup of the ditch, were practising against them. In the
our covered saps in mining, and our
open latter, indeed they seldom failed.
"
galleries; we owe to them, in fact, the The Romans were extremely partial
original art of throwing up works and of to subterraneous galleries. By means of
whicii
creating obstacles, by we are ena these secret passages they took Fidense,
bled to secure ourselves, or
by various and Veias ; and Darius, king of Persia,
.-.tratageins to annoy our enemies. The by the same method took Chalcedon.
ancients were indeed superior to us, in the That species of gallery which is run out
means of defence. under the soil of an encampment, and
"
The origin of subterraneous galleries
pushed forward into the very body of a
or passages in mining, is
totally unknown town, has been known from time im
to us ; a circumstance which proves their memorial. The Gauls were likewise
antiquity. We read in the History of very expert in their management of sub
fosephus, that the Jews frequently made terraneous galleries. Ccsar mentions the
use of them ; so that neither the Greeks use of them in five or six places of his
nor the Romans, who, in many instances Commentaries."
arrogate to themselves the exclusive glon G a l e r i e de pourtour, Fr. in architec
if invention, were the authors of this ture, a sort of L.riiery which is raised
discovery. either in the inside, or on the outside, and
"
Tho method which was pursued by surrounds the whole or part of a build
riic ancients in their passages of mines, ing.
icjcmblcd the one that is invariably fol- GALEA, Jalow built vessel for the
'owed by the moderns. But the latter G A LI OT, S
conveyance of troops and
possess a considerable advantage over the stores, having both sails and oars.
former, in this sort of attack and defence, GALION, Fr. a name which was for
which advantage consists wholly in the merly given to French ships of war that
,i'- v-y'.on hid '.'I've or four dee':s. The termj
c^g-irpovMr;-.
GAL GAU 211

however, is in disuse, except among the spar deck, made for lightness of bam
who call vessels
Spaniards,
sailto Santa
gallons, that boos split, and these carry only pattera-
Margucrita, to Terra Firma, roesf which are fixed on swivels in the
Carthagena, Porto- Bello, &c. gunnel of the vessel ; but those of the
GALIOTE a bombes, Ex. a bomb- largest size have a fixed deck, on which
ketch. A vessel built of
very strong they mount six or eight pieces of cannon,
timber, with flat ribs aid half decks. from two to four pounders ; they hatfe
It is used for the carriage of mortars, that
forty or fifty stout oars, and may be
are placed upon a false deck which is rowed four miles an hour.
made in the hold. Chevalier Renau first GALLOPER, a piece of orelnance of
invented this species of nival small calibre.
battery,
and submitted it to the French GAMACHE, Fr. See Gaiters.
govern
ment. Tlie Dey of Algiers having de GAMBESON, Fr. a term which the
clared war against France, this ingeni French formerly applied to a coat of
ous man
naturally imagined, that the mail that was worn under the cuirass.
most effectual method which could be It was likewise called cotte
gamboisie.
adopted to strike terror into the barba It was made of two strong cloths inter
rians, would be to bombard their capital, woven with pointed worsted.
an.i this, he knew, could not be done, GAMBLING. Every species of chance
except from the decks of ships. His play, such as hazard, &c. should be
proposal was at first treated with ex
strictly forbidden in the army. The non
treme neglect, an.t was considered in commissioned officers and private soldiers
full council, as the project ofa visionary '. are
severely punished when found guilty
madman.
This disheartening circumstance, how
| of this mischievous practice ; and in some
; services the officers are treated with
equal
ever, (which as Monsieur Belidor has ! severity.
very justly remarked, almost always at \\ GAMELLE, Fr. a wooden or earthen
tends original plans and inventions) did ;, bowl used
among the French soldiers for
not check the warm mind of Cheval er
I; their messes. It generally contains! the
Renau. His known abilities had secured !
quantity of food which was allotted for
some powerful
partisans in his favor, and three, five, or seven men belonging to the
the French government at last
consented, same room. The porridge-pots for the
that he should constiuct two
galiotes a navy were madeo! wood, and held a cer-
bombes at Dunkirk, and three at H.;vre de trinalfowanc.-.
Grace. Flaving completed them, he sail
,
During the monnchy of
ed for Algiers ; and after
( France, subaltern officers and voluncers
having braved i were
frequently punished for she lit of
the most tempestuous weather,
got beiore fences by being sent to the gamel.'c, and
the place with five vessels of that excluded their regula- mess, and
descrip put uooji
tion. The town was bombarded
during ' short allowance, according to the nature
the whole ofthe night ; and so
great was ol their transgression
the consternation of the
inhabitants, that GANTELET, Fr. See Gauntlet.
they rushed out ofthe gates, to avoid the GANGES, a considerable river in In
dreadful effects of so unexpected an at dia in Asia. It rises in the
tack. The Algerines mountains
immediately sued which border on Little Thibet, in 82 de
for peace, and as M. de Fontenelle has of
grees cast longitude, and 32 degrees 45
shrewdly remarked, the Chevali.r Renau minutes of north latitude.
returned to France with his According to
gal'mtes a the ingenious author of the History of
bombes, having obtained a complete tri Indostan, it disembogues itself ii ti,
that
umph, not only over the Algerines, but country through apasscalled
over the
petty cavillers against his inven ot Kupele, which are distant
thesra'ghts
tion- from Delhi
about 30 leagues, in the longitude of r,;>'
Orders were instantly issued to con and in the latitude of
struct others after the same 300 2'. These
model,and the straights are believed by the Indians, who
king gave directions, that a new corps of look very little
artillery officers should be formed, for the of the abroad, to be the sources
Ganges; am! a rock
specific purpose of doing, duty on board tant trom them, beanng some15 miles dis
the galiotes or bomb-ketches. resemblance
to the head of a
cow, has joined in the
GALLERY, a passage of communica same part of the
tion to that part of a mine where country twoycry inn, or
the tant objects of their
powder is lodged. See Galfrie religion ; the grand
image ot the animal which they alino t
GALLET. Fr. SeejALET. venerate as a
GALLIVATS are large divinity, and the first ap
row-boats, pearance ot that hi.mense body of hoi;-
used in India. They are built Lke the
water, which is to wash away all their
grab, but of smaller dimensions, the sins.
largest rarely exceeding 70 tons ; xhey
have two masts, of* which the mizen ii> Am?'-LFT'
GAUN ILLT, $
lm anc'ent military
very slight; the mizen mast bears only of glove, made of history, large kind
a

one sail, which is triangular and iron, and the finger.


very covered with small plates: it was for.
large, the peak of it, when hoisted, being inerly worn by
much higher than the mast itself. cavaliers, or single knight -

In of war, when armed at till


general tlie gallivats are covered with a now in disuse. points, but ~.
212 GAR GAR

Gantlet or
gantelope, denotes a kind th*- French, raised a regiment for the im
of military punishment, in which the mediate protection of the palace. The
criminal running between the ranks re colonel of the gardes Francoises was on
ceives a lash from every man. See Run duty throughout the year, and was en
the Gantlet. titled to the baton de commandement in com
mon with the four
GAP. See Br each. captains of the body
GAR, the general term used by the guards. Peculiar privileges were attach
Saxons, for a weapon of war. ed to every officer belonging to this body.
GARCON-TWayor, Fr. an officer so No stranger, not even a native of Stras-
called in the old French service. He was burg, Savoy, Alsace, or Piedmont, could
selected from among the lieutenants of a hold a commission in the French guards.
regiment to assist the aid-majors in the The age at which men were enlisted was
genera: detail of'dutv. above 18 and under 50 years. The height
GARDE d'une Place, Ex. the garrison 5 French feet 4 inches and upwards.
ofa place. See Garrison. The Serjeants were strictly forbidden to
Garde dul'armee, Ex. the grand guard exercise any trade or business, and many
of an army. Guards in the old French of them got the Crtixde St. Louis.
service were usually divided into three In the revolution of 1789 the French
sorts : Guard of Honor, Fatigue Guard, guards took a very active and leading
and the General's Guard. That was called part.
a
guard of honor in which the officers and G ardes -magazins, Ex. In the old
men were most exposed to danger; for French service there were two sorts of
the quintessence of military honor is to i magazine guards : one for the military

be often in peril, und either to fall cou stores and the other for the artillery. The

rageously in the discharge of duty or to first was subject to the grand master, and
,

return from the field after having ex- the second was appointed by the secretary
hib.ted proofs of valor, prudence and per at war.
severance. A fatigue guard belonging to a G ARnE-general d''artillerie, Ex. An of-
garrison or to a camp. A general's guard ! ficfr was so called under the old govern-
was mounted before the door or gate of I ment of France, who had charge of all
the house in which the commanding of i the ordnance and stores belonging to his
ficer resided. For a more specific ac majesty tor the land service. He gave
count of guards in general. See Guard. receipts for all ammunition, Sec. and his
G ardes de corps, Fr. the body guards. bills were paid by the treasurer general of
Under the old government of France they the artillery.
consisted of a certain number of gentlemen Gardes provinciaux, Fr. Provin
or cavaliers whose immediate duty was to cial guards, were persons appointed to
attend the king's person. They were superintend, take charge of", and be re
divided into four companies, under as sponsible, for the artillery belonging to
inai.y captains, whoe tour of duty came Paris, Metz, Chalons, Lyons, Amiens,
every quarter. They took rank above Narbonne, and Calais.
the Gcns-d'armes and the king's light Gardes particuliers des magazins d'
cavalry. artillerie, Fr. Officers appointed by the
The first and most ancient of the four grand master of the ordnance for the spe
was called the Scotch cific purpose of attending to the ammu
companies company.
In 1423 Charles VII of France estab nition, &c. Their pay was in proportion
lished this body ( f gentleman or cava to the quantity of stores with which they
liers- for the purpose of shewing the great were entrusted They enjoyed some par
confidence which he placed in the Scots ; ticular privileges, and were lodged at the
who were not a little indebted for this expence of government.
mark of distinct on to the service which Garde magazin d'un arsenal de marine,
their countryman Lorel Buchan, eldest Fr. An officer in France appointed to
son to the Duke of Alnany, rendered the take charge and to keep a register of all
French in 1421 at the battle of Bange en warlike stores, &c for the service ofthe
Anjou, where the English army was com j navy.
pletely routed. In order to preserve the Gardes de la porte, Ex. A company
rem mbrance of their hehaviour, and in so called during the
monarchy ot France,
token of their gratitude to the Scotch and of so ancient a date, indeed, with re-
nation, the Freneh king gave orders that j spect to original institution, that it ap-
whenever the roll-call took place in the pears to have been coeval with it. Men
Scotch company, each individual instead
j tion is made ofthe gardes de la porte in
of answering l\Je voila ! should say I am the oldest archives or records belonging to
here ! or here ! the king's household, in which scrvictf
GARUEs-foi/.x, Ex. wooden cases or they were employed, without being re
boxes used to hold cartridges sponsible to any particular treasurer a.
Gardes/o/.j, Fr. the rails of a bridge. other companies were.
Garde imperiale, Ex. The only guard This company consisted of one captain,
of honor whicii at present exists in four lieutenants, and fifty guards. The
France captain and officers received their com
Gardes Francoises, Fr. the French missions from the king. The first took
Guards In 1563 Charles IX. King of an oath of fidelity to the king in person,
GAR GAR 213

and received the baton from his hands. dred Swiss guards consisted in domestic
The duty he d-d was purely discretionary, ! and menial attendance.
and depended on his own will. Fhe Garde qui monte, Ex. Thenew guard.
lieutenants served by detachment, and Garde qui descend, Ex. 1 he old guard.
G a r d f. s ordinaires des lignes, F r ordi
took their tour of duty every quarter. . -

Their specific service consisted in guard narv guards.


ing the principal e-ate belonging to the Garde de la tranche, Ex. Guard for
king's apartments. Their guard-house the trenches. Among the French, this
was within the p lace, which they oc guard usually consisted of four 01 six bat
talions. It was entrusted to three gene
cupied from six o'clock in the morning
until six in theeveninc ; when they were ral officers, viz. one lieutenant general on
relieved by the body guards. They de the right, one major gen ral on the left,
livered the keys to a brigadier belonging and one brigadier general in the centre.
to the Scotch garrison. All general officers, when on duty for the
Gardes Suisses,Ex. The Swiss guards. day in the trenches, remained the suc
This body orieinally consist d of a cer ceeding night, and never left them until
tain number of companies which were they were regularly relieved by others of
taken into the French service in conse their own rask.
that subsisted When it came to the tour of any par
quence of the close alliance
between the Swiss cantons and France; ticular battalion to mount the trench
but they were not distinguished from guard, it was the duty of the major of
other troops by the appellation ot guards, that battalion to examine the ground on
until a coi siderable period had elapsed which it was to be drawn up, to look at
fromtheirfirstestablishment. The zeal, the piquets, and to see where the grena
fide.ity, and attachment which they uni diers were post, d, in order to go through
formly evinced whenever they were en the relief with accuracy and expedition.
trusted with this distinguished part of The battalion was drawn up in front of
the service, \< duced the crown in 1616 the camp ; the grenadiers being stationed
bestow upon them this additional on the right, next to them the
to piquet,
name. and on its left flank the body of the bat
The regiment was composed of twelve talion. The latter was divided into dif
companies of two hundred effectives each. ferent piquets, and formed in order of
Some consisted of half companies com battle. So that instead of the several
plete in men. They were commanded companies being posted together, the men
were drafted out, and distributed in such
by the three following officers, subordi
nate to each other, and created in 1689, a manner, that the whole battalion was

viz. One colonel general of the nation, separated into troops or companies, each
one particular colonel of the regiment, consisting of forty eight men, promiscu
and one lieute.iant colo. el. The Swiss ously thrown together.
guards received ouble the pay which
. The advantage which was derived from
was given to the French guards. It is this disposition ofthe battalion, and from
somewhat remarkable, that one hundred its having been previously toldottaccord-
and three years after the regular estab ing to each company's roster, is manifest;
lishment of the regiment under the three for when a second or third battalion
mentioned field officers, this brave body piquet was wanted in the trenches, the
of men should have fallen victims to their different detachments werealready formed
attachment to the monarchy of France. without going into the small detail of
On the 10th of August, 1792, they companies. The officers in conformity
withstood the Parisian populace, and to their roster were ordered to match, and
defended the palace in the Louvre until the piquet moved out without a mo
almost every man was killed During ment's
delay.
the resistance which the Swiss guards Add to this that whenever it was found
made, Louis the XVIth, with his fa necessary to make a sortie, the loss of
mily escaped, and took shelter in the na men did not fall
upon one company, but
tional assembly. was divided
among the whole battalion.
Gardes (cent) Suisses du corps du Roi, A general rendezvous or parade was
Fr. One hundred Swiss guards immedi fixed for all the regiments who were to
ately attached toth>- king's person. They do duty in the trenches ; they assembled
were a select body ot men who took an in that quarter, and were drawn up in
oath of fidelity to the king, and were form line, with all the grenadiers on the riglu,
ed into a regular troop. Louis XIV. and the whole of the piquets upon the
during several sieges which he personally same alignement. At the hour appointed
attended, gave directions, that the heaj the latter began to file off", and each re
of the trench should be guarded by a de- giment followed according toitsseniorit; .

tachnien, of this troop; so that the hun The lieutenant general whose tour of com
dred Swiss guards might properly b- mand vvas in the trenchc:;, placed him-
ranked as military men, although their rif at the head of those trooi s who were
officers did not wear any uniform, and in to attack from the right ; the major ge
the last periods of the monarchy of neral at the head of those belonging to the
F 1 ance, the
principal duties of the him-!. left, and the brigadier general took the
centre; the oldest rrrimenr head"! the
214 GAR GAR

right, the next in seniority stood in front advanced guards from surprise. Fro-
ot the left, and the third preceded the chetta advises fires to be lighted during
centre. the night in one quarter, while the ren
As soon as the
troops reached the tail dezvous and station of the guard are in
of the trench, the men marched by In another. His reason is this : if" the ene
dian files, or rank entire, and each one my should approach the quarter which is
took his post. Sentries were stationed, lighted up, the soldiers belonging to the
and the necessary detachments were made. advanced guard may readily discover him,
The colors were planted upon the para without being themselves exposed to a
pet of the trench. At night the adjutants direct attack. Onosander is of the same
of corps went to head quarters, to receive way of thinking. Silence on these occa
instructions relative to the projected at sions is indispensibly requisite. Xeno-
tack, and got the parole and countersign phon, on the other hand, has proposed,
from the general. The senior adjutant that the station should be often changed,
communicated his orders to the rest, who and that the guard should consist of dif
conveyed the same, first to their several ferent numbers. His object is to form a
iolonels, and afterwards to the Serjeants considerable ambuscade in front of the
of each regiment. spot where the guard has been usually
When on duty in the trenches, soldiers posted, so that when the enemy ap
must not, on any account,
quit their fire proaches towards it, he may be suddenly
arms ; and the instant the least noise is surprised by a larger bony of men than
heard, it is their duty to throw them he expected, and instead of carrying ofF
selves upon the back of the trench, and the ordinary guard, be himself taken pri
there remain till the order is given to soner.
march. When an attack is directed to Garde du por.t, Ex. Guard for the se
be made, the execution of it is always curity of a bridge. The same author
entrusted to the grenadiers. These are (Frochetta) proposes that one or two sen
supported by the different piquets, and tries be posted each ei.d of the bridge,
at
the main body of the corps follows with if it be of any length. His motive is to
the colors. prevent too heavy loads from being con
When the chamade was beat by the veyed upon it, and to check bodies of
besieged with a view to capitulate, it was cavalry who might be disposed to gallop
a rule among the French, that the bat or trot across it. If the bridge be con
talions which were posted in the tr nehes, structed upon barges or boats, there must
might refuse to be relieved, and could always be a certain number of wooden
remain at their station until the garrison scoops to drain off the water as it rises,
marched out. When the capitulation or gets through small apertures upon the
was signed, it fell to the oldest regiment surface. The commanding officer of the
belonging to the besieging army t<- take guard must order frequent rounds to be
possession of the gate that was delivered made, both night and day, lest the enemy
up, and that corps remained in the town should send divers to get under the boats
until a governor was named, and a regu and pierce the bottoms.
lar garrison appointed. Foresti, the historian, relates, that the
Garde du camp, Fr. See Quarter Emperor Henry III. having ordered se
Guard. veral barges to be constructed and sta
G AituE avancee, Ex. a small body of tioned on the Danube for the purpose of
cavalry, consisting of 15 or 20 horsemen, storming Posonio, his project was defeat
under the command of a lieutenant, ed
by the bold and desperate act of an
whose station is beyond, but still i- sight individual. One Zormonde, a
Hungari.
of the main guard. The particular duty an, having provided himself with a gimb-
of those men is to watch the motions of let, swam under the surface of the water,
the enemy for the greater security ofthe and got beneath the boats, whicii he
camp. bored in several places, without the least
Duringthe famous crusade to the Holy suspicion or knowlege of the mariners.
Land, the Christians having taken the The boats gradually filial, and were fi
town ofDamietta, and finding it impos
nally sunk, which circumstance obliged
sible to make further progress, on account the emperor to raise the siege.
of th- overflowings of the river Nile, ef G a k d f. des travailleurs, Ex. A
particu
fected a passage over, but neglected to en lar guard which is kept among the work
trench themselves according to the cus men an., artificers
during a siege. In
tom of those days. Theconseeiuence was, France they had a particular roster among
that the Arabs insulted them in their themselves ; beginning from the eldest
.
*imp, and frequently murdered their downwards, as well among the officers as
sentries at their very tents. In or.ier to among the men.
prevent these incursions, advanced guards Garde relevce, Ex. the guard that is
of the description just mentioned were relieved, commonly called the old guard.
resorted to. Vedettes were posted round Gardes de la marine, Fr. During the
the camp, and from hence most probably existence of the old French government,
was derived their origin. seveial young gentlemen received brevet
Manv methods have been proposed by commissions from the king, and were
the military writers of all ages to secure permitted to serve on board ships of war.
GAR GAR 215

They were distributed among the fleet, exposes their arms to every change of
and when they had acquir d a knowlege weather; and by means of this cover, both
of their profession, were promoted to the themselves, and their rifles, or musquets,
rank of officers. Their duty was near the would be secured against rain."
admiral, when he commanded in person ; Attaquer la Garde, Fr. to make an
and during his absence they were placed attempt on the guard.
on board the difterent vessels, in order to Une forte Garde, FV. a strong guard.
assist the several officers, particularly in Un piquete de Garde, Fr. a piquet
the discharge of their functions at the guard.
batteries. La Garde a pied, Fr. the foot guards.
Gardes costes, Fr. from the Spanish La Garde ..
cheval, Ex. the horse
guarda casta, signifying ships of war that guards.
cruize along the coast to protect mer La Garde Ecossoise. Ex. the Scotch
chantmen, and to prevent the depreda guards.
tions of pirates La Garde Lelandoise, Ex. the Irish
Gardes costes (capitaineries) Fr. The guards.
maritime divisions, into which France Faire monter la Garde, Fr. to set the
was formerly divided, were so called.
guard.
Each division was under the immediate Etre de Garde, Fr. to be upon guard.
superintendanceof a captain, named capi- Monter la G arde, Fr. to mount guard.
laiie gardes-cosies, who was assisted by a Descendre la Garde, Fr. to come off
lieutenant and an ensign. Their duty guard.
was to watch the coast, and to attend Re/ever ou changer la G arde, Fr. to re
minutely to every thing that might af lieve guard.
fect the' safety of the division they had LiGarde montante, Ex. the guard that
in charge. mounts, or the new guard.
There were thirty-seven capitaineries La Garde descendantc, Ex. the
guard
gardes cStes in Normandy, four in Poi- that comes off", or the old guard.
tou, two in Guienne, two in Languedoc, Garde a vou<, Fr. A cautionary-
and six in French Flanders, Picardy, Bou phrase made use of" in the French service.
logne, Calais, &c. We formerly adopted the term, take care,
The establishment of sea fencibles in or have a care at
present we use the

Great Britain, which has taken place du word attention, whicii is


the present war, most
usually pro
ring probably owes nounced 'tention.
its origin to the gardes costes. GARDENS, in ancient military history,
G ARnEd'epee, Ex. Sword-hilt.
placps of resort to practice military ex
Garde, Fr. Watch, guard, pro ercises.
tection.
de Garde du gueJ, Ex. Watch-
GARGOUILLIS, Fr. the powder
Corps w ith which cannon is charged.
house or rendezvous for the stre.-t pa- GARG'OUSSE, Fr. a cartouch, a
troles, cartridge
Garde bois, Ex. a forest-keeper.
Garde du corps. Ex. life-guard.
GARGOUSSIERE, Ft. a pouch for
cartridges.
G art>e cbasse, Fr. a
game-keeper. GARLAND, of chaplet made
a sort
Garde pluie, Ex. literally means a of flowers, feathers, and sometimes of
fenc, or cover against rain. This ma precious stones, worn on the head in the
chine was originally invented by a French manner of a crown. The word is form
man, who left his native country to ed of the French guirlande, and that of
avoid
persecution or unmerited neglect,
and submitted it to the Prussians, who
the barbarous Latin garlanda, or Italian
ghirlanda. Both in ancient and modern
adoptedrit for the use of their infaitry. times it has been customary to present
Other armies, however, either seem
ig garlands of flowers to warriors who have
norant of the invention, or do not think
distinguished themselves. Among th<-
it worthy of imitation. Belair, the au French the practice is still familiar. A
thor of Elemens de Fortification, in his beautiful young woman is generally se
military dictionary, (which forms a small lected for the purpose.
part " of tiiat interesting work,)
observes, GARNI R d'artilleth', Fr. to line with
that these machines might be rendered
artillery. Un rampart garni degrosse arti.
extremely useful in the defence of for leiie, a rampart covered or lined with
tresses, outposts, redoubts, or retrench heavy ordnance.
ments. Under the cover of them, trie
oVGARNIR, Fr. To seize.
besieged, or the troops stationed in the GARNI SH-nails. Diamond headcel
posts attacked, would be able to keep up nails, formerly used to ornament artillery
a brisk and effectual discharge of mus
carriages.
quetry during the heaviest fall of rain, GARNISON, Fr. See Garrison.
and thereby silence, or considerably damp GARNITURE. See Equipage, Sec.
the fire of the enemy. The garde pluie Garrison des Jani^aires, Ex. The
is capable of being much
improved. elite flower of the Janissaries of Con
or
Light corps ought to be particularly is
stantinople frequently sent into garrison
anxious for its adoption, as the service on the frontiers of
m which
Turkey, or to places
they are generally employed, where the loyalty of the inhabitants :.
216 GAR GAR

doubted. The Janissaries do not indeed | order, was such as would enable him to
assist in the immediate defence of a be- j maintain the quarrel against those that
sieged town or fortress, but they watch j thought ill of it.
the motions of all suspected persons, The mantle is the chief of those vest
and are subject to the orders of their offi- 1 ments made use of upon all solemn occa

cers, who usually command the garrison. sions. The color of the mantle is by
GARRISON, in thejrr of war, a body the statutes appointed to be blue. The
of forces, disposed in a fortress or forti- ; length of the train of the mantle, only,
fied town, to defend it against the enemy, distinguishes the sovereign from the
or to keep the inhabitants in subjection ; krights companions. To the collar of
or even to be subsisted during the winter the mantle is fixed a pair of long strings,
season : Ik nee garrison and winter-quar wove with blue silk only, but
anciently
ters are sometimes used indiscriminately now twisted round, and made of Venice

for the same thing; while at others they gold and silk, of the color of the robe,
denote different things. In the latter with buttons and tass Is at the en . The
case a garrison is a place wherein forces left shoulder of the mantle is adorned w ith
are maintained to secure it, and where they I a
large garter, and device Honi soit, Sec.
l
keep regular guards, as a frontier town, a Within this is the cross of the order,
citadel, castle, tower Sec. The garrison which was ordained to be worn at alL
should al way s be stronger than the towns time.- by king Charles I. At length the
men. star was introduced, being a sort of cross
Winter quarters signifies a place where irradiated with beams of silver.
a number of forces are laid up in the win The collar is composed of pieces of
ter season, without keeping the regular gold in fashion of garters, the ground
guard See Winter-quarters. enamelled blue, and the motto gold.
Garrison-.gw, generally a strong The garter is ol" blue velvet bordered
place in which troops are quartered, and with fine goKl wire, having commonly the
do duty, for the security thereof, keeping letters of the motto of the same : it is, at
strong guards at each port, and a main- the time of installation, buckled upon the
guard in, or near the market- ,. lace. left leg, by two ofthe seni. r companions,
Order of the GA RTER. an English or who receive it from the sovereign, to
der of knighthood, instituted by Edward whom it is presented upon a velvet
III This oner consists of 26 knights cushion by Garter king at arms, with the
coer , anions, whereof the kingot England usual reverence, whilst the chancellor
is the sovereign or chief. reads the following admonition, enjoined
This piece of regal mummery is not by the statutes.
"
To the honor of God
strictly military, but is inserted here as omnipotent, and in memorialof the bless
matter of curiosity. ed martyr St. George, tie about thy leg,
All these officers, except the prelate, for thy renown, this noble garter ; wear
have lees and pensions. The college ot it as the symbol of ihe most illustrious
the order is in the castle of Windsor, with order, never to be forgotten, or laid aside;
the chapel of St. George, and the chap that thereby thou mayest be admonished
ter-house, erected by the founder for to be courageous, and having undertaken
that purpose. The habit and ensign of a just war, in which thou shalt be en
the order are, a garter, mantle, cap, gaged, thou mayest stand firm, valiantly
George, and collar. The 3 first were as fight, and successfully cenquer."
signed the knigl ts companions by the The princely garter being thus buckled
founders; and the George and collar by on, and the words of its signification pro-
king Henry VI 11. The garter challenges noiiiced, the knight elect is brought be-
pre-eminence over all other parts of the fon- the sovereign, who puts about his
dress, because from it the nobk order is neck, kneeling, a sky colored riband,
denominated ; that it is the first part of whereon is appendant, wrought in gold
the habit presented to foreign princes, within the garter, the image of St.
and absent knights, who, together with George on horseback, with his sword
all other knights elect, are therewith first drawn, encountering the dragon. In the
adorned ; and it is of such honor and mean time the chancellor reads the fol-
grandeur, that by the bare in^estituie lov. ing admonition: "Wear this riband
with this noble ensign, the knights are about thy neck, adorned with the image
esteemed companions of the greatest mili of the blessed martyr and soldier ot
tary order in the world. It is worn on the Christ, St. George, by whose imitation
left leg, between the knee and calf, and is provoked, thou mayest so overpass both
enamelled with this motto, Horn' soit qui prosperous and adverse adventures, that
mat y pense ; that is, "Evil be to him, having stoutly vanquished thy enemies
who evil thinks." The meaning of whicn both of body and soul, thou mayest not
is, that king Edward having laid claim to only receive the praise of tins transient
the kingdom of France, retorted shame combat, but be crowned with the palm ft
and defiaiiee upon him that should dare to eteri.al victory."
think amiss of the jur.t cnterprizehe had Then the knight eleci kisses his sove
undertaken, for rcc'.vering his claim to reign's hand, thanks his majesty for the
great honor done him, rises up, and
t hat crow n ; and that the bra\ ery of those sa-
G A Z GEN 217

who The first gazette in Englai.d was pub


lutes all his companions severally,
return theircongratulations. lished at Oxford, the court being there,
Since the institution of this order, there in a folio half sheet, November the 7th,
have been 8 emperors, and 28 kings, be 1665. On the removal of the court to
sides iiumerous sovereign princes, enrolled London, the title was changed to the
thereof. Its origin is London Gazette. The Oxford Gazette
as companions
London
somewhat differently related : the com was published on Tuesdays, the
Saturdays. And these have continued
mon account is, that it was erected in
on
ever since
to be the days of publication
honor ofa garter of the countess of Salis
that publication has been confined to
bury, which she dropped dancing with
London.
king Edward, and which that prince pick
ed up ; but others think it was insti All commissions in the British army,
tuted on account of the victory over the militia, fencible,and volunteer corps must
French at Cressy, where the king or be gazetted. The dates specified in the
with
dered his garter to be displayed as a sig gazette generally agree in every point
those of the original commissions. So
nal of the battle.
that bv referring to the gazette, an officer
GASCONADE, a boast or vaunt of
something very improbable. The term may always know the precise day on
is originally derived from the Gascons, or which he is entitled to receive subsistence
from the and to assume rank in the
people of Gascony in Frai ce, who it agent,
seems have been particularly distinguish British army. Should an erroneous state
ment, however, get into the gazette,
or a
ed for extravagant stories.
Gasconade, Fr. pour menterie, rodo commission be wrong dated therein, a
montade, filouterie ; a lie, a rodomontade, an reference to the latter will always super
imposition. sede anv notification in the former.
GASCONNER, Fr. to gasconade, to GAZONS, in fortification, are pieces
repeat extravagant, wild stories. of fresh earth or sods, covered, with grass,
about a
GATE, an entrance, a large door, and cut in the form of a weelge, line
the passage into a walled place; in a foot long, and half a foot thick, to
of earth ; as
military sense, is made of strong planks the outsides of a work made The
with iron bars 10 oppose an enemy. :, ramparts, parapets, banquettes, Sec.
Gates are gen- rally fixed in the mid ; first bed of gazons is fixed with pegs ot
dle of the curtain, from where they I wood : and the second bed is so laid as to

arc keen and defended by the two flanks of bind the former, by being placed over its
the bastions. They should be covered with joints; and so continued till the works
a good ravelin, that they may not be seen are finished. Betwixt those sods it is
or enfiladed by the enemy. The pali usual to sow all sorts of binding weed

sades and barriers before the gates within or herbs, in order to strengthen the ram

the town are often of great use. The part.


fewer ports there are in a fortress, the CEAR, furniture, equipage, or capari
more you are secured against the enemy. son.
At the opening ofa gate, a party of horse CEAT, the hole through which the
is sent out to patrolein the country round metal is conveyed to the mould in cast

the place, to discover ambuscades or ing ordnance.


lurking parties of the enemy, and to see GEBEGIS. Armorers among the
if the country be clear. Turks are so called.
GAUCHE, Fr. The left. CEBELUS. Every timarist in Tur
A Gauche, Fr. On the left. a campaign, is obliged to
key, during
GAUGE. See Standard. take a certain number of horsemen, who
GAUGES, in gunnery, are brass rings are callecl gebelus, and to support them

with handles, to find the diameter of all at his own expence. He is directed to
kinds of shot with expedition. take as many with him as would annu
GAULS, the name given by the Ro ally cost three thousand aspres (each as-
mans to the inhabitants of the country pre being equal to two-pence farthing
that now forms part of the kingdoms of English! for subsistence.
Italy and France. The countries wcie GELD, in the English old customs,
called cisalpine, and transalpine Gaul, a Saxon word signifying money, or tribute.

with reference to the position of Rome. It also denoted a compensation for some
The original inhabitants were descended crime committed. Hence wergeld, m
from the Celtes or Gomerians, by whom the old Saxon laws, was used tor the
the greatest part of Europe was peopled : value of a man slain; and orfgeld, lor
the name of Galli or Gauls, being proba that of a beast.
G ELI BACH. A sort of superintend-
bly given them long after their settlement
in that counrry. ant or chief of the gcbegis, or armorers
GAUNTELOPE. ? See Gaunte- among the Turks. He is only subordi
GAUNTLET. S lope. Run the nate to the toppi bachi, or the grand-mas
Gauntelope. ter of the Turkish artillery.

GAZETTE, a newspaper. The word GENDARMERIE, Fr. the gendar


is derived from gazetta, a Venetian coin, merie was a Select body of cavalry t.at
which was the usual price of the first took precedence of every regiment of
newspaper printed there, and which name horse in the Fiench service, and ranked
<-.->,s afterwards given to the paper itsslf. r. e
218 GEN GEN

immediately after the king's household. GENERAL, in a military sense, is an


The 'eputation of the gendarmerie was chief, to whom the government
officer in
so great, and its services so well esti of a country have judged proper to en
mated by the king of France, that when trust the command of their troops. He
the emperor Charles V. in 1552, sent a holds this important trust und-:r various
formalembassy to the Court of Versailles titles, as captain-general, in England and
to
request a loan of money, and the as S, ain, foldt mareschal, in Germany, or
sistance of the gendarmerie to enabi. him mareschal, in France.
to repulse the Turks ; Francs I. return In the British service the king is con
ed the following answer : " W th respect stitutionally, and in his official right,
to the first object of your mission, (ad captain-general. He has ten aids-de
dressing himself to the ambassador) I am camp ; every one of whom enjoys the
not a banker; and with regard to the brevet rank of full colonel in the army.
other, as my gendarmerie is the arm Next to the king is the commander in
which supports my sceptre, I never ex chief, whom ne sometimes honors with
pose it to danger, witnout myself s :aring the title of captain-general. During the
its fatigue and glory." expedition to Holland the Dnke 1" York
.

The uniform of the gendarmerie, as was entrusted with this imp. rtant charge.
well as ofthe light cavalry, under the old The natural qualities of a General,
French government, was scarlet, with are a martial genius, a solid judgment, a

facings of the same color. The coat healthy robust constitution, intrepidity
was
formerly more or less laced with and presence of mind on critical occasions,
silver according to the king's pleasure. indefatigability in business, goodness of
A short period before the revolution, it heart, liberality, a reasonable age ; if too
Was only laced on the cuff". The waist young, he may want experience and pru
coat of buff leather, and the bandouleer dence ; if too old, he may not have vivacity
of the same, silver lac d; the hat was enough. His conduct must be uniform,
edged with broad silver lace. The horse his temper affable, but inflexible in main
cloths and holster-caps were red, and taining the police and discipline of an
the arms of the captain embroidered on army.
the corners of the saddlecloths, and on Acquired qualities of a General should
he front ofthe holsters. In 1762, acon- be secrecy, justice, sobriety, temperance,
siderable body of men was raised by or knowleg- of the art of war from theory
der of Louis XIV. The soldiers who and practice, the art of commanding, and
composed it were called gensdarmes. speaking with precision and exactness;
And in 1792, the number was considera great attention to preserve the lives and
bly augmented, consisting of horse and supply the wants of the soldiers, and a
foot, and being indiscriminately called constant study of the characters of the
gens d'armes ; but their clothing was al officers of his army, that he may employ
tered to deep blue. Their pay was greater them according to their talents. His con
than what the rest of the army enjoyed, duct appears in establishing his magazines
and when others were paid in paper cur in the most convenient places ; in examin
rency, they received their subsistence in ing the country, that he may not engage
hard cash (en argent sonant.) They pos his troops too tar, while he is ignorant of
sessed these privileges on account of the the means of bringing them oft"; in sub
proof's they were obliged to bring of supe sisting them, and in knowing how to take
rior claims to military honor, before they the most advantageous posts, either for
could be enlisted as gendarmes. It was fighting, retreating, or shunning a battle.
necessary, in fact, that every individual His experience inspires his army with con
.ma.mgst them should produce a certifi fidence, and an assurance of victory ; and
cate of six or eight years service. his gooe. qualities, by creating respect,
GENDARMES (gens d'armes) de la augment his authority. By his liberality he
garde, a select body of men so called dur gets intelligence of the strength and de
ing the old government of France, and signs 01 the enemy, and by this means is
still preserved in that country ; but their enabled to take the most s ccessful mea
services are applied to different purposes. sures. He ought to be fond of glory, to
They consisted originally of a single com have an aversion to flattery, to render
pany which was formed by Henry IV. himself beloved, and to keep a strict
when he ascended the throne. He dis- discipline and regular subordination.
tinguished them from his other troops, The office ofa General is to regulate
by stiling them hommes d'armes de ses or- the march and encampment of the army ;
donnances ; men at arms under his own in the day of battle to choose out the
immediate orders. They consisted of men most advantageous ground ; to make the
best qualified for every species of mili disposition of the corps ; to post the ar
tary duty, and were to constitute a royal tillery, and, where there is occasion, to
squadron at whose head the king himself send his orders by his aids-de-camp. At
might personally engage the enemy, as a siege he is to cause the place to be in
necessity might require. Fie gave this vested, to regulare the approaches and
squadron to his son, the Dauphin, who attacks, to visit the works, and to send
was afterwards king of France, under the out detachments to secure the convoy,
name and title of Louis XIII. and foraging parties,
GEN GEN 219

GENERALISSIMO, a supreme and and the grand sienors, who


effeminacy of
absolute com man ;e
in the field. This are become heedless of the Mahomedan
word is generally
used in most foreign laws, and never to to war in person.
languages. It was firs r invented bv the The acknowleged valor of the Turkish
absolute authority of cardinal Richelieu,
generals may be attributed to the follow
when he went to command the French
ing causes. To a constitution which is
army in Italy .

naturally robust, to a practical Knowlege


General of the artillery. See Ord of war, and to habitual military exercises.
nance To these may be added the- confidence
Generals of horse are officers next un with which they are inspired by the re
der the general of the army collection of former victories ; but they
They have
an absolute command over the horse be are influenced above all, by the secret
longing to an army, above the lieutenant dictates of" a religion, which holds out
generals. eternal happiness to those who shall die
Generals of foot are officers next! in battle, and which teaches them t<< be
under the general of the army, having' lieve, that every Turk bears written on
an absolute command over the foot of the forehead, not only the hour of his
the army.
departure from this earth, but the manner
General officers. All officers above of his removal.
the rank of colonel in the line are so A Turkish general possesses a
power
call d. as absolute and uncontroled as that which
General. In the German armies, was entrusted to the dictators ofthe Ro
and among the sovereigns of the
North, republic. He has no competitor, or
man
there are certain generalsof cavalry, and in the charge he holds, no assistants
equal
others of infantry, who take rank of all
colleagues with whom he is directed to
or
lieutenant generals. Those belonging to consult, and to whose assent
pr dissent,
the infantry, in the imperial service, and in matters of
consultation, he is to pay the
who are of this description, are called least N<t
regard only the army undct
generalfield zeugmei tiers. In Russia they his command, but the whole country into
bear the title of generals in
chief; of which he marches, is subject to his or
which class there are four
belonging to
the armies of that empire, two for the
ders, and bound implicitly to
obey them.
Punishments and rewards are equally
infantry and two for the cavalry. within his
They
.
_..... ,.
y.w-.i
mcy wiuiin distribution. if
uisaisinoucion. If an authority
authority
are only subordinate to field
marshals; so absolute as this be considered
in the
which title or diKnitv is the same in!
light of executive effect, nothing most
Ktissia as was
formerly that of marshal j unquestionably can so
readily produce it-
of France for the tardiness of deliberation is
In the two imperial armies super
just men seded at pnee by a prompt
decision, before
tioned, it is usual for generals, lieutenant which all sorts of objections, and everv
generals, and major generals -o take their species of jealousy, subside. When a
routine of duty, and rise
progressively in
the infantry or cavalry corps, to which
project is to be fulfilled, secrecy is the
natural consequence or this
they were originally appointed, m.til they arbitrary sys
tem, and rational plans are not
arrive at a chief command ; whereas in interrupted
France a major general might be I by a difference of opinion, by pre-judice '

ed to take charge of either


employ or cabal.
infantry or General^ bettaile, or ~) a
particular
cavalry, without any regard being paid General maj.r,
to riie particular line of service in
which
\ rank or ap
pointment, whose functions correspond
he was bred with those of a ci-devant
General chezlesTutcs, Fr. Turkish marshal of
France. This situation is entrusted
to
generals. a general officer, and
js only known among
The Turks naye had brave generals. the armies of Russia, and some
other
They possess experience, because from northern powers. lie takes precedence
their earliest infancy
they become inured the same manner that our
in
to arms; because major gene
through the difterent] rals do, of all brigadier generals and colo
stages of acknowleged service, they rise | nels, and is subordinate to
lieutenant ge
by degrees ; and because their empire be- i nerals. The rank of
ing very extensive, it is necessary that known in France,
brigadier general is
Russia,
they should over- run several provinces land, and the United States.England, Hol
It does not
for its protection, and be almost con exist in Austria or Sweden.
stantly engaged in skirmishes or battles. General det galeres, Er. Superin-
These, at least, were the original prinl
tendant officer, or
clples upon which the military code pf This was one ot thegeneral
of the gallics.
that country was established.
most
important ap
But pointments belonging to the old
abuse>, the natural consequences of por- ment of France. The officer to govern
whom it
ruption, have since crept in amongst was entrusted commanded all the
them ; for there have been persons sud gailies-
and vessels which bore what the French
denly raised from subordinate employ call voiles latines a
ments under the Porte to the triangle rectangular
supreme sail) in the Medi eiranean. He had a ju
command of armies. The primary cause
of this abuse is to be found in the risdiction, a marine
police, and en arsenal
luxury for constructing ships under his own im
220 GEN GEN

mediate command, without being in the siege, during the 24 hews they are in the
least subordinate m the French trenches, except the attacks, which they
admiralty
board. When he wL t on board he was are not to make without an order f:om
only inferior in nnk to the admiral. the general in chief. Lieutenant generals
Tlie privifo.es which were attached to are entitled to two aids-de-camp.
his situation, and the he pos Lieutenant General of the ordnance.
authority
sessed with regard to .veryother marine, See Ordnance.
or sea officer, we- .-
specifically mentioned Lieutenant General of artillery, is, ot
in the king's regulations, and were distin ought to be, a very able mathematician,
guished by the respect and compliments and a skilful engineer, to know all the.
that w re pa d to tiie royal standard, i [lowers of artillery, to understand the at
which this general bore, not only on board tack and defence of fortified places, in all
his own galley, but whenever he ch.se to its different branches ; how to dispose of
hoist it i:, another. the artillery in the day of battle to the best
During the reign of Louis XIV. in advantage; to conduct its march and re-r
1669, the Duke de Vivone, marshal of treat ; as also to be well acquainted with
France, raised the reputation of the galley all the numerous apparatus belonging to
ser ice, to a considerable degree of emi the train, laboratory, &c.
nence, by gaining several hard fought Major General, the next officer to
engagements His son the Duke de the lieutenant general. His chief busi
Mortomart succeeded him in the appoint ness is to receive orders from the general,
ment ; and the chevalier or in his absence from the lieutenant ge
d'Orleans, grand
prior of France, was general of thegallies neral of the day ; which he is to distri
at h.s decease.' bute to the biigade-majors, with wh <m
General dei vivres, Ex. a sort of he is to regulate the guards, convoys, de
chic! commissary, superintendant ge
or tachments, &c. On him the whole fa
neral of stores, w hose
particular functions tigue and detail of duty of the army roll.
were to
provide ammunition, bread, and It is the major general of the day who
biscuir for the army There were several is charged with the encampment of the
subordinate commissaries who watched army, who places himself at the head of
the distribution of these stores, and saw, it when it marches, who marks out the
that the bakers gae bread of the quality ground of the camp to the quarter- master-
they contracted for. It w.s likewise general, and who places the new guards
within the department of the superin for the safety ofthe camp.
tendant general to atiend to the collection The
day the army is to march, he dic
tates to the fieid officers the order of the
of grain and flour, and to see that proper
carriages and horses were always at hand march, which he has received irom the
to convey them to the sevenl depots or general, and on other days gives them the
ma.azines. The different camps were parole.
also supplied from the same source. See In a fixed camp he is charged with the
Mu nit ionnair e. foraging, with reconnoitring the ground
Gs-neral and staff officers are all offi for it, posting the escorts, &c.
cers as above described, whose authority In sieges, if there are two separate at
extends beyond the immediate command tacks, the second belongs to him ; but it
of a particular regiment or company, and there be only one, he lakes either from the
who have either separate districts at right or left of the attack, that which the
home, Or commands on foreign service. lieutenant general has not chosen.
Lieutenant General, this office is the When the army is under arms, he as
first military dignity after that of a gene sists the lieutenant general, whose orders
ral. One part of the functions belonging he executes.
to beut -nant generals, is to assist the ge If the army marches to an engagement,
neral with counsel : they ought therefore, his post is at the head of the guards of
if possible, to possess the same qualities the army, until they are near enough to
with the generai himself; and the more, the enemy to rejoin their different corps ;
as they often command armies in chief, after which he retires to his own proper
or succeed thereto on the death of the post ; for the major generals are disposed
on the oraer of battle as the lieutenant ge.
general.
The number of lieutenant generals nerals are, to whom however, they are
have been multiplied of late in Europe, subordinate, for the command of their
in proportion as the armies have become divisions. The major general has one
numerous. They serve either in the field, aid-de-camp and one brigade major.
or in sieges, according to the dates of their Brigadier General, is the next rank
commissions. In battle the oldest com to that of major general, being superior to
mands the right wing of the army, the all colonels, and having frequently a sepa
second the left wing, the third the centre, rate command.
the fourth the right wing ol" the second General ofa district, a general officer
line, the fifth the left wing, the sixth the who has the charge and superintendance
centre, andso on. In sieges the lieutenant of a certain extent of country, in which
generals always command the right of the 1I troops are encamped, quartered, or can
principal attacki and order what they toned He is entitled to have three aich*
j
judge proper for the advancement of the de.camp and one brigade major.
GEN GEN 221

He receives reports, &c. from the ma


j| to act upon the defensive, a full and accu-
jor general, respecting the troops in his rate possession of all its fastnesses, &c.
district; reviews and inspects them, like- i must give each general officer a decided
wise orders field days of the whole, bri- j advantage over the commanding officer of
gaded, or by separate corps, when and in '. an enemy, who cannot have examined the
what part he pleases, making the necessa-

ground upon which he may be reduced to
ry reports to the war-offic. , commander fight, and must be embarrassed in every
in chief, &c. i forward movement that he makes. Al-
Colonel General, an honorary title, or ; though guides may serve, and
ought
military rank, which is bestowed in jl always to be used in the common opera
foreign services.
foreign ServirPS Thus the
Thus f)lf *.* tfl*
t\i' the tinnc r\ marrl.AC t\\/,vr> are nr/>,c'iftn
prince of
>,./
tions of marches, there occasions
nrp

peace in Spain was colonel general of the where the eye and intelligence of the prin
Swiss guards. cipal office s must determine the move
Brigade major General. As England ments of troops, and enable them to seize
and Scotland have been divided into dif and improve every advantage that occurs
ferent districts, each district under the the enemy approaches.
as
immediate command of a general officer, General officers on service abroad, or
h has been
useu found for me
the uis-
dis- districts at nome,
n nas iuiiiiu
necessary, ior commanding districts
commanuing home, may ap-
patch of business, to establish an office, i point their own
aids-de-camp and brigade
which shall be solely confined to brigade '; majors. The latter, however, are to be
duties. The first brigade major general |iI considered as officers attached to their
)infed in 17n*7
was appointed Si; ce'which
1797. Si: rpwhrrh n* several hriaa/f/c
cpvprnl
brigades, not
nnt nrenn^ll.t * .U
pe
riod all orders relative to corps of officers,
personally to the
officers commanding them. The former
winch are transmitted from the comman are their habitual attendants and domes
der in chief to the generals of districts, tic inmates In the selection of aids-de
pass through this channel of intermediate
camp and brigade majors, too much at
communication. tention cannot be given to their
requisite
By the British regulations, it is parti qualifications; and that general would
cularly directed, that all general officers not only commit an act of injustice
commanding brigades, shall very minutely against the interests f his country, nut
inspect the internal oeconomy and disci deserve the severest censure and displea
pline of the several regiments under thrir sure 01' his
soveriegn, who through mo
order. They are
frequently to visit the tives of private convenience, family con
hospitals and guards. On arriving m nexion, or convivial recommendation,
camp they are never to leave their bri could so far forget his duty, as to pr for
gades till the tents are pitched, and the an unexperienced
guards posted ; they mustalwavs encamp marked by a knowlege of the
stripling,' to a character

with their brigades, unless profession,


quarters can a zeal for the service, and
be procured for them immediately in the ble
an
irreproacha
conduct.
vicinity of their camp General' officers In the day of battle the station ofa
must not at ge
any time change the quarters neral is with the reserve, where he remains
assigned them, witiiout leave from head so situated that he can see
every tiring
quarters. which is going forward ; and by means of
All general officers should make
them his own observation, or through the com
selves acquainted, as soon as
with the situation ofthe
possible, munications of his aids-de-camp, is ena
country near the bled to send reinforcements, as ihe exi
camp, with the roads, passes, bridges,
Sec. leading to it ; and likewise with the
gencies of the conflict may require.
The celebrated Marshal Saxe h.smade
out-posts, that in case they should be or the following remarks on the
dered suddenly to necessary
sustain, or defend any qualifications to form a good eneral. The

post, they may be able to march without most indispensible


one, according to his
waiting tor guides, and be competent, idea, is
from a valor, without which all the
topographical knowle.e of the rest will prove nugatory. The next is a
country, to form the best disposition for sound
the service. understanding with some genius;
They should instruct their for he must not only be courageous, but
aids-de-< amp in these
particulars, and al be extremely fertile in
expedients ; the
ways require their attendance when they third is health and a robust constitution.
visit the out- posts. "
His mind must be capable of
All general officers, and others in prompt
con and vigorous resources; he must have an
siderable command, must make them
aptitude, and a talent at discovering the
selves thoroughly acquainted with the des
gns of others, without betraying the
nature of the country, the
quality of the slightest trace of his own intentions. He
roads, every circuitous accass through must be
vallies or openings, the relative seemingly communicative, in or
height of der to encourage others to unbosom, but
the neighboring hills, and the course of
remain tenaciousl reserved in matters
rivers, which are to be found within the that concern his own
army ; he must, in
space entrusted to their care. These im
portant objects
a
word, possess activity with judgment,
may be attained by maps, be able to make a choice of his
by acquired local information, and by un proper
officers, and never deviate from the
remitting activity and observation. And strictest line of militai
t it should ever be the I
.
justice. Old
fate of a country, fsol.diers must not be rendered wretched.
222 GEN GEN

and unhappy, by unwarrantable promo tion of his troops, he must discover a


tions, nor must
extraordinary 'alents be perfect knowlege of his profession, and
ke, tback tothe detriment of the service, make all his arrangements with accuracy
on account of mere rules and
regulations. and dispatch. His orders of battle must
Great abilities will justify exceptions; [ be simple and unconfused, and the exe
but ignorance and inactivity will not cution of his rlan be as quick as if it
make up for years spe it in the profession.
"
I merely consisted in uttering some tew
In hisdeportme.it he must be affa words of command ; as, the first line will
ble, and always superior to peevishness, j attack ! the second will support it ! or such
or
ill-humor; he must not know, or at a battalion will advance and
support the
least seem to know, what a spirit of re I line.
"
sentment is ; and when he is under the The general officers tiiat act under
necessity of inflicting military chastise | such a general, must be ignorant of their
ment, he must see the guilty ounished I business indeed, if, upon the receipt of
without compromise or/oolish humanity ; these orders, they should be deficient in
and if the delinquent be from among the the immediate means of answering them,
number of his most intimate friends, he by a prompt and ready co-operation. So
must be doubly severe towards the unfor that the general has only to issue out di-
tunate man. For it is better, in instances i rections
according to the growth of cir
of correction, that one individual should cumstances, and to rest satisfied, that
be treated with rigor (by orders of the
every division will act in conformity to
person over whom he may be supposed to his intentions ; but if, on the contrary,
hold some influence,) than that an idea he should so far forget his situation as to
should go forth in the army, of public become a drill serjeant, in the heat of ac
justice being sacrificed to private senti tion, he must find himself in the case of
ments. the fly in the fable, which perched upon
"
A modern general should a wheel and foolishly imagined, that the
always have
before him the example of Manlius ; he motion of the carriage was influenced by
must divest himself of its situation. A general, therefore, ought
personal sensa
tions, and not only be convinced himself, j on the day of battle to be thoroughly
but convince others, that he is the organ master of himself, and to have both his
of military justice, and that what he does mind and his eye rivetted to the immedi
is irrevocably prescribed. With these ate scene of action. He will by these
qualifications, and by this line of conduct, means be enabled to see every thmg ; his
he will secur? theaffecionsof his follow judgment will be unembarrassed, and he
ers, instil into their minds all the impulses wiil instantly discover all the vulnerable
of deference and respect ; he will be fearr points of the enemy. The instant a fa
ed, and consequently obeyed. vorable opening offers, by which the con
"
The resources of a general's mind are test may be decided, it becomes his duty
as various as the occasions for the exercise to head the nearest body of troops, and,
of them are multiplied and chequered; without any egard to personal safety, to
he must be perfectly master of the art of advance against his enemy's line. [By a

knowing how to suppo t an


army in all ready conception of this sort, joined to a
circumstances and situations, how to
ap great courage, general Desaix determined
ply its strength, or be sparing of its the issue of the battle of Marengo.] It is,
t-nergy and confidence; how to post all however, impossible for any man to lay
its diffeient component parts, so as not down rules, or to specify, with accuracy,
to be forced to give, or receive battle in all the different ways by which a victory
opposition to settled plans. When once may be obtained. Every thing depends
engaged, he must have presence of mind upon variety of situations, casualties of
enough to gras;.) all the relative points of events, and intermediate occurrences
disposition and arrangement, to seize fa which no human foresight can positively
vorable moments for impression, and to be ascertain, but which may be converted to
thoroughly conversant in the infinite vi good purposes by a quick eye, a ready
cissitudes that occur during the heat of a conception, and a prompt execution.
battle ; on a ready possession of which its *'
Prince Eugei.e was singularly gifted
ultimaf: success depends. These with these qualifications, particularly
requi
sites are manifold, and with that sublime possession of rhe mind,
'inquestionably
of the
grow out
diversity of situations, which constitutes the essence ofa military
and the chance medley of events that pro character.
duce their necessity.
Many commanders in chief have
"
"
A general to be in perfect
possession been so limited in their ideas of warfare,
of them, must on the day of battle be di that when events have brought the con
vested of every thought, and be inacces test te issue, and two rival armies have
sible to every feeling, but what immedi been e.r ;wn out for action, their whole
ately regards the business of the day ; he attention has devolved upon a straight
must reconnoitre with he promptitude alignement, an equality of step, or a re
of a skilful geographer, whose eye col gular distance in intervals of columns.
lects instantaneously all the relative por They have considered it sufficient to rive
tions of locality; and feels his ground as answers to questions proposed by their
it were by instinct; and in the
disposi. aids-de-camp, to send orders in various
GEN GEN 223

directions and to gallop* themselves from war, and the greater uncertainty of the
one quarter to another, without steadily means that adopted to carry it on,
are

adhering to the fluctuations of the day, some general rules ought to be laid down,

calmly watching for an not only for the government ot the troops,
or
opportunity
to strike adecisive blow. They endea but for the instruction ot those who have
vor, in fact,to do every thing, and the command of them. The principles
thereby do nothing. They appear like to be observed, are : that when the line

men, whose presence of mind deserts or the columns advance, their distances
them the instant they are taken oiu ofthe should be scrupulously observed; that
beaten track, or are reduced to supply whenever a body of troops is ordered to
unexpected calls by uncommon exer charge, every proportion of the line
tions ; and from whence continues the should rush forward with intrepidity
same sensible writer, do these contradic and vigor; that if openings are made in
tions arise? from an ignorance of those high the first line it becomes the duty of the
qualifications without which the mere second instantly to fill up the chasms.
routme of
duty, methodical arrangement,
"
These instructions issue from the
and studied discipline must fall to the dictates of plain nature, and do not require
ground, and defeat themselves. Many the least elucidation in writing. They
officers spend their whole lives in put constitute th> A, B, C, of soldieis. No
ting a '.w retiments through a regular thing can be more simple, or m re intel
set of manoeuvres ; and having done so, ligible ; so much so, that it would be ri
they vainly imagine, that all the science diculous in a general to sacrifice essential
of a real military man consists in that ac objects in order to attend to such minu-
quirement. When, in process of time, tia:. H.s functions in the day ot battle
th. command ofa large army falls to their are confined to those
occupat.cns o' the
lot, they are manifestly lost in the mag mind, by which he is enabled tc watch
nitude ot the undertaking, and from not the countenance of the em my, to observe
knowing how to act as they ought, they his movements, and to see with an ea
remain satisfied with doing what they gle's, or a king of" Prussia's eye, all the
have partially learned. rel.-tive directions that his opponents
"
Military knowlege, as far as it regards take. It must be his business to create
a general or commander in chief,
may be alarms and suspicions among the enemy's
divided into two parts, one comprehend line in one quarter, whilst his real inten
ing mere discipline and settled systems tion is to act against ancther; to puzzle
for putting a certain number of rules into and disconcert him in his
and the other originating a sub-
plans ; to take
advantage of the manifold openings,
firactice;
imity of conception, that method may which his feints have produced, and
assist, but cannot give. when the contest is brought to issue, to
"It a man be not born with faculties be capable of plunging with etteci, upon
that are naturally adapted to the situation the weakest part, and of carrying the
of a general, and if his talents do not fit sword of death where its blows is certain
the extraordinary casualties of war, he of being mortal. But to accomplish these
will never rise beyond mediocrity.
"
important and indispensible points, his
It is, in tact, in war as it is in paint
judgment must be clear, his mind col
ing, or in music. Perfection in either art lected, his heart firm, and his eyes in
grows out of innate talents, but it never capable of beinc diverted, even for a mo
can be acquired without them.
Study ment, by the trifling occurrences of the
and perseverance may correct ideas, but
day.
no a
plication, no assiduity will give the
I advoc. for
am not, however, an te
life and energy of action ; those are the
pitched battles, especially at the com
works ot nature.
"
mencement ot a war. A skilful genera.'
It has been my fate
(observes the might, I am persuadtd, carry on a con
Marshal, to see several very excellent co test between two rival nations during the
lonels become indifferent generals. I whole of his life, ivithout being once oblig
have known others, who have distin ed to come io a decisive action
themselves Nothing
guished at sieges, and in the
i harrasses and eventually distresses an
diffeient evolutions of an army, lose their
presence of mind and appear ignorant of
j enemy so much as this species of war-
j fare. He must, in fact, be frequently
their profession, the instant they were
I attacked, and by degrees, be broken and
taken from that particular line, and be
I unnerve.i ; so that in a short time he will
incapable of commanding a few squadrons not be able to shew himself.
of horse. Should a man of this cast be "
It must mo; generally be inferred
put at the .iead of an army, he will con from this opinion, that when an opportu
fine himself to mere dispositions and
manoeuvres j to t em he will look for nity presents itself, w hereby an enemy
may be crushed at once, the attack should
safety ; and if once thwarted, his defeat not be made, or that advantage should
will be inevitable, because his mind is not
not be taken of the errors he may com
capable of other resources. mit ; all 1 mean to prove is, that war can
"In order to obviate in the best pos
be carried on without leaving any thing
sible manner, the innumerable disasters
to chance ; and in this consists the per
which must arise from rhe uncertainty of
fection and highest point of ability be,
224 GEN GEN

Iom:ing to a general. But when a battle squadron. What was the consequence :
is risked, the triumphant party oi.ght the whole of the French army took to its
well to know all the advantages which heels; the cavalry went off" full gallop,
of patiently
may be derived from his victory. A wise and all the infantry, instead
general, indeed, will not remain satisfied retiring over the heights, threw itself into
in having made himself master of the the ravines in such dreadful disorder, that
mere field of battle. Fhis, I am sorry the ground above was almost instantly
to observe, is too often the custom ; and, abandoned, and not a French soldier was
is not without seen upon it.
strange to say, that custom
its! advocates. ,
"Let any military man consider this no
"
It is too much the practice of some torious event, ar.d then praise the regula
governments, and as often the custom of rity ofa retreat and the prudent foresight
generals, to follow the old proverb, which f of those who, after an enemy has been van-
says, that in order to gain your ends, you quisbed in the field, relax in their exer
must make some sacrifices, and even facili tions, and give him time to breathe. I
tate the retreat
ofyour enemy. Nothing can do not, however, j.retend to maintain, that
be more impolitic or more absurd. An all the forces of a victorious army should
able surgeon might as well tamper with a be employed to follow up the
pursuit;
mortification, and by endeavoring to save but I am decidedly of opinion, that large
an useless limb, run the hazard of de bodies should be detached for that pur
stroying
"
all the vital parts. pose; and that the flying enemy should
An enemy, on the contrary, ought to be annoyed as long as the day lasts. This
be vigorously pushed, harrassed night and must be done in good order. And let it
day, and pursued through every winding be remembered, that when an enemy has
he can make. By a conduct of this sort, once taken to his heels in real earnest, you
the advancing army will drive him from may drive him before you by the mere
all his holds and fastnesses, and the con noise of empty bladders.
clusion of his brilliant retreat, will ulti "If the officer who is detached in pur
mately turnout a complete and total over suit of an enemy, begins tcf manoeuvre
throw. Ten thousand well trained and after prescribed rules and regulations, and
j
disciplined troops, that are sent forward operate with slowness and precaution, he
from the main army, to hang upon the ; had better be recalled ; for the sole pur
rear of a retiring enemy, will be able to pose of his employment is to push on
destroy an army of an hundred thousand vigorously, to harrass and distress the foe.
men, when that army has once been forced Every species of evolution will do on this
to make retrogade moveinenrs. A want occasion; if any can be defective, the
of confidence in their generals, added to regular system might prove so.
"
many other disheartening circumstances, I shall conclude these observations by
will naturally possess the minds of the saying, that all retreats depend wholly
latter, while implicit faith und warm af upon the talents and abilities of generals,
fection must influence the former. A first who must themselves be governed by
defeat well followed up, almost always circumstances and situations ; but I
terminates ina total rout, and finishes the will venture to assert, that no retreat can
contest. But some generals do not wish;; eventually succeed, unless it be made be-
to bring war to a speedy issue. Public! fore an enemy who acts with extreme cau
misfortunes too frequently produce pri tion ; for if the latter follow up his first
vate emoluments, and the accumulation blow, the vanquished army must soon be
of the latter is too endearing to suffer thrown into utter confusion."
itself to be superseded by the former." These are the sentiments of Marshal
In order to substantiate what he thus Saxe, as far as they relate to the qualifica
advances with much good sense, the Mar tions which the general of an army should
shal cites the following particular in indispensibly possess. And no man we
stance, from among an infinity of others. are persuaded was better enabled to form
4
When the French army, at the bat an opinion on so important a subject;
tle of Ramillies, was retiring in good or for as baron Espagnac has justly observed
der over an eminence that was rat her con in his S upplhnent aux Reveries de ce Mar,
fined, and on both sides of whicii there
\ p. 166, he ,-ossessed uncommon courage,
were deep ravines, the cavalry belonging was fertile in
expedients and resources;
to the allies followed its track leisurely, he knew how to distinguish and to make
without even appearing to wish to har use of the abilities of individuals, was
rass or attack its rear. The French con unshaken in his determinations; and when
tinued their march with the same compo the good of the service required chastise
sure; retreating upon more than twenty ment or severity, was not influenced by
hues, on account of the narrowness of the private feelings, or hurried away by a
ground.
"
sanguinary temper; he was uncommonly
On this occasion, a squadron of En attentive to his men, watchful of their
glish horse got close to two trench batta health, and provident to supply their
lions, and began to fire upon them. The wants ; sparing of their blood in the day
two battalions, naturally presuming that of battle, and always inspiring them, by
they were going to be attacked, came to the liveliness of his mind,, tempered by
-he right about, and fired a vollev at the experience, with confidence and attach-
GEN G E N 225

ment to his measures. He knew the cast ral talent or disposition toevery kind of
of" each man's of
character, particularly so warlike employment, more than any
his officers ; and whilst he directed the other ; or the aptitude a man has received

former with consummate knowlege and from nature to perform well, and easily,
consequent success, he never lost sight of thatwhichotherscandobut indifferently,
the merits of the latter, when they co and with great deal of pains.
a

operated with his designs. 1 f the natural From thediv rsity of >enius, the dif
vivacity of his mind sometimes led him ference of inclination arises in men whom
into temporary neglect, good sense and a nature has had the precaution of leading
marked anxiety to be just, soon made to the employment fo' which she designs
amends for apparent slights, by rendering them, with more or h.ss impetuosity, in
the most important services; he was in proportion to the greater or lesser num-
genious and subtle in all his anceuvres
. bnr of obstacles they have to surmount,
before an enemy, skilful in his choice of in order to render themselves capable of
camps, and equally intelligent in that of answering this occasion. Thus the in
posts ; he was plain in his instructions clinations of" men are so very different,
previous to an engagement, simple in liis because they follow the sam mover,
disposition of the order of battle; and he that is the impulse of their geiius.
was never known to lose an opportunity, This is what renders one officer more
throuuh the want of prompt decision, pleasing, even though he trespasses a-
whereby a contest might be ended by a gainst the rules of war ; while others are
bold and dar ng evolutiOri. When it ap disagreeable notwithstanding their strict
peared necessary to give weight to his or regularity.
ders, and to turn the balance of fortune GENOUILLILRE, the lower
Fr.
by personal exposure, no man became less part of the embrasure of aThe battery.
fearful of his own destiny, than Marshal genouilliere is about 2 1-2 or 3 French
Saxe. On these occasions he was daring feet high trom the platform to the open
to an extreme, heedless of danger, but ing of the embrasure. It lies immedi
full of judgment, and a calm prese.ee of ately under the arch of the fortification.
mind. Such, in our humble opinion, are lis thickness, which usually consists of
the outlines of a real general, how well fascines well put together, is of the same
they were exemplified and filled up by the dimensions that merlons bear; namely
subject of this article, time and the from 18 to 22 feet The term genouil
concurring testimony of events have liere is derived from get:, a, signiiying the
proved. knee, to the height of which it is gene
General's Guard. It was custom rally raised.
ary among the French, for theoldest regi GENS, Fr. a word in much desultory
ment to give one captain, one lieutenant, useamon the French, signifying ina ge
one ensign, two Serjeants, and fifiy pri neral acceptation of it, folks, people, ser
vates, as a general's guard. Whenever vants, soldiers, Sec
the marshals of France were on service Gens d'armes. See Gendarmes,
under the immediate orders of tlie king, Gens de guerre, Ex. men attached to a
or of the princes belonging to the
royal military profession.
household, they always retained the rank /Wi-. Gens, Fr.
affected phrase,
an
of general. which vvas
formerly used among the
Geniral d'armee, Ex. the commander French, to signify their servants or at
in chief ot any army. tendants. It seems to have been an ar
Battre la General, Fr. to beat the |
rogant and foolish imitat.on of men pen -

general. See Drum. I ple, my people. During the monarch v of


General court-mat tial. Sea Courts j France, this term was in much vogue
ma rti al. at Paris, and was afterwards adopted
General formations of the battalion, almost ail the petits maitres, or cox
by
are from line into column, and from co combs be o.w ing to the church, state, and
lumn into line by echellon ; to either
army.
flank, to the front, or on a line oblique Gens de sac et de cordc, Ex. an
to any given point front or rear.
oppro
brious term which the French
apply to
General, is also used for a particular men that e.e erve chastisement. In for
beat ofthe drum. See Drum. mer times, the cord or rope, and the
GENETTE, Fr. a particular sort of sack, were the common instruments and
snaffle, which is used among the Turks ; means of
punishment. The ropes served
it resembles a large ring, and serves to to hang up maletactors : and the sack was
confine the horse's tongue. used to contain their bodies when it was
CEM, Fr. The art of engineering .
ordained that they should be thrown into
It consists in a knowlege of lines so as a river.
to be able to trace out all that is requisite Gehs de mcr, Ex. sea-faring men.
for the attack or defence of places, ac Gens de I' equipage, Ex. men
belong
cording to established rules in fortifica ing to the tram 01 a tillery.
tion. Marshal Vauban and the marquis Gent. Fr. Nat on. It is only used
of Louvois, have particularly distinguish in poetry, viz. La gent, qui porte le
ed themselves in this art. Turban. The Turkish Nation. In the
GENIUS, ina military sense, a natu-
J f
226 GEN GEO

pluralnumber it is only accepted accord government, it consisted of 200 guards


ingto the following
significations. under the command of a capta.n, a lieu-'
Le droit des Gens, Fr. the rights of tenant, and an ensign. The captain had
nations. the power of giving away the subaltern
Violer le droifdes G e n s , Fr. to infringe commissions, and had moreover the en
or-violate the rights of nations. tire management of the rest; every va
Respecter le dicit des Gens, Fr. to re cancy being in his gift. They marched
spect the rights of nations. in file, each holding his battle-axe, be
Un traile J:< trait des Gens, Fr. a trea fore the king on days of public ceremony.
tise on the rights of nations. These were chiefly at the coronation,
The following phrases are in familiar and the marriage of the king, or at the
use among the French, viz. reception of the knights of the Holy
Gens de marque, I- r. men of distinc Ghost.
tion. When the company was first raised,
Gens de condition, Er. men of condi its particular duty was to attend the king's
tion. person, and to be constantly near him on
Gens d' honneur, Ex. men of honor. the day of battle.
Gens de qualite, Fr.nien of fashion, or GENTILHOMME a drapeau etablk
quality. dans chaque compagnie des gardes Fran.
Gens de coeur, Fr. men of spirit. coises, Ex. under the old French govern
Gens d'epee, Ex. this term is used ment, this person ranked as officier en
among the French, to distinguish officers, second. He did duty in common with the
gentlemen, &c. who wear swords, from ensigns of the French guards, and took
those who do not, particularly so in op precedence immediately under them.
position to gens de la robe, or lawyers. His name always stood upon the muster
Gens de main, Fr. executive characters. roll, but his appointment was purely ho
G ens de service, Ex. useful men, per norary, as he did not receive any pay;
sons ol exertions. his tour of duty in mounting guards, went
Gens de pied, Fr. The same as fon- with that of the ensigns, lie was obliged
tassins, foot soldiers, or men who serve on to be present at all field days, and could
foot. not absent himself without leave.
Gens Ex. cavalry, or men
decheval, Gestilshommes pensionnaire r, Fr.
who horseback
serve on Gentlemen pensioners. See Pension-
Mille cent mi He gens, Ex. signi
Gfns,
fies any considerable number of men. GEODOES1A, GEODES1E, Fr.
Gens, Fr. this word is likewise used that part of practical geometry, which
to distinguish bodies of men that are in contains the doctrine or art of measuring
opposition to each other, viz. surfaces and finding the contents of all
Nos Gens ent battu les ennemis, Fr. plain figures. Among the French gh-
our men, or people have overcome tlie desie means likewise the division of lands.
enemy. See Surveying.
Nos Gzxs ont ete battus, Fr. our men GEOGRAPHY is the doctrine or
or
people have been beaten. knowlege of the terrestrial globe; or the
je craigntis que ce ne fussent des ennemis, science that teaches and explains the
ct e'etoient de nos Gens, Fr. 1 was appre state of the earth, and parts thereof that
hensive that they were our enemies, but depend upon quantity ; qr it is rather
they proved to be our own people. that part of mixed mathematics, which
Nos Gens battirent les v&eres, Ft, our explains the state of the earth, and of its
men beat your's. parts depending on quantity, viz. its fi
Gens, Fr. when followed by the pre gure, magnitude, place, and motion, with
position de, and by a substantive, which the celestial appearances, &c. In con
points out any particular profession, sequence of this definition, geography
trade, &c. signifies all those persons that should be divided into general and special,
belong to one nation, one town, &c. or or universal and particular.
who are of one specific profession or call By universal Geography, is under
ing, as stood that part of the science which con
Les Gens d'e'glise, Ex. churchmen. siders the whole earth in general, and ex
Les Gt.\s de robe, Ex. lawyers or gen plains its properties without regard to
tlemen of the long robe. particular countries. This division is
Les Gens de finance, Ex. men con again distinguished into three parts, ab
cerned in the distribution of public mo solute, relative, and comparative. The
ney. absolute part respects the body of the
lwGens de loi, Ex. means generally earth itself, its parts and peculiar pro
all persons who have any connection with perties ; as its figure, magnitude, and mo
the law in the way of" profession. tion; its lands, seas, and rivers, Sec.
Les Gens du roi, Ex. Crown lawyers. The relative part accounts for the ap
GtNTlLHOMMES^/j garde, com -

pearances and accidents that happen to it


monly called Au btc de corbin, or the bat from celestial causes ; and lastly, the
tle axe. This company went through comparative contains an explanation of
many alterations during the monarchy ct those properties which arise from con>-
France. During the Jast years of that paring different parts of the earth together.
GEO G E O

Special or particular Geography is 6.") f political government.


that division of the science whicii de- 7. I | religion and church gc-
Scribes the constitution and situation of S Their < vcrnment.
fcieh single country by itself; and is two 8. j I cities and famous places.
fold, viz. chorographical, whicii describes o.i (^remarkable histories and
countries of a considerable extent ; or to anriquires.
pographical, which gives a view of some 10. Their famous men, artificers, and

place, or small tract of land. Hence the inventions ofthe natives.


object or subject of geography is the These are the three kinds of occur
earth, especially its superficies and ex rences to be explained in special gco;
terior parts. graphv.
The properties of Geography are of The principles of i^ eog r A? H\ , ox those
three kinds, viz. celestial, terrestrial, and from which arguments are drawn for the
human. The celestial properties aresuch proving ol" propositions in that science,
as affect us by reason of the apparent mo are, according to the best authors, of
tion of the sun and stars. These are 8 in three sorts.
number. ;. Geometrical, arithmetical, and tri
i. The elevation of the pole, or the gonometrical propositions.
distance o a place from the equator. 2. Astronomical precepts and theo
2. The obliquity of the diurnal motion rems.
of the stars above the horizon of tke 3. Experience, being that upon which
place. and chiefly
thegreatest part ol" geography,
3. T ha time of the longest and special is founded.
shortest
the
day. In proving geographical propositions,
4. The climate and zone. we arc to observe, that several properties,

5. Heat, cold, and the seasons of the and chiefly the celestial, are confirmed
year ; with rain, snow, wind, and other by proper demonstrations; being either
meteors. grounded on experience and obsenation,
6. The rising, appearance, and con or on the testimony of our senses : nor

tinuance of stars above the horizon. can they be proved by any other means.

7. The stars that pass through the I There arc also several propositions proved,
zenith ofa place. ior rather exposed to view, by the terres
8. The celerity of the motion with trial globe, or by geographical maps.
which, according to the Copemican hy Other propositions cannot be so well
pothesis, every place constantly revolves. proved, yet are received as apparent
The terrestrial properties are those ob '
truths. Thus, though we suppose all
served in the face of the country, and are places on the globe, and in maps, to be
10 in number. laid down in the same order as they :\re
1. The limits and bounds of each really on the earth ; nevertheless, in
country. these matters, we rather follow the de
2. "1 f figure; scriptions that arc given by geographical
3. j | magnitude; writer;.
4- e
J mountains ; GtociAPHY is very ancient, at least
jt
5. ; \ waters, viz. springs, rivers, the special part thereof; for the ancients
| | lakes, and bays ; scarce went beyond the description of
6. j (^woods and deserts. countries. It was a constant custom
7. The f'ruitfulness and barrenness of anion,.; the Romans, after they had con
the country, with its various kinds of quered or subdued any province, to have
fruits. a
map or printed representation thereof,
8. ") f minerals and fosils ; carried in triumph and exposed to 1 1 .:

9. > The < living creatures there ; view of the spectators. Historians re
10. ) ( longitude and latitude of tiie late that the Roman senate, about io->
place. years before Christ, sent geographers into
The third kind of observations to be divers parts to make an exact survey and
made in every country is called human, mensuration of the whole globe ; bur
because it chiefly regards the inhabitants they scarcely ever saw the 20th part of it.
of the place. It consists of 10 Before them, Necho, king of Egypt,
specific
branches. ordered the Phoenicians to make a sur
1. The stature, shape, color, and the
vey of the whole coast of Africa, which
length of their lives; their origin, meat they accomplished in 3 years. Darin.;
and drink. procured the Ethiopic sea, and the mouth
2. Their arts, and the profits which of the Indus, to be surveyed; and Plinv
arise from them, with the merchandize relate-, that Alexander, in his expedition
they barter one with another. into Asia, took two geographers to mea
3. Their virtues and vices, learning, sure and describe the roads ; and that
capacities, and schools. from their itineraries, the writers of the
4. Their ceremonies at births, mar following ages took many particulars.
riages, and funerals. Indeed this may be observed, that whereas
5. The language which the inhabi most other arts and sciences are sufferers
tants use.
by war, geography, artillery, mining. arD
2i 8 GEO GEO

fortification, alone have been improved] after him, others gave it the name of
thereby. Geography, however, must pantometry, as demonstrating not only
have been exceedingly defective, as a! the quantities of all mann-r of magni
great part of the globe was then unknown, tudes, but also their qualities, ratios, oo-
particularly all America, the northern sitioi s, transformations, relations, Sec. and
parts of" Europe and Asia, with the Proclus calls it the knowlege of magni
Australasia, and Magellanica ; and they tudes and figur.s, and their limitations ;
were also ignorant of the earth's also of their motions and affections of
being capable to be sailed round, and of every kind.
the torrid zone being habitable, Sec.
| Origin and progress "f Geometry.
The honor of reducing geography to; This science had its rise in Asia, the in
'

art and system, was reserved for Ptole- vention, which at first consisted only in
my ; who, by adding mathematical ad- measuring the lands, that every person
'

vantages to the historical method in might have what belonged to him, was
which it had been treated of before, has; called geometry, or the art ot measuring
described the world in a much more in- : land ; and it is probable, that .he draughts
telligible manner: he has delineated it: and schemes which they were annually
under more certain rules, and bv fixing I compelled to make, helped them todisco-
the b iiiivls of places from longitude and ver
many excellent properties of these fi
latitude, has discovered other mistakes, gures ; which speculation has continued
and has l.ri'r us a ,;r. hod of discovering gradually to improve to this day.
his own. From Asia it passed into Egypt, and
GEOLJE R des b>-:,',ns militaire,, Ex. thence into Greece, where it continued to
the superintendant or head jailor ot mili receive improvement from Thales, Py
tary prisons. UucLr the old French go thagoras, Archimedes, Euclid, Sec. The
vernment, this person had a right to visit elements of geometry, written by Euclid
all prisoners that we.c not confined in in 15 books, are a most convincing proof
dungeons. He could order provisions, to what perfection this science was car.

wood, and coal to be conveyed to them ; ried among the ancients. However, it
but he had not the power of permitting must be acke.owleged, that it fell short
women to visit or have any intercourse
j of modern geometry, the bounds ol wliich,
with the soldiers ; and when their period by the inventions of fluxions, and the dis
of mprisoiim nt expired, he could not covery of the almost infinite order of
detain them on account of debts contract curves are greatly enlarged.
ed for food, lodging, or fees, &c. Half of Division of G eom e t r y
. This science
the prisoner's subsistence for one day, ; is usually distinguished into elementary,
according to his rank, w.*s
given on his ! and nigher or sublime geometry. The
release. first, or elementary geometry, treats of
GEO METRICAL elevations, just di the properties of right lines, and ot the
mensions if as at 1.
.portionate to a circle, together with the figures and solids
given scale, &c. Se'- Orthography. iormed by them The doctrine of lines
GEO.METRIE, Fr. Geometry. comes first, then that of surfaces, and
Giometrie composer, Ex', compound lastly that of solids. The higher geo
geometry, which consists in the know- metry comprehends the doctrine of conic
le:e of curved Ijnej, andof the different sections, and numerous other curves.
bodies produced by them. The immedi Speculative and practical Geometry.
ate object or intent of compound
geome The former treats of the properties of
try is coiifined to conic sections, and to lines and figures, as Euclid's Elements,
lines of that species. Apollonius's Conic Sections, &c. and
Geometrie sublime ct transcendante, the latter shews how to apply these
1 r. these terms have been a.
French
plied by the speculations to the use of mensuration,
to the system of geometry,
new
navigation, surveying, taking heights
which was
produced by Leibnitz,and and distances, gauging, fortification, gun
Newton, when tney found out the me nery, &c.
thod of calculating ad infinitum. Usefulness of Geometr y . I ts useful
GEOMETRY, ori inally signified no ness extends to almost every art and sci
more than the art of
measuring the earth, ence. By the help of it, astronomers
or any distance or dimensions in it
; but turn their observations to advantage: re
at present it denotes the science of mag
gulate the duration of times, seasons,
nitude in general; comprehending the years, cycles, and epochs ; and measure
doctrine and relations or whateve is sus the distance, motion, and magnitudes of
ceptible of augmentation or diminution, the heavenly bodies. By it geographers
considered in that light. Hence, to geo determine the figure and magnitude of
metry may be referred the consideration
the whole earth ; and delineate the ex
not oiily of lines, surfaces, and solids tent and bearings of kingdoms, provinces,
;
but also of time, velocity, number, harbors, Sec. It is from this science al
weight, &c. so that architects derive their
just mea
Plato thought the word geometry an sure and construction of public edifices,

impioper name for this science, and ac- as well as of private houses.

coruinriy substituted in its place the It is by the assistance of geometry that


more extensive one of mensuration ; and engineers conduct all their works, take
G E S G H E 229

the situation and plans of towns, the dis been adart which the ancient Gauls ex
tances of places, and the measure of such clusively used, and which some uthors
things as are only accessible to the sight. since confounileei with the patuiuine ot
It is not only an introduction to fortifica partisan, a sort of halbert, called by others
tion, but highly necessary to mechanics. a javelin. This word was used in Pro
On geometry likewise depends the theory vence, as late as the year 130c; for in
of gunnery, mining, music, optics, per the inventory which was taken of the
spective, drawing mechanics, hydraulics, goods, furniture, &.- appertaining to the
pneumatics, &c. Templars, we find gessu s ox gesus particu
We may distinguish the progress of larly specified in the list of weapons and
geometry into three ages; the first of iron instruments, which was understood
which was in its meridian glory at the to mean
gese, and under that appellation
time when Euclid's Elements appeared; was deposited in the king's archives at
the se :">nd beginning with Archimedes, Aix. See Boucher, Hist. Prov. Liv.
reaches to the time of Descartes ; who ii. c. 4. p. 82. This same author further
by applying algebra to the elements of asserts, that the Gist, and the Gessates
geometry, gave a new turn to this sci took their names from that weapon. He
ence, which has been carried to its utmost quotes Julius Caesar's account of the word
perfection by our learned countryman gesi in confirmation of his own opinion.
Sir Isaac Newton, and by the German Many authors have mentioned the same
philosopher Leibnitz. term : among others, Justus, Lipsus,
GEORGE, or St. George,
knight of Hugo, Cheves, Vossius, Sec.
has been the denomination of several mi- Gessate ou Gesate, Fr. a knight
litars orders. See Garter. among the ancient Gauls, who took de
GERBE, Fr. means literally a sheaf, light in war, and frequently volunteered
but it here
signifies a sort of artificial fir.-- his services beyond the boundaries of his
work, which is placed in a perpendicular native country. Whenever a neighbor
manner, and resembles a sheaf. See ing country made a levy of nieii, it was
Jets de feu. usual for the gessates to accompany the:
Gerbe likewise means the tithe which troops, from a conviction that it would
was
formerly paid to the French cu be dishonorable in them to r main inac
rates. tive at home. These adventurers, or
Faire Gerbe de foarre a dieu, Ex. a fi knights-errant, werecalled gessates, cither
gurative expression, signifying, that the on account of the
gessus or large dart,
former made up the worst sheaf he could which they carried, or, as Polybius ima
for the parson; filling it principally witn gines, on account of the subsistence which
straw instead of good ears of corn. was paid them, and was called
by that
GERMS, small coasting vessels em name.
ployed by the French, to keep up an in GESTURE, a motion of the body in
tercourse with Egypt. tended to signify some idea, or passion of
GESE, Fr. a weapon used in former the mind. All officers anil soldiers who
times. make use of aiy menacing gesture before
Geses and Materes were adopted by a commanding or
superior officer, or before
the Allobroges (a body of ancient Gauls so a
court-martial, are liable to be punished
called) independentiy
of the broad cut by the laws of war.
and thrust sword, which the Swiss still
GE/.E, Fr. a rent rant angle, which is.
wear. These instruments were one only made with slate or lead, and forms a
gut
cubit long ; half the blade was nearly ter between two roofs. It is likewise
square, but it terminated in a round point cal.ed uoue, ox
pantile.
that was exceedingly
sharp. Virgil in
his /^Eneid calls this species of blade,
GHERIAFI, a port on the Malabar
Mahrattah coast of Flmdustan,
a/pin, meaning, thccapital
no
doubt, toconvey, part of Angria's dominions, which con
that it was ingeneral use
among the sisted of an extent of coast, from whence
neighboring inhabitants of the Alps. this warlike state was a
perpetual source
Not only the Romans, but the Greeks of uneasiness to the
received it into their armies. trading ships ot all
The for the European nations in India. It cost
mer retained the full appellation and the English East- India
called it gese, but the latter company 50,000/.
corrupted it annually to protect iheir own ships.
mtoysse. This is the only weapon with Eight or ten grabs, and forty or fifty gal-
which those soldiers were armed that
livats, crowded with men, general')- com.
escorted malefactors, who were con
demned to death, to the place of execu
posed Angria's princi; al fleet in 1754, des
tined to attack ships of force or burthen.
tion. The term gese was also applied to The vessel no sooner came in
a sort ofa javelin. sight of the
port or bay where the fleet was lying, than
G ESS ATE S, a people of whom
Poly- they slipped their cables and put out to
bius speaks in his history of the ancient sea. If the wind blew, their construc
Gauls, and who inhabited the countries tion enabled them almost fast
to sail as
lying adjacent to the alps, and to the river as the wind ; and if it Was calm, the gal-
Rhone. According to some writers, they livats rowing towed the grabs : when
were so called because they constantly within cannon shot of the chace, they
v ore geses. The gese is said to have generally assembled in her wake, and the
230 GIB GIR

grabs attacked her at a distance with their pared a great number of red-hot balls
prow guns, firing first only at the masts, against the attack ; and these so effectu
and taking aim when the three masts of ally destroyed the floating batteries, that
the vessel just opened all together to their the Spaniards were greatly annoyed, and
view; by which means the shot would relinquished the enterprize. For par
probably strike one or other of the three. ticulars, see Drinkwater's siege of Gib
As soon as the chase was dismasted, they raltar.
came nearer, anil battered her on all sides GIN, in military mechanics, is a ma
until she struck : and if the defence was chine for raising great weights : it is
obstinate, they sent a number of gallivats, composed of 3 long legs, 2 of which are
with two or three hundred men in each, kept at a proper distance by means of
who boarded sword in hand from all 2 iron bars fixed on one of the
legs by a
quarters in the same instant. staple passing through a hole at one
The English trusting to the report of end : the other end has a hook which
the natives, had until the year 1756, be enters into a staple fixed into the other
lieved Gheriah to be at least as strong as leg so as to be taken off or put on at

Gibraltar, and like that situated on a pleasure.


mountain which was inaccessible from At 3 feet from the bottom is a roller,
the sea, for this reason it was resolved to upon which the cable was wound ; and
send vessels to reconnoitre it ; which ser the 3 legs are joined together with an
vice commodore James, in the Protector, iron bolt, about which they move : to
with two other ships, performed. He this bolt, is also fixed an iron half-ring
found the enemy's fleet at anchor in the to hook on a windlass: when the gin
harbor, notwithstanding which, he ap stands upright, so as the legs stand at a
proached within cannon shot of the fort, proper distance, one end of the cable is
and having attentively considered it, re fastened to a gun, mortar, or other
turned at the end of December to Bom weight ; and the other passes through the
bay, and described the place, such as it pullies and about the roller, which is
truly was, very strong indeed, but far turned round by means of hand-spikes
from being inaccessible or impregnable. passing through the holes in the ends of
This place was taken by the English the roller : whilst a man nolds the cable
troops under the command of colonel tight, the gun is raised to the height re
Clive. There were found in it 200 pieces quired, so that the carriage may be put
of cannon, six brass mortars, and a great under it.
quantity of ammunition, and military and Gin Triangle Length of arms ofthe

naval stores of all kinds ; the money and gin 16 feet 4 1 2 inches. Roller, 6 feet
effects of other kinds, amounted to long. Tackle fall, 78 feet of 3 inch white
1,200,000/. sterling. All this booty was rope. Sling, 6 inch white rope.
divided amongst the captors, without any The newly constructed gin, by having
reserve either for the nation, or the com one half of the roller ofa
greater diameter
pany. In less than a month the English, than the other, gives a new power, that
with their allies the Mahrattas got posi of elevating or lowering the object in a
session of all the territories wrested from greater or lesser proportion, according to
the latter by Angria's predecessors, and the end of the cylinder upon which the
which 'hey had for seventy years despaired | cable7 is fixed.
of ever beini: able to recover. For the different exercises of the gin,
GIBERNE, Fr. a sortofbag in which see the word Exercise.

fbc grenadiers held their hand-grenades. GINCE,aplace in India, situated 35


It was worn like a powder flask. They miles N. W. of Pondichery.
likewise carried, independent of this GINJAULS or GINGAULS, an

bag, a cartouch box containing 18 or 20 East Indian name, signifying large mus
charges. quets used with a rest, somewhat similar
GIBRALTAR, a strong fortress of to those invented
by Marshal Vauban, for
Andalusia, in Spain. Gibraltar was for the defence of forts.
merly thought to be impregnable; but it GIRANDE, Fr. the chief cluster, or
was taken by Sir George Rooke in 1704,
assemblage of an artificial firework, with
and has remained in the hands of the whicii a shew or illumination is .gene
English ever since. It has been several rally concluded.
times attacked by the Spaniards, who A girande
may be made by uniting
have- always been unsuccessful. Their several chests or clusters together, and
last effort to recover it was made Sep securing with a match of communication,
tember 13th, 1782, with floating batteries, a regular inflammation.
in which were mounted 212 brass can GIRANDOLE, Fr. literally, a chan
non and mortars The French united delier cluster of diamonds.
; a
with the Spaniards on this memorable Girandoles, Fr. circles ornamented
occasion ; and the brother to the last with fusees. They are used in fireworks.
king of the French, (then Count D'Ar- See Soleii.s tournans.
tois) commanded the camp of St. Rocie, GIROUETTES, Fr. Weathercocks,
from whence the offensive operations vanes. They are seldom or ever used on
were directed. General Elliot, (after shore, except as weathercocks on tops of
wards called lord Heathficld) had pre church-steeples, Sec.
GLO GON 231

Girouette in the singular number, \ catches, a very bright and lively fire i&-
likewise means figuratively light, incon sues out of the several holes.
not to be depended upon. As ce GLOBE. See Geography.
stant,
jeune officier est aussi girouette que ce cou- GLOIRE.FV. an artificial fire- work,
tume. This young officer is as light as which resembles a large sun. It is made
usual. by means of an iron wheel containing
GISTES, pieces of wood which are four circles, each circle diminishing to
made use of in the construction of plat wards the centre, and kept at equal dis-
forms to batteries, and upon which the i tances from one another. Forty eight
madriers or broad planks are placed. i
jets defou, or fire spouts, are tied to these
GLACIS. See Fortification. circles; each jet is twenty French inches
Glacis d'une comiche, Ex. a water long, and there are twelve of them fixed
to each of the four circles. The gloire or
fall, or insensible slope which is made
upon the cymatium (a member of archi soleil is placed in the middle of the prin
tecture, whereof one half is convex, and cipal fire-work.
the other concave) of a cornish .
Military GLORY, honor, reputation
GLADIATOR, GLADIATEUR, and fame, acquired by military atchieve-
Fr. a sword player, a prize fighter. The ments. That precarious splendor, which
old Romans were accustomed to make plays round the brows of a warrior, and
their slaves fight with one another at has been collected by hard service, ex
their public festivals, and the only weapon traordinary genius, and unblemished in
they used, was a gladine or sword. This tegrity; but which may desert the great
barbarous usage was abolished by the est hero through one unfortunate failure.

emperor Theodoric in the year of Christ GO. The verb to go is variously used
500 ; but it prevailed among the ancient in a military sense, as to march in a hos
Britons, and in England to a much later tile, or warlike manner.
date To Go off, implies to depart from any
G LAIS mllitaire, Ft a
military com
.
post.
pliment which was paid to the remains To Go on, to make an attack.
of a deceased general 1 1 consisted in a
. To Go over, to revolt.
discharge of ordnance. In a civil sense, it To Go out, to go upon any expedi
means the chiming of bells at the death of tion, Sec.
a parish priest. To Go out is likewise frequently used
GLAISE,FV. clay, or potter's earth. to the act of fighting a duel, as he
signify
GLAISF.R,Fr. to do over with potter's went with a brothel officer, and was
out
earth, or clay slightly "wounded.
GLAIVE, a broad sword, or GO A, a strong town on the Malabar
falchion,
anciently called.
so coast, belonging to the Portuguese. The
Le Glaive de la justice, the sword of chief trade is in arrack This fort was
justice. taken by the English April 2d, 1756.
GLAIZE, a kind of halbert, so called GOLADAR 0, GOLDAR, an East
by the Saxons. Indian term, signifying a store-keeper, or
GLAS, Fr. knell. store- house-keeper.
GLIB act, a very ancient act of par GOLANDAAZEE, the Indian term
liament which directed that the Irish no for an artillery man.

bility and gentry who were of English or GOLCONDA, province India,


a in
Norman extraction, should forfeit the formerly comprehending the nabobships
privileges of their original country, if of Arcot, Canoul, Cudapa, Rajamandry,
they did not shave the upper lip. This and Chicacole.
act took place when Ireland was first Golconda, formerlya city and the

conquered, and its object was to distin of the province.


capital It stood at the
guish the descendants of the invaders 1 foot ofthe rock and fortress ofthe same
from the old Irish nobility that traced its name ; but the city has long since been

origin to Milesius, who wore their hair deserted ; and its inhabitants removed to
and their beards very long ; hence glib, Hyderabad: nevertheless its name is still
means loose, flowing. frequently used in Indostan, when in re
GLIPHEoGLYPHE, Fr. signifies the city of Hyderabad is meant.
ality
generafly every species of canal, or hol GOLDEN Rock, a spot near Tritchi-
low, which constitutes any part of orna nopoly in East I ndia, which has been re
mental architecture. nowned by the victory that was gained!
Globes ou ballons d 'artifices, Fr. by the British troops over the French
globes or balloons, which are filled with and their allies in 1753.
artificial fire. They are used to set fire GON DEC AM A, Gondegama, a river
to an enemy's town or works, &c. in India, which makes the northern
Globes de feu, Fr. a cartouch made boundary of the province of Arcot ; Con-
of mashed paper, which is laid upon a davir extends between this and.the river
wooden bowl and made perfectly round. Kristna.
It is afterward perforated in several GONDOLA, Condole, Ex. this word
places, and filled with the inflammable may be taken in two senses, viz. to sig
composition that is used in the making "
nify a cup; or a small barge which is
up of lances .) ffu. The instant it fiat and long in its coirstructirm, and ii
232 GOT GOV

only moved, or worked by oars. Gondo- I ries, and almost always proves more du
las are much used upon the canals in Ve rable than the most regular buildings.
nice ; riiey are extremely remarkable tor Fronton GOTH1QUE, Fr. a gothic
their shape, and the great swiftness with pediment. In modern architecture, all
which they glide through the water. circular or triangular gable ends arc so
The middle sized ones are about thirty called, when they are sculptured, or three
feet long, and are only four feet broad leaved.
acioss the middle, gradually tapering to GOUDRON ou GOUDRAN, Fr.
wards each end, ami rising in two sharp pitch and tar.
and narrr w points to the ordinary height GOUDRONS, Fr. small fascines, or
of a man Upon the prow is fixed an faggots which are well steeped in wax,
iron of uncommon length, which does not pitch, and glue, and then are lighted for
exceed halt" a finger's breadth in thickness ; the purpose of setting fire to beams,
but which is four fingers broad, and is planks, traverses, galleries, pontoons, &c.
so disposed as to cut the air. The upper They are likewise used in various shapes
part of this iron which is flatter than the and ways, to convey light into theditches,
rest, stretches out in the shape ofa large or upon the ramparts.

hatchet a full foot in length : so that GOVERNOR of a fortification, is, or


when the gondo a is on her way, it seems should be, a person of great military
to menace every thing before it, and to knowlege; and is a very considerable
force its passage. j officer, whose authority extends not only
GONDOLIERS, Gondoliers, Ex. the
over the inhabitants and garrison, but
men who have the management of the . over all troops that may be there in winter
'

gondolas at Venice, are so called. The quarters, cantonments, or quarters of re

equipment of a gondola seldom exceeds freshment.


two persons, even on board of those barges Duty of a Governor in time of peace,
that belong to the foreign ambassadors. is to order the guards, the rounds, and the
It sometimes happens that there are patroles ; to give the parole and counter
four, when persons of distinction go to sign every night after the gates are shut;
the r country houses The gondoliers to visit the posts, to see that both officers
never sit down but row the barge standing and soldiers do their duty, and that ev ry
upright and push forward. One man thing goes on regularly and in good oider.
always plies in the fore part of the gondo Duty of a Governor in time of war.
la, and the other is at the poop. He should consider the place in such a
GONFALON, ; an ensign or stand- manner, as if the enemy were going to be
GONFANON,$ard. siege him, not omitting the least thing
GONC, the Persian word for a village. that may contribute to a long and obsti-
GONG WALLAS, villagers, the mi I nate defence ; he should therefore take
litia in Indiaso called; from gong, a vil particular care to keep the fortifications
lage, and wallas, a nun. | in good repair ; clearing the country round
GORGE. See Fortification-. of all hedges, ditches, trees, hollow roads,
Gorge, Fr. likewise means any hol caverns, and rising grounds, within the
low between a chain ol" mountains, that reach of cannon shot ; not suffering any
affordspassage into an open country.
a houses to be built within that distance,
Gorge, Fr. a sort of concave nor in general any thing to be done that

moulding belonging to ornamental archi may favor the approach of anenemy.


tecture. He should consider wel. with himself
GORGE R IN, Fr. in ancient times, every minute circumstance that may be
that part of the armor which covered of advantage to him during the siege : he
the neck of a man. Hence our word should thoroughly examine the several
gorget. works, and canvas all the ditterei t stra
GORGONS, in military antiquity, a tagems that may be used, either to de
warlike female nation of Lybia, in Afri fend them, or togive way upon occasion,
ca, who had frequent quanels with when overpowered, with an intei.t to re
another nation of the same sex, called turn and dislotlge the enemy, after he has
Amazons. got possession of them ; in short, how
GOTHIC, (Gothique Fr.) any thing to defend the place entrusted to his care,
constructed after the manner of the Goths. inch by inch, with the best advantage.
Various works and buildings that appear He should consider how, and in what
to have been constructed without any manner, the works defend each other ;
particular regard to the rules of art, are whether their communications are safe,
so called. All the old cathedrals are in or liable to be
intenupted by the besieg
the Gothic taste. ers ; how to incommode the enemy when
Monsieur de Fenelon has said, that he is at a distance, or to dislodge him
gothic architecture can support an im when near ; whether the ground be proper
mense vault upon the slightest pillars. for mines, and where they should be
The elevation of it is so wonderful, that made; whether any part of the country
although it seems ready to tumble, is may not be laid under water, by means of
perforated and full of windows in every dykes or sluices: if there are any already
part, and stands as it were suspended in made, how to keep them in constant re
the skies, it nevertheless lasts out centu pair, or to makenew ones if they are want-
GOU GRA 233

ed ; taking care to construct them so that | ! or place. See governor of a Fortifi-


the enemy may not have it in his power i
cation.

to destroy them, either with his cannon | GOWA. A witness is so called in


or mortars. | India.
If the governor be not sufficiently skilled I GRABS. Vessels peculiar to the Ma-
in the systems of attack and defence, he \ labar coast. They h;;\e rarely mora than
should frequently converse with the offi 1 two masts, although some have three;
cers of engineers and artillery who under i those of three are about 300 tons burthen ;
stand them; examine the works together, but the others are not more than 150 tons;
see what may be done to render the de they are built to draw very little water,
fence of the place as long as the circum being very broad in proportion to their
stances and nature of the works will ad length, narrowing from the middle to the
mit of; and to make it familiar to him I end, where instead of bows they have a
that of a Medi
self, he should set down a project of de j prow, projecting like
fence on paper, and have it canvassed by terranean
galley, and covered with a strong
the most skilful officers of artillery and ' deck level with the main deck of the
'

engineers about him This must be vessel, from which, however, it is sepa-
done in ; that spies or deserters
private
1 rared
by a bulk head, which terminates
may discover
not the weak parts u, the 1 the forecastle. As this construction sub
enemy. In short, i.othing should be ne jects the grab to pitch violently when
glected on the part ol the governor. \ sailing against a head sea; the deck of
He should see that the place be well , the prow is not enclosed with sides as the
supplied with ammunition, and whole- i rest of the vessel is, but remains bare,
some pr visions; that the hospitals arej that the water which dashes upon it may
in good order, and provided with able pass off without interruption. On the
physicians and surgeons, as likewise j main deck under the forecastle are mount
with every thing wholesome and neces ed two pieces of cannon nine or twelve
sary, that the sick and wounded may be pounders, which point forwards through
well taken careof. | the port holes cut in the bulk head, and
The powder magazines above all things, : fire over the prew; the cannon of the
require his most special care : for though , broadside are from six to nine pounders.
they are built bomb-proof, yet, when a GRAFF. See Ditch or Moat.
great number of shells fall upon them,! GRAIN, Fr. A word used in the re.
they seldom re sist their shock ; for which i pairing of damaged cannon.
reason they should be covered 8 or io feet I Mettre un Grain a une piece, to fill up
thick with earth, and a layer ot fascines, I the touch-hole of a piece of ordnance,
dung and strong planks, laid over them. I the heating it in such a manner, that the
GOUJAT, Fr. A soldier's boy. It metal yvhich is poured in may assimiiate
likewise signifies an ignorant gocd-for- and mix. When it becomes cold, a fresh
nothing fellow. aperture is made or bored.
GOUINE, a woman of infamous GRAIS, Fr. large stones resembling
eharacter. Scotch pebbles. They are used to pave
GOURDIN, Fr. a flat stick, two fin the high-roads, and streets.
gers in breadth, which was used by the GRAM, the giey peas are called by
French to punish galley slaves. this name in Hindustan, and is the com
GOU RG AN DINE, Fr. a strumpet mon food of horses, for which
purpose it
ofthe owest specie:., a soldier's trull. is previously steept in water.
GOUVERNAIL, FV.arudder. GRAMEN, grass, in botany.
GOUVERNEMENT, Fr. anciently GRAMINE, couren/c gramine, Ex. a
meant a certain specific allotment of pro grass or gramineous crow.i, which was
vinces, towns, &c. under the superin made among the Romans. See Obsi*
tendence and government of one person dional.
who received his powers from the king, GRANADE. False orthography.
and had subordinate officers under him. i See Grenade.
There were twelve governments in France, ! GRANAD1ER, false orthography.
at the first institution of monarchy, ' See Grenadier.
called grands gouvernemens generaux, j GRAND. This word is frequently
which were specifically noticed in all the \ used both in French and English as a
general sittings of the kingdom. They I word of title or distinction ; it means)
were first formed by Hugues Capet, in
great. In French it also means large.
987. Previous to the revolution in 1789, Grand division. The battalion being
they were subdivided into 39 general pro told off by two companies to each divi
vincial governments with interior officers, sion, is said to be told off in grand divi
subject to their jurisdiction ; such as go sions; hence grand division firing is, when
vernors of towns, and commandants of
fortified places. Each governor general
the battalion fires by 2
companies at the
same time, and is commanded by I offi
was entitled to a guard of cavalry, a cer. cer only.
tain number of halberdiers and armed men Gra.no maitre d' artillerie, Fr. grand
on foot. master of the ordnance, &c Sec Sec.
GOUVERNEUR d'une place de gucr- Grand soleil brillant, Fr. a sun exhi-p
<;. Fr. the governor of a fortified town bited in artificial fireworks. See Gi.oi.>
Gs
234 GR A GR A

Grand Vizir. See V i z i r .


order reduce the original sketch or pic-
to

GHANITE, (granit, Ex.) a sort of t enlarge it by the same process.


ure, or to
haul stone which is variegated by spots This word is derived from the Italian,
and streaks, and is rather encrusted It graticola, a gridiron.
is very common in F.g\pt. There is a GRATIFICATION, Fr. In a gene
species of granite, that is if a white and ral acceptation of the
term, this word
violet color ; and anothe which is green meant, French, certain regards
amont: t.ie

mixed with white. The most ordinary- which generals gave to the troops, a. ter
kind has grey and green spots scattered a severe engagement, in testimony of their

over a greyishwhite. valor and good conduct. These rewards


Column's40 feet high have been seen were distributed according to ranK This .

in Egypt which consisted wholly of one custom was prevalent in the most ancient
piote of granite The Egyptian Pyra times. According to Vegetius, all mo
mids are madeof that marble; such in nies distributed by the Romans, as mili
deed is the quantity said to exist about tary gratifications or rewards, were de
the country, that s> me authors imagine posited in the ensign or standard-bearer's
the whole extent of its foundation to be hands, to be occasionally given to the sol
a solid rock of granite. The French dis diers. Sometimes the generals gave di
tinguish this sort of stone by calling it rections, that a certain proportion should
fnarbre granit and marbre granitelle. In be sequestered or put apart. By devices
natural history it is generally called gra- a fund was collected ; and the temptations

nita, be-ng a distinct senus of stones to desert lost their influence in the supe-

composed of separate and very large con r or attachment which


every soldier felt
cretions rudely compacted together, of to his standard, whose bearer was the
great nardness and capable of receiving a trustee of his little property, and to
very fine and beautiful polish. whom he was consequently bound by
GRANOIR, Fr. a term used in the one of the most powerful ties of the hu
French artillery, to signify a sort of sieve, man heart self interest.

in which there are small round holes By gratification was likewise meant the
for moist powder to be passed through, in accumulation of a certain sum, which
order to make the grains perfectly round. was deposited for the specific purpose of
GWfiYE shot. See Shot. burying a deceased soldier.
GRAPHO METER, (graphemetre, Gratification signified, among the
Fr I among surveyors, an instrument for French, in a more extended sense of the
taking angles, and generally called a word, a public reward given to a body of
semi-circle. In mathematics it serves soldiers on the recommendation ofa gene
to measure hrights and elevations, to ral, for some signal act of bravery in the
raise phns, &c. day >f battle. When this happened the
GRAt'PLlNO. The French call it soldiers had a certain sum of money dis.
giapin, herisson, risson, orharpeai. ; it tributed amongst them, and the officer.
js a sort ol" small anchor, with four or received annual pensions.
live flukes or arms, commonly used to Gr \ti fication likewise means a
ride a boat. certain allowance in money which is
Gr ApriiNC-riw;., in the art of war, are made to prisoners of war. The British
composed of 4, 5, or 6 branches, bent officers in France have been allowed bd.
loundand pointed, with a ring at the root, pkr day, and the non-cornmissioned and
to which is fastened a tope to hold by, soldiers 1 1-2./. the officers have also it.bd.
when the grapple is thrown at any thing, in' in lieu of rations.
order to bung it near, so as to lay hold of it. G RATTER un Vaisseau, Ex. to clean,
Fire Grappling, instrument
an or careen a ship.
whicii nearly resembles the above, only G a. at ter en maconncrie, Ex. to restore
that it is fitted with strong barbs instead the original appearance ofa wall or build.
of flukes, and is fixed at the ing by grating the superficies with a
yard arms of
i
fire-ship to grapple her adversarv, and trowel, or any other iron instrument.
,ct her on fire. The French call this in GRAVEURS, Fr Persons employed
strument grapin de brultt. and paid by the founders of cannon for
CRAS.te, Fr. in repairing damaged pieces of artillery.
carpentry, a term to
.signify any piece of wood which is too Some individual, however, was distin
large to fit the place it was intended to guished by the name of Graveur de I' Ar
fill, and which must necessarily be di to the Artillery, and was
tillerie, Engraver
minished. Hence the expression demai-
permitted, by the Grand Master of the
grir, to thin. Ordnance, to exhibit ovei his shop-door
GRASS, (gramen,) in botany a general the arms of the royal artillery.
name for most of the herbaceous GRAVITY. Table of the Specific
plants
used in feeding cattle.
gravity of several Solid and Fluid bodies.
Grass plats, gieen walks which for Platina . . 23400
the most part are made by laying turfs or Fine gold . iy64
green sods. Staneiard gold . . 18888
GRATICULER, Fr. to divide with Quick silver . H325
a pencil on a sheet of Fine silver
paper, any design . . 11091
or drawing into small equal squares, in Standard silver .
i535
Copper 9000 fire-,for the flames will spread them
Copper halfpence 8915 selves downwards, to the right or left,
Gun metal 8784 agreeably to the movement that is given.
Cast brass 8000 It is composed or made up of naptha,
Steel
7850 sulphur, bitumen, gum and pi'ch ; andic
Iron
7645 can onlv be extinguished by vinegar mixed
Cast iron with urine and sand, or with undrisseil
7425
Tin leather or green hides. Some writers as
7320
Crystal glass 315 sert, that it was invented
:
y an e gineer
Marble 2700 (belonging to Heliopolis, a tovv< in Syria,)
Common green glass 2600 whose name was Gallinicus, and who
Flint used it with so much skill and effect
2570
Soinmon stone .
2^20 during a naval engagement, that he de
Clay 2160 stroyed a whole fleet belonging to the
Brick 2000
enemy, upon which were embarked
Common earth I984 30,000 men. This combustible matter
Nitre igoo has retained the name of Grecian fire, be
Ivory . .
1825 cause the Greeks first practised the in
Brimstone 1810 vention It is asserted indeed, that tlie
Solid gunpowder secret of making Grecian fire, which
'745
Sand 1520 should beunextinguishable, has beci: long
Coal 1*50 since lost ; tue say unextinguishable, be
Boxwood cause the ancients did not know, as we do,
1030
Sea water how to repress or put out the flame.
1030
Comm n water
Oak
1000 According to the author of Oeuvres
9-5 AIHitaires,a powerful composition, which
Gunpowder, close stacken 937 could only be extinguished by strong
Do. in loose heap vinegar (a secret unknown to the ancients)
Ash 800 might be made of the following combus
Maple .
tible materials : viz. pitch, rosin, tallow,
Elm 600
Fir
j camphor, turpentine, salt of nitre, liquid
55 varnish, oil of sulphur, li. seed, rock oil,
Charcoal
Hax, charcoal finely pulverized; the
Cork whole of which being boiled together,
. .
240
u '

1
The several sorts of wood
*
1.232 and before it gr ws cold, mixed with
are supposed quick lime: a consistence is formed that
dry. will be susceptible of the most subtle
This table also contains the and destructive fire.
weight of
a cubic foot of each
body in avoirdupois GRENADES, Tin the art of war,
ounces; from whence results the follow
ing rules :
GRANADES orfare hollow balls or

To find the
GRhNADOES,) shells of iron pr
magnitude of any body from
-
.
other metal, about 2 1-2 inches diameter,
its Weight. which being filled with fine powder, are
As the tabular
specific gravity of the set on fire by means of a small
fuse,
body, driven into the fuse-hole, madeof well
Is to itsweight in avoirdupois ounces, seasoned beech wood, and formerly
So is one cubic
foot, or 1728 cubic thrown by the grenadiers into place;:
inches, where men stood thick, and
To its contents in feet particubrly
or inches re into the trenches and other lodgment.;
spectively. made by the enemy. As soon as the
Z. To find the
weight of a
body from its composition within the fuse gets to the
magnitude. powder in the grenade, it bursts into ma
As one cubic foot, or
1728 cubic inches, ny pieces, greatly to the injury of all who
Is to the content of the
So is the tabular
body, happen to be in its way. Grenades were
specific
To the weight of the
gravity first made about the time shells were in-
body vented (which seej and first used in
GRAVOIS, FV. rubbish. 1594.
Grenades have much sunk into
GREAT fortification. One of the di disuse;
but nothing is more effectual than
visions of the first system of M. de Vau gre
nades thrown into the midst of the
ban. It consists in a fortification whose enemy,
who have into the dbch.
exterior side is from 185 to 260 toises or jumped Dur
from 370 to 520 yards, and is seldom ing the siege ot Cassel, under the Count
de Lippe, in the campaign of
adopted but towards a river or a marsh. 176:, a
Great radius. The whole young engineer undertook to carry one of
oblique the outworks, with a much smaller de
radius. See Fortification^
tachment than had before attempted it
GRECIAN fire, feu Fr. a Gr*Mt, without success He gained his object
sort ot artificial fire, whicrT insinuates
with ease, from the use .of grenades ;
itself beyond the surface of the sea, and which is a proof that they should not be
which burns with increased violence when
it mixes with that element.
neglected, either in the attack or defence
Its direc of posts.
tions are contrary to the course of natural
GT'.vAPr, grfnade- Er, There is ?
236 GRE GRE

sort of grenade which is thrown out of a Grenades were directed to be thicker at


"mortar. the breech than elsewhere, in proportion
It is sometimes used for the purpose to their several diameters.
of annoying the besieging enemy ; in Durtubie, in his Manuel de I'Artilleur,
which case quantities are rolled down the gives the following succinct account of
"

rampart into the fosse, or ditch, upon the grenades. That writer observes, that
workmen or miners. besides bombs or shells, and howitzers,
A grenade reser.bles a bomb or shell, hollow vessels made of iron in globular
with this only difference, that the grenade shapes, which are called grenades, are
has not any handles to it. frequently used; gunpowder is poured in
There are some grenades, called gre through 'he cavity or vent, called in
nades amain hand-gr nades, whose calibre Fre.ch lumiere, into which fuse loaded
a

is equal to that of a four pounder. The with a composition of combustible mate


charge is from five to six ounces of gun rials is introduced."
powder, or thereabouts. Th>y are ex There are two sorts of grenades. Those
tremely serviceable on many occasions: distinguished by the name of grenades de
but particularly so to throw among the rampart, are rolled from the top of the
men that are working in the trenches;
parapet into the ditch; they are equal in
numbers of whom they must inevitably c libre to that of a 33 and a 16 pounder;
wound. The vent of a hard-grenade con and they weigh 16, 11, and 8 ounces.
tains about six lines, or half an inch. The other species is called grenades a
The following proportions belonged to main. These are thrown into the covert
grenades, according to their severe. I diame way, and the trenches, &c Their cali-
ters in former times; bie is that of a 4 1 ounder, and they weigh
thcyhavebeen much
i in pro red. 2 i.ounis. The ordii ary thickness of
Grenades whose calibre is equal to that grnades is four lines throughout.
ot a 33 pounder, contain about 6 French It will occur to our military readers,
inches or more diameter, 8 lines in thick that by this account a considerable alte
ness, and 16 pounds in weight. ration has taken place in the castit. of
Grenades whose calibre is equal t<- that grenades, as the intermediaie dirt" tnces
ofa24 pounder, contain 5 French inches have l->etn consolidated; ha. d-ere. ades,
5 lines diameter, six lines in thickness, insteadof being thicker at the breach, are

and 12 pounds in weight. uniformly of the consistency. It


s me
Grenades whose calibre is equal to that cannot, however, be thought superflu
of a 16 pounder, contain 4 French inches ous to preserve an account of the original

9 lines diameter, 5 lines in thickness and dimensions.


8 pounds in weight. GRENADES H and grenades may

Those that weigh 6 pounds, have 3 be thrown to the distance of 13 fathoms.


French inches 5 lines diameter, and are For their dimensions see the word Shell.
-; lines thick. Grenades Turques. Ex. Turkish
Those that weigh $ pounds, have 3 grenades A sort of >renale which is
French inches 2.1-4 lines diameter, and inane by the Turks Their grenades are
are 5 lines thick.
extremely defective, and do little execu
Those that wcis;li 3 pounds, have 2 tion.
French inches 8 lines diameter, and are GRENADIER,; a foot soldierarmed
4 1-2 lines thick GRANAD1ER, $ withfirelock, bayo
Those that weigh 2 pounds, have 2 net, and in some services w.th a hanger:
French inches 4 lines diameter, and are 4 grenadiers carry, besides their arn^, a
lines thick. cartridge box that will hold 36 rounds.
Those that weigh 1 pound, have 1 They are always rhe tallest and stoutest
French inch ten lines diameter, and are men, consequently the first upon all
3 lines thick attacks Every battalion of foot in the
Those that weigh three quarters of a British army has generally a company of
pound, have 1 French inch 8 lines diame grenadiers belonging to it, which takes
ter, and are 3 lines thick -
the right of the battalion. Grenadiers
Those that weigh half a pound, have 1 wer first instituted in France in 1667, by
French inch 8 lines diameter, and are 3 having 4 or 5 to each company ; but in
lines thick. the year 1670, they were formed into
Those that weigh a quarter of a pound, companies, and in 1685, were first known
have 1 French inch 6 lines diameter, and in the British sorvic-
are 2 1-2 lines thick. Horse- Grenadiers, called by the
These proportions were formerly at French grenadiers volans, or flying grena-.
tended to in the old F"rench service, with diers,are such as are mounted on horse
occasional deviations from the strict mea back, but fight both on foot and horse
surement of the lines ; as it was supposed back. Thoy were first established in
to be of little consequence whether the XIV. in 1676, and
grenades fitted the mortars exactly. It
France bjJpLewis
formed into Mj^adrons.
was, indeed, generally thought advisable Grenadiers auxiliaries, Fr. Aux
to adapt their sizes, so that they might
iliary grenadie s. During a siege, and
be thrown out without the least resist when a place was closely invested, a cer
ance or compression. tain number of grenadiers were chosen
GR O GUA 137

out of the battalions belonging to the their ground at eight or ten paces foom one
trenches, for the purpose of making head another.
against the bes eyed, whenever they GRUE, Fr. A crane. It is frequently
might risk a sally, or insult the works. used in the embarkation and debarkation
It was the peculiar duty of these men to of cannon, &c.
stand forward on evry occasion, to set fire GUARANTEE. Anypersonor power
to the gabi ns attached to the batteries, who undertakes for the performance of
and to crush every attempt which might any stipulations agreed on between two
be ma le by the arrison to annoy the men '>ther powers or
parties.
that were posted in the trenches, &c. GUARD, in the military art, is a duty-
It wae customary amon the French performed by a body of men to secure
to ncrease the number of those grena an armf or place from bring surprised by

dier.-., who went first into danger and did an enemy. In garrison the guards are re
the duty of the trenches. These were lieved every day ; hence it comes thai
called grenadiers pesteiches, ox extra gre every soldier mounts guard once ev ry
nadiers. three or four days in time of peace, and
Grenadieres, ou Gibernes, the much oftener ,n time of war. Sec Ho
bacs or haversacks which hold the gre nors.
nades. They were worn like powder- Guards, also imply the troops kept to
flasks. guard generals and other public officers,
G R E NT E R , Ft. (mettre en grenier.) and sometimes consist of both horse aw.
Te' stow a.v thing loosely.
'
foot.
G RENOIR. Fr. (Une espece de Horse- grenadier Guards. The first
cribte.) A soit of sieve through which troop was raised in the year 1693 in Eng
gunpowd- '
was and forme:! into
passed, land; the second in 1702. Each troop
grains of different sizes. had a colonel, li. utenant colonel, 1 gui
GRelVE, Fr. Any flar space of ground don or major, three exempts and captains,
On the. ank of a river, or near the sea. 3 lieutenants, 1 adjutant, 3 cornets, and
A place in Paris is so called, where dur 6o private men, they have been abolished.
ing th<: old governmen: of France, all British life Guards Inconsequence
criminals w.re e\ecut"d. Greve is also of the reel uct ion of the horse grenadier
used to o.jiiify the gallows. guards, two regiments fuve been raised
Grevs, Fr. armor, or covers for the for the specific purpose ot guarding the
legs. They were anciently worn by the metropolis, and of" royal escorts. They
French; and generally consisted of a are generally calleit the first and second

piece of steel or stiff leather, which pro life-guards. Each regiment consists of
tected i he front part of *he leg. six troops of 53 Mien and 1 kettle drum.
GRIl-FE, Fr. means literally a claw, Royal Regiment cf H-jr^t Guards. This.
but in a military sense, as actepted
by regiment which is commonly called the
the French, it si/nirics an iron i.atru- Oxford Blues, from having originally-
ment which is made like a hook, and is been raised by the earl of Oxford, consists
used miners to pick out the small
by of nine troops.
stones that are incorporated with ce Yeomen ofthe Guards, a kind of foot
ment, &c. guards to the B ritish king's pei so- , and arc-
GRIGNON, Fr. broken biscuit. generally called by a nick-name the

beef
Gill SONS, a people formeily in alli
ance with the British but since annexed
eaters. They were first raised by Henry
VII. m the \ear 1485, consisting or" 230
to Swisserland. They ini.abit the men of the first rank, under
gentry, aw'
mountainous parts of the Alps in Italy, ofa larger stature than ordinary , ewch be
and a well
supported
called the army of the
organised army, ing required to be 6 feet hi;h. At pre
Grisons, under sent there are but 100 on constai.t
duty,
general Macdonald during thenar. and 70 more not on duty ; and when any
GROS, Fr A body of soldiers ; a de. one of the 100 d'.es, his
place is supplied
tachment. The French
frequently say out of the 70
They go dressed aftei the

Ungros de ca valeric, a body of cavalry'; manner of H nry VIlI.'s time. Tlieii


un g/os d'infanterie, a
body of infantry
pay is 2 shillings and 6 pence per day.
GROUND. The field or
place of ac Foot Guards, are renments of foot ap
tion
pointed for the ;ua'd of tiie British king
GKovnx>-work, in military architec and his palace, and for general service.
ture. See Foundation. Then- are three regiments of them, called
Ground arms, an old word of com the isi, 2d, awl 3d regiment of foot-
mand on which the soktiers laid down
guards. They were raised 111 the year
their arms upon the ground. 1660 The first regiment is at present
This word of command has been ex commanded by 1 colonel, 1 lieutenant
ploded since the introduction of the new colonel, 3 majors, 27 captains, icaptain-
exercise. Soldiers are now ordered to lieu'ena t, 62 lieutenants, 24 ensigns, and
pile or stack arms. 3 adjutants, and consists ol 3 battalions.
To take Ground. A battaiion or com Fhe s
regiment, or Coldstream,
com!
pany is said to take ground when it ex iias 1 1 lieutenant colonel, 2 ma
colonei,
tends in any given direction. *l his term
is likewise used in
jors, 16 captai s, 1 cai-tair, lieutenant.
duelling, as They took 42 lieutenants, 14 ensigns, and a adju-
-SB

233 G U A G V A

tants, and consists of two battalions. till the foragers are all come offthe ground.
The third regiment is the same as the Main Guard, is that from whence all
second. The first regiment of French other guards are det.-ched. Those who
guards was raised in the reign of Charles are for mounting guard assemble at their
IX in the year
1563. respective private parades, and march
Imperial Guards, the name of a body from thence to the general parade in good
of select troops organised by the French order, where, after the whole guard is
emperor, which greatly distinguished drawn up, the small guards are detached
themselves at the battle of Austerlitz. to their respective posts : then the sub
Trench Guard only mounts in the alterns cast lots for their guards, who are
time ofa siege, and consists sometimes of all under the command of the captain of
3, 4, or 6 battalions, according to the the main guard. This guard mounts in
importance ofthe siege. Thisguard must garrison at different hours, according to
oppose the besieged when they sally out, the pleasure of the governor.
protect the workmen, Sec. Picquet Guard, a good number of
P'ovost Guard, is always an officer's horse and foot, always in readiness in case
guard that attends the provost in his of an alarm : the horses are generally sad
rounds, to prevent desertion, marauding, dled all the time, and the riders booted.
rioting, Sec. See Provost. The foot draw up at the head of the
GuARD-magazine. See Store-Keep battalion, frequently at the beating ofthe
er. tat too ; but afterwards return to their
Advanced Guard, is a party of either tents, where they hold themselves in rea
horse or foct, or both, that marches be diness to march upon any sudden alarm.
fore a more considerable body, to give no This guard is to make resistance, in case
tice of any approaching danger. These of an attack, until the army can get ready.
guards are either made stronger or weaker, Baggage Guard, is always an officer's
according to the situation or danger that guard, who has the care of the baggage on
may be apprehended from the enemy, or a march. The waggons should be num
the country you are to march through. bered by companies, and follow one
Van Gv aro. Sec Advanced Gu a rd. another regularly ; vigilance and atten
Artillery Guard, is a detachment from tion in the passage ot hollow-ways,
the army to secure the artillery when in woods, and thickets, must be strictly ob
the field. Their corps de garde is in the served by this guard.
front of the artillery park, and their sen Ordinary Guards, such as are fixed
tries distributed round it. This is general during the campaign, or in garrison towns,
ly a 48-hours guaid; and upon a march and which are relieved daily.
this guard marches in the front ano rear Extraotdit.ry Guards, or detach
ofthe artillery, and must be sure to leave ments, such as only commanded on
are

nothing behind. If a gun or waggon particular occasions; either for the fur
breaks down, the officer that commands ther security of the camp, to cover the
the guard is to leave a sufficient numberof foragers, or for convoys, escorts, or ex
men to assist the gunners and aids in get
peditions.
ting it up again. Soldiers are sometimes ordered to take
Artillety quarter. G u ar d, is frequently extraordinary guards, as a
punishment
a non-commissioned officer's
guard from for slight misconduct.
the regiment ol" artillery, whose corps de Quarter Guard, is a small guard com
garde is always in the front of their en manded by a subaltern officer, posted in
campment. the front of each battalion, at 200 feet or
Artillery rear- Guard, consists in a cor more before the front ofthe regiment.
poral and 6 men, posted in the rear of the Rear Guard, that part of" the army
park. which brings up the rear on a march,
Corps de Guard, are soldiers entrusted generally composed of all the old grand-
with the guard ofa post, under the com guards of the camp.
mand otone or more officers. This word The rear guard ol" a party is frequently
also signifies the place where the guard 8 or 10 horse, about 500 paces behind the
mounts.
party Hence the advanced guard going out
.

Counter Guard. See Forti fication. upon a party forms the rearguard in a re
Grand Guard. A guard composed of treat.
three or four squadrons of horse, com Rear Guard, is also a corporal's guard
manded by a field officer, posted about a placed in the rear of a regiment, to keep
mile, or a mile and a half from the camp, good order in that part ofthe camp.
on the right and left wings, towards the Standard Guard, a small guard under
enemy, tor the better security of the cam]). a
corporal, which is taken out of each re
Forage Guard, a detachment sent out giment of horse, and mounts on foot in
to secure the foragers, who are |>osted at front of each regiment, at the distance of
all places, where either the enemy's party 20 feet from the streets, opposite to the
may come to disturb the foragers, or main street.
where they may be spread too near the ene To be upon Guard. See Mounting
my, so as to be in danger of being taken. Guard.
This guard consists both of horse and Torelieve Guard. See Relieve.
foot, who must remain on their posts Turnout the Guard. A phrase used
GU A G U A 239

when it is necessary for the guard to form The men on advanced picquets are to
j
for the purpose of receiving a general or i carry their provisions with them, ready
commanding officer ; on the approach of I cooked, when circumstances will permit.
an armed party ; on the beat of drum or Thecavalr. to carry sufficient forage for
sound of trumpet, or any alarm. the time they are to be out.
Port Guard. A guard detached from It is the duty ot officers on all guards
the main guard. All officers on port or to inspect every relief of sentries, both
detached guards are to send a report, when they go on, and come oli their
night and morning, to the captain of the posts ; to call the rolls frequently, and
main guard, and at all other times, when by every means in the r power to keep the
any thin., extraordinary occurs. Those | men under their command in the mo.-,t
who command at the ports are to draw | perfect state of vigilance ar.d pieparation.
up the bridges, or shut the barriers, on ! Officers commanding outposts are to
the approach of any body of armed men, send guides, or orderly men, to the major
of which they are to give notice to the of brigade of th day, or to the brigade-
officer ofthe main guard, and not to suf major of their own brigades, as circum
fer any of them to come into the garrison, stances require, in order to conduct the
without leave from the governor or com new guards, and to carry such orders as

mander. may be necessary.


Out- Guards. Under this head may When the army is on a march, the of
not improperly be considered outposts, ficers must apprize the brigade-majors of
advanced picquets, and detachments. The the situation of their posts, as soon as
duties of outposts are so various as usually they arrive at them. All detachments
to require detailed instructions according of brigades, which are ordered to murc-h
to circumstances. The following direc immediately, axe to be taken from the pic
tions are generally applicable, and must quets, and replaced directly from the line.
be strictly attended to should there be any Whencverdetachmentsexce.dioomen,
occasion for it to act upon home-ser\ice. or upwards, a surgeon or surgeon's mate
The duty of outposts, Sec. is chiefly con is to be sent from the corps of the officer
fined to light troops, who are occasionally who commands. On particular duties,
assisted and relieved by the line. They the attendance of a surgeon or mate may
are always, in that case, under the- im be requisite with smaller detachments.
mediate direction of some general. But Detachments of cavalry, of" 50 or upwards,
when circumstances render it necessary, will be attended by a farrier.
that this duty should be done from the As soon as an officer commanding an
line, the outposts fall undef the com outpost, or advanced picquet, (whether
mand of the officers of the day, unless of cavalry or infantry) arrives oh his
some particular officer be put in orders ground, he must endeavor to make him
for that specific command. self master of his situation, by carefully
All outguards march oft' without examining, not only the space he actually
trumpets sounding, or drums beating. occupies, but the heights within mus-
They pay no compliments of any kind ; quet-shot ; the roads and paths leading ! j
neither do their sentries take any compli or near his
post, ascertaining their breadth
mentary notice of officers passing near and practicability for cavalry and a nnon.
their posts. No guards are to presume lie should examine the hollow ways
to stop any persons coming to camp with that cover the approach of an enemy ;
provisions (unless they be particularly and, in short, consider all the points from
ordered so to do,) and are on no account which he is most likely to be attacked,
to exact or receive any thing for their free either by cavalry or infantry. He will,
passage. by these means, be enabled to take mea
Any officer, trumpeter, or other person, sures to prevent the possibility of
being
who comes from an enemy's camp, is to | surprized ; and should he be attacked
be secured by the first guard he arrives ' during the night, from tlie previous
at, till the commander in chief 's, or the knowlege he has obtained of the ground,
general's pleasure is known. When a he will at once form a just estimate of
deserter comes in from the enemy, the th nature ofthe attack, and make his ar
officer commanding a post, or guard, at rangements for defence with promptitude
which he arrives, is immediately to send and decision. In order to convey the
him under a proper escort, (without per same alacrity to his men, and to
prepare
mitting him to be delayed or examined, the most inexperienced for sudden and
or any questions asked himj to the officer officer upon an
unexpected attacks, an
commanding the outposts, who, after outpost will do well put them upon the
to
inquiring whether he brings any intelli alert, by skilfully occasioning false alarms .

gence immediately relating to his own But these must not be often repeated,
post, will forward him to head-quarters. nor when
practised be made known to his
-

The sentries on the out posts are always men as having


proceeded from himself ;
to be doubled. No officers, soldiers, or since supincness and inactivity might by
followers ofthe camp, are on any account degrees be the consequence of such a dis
to be suffered to pass the outposts, with
covery.
out they are on duty, or present a regular An intelligent officer upon an
outpost,
pass from head- quarter;, even iti'pt*i\'1el.d wirli entrenching tools.
240 GUA GUA

will materially strengthen his Tiarch off in quick time, the lieutenant
post, whei-
the u.iobserver would remain inact'v. being three paces advanced in front of his
A tree fe'led with judgment ; brusl-.w ..-
^en, and the ensign one. The colours
cut to a certain distance; pointed stale. , r received as usual. And the color par-

about breast hi;h, placed on the poin> y on their arrival en the left flank of the
most assailable
by an enemy, may be at ."iaxA-, will file at the sloii time,
tended with the greatest aavantages, and through the ranks: the lieutenant, and
can be - fleeted with th" common hatch- the colors, in front of the front rank.
*>s wh>ch the men car y to cut fire- wood The guards are to march off at the slow
In short, every impediment which an time, and by d. visions, taking care,
oflic-r, acting nn the defensive, can throw that wi^en they open their rarks, the
in an enemy's way, outfit to be scrupu front rank of each keeps its exact distance
lously attended to Independei tly, there from the front rank preceding it. When
fore, of the means which he adopts for there ar-' more officers than one belonging
the minediate protection of i.is post;, he to the same ? uard, the second in rank is

must Iook beyond that point; and as J to take ,-ost, and io march past the com

nothing checks the ardour of t o ps more manding officer on the parade, at the head
than an unexpected obstacle, withn an' of the last division, instead of being in
hundred yards, more or less, of the place I the rear of it Wh.-n there is an officer,
attacked, he must, on his arrival at the I senior to the fiel:' officer rf tlie day, on the
outpo r, throw ii|> some t mporary im- parade, tht guar's are to man h by and
pedi:.- nt at that distance. See A.m. Mil. salute him : the field other of the day,
Li Br a ie Y. in that case, marching at their head.
Mounting Guards. It is indispensi- | Gv ar ft. rooms The following articles
bly necessary, that every officer should i shouici properly come under the heads of
know how to mornt and come off guard, ij furniture and utensils.
All guards parade with orderetd arms, Cavahy and infunity Gv ARO-rooms are
and unfixed bayonets, without any int< r-J '
allowed a wate: bucket, candlestick, tin
vais between them, ih ranks open. Th can for drink, and drinking cups;
they are
officer brings the guard to a shoulder; also allowed fire inns, and coal tray.
'

and the officers with their swords, drawn, The rooms of the quarter- masters and
and non-commissioned officers command Serjeants of cavalr\ , and the serjeant-
ing uards, are formed about forty paces major and quarter-master serjeant of in
in front of the centre, in two rar.ks, fantry, to be furnished with the necessary
facing the line, wheic they are to receive bedding and utensils in the same manner
the old parole and such orders as may be , as is allowed to the soldiers' rooms.

Guard, in fencing, implies


given them. a posture
The major or commanding officer gives
proper to defend the body from the sword
the word of command . ofthe antagonist.
"Officers awl i.on-commissioned offi The word guard is seldom applied
cers
Take ; ost in lioi.t of" your respec a mom: small swordsmen to
any position
tive guards !
Outward face March !" but those of carte and tierce, the other
As soon as they have taken motions of def.nce are stiled parades.
post, front
ing their respective guards, the word of See Fencing.
Command will be given
Guards of the broad sword. The po
"Officers and non-commissioned officers sitions of defence adopted with that wea

to your guards March !



Front !

pon are generally termed guards, and may


Halt " be comprised under the inside guard,
"
Officers and non-commissioned offi half-circle guard, hanging guard, half-
cers, inspect your guards !" hangine guard, medium guard, outside
The several officers and non commis guard, St. George's guard, and spadroon
sioned officers then inspect their guard as guard. -See Broad-s word.
quick as possible. When there is a cap Prepare to Guard, in the cavairy sword
tain's guard, each officer is to take a ranky exercise, is performed by bringing the ex
the seij'ants accempar-y n,- them tremity of the sword-hilt up to the pit of
A* soon as the inspection is over, the the stomach, with the back ot the hand
adjutant goes down the line and receives outwards ; the blade of the sword to be
the repor1 f each ?;uard ; the officers re carried perpendicularly, with the flat in
turn to heir posts; and the major, or front of the left eye. From this position
ci-minandii... like, commands "Fix

the guard is taken by darting the sword
bayonets ! Shoulder !"

hand smartly forward towards the left
When the ce lours are brought on the ea l the antagonist.

p.uade, the dr :m i beat ; and the drum Guard, in the cavahy sword exercise, is
mer's call on the right. jsed to den ite one
particular position,
The captain will face inwards, and ihe wh.ch coi ists in holding the sabre nearly
lieutenant and ensign will face t< the horizontal across the face, the point rarfier
rieht, ai.d ii irch, quick time, to the head higher than the hilt, the sword-hand
of the grenadiers, Tne captain goee. to directed towaids the left ear of the an-
the head of the right of his rema ninv t igoiust Although th s be peculiarly de
men. The fie in officer then orders the tain ted gaum, yet ;t is tvn to be- con
grenadier to clo.e their ranks, and to sidered as a position calculated to mcf.'
G U E G U E 241

of attack, or an eligible position


sort Petite Guerre, Fr. a harrassing
every spe
to an enemy ; but as the central
charge cies of warfar< A contest for plunder.
.

from which the requisite change Place de Guerre, Fr. a fortified town
point
for attack or detence may b. effected. or place.
The other position of defence in the cav Fait e la Guerre a I' ceil, in a fi-ura-
alry exercise are stiled Protects. tive sense, signifies to watch ste ifastly,
GUASTADOURS, Fr. T-.rkish pi and without taking off the eye troin a par
oneers. Armenians and Greeks are gene ticular object.
rally employed in the Turksh armies, to A la gueire comme a la Guerre A.
do the fatigue-woik that is necessary for f, miliar expression among the French,
the formation of a camp, or for coniuctint which im lies, that things must be aken
a siege. as they come.

GUDDA, an Indian term for a fool, On ne


fait la Guerre que pnur faire
a small fort erected upon a hill ortmi- enfin la paix. War, after all, must end in
nence; it means literally an ass, meta peace.
phorically a fool. Lj guerre nourrit la Guerre, figurative
GUDGE, an F. dian measure 24 inches ly means, that an army always subsists at
long. the expence of the country in which it
GUERITE, Fr. Centry box, small lies.
turret. In fo-tified towns there are seve GUERRE de Srcours, Fr. war of alli
ral small turrets of this denomination, ance or
confederacy. This term is more
which are sometimes made of wood and especially applicable to that species of
sometimes built with stone. contest in which neighboring princes or
They are
generally fixed on theacure points ot bas countries embark to defend those with,
tions and centinels are posted within them, whom they are in alliance, against the
for the purpose of watching the ditch, aggression or exorbitant demands of a
and of preventing any surprize in that conqueror.
quarter. If such a contest or war be eaArcd*into
Those used upon the continent <>f Eu upon the faith of settled treatie^pie
ties are bound not only to supply the
par
rope, particularly in France, contain from
3 to4 French feet diameter within, and are stipulated number of soldiers, buteven to
7 or 8 feet high. Their general shape or augment their q< ota, if necessity shoulei
figure is round, pentagonal, hexagonai,&c require, and sometimes to march in per
There are apertures made on every side, son against the common
enemy.
through which the centinel can observe If the object be to prevent any adja
every thing that passes in the ditch. A cent country from falling nto the hands
path about 2 or 3 feet broad is cut through of a conqueror, who might afterwards
the parapet and the banquette, up to the molest the contracting party, the latter
entrance of the guerite. Wooden gue- should observe many ; recautions before
rites are generally used where the rampart he withdraws from the contest ; the
is lined with turf only.
principal one is to demand the possession
The spots best adapted for guerites, of some strong
places upon the frontiers,
arc at the flanked angles of bastions, and at to prevent the inhabitants of the
couniry
the angles of epaulements. Sometimes that is attacked from making a
separate
indeed, they are placed in the centre of peace.
the curtains. They must jut out at the The general selected to command an
point of the angle, and the ground floor auxiliary army must be endued with wis
should be upon a line with the cordon, dom and foresight. He must be wise and
which is a sort of fillet or trace that intelligent in order to preserve discipline
marks the separation of the rampart from and good order among his troops : and
the parapet. They must likewise pro nave foresight to provide for the wants of

ject lar enough to afford the centinel who hi> army in a strange country, and to see
is within, a full view of the faces, the that the men are not sent more into action
flanks and the curtains, and, if possible, than they ought, and that nothing is done
a thorough command of all the ditches.
contrary to the interest of his co mtry.
Gagner la Guerite, Fr. A familiar Guerre de montagne, F 1 a war which
.

phras to express the escape of a person.


-

is chiefly carried on in a mountainous parfc


Enfiler la Guerite, Fr. To avoid the of the country. This species of warfare
pursuit of another. is extremely hazardous, as it cannot be
GUERRE, Fr. War; which see.
pursued without a thorough knowlege
The word guerre is indeed so frequently- ofthe country, and by means of able stra
used among the French, that we shall not tagems Marshal Saxe, in his Reveries,
be thought too minute in specifying some lays it down as a rule, that no army or de
ge ieral terms under that head. The prin tachment must venture into passes or nar
cipal ones are, row
ways, without having first secured
Guerre civile, Fr. See Civil War. the eminences round them ; and if the
Hommede Guerre, Fr. a military man. enemy should defend the gorges or out
Norn de Guerre, Fr. a war name; a lets, false attacks must be resorted to, in
borro.ved name; it was formerly common order to divert his attention from a real
to assume a nom de
guerre on entering the one which is made against a weak
quarter.
trench army. It frequently happens that bye- ways
strj
242 GUE GU E

found out, which have escaped the ene Pre'paratifs de Guerre, Fr. warlike
my's observation, and through which de preparations.
tached bodies may penetr.de for the pur place de Gczrre, Fr. a fortified place.
In a guerre de Machine de Guer.be, Fr. a warlike in
pose ot turning his flanks.
or mountain-contest, ii is ess n- strument or machine.
tnontagnt,
tiallv necessary, that the advancing body Conseil de Guerre, Fr. a council of
should keep up a regular and s.fe com war. It likewise means a court martial.
munication with its rear, as well to se Vaisseau <&GuERRE,Fr Asfnpofwar.
cure a retreat if necessary, as to have
a Vaisseau arme en Guerre, Fr. an arm
free intercourse with its convoys. See ed vessel.
C'est un grand homme de Guer re, Fr.
Am. Mil. Lib.
ituerre de chicane, Ex. See War of he is a warlike ct aracter
chicane or stratagem. Les malheurs de la Guerre, Fr. the
Guerre Sainte, Fr. a romantic expe- misfortunes 01 war.
dit;on which was made by the Christians, Avoir Guerre, Fr. to commence fu
against ihe Infidels in Pal stine, for the tilities.
the H ly Land, Avoir la Guerre. Fr. to be in a state
purpose of re-conquermg
from whence it was called holy war, or of warfare.
See Crusade. Lesjruittdela Guerre, Fr. thefruits,
gutrre sainte.
Fondtede Guerre, a figurative expres or
consequences of war.

sion among the French, to mark the cha Entreprendre la Guerre, Fr. to enter
racter of a man who has distinguished into a war.
'
himself in battle, a,-.d is acknowleged to Ditcarer la G u e r r e, Fr. to declarewaf.
Soutenir la Guerre, Fr. to maintain
possess a superior degree of valor.
Flambeau de la Guerre, Fr. the torch the war.
of war. Any person who causes war to be Entretenir la Guerre, Fr. to support
carried on with violei ce and animosity is the war.
Ces deux princes sont en Guerre, Fr.
soc%)ejjfc Fr. to go these two potentates are at war.
Allei^B petite Guerre,
in dete/crca for the direct
out
Etre en Guerre ouverte, Ex. to beat
parties purpose
of plundering an enei y'scountry. open war.

Faire bonne Guerre, Fr. to carry on Se faire la Guerre, Fr. to make war
hostilities with as much humanity as the with one another.
laws of war will permit. Aller a la Guerre, Fr. to go to war.
Faire bonne Guerre, a quelqu'un, Fr. Allumer la Gvekre dans un etat, Ex. to
to treat with a man decently, but vigo light up a w.ir, or excite trpubies in any
rously, on matters thatrequire explana state or country.
tion and final arrangement. Porter la Guerre dans le exur d'xn
Guerre et pitie ne s'accordent pas en pays, Fr. to carry war into the heart ofa
semble, Fr a Fr. nch proverb, signifying country.
war nd commiseration seldom go hand in Guerre entre les puissances egales, Fr.
hand. war between two powers which are near
Guer re juste, Fr. a just and necessary ly equal in point of strength, and do not
war, that is a war of defence, such as the act with auxiliary troops
war of resistance against the British, Qui terre a Guerre a, Fr. a French
from 1775 to 1783 ; the war of the proverb, signifying, every man who has
French against tne first coalition, in 1792. landed property is
exposed to feuds and
Guerre injuste, Ex. an unjust war.. litigation,
Longue Guerre, Fr. along war. GUERRIER, Fr. Warrior
Guerre etraugire, Fr. a foreign war. Un grand Gu err i er, Fr. a great war
Guerre d' outre mer, Fr a war beyond rior.
the seas. Les plus fameux G u e r r. 1 e R s , the most
Gen s de Guerre. See Gens. celebrated warriors.
Le metier de la Guerre, Fr. the pro 1 1 is also used as a substantive in the
fession of arms. Hence it is fiyuratively feminine gender, when speaking of an
said, les F'anccis sonl au fait du metier de amazon ; as, la vaillante
guerriere.
la guetrede terre, et les Angloit sonl au fail Guerrier. Fr. as an adjective is vari
du metier de la guerre de mer Frenchme- ously used, viz. warlike, any thing ap
are at the top of the profession of arms
pertaining to war.
on land, and Englishmen are unrivalled at
Action? Guerrier.es, Fr. warlikeac-
sea. tions.
Les Lois de la Guerre, Fr. The laws of Travaux Guerriers, Fr. works ofa
tu ar. military or w rlike nati.ie
Le droit de la Guerre, Fr. the rights of Exploits Guerrieris, Fr. warlikeex-
war. ploits.
Rusede Guerre, Fr. a warlike strata (
ourage Guerrier, Fr a warlike dis
gem. position.
En temps de Guerre, Fr. in time of Humeur Guerriere, Fr. a warlike
war.
spi it or temper.
Munitions ae la Guerre et de bouche, Nation Guerriere, Fr. a warlike na^
1. warlike stores, and provisions. tion.
GUE GUI 243

Ilal'airGv&RMZR, Fr. he has a war 11 y a laisse ses Guet res, Fr. a figu
like look or appearance. rative expression among French soldiers,
II a la mine Guerriere, Fr. he has a signifying that a person died in such a
warlike asect. place.
GUERROYER, Fr. to make war. GUF.TRER, Fr. to put on gaiters.

GUERROYEUR, Ft. a warrior. GUFTTE, Fr, a name given by the


GUET, Fr. This term was particu French carpenters to a stake that is fixed
larly attached to those persons belonging sideways and which serves for various
to the French body-guaras, that did utyi
purposes.
GUETTER, Fr. a familiar phrase,
during the nitht.
Gvndela mer, Ex. the watch which signifying towatch 'the motions of any
the inhabitants belonging to parishes, body, for the purpose of circumvention
to vns, or fortified p aces, situated on the or
surprize.
sea coast, were bound to keep for its se Gcjetter likewise means to watch
O.i occasions of this sort, the for a fit opportunity to get access to any
curity.of alarm was mane during th< day
signal person.
by smoke, and during the night by light Ii y a des serge ns qui le Guettent, Fr,
ed combustibles. he is closely watched by some Serjeants.
GUET, Fr in a military sense, signi Le soldat Guettoit sou colonel pour
fies rounds, or those duti.-s of a soldier, or Itti presenter un placet, Ex. the soldier
p.itroling party, which are prescribed for watched his colonel, in order to lay his
the security ofa town, &c and to prevent petition before him.
surprises. GUEUSE, Fr, a rough pi. re of iron,
Faire le G vet an haul du belfroi, Ex. to which has been melted, ;>nd has not gone
be put ur>on duty, or stand watch at tlie through any further process or purifica
top ofa church belfry. tion.
Asseoir le G u e t , F r. to set the watch .
GUICHET, Fr. a small door or out
Peser le Guet, to post the watch. let, which is made in the gates of fortified
It is generally
Etre au Guet, Fr- to be upon the towns.
foy feet hi h, and
wa'ch. twobroad; so that a mM must stoop to
Gun a pied, Ex. foot patrole. get through. In .1669, :he high town of
Guet a cbeval, Ex. horse the city ot Albuquerque, in Spain, es
patrole.
Ce sont les bourgeois qui font le Guet, Er. caped being suiprizv-el by means ofpne of
e inhabitants of the place go the rounds. these outlets. In garrison towns, the
Cri au Guet, Fr. the hue and cry. guichet is left open for the space of one
Le Guet vient de passer, the patrole has quarter of an hour after the retreat, in
just passed. order to give the inhabitants time to
Avoir I'aeit
au Guet, Fr. to be minute enter.

ly watchful and observing. Guichet*/' une porte d'ccluse, an open


Avoir I'oreil/e au Guet, Fr. to be list ing which is made in the gate of a sluice,
ening for the direct purpose of acquiring and which closes bv means of a flood
information. gate. It serves to let in water when
Maison de Guet, Fr. round-house. wanted.
Motdu Guet, Fr. watch- word. GUIDES, (guides, Ex.) axe generally
Donr.er le mot de Guet, to give the tlie country pec. le in the neighborhood
watch- word. where an
army encamps : they are to
Se donner le mot de Guet, Fr. to un give you intelligence concerning the coun
derstand one another. In familiar inter try, the roads by which you are to march,
course it means likewise to play booty and the by wi.icli ihe enemy mav
route
together approach you. Guides should be i.nih-
Guet apens, Fr. Ambush; any pre ful, becauses in giving you false intclli,
meditated design to injure another in a gence, or guiding you wrong, th' y may
clandestine manner. The French fre greatly endanger the army. Several guides
use this expression; as
quently are requisite, as every corps that marches
Qe n'est point un rencontre ni un duel, e'est by night should have one at least There
Guet apens, Fr. it is neither an acci is sometimes a
an
captain, or chief of the
dental meeting, nor a duel, it is a down- guides, who should be a man of intelli
light plot to murder him. gence, active, and attentive to the dili
Droit du Guet et garde, Fr. a right gence and fidelity of his people. He
which was for erly enjoyed in fudal should always have a sufficient number
France, by some lords of ihe manor, and with him, and who are well acquainted
by which they were au-horised to call with the country.
upon their vassals to watch and patrole In time of war, particularly in the seat
for the security of their castles, and to of it, the guides
silence the frogs.
invariably accompany
head-quarters, and a certain number is
GUETRE. See Gaiter. allotted' not only to general officers, but
Tirer vos Guetres, Fr. Go about your to all detachments made frorh the main
business : a familiar phrase which is used body, either for the purpose of combating
among the french, when a person is uis- the advanced posts of an enemy, of pro
carded, or turned away in a summary tecting escorts, or securing convoys,
manner. Cuides. in^n army, may be justly called
'I1* in '
. !_ A*.''

244 GUI GUN

its principal outsets. They are to a body anspessade two ditto. The daily pay of
of men what the eyes are the human
to the captain was 4 livres, or 6s. 8d. the
frame. They cannot, however, be too ist lieutenant 1 livre, 7 sols, and 6 denicrs,
jeal eusly watched. to 2s. 4d. the 2d lieutenant 1 livre,
equal
iod. each or 6 i-2d.
sols,
Guides, the name given to the non or serjeant 13
commissioned officers vhotake positions each corporal 10sols, 6d. each ans
or
to mark tlv 8 sols, 6 deniers, or 4 i-2d. and
pvots, marches, formations, pessade
aiidalignenients in modem discipline ; it is each private 6 sols, 6 deniers, or 3 i-2d.
expressed in French by the word jaloneur, GUIDON, Fr. See Sight.
fxomjalon a post. Sec J alon Guidon, in ancient military history,
Gu ides of manoeuvre, the name given the name of a sort of standard broad at
to those which the French call jaloneur, on. extreme and almost pointed at the

and the British markets. The use of other, and slit or divided into two.
guiees, is perhaps one of the best con Guidon also implies the officer who
ceived and ingenious methods which could carries the guidon or standard.
be devised to erfect the an ot manoeu
.
Guidons, in the French service, were
vring troops; and one of its happiest exclusive! attached to the Gendarmerie;
advantages is its fitness for raw or undis and among tfu.ni the word formerly meant
ciplined troops, which by the aid of not orly the standard but likewise the
guides of mance. vre, may be brought to office- who Carrie it.
compn hend a d execute every species GU1G EAU, Fr. This word means
of movement in company, platoons, the same thing as chevetre. It is apiece
div sions, or battalions, in one third of of wood which jons the joists ot a floor,
the rime formerly required ; and in a man that are cut to make room for the hearth
ner much more *
perfect than wa- former ofa chimney-piece.
ly considered as the utmost excellence. GUILLAUME, Fr. a tool somewhat j
See Am. Mil. Lib. like a nlane which is used by carpenters,
GUIDES, corps of, under the new and of which there are several sorts ac
French eiynastyJiave a new organization cording to the nature of the work.
of which we hwr only by some decisive GUINDAS, Fr. All machines which by
effects. means of a wheel and its axis serve to raise

des Guides, Fr. The corps of


Corps henvv loads, are so called by the French.
guides. This body was originally formed GUINDER, Ft. to draw up any weight.
in France in the year 1756, and consisted Hence the term guindage, which is applied
of one captain, one 1st lieutenant, one 2d to the movement of loads that are raised

lieutenant, two Serjeants, two corporals, and let down.


one anspessade, and twenty privates, GUISARMIERS, Fi. a body of free
Twelve out of the
called fusiliers. guides.

archers, or bowmen, iho look their name


twenty-five (whiph was the effective from an offensive weapon called guisarnte,
number) were mounted. These consi ted or jusarme, somewhat similar to the
voulgue,
bf one serjeant, one corporal, and ten a sort of
javelin, which was used in hunting
fusiliers. Their particular duty was to rhe wild boar. Its length was equal to that
carry orders that requiied dispatch; and ot" the halbert, anil it had a broad piece of
on this accqm t tney were always attach sharp iron fixed to one end.
ed to head-quarters. The twelve fusi GULLY. Any hollow which has been
liers were mounted on smail active hones, made by running vater. Ambuscades
about four French feet, five or six inches are frequently laid in such places.

high. They were supplied with a sad GUN, a fire-arm, or weapon of of


dle, blue saddle-cloth trimmed with fence, which forcibly discharges a bullet
white, holster-caps the same ; and they through a cylindrical barrel by means of
were armed with a fusil and cut-and- gunpowder. The term is chiefly applied
thrusi bayonet, a pistol, sabre, with a to cannon.
cartouch-box, containing 20 rounds. Sbrnnerus derives gun from mangen, a
They wore hair-boots, or bottines. Each
warlike machine, which was used before
man carried, moreover, one field utensil the invention ot guns. He establishes
out >f the twelve belonging to the com- his derivation by taking away the first
These utensils consisted of four syllable.
Sany.
.

atchets, four shovels, and four pick Curricle GUNS are small pieces of
axes. The thirteen /off'/iVr guides on foot ordrance, mounted upon carriages ol two
were armed wii ha fusil six inches shorter
wheels, and drawn by two horses. The
than tne regular musquet, with a blade- artillery-man is seated on a box, ai d the
bayonet and a cartouch-box, holding whole be moved forward into action
can
twenty rounds of ball cartridges. Their with astonishing rapidity. The tumbrils
uniform was a blue coat, waistcoat, and belonging to curricle guns carry 60 rounds
breeches, ivith flat white metal buttons. of ball cartridges. Great improvements
The hat was bordered with common white daily making in this machine on
are ac
lace lor the soldiers, and or a superior count of its acknowleg d utility.
quality for the s rjcants; which la'ter Great Gun. See Cannon.
had three s Iver brandenburgs hanging Evening Gun ) s generally a 6 or
from each shoulder The corporals had Morning Gun S 12- pounder, wh.ch
three made of white worsted, and the is fired every night about sun-set, and
GUN GUN 245

overy morning at sun-rise, to give notice mon parabola, and that the area intercept
to the drums and trumpets of the army, ed between is an asymptote ; and that the
to beat and sound the retreat and the re two ordinates representing the force of
veille. the powder at the first explosion, and at
Morning and* evening, and other signal the muzzle of the piece, will represent
guns, by the United States regulations, the total action of the powder on the shot:
are not to be fired from
larger calibren but if the shot were urged through the
than 6 or 12 pounders ; which calibres are same space by an uniform force
equal to
seldom mounted on its gravity, the total action of this force
permanent works.
Gun -fire. The time at which the world be represented by a rectangle, the
morning or evening gun is fired. base of wh ch would be the base of the
Gun -boat, a boat which is generally curve or intercepted portion of the
used to form a kind of floating battery, to asymptote ;>bove mentioned, and the
cover the landing of height of which would represent the uni-
troops.
GUNNEL, or) the lower part of any i form force of gravity. Hence the square
GUNWALE, S port where ordnance is ofthe velocity ot the shot resulting from
planted It likewise means that beam in a gravity is given, being the velocity it
pontoon which supports the main waste. would acquire from a height equal to the
GUNNER, in the artillery, is the space through which the powder accele
title of the first and seconn artillerist at a rates it; an., the
proport 01, between the
gun in battery ; all the rest are called aids. hyperbola and the rectangle is given from
GUNNERY, the art of determining the analogy between the hyperbolic paces
the motions of bodies shot fr.un cannon, and logarithms ; therefore tlie velocity of
mort.irs, howitzers, Sec. See the article the ball arising from the action of the fired
Projectile. gunpowder will be given.
The late ingenious Mr. Robjns, hav Mr. Robins has also given us an in
ing concluded from experiments, that the genious way of determining, by experi
force of fired gunpowder, at the instant ments, the velocity with which any shot
of its explosion, is the same with that ot moves at
any distance ol the piece it is
an elastic fluid of a thousand times the
discharged from.
density of common air, and that the elas Tiiis may be efiected by means of a
ticity of this fluid, like that of the air, is pendulum made of iron, having a broad
proportional to its density, proposes the part at bottom, covered with a thick piece
following problem. of wood, which is fasttned to the iron bv
The dimensions of any piece of artillery, screws ; then having a machine like a
the weight of its ball, and the quantity of common
artillery-gin, on two of its poles,
its charge being given ; to determine the towards 'heir tops, are screwed sockets,
velocity which the shot will acquire from on which the pendulum is hung by means
the explosion,
supposin.: the elasticity or ofa cross piece, which becomes Its axis
force ofthe powder at the first instant of of suspension, and on which it should
its firing to be given. vibrate with great freedom. Somewhat
In the solution f this important prob lower than the bottom of the- pendulum
lem, he assumes thstwo following prin there should b a brace,
joining to whicii
ciples : i. That the action of the powder the pendulum is suspended ; and to this
on the shot ceases as spon as it is brace there is fastened a contrivance made
got out
of the piece. 2. That all the powder of with two
edges of steel, something in the
the charge is fired, and converted into an manner ot a
elastic fluid, before the shot is
drawing-pen ; the strength
sens.bly with which these edges press on each
moved from its place.
other, bein>, diminished or increased at
These assumptions, and the conclu pleasur by means of a screw. To the
sions above
mentioned, make the action botom ot the pendulum should be fast
of fired gunpowder to be similar ened
entirely a narrow riband,
which, passing
to that of air condensed a thousand times between the s.eel e. ges, may hang
;
and from thence it will not be difficult to down closely
determine the velocity of the shot
by means of an opening cut in the
arising lower piece of .teel.
from the explosion : for the force of the The instrument being thus
fired powder diminishing in fitted, if the
proportion to weight of the pendclum, the respective
its expansion, and ceasing when it is
got distances of its centre oi gravity, and of
out of the piece ; the total action ol the its centre of oscil anon from the axis of
powder may be represented by the area of suspension, be known, it
a curve, the base of which may from thence
represents the be lound what motfon will be communi
space through which the ball is accele cated to this pendulum
rated, while the ordinates represent the 01 a body of a known by the percussion
force of the powder at -very point of that a known weight, moving with
degree ot velocity, and striking
space 5 and the se ordinates being in reci it into a given
point ; that is, if the pen-
procal proportion to their distance from di lum be to rest before the per
the breech of the gun, because when the supposed
cussion, it will be known what vibration
spaces occupied by the fired powder are it should make in
as * 2> 3. 4> Sec. the ordinates consequence of such a
represent- blow; and f the pendulum, being at
im itwillbeas
i, i-half, 1.3d, 1.4th, &c. rest, is struck by a body of a known
U appears tfcat tiie curve will be a com.
weight, and the vibration which the pen-
246 GUN GUN

dulum makes after the stroke is known, and his notion of the tripling of this
the velocity of the striking power when the velocity ofthe projectile
body may from
thence be determined. exceeds that of sound, se ms to be rather
Now the extent of the vibration made an ingenious theory than a well-ground
by the pendulum may be increased by the ed fact. However, ex.eriment alone
riband : for if the pressure of the steel must decide these points.
edges on the riband be regulated by the The great importa? ce ofthe art of gun
screw, so as to be free and easy, though nery is the re son that we distinguish it
with some minute resistance to hinder it from the doctrine of projectiles ing- m-ral;
from slipping itself; then setting the pen for in truth it is no more than an applica
dulum at rest, let the part of the riband tion of those laws which all bodies ob-erve
between the pendulum and the steel edges when cast info the air, to such as ar put
be down straight, but not strained, and in motion by the explosion of guns, or
fixing a pin in the part of the riband con. other engines of that sort : and it matters
tiguous to the edges, the pendulum, not whether we talk of
projectiles in ge
swinging back by means of the impulse neral, or of such only as belong to gun
ofthe ball, will draw out the riband to nery; for, fora the moment the for- e >s
the just extent of its vibration, which will impressed, all distinction, with regard to
be determined by the interval on the the power which put *he body first in
riband between the edges and the space of mction is lost, an it can only be ensi.
the pin. dered as a simple projeetile.
The computation by which the velocity Every body cast into the air moves un.
of the shot is determined from the vibra der the influence of two distinct forces.
tion ofthe pendulum, after the stroke, is By the one it is carri.d forward with an
fom.ded on the principle of mechanics; equal motion, and describes equal spaces
that if a body in motion strikes another in equal times, in the d rection in which
ar rcs% and they are not separat d after the it was projected ; and by the other,
stroke, but move on with one common which we call gravity, is drawn down
motion, then that common motion is equal wards in lines perpendicular to the sur
to the motion with which the first body face of the earth, with a motion conti.
moved before the stroke ; whence, if that nua.ly accelerated, or whose
velocity is al
common motion and the masses of the ways iter. asing. If either of these for
two bodies are known, the motion of the ces were destroy d, the
body would move
first body before the stroke is thence de according 'o the direction of the other
termined. On this principle it follows, alone, so far as its mction was not hin-
that the velocity of a shot may be di rierid by the interposition of other bodies ;
minished in any given r.it.o, by its being but as both continue to act, the course of
made to impinge or. a body of weight pro the projectile must be determined by a
perly proportioned to it. power compourded of those two forces.
It be ohs rved, that the length to
is to Gunnery is also he provii ce of 'he
which the ribar.d is drawn, U always near artillerist, an ' comprehends, in a nactive
the chord of the arc described by the as sense, the perfect knowlege of the power
cent ; it bein.' so plac d, as to differ in of" the machine, and the proportions of
sensibly fr< ';: those chords which must powder to be employed ;n order to pro
frequently occur: and these chords are duce any required effect It also com
kn- wn to be in the proportion of the ve prehends aknowleve of th.. properties and
locities of the pendulum acquired from composition of gunpowder, and the -a-
the stroke. Hence it follows, that *he rious kinds of shot, whicii are employed
proportion bet w. en the le, gths of the in the practice of gunnery ; the metal best
riband, drawn out at difterent times, will adapted to make guns, the proper weight
be the same with that of the velocities of a- d
corresponding proportions ;.et ween the
the impinging shots. calibrepf the gun and the shot fired from
Now from the computations delivered it, and also the dimensions fitted for the
by Mr. Robins, it appears, that the ve various services in which gunnery is em
locity of the bullet was 1041 feet in one ployed: for batteries of permanent works,
second of time, when the chord of the arc for ships, for field service, and the light
described by the ascent of the pendulum, or
flying artillery. Gunnery indeed coin-
in consequence of the blow, was 17 1-4 prehenels all the c'uties of the able artil
inches, the proportion of the velocity with lerist and bombardier.
which the bullets impinge, to the known Gunneky. By the assistance of
velocity of 1641 feet in one second, will good rabies of practice, and the tables of
be determined. amplitudes, sines, tangents, and secants,
Mr. Robins was (till of late) the only all the cases in gunnery in a nonresisting
author who attempted to ascertain medium may be easily sohed ; and perhaps
the velocity of a military projectile by the solution may be sufficiently correct
experiment ; ye' his conclusions seem to for practice, if the initial velocity it the
be unsatisfactory. Perhaps he was too projectile be not so great as to make the
much attached t the forming of a sys ari's resistance considerable.
tem, and warped his exneriments a little For the tables of rant es with ordnance,
in favor of it. The resisting power he see the different natures, as Gun, Mortar,

assigns to the air is probably too great ; &c. and for the tables of amplitudes,
GUN GUN 247

sin s, tangents, and secaius, see pages direction at 450 is with respect to the plane
247 ao-i 248. ofthe horizon.
Upon Horizontal Planes. Rules.
ist. The elevation wh ch gives
1. The greatest range is ai 45 nearly. the greatest range on a given ascent is

2. The ranges with different elevations
equal to halt the sum ot 90 added to the
with the same charge, arc as the double ascent.
sines of the an.sies of elevation. 2d. The elevation which give equal
3. Any angle anci its complement give ranges on a given ascent, are the comple
the same range nearly. ments of each other added to the ascent.
4- The times of fight are as the sines of 3d. The elevation which gives the
the angles of elevation. greatest rante on a descent, is eq ul to
5 The altitude of the curve, at any half thecomplement of the descent.
elevation is found oy this proportion : as If the range and inclination be g-ven,
Radius: tangent of angle of elevation : : the least charge that wt il reach the object,
E]2: altitude. may be found as follows : multiply the
4 tangent of the proper elevation into the
6. The time of flight at 45 is equal proposed range, for the horizontal range-
the square root ofthe range in feet, di whose charge is required.
vided by 4, or more nearly V
quotient
a =
Table of Amplitudes.
ofthe range in feet, divided by i6.i,or
the space passed through in the first se
cond by gravity .
H Ascents. Descents.
at
Having the first graze with given ele a Multip'rs Multip'rs.
vation ai.d charge, to determine the 0
charge
for any other first graze and elevation, ist.cl. 2d. cl. ist.cl. 2d. cl.
multiply the known charge and elevation 08.3
into the proposed first graze; also the
1 1 02 1.02 983
2 .966 1-3 1.04 .966
proposed elevation inio the known first 949 1.06
3 1.05 95
graze, and divide the first product by the 4 932 1.07 1.07 ,932
las , for the charge required.
5 .916 1.09 1.09 .916
Upon inclined Planes, at 45" Elevation. b .900 1 11 1. 11 .900
Case 1st. Given the charge and inclina .8X4
7 r.13 r-T3 .884
tion of the plane, find the
to
range. 8 868 115 1. 15 .868
Multiply the horizontal range with 9 .852 1.18 1. 17 53
this given charge,( found in the tables of 10
.830 1.20 1.
19 .836
ranges; by the found opposite the
number 11 821 1.22 1.22 .821
angL of inclination of the: plane, in the 12 .805
first column of multiplyers, in the table
1.24 1.24 .805
of amplitudes, under the head Ascents, if
J3 .789 1.27 1.27 ..789
14
774 1.29 1.29 .774
it be inclined above the horizon ; and De
\5 7S i-32 r-3i .763
scents, if Vlow the horizon, for the rarige 16 742

x-35 1 34
745
iequired. 17 726 i.3 '37 .73
Case 2d. Given the range and inclination of 18
7" 1 40 r-39 .720
the plane, tofind the charge.
*9 .603 145 1.42 .704
Multiply ti.e lumber found in the 20
.677 1.48 i.45 690
above mentioned table
opposite the angle 2: 660 I.C2 1.48 .675
of nclination ofthe plane, in the second 11
column of multipliers, under the head <m I 56 1.52 662
n .625 I.60 !-S5 .645
Ascents, or Descents, according as it is M .607 I.64 i.c8
above or below the -.033
horizon, by the given 2j 59 1.62
range ; i>>r the range on a horizontal plane

I.70 .617
20 1 66
at 45t the
.570 I.76 .603
charge for which may be -7 55 I.82 1.69
found from the tables of ranges.

592
28 53 1.86 578
Upon inclined planes, at any elevation. i-73
There are aiways two elevations with 29 .510 1.96 1.78 .562
which any range, (less than the 3 .488 2
05 1.82 549
greatest) 3* .466 2 14 1.87 S34
may De made; and these elevations are al- I 2.26
32 .442, 1.92 .526
ways the complements of each other. I
33 .418 2.41 -97 .508
Tin- greatest rai.ye upon a horizontal
plane ' 34 393| -55 2 02
495
is -4 45Q; or wnc-n the direction bisects
3S 2.08 .488
the .ie formed by the horizontal and "36ol 2'U
vertical plane; also the greatest .auge 3& .338 2.95 2'3 .470
37 o"yj 3 24 2.20 455
upon any plane is made with that direc
tion which bisects the angle beiwciri the 3 .278] 3.60 2 26 443
,'q .245 409 2-33 .430
pf nc and the z 'iiith ; and all other direc
tions which make equal angles with this
40 .210 4 80 2.40 .417
direction, (on ea.h s.de ot it] will also
41 !73 5.78 1^ .404
make: equal ranges on the said piane ; for 42 .134 7.46 390

th direction tiiat bisects the angle oe- 43 .092 10. go 2.64 .380
44 045 22.22 273 .37
tween ny p <iie and the zei.itii is Lt,c
4? .000 infinite> 2.88 .~,00
same with respect to that
plane as the
248 GUN GUN

Table of Natural Sines, Table Natural


Tangents, and of Sines, Tangents, and
Secants. Secants.
Contim.-ed.


i .018 .018 1.000
63
2 1. 000
.891 1.963 2
203
035 035 64 .899 2 050 2 28l
3 .052 .052 1. 001
65 .906 2.145 2 366
4 .070 .070 1.002 66 .914 2.246 2
459
5 .087 .087 1.004 67 .921 2-356
b .105 .105 1.006 68
7 .122 1. 008
.927 2-475 2.669
I23 69 934 2.605
8 .139 .141 1. 010
2.790
70 .940 2-747 2
924
9 .156 .158 I 012
71 .946 2.904 3.0721
10 '74 .176 1. 015
72 3.078
n 191 1. 019
95i 3.236
.194 73 .956
12 .208 1.022
3-271 3.420
.213 74 .961 3 487
l3 .225 1.026 3.628
.231 .966
14 .242 3 */32 3.864
.249 1.03 1 76 .970 4 oil 4.134
"* .259 .268 r-35
16 .276 .287 1 040
7l 974 4.331 4-445
78 978 4-705 4810
17 .292 .306 1.046
18
79 .982 5-145 5.241

39 325 1. 051 80
.326
.985 5-6?i 5-759
9 344 1.058 81 .988 6.314
20 342
6.392
364 1.064 82
21 358 .990 7. 115 7.185

384 1.071 8.206


22 375 .404 1.079 P
84
993 8.144
23 39' .424 1.086
995 9- 5M 9 567
5 .996 11 43 11 474
24 .407 445 1.095 86
.998 14.3! M 336.
25 .423 .466 1.103 87 999 19.081 19.107
26 .438 .488 1. 112

27 .454 .510 1 122


999 28.636 28.654
28 999 57.290 57-299
.469
532 l-133 1.000 infinite
29 .485 22.
554 I-143
3 .500 Guns
Calibies
1
of
577 1. 1 55
.

European Guns, ex
31 5'5 .601 1. 167 pressed in inches.
32 53 .625 1.179
33
545 .649 1.192
.34 559 675 1.206
35
574 .700 1. 221

3 .588 727 1.236


37 .602 754 1.252
3 .616 .761 1.269
39 .629 .81c 1.287
40 .643 '35
4i .656 ig 1
325
42
43 .682
%? .900 1.346
933 1.367
44 .695 .966 1 390
45 707 1 000 1.4i4
40 .7^9 1.036 1.440
73i 1.072 1.466
4I 743 1. 111 1.494
49 755 1. 150 1 524
50 .766 1.
192 1-556
51
111 1
235 1.589
5* .788 1.280 1 624
53 799 *-327 ,.662
54 .809 i-376 1 701
55 .819 1.428 1.743
56 .829 1-483 1.788
*z .839 i.54o 1
836
5 .848 1.600 1.887
59 .857 1.664 1.942
60 .866 1-732 2.000
61 .8/5 1.80 2. -.63
a .883 1 ..881 2.130
GUN GUN 249

Lengthand weight of English Brass guns, Length and weight of English iron guns.
"
j
,
1

K,nd. Length in Weight.

42 Poun.le s Calib.'ft . t. qr.lb.


32 16.244 9 666
{ Heavy 18.721 10 0 S5 2

-
) Medium 19 574 a
6:53 0
9
24
1 Light 16.483 8 041 3 2
K D new . 10 302 5 cm 6 3 x3
*8L -iirdo. 13 000 6 3-4 0

5 9 18
1
1 . .'. ; v 1
j.ooo 0

Dci-agiilier's 24.659 2 8
9 C31
J M'd um, old
'
iy.468 7 622 1 21

s .Medium, new 16.872 6 621 3


Light 16.872 6 6'i8


*
Do. new 12.978. 508 3 4
13.000 5 oil 2

26.112 8 0119 1 6
f Heavy
* .' Desag's. Med. 22.876, 7 0112

24
18.5OO 608
5JineeJn.w
} l '
a
,

iced 17. "i*c 5 6. 8


3 27
0 ii
*
J Gen. Belford's i6.3-,2 5 0! s 2 21

I Light, common 14 706 4 6! 5



18
(Heavy 28.836, 7 ojn 3 !9

j Desa;nlier's 24.717! 606
*
This column
*3^I Light, common 14.41 8j 3 6 2 2 27 expresses the number
3 r6 of
English pounds ot metal in the guns,
Li^ht infantry 12.358 3 0 I

I^Gen. Pattison's 12.358 3 0 I 2


19 ^to pound in the shot.
eacn

sPr. Amuzette 2e>-7 5 0 2 2 12

Do. 35 6 6 0 T 0 11 French iron


guns, in English weigjj.'s, &<.-
Do. 41-5 7
3 1 12

The guns marked (*; are the only ones Kind. Length in Weight
used by the British since 1795, on general
service.
Calib. in. ct. qr. lbs
Length and weight of French brass uns, in 36 Ps^unders 16.18 8 7-t 3 -
their old weights and measures . t 24 18.18 Ii>; ,

21 01 7 ,-r*
16 18.45 1 .43 2

Kind. Length in W't.


16.92 -.35

21.54 7 \3i 2
Calib.:f't. in.li. lbs. 20.5 2
,eu 3
24 Prs " 5628
9 5 17 -4 6 10 28

26 7- 4111
9 24- 64 a 1 24
12
~

Garrison \
~

3184 17.23 6
16

8 s 2i75 17. IQ 4 9
18.0 6 6-Ji8c8
Field 5 8SW1196 Ranges of brass guns, with one shot. 17 93-
4 6*1 500
C
|To the first graze ot the shot*
+ The French weights and measures
have assumed new names, and,are reduced u VB i-
1", .
3
to srict proportions since the
revolution.
The weights here referred to are the old. lbz ydb^sis: yds. yd,. yus. yds.
Por the new French syrtem of weighis 3 C47 73i;iojz 1405 15B5 1710
.and ftieasures, see the \rord Weights*-
J e
4i>*>757!"03 '557 1745
3 o 162 J641 606
721 IJ9P

7S 971 "*9
601 i.10 106J
,6 ,6 tj66 ijij
{'*Z 9,8 13.7
7/5,iooj I-.44
642 976 1150
i57 z5 95
618; 8O4 991
679' 883 918
6041 800

I6561 830
I 1
250 GUN GUN

I Effects of shot frem a battalion gun


case

ai
Light 6 Pr. length 5 feet Weight 5 cwt.
N
2
o" <5 8
JZ O C>o
r's^r',
3 qrs. 2 1 lbs. against a target feet high,
03 O
Q .

__
i~- r- .c and 90 feet long.
** J_2
to "a
ec
fi^'B
0 "*". >".
.S Kind Of charge. .3sj, v e
"
0 <" 00> M
in m
j0,Cs5
w .0 0
ToJjfi"
'S fa
g-g o z6
OOOOO deg.
co c'J co r^ r3
i2balls,8z. 1
3.
O each, 3 in a l
ij 3
lier, tjt lb. (
powder 3 4
oi 1 6 6
be
same
ch'ge

ii 4 5
2 A
j-s rf rt -1 ~
?
i 6 7
5
300- same ch'ge 1
3 .1
*J 4 .
6
34balls.3Z. P B 10 12
each, 7 in a I
400

tier, i^ lb. I i 9
C
powder 1 6
5 P B 11

O-i .. .. .-
300 same ch'ge * 12
1 7
^ \Q \eO Ci

N. B. There were three rounds fired,


at each change, but
they were all so nearly
alike, that it has been thought necessary to
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 put down only oneof them. 1802.
0 f*>
O on O
- -

rt O O 0 2 Ranges with st <z lervice iron guns. 1


796.
a O O 0 0
s O
00
O
rl
1
00
2
0
M ~
Kind of Guns, 32, 14, and t8 Pounders. #;
X G S PS
w 0 0 r. C
^_: -i-l t ^; s j 0
"

c
co m 00 0 0
-3
G 00 CT> CO O
00 r-n r~>-
0 s Kind of shot.
w
a-e s.nny:
-- 0 0.
'*3 "s-1- O Cl
0 ov->
2* 0
t-esO O so- W
u

0! C O
0 - as
a c deg. Yards
sO hO SO Os
With single shot to the?
O0 s*"i E G 2
J-3
1200
0 CJssO first graze $
minov sO OS
M)
2 '
+ Do. Do. 1000
3
-c
cl sc
<-o cl
2 2 i.
2 shot,rangcd close to- ?
u 500
t. nr- >3-eo *
gether, to $
'1 4 x-jj Single shot 1600
w "0 oV" s <f
r~ >n
8
4 XDo. 1500
r< O
7 i-3 Do. 21)0
O Do. 2020
7 4
OsQ >- r
0 -. r
1 round shot and 1 r'd. ~)
w Osoo
U.
-1 w N 2 1
*
of grape range with ef- > 600

<, O
feet together, to )
M) N-O N N One round ot grape ) OOO
rtf
C' O 0 4 * I
-S O HI 0-1OO
shot, alone, to }
u M One double headed, or p
2 4
bar shot will range > 8co
syw s^^rs-y

a to the first graze j


c
>Z ' e-
U. M
-0
GUN GUN 251

Xanges with s 1-2 inch shells, from a 14 Pr. iron Ranges with French brass fie: J guns, wit b
Gun. Length of Gun 9 m ft. Wt. 49 ct. 261b.
round ihot.

*f o OM^r-.os-foo -
ONvOO 1 CMO rf + COM
Elevation.
"-

f <^->o -> r r t-~ r- js-o Charge.


u 1 Lines of c o

Deg. M. :_.
Tan. Scale.
"3 r~o o fo orco
on
^
!-.. -^-OOOOCO M d ci "4
L. M. -58 300
le (J
1
3 35<>
12 Pr. 4 lbs. ^ 10 1
39 400
Fligh ci 0 in-o so r r^oo 14 1 49 4<o
( 16
L. M.
1 56 480
r _S8 300
6 1
24 350
^1" -1" VOeO ST-^J ^- .j-, ( 8Pr -i lbs. J 12 1
51 4-JO
16 450

II 20 24 480
4-
Li L. M. -

58 250
4 1 20 300
r*lbs 8 1 40 3S
rfst-N I rft
4 Pr 12 2
400
y
Flight J N m r
-*M
co * uisS o 1-
|
I 16 2 20
450
18 2 40 480
The above are 111 old French weights and
-t- -1-sD -r it- ><-, ' measures.

Definitions of G v n n e r v 1 The im . . -

"O (T1--10O-O O inosa


petus at
any point ofthe curve is the per
S -. oo.'O en .-o osco on pendicular height to which a projectile
could ascend, by the force it has at that
point; or the perpendicular height from
winch a
body must fall to acquire fhe ve
Flight. jj *<* _^-*J -.?** it has at that
locity point.
2. The diameter to any
point of the
is a line drawn through that point;
| Elevation,
curve
m r-jej- mo t-00 c\"S the
perpendicular to horizon.
3. The points where the diameters cut
the cuive are called vertexes to these dia

N
O
00
Extrem Range.
2 S
Yards.
Oi ,
From 140 160
_S\
to
meters.
4. The axis is that diameter which cuts
the curve in its
highest or principal ver
tex, and is perpendicular to the tangent at
H >~eCOiMno 0 that
-e ES O lOtMOO point or vertex.
M
i*0 <* t^f^oo 0 - n
5. The ordinates to any diameter are
lines drawn parallel to the tangent at the
*3> (J point where that diameter cuts the curve,
u
01 and intercepted between the diam ter and
cuive.
_

6. The absciss is that part of the dia

5 3
U
U
Extrem Range. Yards. From
w
,
00 to
1
1

_-*
130 *3
.
meter which lis

7.
intercepted between the
ordinate and the curve.
The altitude of the curve is the per
pendicular height of the principal vertex
"E 0 ipso- 0 above the horizon
0 tS ITS eTS ^
-J. rf.
p,
>- <"> cio sg 8. The amplitude, random, or
cl
0,0
range, is
M the distance between the point of
projec
tion and the object aimed at.
to 9. The elevation of the piece is the an
gle its axis (produced] makes with rhe ho
rizon, and the axis itself is called the di
1
'ExtremeRange. Yards. From 800 rection.

to
120 10. The horizontal distance to which a

O mortar, elevated given angle, and


to a
loaded with given quantity of powder,
a
3
First Graze! o inn j^hioo m
throws a shell of a given
0 n
v^ OnsC OCO fl OsOO weight, is calico.
>,
H tl t TO OO t the range of that mortar, with that
00 charge
and elevation .

11. The inclination of a


piano is ths
t/3 cl rl ci*}- * -<fr 10 angle it makes with the Irerizon eithct
alv.>-,e or bcl'ow.
>-> tl
: Elevation. rorj- ir>o r->00
B
152 GUN GUN

12.The directrix is the line of motion, 1 ther by long pounding in wooden moi tarsr
along which the describing line ox surface with a small quanti'y of watei. This
is earned in the genesis of any plane or proportion of the matcials is the most
solid figure. .effectual. But the variations of strength
Laws of motion in Ghnkirv. I'm dittcient samples ot gui powder are
i. Spaces equally run through with generally occasioned by the mere or l.ss
equal velocities, are to one another as the 1
intimate division and mixture of the parts.
times in which they are run through, The reason of this may be easily deduced
1
and conversely .
l from the consideration, that nitre does not
2. Spaces equally run through in the [detonate until in contact with inflammable
;
Same or equal times, are to one another as matter; whence the whole detonation
the velocities with which they are run I will be more speedy, the mete numerous
throueh, and conversely.
in the
| the surfaces of the contact. The same
3. Spaces run through are same j cause d.mands-, that the ingredients should
proportion to one another, as their times i be
veiy pure, because the mixuue of
multiplied into their velocities, and con foreign matter not only diminshes the
versely. quantity of effective ingredients which it
j
4. A body urged by, two distinct for j lepresents, but likewise prevents the con
ces in two different directions, will in tacts by its interposition.
any given time be found at the point ! The nitre ofthe third boiling is usually
where two lines meet that are drawn pa ! chosen for making gunpowder, and the
rallel to these directions, and through the ! charcoal of light woods is > tefered to that
points to which the body could have lot" those which are heavier, most
probably
moved in the same time, had these forces ! because this last, bein^ harder, is less pul-
acted separately. verable. An improvement in the method
5. The velocities of bodies, which by of making the charcoal has lately been
tlie action of gravity begin to fail from adopted, which consists in putting the
the rest, are in the same proportion as the j wood, cut into pieces about nine i:xhes
times from their beginning ot their failing. I long, into an no., cylinder laid horizontal-
6. The spaces through by the de
run lly, closed at one end, and fun.isi.ed with
scent of a
body which began to fall from small pipes at the other, that tht ^yro-
rest, are as the squares of the times, from ! ligneous acid and carburetted hidro^en may
of the fall.
the beginning j escape, and thus exposed 10 the heat ofa
7. The motion of a milit-iry projectile |fireniadv. underneath. It 1. said, this
is in a curve. charcoal improves the strength of gun-
Guu-powdtr, a composition of ni I
powder so much, that only two thirds of
tre, sulphur^ and charcoal, well mixed the old charge of gunpowder tor ordnance
together and granulated, which easily are now usedin our
navy The requisite
takes fire, and expands with amazing '

pounding of the materials is performed in


force, being one of the strongest propel- the iarge way by a mill, in which wooden
fents known. mortars are disposed in rows, and in each
of which a pestle is moved by the arbor of
*, 2 r M a Crater- wheel : it 1,
necessary to mo.s-
--J " U5 O Hrl 0 .
ten the mixture from time to time with
a: .
(S r-^co IH
water, which servts to prevent its being

rt( ti
dissipated in the pulverulent form, and
&[*; >s likewise obviates the dai ger of explo
-S - 0
s "3 M 1-
0 sion from the heat occasioned by the
"-
e, ^ sSdrl
blows. Twelve h urs ps.unding is in
S ^
2: 5 general required to complete the mixture;
and when this is done, the
i OOO rl 0 gunpowder is
00
0 in face made, and only requires to be
*"
4? S a, dtied to render it tit for use.
>^ c
Proofs oj pouaer. The first examina-

1"^ l. lion oi powder 111 the British mills, is by


e^CVO
.:eT> >
r~ m 0 rubbing it in the hands to find whether it
t/>
contains any irregular haid lumps. The
5 :-
"
-s~5
second is Dy blasting 2 drams of each sort
c on a
.TJ 1/1 M
**
0
0
copp r plate, and in this comparing
f- ** it w.th .tn approved powder ; in this proof
1 ^r
Ii.
Os^f
it should not emit any
' 'Sr
bJ.
mo m
0
0
sparks, nor leave
5 6/3 a
tSH ~" any beads or foulness on the copper.
It is iIkii compared with an aitpioved
- 0
c
powder, in projecting an iron ball of 64
lbs. from an 8 inch mo: tar, with a charge
c
ot 2ouiiC(S. The best cylinder powdei
0 S5u generally g.ves about 180 ieet ran^e, and
i.UNrowDER. This wtll known pow pit 150 ; but the weak.. si po>\der,or pow
der that has been redi ed, &c. only tiont
der is eoniposed of seventy five parts, by
107 to 117 .eet.
wegi.t, of 1 tie, sixteen 01 charcoal, and before it is
The merchants' powder, re-
i'.'&q$ sulphur, hit imateht bler.ded togt>
GUN GUN 253

ceived into the government service, is tried I powder entirely madeof the cylinder char
at ! coal, and is that which is now always used
agaiiie-t powder of the same kir.d made
the royal mills ; and it is received if it on sen ice The \ liite L G bei g a mixed
gives a ran- of 1-20 less
? than the king's powder, is not so uniform as the other,
with which it is compared. In and is therefore generally used in filling
jwjwder
this com.-arison both sorts are tried on the shells, <r tor such other purposes as do
same day, an I at the same time, and under not require much accuracy. All powder
exactly the same circumstances. forservnc is mixed in proportions accord
The proof of fine grained, or musquet ing to its strength, so as to brmgitasmuch
as possible to a mean and uniform force.
powder, is with a charge of 4 drams from
a musquet barrel, to perforate with asteel French Gunpowder. The French proof

ball a ee tain number 01 1-2 inch wet elm ball is of brass, and weighs 60 lbs.
boards, placed 3-4 inch asunder, ana the French : the diameter of the mortar 7
first 39 i-et 10 inches from the barrel : the inches 9 points, or 3-4 of a line, a.d has
king's powder generally passes through one line of windace. The chamber holds
15 or 16, and rcstoved powder from 9 to exactly 3 ounces; and their best powder
12 The last trial of powder is by expos must give a ranpe of 90 toises, and their

ing about 1 pound of each sort, accurately restoved powder a range of 80 toises, to
weighed, to the atmosphere for 17 or 18 be received into the service. But the
days; during which time, if the materi powder they now make, when new, will
als are pure, it wili not increase any thing give a ran^e of 100 and 120 toises; and
material in weight, by attracting moisture Mr Lombard calculates all his tables
from the atmosphere. from experiments made with powder
'<
In this exposure 200 lbs. of good gun giving 12$ toises with the eprouvette
powder should not absorb more than 12 The aoove dimensions and wei-.lits a e all
oz. or somewhat les:. than one per cent. oi Mid French standard.
DitiLiuit modes of trving gunpowder Invention of Gun -powder, is usually
have been adopted. A ready one is, to lay asctibed to one B.rrthoiius Schwartz, a
two or three small heaps on separate
pieces German monk, who discovered it about
f writing paper, and tire one with a red the year 1320 ; it is said to have been fiist
hot wire. If the Ham ascenei quickly, used in war by the Venetians against
with a good report, leaving the paper free the Genoese in the year 1380. T level
from white specks, and no: burnt into says its inventor was one Constantine
holes; and at the same t me the other Anelzen, a monk of Friburg. Peter
heaps be not fired by the sparks, the Mexia says it was first used by Alphon-
powder is well made, and the ingredients sus XI. king of -JaiTile, in the year 1342.
are good. Ducan^e adds, that there is mention
There are experiments which seem to made of this powder in ihe registers of the
snow, that gunpowder is stronger in the chambers of accounts of France, so early
fine impalpable form, than when granulat as the
year 1338 ; and friar Bacon, ex
ed. This appears to be true with regard pressly ment.ons the compos. tion in his
to gunpowder originally made, or poundHP treatise De Nullitate Magia?, published at
till it assumes that form ; but it may be Oxford in the year 1216 Some indeed
doubted, whether it have any foundation are of opinion, that the Arabians or the
an general, or indeed that the greater latter Greeks were the first inventors of
strength depends at all upon this form gunpowder, abuut the middle ages of our
British Powder Marks. The different iera; because its Arabic name is said to
gortsof powder are distinguished by the fol be expressive of its explosive quality.
fowing marks on the heads of the barrels. Considerable improvements have late
ly been made in the composition of gun
L G > Cylinder powder by the Chinese.
Method of making Gunpowder. Take
N-2 nitre, sulphur, and charcoal ; reduce
S G Cylinder > Marked in Red. these to a fine powder, and continue to
beat them for some time in a stone mor
N- 3 tar with a wooden
pestle, wetting the
G6 Cylinder mixture occasionally with water, so as to
form the whole into an uniform paste,
Q A The dust from Nc and which is afterwards reduced to grains, by
F G cylinder. passing it tnrough a sieve; and in thu.
form,, be.ng carefully dried, it becomes the
X\ A
For rifle arms. common
gunpowder, for greater quan
tities mills are used, by means of which
4-7 Cylinder > mixed Marked

white more work
may be performed in one day
3-7 Restoved \ L G. than a man can do in a hundred, Sse.
L G or F G in blue, is powder made of
Mill.
pltcoal. This destructive powder is composed
pf 75 parts nitre, 9 sulphur, and 16 of
/RcXc-N^iLC?
V F G \ low,
Markedin yel-
charcoal, in the 100.
N-
/ \ 3 is restoved.
The granulation of gunpowder is perr
The red L C-, E G, r S G, dcn/.es forme* by placing fhemaNs, white in fhi
254 GUN G^N
form of a stiff paste, in a wire sieve, cov of clean water; then put the kettle on .1
ering it with a board, and agitating the slow fire; and when th.. nitre is dis
whole : this means it is cut into small
by solved, it any impurities arise, skim them
grains orparts, which, when of a requi off; and keep constantly stirring it with
site diyness, may be rendered smooth or 2 large
spattles till all the water exhales j
glossy by rolling tfrtrmSii a cylindrical yes- and when done enough, it will appeal
> sel or cask. Gunpowder in this form like white sand, and as fine as flour ; but<
takes fire more'speedily than if it be after if it should boil too fast, take the kettle
ward reduced to powder, as may be easily off the fire, and set it on some wet sand,
accounted for from the circumstance, that by which means the nitre will be pre
the inflamation is more speedily propa vented from sticking to the kettle.
gated through the interstices of the grains. When you have pulveiised a quantity of
But the process of granulation does itself, nitre, be careful to keep it in a dry place.
in all probability, weaken the gunpowder, Different kinds of Gunpowder. It
in the same manner as it is weakened by being proper that every one who makes
use of gun- powder shoulo know of what
suffering it to become damp; for in this
last case, the nitre, which is the only solu it is composed, we shall give a brief ac
ble ingredient, suiters a partial solution in count of its origin and use. Gunpowder,
the water, and a separation in crystals of for some time after the invention of ar*
greater or less magnitude ; and accordingly tillery, was ofa composition much weaker
; he surfaces of contact are rendered less than what we now use, or than that an
numerous. cient one mentioned by Marcus Grascus:
The detonation of gunpowder has been but this, it is presumed, was owing to
always an interesting problem in chemis the weakness of their first pieces, rather
try. Numerous theories have been of than to their ignorance of a better mix
fered, to account for this striking fact. ture : for the first pieces of artillery were
But it is now very well settled, that the of a very clumsy, inconvenient make,
nitric acid is decomposed by the heat of being usually framed of several pieces of
ignition ; that is oxigen, combines with iron bars, fitted together lengthways, and
the charcoal, and forms carbonic acid, then hooped together with iron rings ; and
while the nitrogen, or other component as they were first employed in
throwing
part, with steam from the water of crys stone shot of a prodigious weight, in imi
tallization, becomes disengaged in the tation of the ancient machines, to which
elastic form. Berthollet found, that the they succeeded, they were of an enormous
elastic product, afforded by the detonation bore, When Mahomed II. besieged Con
of gunpowder, consisted of two parts stantinople in the year 1453, he battered
nitrogen gas, and one carbonic acid gas. the walls with btone bullets, and his
The sudden extrication and expansion of pieces were some of them of the calibre
these airs are the cause of the effects of of i2ooIb. but they never could be fired
gunpowder. more than four times in the 24 hours, and
The muriat afforded by combining the sometimes they burst by the first dis
exigenized muriatic acid and potash, charge. Powder at first was not grained,
affords gunpowder of much greater but in the form of fine meal, such as it
-strength than the common nitre, but too was reduced to
by grinding the materials
dangerous for uss. For the method of together ; and it is doubtful, whether the
making this salt, See Acid (Muriatic, first grain of it was intended to increase
OXIGENIZED.) its strength, or only to render it more
How to refine nitte. Put into a cop convenient for the filling it into small
per, orany other vessel, too weight of charges, and the loading of small arms,
.
rough, nitre, with about 14 gallons of ts> which alone it was
applied for many
clean water, and let it boil gmtly for years, whilst meal-powder was still
half an hour, and as it boils take off" the made us^of in cannon. But at last the
scum ; then stir it about in the additional1 strength, which the grained
copper,
and before it settles put it into your fil powder was found to acquire from the
tering-bags, which must be hung on a free passage of the fire between the grains,
rack, with glazul earthen pans under occasioned the meal-powder to be entirely
them, in which sticks must be laid across laid aside. The coal for making gun
for the crystals to adhere to : it must powder is either that of willow or hazle ;
stand in the pans for two or three days but the lightest kind of willow is found
to shoot; then take out the crystals and to be the best, well charred in the usual
let them dry. The water that remains manner, and reduced to powder. Coi ned
in the pans boil again for an hour, and powder vvas m use in Germany as early as
strain it into the pans as before, and the the year 1 568 ; but it was first gem rally
nitre will be quite clear and trans used in England in the reign ot Charles 1-
parent ; if not, it wants more refining ; Gavtrr.ment powder, P such powder, as
to efiect which proceed as usual, till it is Ordnance- f slider, $ having undertone
well cleansed of all its earthy parts. the customary proof, is so called, and re
How to pulverize nine. lake a ceived into the public magazii.es.
copper kettle, whose bottom must be It has been recommended by a french
.-pherical, and put into it 14H1, of re write, to preserve gunpowder at sea by
cked nitre, with 2 qutisu or 5 p'rnts means of boxes, which should be line?
Gpl H A C 255

with Sheets of lead. M. de Gentien, a the art originated, were accustomed to


strip
naval officer tried the experiment by whenever they performed any part of it.
lodging a quantity of gunpowder, and
iiarchrnent cartridges, in a quarter of the H
Jthip which was sheathed in this manner.
4fr,
yiftet they had been stowed for a consi HABERGEON, a small coat of mail
derable time,the gun powder an I cartridges
were found to have suffered little from
or only sleeves and gorget of mail, formed
of little iron rings or meshes linked to
the moisture; whilst the same quantity,
when lodged in wooden cases, became gether.
HABILIMENTS of war, in an.
nearly half rotted. cient statutes, signify armor, harness,
Proof of Gunpowder, first take out of
the several barrels of gunpowder a mea utensils, or other provisions, without
which it is supposed there can be no abili
sure full, of about the size of a thimble,
which spreadupon a sheet of fine writing ty to maintain a war.
H A B I L L E M E N T des tlOUpes, Ex. OXG per
paper, and then fire it, if the inflammation
be very rapid, the smoke rise perpendicu Iy means the regimental clothing or the
uniform of soldiers. The clothing of
lar, and the paper be neither burnt nor the French army vvas not reduced to any
spotted, it is then to be judged good pow
der regular system before the reign of Loujs
2 drams of the same powder are
the 14th. The following observations
Then
and put into an eprou- relative to this important object are too
exactly weighed,
vette; which if it raises a weight of 24 appropr ate, and suit all countries too
pounds to the height of 3 1-2 inches, it well, to be left unnoticed.
The dress of a soldier should be plain,
may be received into the public maga-
izine and made up so as to facilitate every
as
proof. movement of his person, to guard him
GuN-powder prover. See Eprou-
VF.TTE. against the inclemency of the v -earlier,
and to be remarkable for its collective'
GUNSHOT, the reach or range of a
gun. The space through which a shot uniformity of appearance. Next to thesa
can be thrown. general requisites, the ease of cath indi
G un si\ot -wound. vidual should be consulted ; particularly
Any wound re
ceived from the discharge of cannon or with regard to the breeches, trowsers, or
fire-arms pantaloons. Regimental surgeons will
GU.vSMITH, a man who makes fire certainly s..y, that in some instances men
arms. ha e suffered as much from an ir>.:i.tti.i',n
GUN STICK. The rammer or stick to this part of their dress, as from the:

with which the is driven into the most harrassing service in the- face of ari
charge The loins shoe. Id invariably be
gun. enemy.
GUNSTOCK. The wood to which covered, the stride be made easy, and the
the barrel of the gun is fixed. <*IHtJ bend of the knee be left unembarrassed.
GUNSTONE. Such materials, chiefly Under the old French government, the
stone, from whole infantry was clothtu in w.ute, with
as were formerly discharged
artillery. facings of various colors ; out both the
CUR, house or dwelling in India.
a officers and the men vverc cxtK.iiie.iy plain
GURRIES, mud forts made in India in every part of their dress. Since tha
so called. These forts are sometimes revolution, the national color, whis.ii was
surrounded with ditches, white, has been changed to blue. Not
GURRY, an indian term to express a only the soldiers, but the waggon-din ,-.s,
certain division of time, Sec. had a particular dress to ciittin^ni. u
comprehending
24 minutes; but the word them from other people. See Uni porm.
among the
is Un HABIT d'ordonnance, ) regine\i<-
Europeans generally understoqj&o mean
hour. A watch is called Un HABIT d'unijorme, Ex. ) tal coat,
an
agifH^.
GUALIOR, a
stupendous military or clothing.
fortification on the summit of a
rocky HACHE, Fr. a hatchet.
eminence in India, south of Jumma, 28 Hache d'armes, Fr.a hatchet or bat tie-
coss, 56 English miles,
or from
Agra. 1 1 axc
was once taken by a daring enterprize bv In ancient times this
3 weapon was fre
Col. Popham. quently resoitedto by whole armies when
GHYRETTY, cantonments seven they engaged. At present it is only used
coss (14 English miles) from Calcutta. on particular
occasions, in sorties, &c. or
It is a palace built by Mr. Dupleix, which boarding ships.
the British took by force in 1797, and im Hache, Fr. A term which was for
prisoned the principal French colonists of merly used among the French to express
a certain
Chandernagore there. This was two punishment that military dehn-*
years before the war in Europe. quents were obliged to undergo. It con
-

GYMNASTIC, [gymnast ique, Fr ) .


sisted in being loaded with a pack or sad
pertaining to athletic exercises, such as dle, which the ^uilty person was undc.
the necessity of
leaping, wrestling, drawing the cross bow, carrying a specified dis
ten^ing^ ^c. The Greeks, among whom tance, and which entailed disgrace upon
the bearer.
255 HAL HAL

HACHER, Fr. to cut to pieces. This *y thousand men, making together sife
word s
very frequently used among the thousand men. Three Thousand of course
French ina mil, tary sense, viz.
jj constitutes a demie-brkade, or halt-bri-
Un hatxitlon, cu un escadron s'est fait I:i the British service-, a brigade;
ij gade
Hache < en pieces, a battalion, or a squad- is various, according to 'he number ot re-
ron has suiferen itself to be cut to pieces,
j gimenis that may be encamped, or lie con*
jj
They likewise make use ot the expres- tiguous to each other. Sometimes two,
sion in iamiliar discourse, as speaking of three, <-r four regiments form a brigade ;
|j
truth, viz ij
so that half the recited number of men

On se fotoit Ha cue a en pieces pout la\\ whicii composes a b'.igade, wheiher of


verite ; one would be cut to pieces for the ! cavalry or infantry, makes a half-brigade.
supuc rt of tru-.h Half-Compani es. Thesameassub-
HACHEREAU, Fr. a small hatchet. divisions, and equal to a plat on.
HACKERY, an ladian two wheel Half Distance, signifies hill" the
carriage or cart, drawn by oxen. regular interval or space between troops
HACQUETON. See Hatchet. drawe up in ranks, 01 standing in column.
HACQUET-WAG EN, a four-wheel Half Files, half tne given number
ed waggon, which is usedin the Prussian of an" body of men drawn uv two deep.
service to convey pontoons. The under Haif- files are so called in cavalry, when
name of this carriage is built like that of i the men rank oii'singly.
acliarioi, by which mea.is it can turn Half-File leader, (Chef de demi -file,
without di'iieultv. fr.) the foremost man of a rank entire.
HAIL-SHOT. See Grape-Shot. Half-Batta. An extra allowance
HaIR LOTH, a stuir'made of nair.
... which has been granted to the whole of
It is laid on the rloorof powder- maga th; otiics-rs belonging to the Biitish east
zines and laboratories, to prevent acci Indian army, except in Bengal, when out
dents at' fire from the shoes of the men ofthe company's district in the province
treading or .ubbing upon nails, sand, or of Onde In the upper provinces double
gra.el. batta is allowed. Allabove full is pa'td by
Hair-Cloth. Weight 30 lbs.

the native princes, as the troops stationed
length 15 feet breadth 11 feet.

in that quarter are considered as auxilia
HAK.1M. A term used in India to ries. The full batta is an allowance grant
signify a master, the governor of a city, a ed to both officers and men whenever rhey
jud^e, or a king. It sometimes means are under canvas. Batta is equal to full
the government, and power. pay
HALBERD, 1 a weapon formerly car- Half-Circle guard, one of the -.aiarcte,
H ALBERT, S rieti by the Serjeants of used with the broad-sword to parr; an
foot and artillery. It is a sort of spear, inside cut below the wrist, formed by
the shaft of which is about 6 feet long, 1
dropping the point of the sword outward
generally madeof ash. Its head is armed ii a semicircular direction, with the edge
with a steel point ed?ed on both sides. Mprned ui the left, and raising the hand to.
Besides this point, which is in a line with tne height ofthe face
the&haf., there is across piece of iron Half-Circle parade, a parade of the
Hat and turned down at one end, but not small Svvord, used against the thrust in
very sharp, so that it serves equally to cut low carte.
down or thrust with. Tins weapon has Half-H anczr, or H.lf-Hanc.
of late been exchanged tor the iiedt-pike. ing-Guard, a position of defence in the
HALBERDIER, a soldier armed with art of broad-sw.<rd ; differing from the

a halbert. hanging-guard, in the sword-hand not


HALEBARDE, Fr. halbert. This being raised so high, but held low enough
weapo-i, well as tne pike, was first
as to see your opponent over the hilt. See
adopted by the t tench, in unn.'tion of a Broadsword
similar one whicii wa carried by '.he Half- M 00 \, or demi-lune, Ex. See
Swiss troops. It was not known in that t- ORTIFICATLON.

country before the reign ot Louis XI. Half-Pa., certain allowance which
a

and when it fell into disuse among the is made to officers in the British service
rank and tiie, it was confined to the ser- who have been reduced, in consequence
jeants of infantry The length of a of some general order that effects whole
French halbert was six ot their feet from corps, supernumerary companies or indi
one extremity to the other. The handle viduals
or shaft was a long stick, with a strong, It may likewise be considered as a com
sharp, iron ferrel at the end, arid the up
pensation to individuals, who have been
per part had a fiat sharp blade, with a permitted to retire from the active func
cross bar attached to it. tions of. 1 military life.
HALF, is frequently usedin military Half-Pay officets are, to all intents
terms. Thus, and purposes, out of the reach of mili
Ha-i.F-B:<isabe,/'i../i. brigade, Ex.) tary cognizance. They cannot be tried
which signifies halt the number of men of by martial law ; nor are they liable to be
which a whole brigade is composed. A called upon either as members of a court
brigade of infantry in the French army, martial, or for the purpose of actual ser

consists of fix baU-thc-ns, each of one vice.


HAL HAL 257

As soon, therefore, as the head or rear


Hal f-P ike, (demi pique, Ex.) a small
pike, which was formerly carried by division, according to circumstances, ar
rives at the given point where it is to
officers.
Half-Sword, close fight, within half form line, the commander of the battalion
the length ofa sword. gives the word mark time, in order to af
HALT [French halte~\, is a discontinu ford the several ranks time to correct their
ance of the march of any body of men, dressigg and distance by their guides and
armed or unarmed, under military direc pivots: on the delivery of this word,
tion. It is frequently practised for the the foot which is then off the ground,
purpose of easing troops during their pro finishes its proper step, and the other
to it ; ar.d when the
gress through a country, or to render is brought up
them fresh and active previous to any war whole are dressed the word is given to
like undertaking. halt. The instant the halt is ordered, the
head division
Frequent halts are made durim the commanding officer from th
of each battalion (taking care that an ad
passage of obstacles, and in an intersected
country, in order to obviate the inconve jutant is placed in the true line) makes
nience and danger which must attend a any small correction on a near point in
column whose head is advanced too far that line that the pivots may require, al
to pteserve the regular succession of all though no such correction ought to be
its component parts. Nothing, indeed, necessary
can be more pregnant with mischief than To Halt after having "wheeled from
such a chasm ; for, if the enemy be in open column. The officers commanding
the neighborhood, both front and rear are companies, Sec. having during the wheel
exposed. The best way in the passage turned round to face their men, and in
of defiles, Sec. is to proceed to a dis clined towards the pivot of the preceding
tance beyond it which shall be suffi company, as they perceive their wheeling
of whole men make the step which brings them
ciently extensive to admit the
number ; there to halt, and not to march up to their several pivots, they give the
forward until the rear has completely word mark time halt.

The men, on re
cleared the obstacle. ceiving this last word of command, halt
Halt, is likewise a word of command with theireyes still turned to the wheeling

in familiar-se when a regiment is on its flank, and each officer being then plac
march from one quarter to another. The ed before the preceding guide or pivot, to
men are permitted to refresh themselves which his men are then looking, corrects
half-way. It should be generally ob the interior of his company upon that
served, that to prevent soldiers from pivot, his own pivot, and the general line
strangling about, or getting among per ofthe other pivots. This being quickly
sons who might entice them to be dis and instantaneously done, the officer im
orderly, a strict order ought to be given mediately takes his post on the right of
by the commanding officer of every bat his company, which has been preserved
talion not to allow any division or de for him by his serjeant. Thus the whole
tachment to halt in or near a town or line, when halted, is imperceptibly
village. A convenient midway spot dressed.
should be chosen for the purpose, and In cavalry movements, when the open
when the men have piled their arms column halted on the ground on which
(which maybe done in line or in column), it is to form, wheels up into line, the
a few steady soldiers should be detached following specific instructions must be
to guard the ground, and to prevent attended to :
others from straggling beyond certain li Distances being just, guides and pivot
mits. Among the French it was usual leaders being truly covered, the caution is
for the commanding officer of a battalion, given, Wheel into line ! when the then pi
division, or detachment, in hot *weather, vot-flank leaders place themselves each on
to send a sergeant and a few steady gre the reverse flank of such divisions, as by
nadiers forward, in order to secure good its wheel up brings them to their true place
water for the troops. This practice in the squadron. The leading division of
ought to be avoided as much as pos each
squadron sends out a guide to line
sible ; for men are more exposed to surfer himself with the pivot files. At the word
from drinking when overheated, than march! the whole wheel up into line,
they would be by patiently enduring the which is marked by the guides or pivots,
thirst until they reached the spot where and also bounded by the horses'heads ofthe
the d,ay's march is to terminate. faced guides of it. Dress halt ! is then

To Halt in open column for the purpose given (as well as the other words by each
of wheeling up into line. When the seve squadron leader) the instant before the
ral companies of one or more battalions completion of the wheel; the eyes are
have entered the alignement, and marched then turned to the standing flank (to
with their guides of manoeuvre, or pivot which the correction of the squadron is
flanks along the line, covering each other made), and remain so till otherwise or
at their due distances (for which com dered ; so that a line formed by wheels to
pany officers are answerable), the open the left, will remain with eyes to the
column is then in a state to be wheeled- right ; and one formed by wheels to the
into line. right will remain with eyes to the left,
K k
258 HAM HAN

During the wheel up, the standard a long stick to which any thing else is
moves to its plac in squadron, and at attached ; as a
sharpblade to form a hal
the halt every individual must have gain bert pike.
or
ed his proper post. HANCES, th: ends of elliptical'
HALTE,Fr. See Halt. arches.
HALTER-C4ST. In farriery, an HAND. Among the Mysoreans t he-
excoMa'ie.n or hurt n the pastern, which print of a hand is reckoned a form equi
is occasioned by the horst endeavoring to valent to an oath. The hand is one of
scr b the itch in.- [-art of the body near their military ensigns, and always carried
the head and neck, and tin's entangling by their princes to war.
one of his hinder feet in the halter. The Hand, a measure of four inches, or of
a clinched fist by which the
consequeece of which is, that he natu height of a
rally struggles to get free and sometimes horse is computed. Thus horses are said
receives very dangerous hurts in the hol to be so many hands high.
low of lv< pastern. The sizes of military horses should run
HALTING, in farriery, a limpine, from 15 hands and 1 inch to 16 hands
or goine lame; an irregularity in the mo high, and the age4 orsoti, if possible.
tion of a horse, arising from a lameness Hand is also used for the division ofa
in the shoulder, leg, or loot, which obliges horse into the fore and hind parts. The
him to trcan tenderly. parts ofthe fore-hard are the head, neck,
HAMLET, a small village. anu fore-quarters; and those of the hind-

Tovjer Hamlets. The militia rais hand include all the other parts of his
ed in the district of the Tower ot Lon body.
don, isso called, and is divided into two Hand is likewise used for the horse
battalions. man's hand. Thus spear-hand, or sword-
HAMMER, - well-known instrument hand, is the horse man's right hand, and
with an iron head, for driving naiU, Sec. bridle-hand is his left hand.
The artillery aids each cany one in his Hand-Barrow, a machine made of
belt, in order to clear the vent from any light vvooc|, of great use in fortification
stoppage. for carrying earth from one place to an
Hammer, a
piece of iron which stands other . or in a siege, for carrying shells or
in a perpendicular direction above the shot the trenches.
along
cover ofthe pan, being a part of the same, Hani, -Bar row. Weight 13 pounds,
and serving to produce those sparks of length 5 feet 4 inches.
tire that ultimately occasion the explo Hand-Breadth, a measure of three
sion of the gunpowder. The Germans inches, or a space equal to the breadth
Ci'il it ffannen deckel, the cover of the of the hand, the palm.
pan ; but this expression does not convey Hand-Gallop, a slow and easv gal
A distinct and clear idea ot" the use that is lop, in which the hand presses the bridle
nude of it. Nothing, however, can be to hinder increase of
speed.
Jess appropriate than the term appears | Mand.Gr enades, small iron shells,
amongst us. We call the part which is from 2 to 3 inches diameter, filled with
struck against to produce sparks of tire powder which being lighted by means of
the hammer ; and the part which strikes, a fuse, are thrown by the grenadiers
the cock ; whereas that part of the cock amongst the enemy ; until lately out of
which holds the flint is, L-fact, tlie ham use. See Grenades.
mer, and the other is without a proper Hand-Gun, agun held in the hand.
name. The Germans call the cock habn. Hand- Mallet, a wooden hammer
It is not- within our province to propose with a handle, to drive fuses, or pickets,
new 'erms; we are therefore satisfied in ! &c. in making fascines or gabion bat
havim- pointed out the contradiction. teries.
j
H ammf.r-Spr Inc. , the spring on ;! Hand-Screw, is composed of a
which the hammer of a gun-lock works. !; toothed iron bar, which has a claw at
1 1 is also caWnA feather-spring. V the lower end and a fork at the upper :

HAMMOCK, (hamac, Ex.) aof sort the bar is fixed in a stock of wood, about
bed m ide -if cotton or canvas. Those 2.5 feet high, and 6 inches thick, moved
usei m America consisted of a broad piece by a rack-work so that this claw or fork
'
of canvas which was suspended between being plac. d under a weight raises it as
two branches ofa tree, or between two' far as the bar can go.
stakes, and in which the savages are ac- :' Hand-Spike, in gunnery, a wooden
customed to sleep. ! lever 5 or 6 feet long, flattened at the
Among sailors the hammock is about : lower end, and tapering towards the
six feet Ion., and three feet broad, and other, useful in moving guns to their
drtsvn to ether at the two ends, and hung places after being fired and loaded again,
horizomally under the deck for the sailors or for moving other heavy weights.
to repose in. In time of battle, the ham Hand-spikes. Common, weight 10
mocks are strom-ly fastened and laid above pounds, length 6 ieet.
the rails n the quarttr-deck and fore Hand-to-Hand, close fight; the
cast I -, io bunicjde, and to prevent the situation ot two persons closely opposed
execution if small shot. I to each other.
HAMPE, ou HANTE, Fr. a shaft ; jj
HANDFUL, used figuratively, in a
H A N H AR 259

military sense, to denote


a small quantity among the Carthagenians, who crossed
or number, handful of men.
as a trie Alps, and threatened Rome. This
To HANDLE, to manage, to wield. able man lost all the fruits of his un
Handle arms, a word of command common exertions and military talents
(when the men are at ordered arms) by by relaxing from that active conduct, by
which the soldier is directed to bring his which ne had thrown the Roman legions
right hand briskly up to the muzzle of into co:. fusion He is a striking example
his musquet, with his fingers bent in- ofthe propriety of marshal Saxe's obser
war .is. This word of command is fre vations on the necessity of vigorous and
quently used at the private inspection of unremitting opeiations ar.ainst a retreat
See General.
compani.s, and always precedes Ease
ing enemv.
arms. HANOVERIANS, troops belonging
This term was formerly used in the to Hanover, formerly subject to ths king
manual from the support to the carry. It of G reat Br tain, and of which a consder-
is now however used only in the instance able body were employed to subji.gate
just mentioned. America, for which forty pounds sterling
To HANG-FIRE. Fire-arms are said a head were paid out of the British trea

tohanR-tire when the flame is not speedy sury to the elector of Hanover; they ars
in communicating from the pan to the nuw subjects of France.
charge. Tnis defect may arise from the HANSL, or HANS, (Hans Teutonique,
powd.r being damp or the touch-hole Fry a body or company oi merchants
fou'. united together tor the promotion of
To Hang upon. To hover, to impede. trade
To Hang upon the rear of a retreating H ans towns, (villes Hanseatiques, Ex.)
enemy. To follow the movements ot Cenam towns and places in Germany
any body of men so closely as to be a con and the north of Europe in which a com
stant annoyance to them. mercial compact, or agreement, for the
It requires both judgment and activity benefit ot commerce was entered into by
in the commanding officer of a pursuing merchants of respectability. The tour
army toexecute thisbusin. ss w.thout en towns that first united tor this purpose

dangering his troops. For it might hap were Lubec, Brunswick, Dantzic, and
pen that the retreating enemy, seeing an Cologne, and on that account they bore
opportunity to make a retrograde fiank the distinguishing title of mother-towns.
movement from its front, would practice After the original establishment of this
a feint in its rear, and suddenly appear company had taken place, several towns
upon the right or left of his pursuers. became anxious to belong to so respecta
To prevent a surprize of this sort, con ble and useful a company. They were
stant vedettes and side-patroles must be accordingly adopted, and obtained the
detached, and the pursuer must never denomination of god-daughters. The
attempt to follow through any considera. number of these associated places amount
ble length of defile, or cross rivers, with ed to 8 1, and they w.. re generally called
out having secured the neighboring emi the Hanseaticor Anseatic towns. In the
nences, and been well informed as to the year 1372,3 treaty of alliance was entered
nature of the stream, for some extent on into between Denmark and the Hans
his right and left. Without these pre towns. Amsterdam and other Dutch
cautions he might himself be taken in cities were included, as may be seen in a
flank and rear. copy of that treaty which has been pre
To Hang upon the flanks of an enemy, is served by Boxhooin.
to harass and him in a more de HAQUET, Fr. a dray; a species of
perphx
sultory manner than what is generally waggon formeily used in the artillery;
practised when you press upon his rear. they diffeied in their sizes and demensions
Hussars, light dragoons, mounted riiie- according to the nature ofthe service.
men, and light infantry detachments are Military HARANGUES, (harangues
well calculated for ihis service. Light militaiies, Ex.) It was usual among the
pieces of artillery are likewise extremely ancients for generals, &c. to harangue
useful, but they should be cautiously re their soldiers previous to an engagement.
sorted to, as ambuscades might be laid, This custom, however, is too old to be
and their removal would require too traced to its origin. Short harangues, if
much time. A perfect knowlege of the
any are adopted, will always tiove the
country in which you fight, aided by in best ; for that natural impulse by whicii
telligent guides and faithful scouts, will the aggregate of mankind are driven into
be one of the best safeguards in all opera- acts of peril and possible
destruction, is
lions of this kind. ot too subtile and too volatile a nature to
HANGER, a short-curved sword. bear suspence.
HANGING-GUARD, a defensive Wc rind among the ancient historians
position in the art ot broad-sword ; it is various instances 111 which ihe genera. s of
termed by raising the sword-hand high armies have judged fit to harangue their
enough to view your antagonisi under troops. It must, however, be acknow-
your wrist, and directing your point to- legeu, that the greater part of these
vards ins ribs. See Broadsword. harangues have been studiously made out
HANNIBAL, a celebrated general b;' ingenious w.i'-vr., and nut into fire
260 H AR H AR

lipsof the heroes they have thought pro he celebrates. Titus Livius is too orna
per to celebrate. Those which contain mental and too flowery. An active and
most common
sense, and in intelligent general must be a perfect stran
are conveyed
short pithv sentences, will always produce ger to that species of oratory.
the best effects. Wereadin Varillas, a French historian,
Eloquence is certainly a qualification who was born in 1624, and wrote a his
which every general of an army should tory of France beginning with Louis XI.
possess; but.it is not, in our days, the and ending with Henry III. &c. that
most essential
requisite in his character. Zisca (or Ziska) a gentleman and soldier
Caesar was naturally endowed with a of Bohemia (who was so called because he
most bewitching talent in the exercise of happened to lose an eye,) made a remark
words ; and he used it on many occasions able speech to his followers. We refer
to considerable advantage. The manner our inquisitive readers to that writer's
in whi' h he was accustomed to address works tor one of the most energetic, most
his men became so celebrated, that several soldier-like, and persuasive pieces of mi
persons belonging to the army he com litary eloquence that perhaps is extant.
manded carefully selected his military ha Zisca succeeded. Huss, who had armed
rangues ; and, if we may believe the the peasantry of Bohemia to resist the op
Chevalier Folard, the emperor Augustus pressions of the emperor and the Roman
was particularly phased and entertained
pontiff; and although he lost his other
in having them read to him. eye at the siege of Rabi, his influence
In Chevalier Folard's opinion, those and courage were so great, that he obliged
speeches which are enlivened by expres the emperor Sigismund to send an embas
sions of humor and
by occasional raillery, sy to him, and to offer him the govern
will always have the most influence over ment of Bohemia. Such was his power
the minds of common soldiers. War al of persuasion, that he could not only ani
though appaiently dictated by the laws mate his men to the most desperate feats
of nature (for war and bloodshed seem to of valor, but likewise check them in the
have been the concomitants of man fiom full career of victory, to prevent plunder
his first creation) cannot be so far conge and unnecessary bloodshed. A remarka
nial to the feelings of civilized mortality, ble instance of this sort may be found in
as to mingle with sober sense and rational Varillas, where he relates, that nothing
reflection. Consequently, those discour but the influence which Zisca possessed
ses which lead the common mind to think, over the minds of his followers could have
and which induce the common heart to saved the city of Prague from utter des
feel, aie ill adapted to acts of violence and truction.
mutual rancour. A witticism or humor Several specimens of military eloquence
ous xpression has sometimes the most may be found in Procopius. They pos
happy effect. The 'answer which Han sess the
happy quality of being very
nibal the Carthaginian made to one of his short, full of good sense and strength of
generals, whose name was Gisco, produc expression. Since the time of Henry the
ed a fortunate emotion among the sol I Vth, of France, we find few instances in
diers. T he latter observed, that the ene. which the generals of armies have thought
my's great numbers somewhat surprized him ; it expedient to harangue their
troops, un
Hannibal, as Plutarch relates th story, less we except the battle of Nerva, pre
immediately said, with a sort of indig vious to which Charles the Xlith, king
nant look But theie is another circum of Sweden, addressed his little army.
stance, Gisco, "which ought to surprize you It frequently happens, however, that
much more, and "which you do not seem to the commanding officers of corps and of
know. Gisco requested to know what it detached parties, feel it necessary to en
might be. /. is, .plied Hannibal, that courage their men by short and appropri
in so large a multitude there should not be one ate speeches after the manner ofthe Lace
man whose name is Gisco. This sarcastic demonians. At the famous battle of
observation created a loud laugh among all Tory, Henry the I Vth, of France, rode
who surrounded the general, and the down the front of the line, and pointing
humor of the saying was instantly con to the white feather which he wore in his
veyed through the ranks. hat, spoke in the following emphatic
Antigonus, according to the same au manner to his soldiers :
My children,
thority, never adopt. d any other mode of (mes enfans) cried he, should any mistake er
conveying his sentiments to the troops. irregularity occur among the standard bear
The Lacedemonians were even more laco ers, and your colors by any accident be mis
nic ; but every thing they uttered was full led, recollect, that this feather will shew you
of sound sense and energy ot thought. where you are tu rally ; you "will always
Thucydides, who was not only a good find it on the road to honor and victory !
historian, but likewise an able general, At Fleurus, general Jourdan rode along
makes Ins heroes speak in a very empha the line with this short speech, ' no re-
tic and eloq1 cnt manner. Tacitus does tteat to-day." At Marengo Bonaparte
not appear to possess much excellence addressed the soldiers, " remember we
that way; and the speeches which we
always sleep the night after victory on the
find in Poiybius, are copied after what field of battle." At Jena he told them
was
spoken by the several generals, whom "
There is Rosbach and a column com-
H A R H AR 261

master of this branch of bus;ness. The


memorating French defeat, we must re
trieve the honor of France, and plant a woiks principally recommended to his
column dedicated to French glory." Ad attention are L' Architecture Hydrauli p.e,
miral Nelson's address before the battle par M. Belidor ; Essai sur la Resistance
of Trafalgar, merits perpetual record,
des Fluides, par M. d'Alemberf, Maclau-
"
England expects every man to do his rin, and Muller.
duty." The English ladies very signifi HARCARRAH. In India, a messen
cantly embroidered it on their garters. ger employed to carry letters, and other
HARASS, (harceler, Ex.) In a milita wise entrusted with matters of conse
ry sense, signifies to annoy, to perplex, quence that require secrecy and punctu
and incessantly turmoil any body of men, ality. They' are very often Bramins,
to hang upon the rear and flanks of a re well acquainted with the neighboring
treating army, or to interrupt its opera countries; they are sent to gain intelli
tions at a siege by repeated attacks. The gence, and are used as guides in the field.
troops best calculated for this duty are HARDI, Fr. In French architec
hussars, mounted riflemen, and light ture, an epithet which is frequently at
dragoons. The general most celebrated tached to those sorts of works that, not
among the ancients for this kind of war withstanding their apparent delicacy of
fare was Sertorius. By means of the most construction, their great extent and won
subtile and ingenious manoeuvres, aided derful height, remain uninjured for a suc
by a thorough knowlege of military tac cession of years. Gothic churches are
tics, he disconcerted all the plans, and of this description.
finally defeated all the attempts which H A R E , an old Saxon term for an army.
were made by Pompey and Metellus to HAL NESS, armor, or defensive fur- .

subdue him. It has been shrewdly re niture of war. A lso the traces for horses
marked by the commentator on I'oly- ofdraughf.
bius, that had there been one Sertorius Harness. For men in the light artil
within the walls of Lisle, when that city- lery, one set, 26 lbs. length 12 feet. Wheel
was besieged in 1708, the whole combin harness for a pair of horses, such as was
ed force of the allies that was brought be used in the scrviceof artillery, about 1 cwt.
fore it would have be n rendered inefFec HA RNOI S, Fr. harness. Thisword
tual. This wise and sagacious officer was formerly used among the French to
was constantly upon the watch ; no signify the complete armor or equipment
movement of the enemy escaped his no of a horseman, including the cuirass,
tice ; and by being master of his designs, helmet, &c. The term, however is still
every measure which was attempted to adapted in a figurative sense: as, Cetan-
be put in execution, was thwarted in eien ejfficier a btancbi sout le barnois 'Ibis

its infancy. oldeficer hat grown gtey beneath his harness,


When he received intelligence; that a or
equipment ; signifying that he has grown
convoy was on its way to the enemy, such old in the service.
was his activity, that no precautions could Harnois du Cbeval, Ex. Military
save it from his attack ; and however equipment for a horse. There are some
seemingly advantageous a
temporary po curious remarks on this subject in the
sitionmight appear, every possible peril Reveries de Mareicbal Saxe.
or surprize crouded
upon his mind, and HARO, Fr. hue and cry.
the instant he judged it necessary to de HAROL. An indian term signifying;
camp, such was his sagacity and shrewd the officer who commands the van of an
ness, that no foresight or information of army. It sometimes means the vanguard
th' enemy could circumvent him on his itself.
march. He was full of expedients, mas HARPE, Fr. a species of draw-bridge,
ter of military feints, and which vvas used :'mg the ancients, and
indcfatigably .

active. When pursued in his retreats, which obtained the name of harp from its
he had always the ingenuity to avoid his resemblance to that instrument. This
enemy by getting into inaccessible places, bridge, which consisted of a wooden
or by disposing of his
troops in such a frame, and hung in a perpepc'icular direc
manner, as to render it extremely- hazar tion against the turrets that were used in
dous to those who might attempt to har- those times to carry on the siege of a
ra_
orperplex him
.->
place, had, like the harp, a variety of
HARBOR, in military architecture, a rope> attached to it, and was let down
port or haven for shipping. The making upon the wall ofa town by means of pul-
and inclosing harbors with pics, so as to lies. The instant it fell the soldiers lelt
resist the winds and waves, for the pre the turret and rushed across the tempora
servation of ships in stormy weather, is ry platform upon the rampart.
one of the most useful and necessary
HARQUEBUS, a kind of fire-arm, of
works that can be made in a trading na the length of a musquet, usually cocked
tion; since the security of their wealth with a wheel. It carried a bait of about
and power depends greatly upon it. 3 ounces. Not used at present.
Hence it should be the particular study
HARQUEBUSEiR, a soldier carrying
of every young engineer, who is desirous a
harquebus.
of being useful to his country, or of dis
HARROW, to lay waste-, to ravage, or

tinguishing himself, to render himself dertro".


262 HAS HA V

HAST AIRES, Fr. soldiers armed Rennet, in his R. Ant. p. 190, gives a

with spears. SccHastati. similar account of the hastati; and adds,


HASP, a flat staple to catch the bolt that the spears were afterwards laid aside
cf a lock. as incommodious.
Armes rf'HASTE, Fr. long-hafted
HASTATI, from the Latin word hasta,
a spear; so that they m-iy literally be weapons.
called spearmen. A body of Roman Haste, Fr. The piece of wood or
soldiers who were more advanced in age, long pote to which the standard is fixed,
and had acquired a greater reputation in was fonnvrly so called in France.

arms than the Velites possessed, were dis HASSEIN and HOUSSEIN, two
tinguished by this appellation. They brothers, and Mahomedan saints, whose
wore a complete set of armor, and always east is celebrated with great and
pomp
carried a buckler, made convex, mea much enthusiasm in Asia. This festival
suring two feet and a half in breadth and is kept on the 14th of November, in
four in length. The longest contained commemoration of the murder of those
about four feet nine inches, or a Roman two brothers. The Mahomedans of Hin-
of two dostan observe it with a kind of religious
palm. The buckler was madewere
boards glued together. These co madness, some acting and others bewail
vered, in the first instance, with a broad ing the catastrophe of their saints with so
piece of linen, which was again covered much energy, that several die of the ex
over with sheep's skin. The edges, both cesses they commit. They are likewise
at top and bottom, were fenced with iron, persuaded that whoever falls in battle
to enable them to meet the broad sword against unbelievers, during any of the day*
and sabre, and to prevent thein from rot of this ceremony, shall be instantly trans
ting when planted on the ground. The lated into the higher paradise, without
convex part was further covered oyer stopping at any of the intermediate pur
with iron plats;s to resist the impression gatories. On these occasions, to the
of haru blows, and to withstand the vio enthusiasm of superstition is added
lent concussion of stones, &c. the more certain efficacy of inebriation ;
The hastati likewise wore a sword, for the troops eat plentifully of bang, u
which they carried girted to their right vegetable substance something like hemp
thigh, and which was called the Spanish which yields an intoxicating juice.
sword. This weapon vvas calculated both I HAT. Hats are no longer used by
to cut and thrust, the blade being very the non commissioned officers or privates;
in the armies all the infantry
broad, thick, and pointed. Each had more- J European
over two pikes, a brass helmet, and half wear caps ot leather, &c.
boots. One of the pikes was thick, and HA rCHET, used in the army, a small
.he other of a middling size, and they li).ht sort ot an axe, with a bazil edge on
were in general either round or square. the left side, and a short handle, used by
The round ones were four fingers diame the men for cutting wood to make fascines,
gabions, pickets, Sec.
ter, and the square ones contained the
breadth of a side. The small pikes were To take up the Hatchet, among the
not unlike to the darts which the hastati, Indians to declare war, to commence hos
or spearmen, were still obliged to carry. tilities, Sec.
The pole or stall' of these pikes, whe HAUBERGEON, F> . See Haber
ther large or small, was nearly five cubits geon.
H A U B E R G I E R , Fr. an individual
long. The iron which was made some
what in the shape of a fish-hook and was who held a tenure by knight's service,
fixed to the pole, contained the same j and was subject to the feudal system,
length. It reached beyond the middle, which formerly existed in France, and
and was so well nailed that nothing could by which he was obliged to accompany
loosen it without at the same time break the lord of the manor in that capacity
ing the pole. This iron was one finger whenever the latter went to war. He
and a half thick, both at the bottom, was called fief de haubert, and had the
and at the part where it was joined to the privilege of carrying a halbert. All vas
wood. sals in ancient times served their lords-
The hastati or spearmen wore upon paramount as squires, haubergieis, lance-
their heads a red or black plume, con men, bow-men, &c.
Fr. See HABER
sisting of three straight feathers, each HAUBERJON,
measuring one cubit in height. These, GEON.

added to their other accoutrements, made HAUBERT. See Hautbert.


them appear uncommonly tall, and gave HAV E RSACK, a kind of bag made of
them a bold and formidable look. The strong coarse to carry bread and
linen,
lowest class of hastati, or spearmen, had march. It is only used
provisions on a

their chests protected by a piece of brass, in the field and in cantonments, each sol

containing twelve fingers' breadth every dier having one.


way. This plate was called a breast- HAVILDAR, orPanon-commission-
ylate. All that were woith 10,000 HAVILDAUR, bed officer or ser
diachmac wore a coat of mail, instead of jeant among the East India sepoys. He
a breast- plate. ranks next to the Jeimdar.
HAVOCK, carnage, slaughter.
HAY H E A 263

HAVRESAC,i=V. SccHaversack. on a Straight line. Se mettre en baie, is to


Fr. ornamental stand rank entire. Faire un double haie,
HAUSSE-col, an
It is to stand two deep. Border la haie, is a
plate similar to the gorget. worn
to which infantry has recourse
by infantry officers only. disposition
Un Hausse.cw, Fr neck when attacked by cavalry. See Bor
a piece.
HAUT-LE-PIED, Fr. a term used der la Ha YE.

to distinguish such persons as for


were HAZAREE,an East Indian term sig
merly employed in the French armies nifying a commander of armed men.

without HEAD, in gunnery, the fore part of


having any permanent appoint
ment. Commissaires hauts-le-pied were the cheeks of a gun or howitz carriage.
known in the artillery during the mo Head of a work, in fortification, is the
narchy of France. They were usually front next to the enemy, and farthest
under the quarter-master general. from the place ; as the front of a horn-
Le Haui Rhin, Fr. the Upper work is the distance between the flanked
Rhine. angles ofthe demi-bastions : the head of
Le Haute Saxe, Ex. a double tenaille is the salient angle in
Upper Saxony.
HAUTBERT, Fr. a coat of mail, the centre, and the two other sides which
which covered the neck and arms, for form the re-entering angles. See Fort.
Head of an body of men,is the
merly worn by the seigneurs de haubert,^ army, or

or lords-paramount, in France, in lieu of front, whether drawn up in lines, or o:. a

the hausse-col, brassarts, and cuissarts. march.


HAUTBOY, (bautbois, Fr.) a wind- Head of a double tenaille, the salient
instrument, now almost universally a- angle in the centre, and the two other
dopted by the European armies, and sides which form the re-entering angle.
which forms a partof the regimental bands. H e a D-piece, armor for the head; an
HWJTES-payes, Ex. were soldiers se helmet, such as the light dragoons wear.
lected by the captains of companies to Head-o/ a camp, the ground before
attend them personally, for which service which the army is drawn up.
they received something more than the Head-Quarters, the place where
common pay. Haute-paye became after the officer commanding an army or in
wards a term to signify the subsistence dependent body of troops takes up his
which any body of men superior to, or residence.
distinguished from the private soldier HEADSTALL, that part of the bridle
were allowed to receive. which goes over the horse's head.
HAUTEUR, Fr. in geometry, signi HEAUME, Fr. A word derived
fies elevation . from the German, which formerly sig
Hauteur, Fr. in architecture, the nified casque, or helmet. The heaume
extreme height of any building. Thus, has been sometimes called among the
j
un batiment est arrivee a hauteur signifies the French satade, armet, and celate from
that the last stones or bricks are laid the Latin word which means engraved,
ready for the roof to be covered in. on account of the different figures which
Hauteur d'appui, Fr. breast-highr. were represei ted upon it. The he.nnne
Hauteur de marche, Ex. The usual covered the wholeof the face, except the
height which a man takes in stepping, eyes, which were protected by small iron
bei g about six or seven inches above bars laid cross- ways.
ground. The heaume was not only worn by the
Hauteur d'un escadron, ou d'un bat- chevaliers or knights when they went to
taillon, Fr. the d-pth of a squadron of war, but also at tilts and tournaments.
horse, or battalion of foot. 'Ihe word It serves as an ornament or helmet in
hauteur in the French service is equiva co.its of arms and armorial bearings. Va
lent to depth in the English : as an ar
rious appellations have been given to this
my consisting of many squadrons of! piece of armor, such as habiliement de tcte,
horse and battalions of foot, one in front covering for the head, casque, helmet ;
ofthe other and forming several columns, and under Francis I. it was distinguished
is said to stand that number of columns by the name of armet. It dots not re
deep ; the term being applicable in all ! semble the morion, the salade,ox headpiece,
services to the army collectively or se- \" the pot, or
bourgignote, r-urganet, which
par itely considered from several columns were worn only in the infanfy. The
to a mere rank and file. j heaume, as we have observed above, co
'

HAMTS -officers, Fr. superior officers. vered the face. There was an opening
With respect to an army composed of opposite to the eyes which was guarded
several regiments, the following fall un by small iron bars, or lathe- work, and
der the description of hauts officiers ac was a kind of visier. The heaume, or hel
cording to the old French system : gene met, is still preserved in heraldry, and is
rals, lieutenant-generals, colonels, and a
distinguishing mark of nobility. In
lieutenant- colonels. The hauts-officiers, tournaments, trie helmet was presented
or
superior officers in distinct corps, were as a
prize of honor to the most active
majors, aid-majors, captains, lieutenants, champion, because it was the principal
sub-lieutenants, and ensigns. ! piece of defensive armor; but a sword
HAYE, Fr. a military disposition in ! was given to the
assailants, as that vvas
which soldiers stood aside one another i an offensive
weapon.
264 HEP HER

Fr. The person sides be all equal, it is called a regular


HEBDOMADIER,
whose week it is to beonduty. heptagon.
HELEPOLIS, in the ancient of art HEPTAGONAL numbers, are a sort

war, a machine for battering down the of polygonal numbers, wherein the dif
walls of a place besieged. The inven ference of the terms of the corresponding
tion of it is ascribed to Demetrius the arithmetical progression is =5. One
Poliorcetes. Diodorus Siculussays, that of the properties of these numbers is,
each side of tlie helepolis vvas 450 cubits that if they be multiplied by 40, and 9
b. added to the product, the sum is a
broad, and 90 in height ; that it had 9
stages or floors, and was carried on
four square number.
ttrong solid wheels, 8 cubits in diameter ; HEPTARt-HY, a government which
that it vvas armed with huge battering consisted of 7 kings or sovereign princes.
rams, and had 2 roofs capable of support Such was the government under which
ing them ; that in the lower stages there England was ruled by the Saxon kings.
were difterent sorts of engines for casting HERALD, an officer at arms, whose
stones; and in the middle, they had duty is to declare war, to proclaim peace,
large catapulta's for lancing arrows. orto be employed in martial messages.

HELICOMETRY, an art which The heralds in England are judges and


teaches how to draw or measure spiral examiners of that ridiculous jargon called
li.^s upon a plane, and shew their re heraldry, or coats of arms ; they marshal
spective properties. all solemnities at the coronations, and fu
HELIOID parabola, is a curve arising nerals of their princes, &c. The origin of
from the supposition of the axis cf the heralds is extremely anc ient. 1 1 is reported
that the Greek herald, Stentor, possessed
Apollonian parabola, being bent into
the periphery of a circle, and is then a such a powerful voice that it exceeded
line passing through the extremities of the united clamor of fifty men.
the ordinates, which converge toward the There are three heralds called kings at
centre ofthe circle. arms in England, each bearing a name pe

HELIOSCOPE, a prospect glass to culiar to himself, and six heralds. The


view the sun. The glass is colored in first king at aims is that of Garter,
order to weaken the radiance of light. created by Henry V. that of Clarencieux,
HELIX, a spiral line. created by Edward IV. and that of
HELM, or ) an ancient defensive ar- Noiroy, so called from the exercise of his
HELMET,S mor, worn both in war functions north of the river Trent,
and tournaments. It covered both the The heralds extraordinary are those of
head and lace, only leaving an aperture in Windsor and Chester, created by Edward
the front, secured by bars, which was III. those of Somerset by Henry VIII-
called the visor. The Carians first in and those of York and Lancaster, created
vented the boss of shields and the crest of by the children of Edward 111. They
Itelmets. In remembrance of this, a | are pageants and sinecures.
small shield and a crest were always bu HERALDS College, a corporation in
ried with them. t England which consists of kings at arms,
HKLMET-CAP, ? a cap, or hat, the | heralds, and pursuivants, in which the
HLMET-HAT, $ crown of whicii nonsense of heraldry is recorded.

is shaped like ihe dragoon helmet. HERAUT. Fr. herald. During the
HELVE, the wooden handle of a old monarchy of France there were thirty
or^
HAFT, ^ hatchet, hammer, or heralds each distinguished by the name
of some particular province. The first
pick-axe.
Jo HEM in, to surround. of these who was king at arms, bore the
Hli.MERODROMES, Fr. a French title of Montjoy St. Denis: he had the pri
una taken from the Greek, signifying vilege of wearing a royal coronei over the
st-atrics or guards, which were employed ficur. de luce. On solemn occasions the
among the ancients to protect and
watch king and the heralds at arms appeared in
over fortified towns and places. As soon their coats ot arms made of violet colored
* the gates were opened they went out, crimson velvet, with thiee golden fleurs
and continued to patrole round the skirts de luces before and behind, and as many
<i ihe town during the whole of the day. on each sleeve where the name of the
herald be.
Frequently, indeed they advanced consi province stood, to which the velvet
derably inis) the country, in order to dis longed. They wore a black cap
cover whether any hostile body of men ornamented with golden strings, and hah
was approaching in order to surprize the boots, when they appeared on peaceable
garrison. occasions, with whole boots on warlike
HENDECAGON, a figure that has or martial ones. In solemn funerals they
n sides and as many angles, each capa had a long robe of black velvet. The
ble ofa regular bastion. only difference between the king at arm.
HINDOO, or HINDU, the name by and the heralds with respect to dress, con
whicii the natives of Hindustan distin sisted in the richness ot the embroidery,
guish themselves from the inhabitants of that ofthe former being more expensive.
other countries. The coats of arms which were peculiar to
HEPTAGON, a figure consisting of the heralds were called Plaques, those ot
seven s'.cki and a-, many angles. If the the Lines at arms were distinguiihed by
HER II E U 265

the name of Tunic*. They carried a stick paid in ancient times to the lord of the
called Caduceus (such as Mercury is repre soil, enable him to carry on a war.
to
sented to have borne in ancient mythology.) HERO. This name was given by the
But this stick was not ornamented by a ancients to those men who bec.mie illus
crown with fleurs de luce, it vvas only trious in war, ard who were stiled Demi-
coverea with crimson velvet, having a Gods, from a general notion, that their ac
few fleurs de luce scattered here and tions entitled them to a place in heaven
there. immedia'elv after their decease.
There was likewise a herald, whose The h.roes of antiquity were divided
functions were to carry the into two classes, t:ie one of mortal genea
particular
King's orders. He was enti.led to a coat logy, the other of heavenly descent, beiii^
of arms upon violet colored velvet, inter the offspring of some god or goddess who
spcrsed with fleurs de luce and gold had connexion with the human species.
embroidered flammes or pendants, toge Modern authors make a distinction be
ther with the arms and collars both be tween a hero and a great man ; the former
fore and behind. He likewise wore the appellation being soven to one who dis
cross belonging to the order which was tinguishes himself by teats of hardihood
in
attached to a black silk cord borne cross- military enterprize, and the latter to a
ways. person eminent for his virtues and extra
The author of the Dictionnaire Mili- ordinary talents in civil life.
taire derives the French term Heraul HEROINE, ateini generally applied
from the German Herald, which signifies to women who have given exemplary
a man at arms, un Gendarme. Verstegan proofs of courage and virtue.
derives it from the Saxon. Other French HERRISO.W See Herisson.
writers derive it from an old Gallic word HERSE, in fortification, a grated
barou, or hara, which was used as a chal door firmed by strong pieces of wood,
lenge, a notification of fresh hostilities, jointed cross-ways like a latticeor harrow,
a ban or general assembling ofthe people, and stuck fullot iron spikes. It is usu
aloud and public proclamation of battles ally hung by a rope and fastened to a mo-
fougnr and victories obtained ; on which linett, which is cut in case of a
svrprise,
heralds, according Ducange, or when the first gate is forced
account to by surprise
or with a
were formerly called Clariga vis as well as petard, to the end that it may
Her aidus. fall and stop the passage of a gate or other
HERCOTECTONIQUE, Fr.a term entrance of a fortress.
in fortification signifying that branch of These herses are also often laid in the
Military architecture which specifically roads, with the points upwards instead of
points out the best means ot defence and the chev-ux-de-frize, to incommode the
the surest method of providing stores. march of both horse and toot. Common
This word is derived from the Greek. harrows are sometimes made use of in
HERE FARE, an old term from the cases of emergency, with their
points up
Saxon, signifying the same as warfare wards.
HE REG ELD, a term derived from the HERSILLON, a strong beam, whose
Saxon, signifying a tax which was for sides are stuck full of spikes, which i.s
merly levied for maintaining an army. thrown across tlie breach made by an
HERESLITA.Paterm derived from enemy to render it impassable.
HERESILIA, S the Saxon, signifying HESSIAN, a substitute, a
deputy,
a soldier who abandons his colors, or leaves one employed to do base or
dirty work to*
the army without leave. another.
HERETEQ, ) aderived from the
term HESSIANS, troops belonging to the
HERETOQ.S- Saxon, signifying the country of Hesse-Cassel in Germany.
HF.RTZOG,) leader of an army, a They have been frequently hired by
Duke, the same asdux in the Latin. Great Britain, particularly in the war of
HERETUM, a court in which the American independence, when they were
guards or military retinue that usually sold at 40/. sterling a head ; nine pound0.
attended the old British nobility and of which was to be repaid if they re
bishops were accustomed to
parade or turned alive. Hesse has been since made
draw up. subject to France, (brining part of the
HERISSON, Fr. a turnpike which is kingdom of Westphalia.
made of one stout beam that is fenced by HETMAN, Fr. sometimes called
a quantity of iron spikes, and which is Atteman, a word derived from the Ger
fixed upon a pivot, in the manner that man, which signifies the head-man, thff
turnstiles are, so that it can turn in every chiefofa troop. The chief general or grand
direction. general in Poland is called Hetman Wielki,
Herisson, (foudrcyant, Fr.) a sort of and the second general Hetman Polny.
artificial firework which has several sharp The chief or general of the Cossacks i3
points attached to it on the outside, and likewise invested with this title by the
is filled with inflammable composition sovereigns of Russia.
within. It is frequently usedin breaches HEURTEyUINS, Fr. two pieces of
and retrenchments. iron resembling a knocker, which are.
HERGATE, a term derived from the placed over the trunnions, or axis of .,

*axon, signifying a tribute which W3S | cannon .

1. 1
266 HOG HOM

HEXAEDRON, (Hexaedre, Fr.) a I HOLD. See Fastnesses.


solid geometric?! figure, consisting of six j To HOLD out, to maintain any place,
equal sides. I ground, &c. resolutely against an enemy.
HEXAGON, a figure of 6 sides and as HOLLOW square, the form in which
fortified a body of foot is drawn up, with a va-
many angles, capable of being
with 6 bastions. 1 f the sides and angles j cant space in the middle for the colors,
be equal, it is called a regular hexagon. drums, baggage, &c See Square.
The side ofa regular hexagon inscribed HOLLOW tower, a rounding made of
in a circle, is equal to the radius of the remainder of two brisures, to join the
that circle ; hence a regular hexagon is curtain to the orillon, where the small
inscribed in a circle, by setting the radius shot are played, that they may not be to
of 6 times upon the periphery : as i to much exposed to the view of the enemy.
i.
672, so is the square of the side of any HOLLOW way, any pass or road,
regular hexagon to the area therefore, both sides of which are commanded by
nearly. heights.
Tanned FIIDES, are always carried HOLSTERS, cases for a horseman's
along with an army, especially in the la pistols, affixed to the pommel ofthe saddle.
boratory's stores, to protect powder or Order ofthe HOLY-GHOST, formerly
shells from rain ; they are also used in the principal military order in Frarce, in
batteries and in laboratories. stituted by Henry III. in 1569. It con
HIERARCHY, church government. sisted of 100 knights, who were to make

HIEROGLYPHICKS, (hieroglyphes, proof of their nobility for three descents.


Fr.) certain mysterious characters of crea HOME-SERVICE consists in mili
tures or letters used among the Egypti tary operations and arrangements for the
ans, by which they explained to one immediate defence of our own country,
another the principles of their religion and should it be threatened by invasion, or by
their maxims 01 philosophy, without domestic broils or insurrections.
divulging them to strangers. Arbitrary As there is a great affinity between the
signs which represent things : the signs following general regulations for home-
used in almanacs for the planets and other service, and those that arc generally pre
phenomena are hieroglyphicks. scribed for foreign, we have thought it
HIGHLANDER, any person from a right to class the whole, including car
mountainous country. riages, baggage, &c under one head.
Highlanders, the people of the north The carriages allowed, if circumstan
of Scotland, who wear a dress peculiar ces will permit, to be with each regiment
to themselves. of infantry, of 10 companies at 8oeach,are
HI LT, the handle ofa sword. 3 Bread waggons ; each to carry 4 day's
HINGES, are two iron bands, with bread for 400 men, or 24001b.
a joint, nailed to the doors or lockers of 2 Ammunition caissons.

gun carriages to fasten them and move 2 Battalion guns.


them backwards and forwards. 1 Waggon spare.
HINGUET, Fr. See Ginguet. 1 Cart with entrenching cools.
HIPPODROME, Fr. a French term 2 Sutler's carts.
derived from the Greek, signifying a spot 1 Waggon for sick ; or more as may be
where horses used to run, properly speak permitted.
ing a race-ground. The Hippodrome or The carriages allowed to be with each
course at Constantinople was much ce regiment ot cavalry, of 10 troops of 76
lebrated in ancient days. The spot still each, are

exists under that name. 3 Bread waggons; each to carry 4 day's


HIRCARRAH, or HIRCARRA, an bread for 400 men, or 24001b.
Indian for foot 2 Ammunition caissons.
term a messenger, guide,
man, or 2 Sutler's carts.
spy.
HISTORY, a narration or description 2 Forage carts.
of the several transactions, or events of a 2 Carriages for sick.
state, king, or private pet son, in the order Regiments on lower establishments to
in which they happened. be allowed carriages in proportion to then
Military History, a narrative of mi effective strength.
litary transactions, campaigns, battles, The carriages of the general officers al
sieges, marches, &c. of an army : like lowed with or near the column of the
wise a relation of the heroic actions of army will be: for lieutenant generals, i
great generals, &c. chaise and 2 carts for major-generals, 1

HI VERNE R, Fr. a sea phrase among chaise and 1 cart.


the French signifying to winter The carriages of head quarters will be
HOCHEBOS, Fr. certain soldiers exceedingly limited by the commander in
among the ancients, who were so called chief.
from their brandishing the pike. This All other private carriages whatever
word has likewise been applied to the to be considered as belonging to the
pike itself. heavy baggage of the army, and order
HOGi- HE ADS, filled with earth, sand, ed to a great distance in the rear, and if
&c. are sometimes used in lieu of gabions, at any time found near the army, to hi
to cover men.
HOM H O M 267

ordered to be destroyed by the baggage- posed of. Three shirts, 2


pair of shoes
2
pair of pantaloons, 2
pair of socks, a
mas er general.
All other baggage therefore, whether fatigue frock and cap, combs, brushes,
(and horseman what is necessary for th
b:ankets, or necessaries for the of a

tents,
ficers, be carried on bat horses.
to care of his horse) is all a soldier ought to
The number of horses which officers of carry.
each rank may have in common situations The heavy baggage of the army, includ
in the field, to be specified by regula ing every thing not mentioned above, under
tion. But as it is impossible in any ser a
proper escort, should be ordered to some
vice that may occur, to calculate for the place of security. Each regiment of in
carriage or use of large tents, or other con fantry will be allowed to send a serjeant
veniences which officers are generally al and o men, and each regiment of cavahy 1
lowed when in the field ; it is always re corporal and four dismounted men as a
commended to each officer to make his guard ; such men must be the least fit for
arrangements for moving in the lightest marching duties, but should be fully ad
manner possible. equate to the service, and by no mean ;
The personal baggage of each officer convalescents recovering from long indis
must be contained in a small portmanteau. position. Proper officers should be ordered
One small tent is all that the officers of to command the whole, and no part of
each company or troop should calculate this baggage will be allowed to join the
upon. To carry the above, blankets, army but by public orders. If at any
provisions, 3 or 4 days grain and other time carriages not allowed in this regulation
useful necessary articles, 1 bat horses per should be found in the army, they must be
troop ot com.iany will be sufficient. conducted to head quarters, and there de
The bat horses ot each regiment of infan stroyed or confiscated to the advantage of
try of 10 companies, at 80 each, should those who make the discovery. \
therefore be, Four battalion guns with two waggons
For t he tents and poles of the regiment 20 will be attached to each regiment of infan
For the company officers - 20 -
try. Should it be necessary, two bat horses
Field officers and staff 4 will be allowed for the artillery detach
Surgeon's chest -
-
1-
ment.
Re iments on a lower establishment, Such artillery as remains in the park
allowed bat horses in proportion. to be limited as to the number of guns,
The bat horses of each regiment of ca carriages, and according to the specifica
valry of 10 troops of 75 each, will there tion given to the commanding officer of
fore be, . the artillery.
For the tents and poles of the regiment 20 The bat men allowed are two for each
For the troop officers 20 company and troop, also two for the sur
Field officers and staff -
6 geon and stafFof each regiment.
Entrenching tools - -
2 Each battalion to give anon-commis
Surgeon's chest 1 sioned officer and 8 men ; each regiment
and in proportion for regiments on a lower of cavalry to give a non-commissioned
establishment. officer and 6 men, as a guard to their bat
The infantry to carry tents at the rate horses.
of 16 men per new tent, and the cavalry The following number of men on the
12 men per tent. The necessary outlying several after-mentioned duties of the re
guards and detachments, and the readiness giment will never exceed
of hutting and other cover that a woody Infantry. Cavalry.
country affords, will make this a sufficient Non-com. Men. Non-com. Men.
number. The troop and company bat Camp color-men 2 10 28
horses can therefore easily carry the tents, Bat horse guard 1
4 z
3
poles, and pins. The blankets of the Bread carriage guard 14 12
cavalry may be divided and carried under Heavy baggage 16 1
4
the men's saddles. The blankets of the Regimental carriages 14 1
3
infantry must be divided and carried by Allowed bat men o 22 018
the men, unless some other provision be
made. 6 6
52 48
The picket ropes of the cavalry to be
carried on the bat horses. Half the usual Each regiment of will receive
infantry
number of pickets must be considered as 20 pick.axes, 20
spades, 20
shovels, 40
sufficient, and be carried by the men. hill-hooks, 10 axes, amounting in weight
The
camp kettles will be carried by the to about 4001b. These tools to be
men, if horses are not provided for that carried in the cart allotted for that pui-
purpose. pose, and that cart at all times, and in
A reduction and critical inspection of all situations, to march at the head of the
what every soldier should carry as his
regiment.
baggage should be made in time, and Each regiment of cavalry will receive
every thing superfluous destined to be 10
pick-axes, 10 spades, 10 shovels, 16
lodged with the heavy baggage, which bill-hooks, and 10 axes. These tools
should remain in the last quarters of the will be carried on horseback, and on a
regiment, till otherwise ordered to be dis horse with hampers allotted for that pur-
-68 H O M H O M

pose, and will at all times match at the General officers' carriages.
head of the regiment. Artillery ofthe park.
These tools are meant to be ready at all Bat horses in the order of their regi
times for making the openings so necessa ments.
"

ry in embarrassed country, conse


an
'
Regimental ammunition waggons zx-Ji
quently should be kept in th- front of carts.
each regiment or column. Cavalry.
Spare appointments and arms of every j Infantry.
kind must of course remain with the ] 1
Squadron light dragoons.
'

heavy baggage. Rear guard consisting of the


| infantry
The battalion guns will always march j and cavalry picquets, old grand guard,
at the head of the regiment, which ever out -posts of cavalry or
j infantry ordered to
flank leads. The -.m munition waggons i join.
and carts will immediately follow the Two or more pieces of cannon will al
troops of the column. ways march with the advanced guard
The place of march of the artillery of when retiiing.
the park and carriages will be specified in When the tents are ordered to be struck,
the order of march. the advanced guard and camp color-men
I' is to be wish d, that at all times each will alwa\s assemble at the head of the
soldier be provided with 4 days bread regiment ot infantry in advancing, or of
in his haversack, and 4 diys more carried the cavalry in retiring, which leads the
in r.K regimental carriages. When this is columns, or of such regiment as will be
delivered out, those carriages, under the specified when marching ii. more columns
guard ofa seij ant and 4 men per battalion, than one. The general officers will each
and a corporal and 2 men per regime, t of send a proper person with the camp color-
cavalry, will be sent to the- bakery to Le men, to take possession of quarters when
again loaded. they can be marked.'
Each infantry soldier will always carry When the army marches in moic than
20 rounds in his pouch, and -,.-> in his one column, the columns will generally

knapsack or magazine. Each horseman be composed of both cavalry and infantry ;


his cartouch box full. the particulars of rear and advanced guards
'
The cavalry will always cany 2 days will be specified, the generals who com
grainif It can begot, and hay according to mand them will be named, and the par
circumstances. ticular corps in the manner they follow
Order of March. in each column. It is always thu business
When corps moves in one column, the
a < of general officers leading columns, to take
care that
fallowing vviil in gcneial be the order of every part of that column falls
march,
sive l
if not otherw isc ordered, and exclu-
j pjopeily into its place of march
When the army marches from its left,
the more particular van or rear

guards. every regiment marches from its left ;


Advancing. and when tlie army marches from its
Advanced guard consisting of tlie pic rij,ht, every ie.unent marches from its
quets 01 the infantry and cavahy, and new 1 ri-iht.
V'- nen the
grand guard, followed by the camp-color army retires, the carriages,
men. except such artillery ones as are specified,
Pioneers. will iii general be ordered under a proper
1 Reg. light dragoons. escort to precede the inarch of the army.
Infant rv. When the army is to mareh, the par
rivalry ticular detail and disposition of march
Regimental ammunition waggons and will not always b; given out in public
carts. oruers. Shouid the only notice given be,
Bat horses in the order otthe'rregimenti, theauh) willmarch the exactly at
artillen of the park. o'clock; a., .our before the time
General officers' carriages, bread car. fixed for the march, the tents must be
riages. struck; the regiments will then form,
C valry foige
.
cart and ammunition cart. and the bavfage be loaded and ready in the
Sutlers' carts. rear of each.
Suk carnages. Guides will be sent to the head of the
Squadron of cavalry. regiments that lead columns and a sealed
O... 1 1 aim ^uardand small out-posts and disposition of march, there to be opened
detachments whicii will be ordered to join by the general or oldest field officer pre^
it, will form the rear guard. sent In consequence oi which, by him
Rettealing. the advanced guard will be ordered to
Advanced guard consisting of the new form ; the regiments and carriages 10
grand guard, guard for head quaiicis. one close in to the leading regiments, according
infantry picquet, camp color-men. totheoideroi ;.....ch,and when the whole

Pioneers. are ready, the column, or
columns, will
Sic riages. I move off in the manner then prescribed,
Sutlers' carriages. ! and at tlie appointed hour.
Cavalry foige carts and ammunition cart. In general a rendezvous will beappoint-
Bread carriages. I ed for the b.t: !:. and carriages, thaj.
H O M H O M 269

they may the more readily be directed | directs, and all doublings
of the column
into the line of march. One subaltern 1

therefore must come from the head only ;
per brigade will attend the bat horses ; and the proper closeness of the march on
one subaltern per
brigade will attund the' all occasions, is a point of the highest
oarriages. consequence, and it is a most meritorious
The aids-de-camp and majors of bri-' service in any officer to prevent all un
gade will always regulate their watches necessary doublings, or to correct them
by head quarters, at orderly time, that i as soon as made, and on all occasions
regularity of movement in the troops may whatsoever, in an inclosed country, when
be observed. in column, to inarch on the greatest
Commanding officers of battalions, front the roads or openings will allow,
squadrons, and brigades of artillery, will although the regiments or divisions be
be responsible that they are formed, tents fore them may be marching on a nar
struck, and the baggage loaded in half an rower front.
hour, from the time that the signal tor The carriages must be obliged to march
the march was given them, and for this | two a breast when the roads will allow,

purpose it is necessary that they should I and the bat horses to be as connected, and
exercise their men to it where they have take
up as little space as possible. In
epportuniiies. short, it should be the study and atten
The battalions are to march by subdi tion of every one to contract the line of

visions, and the cavalry by subdivisions, march to its just length, for notwith
or ranks by th.rv's or two's. If the nar standing every possible exertion it will be
rowness of the route obliges them to di much too extended.
minish this front, they must be ordered Whenever the baggage is ordered to be
to form up again as soon as the route sent away, all carriages whatever are com

permits. prehended, except such as are particularly


Every officer must remain with his di specified.
vision, and nev -r quit it on any account. The instant that a regiment comes to its
No soldier to be permitted to leave his i ground, it must make openings of com
rank. No horses or carriages suffered to munication both to its front and flanks.
interrupt the march of the column. The The line of carriages must at no time stop,
distance between divisions never to exceed whatever accident may happen to any in-
the front of divisions. Commanuing of | dividual one, but such carriage must in
ficers of brigades will take care that the stantly be drawn on one side, and repaired
battalions and squadrons march at their it
possible, whi L the rest proceed The of
proper ordered distance. Wncn the for ficers commanding the several uivisions of
mal ion in order of battle may be expected carriages will tie answerable for the strict
to the flank, the divisions will march at observance of this article, a failure of
wheeling up distance; when the forma which might stop and endanger the whole
tion may be expected to the front, the army.
divisions will march at half or quarter Whenever the regiments encamp, or take
distance. Officers on command will re up any e\ tended position in fiont, it
main with their brigades, and punctually will always be the business oi command
observe the order of march, and the exe ing officers to find out, and to nuke the
cution of every article prescribed. most convenient
passages to the great
If a carriage breaks, it must be drawn routes by whicii the column is cfterwaids
aside, the road cleared, and a proper es to march. And on
many occasions, where
cort left with it, that the march of the there will not be time to open and
occupy
column be not interrupted. If it can be an extensive front, the
army will encamp
repaired in time, it will follow ; if not, parallel to and along the great route, cov
the loading must be divided among the ered by an advanced corps on the flank
nearest carriages, who are
hereby ordered next the enemy.
to give this reasonable assistance. At all times
The troops at most may march three
vyiien commanding officers
there%(e likely to be impedi
see, that
miles in an hour and a quarter. ments from the of the ground to
nature
The guides serve only to shew the the movements march of their re;i-
or
way
for the columns; pioneers ordered must ments, they should always detach officers
make the necessary openings and in advance to reconnoitre and poi.it out the
repair
the roads. But the generals must not means and passages by which such obsta
trust to those precautions, cles are to be avoided, and at no time are
they must gain
the most exact knowlege ot the route such helps so necessary as when regiments
they are to march, and themselves reflect j are acting in line in broken
ground, and
on the most proper means to avoid all I when their movements are combined with
difficulties that may embarrass the march. those of others.
It is always time well employed to halt Whenever the army moves, tlie majors
the head of a column, and enlarge an ot brigade are made responsible, that all
opening or repair a bad step in the road, advanced and detached posts are called in
rather than to diminish the front and at the
proper times :o their places in the
lengthen out the line of march. column of march.
iMo individual is ever to It must be observed that this is the old
presume to
"urchon a less front than what the leader British system of march; the war of the
270 HON HON

French revolution has brought this part ferent meanings. Honor consists in the
of the art of war to a degree of perfection, constant practice of virtue. Aristotle
which would have rendered the insertion calls it the recompence of virtue; the
of this unnecessary if their system were testimony of the excellence ofa man who
published distinguishes himself by virtue. An Ita
lian writer calls it a state of inviolable
HOMME, Fr. a man.
Homme de mer, Fr. a seaman. dignity, above all calumny, and all sus
Homme d'armes, Fr. a military phrase picion. Honor gives many advantages :
it procures usthe consideration of the
among the French, signifying a gentleman
or cavalier who belonged to one ofthe old public ; it advances our fortunes. The
and best recompence of a brave action is, un
companies, was armed cap-a-pied,
always fought on horseback. In ancient doubtedly, the satisfaction of having done
times every man of this description was it ; but nevertheless the honor resulting
to us from it is a real good, which should
accompanied by two horsemen indepen
dent of his servants. One of the mount. be dear to us.
ed attendants was armed with a cross-bow, Honor, in a general acceptation may
and the other with a common bow or bat be properly called a consciousness of
worth and virtue in the individual, and a
tle-axe; so that one hundred hommes
d'armes composed a body of three hundred lively desire to preserve the reputation of
horse. It was a species of cavalry which virtue. Asa term it is variously used in
existed from the reign of Louis XI. until military life,and frequently misunderstood
the reign of Henry II. Charles VII. had by young and unexperienced officers in
their first outset A s a quality ofthe mind,
begun to forni the French nobility into
.

it cannot be too much encouraged or too


regular corps of cavalry, dividing them into
different troops. Out of these he estab much cultivated among military men of all
lished a body of fifteen hundred hommes ranks and descriptions. The possession of
d'armes or armed bowmen, and he gave it is a guarantee for good conduct, a bond of
the troops or companies according to their fidelity, and a certain barrier against mili
sizes, to the princes and most experienced tary corruption. Men are excited to deeds
of valor and enterprize by a sense of honor,
captains in his kingdom. For particulars who would otherwise remain inactive, or
we refer the curious to Le Gcndre and

Gaia, Traite des armes, L. 14, and to Fau- ohly perform the mere drudgery of service.
This species of honor, is in fact, the
chct, L 2. C. t.deson Traite de la milice
et des armes.
root of that Esprit de corps which makes the

Etre Homme de Cheval, Ex. a term in whole body of an army tenacious of repu
French equitation, signifying, that a man tation, and solicitous to preserve it un
is completely master of his horse, or sullied from the colonel down to the low
est drum boy.
knows how to manage him thoroughly
This term may likewise be considered
and according to prescribed rules and re
as esteem, reputation, the
gulations. Thus // est suffisamment hom- attached glory which is
me de cheval pour n'etre point embarrasse de by mankind to talents and the
virtues.
celui qu'il monte en commandant sa troupe

He is sufficiently master of his horse, Affair of Honor. We have already


or he is horseman enough, not to be in the given a general outline of this term under
Duelling, 'ihe propriety or impro
least embarrassed by the one he rides in
exercising his troop. priety, as well as the legality or illegality
of whicii mode of terminating human dif
HONDEAAN or HUNDYVEAAN,
ferences is thus explained by the celebrated
an Indian term signifying commission on
bills of exchange. English lawyer John Selden. His words
are under the head Duel ; we shall quote
HONEY-C-^i, in cannon, flaws in the
them under that of affair of honor.
metal, a fault in casting, which renders it "
A Duel may still be granted in some
extremely dangerous in firing. The British cases
board of ordnance rejeitfs all guns (on by the law of England, and only
there. That the church allowed it an
proof) having an honey icomb of 1.9th of
an inch deep, as being unfit for service. ciently appears by this, in their public
HON I soit qui mat y pense, Fr. evil be liturgies there were prayers appointed for
the duellists to say, the judge used to bid
ro him that evil thinks. The motto of the
them go to such a church and pray, &c.
English order ofthe Garter. But whether thisis lawful ? If you make
HONNEUR, Fr. honor.
Honneurs Militaires, Ex. military any war lawful, I make no doubt but to
It was directed by a genetal in convince you of it. War is lawful, be
honors.
cause God is the only judge between two,
struction in the French service, that
that is Now if a difference
whenever an officer saluted or paid a mi supreme.
between two subjects, and it can.
litary honor to a general officer, he should happen
not be decided by human testimony, why
make his troop or company invariably fact
towards the enemy. The same practice may
not they
put it to God to judge be
tween them, by the permission of the
in our service.
prevails
Honneurs funebres. Ex. funeral ho prince ? Nay, what if we should bring it
down for argument's sake, to the sword
nors. See Burials.
one gives me the lie: it is a great
HONOR, in a military sense, is an ex- men;
-uession, to which has
custom dif
given disgracs to take it : the law has made rio
HON HON 271

to give remedy for the injury, compensation be paid for his death. But
provision if the person who gave the offence shall
(if you can suppose any thing an injury
for which the law gives no remedy) why- fall, let it be imputed to his own rash
am not I in this case supreme, and may ness. The petulance of his tongue hath
therefore right myself. been fatal to him. Let him lie in tlie
"
A duke ought to fight with a gentle field, without
any compensation beimr
man ; the reason is this : the gentleman demandid for his death. Lex Uplandica
will say to the duke, it is true you hold a ap. Stiern, p. 76. Martial people wens
higher place in the state than I ; there is extremely delicate with respect to every '
a great difference between you and me, thing that affected their reputation as sol-
but your dignity does not privilege you diers. By the laws ofthe Salians, if any
to do me an injury ; as soon as ever you man called another a bare, or accused him

do me an injury, you make yourself my of having left his shield in the field of
equal ; and as you are my equal I chal battle, he was ordained to pay a large fine.
lenge you ; and in sense the duke is bound Leg. Sal. tit. x\ii, \ 4. 0. By the law
to answer him." of the Lombards, if any one called ano
In addition to what Selden has said upon ther arga, i. e. a good-for-nothing fellow,
duelling, we shall quote a passage from he might immediately challenge him to
Dr. Robertson's History of the reign of combat. Leg. Longob. lib. i. tit. v. sS
Charles the V. which will shew that i. By the law ofthe Salians, if one called
this mode of determining private disputes another cenitu r, a term of reproach
equi
is extremely ancient. j valent to arga, he vvas bound to pay a
"It is evident" observes that author, very high fine, tir. xxxii. '$ i. Paulus
"
from Velleius Paterculus, lib. ii.c. ii8,j Diaconus relates the violent impression
that all questions which were decided which this reproachful expression made
among the Romans by legal trial, were upon one of his countrymen, and the fatal
terminated among the Germans by arms. effects with which it was attended. De
The same thing appears in the ancient Gestis Longobard. lib. vi. c. 24. Thus
laws and customs of the Swedes, quoted the ideas concerning the point of honor,
by Jo. O. Stiernhook de jure Sueonum which we are apt to consider as a modem
et Gothorum vetusto, 4.0 Holmiae 1682, refinement, as well as the practice of
lib. i. c. 7. It is probable, that when duelling, to which it gave rise, are derived
the various tribes which invaded the em from the notions of barbarians." See Ro
pire were converted to Christianity, their bertson's History of Charles V.
pages
ancient custom of allowing judicial com 271, 272.
bats appeared so glaringly repugnant to We shall not take leave of our learned
the precepts of religion, that for some author without giving two or three in
time, it was abolished, and by degrees, stances out of his
proofs and illustrations
several circumstances which I have men relative to the termination of private feuds
tioned led them to resume it. by judicial or private combat.
"
It seems likewise to be probable from This mode of trial vvas so
a law quoted by Stiernhoolt in the trea
acceptable,
that ecclesiastics, notwithstanding the
tise which I have mentioned, that the prohibitions of the church, were con
judicial combat was originally permitted strained not only to connive at the prac
in order to determine points
respecting the tice, but to authorize it. A remarkable
personal character or reputation of indi instance of this is produced by
Pasquiei ,

viduals, and was afterwards extended no: Recherches, lib. iv. ch. i. p. 350. The
only to criminal cases, but to questions abbot Vvittikindus considered the deter
concerning
4
property. The wordsof the law mination of a point of law by combat as
are If any man shall say to another these the best and most honorable mode of de
*
reproachful words You are not a man cision.
equal to other men' or, cYou have not In the year 978, a judicial combat was
the heart of a man,' and the other shall
* fought in the jlesence of the emperor.
reply I am a man as good as you,' let The archbishop Aldebert advised him to
thein meet on the highway. If he who terminate a contest which had arisen be
first give offence appear, and the tween two noblemen of his
person court, by this
offended absent himself, let the latter be ' mode of decision. The vanquished com
deemed a worse man even than he was
batant, though a person of high rank,
called; let him not be admitted to give was beheaded on the spot. Chronis .

evidence in judgment either on man or Ditmari. Episc. Mersb. chez


woman, and let him not have the privi
Bouqiuv
Recueildes Hist. torn. x. p. 121. Ques
lege of making a testament. If he who tions concerning the of church.-
property >

gave the offence be absent, and only the and monasteries were decided
person offended appear, let him call upon
by combat.
In the year 961, a
the other thrice with a loud voice, and controversy concern
ing the church of St. Medard, whether it
make a mark upon the earth, and then
let him who absented himself be deemed
belonged to the abbey of Beaulicu or not
was terminated
by judicial combat. Bou
infamous, because he uttered words which quet Recueil des Hist. torn. ix. p. 72.-,.
he durst not
support. If both shall ap ibid. p. 612, &c. The emperor Henry 1.
pear properly armed, and the person of declares that this law, authorizing the
fended shall fall in the combat, let a half
practice of judicial combats, was enacted
272 HON HON

with consent and the applause of many as


expounder of the British laws, should
faithful bishops. Ibid. p. 231. So re any minister recommend mercy to his ma
markable did the martial ideas of those jesty on the conviction of an individual
ages prevailover the genius and maxims who had murdered his fellow creature in
ofthe canon law, which in other instan a duel See Duel.
in the highest credit and autho Word of El ot or, (parole d 'honneur,
ces was Ex.)
rity with ecclesiastics. A judicial com A promise or engagement that is made or
bat was appointed in Spain by Charles entered into by word of mouth, the breach
V.A. D. 1522. The combatants fought of which entails disgrace upon the viola
in the presence of the emperor, and the tor.
battle was conducted with all the rites Point
of Honor, (point d' honneur, Fr.}
prescribed by the ancient laws of chival Adelicacy of feelinr, which is generally
ry. The whole transaction is described at acquired by education, and stiengthened
great length by Pontus Heuterus Rer. by an intercourse wMi men of strict inte
Austrica. lib. viii. C. 17. p. 205. grity and good conduct. It is likewise
The last instance which occurs in the very frequently the offspring of peculiar
history of France, of a judicial combat habits, received notions, and stablished
authorized by the magistrate, was the etiquettes. The French familiarly say,
famous one between M. Jamac and M. lis battus pour un point d'honneur,
se sont

dela Chaistagnerie, A. D, 1547. A trial by they fought for a point of honor ; they
combat was appointed in England, A. D. likewise say, Ilyvade son honneur, his
1571, under the inspection of the judges in honor is at stake
the court of Common Pleas ; and thouch To die upon the bed of Honor, (mourir
it vvas not carried to the same extremity au lit d' honneur,
Ex.) is a term particularly
with the former, queen Elizabeth having applied to military men, who die in battle
interposed her authority, and enjoined the fighting in their country's cause.
parties to compound the matter, yet in A court of Honor. Although a court .

order to preserve their honor, the lists of honor may be said, in some degree, to
were marked out, and all the forms, pre resemble a court of inquiry, nevertheless
vious to the combat, were observed with it cannot be strictly so; for a court of
much ceremony, Spelm. Gloss. Voc. honor has not only the power of ascer
Campus, p. 103. In the year 1631, a ju taining the degree of guilt which may be
dicial combat was appointed between attached to misconduct, but it can entail
Donald lord Rea, and David Ramsay, Esq. ignominy upon the gudty person; where
by the authority of the lord high con as a court ot"
inquiry only investigates the
stable and earl marshal of England; but matter and circumstances, and determines
that quarrel likewise terminated without whether there be sufficient ground to try
bloodshead, being accommodated by the accused before a general court martial ;
Charles I. Another instance occurs sc-ven which is the last resort of
military juris
years later. Rushworth in Observation diction, and unites within itself all the
on the Statutes, &c. p. 266. qualities and powers of the other two
It manifestly appears from these ex courts.
tracts, that in former times not only the A debt of Honor, an obligation which
property of individuals was considered, among honorable men, especially officers,
but their feelings, as men of honor, were is more binding than those engagements
consulted. Law, however, soon obtain or contracts that are
guaranteed by law.
ed the entire ascendancy, and judicial or The reason is manifest.
private combats were not only laid aside, Honors by Guards, as a
compliment to
but were moreover strictly forbidden. general officers, fY. with the detail of effij
The military character alone seems to have cers and men they are entitled to in the English
retained a sort of tacit privilege, to make army :
appeals to the sword, in cases where the T he commander in
chief, if a field- mar
nice sensibility of the heart breaks through shal or
captain-general, has 1 captain,
the trammels of legal disquisition, and 1
lieutenant, 1 ensign, 2 serjeants, 2
establishes points of honor which can drummers, 2 titers, and 50 privates, with
only be determined by personal exposure. colors.
Thus we find that A
although premeditated general of horse and foot has 1
cap
duels were severely punished in France, tain, subaltern, 2 seijeants, 2 drummers,
1
Rencontres or accidental quarrels were al 2
titers, and 50 privates.
ways overlooked, whatever their issue A lieutenant-general of horse and foot
might be. Frederic the Great of Prussia has 1 lieutenant, 1 serj-.ant, 1 drummer,
seems to have set his face against duelling 1
fifer, and 30 privates.
altogether. Yet it is singular, that not A major- general of horse and foot has 1
withstanding his severe prohibition, a ensign, 1 serjeant, 1 drummer, 1 fifer, and

Prussian officer vvas under the necessity 20 privates.


either of vindicating his wounded honor A
hrigadier has 1 serjeant and n pri
by an appeal to the sword or pistol, or vates.
vvas disgraced for having suffered a personal A quarter-master general has 1 serjeant
.i/front. In England the same hardship and 12 privates.
'xists. Lord Kenyon declared from the Majors of brigade encamped together,
"vnth, that he would perscnlly interfere I have 1 serjeant and 2 privates, \
HON HON 2,-3

A judge advocate has i serjeant and 7 except that whicii mounts on his majes
privates. ty's person.
A provost-marshal has 1 serjeant and 18 The first standard, guidon, or color
privates. of regiments, which is the union color, is
A provost-marshal, when he has prison not carried by any guard but that on the
ers, has 1 1-eutenant, 2 Serjeants, 1 drum king, queen, prince of Wales, or com
mer, 1 fifer, and 48 privates. mander in chief being of the royal family;
Military Honors. A field- marshal in and, except in those cases, it always
the British sei vice is to be saluted with the remains with the regiment. *
colors and standards of all the forces, ex When general officers, or persons en
cept the horse and toot guards, and except titled to a salute, pass in the rear of a
ing when any of the roval family shall be guard, the officer is only to make his
present ; but in case a field-marshal is co men stand shouli'eied, and not to face
lonel of any regiment, or troop of horse or his guaid to the ri-iit about, or beat his
foot ;uards, he is to be saluted by the colors drum.
or standards of the All sentries are to pay a due respect to
regiment or troop he
commands. every officer who passes by their posts,
Generals of cavalry and infantry, upon but are to keep their proper front while
all occasions, are to have the march beat paying the compliment.
to them, and to be saluted by all officers, All governors, whose commissions in
those bearing the colors excepted the army are under the degree of general
Lieutenant-generals of cavalry and in officers, shall have, in their own garri
fantry are, upon all occasions, to be sa sons, all the guards turnout with lestcd
luted by all officers. They are to have arms, and beat one ruffle ; and though the
three ruffles given them, with presented main tuard turns out with rested aims
arms. every time he passes, yet they give him
Major-generals are to have two ruffles the compliment of the drum but once a
with presented aims. day ; but all the other guards beat as of
Brigadier-generals are to have one ruffle ten as ,ie a- pears near them.
with presented arms. If they are general officers likewise,
T ocolonels their own quarter-guards they are then to have the further compli
in camp turn out, and present their arms, ments paid them, by the several beatings
nee a day, after which
they only turn out of the drum, as practised in the army.
with ordered arms. Regulation of honors tt be paid to admirals .

To majors their own guards turn out

Admirals, with their flags on themain-


with ordered arms once a day ; at other | top, are to have the same respect rorn
times they stand by their arms. the troops as generals of cavalry and in-
When a lieutenant-colonel or major i[ fan try; that is, upon all occasions to have
commands a regiment, their own quarter- a match beat to them, and to be saluted
;j
guards pay tlu-m the same compliment as '1 by all the officers, those bearing the colors
is ordered for the colonel. 1
excepted.
Honors to be paid by the cavalry, A
Vice admirals are to have the same re-
general of cavalry or infai.try is to be re ;j1 spect as lieutenant generals of cavalry and
ceived with swords drawn, kettle drums infantry ; that is, upon all occasions be
beating, trumpets sounding the march, , saluted by all the officers in the garrison,
and all the officers to salute, except the the drummers beatins 3 rufflis.
cornet bearing the standard. The rear admirals are to have the same
I
A
lieutenant-general is to be received respect as major generals, who have two
wirh swords drawn, ruffles, and not to be saluted by any
trumpets sounding i
twice the
trumpet flourish, as in drawing ,; officer.
swords, and all the officers to salute ex Commodores with broad pendants have
cept the cornet bearing the standard ; but the same respect as brigadier-generals ;
the kettle drums are not to beat. which is, to have one ruffle.
A major-general is to be receiv.d with Raik and piecedence between sea and land
efwords drawn, one trumpet of each
squad officers. 'I he admiral or commander in

ron sounding once the chief of his majesty's licet is to rank with
trumpet flourish,
as in drawing swords ; no officer to a field- marshal of the army.
salute, |
nor kettle drum to beat. '
The admirals with their flags on the
A br gadier-general is to be received with
swords drawn ; no trumpet to sound, nor
main-top mast-head, aru to have rank
with generals
any officer to salute, nor kettledrum to Vice admirals are to have rank as lieu
beat.
tenant-generals
All officers in the command of forts ot Rear admirals are to have rank as ma
garrisons, have a right to the complimen jor- generais.
tary honors from the troops under their Commodores with broad pendants are
command, which are due to the rank one to have rank as bn.adier-generals.
degree higher than the one they actually
Captains commanding post ships, after
possess. three years lr..m the date of their first
Manner of paying honor s. \t\ the British commission for a have.
jj

post ship, are t


service the king's standard or color in the ! rank as colonels.
guards, is never carried by any guard 71 m
274, HON HON

All other captains commanding post With respect to the former we think it
ships, are to have rank as lieutenant-co necessary to observe, that it is extremely
lonels. difficult, and much beyond the limits
Captains of his majesty's ships or ves of this work, to describe them speci
sels, not taking post, are to have rank as fically ; as much, indeed almost every
majors. thing, depends upon the deposition of
t' e geneial who gr. nts the
Lieutenants of his majesty's ships are capitulation.
to have rank as captains. In some instances, the troops of a besieged
-
The rank and precedence of sea officers, garnson are permitted to march out with
in the classes above-mentioned, are to drums beatin- , colors flying, &c. others
take place according to the s-i,iority of are only allowed to advance silently in

their respective commissions. front of their works, ground or pile their


Post captains commanding ships oi arms, face to the right and return within
vessels that do not give post, rank only as their line cf entrenchments. Others
majors during their commanding such again (as was the case with earl Corn
vessels. wallis, at York Town, in Virginia) are
No land officer is to command on board permitted to march out, with drums
sny of his majesty's squadrons or ships, beating, to a given spot, there pile their
nor any sea officer to command on land ; arms, face to the right about, and march
nor shall either have a right to demand back to their works. In the instance
military honors due to their respective quoted, the officers retained their side
tanks, unless they are upon actual service. arms and baggage, with such horses as
All guards and centinels are to pay the they had lawfully obtained by purchase,
same compliments to the officers ot the &c. A sloop o. war was allowed to pro
navy, as are dir<c ed to be paid to he ceed to New York with dispatches frcm
officers of the army, according to their : the British general to sir Henry Clinton,
relative ranks. who was commander in chief of the forces
The compliments above directed are acting av.ainsi America -. which vessel pas
to be paid by the troops, to officers in sed and repas ed without being searched.
the service of any power in allia.ee with This indulgence proved extremely fortu
t he British
king", according to their res- nate to a small number of American re

pective ranks. fugees, who were peaceably transp. rted


Turning cut of the line. The line turns into the British lines, insead of being
out without arms, whenever the general sacrificed to th. just fury of their coun
commanding in chief comes along the front try men in aims.
ofthe camp. When the town of Valenciennes sur
When the line turns out, the private rendered to the coa ition army, the gar
men are to bs- drawn up in a line with rison under the orders of general Ferrand
the colors and standards ; the corporals was
permitted to march out by the gate of
on the right and left of their respective
Cambray with the honors ot war. It
companies, tne picquet forms behind the was, however, specifically stated, that
colors, accoutred, but without arms. the troops should lay down their arms at
The officers and non-commissioned of a named
spot, 'viz. at a house called le
ficers are to be drawn up with their re Briquet, where they were to leave their
spective companies. The field officers colors and field-pieces without damaging
in theii proper posts in battalion, two them in the least. They were likewise
ensigns taking hold of the colors. directed to leave their troop horses, artil
When the commander in chief comes lery, provisions, and other military ef
along the line, the camp colors on the fects. Those belonging to the officers
flanks of the parade are to be struck, and were restored to them, with their swords.

planted opposite to the bells of arms, It was further agreed, that the garrison
and the drums piled up behind the colors; should march out on the ist of August,
the halberts are to be planted between, in the manner mentioned ; and as the
and on tach side ofthe bells of arms, the troops were prisoners of war, their route
hatchets turned from the colors. to return into France was to be commu
Honors of war, in one sense are nicated to them 24 hours previous to
stipulated terms which are granted to a their departure, in order to receive their
vanquished enemy, and by which he is parole ot lion- r. The officersand soldiers
permitted to march out of a town, from a engaged not to serve during the whole
camp or line of entienchments, with all course of the
present war against the ar
the insignia of military etiquette. In mies of his majesty the emperor, and of
another sense they signify the compli his allies, without having been exchanged
ments which are paid to grt at personages,
conformably to the cartels, under pain of
military characters, &c. when they appear military p. nishment.
before any armed body of men ; or such General Ferrai u tiad demanded that the
as are given to the remains of a deceased garrison should march out from the place
officer. The paitic.lar circumstances on the 6th day after the
signature of the
attending the latter are well known, and capitulation, to repair to such part 01 the
depend greatly upon the usages of differ French republic as he should judge pro
ent countries; those which regard our
per, with arms and baggage, horses, drums
own scrv;cemay be .een under Burial:. \ beating, matches lighted at both ends.
HOP HOR 275

colors flyiHg, and with all the cannon the\ whom they received instructions, and they
could carry away. These articles vverc were all originally built for the benefit of

refused by the duke of Yoik ; and on the sick and disabled soldiers. The chief
28th of July, 1793, Valenciennes sur appointments in each hospital consisted of
rendered to the British arms, in trust for a comptroller of accounts, a physician, a
whose
the emperor 01 Germany. surgeon major, and a contractor,
As soon as the capitulation was signed, sole duty was to provide for the wants and
hostages were sen into the town, namely, necessities of the invalid troops. These
a colonel, and who were permanent establishments. Intimc
a
major, a captain,
were exchanged agamst officers of an of war, every army had a certain num
equal rmk of the garrison ; which hos ber of hospitals ittaeh.d to its component
tages were restored immediately after the parts. Theie were likewise other hos
of the
execution of the articles of capitulation. pitals, which were under the care
Wiin Mantia surrendered to Bona mtendant of each province. They chiefly
parte, the veteran general Wurmser, in consisted in those erected on the frontier
consideration of his brave defence of the and in garrison towns.
plac , was allowed to leave the place with Hop it a l sur mer, Fr. hospital- ship.
all the honors of war. A particular vessel, which is always at
Several emigrants on this occasion, es tached to a naval armament, and is pro
vided with the necessary accommodations
caped in the covered waggons
When Sara, ossa was taken by marshal for the sick and wounded belonging to the
Lann. s in 1809, it was refused the honors snips ot war. The same precautions fin-
ofa capitulation, but order d to surrender deed grt-jtci it possible) are indispe. sibly
peremptorily at a given hour on several necessary to prevent the dreadful conse
poin s, wh ch was obey d. quences of contagion, that are directed to
HONORABLE, noble, high spirited, be bserved in the fumigation, Sec. of
1

full of rectit'-de, and beyond the least ap transports. During the old government
proach of meanness or corruption. This of France, hospital-ships were of a par
term is frequently attached to sur-names ticular construction. Independently of
from false and vain courtesy. the equipage, tackie, &c. belonging tc
HOOKS. Pieces of bent iron fixed to every other navigable ship, these vessels
the transom plates of a field-carriae are were directed to hav their decks ex
so called. They serve to fix the bri- tremely hi_.li, to have lar.e port-holes,
coles or ropes for drawing it occasional and to have the snace between the
ly backwards or forwards. decks constantly clear, so that the cots
Hooks and Eves. It is directed in all ai d bedding of the sick might be conve

well-disciplined corps, that every officer, niently placed, and a constant circulation .

non commissioned officer, and soldier, of free air be prese ved


whe. regimenrally dressed, should ha- e HOPLITAI, foot soldiers among the
the uniform coat hooked across the chest. Greeks, who bore h'.-avy armor, and en
This re ulation has, in s me de. ree, been gaged with broad shields and long spears.
dispensed with during th winter months, These took precedence of all other foot
as far as it regards the officers who have soldiers. Potter's Greek Ant. vol. ii.c.3.

been permitted to button their coats In FDOUETON, Er. a sort of garment,


some corps the
indulgence is rendered nu which vvasduring the old govern
worn

gatory, as the facings are sewed to the ment of by gentlemen belonging to


France
coat. The dressing of a line is certainly the king's body guard, who were called
rendered more perfect by the use of the gardes de la manche. It sometimes signi
hooks and eyes, as they prevent any inter fies a serjeant ; but the term is obsolete.
mediate obstacle along the line of sight. H O R D (horde, Ex.) a crowd or assem
,
-

This nicety is indispensible in blage of people, who have not any fixe.;
parade
business, and the ,>ropri. ty of some gen or certain habitation. The term vvas ori
eral rule being established is manifest, ginally applied to a body of lartas, who
since every soldier knows, that the slight followed a roving life, encamped in differ
est deviation from the laudable ent countries, and chiefly lived with their
system of
uniformity almost always leads to gross flocks.
neglect. HORION, Fr. a term which formerly
HOOKUM, an Indian word, signify signified a helmet, and which in the vul
ing om command.
r or
gar acceptation of it now, among the
HOOKU :NAUMEH, in India, sig French, means a blow upon the head.
nifiesa letter of instructions, or the pa HORIZONTAL, parallel to the ho
per that contains orders. rizon ; on a level.
HOOP of iron, a circular iron band. Horizontal supeificies, the plain field
Several sortsof hoops are used in the con lying upon a kvel, without any rising or
struction of artillery carriages, as nave falling.
and axle
tree hoops, Sec. Horizontal plane, that which is
HOPITAL, Fr. hospital. During the parallel to the horizon of the place.
old Freiicn government, there existed 80 In levelling, the chief object to be con
military hospitals under the immediate sidered is, whether two points be in the
sanction of the king. These hospitals horizontal plane; or whether they devh
v/cie
subject to the war-minister, from ate : and la what deg/ee f
276 HOR HOR

Horizontal range, or /; vel range of a and formed part of the reserve There

piece of ordna tee, is the line it describes, were troops of the association stationed
when directcM parallel to the horizon. in the rear of the left. Oliver Cromwell
The following useful theorems come commanded the cavalry on the right ot t he-
from the pen of the ingenious Dr. Hal- whole, and the associated horse were un
ley : der his immediate orders.
i. A shot being made on an inclined Horse near-side protect, a guard used in
plane, having the horizontal distance of the cavalry sword exercise. See Sword
theobject it strikes with the elevation of Exercise.
the piece, and the angle at the gun be Horse eff-side protect. See Swonn
tween the object and the perp. -ndicuiar, Exercise.
to find the greatest horizontal range of Horses
An allowance of 3 feet is
that piece loaded with the same charge of generally made for the breadth of each
powder, that is, half the latus rectum of horse standing at picket ; and about q
all the parabolas made with the same im feet for the length ot a horse.
petus. Take half the angle contained

A lij:ht ilra.oon horse, mounted and ac-
between the object and the nadir, and the l 1 treri complete, carries abour 2 cwt.
difference of the given angle of elevation 1 o,r. and 14 lbs. without forape.

from that half; subtract the versed sine Horses in the service of artillery should
of that difference from the versed sine of not be made to draw above 3 cwr. each,
the angle made by the object and zenith. besides the weight of the carriage.
The difference of those versed sines will Floises tor this service should never be
be to the sine of the angle last mentioned, lower than 143-4 hands. The contrac
as the horizontal distance of the object tor is obliged to furnish them of thi;.
struck to the greatest range at 45 degrees. height fu government. A horse is gen
2. Having the horizontal rane,c of a gun, erally supposed equal to five men.
the horizontal distance and angle of incli Military horses walk about 400 yards in
nation of an object to the perpendicular, to 4 1 -2 minutes.
iind the two elevations n.-cessary to strike Trot the same distance in 2 minutes 3
that object. Take halt the angle con

seconds, and gallop it in about 1 minute.-

tained between the object and nadir ; this With great burthens, less weight must
half is equal to half the sum of the two be allowed for each horse to draw, than
angles of elevation sought. Then say, as with medium burthens; as it cannot be
the horizontal range is to the horizontal supposed that, of a team of 8 horses, the
distance ot the object, so is the sine ofthe leaders can draw so much as the horses
angle of inclination to a fourth proportion neater the carriage ; and this disadvantage
al ; which fourth, i>emg subtracted from must increase as the team lengthens. A
the versed sine of the angle formed by the team of

object and zenith, leaves the versed sine Ihorses may dravvfievvt. each. Tot.2.jcwt.-
of half the difference of the angles of eleva 6 Do. :
5 do. do. 30 do.

tion, whose half sum was before obtain 8 Do. 4J do do. 36 do.
ed; therefore, by adding Mid subtracting 12 Do. 4 do. do. 48 do.
half the diffi rence of the angles ot ele including the carri gcs. See also the word
vation to and from the said half sum the load.
elevations themselves will be found. It is usual in heavy carriages to reckon
HORN. Sie Bulls horn. all their weight exceeding 1- cwt. as part
HoRN-work. See Fortification. ofthe load.
1IORS de Combat, a French military Horses allowed for drawing Field Artil
nhrase, signifying that an individual or lery Carriages.
nody of men, are so completely beat by All the horse artillery carriages are
superior skill, Sec as not to be able to drawn by 4 horses each, except 12 prs.
mainta n the field of battle; thus a which have 6 each. Park Carnages. 12

wounded man is hers de combat. pr. medium, and 6 pr. heavy, 6 horses
Mettre Hors de Combat, to drive your each 6 pr. light, and 51-2 howitzer,

opponent before you ; to press him so upon the new construction, are allowed
closely that he cannot make a stand each 4 horses, but upon the old only 3
against you To put him cut of the lists

each.
of contest. Ammunition waggon, com. pat. 3 horses.
Hors de pottle, Ex. (in fencing,) out of Do.
Flanders pat. 4 do.
distance. li.rge cart, 2 horses Am. cart, 2 do.

Mors de me sure, Ex. (in fencing,) out of Horses falsely mustered axe by the 27th
measure. section ol the British mutiny act to be
HORSE, ina military sense, a
body of forfeited, if belonging to the person who
horse. See Cav urv. lent th 111 for that purpose, if not, the per
Associated House
a body of ca son lending them to forfeit 20/. When
vahy so days of Cromwell
called in the officers belonging to the cavalry regiment.s
At the famous battle of Nasbtc (fought purchase horses for public service, they
on the i4t of June, 1645,) whicii de
.
are to maKe the best bargain they can for
cided the fate of Charles th First, the government, and to account for every sav
associated horse were posted in the rear ing which has been made, within a lhmt
ofthe right wing of the Republican army, ed sum.
HOS HOS 277

Horsb, wooden machine, w iich regimental.


a The general hospitals are of
,

soldiers ride way of punishment.


by two kinds, viz.
Cheval Bo is.Dt Flying-Ho&riTAt., ) The first at-
House. Sec Portcullis. Stationary Hospital. tends the camp $
HORSEMAN. See Cavalry. at some convenient distance, and the lat
HORSE SHOE. See Fortifica-I ter is fixed at one place. In the choice
TION. of both Dr. Pringle thinks it better to
HOSE, breeches or stockings. It ist have them in towns than villages, as the
generally taken in the latter sense when i former will afford larger wards, besides
mentioned as part of a soldier's neces more of other conveniences. These
saries. wards should be as airv as possible.
Over- Hose, mens breeches and stock Regimental-Hos?iT als, are frequently
ings together, or leggings. Dragoons in barns, stables, granaries, and other out*
generally weai them when they appear in houses ; but above all, churches make
their wateri-.e dresses. the bc_.t ho:.tals from the beginning of
HOSPITAL, a place appointed forthe June to October; these hospitals are sole
sick and wouiv.cd men, provided with ly for the use of the regiments they be
physicians, surgeons, nurses, servants, long to.
medicines, bed;., Sec. Every regiment on the British estab-
.
H ( ) 5 P I T \ L S with mill t a <y superin- is ment has an hospital for the reception
ttndants. There ire tour British general

ol the sick belonging to it. This hospi
hospitals of this description, viz. at tal is under the immediate care of the re
Plymouth, Deal, Gosport, and Ports gimental surgeon, who is subordinate to
mouth, and Chelsea. the general medical board
The surgeons at Portsmouth and Deal Officers commanding brigades arc en
have not any rank attached to the situa joined frequently to visit the hospitals of
tion, but they receive five shillings per- the regiments composing their brigades,
day extra allowance i, addition to their and minutely to investigate the economy
nctt pay of ten shillings. At Plymouth and order therein established ; to enquire
a physician has
charge of the hospital ; he into the state of the patients, their diet,
receives twenty shillings per day, but has and attendance of every kind, and to en
no extra allowance. York hospital at force the strictest observance of the hos
Chelsea is attended by an assistant sur pital regulations.
geon, being under the immediate direction These attentions are required still more
ofthe surgeon general. in detail, from commanding officers of
The military superintendants have five regiments, who from personal observa
shillings over and above their nett pay, tion have opportunities of checking every
according to the rank thev hold in the abuse, and whose duty it is to ex tens' to
army. the hospitals the same
system of order,
At Gosport the military superintendant regularity, and discipline, which should
has guinea allowed per week for
one
prevail in their regiments.
lodging money, together with coals, can The captain and subaltern of the
day
dles, Sec. of each regiment are to visit the
hospital
A fifth military superintendant was at difterent and uncertain
hours, to ob
appointed in 1800 to take charge of the serve the cleanliness of the
warns, tiie re
temporary hospital at Colchester. gularity of messing and the appearance
The cause ot has lately been
humanity of the men, who while the> are m the
espoused by the belligerent
powers of hospital, are
by no means to be permitted
Europe in which reflects credit
a manner to contract habits of slovenliness in their
on the enlightened
age we live in. The dress, but are expected to appear perfectly-
following two articles which have been clean in every particular.
agreed upon between the Austrians and
the French are illustrative of our obser
Every species of
gaming is strictly fur-
bidden. Any patient convicted of swe-jr-
vations.
ing,disorderly:behaviour, insolent and pro
Hospitals ought to be considered as in conduct towards the atteuda.us,
voking
violable. of any deviation from the
or
Art. The hosp cal ._-
1
military hospitals shall be gulations, will be severely punished.
considered as so many inviolable The captain of the day is to i
asyla,
where valor shall be respecte 1, shall be port any
irregularities, he may observe, to ihe com
assisted, and shall b< free, whatever the manding officer ofthe regum-nt.
army may be to which these hospitals The surgeon is to make a daily
belong, and upon whatever ground they report of
the sick to the commandin,, ofhcei, a no
may be established. will make a
Art. 2. These hospitals shall be marked weekly report to the officer
out by
commanding the brigade, who will ma'-e
writings placed on the adjacent ! a
general report ofthe sick of his brigade
roads, in order that the troops may not
approacn, and that in passing they may
l' o.ice a week to head quarters.
ebserve silence and c-ase
Regimental hospitals are under the im
heating the mediate direction o> their respective sur-
drums, or sounding the trumpets. | geons, subject to th- general instructions
Cajnp. Ho s p 1 t a l s are either general or land superintendaiKo of ths .:,, cc:\,>r of
1
regimental hospitals, or other professional
278 HOS HOS

persons, having authority for that pur or


company, and is in no instance to be
pose, from the war department, or the taKen with him to the
hospital.
commander in chief. It is the duty of Regimental surgeons are njomed . to
the inspector of regimental hospitals, and take under their care any non-comn is-
of such other officers of the metrical staff sioned officers and soldiers of other regi
as shall be ordered for that
purpose to ments, (upon the commanding officer's
visit regimental hospitals from time to authority for so doing being obtained)
time; to observe whether the hospital who from the absence of the corps to
regulations are strictly adhered to, to en which they belong, from there being no
quire whether any causes of complaint general hospital in the neighborhood, or
exist among the patients, and to submit from other unavoidable circumstances,
are under the
to the generals commanding in districts, necessity of applying to
such local observations as he conceives them for relief and assistance.
may tend to the benefit of the sick. It cannot be superfluous to remark in
When a regiment is stationed in a bar this place, that in the French service there
rack, where no detached building is ap was, and we believe there still is, a specific
propriated for the hospital, or in camp regulation, which directs, that all soldiers
and cantonments, it is the business of the who have contracted a vent real disorder
surgeon to procure an airy, and commo should be received into one of the public
dious hospital, taking particular care, that hospitals, without exception or distinc
it is amply supplied with wholesome tion. They are attended to in a particu
water. lar quarter or ward without expence to
In camp, a tent will be allowed, which themselves or to their corps. Particular
must be pitched upon the best dry piece care is taken not to mix their linen or
of ground in the vicinity of the regimental clothes with others, and thty are always
hospital, to which it is granted as an aid, washed apart. No soldier, whose dis
but must not, except in cases of absolute order has been pronounc d incurable was
or is received irto any ofthe public hos
necessity, be itself considered as the hos
pital. pitals. The physician or surgeon only
The responsibility for the order, regu gives the incurables a certificate of their
larity, and cleanliness of the regimental j state and condition.

hospital, for the diet and care of the pa It is very desirable that in every regi
tients, and for the general conduct and mental hospital, there should be an apart
economy ot the whole establishment, ment
appropriated to convalescents,
rests entirely with the surgeon ; but com whose diet and mode of living must re
manding officers are enjoined to furnish main under the direction of the surgeon,
such military assistance, as may be neces and who must themselves be in every re
sary for the attainment of those objects, spect, subject to the hospital regulations.
and all non-commissioned officers and j A trusty non-commissioned officer must
others placed in the in aid of ! be appointed to the superintendance of
hospital,
the surgeon, are commanded to yield the the messing, and conduct of this particu
most implicit obedience to the instruc lar ward.
tions they may receive from him, and Convalescents, on coming out of the
to enforce in every instance, the most | hospital are not to be put on duty, till the
minute observance of the hospital regu l surgeon certifies so the adjutant, that
lations, which are to be fairly written, they are perfectly recovered; for which
|
and tixt on a board in the most conspicu i purpose the surgeon, or assistant surgeon,

ous part of the entrance of the regimental ', must make a particular inspection of these

hospital. j men, at morning parade, to prevent any


The surgeon should be consulted in the remain ng longer exempted from duty,
selection of the serjeant to be appointed than the state of their health renders ab
to assist him in the hospital ; and it will solutely necessary. On a march, when
tend materially to the benefit of the sick, ; circumstances will permit, the packs of
that this non-commissioned officer, and 'such convalescents, as have not yet re
the orderly men acting in the hospital, ceived certificates of their being fit for
should be considered as being in a perma duty, should be carried for them.
nent situation, and not liable to be re Convalescents, when discharged from
j
the hospitals should not be put immedi-
moved except in case of misdemeanor,
A guard
I
to be constantly furnished ; ately on
is
public duties, but should beem-
to the hospital, and the surgeon must sig ! ployed for a certain time, on regimental
nify to the commanding officer of the re 'guards only, where they are not liable to
giment, the particular orders which he be so much exposed to the weather, or to
wishes to be given to the non-commis fatigue.
sioned officer commanding it, and to the It is most positively ordered that the
sentries. surgeon or assistant surgeon shall attend
When a soldier comes into the hospital, all parades and field days. No punish
his arms and accoutrements are to be ment is to be inflicted, but in the presence
taken in charge by the non-commissioned of the surgeon or assistant surgeon.
officer attending the hospital, but his | In cantonments and barracks the quar-
ammunition is to be left with his troop i tcrs of the surgeon must be .pear the hos-
Ipital; and the assistant surgeon's tent
HOS HOT 279

must be pitched in its vicinity when a re- I HOSTILE, inimical; suitable to an

gimentis n camp. enemy.


The instructions for the economy and HOSTILITES, Fr. See Hostili,
management of regimental hospitals, TIES.

framed by the war office.


are HOSTILITIES, in a military sense,
Chelsea Hospital. See Chelsea. may imply a rupture between the inha
Greenwich Hqspital. A magnificent bitants of the same country, town, or
building originally instituted by king place, and the first outrage that is com
Charles 11. for decayed seamen and ma mitted by either party, as in general mat
riners. It stands upon the banks ofthe ters of warfare, is considered to be the
river Thames, has a delightful park an first commencement of hostilities. Be
nexed to it, with an astronomical obser tween nations, the first act of hostility
It is situated five miles east of is taken as a declaration of war There
vatory.
London, in the county of Kent. are, however, certain established laws and
Hospita L-mate, in recruiting districts. regulations by which acts of hostility for
An hospital mate should be placed un merly were governed ; without the inter
der the orders of each field officer, to ex vention of these restrictions, war is con
amine the recruits when brought for in ducted upon the most brutal and ferocious
spection, and to give such medical assis principles. Every wise and good general
tance as may be in his power, to the se will exert his influence and authority to
veral recruiting parties in the district he soften the fury of his victorious men, let
belongs to. The actual disbursements of the contest be ever so obstinate and
the said mate for medicines, when not bloody. Self-preservation, indeed, sug
suppli-d from the public stores, will be gests this natural precaution ; for if sol
reimbursed to him by the district milita diers were permitted to ill-treat their pri
ry agent upon a certified account thereof, soners, the sanguinary system of retalia
vouched by the approving signature of the tion must prevail.
inspector ot the district. HOSTILITY, denotes a state of wa.
HospiTAL-_/e"i>eT, a name given to the or enmity between two nations. During
malignant catarrhal fever, as being the a truce all acts of hostility are to cease
most frequent in hospitals. on both sides.

HOSPODAR, a dignitary title which HOSTING. An obsolete term, for


isg ven to the^irinceof Walachia, who is merly signifying the mustering of men in
tributary to the Grand Seignor, and from arms.
whom he receives theinvesture. HOTEL des invalides, Fr. a spacious
HOST, an army; any large body of building which was erected by Louis
men assembled together in arms. XIV. in Paris, at the extremity of the
HOSTAGE, m the art of war, a per Fauxbourgh, St. Germain, upon the river
son given up to enemy, as a security
an Seine, as a public monument of his chari
for the performanceof the artic es of a ty and magnificence. All disabled, infirm,
treaty. When two enemies enter into a and wounded officers and soldiers were
treaty or capitulation, it is common for received, lodged, and subsisted, during
them mutually to give hostages as a secu- tlie remainder of their lives within its
riry for their
reciprocally performing the walls The established number upon
engagement they have entered into. An the foundation was 4000, including offi
hostage becomes either an and soldiers. All exceeding that
accessary, or cers

principal according to the state of things. number, and who were less incapable of
Thus, for example, he is accessary when bearing arms, were distributed among the
a prince promises fidelity to another difterent garrison towns upon the fron
prince,
and gives either his son or some great tiers of the kingdom, in detached and se
lord, as a security for his performance, parate companies.
without any further capitulation; for During the old government of France,
then these hostages are only an additional a particular staff vvas appointed to su
engagement of the prince ; and if he vio perintend the;duty at the Invalides, and a
lates his word, they are not in any man
ner responsible. An hostage becomes a
guard was regularly mounted every morn
ing Officers and soldiers, entitled to
principal when it is stipulated that he charity, were first received in 1670.
this
shall be answerable for the event of M.deLouvois, minister and secretary at
things. For instance, if a city promise war, was the first director and adminis
to surrender within a certain time, in case and M. Dormoy was the
trator general,
it is not succoured, and, for the security first governor commandant.
of this article, give hostages (which are in The staff* consisted of one director and
the same nature as bail given to a creditor administrator general, one governor com.
to secure a debtj ; so that if the succour
mandant, one lieutenant du Roi, one major,
arrives in time, the promise becomes void, two adjutants, one garcon major, one d:-
and the hostages are discharged ; but if rector and superintendant of the hospital,
the succours do not arrive, and the city is and one inspector and comptroller general,
guilty of a breach of faith by refusing to who did the duty of commissary at the
surrender, then the hostages become prin different inspections.
cipal, and may be punished for a breach No person could be admitted into the roy
f faith. al hospiul of invalids unless he had served
280 HOT HOW

twenty years successively and without serves to carry earth from one part to
inteiruption, had been dangerously
or another. Hence the word hod a well
wounded in the service of his country. known machine for carrying bricks.
The necessary certificates were signed by HOTTENTOTS, the Aborigines, os
Hie commanding officers and majors of native inhabitants of our pres.-nt settle
regiments, whiea were afterwards exa ment at the Cape of Good Hope.
mined by the directors or inspectors. HOULLIER, fr an obsolete French
No fficer was received with the rank of term, which meant what is row ex
officer, unless he had served tsvo years in pressed by Picot eur des at mies, or a free
that capacity, and had been dangerously booter
wounded, or was otherwise rendered in HOUN,a gold coin ofthe Mysorf coun
capable of doim. duty. try, value about four rupees, or two dol
The persons belonging to the Hotel des -
lars.
Invalides were divid d into three classes : HOURDEYS, Fr. an old French term
The fist class was composed of officers which signified, first, hurdles with which
belonging to the king's troops, to the the tops of the walls belonging to a for
body-guards, gens d'armes, light-horse tified town were covered, in order to shield
men, musqueteers, Serjeants of companies them against the concussion of warlike
in the horse grenadiers, after having serv machines; and secondly, a machine for
ed five years in that capacity ; of Serjeants merly used, which was called in Latin
ofthe French and Swiss euards, after ten hordacium.
years service in that capacity ; of officers HOUSEHOLD troops. The Life-1
attached to the constable's jurisdiction, Guards, Royal Regiment of Horse-
exempts and marechausses, after having Guards, and the three regiments of Foot-
been ten years with the rank of officers; Guards are so stiled. It is a ridiculous
and of gens d'armes and light horsemen privilege of these regiments, inthe British
belonging to established companies ; of service, that no officer of the line, fenci-
quarter-masters from cavalry and dragoon bles or militia, can sit upon a court mar
corps, and of infantry Serjeants, who tial which may be assembled for the trial
bore the brevet rank of lieutenant, after of any person belonging to thena.
having served five years in the last capa. HOUSING, or W-tfe-HOUSINC,
city. cloth, skin, or other ornaments added to
The second class was composed of gens saddles, by way of distinction ; frequent
d'armes, light horsemen belonging to es ly embroidered with gold or silver, or
tablished companies, be
quarter- masters edged with gold or silver lace.
longing to cavalry and dragoon corps, and HOUSS. SeeHous ng.
of Serjeants from the infantry, after hav HOWITZ, a kind of mortar, mounted
ing served ten years in that capicity ; of upon a field-carriage like a gun : the dif
those likewise who, having left the caval ference between a mortar and a howitz is,
ry to enter into the body-guards, had again that the trunnions of the first are at the
returned to the cavalry. Within this end, and ofthe other in the middle. The
class were also cumprehended the gardes invention of howitzes is of much later
magasins, the captains and conductors of date than mortars, as from them they had
artillery, after thirty years service, ten of their origin.
which were to be in the last mentioned ca The constructions of howitzes are as
pacities. All belonging to this class wore various and uncertain as those of mottars,
an uniform distinguished from the dress of excepting the chambers, which are all
the soldier, and were permitted to wear a cylindric. They are distinguished by the
sword. They received at thetommence- diameter of the bore; for instance, a 10
ment of every month 13 sols, or 7 i-2d. inch howitz is that, thediameterof which
English, for ordinary expences; they were is 10 inch; s ; and so of the larger or smallqt
lodged ina particular quarter of the build ones.

ing, which was allotted to their use ; they Howitz battery is made the same as a
had a separate room to mess in ; and they gun battery, only rhe embrasures arc made
were fed like the common soldier, with this at least afoot wider, on account ofthe
only exception, that each of them was shortness ofthe howitz. See Battery.
allowed every morning a demi-septier, or Field Howitzer. The modern French
an English pint, of wine. Those belong use 6-inch howitzers in the field, which,

ing to established garrisons in forts or cita can throw a grenade at 6


degrees elevation,
dels composed companies which were to a distance of 600 toises- The 6-inch
called compagnies de bas-officers, compa howitzer can likewise throw to a smaller
nies of on -commissioned officers.
.
distance, cartridge with 61 balls, of se
a

The third class was composed of pri venteen lines diameter. I n both instances
vate soldiers, heavy horsemen, and dra the effects are extremely fatal. The ca
goons archers attached to the constable's valry, in particular, tan be annoyed by the
jurisdiction and marechaussees, or pa- former, in so galling a manner, as to be rcn.
troles belonging to the police, masters or dered almost useless.
common workmen and artillery drivers. These howitz are used very numerous
HOTTE, Fr. a sort of hand-basket, ly by the light or horse artillery ; for
which is often made use of in the con- which their form and fveight admirably
wt ruction of baKcrics and other works, and fit them.
f^-~

HO W HUE 281

11

~~>- with
C
0 Oao
Ranges a
light 5 1.2 inch Howitzers
o ooo
,-
go?
O o -" . l CO CO ft o
CU. ra -O Extreme
From 1 100 to 1400 yardt..
range.
>
T -3
- E fldmotowco cot* 0\f
U ij-
Range first graze.

~
c .c f c 3 - vnrl o-eoci i-r t^^rfo
tl
C to 2 m
CO T'O t> CM Ov O O r~
u c fco c< ci a. e" ri "
-

11 ti
XI QJ ao -

-*
...
a c
cl
u "Md co ^J-
'

ui mvo t~-oo oo 03
n
rt
CL U vO Flight.
3 JS r- CO
y a
Extreme From
a _ \r\rj- coci
rang e.
1000 to
1350 yards.
i
? " <"' cl flO t-<<00 OiHlflM Hf.

Range first graze.
'<- c t.-^-r^v^O [1 OflO NNm fl (n
so 3
to M M
MMKluMfl mco o- Ov 0
"* 'j BlM 0 f 0 > 1-1

u a

I
-
J ."

Ii! J
u
-o.
-
n dti
1 11
nnto mo r- r~ t
5 Flight.
fcngth of j*?^ 5". "-
OO vo Extreme
bore.
j Ol*
BUM -
From 70a to 1000
yards.
range.
*> J

RS
w f r O N cn 3
O Range first graze.
to
>i
t-

>> co f 00
>-too
~ M
rwo 09 on 0 lr> c-1 r-e. vn
mo r-^on MtftCVM
CO CO f lose CO f*l*
cl

.-* -c
rvu-i
o o o S
Flight. Oi
h h i n n mrt^iomifiifl
<5 '5
^, fi n

| >
WH Off*) Extreme From 400 to 600
>
yards.
St o range.
N

Range first graze.


J5 -t Cl|* C IE! vo voo 0 uioo *fr-o d o>fl
H (I O 3 to " >0 O< -VU OVflOO t~e> -1

- W >i HH(iritin
*
C <*
*>
coco rl ih
J{ MM-,Mfirtfitiriflc<ri
h-1
.j-* Flight.
rvc/i
66
s ><~
| -tf >o^o t^oo ao
1-1 ci co
Elevation. -n
<u <u
-S JS
ts -5 8" u u
s
.5.5 Ranges -with a heavy 5 1-2 /w,6 Howi:
tf 00*5
!793-
J OOB ifllfl^t
l- 1
'-- ..1 E

-.

o o O o

Table containing the kinds of Howitzers used


by different powers in Europe.

Nations. Kinds. ^fr^Oso tocnvn*


Shell

Wt. m co vi m 10 r-00 o> 9\ o\ o> c1

25 Pr.* 62 lbs
10

27
7

4
18
B j co
o o
o
o o
_

36
10
20 few M

16

8
16 J2 CO VOO C^ r^ CO OMT) v^ CO COC
vn o\o 1- in r rj- vro 10 ct\oo
30
61 _ej
e T -oo 00 Os <-> t co >ooo r^O
16

-o
33
$4 2-5 inch 1 3 lb
i 4Pr. ucl fl't'nifU* cyco 00 O Os O
< 5 1-2inch 1
English <( I 8Pr. 16
C, 8 inch or : c' f0'* "4>0 ^ womh
46 Elevation
"

Pr.
I
S 6 inch or ;
23 HUE AND CRY, a., L.^lis-h official
French ? Pr.
Gazette called, which is published at
so
$ 8 inch or :
the
? Pr. 43 expiration of everv third week in rhe
* year,and serves to advertisedeserters. That
See the word Shell for the
principle part which immediately relates to deser
on which the Germans class them in tions is divided into seventeen columns,
^urnla-s, viz. na.me$, corps, age, size, coat, vvsTsr
n n
MhMia*M>

)&>. HUR II YD

coat, breeches, hair, complexion, eyes, HURTER, a flatted iron fixed agaig
marks, and remarks, trade, Sec. parish the body of an axle-tree, with
take oil the friction ofthe naves of wheels
st.aps'jto '

born, county born, time, from whence,


agent's names, agent's abode. against the bodyV ',;
HUGHLY WACCA, Ind. a newspa FIURTOIR, affeceof
timber about 6 .v
chronicle which is kept by the offi inches square, before the wheels
per or
placed
cers of the native governments in India. ofa carriage, against the parapet of a bat-_
HUISSIER d'armes, Fr. tipstaff; an tery, to prevent the
to the ^ wheel^&tom
doingfr'
< ^
stticer formerly so called in France, who damage parapet.
was attached to the royal household. They HURTLE. See Skirmish. *

w, re at first distinguished by the name H U SB ul hookum, or H A S SAB ul hook-


of Sergens d'armes, or Serjeants at arms. urn, Ind. a patent or order, under the seal 4A
Some were directed to bear the mace be of the Vizier, with these initial words,
fore the king during the day, and obtained which signitv always
, command. to

on that account the appellation of Huis- HUSSAR'DS, Fr. hussars. They


siers d'armes ; in later times while the were first introduced into the French
monarchy subsisted, they were called the
lluistiirs, or tipstaffs of the kind's cham
ber. Others kept watch in the king's
sen ice in 1692, and owed their origin to
the Flungarian cavalry which was subsi
dized by France before the reign of Louis
\ I
bed-chamber during the night, and were XIII.
sworn to
expose their lives for the safety Hussars, are the national cavalry of f

of his person, whence they obtained the


name of archers de la garde, which term
was changed into gardes-du- corps, or
Hungary and Croatia,
camp, consequently are not burthened
with any kind of camp equipage, saving
they never en-*"
i
a kettle and a hatchet to every six men.
body-guards.
Death HUNTERS, followers of an They always lie in the woods, outhouses3 I
army, who, after the engagement look for or villages, in the front of the army.
dead bodies, in order to strip them. They The emperor of Austria and the king ofmj[^
'

generally consist of soldiers wives, Sec. Prussia, had many troops under this name
HUNGARIAN battalion, a body of in their service. See Cavalry.
men belonging to the Austrian army, Death's-Head Hussars, a regiment of
whose dress consists in a white jacket, Hussars in the Prussian service, so called
the buttons straight down to the waist, from the emblems of death being exhi
with blue colored collar, cutis and skirts bited on their caps. They were dressed
before and behind, like the rest of tlie in black, faced withjyellow, and rode small
Austrian infantry, with this difference, active horses.
that the latter have white breeches and In the seven years war they obtained
long black gaiters, and the former wear considerable reputation under the com
Jii-ht blue pantaloons and half-boots. mand of the brave and intrepid general
HUNS, GOTHS, and VANDALS, Ziethen.
barbarous tribes that inhabited the va HUT. The ancient mode of encamp
rious provinces of Germany which had ing was in little huts. In the American
never been subdued by tiie Romans, or war, hutted camps were not uncommon.
were scattered over those vast countries in The French armies have encamped in
tlie north of Europe, and north west of huts from 1793, as in that years campaign
Asia which are now occupied by the they lost all their tents.
Danes, the Swedes, the Poles, the sub Hutte, Fr Hut
jects of the Russian empire, and the HUZZOOR NAVEIS, Ind. a se
Tartars. cretary who resides at an Indian court,
HURDLES, in fortification, are made and keeps copies of all fiimauns, records,
of twigs of willows or osiers, interwo or letters. Huzzoor, is the court, Naveis,

ven close together, sustained by long a writer.


stakes. They afe made in the figure of a HYDER, the Arabic term for lion.
long square ; the leu. th being 5 or 6 feet, This title is often given to men of rank
and breadth 3 or 3 1-2. The closer they in India.
are wattled together, the better. They Hvder An, the sultan of Mysore;.
serve to render batteries firm, or to conso was known under the name of Hyder
lidate the passage over muddy ditches ; Naik ; his son Tippoo succeeded him,
or to cover traverses and lodgments for and vvas killed at the storming of Serin-
the defence of the workmen against the gapatam by the British forces.
fireworks, or the stones, that may be Hyder Coolv, a term of subjection
thrown against them. usedin India, meaning literally the slave;
Huddle Battery. SeeB atter v. TheSe but not so understood; it is a proud as
are the invention of colonel Congreve sertion of humility, such as the 1 ope
of the British Artillery, and are admirably used, in calling himself the fisherman.
adajptedfor temporary fortifications. They HYDERABAD, HYDRABAD, a

consist of hurdles fixedin theground in


a city in Asia, which arose from the de
triangular form, the intermediate space sertion of Golconda. This name is often
being rilled with sand or eaith, &c. arc used in ludostan when Hyderabad is
constructed in a few minutes, and in any meant. Hyderabad became the principal
*V.ire\ rendezvous of the Mahomedans opposed
JAF JAN 233

to the Marattahs whose country lies be J AGURNHAUT, Ind. a Hindoo pago


tween G uzzerat and Golconda. See M a -
da, on the Balasore coast, bay of Bengal.
li/TTAHS. JAGH1RDAR, the person in pos
HYDRAULIC, (Hydraulique,Ex.) the session ofa jaghire.
nameof a particular science, which points JAGHIRE, an Indian term, signify
out the method of conducting and raising ing the assignment of tlie revenues of
bodies of water. a district to a servant or dependant of ga-

Colonnes Hydr AULiftUES, Fr. co- govcrnment, who is hence called a jag.

lumns ornamented by sheets of water or hird.tr. Jaghires are either mushmot,
waterspouts. which means conditional, or
belashurt,
HYDROMETER (Hydromelre, Ex.) which signifies unconditional, jaghire.:
ihe name of an instrument which serves are frequently given in India to persons as

ascertain the moisture of the a reward and compensation for their mi


to dryness or
litary services. The British obtained
atmosphere.
H YD RO STATI C/r7t'^/-j//,?^Fr. ) footing in Bengal first as traders by cour
the name of a science whose principal tesy ; thsy then got a Jaghire mushroA.
object is to ascertain the weight of fluids, J achui Ash am, Ind land granted
particularly of water, and of all boclies for the support of the troops.
that arj either borne upon the surface Jaghire Zat, Ind. lands granted for
ojlmmersed beneath it. private maintenance.
HYPERBOLA, the section of a cone JAM, Fr. which is sometimes writte;'
.--jnade by a .dane, so that the axis of the
"*
jai.ib, is a thick bed of srone, b_y which
sect ion shall incline to the opposite leg of the- operations ofthe miners are suddenly
the cone interrupted when they are pursuing the
F1YPOTHENUSE, that line which veins of ore.
> subtends the fight angle of a ri^ht angled JAMBEUX. An obsolete word
triangle. which formerly signified boots, covers, or
armor for the legs.
JAMP.S, sometimes written jaum'n.
J. Ir. The o'.de posts of a door.
JALET, Fr. a name given to certain
See Gin. round stones which are cast out ofa bow
JACK.
SACK-beojs. Boots formerly called urlalete a jale', or cross-bow.
worn by
made of thick firm leather, These stones are more generally called
aavalry,
hardened in a peculiar manner, that is by galet.
a mixture of rosin, pitch, and oil, applied JALONS, Fr. long poles with a wisp
before a fire until they become stiff and of straw at the top. They are fixed at
impervious to water. They were some different places and in different roads, to
times lined with of iron. Tne best serve as signals of observation to advanc
plates
infantry caps jacked leather
are . ing columns, when the countrv is inclosed,
Jack wambasium, a sort of coat ar &c. They are likewise used as camp-
mor, formerly worn by horsemen, not of colors to mark out the ground on days of
solid iron but of many plates fastened to exercise
gether, which some persons by tenure JALONNEMENT d'une colonne, Ex
weie bound to find upon any invasion. is the designation of certain points
by
JACKET, a short coat. See Cloth whicha column is governed on its march,
ing. JALONNEURS, Fr. are the men se
JACOB'S staff, a mathematical in lected from a battalion to mark out the
strument for
taking heights and distances- ground, or, to take up relative points to
called also across staff. wards which the columns may march,.
JACQUE, ou JAQUE, Fr. a sort of We call them guides of manoeuvre.
close jacket, which was formerly worn by St. JAMES, Knights of, a military or
the francs-archers, or free archers, and der in Spain, first instituted in the year
reached down to the knee. These jackets 1 170,
by Ferdinand II. king of Leon and
were stuffed underneath the linen or cloth Galicia. The greatest digniry belonging
with which they were made. They some to this order was that of grand master,
times consisted of leather, lined with 20 which had been united to the crown of
or
30 pieces of old cloth, rather loosely Spain. The knights were obliged to
put togethq The ancient horsemen make proof of their descent from fami.
wore these jackets under their coats of lies that had been noble for four genera-
mail, and they were called gcbison. tions on both sides ; they must also make
JADE, Fr. a very hard stone, of an it appear that their said ancestors had
olive color, with which the handles of neither been Jews, Saracens, nor heretics,
swords and sabres are made in Poland nor hare ever been called in
question by
and Tuikey. This stone is said to pos the Inquisition ! The novices were
sess wonderful virtues for the removal of obliged to serve six months in thegallies-
the gravel or nephritic cholic; in these and to live a month in a monastery. They
cases it is simply applied to the loins. observed the rules of St. Austin, making
JAFFURNAPATAM. The town of no vows but ol
poverty, obedience, anj
Ceylon is so called by the Indians. The conjugal fidelity.
port of Jaffur. J AN! BAR, Ind. an advocate; a d/>
284 JAN JAN

fender ; it likewise signifies a partial per companies beingdistributed in large rourc"1


son. tents that are distinguished by the figures
JANISSAIRES, Fr. SccJaniza- of beasts and Arabic words.
R I E S All the janizary companies consist of *"'
.

JANIZARIES. The first establish io6meneach. There are 101 companies of -*


"

ment of this
body of aimed men took jajabeys, who form the garrisons of the
place when the sultan A murat obtained most important places upon the frontiers.
'

such wonderful success in the inroads The officers belonging to these compa-
**
that were made into Thrace, and a part nies are permitted to ride in the presence
of Macedonia, by the Bachas Lala, Saim, of their general, which is a privilege pe
and Anranos. Nor vvas the sultan satis culiar to themselves. On this account
fied with this good fortune; he pushed they wear yellow half boots.
his successes into Europe, and took an The bolykys consist of 61 companies ;
immense number of prisoners of all ages, the commanding officers are obliged to
but principally children, i hese were wear red half boots, which is to shew,
put under military tuition, with the that they are nor permitted to go through
view of hereafter converting them to their duty on horseback.
some useful purpose for the Ottoman The silmanys amount to 3 \ companies.
state. The officers belonging to tliem are sub
Amurat took advice of one Agis Bictas, ject to the same regulations by which the
who by the dint of hypocrisy had obtained l.lykyi are governed. They must mardjjjL
the character and refutation of a very by cheirgeneral in red half boots on foot^l
virtuous man. Ac,is Bictas gavs direc with this exception, that 30 supernu
tions in the first instance, that these merary young men, who are secenjr iy and
children should put several christians to in expectation of commissions through
death. He did this with the view of ac the influence of their parents, are allowed
customing their young minds to scenes of to ride until they get companies.

slaughter, and to inure them to cruelty, A select body of men ij indiscriminately


as tiiey were hereafter to compose the chosen out of these three sorts of janiza
groundwork of the Turkish infantry, un ries; this chosen body is called corigji,
der the appellation af janizari'i, ox new and amounts to 930 men. Their particu
militia. He next instructed them to ob lar duty is to protect the three impenV
serve an auste-re and barcarous ourside ap mansions of Constantinople, Adrianop'u-,
pearance, and to become emulous of ac and Bursa.
quiring pec.iiar fame whenever they Every janizary is obliged to give one
;-hould be -e.-nj.aged in battle, in order to and a half per cent, of all the money he
impress them with ideas of grandeur, he receives in time of peace to the treasurer
took off' a part of his muslin sleeve, and of his room, or to the treasurer general oi
Twisted it in the shape of a unban, put the corps, and seven per cent, in time of
it ro n 'id '.he head of one of the children, war. In consideration of this sum he is
v. h.-n the corps were first established. allowed a space of ground, six feet ii|
This turban or cap was the model which length and three in bTeadth to spread WS"
the rest were to imitate. Tne Janizaries mat trass; and he is moreover entitled to
wear the same sort to this day, with the have every day at dinner and supper one
addition of some gold lace. plate of rice, a piece of mutton, and bread
Thebody of janizaries has been con and water; so that a janizary may easily
siderably augmented since their first es save the greatest part of his pay.
tablishment. According to a late account The uniform or clothing of a janizary
they have been increased to 54,222 ; these is a dolimaun, or long robe with short
have been divided into three separate sleeves. 1 1 is tied round the middle with
corps, viz. into jajabejj, loyky*, and .<-;/- a
striped girdle of different colors, fringed
naiys. These Wer. moreover e-istin- at the ends with gold or silver.. They

guiahed among themselves by the follow wear over the dolimaun, a sapbi, or blue

ing names; corigys, ctunAyj, and fodl.t- surtour, in the same loose manner that
ktraus Europeans wear great coats or cloaks.
'

They under chiefs appointed for


are Instead ofa turban the janizaries have
the specific purpose of superintending their heads covered with a zurcela, ox cap
their conduct and behaviour, and are sub made of felt, from which hangs a long
ordinate to particular officers, whose hood of the same stuff", that reaches to
charge is confined to corps or companies their shoulders^ and is worn on parade
that are called odas, a Turkish word, days. The zarcola is decorated with
whicii properly signifies chamberorrooni, a
quantity of long feathers, that are fixed
being thus called liom the place in which in a small tube, and stand in the front of
they were ordered to mess.- At Con the cap. The janizaries in Constantino
stantinople thejs. chambers are covered ple usually carry a long stick or lndiar
with a sort of china ware ; and there arc cane, without any other arms or wea
rece-sses, called sophas.on which tlie men pons; but when they ate equipped for
A kitchen is attached the field against any European power,
may sit or sleep.
to each room, w.th -very other conveni. they have a sabre snd fusil or musquet.
encc. When thev take the field the same They likewise carry a powder Jnrn.
.'.-ran^cnient 1. attended fa. The different whicii hangs on the left side suspen^e^
JAN JAN 285

from aleathern string that is thrown chamber. The consequence of which is,
across the body. that the chambers become extremely
In Asia, the janizaries always go armed rich, and their wealth is frequently put
with a bow and a quiver full of airows. out to interest at 25 per cent Add to
They are thus
equipped on account of this, that the grand Signor directs that
Vhe scarcity of gunpowder.

They have every thing whicii is supplied to the


besides a sort of poniard or large knife, janizaries should be ra.ed lower than to
which they draw against every peison the rest of his subjects, which circum
from whom they wish to extort any stance easily explains why the janizaries

thing. The bows and arrows are regu can live cheaper than other people in
larly delivered out to the janizaries by the Turkey.
alkitefoter-dars or vice treasurers general. Janiz R Ac as 1, a name or military
..

The janizaries seldom marry, or if they title which is attached to the person who
do it is at an advanced age; for the has the chief command of the janizaries.
Turks as well as other countries imagine It corresponds, in sortie degre, with tlm
that a married man cannot be so deter rank of colonel general of infantry in old
mined and careless of danger, as he must France, when that bedy was under the
be who has no concerns to attend to be- command of the duke of Epernon, and
: ides^his own.
Matrimony, however, is afterwards under the duke of Orleans in
not forbidden amongst them. On the 1720. This Aga takes prscedence of a!.
contrary, when the ceremony is peifonn- the infantry officers belonging to the Otto-
t'd with the consent of their officers, they j man empire. The name is derived train
are permitted to take private lodgings,
j Aga, which, in the Turkish language, sig
ind are only required to appear every nifies a staff, or baton. On pubic occa-
Friday at their rooms, and to p;>rade be- ji sions the Aga always bears a staff in his
fore the Wekilbarg, or treasurer to the '
hand ; so indeed do all rhe janizaries when
chamber, under pain of forfeiting their ; they appear in any large town or place, as
subsistence. When they get children, \ an emblem of service.
their pay is increased some aspres per day,
|| This general vvas originallv promoted
by order of the grand Signor. || to the rank of Aga out of the
corps of
The body of janizaries is by no means, 1
janizaries. But as this was the occasion
however, so considerable as it formerly of much jealousy, and gave rise to various
was. In 1648, they were so formidable, cabals, which frequently rendered the
that they assumed a dangerous influence Aga contemptible in the eyes of his f'ol-
over the government of the Empire. i'>wcr:, the gi-iiid Signor at present ap
They even went so far as to dethrone the j points him fioin the Ichnoglans belong
sultan Ibrahim, and afterwards to stran- i
ing to the seraglio.
gle him in the castle called the Seven The daily pay of tiie Aga amounts to
Towers. Since that period the grand one hundred
aspres, which are equal t
viziers have made a point to lower the
] ~o ecus, or French half-crowns, making
;>ride and arrogance of the janizaries, in 55 cents' of our money ; independent of
jj
order to preserve the authority of thei h which he receives from
7 to io thousand
sovereigns, and to maintain their own: i French ecus or English half-crowns, on
on this account
they adopted the barba | account of the Timars who are attached
rous
policy of sending the bravest on a to his appointment. \\z moreover gets
forlorne hope at the siege of Candia ; and constant
presents from th,- Sultan, eepe-
they permitted the rest to many, and to dally when the janizaries haveconducted
|
embrace yarious trades, contrary to the 1 themselves to his satisfaction on
established rules of rhe corps, for the cal any criti
sole purpose of enervating the individuals
emergency. The douceurs which are
lavished upon the Aga, whenever he has
belonging to it. |
By degrees persons the good fortune to stand well with rhe
without experience and addicted to the
grand Sgnoi, a.e innumerable; for it j,
loosest effeminacy, were entrusted with
commands ; so that the janizaries soon
through him, that every application i,
made for places of emolument. It is
came not to
possess either the character or customary, however, in Turkey to bestow
the bravery of their predecessors. rank and advantageous not
The remedy has been as fatal as the posts according
to merit, but in
_

disease ; they have had a profligate rabble ber of proportion to the num
purses, (in which manner all large
in place of tlrflr hardy and
entcrprizing sums are counted) that arc produced tu
coips ; and iiirhe year 18 8, deposed and rtle several candidates. A purse in Tut'-
put to death the grand Signor, tor a bribe key cpntains about
from a foreign ambassador. 250 crowns, or ? i. of
our dollars.
The janizaries consist chiefly of Chris
The Aga seldom appears in the streets
tian children that have been taken in of Constantinople without
war, being followed
or of debauched Turks who are
ignorant by a large body of janizaries, most
of their birth or connexion. espe
Whenever cially when convulsion or disastrous
any
any one dies, he leaves what little pro event has
happened in the empire. In
perty or
clothing, &c. he possesses to his these moments of public disturbance and
messmen ; even the Turks, from a
spe. consternation, the janizaries take occasion
Gies of social
piety, always bequeath to demand an increase of pay threatening,
::omcthirirj to their particular oda, or in case of rer'u- r!, to pillage rhe tovynj
285 ICH JEN
which threat they have often put in exe servants, their own countrymen. Thejr
to
cution. ..Whenever these mutinous pro motive originates in an idea, that
the for
ceedings take place, the Aga marches at mer having lost all recollection
of their
the head of 30 or 40 native spot, and of the tenderness which
mungis or provost-
marshals belonging to the janizaries, to is innate between child and parent, would
gether with 5 or 600 of this militia, in or have no other interest at heart but that of
der to seize the mutineers, and to have their employers ; whereas freemen in
them safely conveyed to some prison. general measure their attachment to their
He has the power of life and death over masters by the rule of self accommoda

every individual of the corps ; but he never tion and personal emolument. From
gives directions to have a janizary execut these principles the grand Signor has es-.
ed inopsnday, lest the sight of their suf tablished a body of Iclinoglans, in order
fering comrade should create a disturbance that they may be devoted to his service;
among the rest. Small crimes and mis and as a security for their affection he ill-
demeanors amoni. the janizaries are punish frequently raises individuals amongst
ed by the bastinado, which is exercised by them to the highest posts of trust and
striking repeated blows upon the sole of dignity in the empire. The rank of Sepa-
the foot: but when the guilt is capital, ler Agasi, or general of cavalry, has been'
the Aga orders the culprit either to be conferred upon them ; which appoint
strangled, or to be sewed up in a sack and ment, next to that of grand vizir, ol Mufti
thrown into a pond or river. or of Bostangi, is the most considerable
When the Janizar-Agasi dies, from belonging to the Ottoman em| ire. *

disease or by violence, the whole of his ICHNOGRAPHIE, Fr. Ichnogras.


property devolves to the treasury belong phy.
ing to the corps of janizaries ; nor can the 1CHNOGRAPHY, in fortification,
grand Signor appropriate one aspre to his denotes the plan or representation of thejl
own use. length and breadth of a fortification ; the
JAVELIN, a sort of spear 5 1-2 feet distinct parts of which are marked out
long, the shaft of which was of wood with either on the ground itself, or on paper.
a steel point. Every soldier in the Roman By this we are at once acquainted with
armies had seven of these, which were the value of the different lines and angles
very light and slender. which determine" the exact breadth of
The Velitesor light armed troops among fosses, the depth of ramparts, and ot pa
the Romans were armed with javelins. rapets. So that, in fact, a plan, upon the*
They were two cubits long and one inch correct principles of ichnography, repie.
thick. sents a work as it would appear if it were
There were several sorts of javelins or levelled to its foundations, ai.d shewed **
darts used among the ancients ; some of only the expanse of ground upon which
which were projected by the help of a it had been erected. But the science of
short strap girt round then middle. ichnography does not represent either the
There was likewise another' species of
'
elevation or the depth of the
difljjjjent
javelin, the bottom of which was orna- parts belonging to a fortification. Thi.
mertcd with three feathers, in the same properly comes under profile, wh'chdots
manner that arrows and darts are. These not, however, include length. See Plan,
javelins have been used by the Poles and JEE, Ind. a title of respect; which i*
other nations, but principally by the used in India, and signifies sir, master,
Moors, who call them zogaies. In the worship
early days of France, the javelin vvas Jee Fotr, Ind. a statement and de-
likewise adopted in imitation of the cree.

Gauls; but it disappeared, with many JEHAUNDER, Ind. a term used in


Other missile weapons, on the invention India, signifying the possessor of tire
of fire-arms. world. _f

JAVELINE, Fr. See Javelin. J EH AU N G E E R , bid. a term usedin


JEVELOT, Fr. Javelin. A term used India, signifying the conqueror of the
among the ancients to express every thing world.
that was missile ; it is derived from the Jehaun Shah, Ind. king of the
Latin, jaculum a jaculattdc. world.
JAZERAN, Fr. an obsolete term JEHOULDAR, Ind. Treasurer.
which was
formerly- applied to an able J E LOUD A R, Ind. belonging to the
'

veteran.
train or equipage.
ICHHIEK, I serve. A mottobelong- J E MADE, Ind. the Indian word 6tf
ing to the badge of the armi of the British month. ' *

prince of Wales, which was first assumed JEMIDAR or JEMMADAR^ hi.


by Edward surnamed the Black Prince, means a captain or chief of a company ;
after the battle of Cressy in 1346. Dieu it is the title of a black officer who has the
et Man Droit, in the badge of the British same rank as a white lieutenant in the E.In

king's arms, was used by Richard I. on dia company's service. The author of tlie
a victory over the French in iuj4. history of the Carnatic calls Jemidars or
ICHNOGLANS. It has been a sin Jemmadars .captains either of horse or foott
gular maxim of policy among the Turks JEN1ZER-EFFENDI, an appoint
ro prefer Christian slaves, a.s confidenti >] mentamong the Turks, which in soffie
JET JEU 287

treatise
degree resembles that of provost-marshal ten a on the
subject. This en
in European armies. The only functions gineerasserts, that he has discovered a
which this officer is permitted to exercisei way of firing true, which exceeds all for
are tfiose of judge to the company He mer inventions
sits on part.culaf days for the purpose of We are of opinion, that the best method
hearing the complaints of the soldiers, must be that which is founded upon prac
anil of settling their differences. If a case tical and daily experience. Those men
of peculiar difficulty should occur, he re who are in the continual habit of exer
ports th* same to the A^a, whose opinion cising in mortar duty, and who can form
and determination are final. just calculations, especially with regard
JERSEY, an island oo the coast of to thequality and quantity of gunpowder,

Normandy in France, which has belonged will always be esteemed in preference to


to the English ever since the Norman the most profound theorists.
conquest. Although this island, as well According to the experiments which
as that of Guernsey, is still governed by I have been made by bombardiers with re
the ancient Noiman laws, it is neverthe spect to the flight of bom '.>;, a mortar is
less subject to the British mutiny act in said to propel or urge forward in propor
many particulars. tion to the quantity and quality of the"
JERUMONA, Ind. Mulct, fine, or
gunpowder, by which it is charged.
penalty. A mortar, for instance, which has
JETH, Ind. the name ofa month which twelve inches calibre, and which is loaded
in some degree coincides with our month with two pounds of mealed gunpowder

tr
agMay. gives a difference in its flight of 48 feet
*JET, Fr. signifying the motion
a term from one degree to another ; and 2160 feet
of any that is urged forward by j
body in its greatest extent under the elevation of
^main force; it likewise means the space! 45 degrees;
whichls gone over by any propelled body. The same mortar gives a difference,
Jet desbvmbes, Ex. This word has. been from one degree to another, of 60 feet, pro
adopted instead of Tir, which formerly vided there be two pounds and a half of
expressed the coarse that a shell took ! the same powder in its chamber, and it
. when it was thrown out of a mortar by gives 2700 feet for its greatest flight.
the power of gunpowder. It finally gives 72 feet difference from
We sometimes use the words flight and one degree 10 another, if the
charge con.
range, to express the same action and pro sists of three pounds of mealed
gunpow
gress. der, and the elevation be taken at 45 de
The
jet or flight ofa bomb usually |
forms a Curved line ; but many engineers
grees, which in tlie opinion of bombar
t dier's, is the greatest flight, taking a rangi:
assert, tihat when the mortar is placed
'

of 3240 feet.
horizontally, it describes the three move-
Among the French bombardiers there
mentsthat are made by a cannon ball, are tables
v put out according to this cal
viz. The violent or strait forward <ne, i culation, which may be found in Blondel
'
he mixed or curved, and the natural
which is perpendicular.
one,1! or St. Remi. These tables are
adapted
to mortars of 12 inches
It is particularly incumbent upon the
calibre, which
weight we have taken for example.
officers who superintc d the mortar du- Jet, among the French is likewise ap
,

ty, to ascerrain, by a correct observation' plied to the range taken by a fusee', as1
of theey, the exact distance to which he
jet de la fusee, the flight of a fusee,
means to throw the bomb. With this 'In cannon founderies it is further used
view he must give as manv
degrees of to express tlie different
pipes or hollow
elevation as may be found which are made of clay or wax, in order
necessary by
thejudgment hehas formed. to
convey 'the liquid metals into their"
In order to obtain some degree ofcertilr.- moulds. In this sense it means
cast, so
ty he first throws a bomb, by way of that jet may be.
and he increases or diminish prop rly called a vent or
experiment, aperture which is made at the extreme
es, his degrees of elevation according io fhe end of the mould, and
Thstance it runs, and from the spot on through whieh the
metal is poured.
V Whicii it falls. Un beau Jet, Fr. a fine cast.
These are the only rules which are
ge JETTER, Fr. to pour metal into *
nerally followed by those officers who mould.
have the direction of mortars.
However, JETTEE, Fr. a pier. 1 1 usually con
according to St. Remi the French bom sists of a projection, made with
bardiers frequently make use of tables stone,
brick or wood at the ex treme ends of a har
in order to calculate precisely the ditte-
bor, for the purpose of resisting the im
rerfr lines of extent according to the ditte-
re.it elevations ofthe mortar,
petuosity ofthe waves.
with respect to the degrees of the
particularly JEU d^ hazard, Ex. chance play. It
square was our intention to have entered
fully in
rule from i to 45. to this
subject, as far as it concerns the
Although this method has been sanc mihtary system, under the head hazard;
tioned by various and innumerable
expe
riments, it has nevertheless been exposed put as the matter has been more particu
.' soine eensture.. Mr.
larly adverted to in a French author, we
blonde) has writ judge it b^uoquotetrom thru autfiortry,-
JEU I NC

and to shew, that, corrupt as the old these regulations, and with the view of
government of France most unquestiona introducing the strictest principles of
bly was, the character of its army vvas honor and regularity in a profession which
must be tarnished even by the breath ot"
not neglected. Every species of chance .

play vvas strictly forbidden in the French suspicion, 0:1 the ist ot July, 1727, Louis
the XVth ordained by the 43d article of
camps and garrisons, and throughout their
armies. The prohibitions on this head war, that whatsoevsr soldier, horse cr foot,
Ou the 24th was convicted of cheating at
bear the most ancient cktes. play, should
of July, 1534, Francis I. issued an ord.r, be punished with death. He further di
which was aain confirmed by Henry II. rected, that in case any hazard table
on the22dof May, 1557, that no comrade should be set up in a camp, or garrison,
should, under any pretext whatever, ob the commanding officer or governor was
tain money from a brother soldier by play. to order the same to be broken forthwith,
It vvas further ordained, that in case of and to commit all persons concerned There
bui play, the persons who should be dis in to prison.
covered were, for the first ofttiKe, to be JEWAER KHANNA, Ind. Thejewc".
publicly flogged, anil fir the second to be office.
punished in the like manner, to have their 1HTIMAMDAR, Ind. A person
ap
ears cut off', and to be banished tor ten pointed by the Hindoo magistrate, who
years. The delinquents were committed has the superintending agency over seveial
to the charge and custody of the provost, towns. f
who vvas authorized to confiscate every IJELAS, Ind. The general assembly'
farthing that was played for. Dice and of the court of justice in Bengal, so
cards were rigorously forbidden under the called.
same penalties, as well as all sorts of games To IMBODY, in a military sense,
wnich might create animosities and dis- implies to assemble under arms, either ft/i
sentions among individuals. for defence or offence. This term is par
On the 15th of January, 1691, Louis ticularly applied to the meeting of the x >

XIV. issued an order from the privy militia.


council, by which he expressly forbade IMPETUS, in mechanics, the fore
not only the officers belonging to his with which one body impels or strikes*r*'c^l
fc
army, but likewise all other persons of another. See Gunnery. Momen-
whatever sex or denomination to play at t v . . .

Hoc a, Pharcab, Barbacole, Basset,and Pour IMPOSTS, that part of a pillar in


it Contre. The penalties for every infrac- vaults or arches, on which the weight of

iui or breach of this order were as follows.


; the whole rests.
Those persons who played were fined 1000 IMPREGNABLE. Any fortress or
livres or 200 dollars, and the master or work which resists the efforts of attack,
mistress of the house where games of the is said to be impregnable.
above description were allowed, stood fin- To IMPRESS, to compel any body to
u : 11 6000
livres, or 1 200 dollars for each of serve.
fence. One third of these penalties was Impress-.Service, A particular duty
applied to his majesty's use, one third to which is performed by persons belong*^
the relief of the poor of the place where to the navv. Soldiers, that behave ill, in .

the offence was committed, and the other the British service, and from repeated
third was paid to the informer. It was misconduct are deemed incorrigible on
further ordained, that in case the persons shore, get frequently turned over to a
so discovered were unable to
pay the tines, press gang. This does not, however,
heir persons should be taken into custody. occur without some sort of concurrence on
Those subjected to the penalty of 1000 the part ofthe soldier, who is left to chuie_
nvrcs were
imprisoned four months, and between the execution or continuance of
those who incurred the fine of 6000 livres, a severe
military punishment, or to enter
without having the means to pay it, were on board one of the
ships of war.
imprisoned year. The intendants, or
one I m r r es s-
Money. All sums which axe
lord-lieutenants of the provinces and paid to men who have been compelled to .

armies, the police magistrates, and the serve are so called. '

milirary provosts, were all and severally 1 M P R E S S I O N , the effect of an attack


directed to. see this edict put into execu upon any place, or body of soldiers.
tion ; and by a circular letter, which in IMPREST
ef Money..-, A term not
1712, vvas written, in the king's name, strictly grammatical, but rendered fami
by M. Voisin, to the difterent governors liar by its official adoption,
signifying
and lords-lieutenants of provinces, the sums of money received from tune, to

prohibitions were extendedtc the lansque time, by persons in public employment,.


net, or private soldie:. for the current services ofthe year.
On ihe 25th of August, 1698, Louis Ti IMPUGN, to attack, or assault.
XIV. issued out an order, by which he IMPULSE, hostile impression.
rigorously forbade, under pain of death, INACCESSIBLE, not to be ap
every individual belonging tf> the French proached, in contradiction to accessible.
cavalry or infantry, (suuier and private INCAPABLE. A term ot disgrace, .

soldier included) to keep any gaming table which is frequently annexed to military
?n camp or quarters. In consequence of sentences; as, such an officer has beeu
1.1.,,.. ,. i.ui ....ill >i utmmmmmmmmmftmm

INC IND 289

cashiered by the sentence of a general tish regulation, the muster, as also the ab
court-martial, andrendered incapable of stract, is taken from the 25th of one
ever serving his majesty in either a civil month to the 24th ofthe following month,
or military capacity. both days inclusive.
INCH, a well known measure in INCOMMENSURABLE. Thatcan-
length, being the 12th part of a foot, and not be measured, or be reduced to any
equal to three barley-corns in length. proportion or equal measure with ano
See Measure. ther.
INCIDENCE, the direction with INCOMPETENT. Incapable, unfit,
which one No officer, be his situation
body strikes another ; the angle
made by that line and the plane of the
unequal.
what it may, (from a general inclusive to
body struck, is called the Angle of Inci the lowest non-commissioned) can be
dence, which see. said to be competent to command, who is
INCLINAISON, Fr. See Inclina not
only willing and able to follow orders
tion. himself.but will likewise see them strict
7
INCLINE, in a military sense, ly adhered to by others ; whose mind is
means to gain ground to the flank, as well not superior to partialities, and whose
as to the front. Inclining is of great use
in the marching of the line in front, to
judgment is not equal to discern real
merit from ignorant assumption. Every
correct any irregularities that soldier is incompetent to his profession
may happen.
It is equivalent to the quarter facing and who does not possess a spirit of subor
to the oblique marching of the infantry. dination, and cool determined bravery.
It enables you to gain the enemy's flank INCOMPLETE, opposed to com
without exposing your own, or without plete, which sec.
wheeling or altering the parallel front of To INCORPORATE. In a military
rhe squadron. sense, is to add a smaller body of forces to
Right (or left) Incline. A word of a larger, and to mix them
together. In
command in cavalry movements, when dependent companies are said to be in
each man makes a half-face on his horse's corporated, when they are distributed
fore feet, by which means each will ap among different regiments, regiments
pear to be half a head behind his flank among brigades, Sec. Sec. So that any
leader; and the whole will look to the lesser body may be incorporated in a
hand to which they are to incline. It greater.
must be generally observed, that the lead INCURSION, invasion without con
ing officer on the flank, with a glance of quest; inroad; ravage.
his eye ascertaining his points, marches INDEMNIFICATION, any reim
steadily upon them, at whatever pace is bursement or compensation which is given
ordered : every other man in the squadron for loss or penalty.
moves in so many parallel lines, witii re Alilitary Indemnification, a regu
spect to him, and preserves the same lated allowance which is made
by the
uniformity of front and files, as when he- British for losses sustained by officers or
first turned his horse's head. soldiers on actual service, viz.
At no time of the incline ought the
Infantry.
former front of the squadron, or distance ist. The whole of the personal
baggage
of files to be altered. ofa subaltern officer to be valued a^ 60/.
In the incline, the rear rank moves in and the camp between sub
equipage two
the same manner, and is of course regu alterns, 35/.
lated by the front rank, which it takes 2d. The baggage of a captain to be
care toconform to. valued at 80/. and the
camp equipage,
Whenever a squadron inclines it must
not pass an angle of 34 with 3d. Field officer's baggage, 100/. and
respect to
its former direction, unless it should be the camp equipage 60/.
required to gain asmuch or more ground 4th. Colonel's baggage, 120/. and camp
to the flank as to the front. The distance equipage, 80/.
of tiles at six inches allows the
squadron Cavalry.
to incline in perfect order, while its new 5th. The whole of the personal baggage
direction does not go beyond the ofa subaltern officer to be valued at
angle 70/.
specified. When more is required to be and the camp equipage at 45/.
taken, the squadron must either wheel 6th, Captain's baggage, 90/. and camp
up, and march upon the flank point, or equipage 45A
it will fall more or less into file, accord
7th. Field officer's baggage, 120/. and
ing to the degree of obliquity required, by equipage 90/.
moving each horse retired, half neck, or camp
8th. Colonel's
head to boot.
baggage, 140/. and camp
00/,
INCLINED Plane. See Gunnery. equipage,
Officers
9th. giving certificates signed
INCLUSIVE, comprehended in the by themselves and the commanding of
sum or number ; thus when the abstracts ficer of their regiments, that they have
were made out for 60 and 61
days, they lost the whole of their baggage and camp
generally ran from the 24th of one month equipage, and that at the time it was
to the 24th of the second
month, includ lost, they were in no respect deviating
ing the last 24th only. Since thenevv Bri- from the orders of the general oificej
,0 O
or "i
IND IN D

commanding in chief relative to baggage, cumstances and causes of the loss of the
shall receive the whole ofthe sums above horses, are to be signed by the officers
allotted, according to their ranks. hemselves, and by the commanding of
ioth. Officers losing any part of their ficers of their ret.ments.
baggage, an' to give in similar certificates, And the general officers commanding in
according to the best of their belief and chief on the different foreign stations, are
judgment, without entering into particu to decide on the claims preferred in their
lars, but estimating their loss at one- respective districts of command upon the
fourth, one-half, or three-fourths of the ground of this regulation, and to rant .

whole value, according to which they payment accor.iin. iy.


shall be paid the like proportion of the INDEMNITY, a security or exemp
above sums. tion from penalty, loss, or punishment;
nth. The whole baggage ofa quarter. It is sumetimes connected with amresty.
master of cavalry shall be estimated at Thus Charles the second on his restora
40/. A quarter-master losing the whole tion, endeavored to conciliate the minds
or
any part of his baggage, must produce of his subjects, by promising amnesty and
certificates from the officer commanding, indemnity to the different parties that
and from his captain, as to the quantity had been directly active, indirectly instru
of his baggage, which to the best of their mental, or passively the means of his
belief and judgment has been Ion, ac father's death.
cording to which he will receive the To INDENT, a word particularly
whole or a proportion, of the above sum made use of in India for the dispatch of
of 4*/ military business. It is of the same im
1 2th. The
baggage and camp equipage port and meaning as to draw or set a value
of all staff officers of both cavalry and in upon. It likewise means an ordei for
fantry, are to be valued as those of sub military stores, arms, &c. As an indent
altern officers, except for such as are al for new supplies, Sec.
lowed a tent to themselves, whose camp Indented line, in fortification, is a line
equipage in that case will be valued as that running out and in like the teeth of a saw-,
of a captain. forming several angles, so that one side
13th. A serjeant of cavalry losing his defends another. They are used or. the
necessaries, without any fault of his own, banks of rivers, where they enter a town;
shall receive 2/. i5r. the parapet ofthe covert- way is also often
14th. Corporal, trumpeter, or private, indented. This is by the French engi

2/. ioj-. neers called redans. Small places arc


15th. Serjeant of infantry, 2/. 10s. sometimes fortified with such a line, but
16th. Corporal, drummer, or
private, the fault of such fortifications is, that the
ll. 2s. besiegers from one battery may ruin both
17th. A servant, not being sides ofthe tenaille of the front of a place,
a
soldier,
3/,8s and make an assault without fear of ben*
The cerificates in these five cases to ing enfiladed, since the defences are
be tho same as in the case ofthe quarter ruined.
master. Independent, in a military sense, is
Officers on actual service, whose horses a term which distinguishes from the rest
shall be killed or taken
by the enemy, or
shall be shot for the glanders, receive al-
of the army, those companies that have
been raised by individuals for rank, and
Irwances by way of indemnification for were afterwards drafted into corps that
them, according to the following fates ; were short of their
complement of men.
viz. Independent Company, f is one
Cavalry. Independent Troop, $ that is
Heavy dragoons, first charger, 47/. 5s. not incorporated into any regiment.
Light dragoons, first ditto. 36/. 15*. INDIAN Camp. An Indian camp may
Heavy or light ditto, second ditto, be considetea as one of the loosest assem
31/. ior.
blages of men, women, and children, that
Quarter-master's horse, 29/. 2s, can perhaps, bt imagined.
Infantry. Every common soldier in the army is
Field officer's charger, 31/. ists.
accompanied with a wife, or concubine;
Adjutant's ditto, 31/. ioj. the officers have seveial, and the generals
Chaplain's and subaltern's horses, each whole seraglios ; besides these the anny
18/. iSV. is encumbered by a number ot attendants
Bat horses, (both cavalry and infantry)" and servants, exceeding that of the fight
18/. 18s. ing men ; and to supply the various wants
General officer's first charger, 47/. 51. of this enervated multitude, dealers, ped
Second ditto, 31/. ior. lars, and retailers of all sorts, follow the
Aids de camp, brigade majors, and
camp, to whom a separate quarter is al
other start' officers, whose situations re. lotted, in which they daily exhibit theit
quire their keeping good horses, receive different commodities, in greater quanti
as the light dragoons. ties, and with more regularity, than in
Stati" officers, for whom inferior horses any ;air in Europe ; all of them sitting on
are deemed sufficient, 18/. 18.. the ground in a line, with their merchan
Certificates, stating the particular cir dize exposed before them, and shelter*
IND IND 291

ed from the sun by a mat supported by which was built by the English in 1753,
and contributed to the preservation of
sticks.
Indian Engineer. Mr. Orme, in his Tiitchinopoly, when the Frer.ch at
that place.
history of the Carnatic, affords an instance tempted to stjnn
ef theart of engineering being known, and This battery was called Dalton's bat tery,
cultivated by the native Indians. In from an tfficerof thai nan'?, who, when
page 265, he gives the following account intrusted with the command of ih gar
of a place called Chinglapet, which had rison, n. a converted that oart ofthe gate
been fortified
by an Indian eigineer. way which projectid be-ond the outv\ ard
Chinglapet is situated about 30 miles wall, intu a solid batti ry, with embra
west >r Covelon<, 40 south- west of Ma sures ; having the part between the two

dras, and within half a mile of the walls, as it stood with its windings and
northern bank of the river Pal.ar. It terraces : an interval was likewise left be
was, and not without reason, esteemed by tween the backside ofthe baitery and the
>he natives, a very strong hold. Its out terrace nearest to it, which lay parallel to
line, exclusive of som. irregular projec each other ; so that an enemy who had
tions at the gateways, is nearly a paral gained the battery, could not get to the
lelogram, extending 400 yards from north terrace, without descending into the inter
to south, and
320 from east to west. jacent area, and then mountin,. the wall of
The eastern and halt the northern side, the terrace with scaiint; ladders : the bat
is covered by a continued swamp of rice- tery, however, communicated with the
fields, and the other half of the north, rampart ot the outward wail of the city,
togctiier with the whole ofthe west side, but being, as that vvas, only eighteen
is di tended by a large lake. Inaccessible feet high, it was commanded by the ter
in these parts, it would have been im races behind it, as well .is by the ram

pregnable, if the south side had been part of the inner wall, botti of which,
equally secure; but here the ground is were thirty feet high; upon one of the

high, and gives advantages to an enemy. inward cavaliers, se-uth of the gateway,
The Indian engineer, whoever he was were planted two pieces of cannon, to
that erected the fort, seems to have ex plunge into the battery, and scour the:
ceeded the common reach of his country interval between the two walls, as far a:;
men in the knowlege of his art, not
only the terraces of the gateway ; and two
by the choice of tlie spot, but also, by other pieces, mounted in the north-west
proportioning the strength of thedeiences, angle of the inward rampart, command
to the
advantages and disadvantages of the ed in like manner, both the battery
situation : for the fortifications to the and the interval to the north of the ter
south are much the strongest, those races.
op
posite to the rice-fields, omething weak Inbian Guides. According to the" in
er ; and the
part that is skirted by the genious author of the history of the Car
lake, is defended only by a slender wall : natic, these men are not to be depended
a
deep ditch 60 feet wide, and faced with j upon. In page 217 he relates, that on the
stone ; a fausse braye, and a stone wall ist of April, 1752, at
| night, a captain
18 feet high, with round towers, on, and ' Dalton was ordered with 400 men to
between the angles, form the defences to march, and, by taking large circuit, to
a
the land : nor are these all, for parallel come in at the extremity of the
eastern
to the south, east, and north sides of these
enemy's camp, which he was to enter,
outward works, are others of the same beat up, and set fire to. The English
kind, repeated within them, and these troops, from their long inactivity, knew
joining to the slender wall, which runs so little ofthe ground about
Tritchinopo-
to the west along the
lake, form a second ly, that they were obliged to trust to In
enclosure of fortification. dian guides ; and these being ordered to
Indian Fortification. The entrance conduct them out of the reach ofthe ene
into an Indian fortification is my's advanced posts, fell into the other
through a
large and complicated pile of buildings, extreme, and led them several miles out
projecting in the form of a parallelogram of their way, and through such bad roads,
from the main rampart ; and if the that when the morning star appeared, they
city
has two walls, it projects beyond them found thei.iselves between Elitrriscram,
both : this building consists of several and the French rock, two miles from
continued terraces, whicii are of the same Chunda Saheb's camp, and in the centre
height as the main rampart, and commu of all their posts.
nicate with it ; the inward walls of these Indian princes and iheir troops. Their
terraces, form the sides of an intricate military character may be collected from
about 20 feet broad, which leads the following curious account, which is
Eassage
y various short turnings at ri^ht angles, given of a circumstance that occurred in
through the whole pile to the principal the Tanjore country, when the- English
gate, that stands in the main rampart. obtained a signal victory over the f rench
We have extracted this passage, from the and Mysoreans, in 1753. Tne presence of
History of the Carnatic, as affording a tne nabob
being thought necessary to fa
general outline of Indian fortification, In cilitate* negociation that was then judged
the same place may be seen, (page
3io; expedient to undertake, he prepared to
the following description of march with the English army; but \r,
a
battery ;
2*2 IND IND

the evening he intended to


quit the city^t less the crowd proceed to violence ; but in
his discontented troops assembled in the order to prevent this, they take care f
outer court of the
palace, and clamor attach to their interest some principal of
ing, declared, that they would not suffer ficers, with such a number of the best
him to move, before he had paid their ar troops, as may serve on emergency to
rears ; in vain were arguments used to check the tumult, which is rarely headed
convince this rabble, more insolent be by a man of distinction. But when his
cause they had never rendered any effectu affairs grow desperate by the success of a
al service-, that his going to Tanjore was superior enemy, the prince atones severely
the only measure from which they could for his evasions,
by a total defection of
hope for a chance of receiving their pay : his army, or by suffering such outrages as
they remained inflexible, and threatened the Nabob Mahomed- Ally would in all
vio'ence ; upon which captain Dalton, a probability have been exposed to, had he
British officer, sent a messenger to the not been rescued in the manner we have

ramp, from whence the grenadier compa described.


ny immediately marched into the city, Military INDICATIONS. (Indices,
vvhere they were joined by ioo of thegar- Ex.) Marshal Saxe very judiciously ob
Tison of Tritchinoply, and all together serves, that there are indications in war
forcing their way into the palace, they got which every officer should attend to, and
the nabob into his palanquin, and escorted from which deductions and conclusions
him to the camp, surrounded by 200 may be drawn with some degree of cer
Europeans with fixed bayonets ; the mal tainty. A previous knowlege of your
contents not daring to offer him any out
enemy's national character and customs,
rage as he was passing, nor on the other will contribute not a little towards the
hand, was any injury offered to them : attainment of this object. Every coun
for notwithstanding such proceedings in try indeed has customs and usages whicii
more civilized nations
rarely happen, and are peculiar to itself. Among various in
are justly esteemed dications that we might adduce, let us
mutiny and treason ;
yet in Hindustan they are common acci suppose these leading ones by which the
dents, and arise from such causes as ren intentions of an enemy may be discover
der difficult to ascertain whether the ed by the garrison of a besieged town. If,
prince or his army be most in fault- The for example, towards the close of day
nabob had certainly no money to pay his groupes or loose parties of armed men
troops; so far from ;t, that the English should be discovered upon the neighbor
had now for two years furnished all the ing heights which overlook and command
expences of their own troops in the field : the town, you may remain assured, that
but it is a maxim with every prince in seme considerable attack is in agitation.

India, let his wealth be ever so great, to Small detachments from thedifferent corps
keep his army in long arrears, for tear rtiey are sent forward for this purpose, and the
should desert. This apprehension is per besieging army is thereby apprized of th&
haps not unjustly entertained of hirelings business ; as the heights arc occupied ijr
collected from
every part ef a despotic the evening by the parties in question,
empire, and insensibleof notions of attach in order that they may be thoroughly'
ment to the prince or cause they serve; acquainted with the leading avenues, Sec.
but from hence the soldiery, accustomed When much firing is heard from an ene
to excuses when dictated by no necessity, my's camp, and another army lies en
give no credit to those which are made to camped near, the latter may conclude,
them, when there is a real impossibility that an engagement will take place the
of satisfying their demands ; and a prac following day ; for it must be evident,
tice common to most of the princes of that the soldiers are cleaning and trying
Hindustan, concurs not a little to increase their musquets.
this mistrust in all who serve them ; for Marshal Saxe further remarks, that a
on the one hand, the vain notions in which considerable movement in an enemy's
have been educated, inspire them army may be discovered by any large
they
with such a love of outward shew, and quantity of dust, which is a sure indica
the enervating climate in which they are tion of it. The reflection of the sun
born, renders them so incapable of resist upon the firelocks of an army will like
ing theim ulsesof fancy; and on the other wise lead to some knowlege of its posi
hand, the frequent reverses of fortune in tion. If the rays are collected and per
this empire, dictate so strongly the neces pendicular, it is a certain indication, that
sity of hoarding resources against the the enemy is advancing towards you;
hour of calamity, that nothing is more if they disappear at times and cast a bro
common than to see a nabob purchasing a ken radiance, you may conclude, that he
jewel or ornament of great price, at the is retreating. If the troops movt from
very time that
he is in tne greatest distress right to left, their line of march is to
for money to answer the necessities of the wards the left ; if from left to right, the
government. Hence, instead of being line of march is towards the right. Should
shocked at the clamors of their soldiery, considerable clouds of dust be seen to rise
they are accustomed to live in expec from an enemy's camp, and it be ascer
tation of them, and it is a maxim in their tained, that he is in want of forage, ir
conduct to hear them with patience, un- may fairly be inferred, that the train o.

I N D IND 293

waggoners and purveyors, &c. are mov tenant-general, two major-generals, one

ing, and that the whole will follow short- colonel, two lieutenant-colonels, two cap
tains and one lieutenant.
iy.
If the enemy, observes the same writer, The offices anddepartments
military one military auditor-
has his camp-ovens on the right or left, are superintended by
and you are covered by a small rivulet, general, one deputy military auditor-
you may make a flank disposition, and by general, one first assistant and accompt-
that manoeuvre, suddenly return and de ant, military pay-master general, one
one
tach ten or twelve thousand men to de deputy pay-master general, one adjutant-
molish his ovens ; and whilst you are general, one deputy adjutant-general, one
protected by the main body of the army secretary to the military board, one first
which is ordered to support the first de assistant, one quarter-master general, one
tachment, you may seize upon all his deputy quarter-master general, one sur
flour, &c. There are innumerable strata. veyor general, one assistant to ditto, one
gems of this sort which may be practised judgeadvocate general, one deputy judge-
in war, and by means of which, a victory advocate at Dinapore and Chunar, one
may be obtained without much bloodshed ditto at Cawnpore and
on your part, and at all events with con
Futtygur, one su
perintendant of powder- works, one assis
siderable disadvantage to the enemy. tant ditto.
INDIES (East). According to the The army stations in India, with their
geographical description of the East appropriate public staffs are ;

Indies, they must be considered as being Fort- William, under one


major-general
divided into two principal parts, viz. commanding at the presidency, who has
India within the river Ganges, and India one aid-de-camp, one head
surgeon, one
beyond the river Ganges. chaplain, one pay-master; and we pre
India, "within the river Ganges. This sume, one
brigade-major.
division consists of a country, which is Barrackpore, under one captain com
situated between the latitudes of 6 and 34 mandant, who has one brigade-major, and
degrees north, and between 53 and 91 de one chaplain.
grees of east longitude. A great part of Berhampore, under one major-genera],
this space is covered with the sea. India who commands the station, and has one
within the Ganges is bounded on the aid-de-canip, one brigade-major, one
north by Usbec Tartary, and part of Thi
chaplain, and one deputy pay-master.
bet, by the Indian ocean on the south; by Dinapore, under one major-general, who
Great Thibet, India beyond the Ganges, has
and the bay of Bengal on the east, and
one
aid.de-camp, one
brigade-major,
Persia and the Indian ocean on the west.
by one
pay-master, one head surgeon, and one
chaplain,
The chief mountains are those of Cauca under
Chunar, one major-general offi
sus, Naugracut, and Balahaut, which run cer, who commands the station, and has
|hnost the whole length of India from one
aid-de-camp, one
brigade-major, one
nbrth to south. head surgeon,
India beyond the Ganges. This divi
one
deputy pay-master, and
one
chaplain.
sion consists of a country, which is situ
Cawnpore, under one major-general who
ated between the latitudes of one and commands the station, and who has one
30
degrees north, and between the longitudes secretary and Persian interpreter in the
of 89 and
i>9 degrees east. Great pan of field, one aid-de-camp, one head surgeon,
these limits is covered
by the sea. It is one brigade-major, one deputy pay-mas
bounded on the north by Thibet and ter, and chaplain.
one
China, by China and the Chinese sea Futty Ghur, under one major-general
on the
east; by the same sea and the commanding, who has one aid-de-camp,
streights of Malacca on the south, and by one
brigade-major, one surgeon, one chap
the bay of Bengal and
part of India on lain, and one
pay-master.
the west.
To enter into the extent of the British
Hydrabad detachment, under the com
mand of lieutenant- colonel, one ma
one
possessions in this quarter of the globe, jor of brigade, one deputy commissary of
would be to exceed the limits of our un
ordnance, one deputy pay-master, and
dertaking in a considerable degree, with one Persian
interpreter.
out materially aiding its
principal object, Prince of Wales' s Island, under one
cap
which is military information. We shall tain commandant, one captain subordi
therefore content ourselves with
giving,
in a brief and succinct manner, a view of
nate to him, one lieutenant, who is depu
ty commissary of ordnance, one pay-mas
those establishments which constitutes
ter, one engineer, having the rank of
the Indian army.
lientenant, one surgeon, and one assistant-
According to the last printed oriental surgeon.
register, the army in India is composed of The cantonments and garrisons consist
one
corps of engineers, two artillery regi of the following :

ments, eight regiments of cavalry, two Barrackpore, where there is one barrack-
regiments of European infantry, and forty master.
regiments of native infantry, divided into Berhampore, where there is one barrack-
brigades of 6 regiments each. master, and
The military board consists of one lieu- f
one
engineer.
2^4 IND INF

with barrack -mas ter, and and Hindus the people usually called
Dinapore, one
India.
;
one engineer.
Midnapore, with one adjutant and quar INEXPUGNABLE. See Impreg.
termaster. N A B L E

Fort- William, with one fort-major, one INFAMOUS behaviour, (infomie, Fr.)
barrack-master, one fort-adjutant, one a term peculiarly applicable to military
garrison store-keeper, one surgeon,and one it is affected by dishonorable
I life when
assistant surgeon. conduct. Hence the expression which
Monghyr, under one major-general, whoi is used in the Articles of War, relative to
commands ; one fort-adjutant, one engi- scandalous infamous behaviour ; on convic.
>

neer, and one surgeon. tion of which, an officer is ordered to be


Buxar, under one major-general com- | cashiered. Infamy may be attached to an
officer or soldier in a
rnandant, one fort-adjutant, and one as.. variety of ways ; and
sistant surgeon. j some countries are more tenacious thatt
Chunar, with one fort- adjutant, and I others on this head. Among European
barrack-master, one engineer, and one, nations it has always been de-med infa
garrison store -keeper. ! mous and disgraceful to abandon the field
Allakhabad, with one lieutenant-colo of action, or to desert the colors, except
'

nel commandant, one fort adjutant, and in cases of the greatest emergency. In
one barrack-master. Germany, a mark of infamy, was attached
There is likewise, an establishment for to the character of every man that was
European invalids at Chunar, consisting- found guilty of misbehaviour before tjie
at present, of one captain from the first
enemy He could not assist at the pi blrc
.

company of artillery, two captains from i sacrifices, nor be present at a court-mar


the third company of infantry, two lieu ! tial. Many destroyed themselves in con-
tenants, two ensigns, one adjutant, and sequence ofthe ignominy they suffered on
one quarter-master. these occasions. According to the old
The medical department of India con- ; french salique law, any per -on who
sists of an hospital board, under one first;! should upbraid another with havng fled
member and directoi of the hospits's, one '] from the field of battle, and not be able
second member of the hospital board, one ! to prove it, was heavily fined.
secretary, one surgeon and apothecary,! Among the Romans the punctilious
one assistant surgeon and deputy apothe nicety of military fame was carried to a
can, one purveyor and contractor for ,| much higher pitch. It was considered
beddin- and clothing, one head surgeon at! as infamous and disgraceful to be taken
head quarters, and six hospital mates. prisoner, and a Roman soldier was im-
The armed force of the East Indies in- pressed with the idea, that he must either
]
dependent of the troops sent from E urope, | conquer or die in the field Regulus, the
consists in a marine >attaiion which has! Roman general, w as so much influenced
six companies stationed at Bengal, one i by these high sentiments, that when the
company at Fort- Marlborough, and one Carthagenians by whom he had been
:

at the Prince of Wales's Island. There j taken prisoner, sent him to Rome, in
is likewise a battalion distinguished b\ the ! order to arrange certain conditions of
name of the Ramghur_battalion, and a > peace, he deemed himself unworthy to

corps of hill rangers. To which must be appear in the senate, notwithstanding


added the Calcutta native militia, the that his fellow citizens invited him to
Hindustan cavalry, and three volunteer the sitting, The advice which he gave
battalions serving in the Carnatic The his countrymen, and the punishment lie

Calcutta militia, properly so c lied, is suffered on his return to Carthage are well
commanded by the aght honorable the known.
governor general. This establishment Although these notions have considera
consists of one troop of cavalry; one in
bly degenerated among the modems, the
fantry battalion, one Armenian corps, and military character is nevertheless so far
one Portuguese corps. elevated above tverv other profession in
The general staff of India m 1800, con life, that the slightest imputation of cow
sisted of one commander in chief, one ardice or dishonor is sufficient to affect it.
military auditor general, one militar |<ay -

Among the French the most punctilious


master gtneral, one one nicety is observed ; so much so, that the
adjutant general,
quarter- master general, judge-advo- common soldier considers himself supe
one
cate general, two deputies at Dinapore 1 rior to the lower orders of
mankind, and
and Chunar, and Cawnpore, and Putty- ; will resent a blow or a lie with a ertina-
|
ghur, one surveyor general, one military \ city of honor, that puts him upon a level
secretary to the governor general, four { with the most scrupulous duellist. How
aids-de-camp to the governor general, i far this sense of honor ought to be encou
two aids-de-camp to the commander in raged in the ranks we will not pretend to
chief, one secretary to the commander in determine. But we shall scarcely be
chiet, surgeon to the commander in
one found fault with, or run the hazard of
chief, Persian translator to the com
one contradiction, when we assert, that no
mander in chief. officerought to hold a commission in any
INDObTAN. This word properly service, who can either take or give the
spelled Hindustan ; from Stan a country, j lie, or receive a blow withont resenting
INF INF 295

It appears, that Vfachiavelli, m his


the insult in the most summary manner.
For we may pronounce, that man inca Artedella Gueira, sufficiently points out
pable of doing justice to the service, who what, and how considered, the infantry
he insensible himself. Nor does the were in hs time, when he
can says (libro
"
term infamous apply in this instanceonly. primo) Venuta la pace, che i gentit huo-
There are various cases, in which the con- mini a\\a loro particolare arte."
duct of an officer may render him un It is plain, the fanti w.-re huomini
worthy of the situation he fills : such as bassi, esoldati gregarii, /'. e, hired servants,
cheating play, taking unfair advantages
at and therefore called fanti, and the corps
ofyoih, imposing upon the credulity or fanteria. The term infantry was given
confidence of a tradesman, habitual to thein when they were considered mere

drunkenness, flagrant breaches of hospi ly as lads attending on the :nmy : and the-
term has continued, though their condi
tality, Sec.
INFANTRY, (Infanterie, Fr ; This tion is altered.
term being littlo understood with respect From these sensible observations, it is
to its derivation, and having by some evident that although the primary sources
writers been either vaguely interpreted, or of infantry are in the Greek and Latin
erroneously traced, we think it our duty languages, its modern derivation is from
to give the best, and we presume, the the Italian word fante, which signifies
a follower. In the first
only correct explanation ofthe word. one In stages of mo
so cloiti
we should be unthankful to dern warfa e, battles .\ ere chiefly fought
of the most acute observers in life, and by cavalry or horsemen; but in Italy,
one of tin closest reasoners, were we to and afterwards in Spain, the bodies of
omit acknowleging that we have been horse were always attended by a certain
favored by the ingenious and learned au number of squires or armed men on foot
thor ofthe Diversions of Purity, with the who marched in the rear and assisted
following account of its derivation. their leaders.
Johnson generally states, that infantry Boccacio mentions the latter under the
are foot soldiers belonging to the army ; and term fanteria, and other I talian writers,
the compilers of other dictionaries content one of whom we have
already quoted,
themselves with assimilating the term in call it infanteria, both being derived from
fantry to the name of a Spanish princess, fante. Nothing can be more out of date,
who marched at the head of a body of Spa out of place, and
superficial than to ima
niards on foot, and defeated the Moors. gine that because the Spaniards have re
She vvas called Infanta. Our learned corded a gallant action, which was per
friend, on the contrary, traces it Jo the formed an infanta of that nation, the
by
source of genuine etymology, and of
grounds est
Europe should bury the real ety
his opinion upon the bt?st authorities. His mology of infantry beneath the flimsy
firsr root is from the Greek pbe-mi, Latin, texture of court adulation. It is, besides,
Fa-ri, participle Fans In -fans ; Italian,

extremely erroneous to state, that until


Infante, by abridgment, Fante; Infanteria, rhat period men did not fight on foot.
by abridgment, Fan ter la ,- French, Infan It is well known that the Greeks and
terie; English, Infantry. Romans frequently placed the greatest
It is still in French and in English a confidence in men of that description.
common expression to soldiers, allons The former had their Hoplitai, their
mes
enfans, come on my lads, (or my Psiloi, and their Peltastai ; and the lat
boys). So a servant is called a lad or a ter their Celeres, Velites, Hastati, Princi-
boy (and formerly a knave or a page), al pes, and Triarii, or Pisarii. The French
though a full grown man. word Fantassin which signifies a foot sol
The military profession is still called dier, is manifestly derived from fante.
service ; and a soldier is said to serve in Until the reign of Charles the Vllth.
the army. the French infantry were extremely de
Skinner says well ; " The
infantry, fective; so much so, that Brantome says
Fr. G. infanterie; Italian, fanteria, in one- part of his works, the infantry
pedi-
tatus: fante, pedes et
famulus; quia could not be considered as essentially use
scilicet ohm pedites equitum famuli, vel ful to the of the state. For it
pedissequi fuerunt.fante autem a Lat. security
consisted in those da vs, of marauts, belistret
Infans, manifeste ortum ducit. Et nos mat armes, mal
complexionnes ; jeneans, pil-
Boy, non tantum pro puero sed et pro lards et mangeurs du
peuple : whicll may be
famulo, secundariosensu usurpamus." thus rendered in plain English: lads, ras
After which he refers us to Lansquenet.
cals, and vagabonds, scoundrels ill equipped
A Lansquenet, a Fr. G.
Lansquenet, and ill looking
filehers, plunderers, and de-

pedes, miles, gregarius, utr. a Teut. vourers of the people.


Lance, lancea, et Knecht, servus: olim Europe however is unquestionably in
enim pedites equitum lancearioium debted the Swiss for a total change in
to
quas
servi erunt ; et quilibet eques vel
quatuor tue
military system particularly so with
quinque pedites, tanquam famulos cir- regard to foot soldiers.
cumduxir. Exercitus autem numero Dr. Robertson in the first volume of
equitum, non peditum censebantur. his history of Charles V. p. 105, observes
Vide Comineum et iiUos illorum seculo- that the system o.1 employing the Swiss
rtrm Scripteres, in the Italian, wars, was the occasion qv
296 I N F INF

introducing a total innovation in the mi Italy, which vvas the chief scene of their
litary custom. The arms and discipline operations in that country, not only adopt.
ofthe Swiss were difterent from those of ed the Swiss discipline, but improved
other European nations. During their upon it, by mingling a proper number of
long and violent strug.-l.-s in defence of soldiers, armed with heavy musqu ts, in
their liberties against the house of Aus their battalions ; and thus formed that
tria, whose armies, like those of other famous body of infantry, which, during a
considerable princes, consisted chiefly of century and a half, was the admiration and
heavy-armed cavalry, the Swiss found terror of all E urope. The Italian states*
that their poverty, and the small number gradually diminished the number of their
of gentlemen residing in their country, at cavalry, and, in imitation of their more
that time barren and ill cultivated, put it powerful neighbors, brought the strength
out of their power to bring into the field of their armies to consist in foot soldiers.
any body of horse capable of facing the From this
period the nations of Europe
have carriea on war with forces more
enemy. Necessity compelled them to
place all their confidence in infantry, and adapted to every species of service, more
in order to render it capable of withstand
capable of acting in every country, and
ing the shock of cavalry, they gave the better fitted both for conquests, and for
soldiers breast-plates and helmets, as de preserving them. See Robertson's View
fensive armor, together with long spears, ofthe State of Europe, book I. pages 105
halberts, and heavy swor.is, as weapons and 107.
of offence. They formed them into large Infanterie aventuriere, Ex. a
of French infantry, which succeeded t
species
battalions, ranged in deep and close array,
so that they could present on
every side the legions that were established under
a formidable front to the Francis I. in imitation of the Roman le-*
enemy. (See
Machiavel's Art of War, b. ii. chap. ii. p. gions. This infantry was kept up as lato^
451.) The men at arms could make no as during the reign of Henry I V. when

impression on the solid strength of such a the whole of the foot establishment was
body. It repulsed the Austrians in all reduced into regiments.
their attempts to
conquer Swisserland, Heavy-armed Infantry, among the
It broke the Burgunaian gendarmerie. ancients, were such as wore a com
which was scarcely inferior to that of and engaged with
plete suit of armor,
France, either in number or reputation ; broad shields and long spears. They
and when first called to act in Italy, it were the flower and strength of rhe Gre
bore down by its irresistable force, every cian armies, and had the highest rank of
enemy that attempted to oppose it. military honor.
These repeated proofs of the decisive ef Light-armed Infantry, amongst the
fect of infantry, exhibited on such con ancients, were designed for skirmishes,
spicuous occasions, restored that service and for fighting at a distance. Their wea
to reputation, and gradually re-established pons arrows, darts, or slings.
were -

the opinion which had been long exploded, Light Infantry have only been in use
of its superior importance in the opera since the year 1656. They have no

tions of war. But the glory the Swiss camp equipage to carry, and their arms
had acquired, having inspired them with and accoutrements are much lighter than
such high ideas of their own prowess and the common infantry, or battalion men.
consequence, as frequently rendered them Wherever there is light cavalry, there
mutinous and insolent, the princes who should be light infantry to act in conjunc
employed them became weary of depend tion.
ing on the caprice of foreign mercenaries, Foreign Infantry (Infanterie itran.
and began to turn their attention towards into
gere, Fr.J Foreign troops were taken
the improvement of their national infantry. pay, during the old monarchy of France,
The German powers having the com at a very early period. In the reign of
mand of men, whom nature has endowed Fhilip surnamed le Bel or the handsome,
with that steady courage and persevering treatises and agreements were severally en
strength which form them to be soldiers, tered into for this purpose, with John
soon modelled their troops in such a man Bailleul king of Scotland, Eric king of
ner, that they vied with the Swiss both Norway, Albert duke of Austria, and
in discipline and valor. many other German princes, and with
The French monarch, though more Humbert duke of Vicnnois.
slowly, and with greater difficulty, accus Philip of Valois likewise made use of
tomed the impetuous spirit of their peo foreign troops, and under Louis XI. the
ple to subordination and discipline; and Swiss were taken into French pay ; since
were at such pains to render their national that period and until the revolution,
infantry respectable, that as early as the which was accomplished on th loth ot
reign of Louis XII. several gentlemen of August, 1792, several regiments were
high rank had so far abandoned their an maintained under the different denomina
cient ideas, as to condescend to enter into tions of Swiss, German, Italian, Cata-
their service. lonian, Scotch and Irish corps or brigades.
The Spaniards, whose situation made During the present war the same system
has been more or less adopted by the
it difficult to employ any other than their
national troops in the southern parts of British government. Independent of
INF INF 297

foreign subsidies,it has been judged expe waggon train, and consisted wholly of fo
dient admit foreigners of rank, and we
to reigners.
of military merit, within those The Turkish Infantry (Infanterie Tur-
presume,
native limits, from whence heretofore que, Fr.) is generally composed of regi-
every stranger was jealously exclud giments that are chosen or select. This
ed. A reference to the official army body is first divided into two parts called
list will readily point out the corps that Capikuli and Serratkuli. The militia,
come under this description. With res which is named Capikuli, is subdivided
pect to the 6oth or loyal American, it is into Janizaries, Agemolans, Topeys, Gebe-
necessary to observe, that the original gys and Sakkas. The agemokns consti
principles upon which those battalions tute the military school, in which young
were established, have been totally alter men, destined for the corps of Janizaries,
ed. One battalion in particular, instead are educated ; The Topeys are Turkish
of being called American, should be named cannoniers, the Gebegys axe armorers,
German. For the colonel is a German and the Sakkas are water carriers.
by birth and education, and the majority The Serratkuli infantry is composed of
ofthe corps are from that country. Azapes, Izarelys, Seimenys, Lagumgys and
In thus adverting to the 6oth regi Musellims. Count de Marsilly iin his
ment, we think it right to explain away Etat militaire de 1'Empire Ottoman, gives
an absurd and contradictory opinion, the following account of these
corps.
which has prevailed of late years to the The Porte being convinced, that the
prejudice of that gallant corps. It has body of Janizaries was not sufficiently
been called the condemned regiment, from strong to garrison all the frontier places
an idle, and unfounded notion, that the belonging to the Turkish erqpire, esta
different battalions, though forming a blished in the different provinces new
considerable part of the British infantry, corps of infantry, whose duty was similar
were excluded from home service, on ac to that ofthe Janizaries, in
camp and gar
count of some imputed misconduct. rison. These corps were maintained at
Their uniform good behaviour is a suffi the expence of each Beglerbey or princi
cient refutation to the latter supposition ; Some writers have inconsiderate
and when we state that at the close of the
pality.
ly confounded this corps with that ofthe
American war, the battalions of the 6oth Janizaries, merely distinguishing it by the
v/ere formed for the express purpose of gar name of Capikuli. It differs, however,
risoning the British possessions in Canada, very materially from them, being superior
and as the means of providing for those in the formation of its divisions, more ce
Americans who had suffered by their at lebrated for the valor of its troops, and in
tachment to the royal cause, we may leave every respect better disciplined.
the subject without further explanation ; This corps is not upon the same foot
merely adding, that instead of being exiled ing as the militia called Capikuli. It is,
from Europe, they have during the pre in general under the direction of the Bachas
sent war, done duty in Ireland and at the of the different provinces, the command
Isle of Wight. With respect to foreign of which is given to those persons who
troops in the pay of and actually serving are either the
particular friends of the
in Great Britain; there are five Dutch Bachas, or have the means of bribing
regiments under two Dutch generals, handsomely foi the appointments. This
which in every sense of the word, come militia does not receive
under the description of foreign infantry.
any pay, unless it
be actively employed, and its subsistence
Indeed from the general convulsed state of in that case is drawn from the provinces,
Europe, and the gradual introduction of much in the same manner as British
coercive measures, the business of arms militia is from the different counties, at
seems necessarily to have taken an as the monthly meetings. With regard to
cendancy over every other calling or pro its institution, the principal object of it is
fession. to support the Janizaries, and to
The foreign infantry, in the service of them, when vacancies occur.
replace
Great Britain, according to the returns The Serratkuli infantry, is divided into
delivered in on the ist of November Azapes, Izarelys, Seimenys, Lagumgys, and
1800, consisted of loyal French emigrants, Musellims.
Castries, Mortemart, Roll, and Dillon ; The number of the Azapes is not par
Meuron ditto; four ditto Dutch, each ticularly fixed. They consist chiefly of
having a
company of artillery attached, independent companies, which are distri
and one Dutch rifle with a company of buted among the different
departments of
pioneers ; Lowenstien's corps, which was the Turkish empire. They aredistinguish-
not completed, and one corps of foreign in ed among their own
people by the differ
valids. Staff' to a foreign hospital. There ent names of the week, and are divided into
were besides sixteen unattached foreign of as odas
many or
companies.
ficers who received full pay, 166 ditto on These odas or companies are indiscrim
half pay, 504 aged and wounded ditto, 46 to the orders of two gene
inately subject
foreign officers widows, 44 children of ral officers, viz. the Azape-Agasi who is
foreign officers who died in the king's commander in chief of the A zapes, and the
service. There was also a small corps of Azape-Kiatiby their commissary general,
estafettes, which were attached to the o o
298 INF INF

who keeps a register of their names and ards, which are similar to the Oda t, and
countries. they obey their Seimeny-Boluk-Bescby,
They obey subordinate officers called who commands sixty men that are attach
derys, oda-baschys, and bairactars. There ed to his standard, and to the Bairactar,
are ten derys attached to each company, who escorts the standard, which is gen
who may be properly considered as cor erally red and ofa moderate size.
porals, entrusted with the discipline of the The seimenys usually do duty in camp
soldiers. The bairactais are the standard- and garrison. For although the Turks
bearers. Each standard belonging to an place little confidence in christians, yet
oda or company consists of a horse's tail, there have been instances wherein their
which hangs from the end of a lance, that services have been required on very im
is capped with a gilt ball. The officers portant occasions. At the siege of Vienna
are moreover directed to superintend they employed christian troops, and in
the messes belonging to their different creased their infantry by those means very
companies. considerably ; they even formed a reserve
It is usual for each azape to be a native from troops of that description; and theit
of the province, in which he serves, and conduct was such, that they acquired a
he is generally clothed after the fashion of marked reputation by the obstinate resis
the country. At Buda the azapes were tance which they made at Colemberg.
ordered to be dressed in the Hungarian These troops, however, are in general
manner, which consisted in a clotn cap ill- armed; having only rough polished
bordered with skin, a sabre, an arque sabres, and very indifferent arquebuses
bus or fusil : which similarity of dress with locks, or bad fusils of different sizes,
and accoutrement has frequently con and consequently of little use in the hands
founded the azapes with Hungarian chris of such men.
tians. The Lagumgys axe what we call miners;
The isarelys are chiefly employed in the This
body is chiefly composed of Arme
frontier towns, and have charge of the ar nians anu christians, out of Greece or
tillery in the room of the topeys or can- Bosnia, who being in the habit of mining,
noniers. They are under the direction are extremely serviceable in that
line, and
and command of an artillery officer, who act under the immediate direction of some
is sent from Constantinople and is called old officers called lagumgys-baschys or
Topey-Agasi. chiefs ofthe miners. Some particular privi
Their number is uncertain, and they leges are annexed to these appointments.
are subdivided, as their employment
not The Musellims axe christian tributaries,
depends wholly upon the quality and whose duty is to march before the advanc
quantity of artillery that are used. One ed guard of the army, to clear the roads
man is attached to small field pieces, and and to construct bridges foi the passage of
two to those of larger calibre ; so that in the troops. On this account they are call.
stead of being distributed by companies, ed pioneers.
they are ordered upon duty according to The bachas of the difterent Turkish
the nature and number of the ordnance. towns pay great attention to these mu
They have no other officer, besides the sellims or pioneers. They not only ex
one already mentioned, attached to them, empt them from all taxes, but even give
which officer is subordinate to the Bacha them lands and freeholds. By a particu
ofthe province, as their service does not lar privilege which is attached to this
require subaltern officers. The Boluky s- corps, only five out of thirty are obliged to
Baschys are officers merely employed to do duty on a march, and
they are then
bring orders from the general officers, but joined to the carpenters, which renders
they cannot interfere in the direction or the service less fatiguing. Their number
management of the artillery. is not fixed. 1 1 depends indeed, more or
The Seimenys are the least respected less, upon the population ofthe different
body belonging to this national militia, provinces, and on the extent of land which
being composed wholly of peasants, that may be disposed of in their favor.
are called out and enrolled like the
supple They are commanded by a bas-musel-
mentary militia of Great Britian, in cases liin or principal person
belonging to the
of extreme necessity. They are only in whose only duty is to super.
fact considered as a mass of people exempts,
intend the regular
discharge of their func
serving to increase the number of troops, tions.
without having any credit for mili Those, however, belonging to Natolia
tary skill or valor. They consist of are subject to the bey or sangiah, who
Turks.Grceks, andeven of Roman Catho superintends the distribution of their sub
lics, who enrol themselves in order to be sistence, Sec. in the same manner that lie
exempted from the annual tax. does that of the cavalry which is attached
Their only chief or commanding officer, to his department.
is the bacha of the province. The seim The
enys belonging to Natolia are all Mahom-
only weapon they carry is a hatch
et; but the neighboring villages or the
edans. They are called Jajas, or men on public magazines belonging to the artille
foot, and although they do not receive any ry, are obliged to supply them with pick
pay, except when embodied, they are axes and other tools that may be wanted
nevertheless divided into hairacts or stand
INF ING 299

in their profession. They are strictly for cumstance once occurred, which is fre-
uently quoted. was briefly this: anof-
It
bidden the use of a sabre or fusil.
Whenever the Turkish army is on its 2 cer happening to appear upon the parade
march, the musellims are obliged to go without being strictly uniform as to dress,
forward every preceding day, in order to was ordered to fall out. Some little time
after the commanding officer (by whom
prepare the way for its progress.
During a siege they are frequently at the subaltern had been noticed) was him
tached to the garrison guns, which they self irregularly dressed ; the latter availed
work in the best manner they can ; and himself of an opportunity to mention the
when a town is besieged by the Turks, circumstance in a familiar and good-
the musellims are employed in the tren humored manner; upon which the for
mer very shrewdly replied // is true, sir,
ches, from which duty they derive con

siderable profit ; so much so, that the Jan that lam not strictly in uniform to-day, but
izaries are extremely jealous of them on you will be pleased to recollect, that I have
the commanding officer's leave. The re
these occasions. They are, in a word,
the most formidable body of infantry partee was not amiss, as it conveyed at the
which the Turks possess ; for the ground same time a sound piece of advice to eve-

work Of every species of attack or defence, xy inferior officer; but it did not justify
and the managament of all warlike ma the deviation. An admiral, from mo
chines rest upon their exertions. tives, we conceive, of duty, as well as
The IN FERN A L. Strada gives a very of
principles economy, was so tenacious of
curious and interesting account of this regularity, that rather than appear not
machine, in his history ofthe Belgicjwar. strictly correct, he has been known to
The infernal was tried by the English have a second naval uniform, made of
at Dunkirk and St. Maloes, and by the coarse flannel, which he constantly wore

Dutch and English under king William. on board. Notwithstanding this laudable
It is likewise mentioned by Grose in his instance, it is well known, that both in
the army and navy, the reparteeof the com
history of the English army.
The only time during the present war manding officer has been frequently used.
at which its dreadful powers have been at INFORMERS. Soldiers who give
tempted, was in the month of December, information of false musters, or of pay il
1800, when a conspiracy was formed and legally detained, are entitled to their dis
emissaries under the direction of one charge. See Mutiny Act, sections 27
Jackson, sent from London to destroy and 69.
Bonaparte. It failed as to its immediate ob INGINEER. SeeENCtNEEn;
jects, but proved by its collateral effects, INGENIEUR, Fr. Ingineer. Set
that the invention is as destructive as the Engineer.
most sanguine destroyer of the human Ingenibur par rapport a I'architecture
race could wish. civile, Fr. An engineer who may be
pro
To INFEST, infester, Fr. This word perly called an adept in civil architecture.
is more strictly applicable to places than to A person of this
description was always
things. employed among the French. He was a
To Infest a place (infester un lieu) sig skilful and in'.elligent man, perfectly mas
nifies to frequent any particular spot for ter of mechanics ; by which means he
the evident purpose of doing damage, to could invent machines for the purpose of
create uneasiness and to commit depreda increasing propellents, so as either to draw
tions. Thus free-booters or thieves are or to raise
heavy loads with facility, or to
said to infest places. elevate and direct the course of waters.
INFINIMENT PETIT, Fr. Infi Incenieurm architecture milit aire, Fr.
nitely small. Modern calculators call, by An engineer who is perfectly master of
this name, every thing which is so ex military architecture. The term itself
iguous that it cannot be compared to any points out, that the requisite qualifications
other quantity, or which is smaller than are ingenuity, skill, and an
apt talent at
any other assignable quantity. The new invention. The French, in former times,
calculation which has been adopted made use ofthe word ingeigneur instead of
among geometricians respecting quanti ingenieur ; deriving the former from engin,
ties that are infinitely small ; is called the which originally signified a machine
calculation of infinitesimals .
amongst them, and has since been adopted
INFIRMARY. See Hospital. by us. All warlike machines, such as
INFLUENCE of example. In a mili cannons, Sec. were, in fact, called en
tary sense the influence of xample is of gines, because they were, for the most
the greatest consequence. We have part, invented by engineers. So that even
already spoken generally on the neces the woxd engin, Ft. and engine comes from
sity of good example (see Example); the Latin engenium, or invention. These
we tl>nk it proper further to observe, machines were, indeed, frequently called
that the influence which every action in bad Latmingenia. Hence the
etymology
of a commanding officer bears, is of ot ingenieur. The situation of ingenieur,
so much
importance to the service, as to among the French, has always been
tender it incumbent upon every superior deemed ex tremely honorable. They have.
person to consider its effects upon the always risen to the highest posts in the
mind and conduct of an inferior. A cir
army, and their skill and judgment have
300 ING ING

..always been thought fortified place became tedious, and many


indispensibly neces-
aiy in all the operations of war. We have lives were unnecessarily lost. Louis the
already pointed out, under the article XI Vth, by his personal appearance and
Engineer, the outlines of this impor attention gave fresh life to his
army, and
tant character. We only regret, that the instilled into every part of it a spirit of
limits of our undertaking will not admit subordination, which had been hitherto
the very sensible observations which are unknown. He was actuated by a
to be found under the head Incenieur thorough conviction, that in every species
in several French publications. of offensive and defensive operation the
The French, and after them several use of artillery, under the guidance of
other nations, have formed their engineers scientific men, vvas essentially requisite.
into select corps ; the French call them In no instance however, does the skill of
corps de Genie. an able engineer appear so much to advan
Ingenieur Direct ure, Fr. A respon tage as in the attack of a fortified places
sible person in the old French service, This the king witnessed himself, and on
whose duty was to superintend and take that account he considerably increased the
charge of a certain number of fortified number of engineers. Persons of the
towns or places, and to transmit a regular first distinction became candidates for
account of the actual state of the works, situations in that honorable body .

and to represent whatever might appear Whenever there vvas a deficiency during
defective, or stand in need of repair. a siege of subordinate engineers or
inge-
Ingenieur en Chef, Fr. chief engineer. nieurs en second, it was usual among the
It was the business of this officer to French to select lieutenants or sub-lieu
superintend the construction of all sorts I tenants from the difterent infantry corps
of military works, having several subor to superintend the works, and to see that
dinate engineers under him to assist and the workmen did their
duty. They re
put his plans into execution. In order ceived an additional pay ot ten ecus, or
to make some distinction between the man one pound five
shillings per month, in
of skill and genius, and the mere preten consideration of this extra service, and
ders to knowlege in this great branch of their being selected in this manner was a
military acquirements, it was usual, dur sure step to the rank and emoluments of

ing the monarchy of France, to call all en an engineer. It has been very justly ob
gineers that were acknowleged by govern served by a French writer, that every in
ment, ingenieurt erdinaires du roi, engineers fantry officer should be acquainted with
in ordinary to the king. field fortification at least ; for a thousand
The usual pay of the French engineers instances occur, in which the immediate
was, from vingt ecus ox two pounds ten assistance of an engineer is required, and
shillings up to one hundred ecus ox 4/. to which in actual service, it is impos
los. English, per month, according sible for the regularly bred officer of that
to each individual's length of
service, pe establishment to pay personal attention.
culiar talents, or appointment. Persons We allude among other cases, to the tem
were received as engineers by the
superin porary defence of out-posts, to the laying
tendant of the board of ordnance, after and springing of
fougasses, &c.
having passed a mathematical examina Before the revolution, the frontier
tion ; and the situation was the more towns and other fortified
places belonging
eagerly sought after, inasmuch as it led to to France were under the direction of
the highest military post ; as that of mar i
350 engineers, called ingenieur. au roi, who
shal of France, to which the celebrated were subordinate to one director
general.
Vauban was promoted. All instructions relative to tne forti
In 1755, the French engineers were fications
passed through the latter officer
formed into one corps, under the name of to the
king.
the royal corps of and
artillery engineers ; All engineers were subject to the orders
the principal officers of which communi that the commissary general thought
cated with the secretary of war, and re
proper to issue, with respect to the at
ceived through him the king's orders. tack or defence of places, the construc
No country has ever paid so much atten tion of works, &c. and thev were fui-
tion to the art of engineering, as France ther directed to
see, that all the necessary
has under all her vicissitudes ; and this
has arisen not so much from a natural
implements for a siege were duly provid
ed. They gave in a weekly report to the
piedeliction to that peculiar study, as director general of the progress and state of
from a conviction of its utility in all war the works, and had
like operations, but most especially in authority to draw
upon the treasury for whateversums were
sieges. This class of military men vvas, wanted to pay the contractors. Every en
however, extremely neglected, until the gineer vvas
particularly enjoined to see that
reign of Louis the XI Vth. Few ever the contractors furnished good materials.
saw, or were present at above five or six INGLEZ, Ind. The English are so
sieges ; being either wounded at the be called by the natives of
Bengal : they
ginning, or during the operations of a are
frequently called Feringhees, that is
siege. They seldom indeed, witnessed strangers, Wullaget, whicii signifies to the
the termination of it; and from the want Americans are called Nia-Fc-
country.
of engineers, the investment ofa town or tingiees, or new strangers, or
foreigners.
INS INS 301

INHIBITION. See Embargo. army. There was likewise one


inspector
INN-HOLDERS. In England, per general of infantry, and one inspector ge
sons who have a licence to enable them
neral of cavalry.
to sell spirituous liquors, beer, &c. and
Inspecteur de construction, Ex. an of
who are obliged by the conditions speci ficer in the French army, in whose pre
fied in that license, to provide victuals sence all plans and profiles for fortifica

and beer for military men, under certain tion, &c. were drawn, before any work
restrictions. See 39thaud4oth Geo. III. could be undertaken. An accurate esti
mate was made of the wood which would
Cap. 27. Art. XLI. XLI1. XL1II.
INIMICAL, hostile. be required to complete it. It was like
IN LI STING, the act of engaging wise a part of his duty to point out to tin
carpenters the precise method by which
soldiers, to serve either in the cavalry,
infantry, or artillery. For the regulations ground, plans, and elevations, forts, bat
respecting the inlisting soldiers, see Re teries, and bridges, &c. were to be con
cruiting. ducted. It was his business, in a word,
to attend to the construction and
INNONDER, Fr. See Inundate. repair of
INQUIRY. See Courts of every part of a fortification.
INROAD, incursion, sudden and de INSPECTING ojpeer of a district,
sultory invasion. a
responsible character, selected from the
INSCONSED, in the military art. line, who is nominated by the war-of
When any part of an army has fortified fice, to superintend the troops, stations,
itself with a sconce, or small work, in and recruiting parties, within the limits
order to defend some pass,&c. it is said to of his station.
be insconsed. Field officers of districts may order de
INSIDE guard, a guard with the tachment courts-martial, to be composed
broad sword, to secure the face and front ofthe recruiting officers in their district..,
ofthe body, from a cut made at the in in the usual number and ranks, and
they
side of the position above the wrist. See may approve of every such court martial,
Broadsword. and to direct the pun shment awarded
INSPECTEUR, Fr, Inspector. Mi thereby to be executed, mitigated or re
litary inspectors were originally instituted mitted, as they shall think expedient.
among the French, after the peace of They are to receive orders from the adju.
Aix la Chapelle in 1668. Two persons at tant general
respecting the nature of their
that epoch occupied this important situa returns ; and all returns and
reports are to
tion ; one being called inspector general come to tiie inspector general throu. Ii
of cavalry, and the other inspector them. Each district field officer in the
general
of infantry. Louis XIV. under whom British service hasf an allowance of ten
France assumed over the rest of shillings a day, in addition to the full pay
Europe
a
preponderance of military character, of his respective regimental
rank, and he
increased the number of inspectors, and is to be reimbursed for the actual
expence
ordered them to be distributed in the dif he incurs for
stationary and postage of
ferent departments for the purpose of re letters ; which charge must be
accompa
viewing the troops every month, and of nied by a certificate upon honor.
transmitting to him a regular statement of Each district field officer is allowed to
their effective force, Sec. appoint a cubaitern officer (not employed
It was the duty of these upon the recruiting service) to act as ad
inspectors to
examine minutely at the commencement jutant in the district. The pay or allow
of every month the state of each ance of such subaitern is three
to look at the books
regiment, shillings a
belonging to the day in addition to his full regimental pay ;
several companies, and to mark out such he is also authorised to nominate two Ser
men as did not
appear fit for the service. jeants, with the additional pay of six
Each inspector had a pence each, one to act as serjeant major,
separate dwelling-
house allotted to him in the and theother as clerk to the district.
garrison town
of his department, and he had the Each field officer may moreover
power, give
on
giving previous notice to the governor directions to the hospital mate, who is
of ordering the men under arms. A bri placed under his orders, to examine the
gade major delivered to him every evening recruits when
brought for inspection, and
the orders ofthe day. to give such medical assistance
as
may be
Inspectors general of this description in his
power, to the several recruiting
ranked with the army, without
bearing parties in the district he belongs to.
any direct commission, and in timeof war When colonels ot icgimcnts take
upon
they were acknowleged as general officers! themselv.'e. the wnole direction ofthe re
brigadiers, or colonels. cruiting service for their own corps, they
Their inspection did not extend to the must conform to the
regulations which
troops of the household, the French, or require returns to be made to the inspector
Swiss guards, nor to the regiment du Roi general ofthe recruiting service ; and they
infanterie. The artillery were also out of must instruct their officers to send
their superintendance. weekly
returns to the
Previous to the French regulating field officer, 111
revolution, there whose district
were eleven inspectors of they arc stationed, of all
infantry, and the casualties that have occurred.
eleven of cavalry attached to the French
INSPECTION, a strict examination,
302 INS INS

a close It likewise signifies su shouldered arms will receive the fol


survey.
perintendance. In a militaty sense it ad lowing words of command from the se
mits of both interpretations, and may be nior officer.
considered under two specific heads, each Open-pans slepe,0T pert arms
The pans
of which branches out into a variety of and locks will be narrowly inspected.
general, regimental, and company duties. Carry arms

shut pans order arms dravo

A general Inspection is made annu ramrods at which word the men draw

ally by the reviewing generals of districts. and put them in the pieces, springing
Every regiment, on this occasion, is mi. them successively as the officer comes up
nutely looked into, and a faithful account to them, but not returning them until
must be delivered by each commanding the whole troop or company has been
officer of the actual state of his regiment, examined. The officer will carefully ex
together with all the casualties that have amine the nob of each ramrod, and de
occured during the current year. The in termine from its appearance whether the
terior economy of the corps is not only in inside of the barrel be clean. On some
vestigated to the bottom, but the disci particular occasions, especially when a
pline of the men is likewise examined. party is ordered upon immediate duty
For a more particular explanation of the with ball cartridges, a more minute ex
latter, see Review. amination of the musquet should take
Regimental Inspection is made once place. The pricker is not always suffi
a month
by the commanding officer. The cient to ascertain the state of the interior
clothing, the necessaries, arms, and ac part of the touch-hole, as it can only en
coutrements belonging to the different ter in one direction ; it is therefore re

companies are examined by the lieutenant commended to order the men Buts to the
colonel or major of the corps. Specific front, after which they are to blow down
returns are made by the officers command the barrels. By applying his hand to
ing troops whom the the touch. hole, the officer will be able to
or
companies, by know the real state of the vent. When
debts and credits ot the men, which have
been made up and accounted for on the the arms have been examined, the men
24th day in each month, in infantry regi will be ordered to handle armsfix baj 5-
ments, and on the 24th day in each second nets.

When the bayonets and slings will
month in cavalry corps, are exhibited for be inspected unfix bayonets ease arms-

examination at head quarters. This stand at ease.


forms the groundwork or basis ofthe ge INSPECTOR cf cavalry, an offi
neral inspection, at which the troop or cer whose particular duty is to inspect
company book should, always be pro. all cavalry regiments, to report the
duced. state of the horses, and to receive
Private Inspection ef companies is specific accounts from the difterent corps
the first step towards the other two, and of their actual state ; he communicates
ought to be made every Monday morning, with the commander in chief, and when
by each officer commanding a troop or ever a cavalry regiment is ordered to be
company, or by his subaltern. disbanded, it must be looked at by the
Inspection of necessaries is an exami inspector general, before it is finally
nation of the different articles which every broken.
soldier is directed to have in good repair. INSPECTOR / the retruiti^
The regular or established proportion of service, an officer of rank throue,n
necessaries that each soldier of cavalry and whom the field officers of districts, and
infantry is to be in possession of on the colonels of regiments (when they person
24th day of each month, to entitle him ally manage the recruiting service of their
to receive the balance that
may be then own
corps) transmit their several returns
due to him, consists of the following ar to the adjutant general's office.
ticles. Inspector of clothing. These inspec
Cavahy. 3 shirts, 2 pair of shoes, 3 tors, or the inspectors for the time beiiK,

pair of stockings, one pair of gaiters, 1 are directed to \iew and compare with the
forage cap, 1 saddle-bag, one pair of can sealed patterns, the clothing of the several
vas, or woollen over- hose, 1 canvas, or regiments, as soon as the same shall have
woollen frock or jacket, 1 stock, 1 black been prepared, and if the said clothing-
ball, brushes, curry-comb and brush, appear to be conformable to the sealed
2 1
1 mane comb and horse-
spunge, 1 pricker. patterns, they are authorized to grant
Infantry. 3 shirts, i pair of shoes, 2 two certificates of their view and approval

pair of stockings, or 2 pair of socks, 1 thereof; one of which certificates is to be


pair of 'gaiters, 1 forage cap, 1 pack, delivered to the clothier, to be sent with
1 stock, 1 black-ball, 2 brushes. the clothing to the head quarters of the
Private Inspection of arms. Twenty corps, and the other to be lodged with the
jninutes or more before the general pa general clothing board, as the necessary
rade, every troop or company should be voucher for passing the assignment of the
drawn up on its troop or private parade, allowance tt the said clothing.
and each man be narrowly inspected by an All clothing must be viewed, and cer
officer. When the dress and accoutre tificates be signed bv both inspectors, ex
ments have been looked at, the troop or cept incases where the absence of one of
standing at open ranks, and with them shall be unavoidable-; in all which
Company
INS INS 303

the cause of such absence is to be The principal military instruments


cases
stated by the other inspector, in his cer which were used among the ancients,
whether for cavalry or infantry, consisted
tificate of the view of the clothing.
of the trumpet, the cornet, and the buc-
Inspectors of clothing are to follow all
instructions which may be transmitted cinaor French horn.
to them from the commander in chief, Warlike Instruments used by the
or the secretary at war. Turks. The Turks make use of wind
Inspector of hospitals, the next on and clashing instruments of different
the staffto the surgeon general. shapes and sizes; all, (except one wind
INSTALLATION, the act of in instrument, are better calculated for
vesting any one with a military order. pomp and ceremony, than adapted to mi
INSTRUCTION des prods criminel, litary service.
Ex. A military form or process in crimi The clashing instruments, which the
nal matters. In the old French service French call instrumens a choc, consist of
when troops were <n garrison, it was the two sorts of drums, and an instrument

duty of the town-major to issue out the which is made of two plates of metal,
regular form of proceeding against all of such as the cymbals we have adopted
ficers, Serjeants, and soldiers who were from the Asiatics.
accused of crimes or misdemeanors. The Their wind-instruments consist of a
majors of corps exercised this function winding or crooked trumpet, and of a
when troops were encamped. There was wooden fife.
a specific form, subject only to a few al The big drum which they call danl,
terations with
respect to terms and ex stands three feet high. It is carried by
pressions, by which all sorts of military a mounted drummer, who makes use of
crimes were investigated. Desertion vvas a thick stick with which he strikes the
the chief and most prevalent crime among upper part, and a small one, with which
Erench soldiers. It became the peculiar he plays upon the under OHe; these he
business ofthe major, whether in garrison applies alternately with much ingenuity
or in the field, to
explain and bring for of hand, and great giavity of countenance.
ward every thing that might establish the This is the only instrument which the
truth of the accusation ; and he acted on Turks use in military exercises or ma
this occasion, as an attorney general does noeuvres. The big drums are constantly
in civil matters ; only with this difference, beat when the
enemy is near, and round
that the latter explained the grounds of all the out-
posts, in order to keep the sen
his indictment before a judge, whereas tinels upon the alert. On these occasions
the former not only exposed the nature of the drummers exclaim with a loud voice t
the case, but drew his own conclusions,
Jegda Allah ! that is, God is good ! or as
and bounded his verdict. the French interpret it Dieu Bon.

Those officers who may be disposed to The two small drums, or the kettle
enter more largely into the
subject of drums serveas marks of distinction for the
French military process, as conducted bacha's family, and likewise as signals
before the revolution, may be satisfied by when the troops are to march.
They
perusing Le Code Militaire, ou deuxiene contribute greatly to the general harmony
volume du service de I' Infanterie, of a concert. The Turkish name for
page 123 ;
and we refer all British officers in
general them is Sudar Nagara. The bachas, or
to M. Tytler's late
publication on English bashaws with three tails are entitled to
military law. three kettle drums, which are fixed on
Major Macomb of the United States each side of the saddle, and are beat in
engineers has published a very judicious the same manner that those in other sei-
and concise tract
adapted to the military vices are.
service of the Union ; and it is There is likewise another sort of
adopted
by the war office. Turkish instrument called */7/,which con.
Military INSTRUMENTS (instru. sists of two hollow brass plates, on whose
mens milit aires.) Ex. By the sound of mi convex side is fixed a
ring sufficiently large
litary instruments the troops belonging to to contain the
grasp of three fingers. By
the several armies in
Europe, &c. are di clashing them seasonably together, an
rected in their various movements.
agreeable silvery sound is extracted. The
The instruments which are
peculiar to bashaws with three tails are each inti-
the cavalry of most nations are the trum tled to two sets of these instruments.
pet and the cymbal. In France, dragoon There are two sorts of wind-instruments
regiments in general formerly adopted the used among the Turks,
drum in common with the they differ very
infantry, they much both with regard to the manner in
now use the
trumpet for garrison, and the which they are played, and to the materi
bugle for the field service. A certain als with which
number of filers are likewise allowed in they are- made. The first
is the
foot regiments. trumpet, which is made of the same
do not form
Hautboys and clarinets metal that ours are, but are somewhat
any part of the music which longer; they are called borl. The man
is sanctioned and
paid for by the public. who blows this
Colonels of corps, however,
frequently en. ed on horse back,
trumpet is always mount
and every bashaw with
rertain a band either at their own
expence, three tails is intitled to have seven.
or out of what is called
the itock. purse, j
304 INS I NT

The second instrument is made of wood ; INSULTER,.F>. See To Insult.^


it is a sort of pipe or flute with five holes ; INSURGENTS. All vassals in Hun
the Turks call it zurnader. The
person gary when assembled together in conse
who plays this instrument is on horse quence of the general proclamation by
back, and every bashaw with three tails is Ban and Arriere Bar. are so called. This,
intitled to five. however, does not happen except in cases
The sounds which issue from these of great emergency, when they are headed
difie'.c.it instruments would be extremely by the prince Palatine of Hungary, and
harsh ;o the ear, were they not in some march to the defence of their frontiers.
degree harmonized by the grea' drum : The Hungarians have sometimes indeed
when the whole is
played to.-ethei, the gone beyond them, in order to support
effect is both marti?! and pleasant. their sovereign's right, and have acted of
Surgical Instruments directed to be pro. fensively in the neighboring countries.
vided for ue use of regimental hospitals. Insurgents is a term used to signify
An amputating saw, with spare blade, i persons who have made inroads into a
metacarpal saw, with ditto, 14 curved country ; or who rise in revolt against the
needles, 2amputating knives, 1 catlin, 2 established laws.
tenacul rr.s,1 bullet forceps, 1
pair of I N T E L LI G E N C E in a military sense
,

bone nippers, 2 screw tourniquets, 4 field may be variously applied, and of course
tourniquets with handl *, 2 callico com has different significations. No general
presses, 2 trephines, with sliding keys, 1 can be said to be in any degree qualified

trephine forceps, 1 elevator, 1 Tanticular, for the important situation which he


a brush, key instruments for teeth, to fit holds, unless, like an able minister of
trephine handle, 8 scalpels, 2 silver cathe state, he be constantly prepared with the
ters, 1 trocar with spring and introductory requisite means to obtain the best intelli
canula, 1 do. do. and canula for hydrocele, gence respecting the movements and the
probang, 1 long silver probe, 1 large bougie. designs of the enemy he is to oppose. On
Surgical Instruments directed to be the other hand, it is not possible to con.
provided for the field. An amputating saw, ceive a greater crime than that of affording
1 metacarpal saw, 12 curved needles, 1 intelligence to an enemy, and thereby
amputating knife, 1 catlin, 1 screw tour bringing about the overthrow and destruc
A French milita
niquet, 1 silver catheter, 1 elastic ditto, 2 tion of a whole army.
trephines to tit one handle, 1 trephine for. ry writer, (to whose work we have the
ceps, 1 elevator, 2 scalpels, 1 bullet for satisfaction of being frequently indebted
ceps, 1 trocar with spring and introduc for much general and useful knowlege)
tory canula, 1 trocar with spring canula makes the following observations res
for hydrocele, a brush, atenaculem, thread pecting the latter species of intelligence,
for ligatures. which he classes under two specific
To 1 N S U LT, in a military signification, heads.
is to attack boldly and in open day, with He justly remarks, that to hold corres
out going through the slow operations of pondence, or to be in intelligence with
opening trenches, working by mines and an enemy, {etre d' intelligence avec I' En.
saps, or having any recourse tothose usual nemi) is to betray your country. Armies
forms of war, by advancing gradually to and fortified places are almost always
wards the object in vievv. An enemy is surprized and taken by means of a secret
said to insult a coast when he suddenly intelligence, which the enemy keeps up
appears upon it, and debarks with an with domestic traitors, acting in conjunc
immediate purpose to attack. The Bri tion with commissioned spies and delegat
tish forces under the command of sir ed hirelings. Arnold had nearly effected
Ralph Abercrombie, insulted the Dutch the destruction of the American army by
coast when they took possession of the the intelligence which he kept up through
Helder, in consequence ofa bold descent. the British major Andre, with the British.
The British fleet which entered the Che A garrison town may be taken by sur
sapeake bay, and on the 22 June, 1807, prize, under the influence of secret intel
attacked the United States frigate Chesa ligence, in two different ways. The one
peake, insulted the nation ; they had the is when the assailant to whom the place
baseness to deny it, and to make an apology has been surrendered, is not bound to join
afterwards ; but they did not punish their his forces to those troops by whom he has
officers ; and afterwards fled from the en been admitted ; the other when it is ne
gagements made by their ambassador to cessary, that an assault should be made
the U.S. In attacking fortified places it is by openly storming, by throwing shells
usual to insult the counterscarp, in order and petards, or by stratagem.
to avoid the destruction which would na The first species of intelligence may be
turally follow, if the besieged had time held with a governor who has influence
enough allowed them to give effect to the enough to direct the will and actions of the
different mines that must necessarily have garrison; with a garrison which is indis
been prepared beneath it. The grenadiers posed towards the governor and the offi
are always employed on these occasions, cers that command the troops ; with the

accompanied by workmen and artificers to inhabitants who have undertaken to defend


secure the post, after it has been taken a
place where no garrison is stationed, and
by assault. lastly with the prevailing faction, where
INT INT 305

there are two parties that govern in a free troops. The French general officers and
town. governors of fortified towns, held continu
The other of
intelligence may al intercourse with the intendants or su
species
be practisedwith a governor who either pervisors who directed every branch of
wants power, or is afraid to tampet with the commissariat.
the fidelity ofthe garr son ; with some When the intendant d'armec was not
likewise intendant de province, he was
particular officer, Serjeants, or soldiers ;
with-the body of inhabitants who think directed to accompany the troops, to visit
differently from the armed force that their line of encampment or cantonment,
overawes them, or with active and shrewd and to require of all the subordinate in
individuals, who have access to the ruling tendants, the regular proportion of stores
and provisions, and to see that they were
party, and can skilfully combine affected
loyalty with secret disaffection. supplied according to contract, and with
There is not, however, in human na punctuality.
ture insidious, I N T E R I O U R Flanking Angle, is form
perhaps a more or a more

dangerous ground to tread on than that of ed by the curtain and line of defence.
secret intelligence; nor arc the faculties of Interiour Radius, the part of an ob
the mind ever so much put to the test, as lique radius extending from the centre of
when it is necessary to listen to the report the polygon to the centre of the bas
of an individual, who whilst heis tion.
betraying Interiour Side. The line of the cur
one side,
may be equally disposed todupe
the other. A wise general will conse tain, produced to the two oblique radii of
quently hear every thing, and say no the front ; or a line drawn from the cen
thing; and a wise man, let his secret tre of one bastion to that of the next.
wishes be what they may, will warily Interiour Slope. Se-e Talus.
consider, whether the person who insinu I N T E R M E D I ATE (intermediate, Ex.
)
ates to him even the possibilities ofa plot, any thing that is, or lies between. See
does not at that instant endeavor to get Intermediate Posts.
into his confidence, for the sole purpose INTERSECTION, the point where
of acting contrary to his lines each other.
supposed views, two cross
andof betraying the man who has unfold INTERVAL, (Intervalle, Ex.) any
ed other schemes. 1 1 is certainly justifia space between. A word variously applied
ble policy, either in the governor ofa town in military dispositions and
manoeuvres,
or in a general, to affect to give into the to denote any given distance or space.
views of any man or party of men whom Interval between two battalions. The
he has cause to suspect, and whose ulti space which separates them when they
mate object he is determined to defeat. are drawn up for action, or when they are
But he should be equally cautious, how encamped. This space is generally wide
he listens to the communications of spies enough to admit the march of another
or informers. The veil of honesty is often battalion, that is to say, it is equal to the
assumed to cover a deep-laid scheme of extent of its front when in line. When
villainy ; and apparent.candor is the surest troops are encamped for the purpose of
path to unguarded confidence. When investing a town or fortified place, the
villains voluntarily unfold themselves in interval is much greater, and seldom or
such a manner as to convince an able and ever less.
penetrating officer, that their treachery Interval between the line and the
can be depended upon, much blood
may camp. This comprehends the space which
he spared by making a proper use of their lies between the camp and the line of en
intelligence. This axiom has prevailed trenchments. It is generally from one
in every civilized country ; and should be hundred and eighty to two hundred toises
well attended to by thinking men. For in breadth; so that the different bat
when a battle has been gained, it avails talions and squadrons which are necessa
little to ask, whether the enemy owed ry for the security ofthe camp may have
his success to force or treachery ? No room to move in, while sufficient
ground
treachery, however, is admissible, or is left in the rear for troops to
pass and
should be sanctioned by belligerent pow repass as occasion may require. The
ers, which militates against those laws of same observation holds
good with respect
nations which are founded upon the wise to contravallation.
basis of humanity. Private assassina INTERVALLE du Camp a la ligne,
tions, the use of poison, or the disregard of Fr. See Interval between the line and
paroles of honor, must be generally repro the camp.
bated : and whatever general obtains his To INTRENCH, to secure
against the
ends by
any of these dark means, his attack of an enemy, by digging a ditch or
nameshould be stamped with infamy, and trench.
himself exposed to all the melancholy ca To Intrench upon. To invade, to
sualties of retaliation. make incroachments upon the property
I N T E N D A N T d'Armle, Ex. under the or territories of another.
old government of France, the intendants
INTRENCHMENT, any work that
d'armees or superintendants of the army, fortifies a post agai.ist the attack of an ene
were
principal inspectors of all sorts of my. The word is generally used to de
.

tares, &c, that were necessary for the note a ditch or trench with a parapet.
306 INT INV

Intrenchments are sometimes made of fas knowlege. And yet it would be an in


cines, with earth thrown over them, of justice done to the character of such an
gabions, hogsheads, or hags filled with officer, were it imagined, that he could
in this manner without possessing
earth, to cover the men from the enemy's act
fire.
See Retrenchment. ijreat We are rather of opi
intrepidity.
1NTREP1DITE, Fr. See Intre nion that such a man must have the most
pidity. undaunted courage, with the additional
INTREPIDITY. An unqualified advantage of consummate prudence found
and indifference to ed upon military knowlege. The intre
contempt of death,
fortune, as far as it regards personal safe pidity of his soul is calmed by the cooler
ty ; a fearlessness of heart and a daring en- judgment of his head; he is aware of
terprize ot mind. According to Roche- difficulties, but is not disheartened by
fouca It, intrepidity, especially with re their appearance ; he is, on the contrary,
gard to military daring, ixnnWes firmness of encouraged to surmount them by that self-
character, great confidence of mind , and ex possession, and by that unshaken presence
traordinary strength of soul. Buoved up of mind, which enable him io execute
and supported by these qualities, (which what might seem impracticable to others.
are sometimes natural aid sometimes ac Mere intrepidity is of a lively, impetu
ous nature, restless and impatient of re
quired,) men become superior to every
emotion of alarm, and are insensible of straint, which, though it may not dege
tho^- perturbations of the heart which nerate into downright animal-brutality, is
the prospect of imminent danger almost nevertheless vety far from being strictly
always engenders. Chevalier Folard de rational or enlightened. If the person
fines it to be a settled ctntempt of death, a who acts under its immediate influence
species of courage which so intoxicates be quick in his perceptions, his conduct
the mind as to make it leap over the sober is generally marked by some imprudent
bounds of judgment and discietion ; an measure, some enterprizc that bids defi
enthusiastic impulse which urges us for ance to reflexion, and by some attempt \

ward and renders danger imperceptible, or, that is as hastily executed as it has been
if discoveied, raises our sensations beyond inconsiderately planned. An intrepidity.
the least impression of fear. of this species is seldom found in the first
A general may be said to act with in class of military character : sometimes
trepidity, when with forces inferior to those indeed, but rarely, it has been accom
of his enemy , and under all the disadvan panied by great prudence and foresight.
tages of ground. Sec. he hazards a gene In this number may be conscleret) some
ral action, attacks his whole front, and ancieit and modern heroes, such as Alex-
finally defeats him This hardiness and I ani!er th.' great, Charles king ot Sweden,
I
enterprize of character not only surprize Henry IV. of France, Wolfe at Quebec,
and Augereau at Lodi; Dessaix,
your enemy, but likewise create emotions I Bonaparte
of wonder. If, on the contrary, a gene Marmont, and Lannes, at Marengo; Mu
ral at the head ofa small army should be rat at Eylau ; Davoust at Austerlitz ;
known to act against another that is supe Soult at Jena ; Claperede on the Danube,
rior to him in every point, except that of in 1809 ; if instances be found in their
talent and military skill, and if by means of histories where prudence and discretion
these q ".-titties, the former should by able have been overleaped by an intrepidity of
mat eeuvres and well concerted measuies, soul that was too actively disposed on cer
render all the designs and attempts of the tain occasions, the effect was temporary,
latter fruitless and abortive (at a time and and easy to be traced to a cause which was
under circumstances, which might dis too j owerfully engrafted upon their na
hearten almost any other general,) it is then ture, to be always subject to control.
fair to conclude, that the conduct of such a INVALID properly includes every
general is the consequence of great military soldier that has been wounded, or has
knowlege; but it cannot, with propriety- suffered materially in his health, and in
be said to be the result of intrepidity ; for consequence of his good conduct, has
it must be evident, that before any very been recommended to a certain provision
dangerous step has b. en taken, most of for life. Chelsea hospital is the place al
thi obstacles have been
previously remo lotted for the reception of such objects of
ved or rendered practicable public gratitude and benevolence in Eng
An officer, who is not under the influ land. Before th. building of the hotel
ence :of that species of intrepidity which des invalides at Pans, all soldiers ot the
we have described, when he has once got above description who belonged to the
upon equal ground, or finds it necessary French army, vvery distributedamong the
to risk an action, will, without hesitation, frontier towns, and enjoyed a certain al
advance against his enemy, depending lowance for life.
wholly upon military skill and the supe In Englai.d, and, we presume, the
rior disposition of hi* line of battle. Full custom still exists under the new order of
of resources and with great presence of things in France, those invalid soldiers
mind, l.e will march forward and obtain a who are reported not wholly incapable of
victory, not by dint of courage or by the bearing arms, are occasionally sent into
meie favor of fortune, but through judg garrisoned places, and do duty with the
ment, militaryjngenuity, and gic..: tactical regular army.
IN V IN V 307

ft is a reproach to the United States The produce of the sale was appropri
that there is yet no provision for the ated to the discharge of such debts as hrfel
maintenance of those who serve the best been contracted in the garrison : and the
part of their lives in its military establish- judge or magistrate, whose particular pro
ment. vince it was to take cognizance of all cases
INVALIDE.Fr. See Invalid. relating to property, placed his seal upon
INVASION, in war, the entrance or the remainder, which was deposited in a
attack of an enemy on the dominions of j box. This box was delivered over to the
another. person that had enregistered the effects and
INVENTAIRE-fcr Effets des Offelers taken minutes of the sale ; in whose
decedes, Ex. Inventory of the effects of hands it remained until claimed by the
deceased officers. As the French regula widow of the deceased, the residuary
tions on this head were more specific legatee, or by any creditors, except those
than those expressed in our articles of who immediately belonged to the garri
war, we shall prtmise the extract from the
son.

lattes by the following particulars which When a captain in the French guards
were in force during the old government ot died or vvas killed, his heirs or executors
France. were not obliged to discharge any demands

When governors, commandants of which his company might have had upon
him. If the sale of his private property
places, staffofficers, commissaries of war,
engineers aiw officers entrusted with the should not be sufficient to defray these
care of artillery, died in their several pro debts, the officer who succeeds to the
vinces or allotted quarters, the judges ori company is bound to makeup the remain
magistrates belonging to the spot where der, and the soldier's claim has the pre
such deaths occurred, sealed up the effects ference of all other demands. If there
ofthe deceased, and took an inventory of I was an overplus, it was paid into the hands

their property, without being, in the least, ' ofthe lawful heirs. The soldiers of the
controled by any species of military au company received the moiety of what was
thority. On the removal of the seals, due to them in ready money.
the town-major or his adjutant received a On the decease or departure of the offi
specific statement of every thing which cersbelonging to any of the detached
appertained to the situation or appoint companies of invalids, the superior officer
ment of the deceased person or persons, of that detachment in which the death or
which statement was transmitted to dereliction happened, ordered every article
government. | belonging to the royal hospital of invalids
The creditors of the deceased preferred i to be sold in the prese> ce of the several

a schedule ofthe debts contracted in each officers, without deducting the sol in the
place of residence, before any of the ordi livre. The produce of this sale was plac
nary justices, which debts were discharg ed to the credit of the detachment ; and
ed out of the personal property that was all other articles belonging to the deceased
left. But all other creditors must have were disposed of by the town-majors in

recourse to the judge or justice belonging the manner already mentioned.


to the precise spot where the deceased re The powers which wire vested in the
sided ; applications respecting all debts town-majors and staff- officers belonging
which exceeded the value of the personal to garrisoned places, were lodged in the
effects were directed to be made through hands of the majors or aid-majors of re
the same channel. giments, who upon the decease of an offi
When officers died in a garrison town or cer on service or in a place where there

upon a inarch, or when engineers, who was not any staff", took a regular invento
had no particular fixed residence, or artil ry of his effects, &c.
lery officers that were upon leave, depart Town-majors were not authorized to
ed this life, the town- majors or aid-major put their seals upon theeftects of deceased
of the townsor places, where such persons officers belonging to the Swiss regiments,
died, fixed their seals upon their effects. as these had a
peculiar military jurisdic
An nventory of these effects vvas after tion of their own. But other foreign
wards taken, provided they were not troops in the service of France were not
claimed by the next heir; in which latter entitled to these privileges.
case, all the debts that had been contracted INVENTORY of deceased officers ef
by the deceased in the place where he fects, c2fr. In the British army, when any
died, were ordered to be paid by the per commissioned officer happens to die or
son who tonk possession of the is killed on service, it is directed by the
property.
Public notice vvas given by beat of drum, articles of war, that the major ofthe re
that a military sale would be made, and giment, or the officer doing the major's
one sol in the livre was charged on all that
duty in his absence, shall immediately
was disposed of in this manner. secure all his effects or
equipage then in
The man who beat the drum, and the camp or quarters ; and shall befoie the
person who enregistcred the minutes of next regimental court-martial make an
the sale, were paid out of this sol ; what
inventory thereof, and forthwith transmit
ever
surplus remained, after a reasonable j the same to the office of our secretary at
deduction had been made for these pur , war, to the end, that the executors of
'

poses, became the town-major's property. such officer may, after payment of his
308 I N V INV

regimental debts and quarters, and the to be detached from Tournay to its relief,
expences attending his interment, receive that the latter place, which was the real
the overplus, if any be, to his or their use. object of attack, and was one of the
When any non-commissioned officer or strongest towns in the Low Countries,
private soldier, happens to die, or is afforded little or no resistance.
killed on service, the then commanding It is sometimes prudent to harrass and
officer of the troop or company, shall, in perplex the enemy that may be in the
the presence of two other commissioned neighborhood of the town which you pro
officers, take an account of whatever ef pose to attack, by perpetuallydriving in
fects he dies possessed of, above his regi his out-posts, Sec. and by forcing him to
mental clorhing, arms, and accoutrements, retire from the different avenues and com
and transmit the same to the office of the manding grounds ; when the various ob
secretary at war. These effects are to be jects, which are to facilitate the ap
accounted tor and paid to the representa proaches of the besieging army, have been
tives of such deceased non-commissioned accomplished, the lieutenant-general who*'
officer or soldier; and in case any of the is entrusted with the investment of the
officers so authorized to take care ofthe town, must procure faithful and intelli
effects of dead officers and soldiers, should, gent guides, advance by forced marches,
before they have accounted to their re halt as little as possible, and then only
presentatives for the same, have occasion for the purpose of refreshing his men.
to leave the regiment by preferment or He must
studiously preserve the secret of
otherwise, they are ordered before they his expedition, until he gets so near to the
be permitted to quit the same, to dsposit town, that the object of his approach be
in the hands of the commanding officer comes manifest and unequivocal.
or of the agent of the regiment, all the When he arrives within one days march
effects of such deceased non-commission of the town, he must detach from his
ed officers and soldiers, in order, that the main body two or three parties of horse,
same may be secured for, and paid to, (each party to be stronger than the garrison
their respective representatives. See Ar of the place) which must lie in ambush
ticles of War, section XIX. in the neighborhood, for the purpose of
To INVEST a place, (investir une carrying ofl'cattle, or of making prisoners.
place, Ex.) A fortified town or place is The instant he reaches the town, he must
said to be invested, when all the avenues seize upon all the leading avenues, and
leading to it have been seized upon by draw his army up on some advantageous
hostile troops, which are distributed and ground. He then goes out to reconnoitre,
posted on the principal commands, to pre and to discover the most likely places by
vent any succour from being received by which succours might be conveyed into
the garrison, and to keep the ground until the town. He must have the precau
the rest of the army with the artillery, tion to post a strong guard in each of these
can arrive to form a regular siege. To places.
invest a place is, in fact, to take prepa His next business will be to send out
ratory measures for a blockade, or a close small scouting parties, in order to obtain
siege. In order to do this effectually, correct
intelligence respecting the enemy's
the general in chief of the approaching motions. Every outlet is blocked up by
army must detach a large body of cavalry, some dragoons, for the purpose of hem
together with the different corps of dra ming in the garrison as close as possible.
goons under the commar.d ofa lieutenant- He makes it his study moreover to ac
general, for the puipose of regularly in quire personal infoimation by examining
vesting the town. As secrecy is of the the prisoners, with regard to the nature c/f
utmost consequence on this occasion, the the country, the different fords, rivulets,
troops belonging to the detachment must points of enfilade, avenues, strong build
have their march so managed as to create ings, or commanding heights in the neigh
an alarm and jealousy in some other borhood. He further enquires as to the
quar
ter, by deviating from the road which strength of the garrison, and the number
leads directly to the proposed object of of officers ; whether the governor sus.
attack. The general, indeed, would act pects that a regular sit!ge is intended:
wisely, by giving written sealed orders to whether he expects succours, supplies of
the commanding officer, with strict in stores and ammunition, and from what
junctions not to open them until the de- I quarter he is to be furnished; finally,
tachment should have reached a certain whether the fortifications be in good re
spot, and then only in the presence of pair, and the place equal to a defence.
some particular persons ; by which means At night he sends out advanced parties,
his real designs may be concealed. Some with directions to biouac within musquet
times a place is partially invested, for the shot of the town, and takes especial care
sole purpose of diverting the enemy's at always to post strong parties in those
tention from the real object, and of in places and avenues by which succours
ducing him to weaken the garrison, by de and
supplies might be easily conveyed to
taching it to difieient quaiters. Thus in the garrison. He has likewise the pre
1710, the allied army suddenly appeared ' caution to have different small guards, or
before the town of Ypres, and by threat- out-lying jnd in-lying piquets, both in
f..ns to besiege it, caused go many troops j -his front and rear, to prevent surprizes.
INV J O I 309

On these occasions the detachments are vested, every thing is thrown into motion.
formed, half on foot and half mounted ; The train of artillery is directed to be
those on foot constantly remaining at their brought out with necessary stores and
hors-s' he-ais, bridle in hand. These de ammunition, and proper carriages, with
tachments are on the alert during the their drivers, are impressed; every de
whole of the night, and only one half ol" partment, in a word, perforins its allot
the number is suffered to repose during ted duty, and the board of ordnance, as
the day.
Whenever the commanding of well as the commissary general's office
ficer has received intelligence of the become subservient to the orders that are
ap
proach of a body of troops to relieve the issued by the general in chief.
garrison, he must make his dispositions in Whilst the necessary measures are
such a manner as to give them battle, be adopted for the close investing of the
fore they get sufficiently near to throw town, the main army approaches by forced
themselves into the town in scattered and marches, and generally arrives before the
divided parties. Great caution, how place five or six days after it has been in
ever, must be observed under these cir vested. The lieutenant-general, or officer
cumstances, not to advance too far, lest it commanding the investing army goes out
should only prove a feint on the enemy's to meet the main body when it is within

part, in order to induce him to weaken half a league of the place, and communi
cates with the general ; who, in conse
some of
hifeposts ; and by taking advan
tage of the^bsence, to throw some suc quence of the report he makes, gives di
cours into the town. rections respecting the Lues of circum
As the principal, indeed the only object vallation, &c.
which the lieutenant-general can have, is For further particulars on this article,
to prevent any assistance
being given to see Traite de I'Attaque dts Places par le
the garrison, whilst he invests the place, Marechal Vauban revue, &c. F. P. Fois-
he must always be on horseback ; he sac Chef de
brigade au
corps du Genie de la
must
incessantly visit the different posts, Republique Francaise, vol. i. page 69.
thoroughly reconnoitre the country, and INVESTISSEMENT. (A French
minutely examine those quarters, through word which is strictly military. The ce
which succours or supplies might be con lebrated Vauban has erroneously used in
veyed to the garrison, or which offer ad vestiture to signify the same thing.) The
vantageous positions for his own troops act of investing any town or place in such
to occupy. During the investment of the a manner as to prevent the garrison or in
town, it will be his duty to collect all the habitants from receiving succours or pro
intelligence and information he can, re visions.
specting the state ot the works and the To INUNDATE, in a military sense,
adjacent points, in order to communicate is to overflow any part of a country, in
fully with the general in chief, when he order to prevent an enemy from advancing.
brings up the besieging army, and to put Holland is particularly calculated for this
him in full
possession of every thing, species of defence-.
which may facilitate the object of his INUNDATION. The act of letting
enterprize. water into a country, so that it shall be
The chief engineers should always ac overflowed to prevent the approach of an
company the lieutenant-gen. ral who is en enemy.
trusted with the investing of a town, in In the Instruction adressee aux officiers
order to get the necessary knowlege of d' Infanterie peur tracer et construire toutet
the place before hand, and to understand sor'.cs d'Ouvrages de
how the lines of circumvallation, &c.
Campagne, &c. par
A. P. I. Btlair, Chef de Brigade, may be
should be drawn, three or four davs be found some very sensible observations on
fore the main army arrives ;
they should j the means of making inundations to an
moreover make several rounds for the
\ swer military purposes, see page 119, &c.
purpose of reconnoitring. These mea- j Chapitre Fluitieme, Moyens de faire des
sures will conduce a deal towards
great i Inondations. We likewise refer our mili
a wise and effectual method of
investing \ tary readers to the Elemens de Fortification,
the place. To accomplish these
ends, a published by the same author, see pages,
correct plan of the town must be
procured. 75, 82, 83, and 84. In page 294 of his
This plan must be reduced, and a
rough Dictionnaite Alilitaire, some excellent
sketch taken of every thing within half a observations
upon the same subject, may
league of the circumference ofthe town ; be seen under the article Architecture by.
after which a small chart may be drawn of
the lines, Sec. which are to be made for
draulique.
the purpose of carrying on the
JOAR, Ind. A general massacre of
siege. the women and children, which is some
This must be done in concert with the times
performed by the Hindoos, when
lieutenant-general who ought to know they find they cannot prevent the enemy
better than any body, what the order of from
taking the town. When this dread.
battle will be, how much ground is to be ful and unnatural
ceremony is to take
occupied by the different brigades and re place, a spot is selected, which is filled
giments and what the relative detail ofthe with wood, straw, oil, Sec. the victims are
whole army will require.
enclosed, and the whole is set on fire.
From the day on which a town is in- 'A JOIN. A technical word used in
310 J o u IT I

the British service, generally signifying to IRAN, Ind. Peisia.


effect the junction of one military body IRENARCH, (Irenarque, Ex.) An
with another. Ina more limited sense, officer, so called in the old Grecian em
it means the accession of an individual pire, irenarcha piafectus pads. His prin
voluntarily, or otherwise, to a corps or cipal duty was to
preserve public tran
arm*. If an officer on being ordered to quillity, and his functions were nearly si
join, omits to do so wilfully, he is liable milar to those of the French prevots de
to be tried by a general court-martial, or marechaussees, or police magistrates. We
to be peremptorily suspended by the com read in the Justinian code of laws, that
mander in chief tor being absent without the irenarchs were sent into the different
leave. provinces, for the purpose of preserving
JOINT Bolts. See Bolts. peace and good order. They were there
JOLS, Fr. Barges so called, aie used fore invested with authority to take cog
in Denmark, and sometimes by the Rus nizance of all crimes and misdem.anors,
sians. and to punish the delinquents. There
JONCTJON, Fr. See Junction. vvas likewise an irenarch established in

JOODAY PERRAPUT, Ind. A every town, to settle the disputes and


term used in India to signify a slave differences which might arise between
token in war. the inhabitants, and to secure public
JOOMAN, Ind. Friday so called in tranquillity. This person vyas anciently
India. called prafectus urbls. The"5fiice of ire
JOUE ! Fr. A word of command in narch w.'.s abolished under the Emperors
the French service answering to aim ! Theodosius and Honorius, it having lat
Coucher en Joue, Fr. To aim with a terly been found more productive of evil
musquet, or other fire-arm, which is used than good. The word itself is derived
as such as/? I'avois dejdeeuche en joue, 1

from the Greek, and signifies Prince o)
had already taken my aim at him. Peace.
JOVES, Fr. The two sides in the IRREGULAR Fortification. See F o r -

epaulement ofa battery which form the TIFICATION.

embrazure are so called. IRON Guns. See Guns.


JOUR, Fr. The tour of duty which IRONS. See Prmixg Irons.
is done in the course of a day and night. ISLAUD, Ind. A term to express
Etre de J o u r
,
Fr. To be officer of the slow music among the Indians.
day, or to command a body of troops at a ISOCELES, a
triangle having only
siege or otherwise in the capacity of a ge two sides which are equal.
neral officer, &c. The usual time was ISOLE, Fr. This word is used among
24 hours, at the expiration of which the French, to express any body or thin;;
another officer undertook the duty, and which is detached from another. It is
was relieved by one of his own rank. See variously applied in fortification. Thus
Officer of the day. a pavillion or a barrack which is not join-
Ordre du Jour, Fr. Orders. See Ge ed to any other wall or building is called
neral Orders. isele, because it stands alone, and a person
JOURNAL, Fr. A public record or may walk entirely round it. A parapet
general orderly book, kept in the French is also said to be isole, when there is an
service, and in which every transaction interval ot four or five feet between the
that occurred during a siege is entered by rampart and its wall ; which interval
trie governor of the town, for the future serves as a path for the rounds.

inspection of a superior authority. The I SOP ERI METRICAL Figures.


general officer who carried on the siege of (Figures Isoperimetriques, Fr.) A term
a place likewise kept a document ofthe ! derived from the Greek to express all
sort, and minuted down every thing that figures that have equal circumfeiences or
happened under his command. So that perimeters.
the journal which was kept in this man ISSUE, event; consequence; the ul
ner was a circumstantial detail of what timate result of any undertaking; the
occurred, day after day, during the attack termination of any contest.
and defence of a town. General Issue. In matters of litiga
Journal de I'armie, Fr. See Re tion is the question to be decided upon,
turns. or issue, the parties state certain facts,

JOURNEE, F~r. A term used among one asserts the fact, the other denies, and
the French, to express any particular en upon this they join issue, the determi
gagement or battle, as lajournee de Maren nation of that tact is the issue.
go, the battle of Marengo. We frequently ISTHMUS, (Isthme, Ex.) A neck of
adopt the word day in the same sense : land which joins the Peninsula to the
thus a hard fought day signifies a hard Continent, and which separates two seas,
fought battle. i as Daricn; Corinth.
JOUTE, Fr. A close fight between ITINERA IRES, Fr. Itinerary
two individuals. It likewise means an movements or days of march. A tech
engagement at sea. nical phrase among the French to denote
J OUTER, faire de s joules, Fr. To run ihe order and disposition which a body of
a tilt at one another with lances. men, or an army, is directed to observe >!
JOUST. Sec Just.
*f

KAL 311
JUS

its march from one camp to another, or i


back, man against man, armed with
to any particular quarter of destination. lances; called also Joust, Tilt, Tourna
ITMAMDAR. Ind. A superintend ment, &c.
ant or in India.
lieutenant-governor JUSTICES. Military men are, in
JUDGES are authorized to take ju many instances, under the necessity of
dicial notice of the articles of war. applying to justices in order to execute
JUDGE M A R T I A L , or Advocate Ge their several oideis and instructions with-
net al, the supreme judge in martial law ! out infringing upon the
civil authorities ;
side are bound to
as to the jurisdiction and powers of mi I and justices on their
litary courts, in the British system. It is aid and assist the military in conformity
|
to established laws and regulations.
incumbent upon this person, as well as j
upon his deputies to be well acquainted Military Justice, (Justice Alilitaire,
with the laws of the land, that they may Fr.) That speciesof justice which prevails
admonish the court or president when in the army, and corresponds with the
their proceedings are tending to infringe articles of War.
the civil law. He is register of courts-
martial, and should take down the evi
dence in the very words of the witness. K
He is neither a judge nor a juror as to the
charge.
JUGE, Fr. A sort of judge or pro KABBADE or CABADE, Fr. A
vost marshal. This term vvas particu military dress which is worn by the
larly applicable to the interior govern modern Greeks. According to Tzetzes
ment of the 5> wiss guards that were in the it derives its name from Cabaties, a Per
service of France. Each regiment of that sian king. Codinus, on the other hand,
description had one judge or provost mar asserts, that the Greeks in Constantino
shal per company, and one superior to the ple it in imitation of the Assyri
rest who
adopted
Others again maintain, that it owes
presided over the regiment. ans.
The inferior judge was called richter, and its appellation to the resemblance which it
the grand or superior judge obster richter. bears to a Greek letter. Father Goar, the
The inferior judges had the examination author, very justly ridicules this etymo
of petty crimes and offences w hich they logy. We are, however, authorized to
reported to the captain of the company. say, that be the derivation of the word
If the crimes were ofa serious or heinous what it may, the dress itself consists of a
nature, the inferior judges drew up a short garment which was worn underneath
specific statement of them, and laid the another. It had not any folds, but sat
whole before the obster richter, who com close to the body, being buttoned with
municated the circumstance to the colo large buttons, and reaching down to the
nel. Grounds for a general court-martial calves of the legs. It vvas fringed round
were
generally established out of the latter the edges, and was usually worn with a
report. girdle; such is the description which Fa
JUGG, Ind. An Indian sacrifice. ther Goar has given ofthe kabbades in his
JUGGUT GROW, Ind. An Indian notes upon Codinus. He concludes by
term which signifies guardian of mankind. observing, that in his opinion it is what
JUMBAUN, Ind. In Indian music, the Romans called sagum, and the modern
means, shake. Greeks afterwards corrupted into kab-
JUMBOO DEEP, Ind. Awordpar- bade.
ticularly used to signify India; it is de KAK TOW DA, bid. Fine mould
rived from jumboo ax jumbock, a jackal, and beat strongly in between two walls, for
deep, anylarge portion of land which is the purpose of shooting arrows into when
surrounded by the sea. the walls are taiceiiaway.
Jumboo Deep, Ind. The inhabitants KALEE, Ind. An Hindoo deity the
of India were so called before the intro genius of evil; the infernal god, to whom
duction of the Tartar governments. human beings are sacrificed.
JUMMAKERCH./W. An account, KALLAAT or KELAUT, Ind. a
stating the receipt and expenditure of dress which is given to any
person invest
the revenue; that is the gross or gene ed with a new office.
ral account.
KALMUCS, (Kalmouques, Fr.) This
JUNCAN, Ind. A toll or duty on word is generally written Calmucs.
They
every thing that passes. are wandering tribes of
Taitars, who in
JUNGLE, An Indian term for a wood, habit the parts north of the
Caspian sea.
or
woody country. It likewise means These hordes frequently
put thtmselves
high grass, reeds, or thicket. under the protection of the court of Rus
JURISDICTION. Legal authority, sia. A French writer describes the Kal-
extent of power. Officers not being liable mucs to be a sort of
to be tried by garrison or regimental courts-
militia, which is es
tablished between Siberia and the Caspi
martial, may appeal from the jurisdiction an sea. There are generally some regi
of such courts; as may non-commissioned ments of them attached to the Russian
officers and soldiers in cases where their armies in common with the Cossacks.
pay is concerned. They are armed with a lance iron pointed,
JUST. A sportive combat on hors?- about six feet long, and carry a bow with
112 KE E KEY

a
quiver upon their backs, containing ten directed succession of shot. In mus
arrows. They never serve on foot, and quetry firing, officers commanding bat
are only formidable by name. talions, divisions, or platoons, should be
KALSA, Ind. The treasury. very exact in giving the word in order to
KALSA CUTCHERRY, Ind. the keep up the different firings.
room of business, where the business of KEERAY, Ind. expences, charges.
the army is transacted ; and all matters KENT. It is the peculiar duty of the
of litigation on that branch of service is county lieutenant, or of three deputy
determined. lieutenants belonging to this English
officer in Persia, who is county, to issue orders to the chief con
KHAN, an
invested with the same powers that are stables of the several hundreds to send out
entrusted to an European governor. precepts to the churchwardens or over
Ind. a term used in seers to return a list of men liable to serve.
KANAUTS,
India, t6 express the walls ofa canvas The churchwardens and overseers of" the
tent. county of Kent are, by act of parliament,
KATAA, the Indian name for China. invested with the powers of constables,
KATIK.an Indian month, which in to put in force the militia acts.
some measure coincides with our month KENTASSI, a ran^e of mountains in
of October. Thibet, in which are the sources of the
KAULAUBHAIJE, the Indian term Ganges. This river, formed from seve
for message. ral sources, passes successively two great
KECHERKLECHI, guards attached lakes, and flows to the west, until the
to the person ofthe king of Persia ; they opposition ofa part ofthe India: Cauca
are armed with a musquet of an extraor sus turns it to the south, and having

dinary size and calibre. They were raised completed in these various directions a
and formed into a regular corps the mid course of two hundred leagues, it enters

dle ofthe last century . India by forcing its passage through the
KEELS, the longboats in which the mountains ofthe frontier.
Saxons successfully invaded England KE RAN A, a long trumpet, similar in
were so called. shape and size to the speaking trumpet.
KEEP, in ancient military history, a The Persians use it whenever they wi_,h to
kind of strong tower which was built in make any extraordinary noise, and they
the centre of a castle or fort, to which the frequently blow it with hautboys, kettle
besieged retreated and made their last ef drums and other instruments at sunset,
forts of defence. Of this description is and two hours after midnight.
the keep of Windsor Castle. KEREEF, Ind. One oi" the two sea
sons into which the year is divided in
King's KEEP, a fort built by king
Henry II. in the interior part of Dover India.
castle is so called. KERIMCHARRY, Ind. an inferior
To KEEP off, in a military sense, is officer under the Zemindar, who collects
either to deter your enemy from approach from the villages, and keeps the accounts.
ing close to the lines or fortifications by KERN. Irish, a soldier. The Irish
inducing him to suspect a superior force, infantry were formeily distinguished by
an ambuscade, or a mine, or by openly this appellation. The men in those days
his advanced posts in such a man
galling were armed vv ith a sword, and a dart or
ner to beat him in detail.
as
Infantry javel n,which vvas tied o a small cord,
so that after they had thrown it at the
may keep ott'cavalry by hot firing, or by
a compact intrepid direction of the bay enemy, they could instantly recover it,
onet. and use it in any way they thought pro
To KEEP up, in military movements, per. The javelin was called skene, which
is the of that is also the Irish for a knife.
preservation regular pace,
by which a line or column, on a march, KERUI,/W a village or parish.
or in manoeuvring, advances towards any K ETTL E, a vessel used to boil com
given point without any chasms or fluc position for fire- works.
tuations. When a regiment marches by Y^ETTEE-Drums. See Drums.
files, it is almost impossible for the rear Ketti. z-drum cart, a four wheel car
to keep up. On this account, divisions, riage which is drawn by four horses, and
subdivisions, and even sections, are best is used exclusively by the British artillery
calculated preserve a regular depth and
to as a pageant.
continuity of march. The ordnance flag is planted on the
To Keep up, likewise signifies to attend fore part, and the drummer with two
to the interior inanageir.ent and discipline kettle drums is seated, as in a chair of
ofa corps, so as to prevent the least devi state, on the back part. This cart is
ation from established rules and regula finely engraven and richly gilt. It has
tions. Thus commanding officers are not been in the field since the year 1743.
said to keep up good order and discipline, when the king was present. It is kept
who, whilst absent or present, provide in the tower.
pgainst the least insubordination, &c. KEYS, in a general sense,- are instru
To Keep up a heavy fit e, is to play with ments with which locks are opened.

ieavy ordnance against a fortified place, Keys, in artillery carriages, may be


or b >dv of men, by a calm and well- considered under three specific heads, viz.
KIN KIT 313

Ftre-lock Keys, which serve to pass lawful for the latter to put him to instant
death.
through the lower end of bolts, in order
to fasten them. To KINDLE, in a military sense, is
Keys may h~ used in the same to excite mankind to arms. To kindle
Spring the flames of war is a familiar expression.
manner, but are differently made, for in r,
stead of being of one single piece, they KING from the Saxon koning, that is
ace of two, like two springs laid one over cunning, wise ; it has come to bear a dif
the other. When they aie put into eye- ferent sense, and to signify a person neither
bolts, they are pinched together at the cunning nor wise; a person in whom a
ends, and when they are in, they open supr.nie or qualified authority is vested
w ithiut the consent ofa nation. Th: chief
again ; so that the motion of the carriage
cannot disturb or shake them out. Spring magistrate, and one of the three nominal
keys arc peculiarly useful in travelling parts ofthe British government.
carriages. In a military acceptation of the term,
Keys with chains and staples fixed on the king of Great Britain is captain gen
eral of the British army, the primary
the side pieces ofa carriage or mortar bed.
fasten the cap squares by source from whicii all appointments in it
They 5-rve to
are derived, and the last resort of naval
passing through the eyes ofthe eye-bolts,
with or without. and military jurisdiction. With him, as
Key stone, in architecture, is the mid principal magistrate in the state, and
dle stone of an arch, by whicii the sweep head of the executive power, all the ar
ofthe arch is bound together. rangements of the British army finally rest,
Key. See Quay. as from him they primarily issued. From
KEYSERL1CKS, ox imperialists, the him all the effective forces derive energy
Austrian troops are frequently called so. and effect,and when war has been declar
The term was indeed common among the ed, tohim only does the army look for the
British soldiers, when they did duty to- immediate appiicc tion and general exer
gether, and invad.d France in 1794. 1; is cise of its powers, through the mediumof
derived from keyscr, from Ccasar, which the ministers he appoints, who are re
in German, signifies emperor. sponsible to parliament for the manner in
KHAN, Ind. signifies lord or chieftain. which the authority they have received
This title was given by the king of Delhi, has been executed.
for which it is supposed, the person The British king is likewise supreme
maintained 250 horse soldiers, which he head of the militia, and has the power of
commanded and disciplined for the king's appointing or dismissing lieutenants of
service counties. This kinc; may likewise or
KHEET, Ind. a fortified city, which der three deputy lieutenants to act, when
is four coss or eight English miles in the lieutenant is abroad, or when there
length and breadth, and not so much as is a vacancy. He may join independent
eight coss. companies into a battalion, or incorporate
KHODA, Ind. God. them with any other regime.. t ; and by
KHODADAUD SIRCAR, Ind. That him only can adjutants be appointed to act
is the government or ruler blessed or be in the militia. If they are selected from
loved of God ; it vvas a title assumed by the regular army, they
preserve their
Tippo Sultaun, the sovereign ofthe king rank, and their new commission bears the
dom of Mysore, who fell in defence of sign manual.
his capital, Serungputtun, or Seringapa- In case of an invasion or rebellion, the
tam, when it was stormed, May the 4th, British king has the power to order the
1799, by the British forces under t he com ounty lieutenants to embody the militia,
mand of lieutenant general Harris. and to put it under general officers from
KID. This appellation was formerly the regulararmy. On these occasions he
given to any person that was trepanned by may issue a proclamation for the meeting
kidnappers. of parliament in fourteen days.
KIDNAPPER, aman who
by impro The word king is synonymous with
per means decoys the unwary into the monarch, tyrant, despot, and an emperor is
army or
navy. only a higher grade of king.
KIEU, the Indian term for any bridge K in c at Arms. See He 1. ald.
under which water flows. KIOSQUE, Fr. a sort of garden pa-
KILL A, bid. a castle, fort, or for villion which is open on all sides. It is
tress. used in the Levant, particularly in Tur
KILL ADA R, Ind. the governor or
key, and at Constantinople.
commandant of a fort. K I S S L L B A C H L S , Ind. soldiers are so
KINDALAHS, a vagabond, outcast called in India.
set of people in India, originally belong KIST, Ind. an instalment ; theamount
ing to the Hindoo tribe. By such pro ofa stated payment.
scription and disgrace are these misera KISTYBUNDY, the Indian term for
ble creatures marked, that the people a
monthly payment or periodical instal
of other casts not only will not visit them, ment .

but if any one of them should presume to KITSBUNDY, a contract or agree


approach a person ofthe Nayr tribe, it is ment for the discharge of any debt or ob-
l ligation by stated payments,
r r
314 KOL KR A

It is the present aera, in which all


logy.
KIT, in laboratory works, a composi are corrupted, or rather lessened ;
tion made, of rosin 91b. pitch 61b. bees mankind
wax 61b. and tallow lib. used for the last it is supposed to be ordained to subsist
four hundred thousand years, of which
covering of carcasses. In order to apply
it properly, it must first be broken into near five thousand are already expired,

small pieces, and put into an iron pot and the life of man, in that period is limit
over the fire, where it must be kept stir
ed to onv hundred years. Colonel Dow

ring about until ic be thoroughly dissolv says this age is to last thirty-six thousand
ed. When rendered very hot and com years : th age which preceded it, is call
ed the davapaar jogue.
pletely liquid, it may be used.
Kit is likewise usea among dragoons, KOOLOO, Ind. the cocoa tree.
to signify their lot of necessaries, which j KOONAR, an Indian month, which
is packed up in a very small compass. ] partly coincides with our month of Sep
The term is also used by the infantry, and tember.
means the contents of a soldier's knap- Jj KOONCHY, Ind. a measure of about
sack. !' eight handfuls.
K LI NKETS, in fortification, are small !' KOONWUR, Ind. prince, highness.
'

gates made through pallisades for the pur- KOREISPI, Ind. an Arabian tribe.
pose of sallying. KORTCHI-BACH1, the chief or
KNAPSACK, a rough leather or can commanding officer of the Kortchis. In
vas bag, which is strapped to an infantry former times he was the first military
soldier's back when he marches, and character in Persia, at present he is only
He never leaves
which contains his necessaries. Square the secono in command .

the court except upon extraordinary occa


knapsacks are supposed to be m si con
venient. They should be made with a sions, wher. his presence i^ required at the
division to hold the shoes, blacking -balls, army This, however, rarely happns,
and brushes, separate from the linen. , as the kin,; is obliged to furnish him with

White goat skins are sometimes used, but an household service of plate, and to de

we do not conceive them to be equal to tach a part of his own guards for the ro-
the painted canvas ones. Soldiers are put tection of his person. The Kortchi Bachi
under stoppages for the payment of 1 heir is generally entrusted with one of the
after five years, become chief governments belonging to Persia.
knapsacks, which of Persian
their propeity. See list of necessaries, KORTCHIS, a body ca

according to the last regulations, under the valry, which is stationed along the fron
article Necessaries, tiers of the country. Every individual
to this corps, receives fifty
KNAVE, for * military acceptation, , belonging
see Infaniky.

crowns for his annual pay. The children
of the Kortchis succeed their fathers,
KNIGHT, a person who, in ancient
times, on account of some eminent service, with the consent and approbation of the
civil or military, was singled out from the general. The Kortchis are descended
common class of gentlemen, &c. and was from a race of foreigners, whouseoto live
under tents, and were always distinguish
personally invested with a title. This
word, which was originally derived from ed for their courage.
the German and Dutch knecht or kneht, , KOSSACKS, (Kosaques, Ex.) See
signifies a servant, in which sense it is ap Cossacks.
plied when we speak of the knight of a KOTE, Ind. a warehouse
shire ; it likewise means a military man, | KOULER-AGASI, a distinguished
from the La'in 1 military character in Persia, who has the

or rather a horseman,

eques, a soldier or horseman ; knights of I l| conunasd of a body of men called Keuls.


this description having been either the [ He is usually governor of a considerable
kind's domestic servants or of his life province.
KOULIE, courier, a porter, a slave.
guards. a

In common law they are called milites, KOURIE, Ind. a sea-shell used as
usually holding lands under the feudal money in many parts of india.
tenure by knight's service, to serve the KOULS, a corps of Persian soldiers
king in his wars. who rank as a third body among the five
KNOT, the wing or epaulette, which that constitute the king's household
is commonly made of worsted, of a non troops ; they mount guard under the por
commissioned officer or corporal. When tico which stands between the first and
second gate the palace. The
Serjeants and corporals are sentenced to be leading to
reduced to the ranks, the knot is generally Kouls are men of and rank ; no per
note
cut off by the drum-major in the presence son can arrive at
any considerable post or
of the battalion, as a mark of ignominy. situation, who has not served .imong the
Knots, the division of the log line. Kouls. Their number is computed a:
Each knot is equal to an English mile. 4000 men.

KNOUT, a Russian punishment. KOYAL, Ind. a weighman.


KOHeSTAN, Ind. properly means a KOYAI.EE, Ind. fees for weighing.
province. It likewise signifies a rocky or KRAMA, Ind. wooden sandals which
mountainous country. are worn by the natives of I ndia during the
KOLLEE Jogue, Ind. is the fourth of wet season.
the four aetas orperiods of Indian chrono
K UR LAB 315

KUFFEET, Ind. An Indian term for adopted the term, with a slight alteration,
security. j and call themselves kesil-bascbis or golden.
of near
KUL, the Turkish word for slave to heads. The Kurtchi form
a body
thousand men. The chief or
the prince. The grand vizier, the bachas, ly eighteen
the beiglerbeys, and all persons who re commanding officer is called kurtchi-
ceive pay or subsistence from situations
I baschi. This was formerly the most dis-
dependent upon the crown, are so called. j distinguished situation in the kingdom,
This title is in high estimation among 1 and the authority annexed to it was equal
the Turkish military, as it authorizes all to what the constable of France originally
docs
who are invested with it, to insult, strike possessed. At present his power
and otherways ill use the common peo not extend beyond the Kurtchis.
KUSH-BASH, Ind. Persons who en
ple, without being responsible for the
most flagrant breach of humanity. Horrid joy lands rent free, upon condition of serv
pre-eminence, and fitted only to Mahome ing government in a military capacity
when called upon. The term also signi
dan civilization !
5KULLUSTAUNS, Ind. Christians. fies, people of middling circumstan
ces who do not cultivate their lands
KUNDNEE, Ind. A sum of mo
themselves, but hire servants to do it
ney which is annually paid by an inferior
while thev hold other employments.
governor to his superior.
KUPELE, Straights so called in India, KUTTY, Ind. Closets.
through which the Ganges disembogues KUVVAUS, Ind. Servants attending
itself into Hindustan. on the king's person.
They are distant
from Delhi about 30 leagues, inthelongi- KUZANA, Ind. A treasury.
gitude of 96, and'in the latitude of 30. 2.
These straights are believed by the Indi
ans, who look very little abroad, to be the
sources ofthe Ganges: and a rock 15
miles distant from them, bearing some LAAK, bid. One hundred thousand.
resemblance to the head of a cow, has LABARUM, a celebrated standard
joined in the same part of the nations, which used among the Roman em
vvas

two very important objects ot their reli perors, and means any imperial
frequently
gion : the grand image of the animal or royal standard.The original one, so
whicll they almost venerate as a divinity, called, consisted of a long lance, at the
and the first appearance of that immense top of which vvas fixed a stick that cross
body of holy water which washes away ed it at right angles, and from which hung
all their sins. It was at these straights a piece of rich scarlet cloth, that vvas
thr.t the Indians made some shew of re sometimes ornamented with precious
sistance, when the famous Tamerlane stones. Until the days of Constantine
invaded India. The field of this victory the great, the figure of an eagle was placed
is the most distant term of that emperor's upon the
top of the labarum ; but that
conquest in India and on the globe. See prince substituted in its room, a cross,
Dissertation on the establishments made with a cypher expressing the name of
by Mahomedan conquerors in Hindustan, Jesus.
in Orme's History of the Carnatic, page LABORATORY signifies that place
14, and 15. where all sorts of fire- works ate prepared,
KURROL, Ind. The advanced guard both for actual service, and for pleasure,
ofa main army. viz. quick matches, fuses, portfires,
KURTeHI, a militia is so called in grape-shot, case-shot, carcasses, hand-
Persia. It consists of one body of caval grenades, cartridges, shells filled, and fu
ry, which is composed of the first nobi ses fixed, wads, &c. Sec.
lity belonging to the kingdom, and ofthe Aigrettes. See Mortars.
lineal descendants of the Turkish con Ball, arc of various sorts, shapes a;.d
querors, who placed Ismael Sophi on the forms; as

tnronc. They wear a red turban, madeof Chain-shot, two shot linked together
are

particular stuff, into twelve folds. This by a strong chain of 8


or 10 inches long ;
turban was originally given them by they used on board men of war,
are more

Ismael, in consideration of their attach than in the land service. The famous
ment to the religion and family of Ali. M. de Witt was the first inventor, about
The twelve folds are in remembrance of the year 1665.
the twelve I maans or Mahomedan preach Light-balls, of which their are several
ers who descended in a direct line from sorts : the best composition is mealed
Ali, and distinguished themselves so much powder 2, sulphur 1, rosin 1, tui pen-
in that sect. The turban is red, for the tine 2 1-2, and saltpetre 1 1-2. Then
purpose of provoking those who wear it take tow, and mix and dip it in this com
to avenge upon the Ottomans, the death
position, tillof a proper size, letting the last
of Ali and Hussein, who were muidered coat be of mealed powder Or take thick
by thj chief of Sunis, to whose sect the strong paper, and make a shell tne size of
Turks belong. In consequence of their the mortar you intend to throw it out of,
wearing this turban, the Persians are al. and fill it with a composi ion of an equal
ways called by the Turks kitil-baschi or quantity of sulphur, pitch, rosin, ai.u
red-beads. The noblemen in Persia have mealed powder ; which h.-ing well \\\\\-
316 LAB LAB

ed, and put in warm, will give a clear Nona but round carcasses are used at
;

fire, and burn a considerable time. present, the flight of the oblong ones be
The composition for filling balls that ing so uncertain. The composition is,
are intended to set fire to pitch 2, saltpetre 4, sulphur 1, and corned
magazines is,
mealed powder io, saltpetre 2, sulphur 4> powder 3. When the pitch is melted,
and rosin 1 ; or mealed powder 4, pound the pot is taken off, and the
ingredients
ed glass 1, antimony 1-2, camphor 1-1, [well mixed) put in; then the carcass
sal-ammoniac 1, common salt 1-4; or is filled with as much as can be press
mealed powder 48, saltpetre 32, sulphur ed in.
16, rosin 4, steel cr iren tilings 2, fir tree Cartiidges are made of various sub
saw-dust boiled in saltpetre ley 2, and stances, such as
paper, parchment, blad
birch wood charcoal 1 With any of these
.
ders, and flannel. When they are made
compositions fill the sack, and ram it, if of paper the bottoms remain in the
piece,
possible, as hard e.s a stone, putting in the and accumulate so much.that the
priming
open; -.-;, a fuse, and about the same an cam.ot reach the
powder ; besides otljgr^
iron ring i-5th of the ball's diameter inconveniencics. When thev are made of
wide ; and on the opposite end, another parchment cr bladders, the fire shrivels
ring i-6th cf the ball's diameter; then them up, so that they enter into the vent,
with a strong cord of i-4t!i of an inch and becrme so hard, that the
priming iron
diameter, lace round th- hoops, or rings, cannot remove them so as to clear the
from one tvd of the ball to the other, as vent.
Nothing has been found hitherto
often as is requisite; this is called the to answer better than
flannel, which is
ribbed coat ; tnen lace it again the contra the only thing used at present for
artillery
ry v\ ay , which is called the check coat. cartridges of all sorts ; because it does not
Between each square cord, iron barrels keep fire, and is therefore not liable to
are drive.,
in, 1.3d of which are filled accidents in the loading : but, as the dust
with powder, and a bullet : at the end of of powder passes through them, a parch
each a small vent is made, that the com ment cover is sometimes made to put
position may inflame the powder, and over them, which is taken off when used.
drive the balls out en every side, which The be^t way ot making flannel car
not only kill numbers of tridges, is to boil the flannel in size;
people, but pre
vent any one from which will prevent the dust of powder
extinguishing the fire
ball. The whole must, when finished, from passing through, and render it stiff",
be dipped in melted pitch, rosin and tur and more manageable; for without this
pentine oil ; which composition fastens; precaution cartridges are so pliable, on
the whole together. account of their size and the
quantity of
Smoke-Bails, axe made and contrived to powder they contain, that they are put
give an uncommon smoke, and thereby! into the piece with much difficulty.
prevent the enemy from seeing what, you The loading and firing guns with ( r.
are about. tridges is done much sooner than with
They are prepared as above,
only the composition must be 5 to 1 of loose powder, and fewer accidents are
pitch, rosin, and saw-dust : the ingredi likely to occur. The heads of cartridges,
ents are put into iron shells, having 4 especially for musquetry, arc sometimes
holes each to let out the smoke, and aie wrapped in coarse cotton.
thrown out of mortars. In quick firing the shot is fixed to the
S link- ") caitridge by means of a wooden bottom,
Poisoned- | hollowed on one side so as to receive
Red-hot- \ Balls. See Balls. nearly half the shot, which ii fastened to
Chain- ,' it by two small slips of tin
crossing over
Stang. | the shot, and nailed to the bottom ; and
Anchor. J the cartridge is tied to the other end
Message- Balls. See Shells. thereof. They are fixed likewise in the
Fire-Barrels axe at
present not much same- manner to the bottoms of
grape
'.'S'.d: they were ot different sorts; shot, which arc used in field pieces.
some mounted on two wheels. The in Grape-sl:,:, in artillery, is a combina
side of the barrel is loaded with powder, tion of small shot, put into a thick canvas
and the outside full of sharp iron points, bag, and corded strongly together, so as
intermixed with guna.Ics loaded, and to form a ki.-.d of c\
linder, whose diame
fuses fixed. Sometimes they are placed ter is equal to that of the ball which is
under ground, and nia.'e use of to annoy adapted to the cannon.
the enemy's approach. To make grape shot, a bag of coarse cloth
Carcass, in military affairs, was formerly is made just to hold the bottom which is
of an oval form, made of iron bars, and
put into it ; as many shot are then thrown
filled with a composition of mealed pow mas the
grape is to contain; and with a
der, saltpetre, sulphur, broken glass, strong pack thread the whole is quilted to
shavings of horn, pitch, turpentine, tal keep tlie shot from moving. The bags,
low, and linseed oil, covered with a when finished, are put into boxes tor
pitched cloth ; it is primed with mealed the purpose of being conveniently car
powder and quick match, and fired out of ried.
a mortar, Its design is to set houses on The number of shot in a grape varies
fire, &c. SccCarcass. according to the service or size of the
LAB LAB 117

service 9 is the to drive the composition of


[laboratory,
guns : in sea always num
fuzes and rockets.
ber; but by land it is increased
to any

number or size, from an ounce and a Funnels, are of various sorts, used to
quarter in weight, to
four pounds. It pour the powder into shells, and the com
has not yet been determined, with any position into fuses, and rocket-cases.
degree of accuracy, what number and Fiie-ship, a vessel filled with combusti
size answer best in practice ; for it is ble materials, and fitted with grappling
well known, that they often scatter so irons, to hook, and set fire to the enemy's
much that only a small nu mber ta kes effect- ships in battle, Sec.
Ofthe three different sorts of cannon From the bulk head at the fore castle to
which are used for throwing grape-shot, a bulk head to be raised behind the mam
the 3-pounder seems rather the best ; es chains, on each side and across the ship
is fixed, close to the
pecially when two are used, as the effect at the bulk heads,
of two 3-pounders is much greater than ship's sides, a double row of troughs, 2
that of one 6-pounder. But the 8-inch feet distance from each other, with cross
howitzer, which can be made to throw in troughs quite round, at about 2 1-2 dis
from three to five of its charge (from 12 to tance ; which are mortised into tlie others.
20lb. of shot) becomes thereby a very The cross troughs lead to the sides of the
formidable piece, when it can be used for ship, to the barrels and to the port holes,
grape-shot ; and this is the howitzer used to give fire both to the barrels and to the
by the French light or horse artillery. chambers, to blow open the ports; and
Proper charges for grape-shot have never the side troughs serve to communicate
yet bee n effectually determined : we can the fire all along the ship and the cross
only give our advice from some experi troughs.
ments ; that for heavy 6-pounders, 1.3d The timbers of which the troughs are
of the weight of the shot appears to be made, aie about 5 inches_ square ; the
the best charge of powder ; for the light depth of the troughs, half their thick
6-pounders, 1.4th of the weight ofthe ness ; and they are supported by cross
shot; and for howitzers, i-8th or i-ioth pieces at every 2 or 3 yards, nailed to the
answers very well. timbers of the ship, and to the wood work
This kind of fire seems not yet to have whicii incloses the fore and main masts.
been enough respected, nor depended on. The decks and troughs are all well paved
However, if cannon and howitzers can be with melted rosin.
made to throw 1.3d or i-4th, and some On each side ofthe ship 6 small port
times half their charge of grape shot into a holes are cut, from 15 to 18 inches large,
space 39 by 12 feet, at 200 and 300 yards the ports opening downwards, and are
distance, and those fired 7 or 8 times in cicse caulked up. Against each port is
a minute ; if surely forms the thickest fire fixed an iron chamber, which, at the time
that can be produced from the same space. of firing the ship, blows open the ports,
Tin case-shot, in artillery, is formed by and lets out the fire. At the main and
putting a great quantity of small iron shot fore chains, on each side, a wooden fun
into a cylindrical tin box, called a canister, nel is fixed over a fire barrel, and comes
thatjust fits the bore of the .;.::.. Leaden through a scuttle in the deck, up to the
bullets are sometimes u .ed in the same shrouds, to set them on fire. Both fun
manner ; and it must be observed, that nels and scuttles must be stopped with
whatever number or sizss of the shot are plugs, and have sail cloth or canvas nailed
ii ..ed,
they must weigh, with their cases, close over thin, to prevent any accident
iCeir'.y as much as the shot of the piece. happening that way, by fire, to the com
Case shot, formerly, consisted of all bustibles below.
kinds of old iron, stones, musquet balls, The port holes, funnels, and scuttles,
nails, &c. not only serve to give the fire a free passage
Tubes, in artillery are used in quick ! to theoutsidcand upper parts of theship,
firing. They are made of tin : their di and her rigging, but also for the inward
Ij
ameter is 2-iothsof an inch, being
just ij air (otheiwite confined) to expand itself,
sufficient to enter into the vent of the and
!; " push through those holes at the time
piece; about 6 inches long, with a cap ofthe combustibles being on fire, and pre
above, and cut slanting below, in the form vent the blowing upof the decks, which
ofa pen; the point is strengthened with otherwise must ot course
happen, from
some solder, that it may
pierce the car such a sudden and violent rarefaction of
tridge without bending. Through this the airas will then be produced.
tube is drawn a quick- march, the cap be In the bulk head behind, on each side,
ing fitted with mealed powder, moistened is cut a small hole, large enough to re
with spirits of wine. To prevent the ceive a trough of the same size of the
mealed powder from falling out by car. others; from which, to each side of the
riage, a cap of paper or flannel, steeped in ship, lies a leading trough, one end com
spirits of wine, is tied over it. ing through a sally port cut through the
Flambeaux, a kind of lighted torch, ship's side, and the other fixing into a
used in the artillery upon a march, or
communicating trough that lies along the
the park, Se-c.
bulK-head, from one side of the ship to
Form rs, axe cylinders of wood, of dif the other; and being laid with quick
ferent sizes and dimensions, used in the j match, at the time of firing either ofthe
318 LAB LAB

leading troughs, communicates the fire in '


| same as the composition for bavins) well*
an instant to the contrary sideof the ship, melted; and when well dipped, and the
and both sides burn together. I curtain extended to its full breadth, whip
Fire barrels, for a fire-ship, are cylindric, it between 2 sticks of about 5.5 feet long,
on account of that shape answering better and 1-5 inches square, held close by 2
both for filling them with r eds, and for othermento takeoffthe superfluous com

stowing them between the troughs : their position hanging to it; then immediately
inside diameters are about 21 inches, and sprinkle saw dust on both sides to pre
their length 33. The bottom parts are vent it from sticking, and the curtain is

first filled with double-dipt reeds set on finished.


end, and the remainder with fire-bairel Reeds, for a fire-ship, are made up in
smail bundles of about 12 inches in cir
composition, which is, corned powder
301b. Swtdish pitch 12, saltpetre 6,
and cumference, cut even at both ends, and
tallcw 3, well mixed and melted, and tied with two bands each : the longest
then poured over them. sort ate 4 feet, and the shot test 2.5 ; which

There are 5 holes of 3-quarters of an are all the lengths that are used. One
inch diameter, and 3 inches deep, made part of them are single dipped, only at
with a drift of lhat size in the top ofthe one end ; the rest are double-dipped, i. e.
com- osition while it is warm : one in the at both ends. In dipping, they must be
centre, and the other four at equal dis about 7 or 8 inches deep into a copper
put
tances round the sides of the barrel. kettle of melted composition (the same as
When the composition is cold and hard, that for bavins ;) and when they have
the bartel is primed by well driving those drained a little over it, to carry off the
holes full of fuze composition, to within superfluous composition, sprinkle thern
an inch of the top ; thr-n fixing in each over a tanned hide with pulverised sul

hole a strand of quick-match twice dou phur, at some distance from the copper.
bled, and in the centre hole two strands STORtsfora Fie.-Ship<-/ 150 tons.

the whole length; all which must be well No. .

driven in with mealed powder : then lay Fire-barrels . 8


the quick-match all within the barrel, Inn chambers . 12

and cover the top of it with a dipt curtain, Priming composition barrels 3 :
0

fastened on with a hoop to slip over the Quick-mat. h barrels . 1

Curtains dipped

head, and nailed on. .


30
Bavins, for a fire-ship, are made of Long reeds single dipped .
150
birch, heath, or other sort, of brush
wood, that is both tough and quickly
fired : in length 2. 5, or 3 feet ; th? bush- Bavins singledipped .
209
ends all laid one way, and the other ends Quantity a/Composition for prepai . ..-

tied with two bands each. They are the stoics of a FiRE-Ship.
8 barrels, corned powder 9601b.
dipped, and sprinkled with sulphur, the For
same as reeds, with this difference, that pitch 4801b. tallow 80.
the bush ends, only, are dipped, and priming composition, salt
For 3 barrels of
should be a little closed together by hand, 175'ib sulphur 1401b. corned
petre
as soon as done, to keep them more com powder 3501b. rosin 2ilb. oil-pots 11.
For curtains, bavins, reeds, and sulphur
pact, in order to give a stronger fire, and
to presove the branches from breaking in to salt them, sulphur 2colb. pitch
shifting and handling them. Their com 3501b. rosin 1751b. tallow 501b. tar
position is, rosin isolb. coarse sulphur 90, 251b.
pitcn 60, tallow 6, and mealed powder 11, Total weight of the composition 3017
with some fine sulphur for salting. pounds, equal to C. 26 : 3 : 21.
Iron-chambers, fox a fire-ship, are 10 Composition allowed lor the reeds nnd
inches long, and 3. 5. in diameter; breech barrels, 1 -fifth of the whole of the last
ed against a piece of wood fixed across article, which is equal to t6olb. making
the holes. When loaded, they arcalmost in the whole 3177 pounds, or C. 28:
rilled full of corned powder, with a 1: 13.

wooden tompion well driven into their Port-fires in artillery, may be madeof any
muzzle. They are primed with a small length : however, tney are seldom made
piece of quick-match thrust through thuir more than 21 inches. The interior di
vents into the powder, with a part of it ameter of port-tire moulds should be 10- 16

hanging out ; and when the ship is fired, of an inch, and the diameter 01 the whole
they blow open the ports, which either port-fire about 1-2 an inch. The 1 aper
fall downwards, or arc carried away, and cases must be rolled wet with paste, and

so give vent to the fire out of the sides or one end folded down. They are used in
the stead of matches to fiie artillery. The
ship.
Curtains, for a fir:- ship, are made of composition of wet port-fire is, salt-petic
barras, about 3-quarters of a yard wide, 6, sulphur 2, an-.- mealed powder 1;
and yard
1 length when tiiey arc dip.
in : when .t is well mixed and sieved, it is to
ped, 2 men, with each a folk, must run be moistened with a little linseed ..il : the
the prongs through th- cor.ici of thecur- lor dry port-tire i.., aalt-pe-.
composition
tain at the same end ; then dip ihein into a ire sulphur 1, mealed powder 2, ?s.i
4,
large kettle of composition (which is the antimony 1 .
L A C LAC 319

Rockets, in pyrotechny, an artificial fire that there was a winter lacernam and a
work, consisting of a cylindrical case of summer one.
paper, filled with a composition of certain The lacerna was adopted by the Romans
combustible ingredients; which towards the close of their republic. Even
being
tied to a stick, mounts into the air to as late down as the
days of Cicero it was
a considerable
height and there bursts: unknown amongst them, or if
known,
they are frequently used as signals in war censured as a mark of uisgraceful effemi
time.
nacy. During the civil wars that occurred
Composition for sky-rockets in general in the triumvirate of Augustus, Lepidus,
is, salt-pctrc 4lb. brimstone lib. and char and Antony, the lacerna became familiar
coal i i-2lb ; bur for
large sky-rockets, to the people, and by degrees was
adopted
salt-petre 4lb. mealed powder lib. and as common
spparel, by the senators and
brimstone ilb. for rockets of a middling of
knights Rome, until the reigns of
size, salt-petre 31b. sulphur 2lb. mealed Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius,
powder lib. and charcoal ilb. who enjoined the senators not to wear it.
Quick-match in artillery, is of 2 sorts, The lacerna is the same as the
cotton and worsted chlamy.
; the first is generally and the burrhus.
made of such cotton as is
put in candles, Un LA CHE, Fr. A familiar
phrase
of several sizes, from 1 to six threads
among the French to signify a coward.
thick, according to the pipes it is designed Sec.
for. The ingredients are, cotton lib. L A CH EW, Fr. to
go ofT. Son pistolet,
12 oz.
salt-petre lib. 8 oz. spirits of wine ou son
fusil, vine a lac her ; his pistol, or
2
quans, water 2 quarts, isinglass 3 .ills, his musquet, went off of itself.
and mealed powder iolb. It is then taken Lac her pied, Fr. to run
out hot, and laid in a trough where some away.
La cher un
mealed powder, moistened with prisonnier, Ex. to let a pri
spirits of soner
escape, or go away unmolested.
wine, is thoroughly wrought into the cot Lachir un coup, in
ton. This done, they are taken out se speaking of fire
arms, signifies to discharge a pistol or
parately, and drawn through mealed pow- 1 musquet. II lui Idcha un
der, and hung upon a line to dry .The! coup de pisiolei
dans la tete ; he lodeed a bullet
in his
composition for the second is, worsted head Le vaisseau Idcha toute sa borde'e a
iooz. mealed powder iolb.
spirits of wine I laportee du mousquet ; the ship fired a
3 pints, and white-wine vinegar 3 pints.
LABORER, Er. iterally, to remove '
| whole broadside within
musquet shot.
earth with a plough, I.ACHETE, Fr. An opprobrious term
spade,
Sec.Figu- which is
frequently used among the
ratively, to belabor, which according to j French, and is applied in all instan
Johnston, is to beat, thump, &c The 1 ces or
French use it, in a cowardice, want of swirit, or disho
military sense, to ex- , norable conduct. One- of their writers
press any direct and concenrrated effort \
which is made to i emphatically observes, that in a military
destroy
a fortification sense of the word it
cannot be misunder-

from two
oblique directions to bear upon ,
destroy
tie entire charac.e Ld S 'f
one Shells and hollow balls are
centre.
every officer and solder f*,me f
genera ly used on these occasions, aid the
chef design ,s to second the
affecl
As it is the direct o^oite"^
operates ; courage, the person who enter's' i 11 ,
^ ^..^ll.01^
whence the explosion Part,c'.lar
is
P.a"
take :>lace.
to
from .! profession
of "arms,
should weigh well
within himself whether he
Laborer likewise possesses that
applies to the work indispensable quality, which is above all
ing t a bomb or shell, which excavates,
.

the
ploughs up, and scatters the earth about
temptations of pleasure or the effe
wh-rever it bursts. minacy ot life, and is only alive to the
glorious impulse of
military animation.
-, LA,CAY,.r
French militia
LAQUET, Fr. An old He only, in tact, is fit for arms, whose
The
was
is found
name
formerly so called. spirit is
superior to
every sordid view
among the public who knows
documents which were personal fear, and who
no
carl
kept by the trea encounter the greatest difficulties and
surers belonging to thedukes dftn
01 Britanny gers with an inward
in the fifteenth
century. placidity of soul
and an outward indifference
to life In
LACE, the uniform of regiments is order to illustrate this
distinguishable often by the lace and but article, we 'shall
ton. quote some ancient and modern instances
of cowardice
LACERNA, Fr. a garment which was which affects *Pcciesu 1!, or
the military character
l&chete,
worn
by the ancients. It was madeof
woollen stuft", and vvas only worn Eunpidas, chief of the Eleans, havinp
.

by men- advanced too far into a W


originally indeed by those alone that were imprudently
of a ""row
military profession. It was usually t-biltp ot Macedon
thrown over the toga, and sometimes in
apn.d
defi.'e, and learning, that
was on this march to
block up the
deed over the tunica. I r may not passage through which he
impro nad entered, instead of
perly be considered as the surtout or great the issue of an manfully waiting
eoat ofthe engagement, abandoned his
ancients, with this difference, army, in the most
cowardly manner. It
I does not appear says the chevalier Folard
320 LAC LAD

that Euripidas possessed those talents which I so called. The word Cunette has since
been adopted.
arc
necessary to form a great general;
instead of meanly stealing c-'tf by a bye|
for] LAD AVE E , Ind. A release or acquit
road and leaving his army to its fate, hej tance from any demand.
would have remained at its head, and I LADLES, in gunnery, are made of cop
either have fought his way through, ho per, to hold the powder for loading guns,
have have died with long handles of wood, when car
norably capitulated, or

combating with his men. tridges are not used.


Base and inglorious as this conduct of Ladles, in laboratory business, are very
Euripidas most unquestionably was, the small, made of copper, v.ith short handles
behaviour of Perseus king of the Mace of wood, usedin supplying the fuses of
donians exceeded it in cowardice and de shells, or any other composition, to fill
gradation. This infamous prince did not the cases of sky-rockets, &c. There is

wait to be visited by misfortune or to lose another kind of ladle which is used to car
a battle; he had, on thecontrary, obtained ry red hot shot. It is made of iron,
a signal victory over the Roman;, and having a ring in the middle to hold the
when Paulus Emilius marched against shot, from which 2 handles proceed from
him, the army he commanded was not in opposite si'^ti ofthe ring.
ferior to that of his opponent in discipline W/>g. LADDERS (ichelles de siege,
and valor, and had the advantage in point Ex.) are used in scaling when a place is
of numbers. Yer, stran.c to relate! the to be taken by surprise. They are made
engagement was no sooner begun, than he several ways: sometimes of flat staves,
rode oft' full gallop, and repaired to the so as to move about their pins and shut
town of
?y emus, under the flimsy pretext like a parallel ruler, for conveniently car
of sacrificing to the God Hercules; as if rying them : the French make them of
Flercules, to use Plutarch's expression, several pieces, so as to be joined together,
vvas the deity to whom the prayers and and to be capable of any necessary length :
offerings of Cowards were to be prefer sometimes they are made of single ropes,
red ! knotted at proper distances, with iron
The English duke of York on two occa- hook at each end, one to fasten them up
sions during his command in the Nether on the wall above, and tlie otlier in the

lands, displayed this l&cbete. ground ; and sometimes they arc made
Mark Antony on the other hand, after with 2 ropes, and staves between them,
having acquired the reputation of a brave to
keep the ropes at a proper distance,
and distinguished general, submitted to and to tread upon. When they are used
the allurements of sensual gratification, in the action of scaling walls, they ought
and buried all his glory in the meretrici to be rather too long than too short, and
ous embraces of an Egyptian strumpet. to be given in charge only to the stoutest
We have had a striking i;i->tJiicc, duriiv. ofthe detachment. The soldiers should
the present war, ofthe superiority whicii carry these ladders with the left arm pass
a real military thirst for glory will always ed through the second step, taking care to
have over private indulgences. When the hold them upright close to their sides, and
French army was very critically situated very short below, to prevent any accident
in Germany, general Hoche- who com in leaping into the ditch.
manded it, became exposed one evening to The first rank of each division, provided
the allurements of a most beautiful vvo- with ladders, should set out with the rest
i.ian, who by design or accident got placed at the signal, marching resolutely with
near the general at a public supper. their firelocks slung, to jump into the
Awar; ofthe weakness ot human nature, ditch : when they are arrived, they should
and full of his own glory, as well as con apply their ladders against the parapet,
scious of the critical state of the army observing to place them towards the sali
entrusted to his care, he suddenly rose, ent angles rather than the middle of the
ordered his horses, and left the place at curtain, because the enemy has less force
midnight. there. Care must be taken to place the
We might enumerate a variety of cases ladders within a foot of each other, and
in which the greatest heroes have fallen not to give them too much nor too little
victims to human weakness; and few slope, so that they may not be overturned,
alas ! in which a sense of public duty and or broken with the weight ofthe soldiers
a
regard for the opinion of posterity have mounting upon them.
got the ascendancy. History, however, The ladders being applied, they who
saves us that trouble, and we shall remain have carried them, and they who come
satisfied with having explained under the after should mount up, and rush upon
word Lachete, what we conceive disgrace the enemy sword in hand : if he who goes
ful in an officer or soldier, who suffers first, happens to be overturned, the next
personal fear, passion, or interest to get the should take care not to be thrown down
better of public character. by his comrade; but on the contrary,
La trahis-jn est une Idihc.l ; treason is in immediately mount himself so as not to
famous in its nature. give the enetny time to load his piece.
LACUNETTE, Fr. aterm in fortifica As the Soldiers who mount first maybe
tion. A small iocjc or ditch vve.ofori.ierly easily tumbled over, and their fall may
cause the attack to fail, it would perhaps
LAN LAN 321

be right to protect their breasts with the streamer hung from each lance, and was
fore- parts of cuirasses; because, if they attached to the bottom of the sharp iron
the or blade which was fixed to the
can
penetrate, may easily follow.
rest pole. Lan
The success of attack by scaling is
an ces were used in this manner as far back

infallible, if they mountthe 4 sides at as during the crusades.


once, and take care to shower a number Remprela Lance, Fr. to break a Iance\
of grenades among the enemy, especially This was a phrase peculiar to any assault
when supported by some grenadiers which was given at tilts or tournaments,
and picquets, who divide the attention and signified to engage or come to close
and share the fire ofthe enemy. combat.
The ingenious colonel Congreve of the Rompre une Lance, according to t he last
British artillery, has very much improved edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Academie
upon the construction of these ladders. Francoise, likewise means in a familiar
As the- height of different works vary, and and proverbial sense, to defend another
the ladders, when too long, afford pur against the attacks of an adversary The
chase to the besieged, he has contrived a French say : rompre des lances pour quel-
set of ladders having an iron staple at the qu'un, to defend another : rompre une lance
lower part of each stem, so that if 1, 2, or avec
-tuelqu'un, to enter into any warm
3, should be found insufficient to reach dispute or controversy with another.
the top ofthe work, another might w'th Main de la Lance, Fr. A figurative
facility be joined to the lowest, and that expression, to signify the right hand ofa
be pushed up until a sufficient length cavalier or horseman.
could be obtained. Lancf de drapeau, Ex. The staff tb
LAITON, sometimes written LET- which reginunt.il colors are attached.
TON, Fr. a metallic composition which Lances levies, Ex. uplifted lances, in
is made of copper and the lapis calamina- dicated that the enemy vvas beaten, a d that
ris ; a soft brass. the chevaliers or gendarmes should close
LALA,Ind- lord; sir ; master; worship. the day by giving a final blow to the
LAMA, Ind. A chief priest, whose disordered ranks. The use of the lance
followers suppose himimmonal. They was disccntinued in France sometime he-
imagine, that on the dissolution of his fore the compagnies d'ordonnance or inde
mortal frame, his spirit enters the body pendent companies were reduced and
ef a new born child. He is also monarch formed into the gendarmerie. Little or
of Thibet. no use indeed, was made of
them, during
LAMBREQUINS, Fr, small mantles the reign of Henry IV. But the
Spaniards
or ribands which were twisted round the still retained that weapon as low down as
hood or top of a helmet at the bottom of the days of Louis XIII. and when arm?
the crest, and kept the whole
together. were too scarce at the
opening of the
These ornaments fell into disuse when French revolution, tlie pike or lance was
the helmet was laid aside. In former resorted to with great success.
times, when the cavaliers or persons Lance, Fr. means likewise an iron
who wore them, wished to take breath, rod which is fixed across the earthen
and to be relieved from the weight of the mould ofa shell, and which
helmet, they untied the mantles, and let
keeps it sus
pended in the air when it is cast. As
them float about their shoulders
suspend soon as the bomb or shell is
formed, this
ed from the hood only. Hence the ap rod must be broken, and
pellation of valets as hanging behind. carefully taken
out with instruments made for that
LAMPION a parapet, Ft. a lamp ge pur
pose. Shells ounht to be
nerally used on the parapet or elsewhere scrupulouslv
examined with respect to this
in a besieged place. It is a small iron ves article, a'i
sel filled with pilch and tar whicii the
they could not be charged, were the lance
or any part of it to remain
within. Lance is
garrison lighted as occasions required. also an instrument which
The lampion is sometimes confounded conveys the
charge ofa piece of ordnance and forces it
with the rkchaud de home into the bore.
rampart, or chaffing See Rammer of a
dish, which is used upon the rampart on Gun.
similar occasions. Lances feu, Ex. a squib. A
LANCE, lance, Ex. This offensive of artificial fire work which is made in
species
weapon was much used by the French in the shape of a fuse, and is used for vari
former times, particularly
hy that class of ous purposes.
According to the author
military gentlemen called chevaliers, and ot CEuvres Mililaires, torn. Ii.
by the gendarmes. It has also beer, used p. 208,
the composition of the lance a
by the English and other nations. Lances feu consists
ot three parts ofthe best refined
were made of ash,
being a wood of a two parts of flour of
salt-petre,
tough quality and not so liable to break sulphur, and two of
as another
antimony ; the whole being pounded and
species. Before the reign of, mixed together.
Philip de Valois, the chevaliers and gens The chief use whicii is made of the
darmes fought on foot, armed with lances lance a fou is to throw occasional
only, both in battles and at sieges. On light
across the
these occasions they shortened their lan platform, whilst artificial fire
works are likewise
ces, which were then said to be retallces preparing They
seive to set fire to
01 cut fuses, as they can be
again. A sort of bannerol or faken hold of without danger.
s S
322 LAN L A T

Lance a feu puant, Fr. Stink-fire LANSQUENETS, Fr. the German


lances prepared in the same manner that mercenaries which Charles VII. of
stink- pots are, and particularly useful to France first added to his infantry, were so
miners. When a miner or sapper has called. They continued in the French
so far penetrated towards the enemy service until the reign of Francis I. who
consolidated all the foot establishments
as to hear the voices of
persons in any
into a certain number of legions ; they
place contiguous to his own excavation,
he first of all bores a hole with his probe, were called from the lance or pike
*o

then fires off several pistols through the which their weapon.
was

aperture, and lastly forces in a lance a feu LANS-PESATE, } a soldier that


puant, taking care to close up the hole on LANCE-PESADE,S does duty as
his side to prevent the smoke from re a
corporal, especially on guards and de
turning towards himself. The exhala tachments; a lance corporal.
tion and stinking hot vapour which issue LANTERN, 7 commonly called
from the lance, and remain confined on LANTHORN, $ Muscovy lanterns,
the side of the enemy, infest the air so being kind of dark lantherns, used in
a

much, that it is impossible to approach the field, when dark, to light the
the quarter for three or four days. Some gunners in the camp to prepare the
times, indeed, they have had so instan stores, Sec.
taneous an effect, that in order to save LANTERNE, Fr. A word used in
their lives, miners, who would persevere, the French navy to signify any wooden
have been out by the legs in an
dragged case or box in whicii cartridges are
apparent of suffocation.
state brought out of the powder magazine for
Lance de feu, Ex. a species of squib the purpose of serving the guns.
which is used by the garrison of a besieged Lanterne, Fr. it is sometimes
town against a scaling party. called cuiller or ladle, and serves to con
Lance-Gaie, Ex. an offensive weapon vey gunpowder into a piece of ordnance.
It is made of
formerly so called in France. copper, and resembles a
Lance Spexzatc, Ex. a reduced officer. round spoon or ladle, which is fixed to a
In former times it signified a dismounted long pole.
gendarme who was appointed to an infan Lanterne, a mitrailles, Fr. A round
try corps with emolument attached
some piece of concave wood, something like a
to his situation.The word anspessade, a box, which is filled with case shot, andis
non-commissioned officer who acts subor fired from a piece of ordnance when the
dinate to the corpora], is corrupted from enemy is near.
this term. Besides the three hundred LASCARS, or Laskars. The native
Swiss guards which were constantly at seamen of India; the native gunners are
tached to the palace, the maintained likewise so called. They are employed
Pope
twelve lance- spezzates or reduced officers. to tend and serve the artillery on shore,
LANDING Troops. See Debarka and are attached to corps as pioneers or
tion, and Regulations. tent- pitchers.
LAND FORCES, troops whose sys LASHING-RINGS, in artillery, with
tem is calculated for land service only, in hoops, fixed on the side- pieces of travel
contradistinction to seamen and mariners. ling carriages, to lash the tarpauling, as
All the land forces of Great Britain are also to tie the spunge, rammer, and ladle.
liable to serve on board the navy. Indeed See Carriage.
the marine establishment as a military LATH, in building, a long, thin, and
narrow slip of wood, nailed to the rafters
corps is an anomaly, kept up only for patro
nage; the proper establishment of soldiers of a roof or ceiling, in order to fasten the
for sea service should be by detachments covering. Laths are distinguished into
from the infantry, according to a roster. three kinds, according to the difterent
LANE, in a military sense, is where kinds of wood of which they are made,
men are drawn up in two ranks facing one viz. heart of oak, sap- laths, deal- laths, &c.
another, as in a street, for any great per LATHE, a machine for turning wood
son to pass through, or sometimes for a or metal.
soldier to run the gantelope. LATHE Reeve, an officer during the
LANGUID, Fr. a term peculiarly con Saxon government, who held a certain ju
nected with the late military order of Mal risdiction over that part of the country
ta. The eight nations of which this cele which vvas called a tithing.
brated order consisted, vverc distinguished LATTlE,an Indian term for ware
by the appellation of Langue or tongues. house.
There were three cf this description in LATITUDE, in geography, the dis.
France, viz. la Langue de France, la Langue tance of any place from the equator,
de Provence, el la Langue d' Auvergne ; two measured in degrees, minutes, seconds,
in Spain, viz. la Langue d' Arr agon, et la &c. upon the meridian of that place : and
Langue de Castile; and three indiscrimi is either north or south according as the
nate ones, viz. la Langue d' Italia, la Lan place is situated either on the north or
et la
gue d'Allcmagne, Langue d'Anglettrre. south side of the equator.
The head of each langue was called Grand LATRINES, Fr. privies or holes
Prieur, or Grand Prior. which are dug at the hack of a camp
-L v n c u de terre, Et. a tongue of land. for tlie convenience of soldiers. The
LAW LAW

generally employed to make that no person who had been military-


pioneers are
them. tribune should execute the office ofdu.-a,
LAVER, LAVIS, Fr. a wash, or su ordinum. Sempronia lex, which appeared
stain or color ; it is particularly in the year 630, ordained, that;the soldiers
perficial should leceive their pay gratis at the pub
made useof in all sketches, plans, and
drawings ; the cufferent intervals or spaces lic charge, without any diminution of
of which are slightly shaded or colored. their ordinary pay ; and that none should
This kind of painting is stiled lavis, or be obliged to serve in the army, who vvas
water-coloring. The difference between not full seventeen years old. Sulpicia lex,
miniature painting and washing or drawing which was made in 665, ordained, that
in water colors, consists in this, that the the chief command in the Mithridatic
former is dotted and worked up into light war, which was then enjoyed by L. Sylla,
and shade; the latter is barely spread should be taken from him, and conferred
with a brush. There ate, besides, other on C. Marius.

marks of distinction ; those colors which Gabinia lex appeared in 685, ordaining
more immediately resemble nature, are that a commission should be granted to
always used in the lavis or water- painting; Cn. Pompey, for the management of the
the spaces that represent a fosse or ditch, war against the pirates for three years,
which is supposed to be full of water, with this particular clause, that upon all
must be distinguished by a sky blue; the sea on this side Hercules's pillars, and
brick and tiles by red ; roads by a dun in the maritime provinces, as far as 400
color, and trees or turf, &c. by green. stadia from the sea, he should be empow
LAVIS, Fr. generally means every ered to command kincs, governors, and
sort of simple color which is diluted with states to supply him with allthenecesst-
water. riesin his expedition.
LAVURE, Fr. the grains, dust, or Manilla lex, published in 687, ordained,
detached pieces of metal which fall in that all the forces of Lucullus, and the
casting cannon. under his government, should
province
be given to Pompey ; together with Bithy-
LAUREL, a 6hrub which is always
green. nia, which was under the command of
To be crowned with laurels, a figurative Glabrio, and that he should forthwith
expression, signifying that a man has at- make war upon Mithridates, retaining
chieved glorious actions, and is entitled still the same naval forces, and the sove
to marks of public distinction. In an reignty of the seas as before.
cient times heroes and conquerors had Maria Parcia lex appeared in 169 1, or
their heads encircled with a wreath of daining that a
penalty should be inflicted
laurels. on such commanders as wrote
falsely to
LAURES, gold coins which were is the senate, about the number of the slain,
sued from the English mint in 1619, re on the enemy's side, and of their own

presenting the head of king James I en .


party ; and that they should be obliged,
circled with laurels. when they first entered the city, to take
LAW of arms, certain acknowleged a solemn oath before the qua;stors
rules, regulations, and precepts, which that the number which they returned,
relate to war, and are observed by all civi vvas true, according to the best
compu.
lized nations. tation. See Kennctt's Ant. of Rome,
Laws' of arms are likewise certain page i63.
precepts shewing how to proclaim war, It will beseen by these laws, particu
to attack the enemy, and to larly by thelast, that the most minute
punish of
fenders in the camp; also restricting the military operation was subservient to the
contending parties from certain cruel senate. The french seem, in this re
ties, &c. have imitated the Romans very
spect, tobut
Law military. The persons who are closely, they do not appear to have
subject to military law, and are amenable ' adhered, so strictly as they might, to the
to trial by court martial, are in the terms
j law which regards the loss of men, nor are
of military law, all persons commissioned i their neighbors more correct.
or in pay, as officers, non-commissioned ! LAWS ef Nations, such general rules
officers, private soldiers, and all followers as regard the embassies, reception and en
of an army. Half pay officers are not sub tertainment of strangers, intercourse of
ject to military law, whilst civil justice merchants, exchange of prisoners, suspen
can be resorted to. sion of arms, Sec.
Laws relating to martial affairs. The Law of marque, ox letters of marque, that
following laws existed during the most by which persons take the goods or ship
flourishing state ofthe Roman common ping of the party that has wronged them,
wealth. We insert them in this place as as in time of
war, whenever they can take
by no means being inapplicable to the pre them within their precincts.
sent times. Laws of the United States, regulating
Secreta Lex Alilitaris, which vvas pro the military establishment ; these are of
mulgated about the year 411, ordained, two descriptions, the first relates to the
that no soldier's name which had been en
regular force ; the second to the militia,
tered in the muster roll, should be struck the latter of which is mere print and pa
>ut, unless by the party's consent ; and per, without consistency, efficacy, pr
324 LAW LAW

force ; and calculated rather to discourage ture of his off-nce, by the judgment of a
than assure military knowlege in the mi-, court-martial.
litia The following are the lawsregu-i Art. 7. Any officer or soldier wha
Iating the military establishment. shallbegin, exercise, cause, or join in any
Sec. I That from and after the pas mutiny or sedition in any troop or com
sing of this aci, the following shall be the pany in the service of the United States,
rules and articles by which the a mies of or in any party, post, detachment, ot

the United States shall be governed. guard, shall suffer death, or such other
Art. i Everv officer now in the army punishment as by a court-martial shall be
of the United States, shall, in six months inflicted.
from the passing of this act, and every Art. 8. Any officer, non-commission
officer who shall hereafter be appointed, ed officer, or soldier, who being present
shall before he enters on the duties of hi s of at any mutiny or sedition, does not use his

fice, subscribe these rules and regulations. utmost endeavor to suppress the same, or

Art. 2. It is earnestly recommended coming to the knowlege of any intended


to all officers and soldiers diligently to at mutiny, does not without delay, give in
tend divine service ; and all officers who formation thereof to his commanding offi
shall behave indecently or irreverently at cer, s all be punished by the sentence ofa

any place of divine worship, shall, if com court-martial with death or otherwise,
missioned officers, be brought before a ge according to the nature of his offence.
neral court-martial, there to be publicly Art. 9. Any officer or soldier who
and severeh reprimanded by the presi shall strike his superior officer, or draw
dent; if non-commi..sioned officers or or lift
up any weapon, or offerany violence
sroldiers. every person so offendir.g shall, against him, beinn in the execution of his
for his first offence, forfeit one sixth of a office, on any pretence whatsoever, or

dollar, to be deducted ou-. of his next pay ; shalldisobey any lawful command of his
for the second offence, he shall not only superior officer, shall suffer death, or
forfeit a like sum, but be confined twenty such other punishment as shall, according
four I .ours: and for every like offence to the nature of his offence, be inflicted
shall suffer and pay in like manner; which upon him by the sentence of a court-
money, so forfeited, shall be applied by martial.
the captain or senior officer of the tioop Art. 10. Every non- commissioned of
or company, to the useof the sick soldiers ficer, or soldier, who shall inlist himself
of the company or troop to which the in the service ofthe United States, shall,
offender belongs. at the time of his so inlisting, or within
Art. 3. Any non-commissioned offi six days afterwards, have the articles for
cer or soldier who shall use any profane the government of the armies of the
oath or ex cvation shall incur the penal United Stares, read to him, and shall, by
ties expressed in the foregoing article, and the officer who inlisted him, or by the
a commissioned officer shall forfeit and commanding officer of the troop or com
pay for each and every such offence one pany into which he was inlisted, be taken
dollar, to be appiied as in the preceding before the next justice of the peace, 01
article. chief magistrate of any city or town cor
A.rt 4. Every chaplain commissioned porate, not being an officer of the army,
in the army or armies jf the United States, or where recourse cannot be had to the
who shall absent himself from the duties civil magistrate, before the judge advo
assigned him (except in cases of sickness cate, and, in his presence, shall take the
"
or leave of absence, shall, on conviction following oath or affirmation: I A. B.
theieof before a court-martial, be fined do solemnly swear, or affirm, (as the case
ijot exceeding one month's pay, besides may be) that I will bear true allegiance to
the loss o his pay during his absence ; or the United States of America, and that I
be discharged, as the said court-martial will serve them honestly and faithfully
shall judge proper. against all their enemies, or opposers,
Art 5. Any officer or soldier who whatsoever, and observe and obey the or
shail use contemptuous or disrespectful ders of the president of the United States,
words against the president of the United and the oiders of the officers appointed
States, against the vice presid-nt thereof, over me, according to the rules and arti

against the congress of the United States, cles for the government of the armies
or against the chief magistrate or legisla- of the United States " Which justice,
tu'e of any of the United States in which magistrate, or judge advocate is to give the
he may be quartered, if a commissioned officer a certificate, signifying that the
officer, shall be cashiered, or otherwise man inlisted, did take the said oath, or

pun shed as a court-martial shall direct ; affirmation.


if a non-commissioned officer or soldier, Art. 11. After a non-commissioned
he shall suffer such punishment as shall officer or soldier, shall have been duly in-
be inflicted on him by the sentence of a listed and sworn, he shall not be dismiss
court-martial. ed the service without a discharge in
Art 6 Any officer or soldier who writing; and no discharge granted to him
shall behave himself with contempt or shall be sufficient, which is not signed by
disrespect towards his commanaing offi. a field officer ot the regiment to which he

tc/, shall be punished aecording to fnc na bejongs, or commanding Ojffi.ce r, where no


LAW LAW 325

field officer of the regiment is present ; having taken money or other thing, by
and no discharge shall be given to a non way of gratification, on the mustering
commissioned officer or soldier, before any regiment, troop or company, or on
his term of service has expired, but by the signing muster-rolls, shall be dis
rd.r of the president, the secretary of placed from his office, and shall be there
war, the commanding officer of a depart- . by utterly disabled to have or hold any
ment, or the sentence of a general court- office or employment in the service of the
martial, nor shall a commissioned officer United States.
be discharged the service, but by order of Art. 17. Any officer who shall presume
the president of the United States, or by to muster a person as a soldier, who is not
sentenceof a general court-martial. a soldier, shall be deemed guilty of hav

Art. 12. Every colonel, or other of ing made a false muster, and shall suffer
ficer commanding a re iment, troop, or accordingly.
company, and actually quartered with it, Art. 18. Every officer who shall know
may give furloughs to non-commissioned ingly make a false return to the depart
officers or soldiers, in such numbers, and ment of war, or to
any of his superior of
for so long a time as he shall jud ,e to be ficers, authorized to call for such returns,
most consistent with the good of the ser of the state of the regiment,
troop, or
vice ; and a captain or other inferior offi company, or garrison, under his com.
cercommanding a troop or company, or mand ; or of the arms, ammunition,
in any garrison, fort or barrack of the clothing, or other stores thereunto be
United States, (his field officer being ab longing, shall on conviction thereof before
sent), may give furloughs to non-commis a court-martial, be cashiered.

sioned officers or soldiers, for a time not Art. 19. The commanding officer of
exceeding twenty days in six months, but every regiment, troop, or independent
not to more than two persons to be absent company, or garrison of the United States,
at 'h -

time, shall in the beginning of


same
excepting some extraor every month, re
dinary occasion should require it. mit through the proper
channels, to the
Art. 13. At every muster, the com department of war, an exact return of the
manding officer of each regiment, troop, regiment, troop, independent company, or
or company there
present, shall give to the garrison, under his command, specifying
commissary of musters, or other officer the names of officers then absent from
who musters the said regiment, troop, or their posts, and the reasons
for, and the
company, certificates signed by himself, time of their absence. And
any officer
signifying how long such officers, as who shall be convicted of
having, through
shall not appear at the said muster, have neglect or
design, omitted sending such
been absent, and the reason of their ab returns, shall be punished according to the
sence. In like manner, the command nature of his
crime, by the judgment of a
ing officer of every troop, or company, general court-martial.
shall give certificates, signifying the rea- i Art. 20. All officers and
sons of the absence of the non-commis-
soldiers, who
have received pay, or have been
sioned officers and private soldiers, which
j duly in-
listed in the service of the United
States,
reasons, and time of absence, shall be in and shall be convicted of
serted in the muster-rolls opposite the the same, shall suffer
having deserted
name of the
death, or such other
respective absent officers and \ punishment as by sentence of a court-
soldiers. The certificates shall, together martial shall be inflicted.
with the muster-rolls, be remitted
by the Art. 21. Any non-commissioned of
commissary of musters, or other officer ficer or soldier, who shall, without leave
mustering, to the department of war as from his commanding officer, absent him
speedily as the distance of the place will self from his troop, or detach
admit. company,
ment, shall, upon being convicted there
Art. 14. Every officer who shall be of, be punished according to the nature
convicted, before a general court-martial, ot his offence at the discretion of a
court-
of having signed a false
certificate, relating martial.
to the absence of either officer or
private- Art. 22. No non-commissioned offi
soldier, or relative to his or their pay, cer or soldier shall inlist
himself in any-
shall be cashiered. other regiment,
Art. 15. Every officer who shall know troop,
or wi.-j-
company,
out a regular discharge from the
ingly make a false muster of man or horse, regiment,
and every officer or
troop, or
company, in which he last
commissary of mus served, on the penalty of
being reputed a
ters, who shall willingly sign, direct or deserter, and suffering
allow the signing of accordingly. And
musters-rolls, where in case
any officer shall knowingly re
in such false muster is
contained, shall, ceive and entertain such
non-commis
upon proof made thereof by two wit sioned officer or
nesses, before a general court-martial, be
soldier, or shall not,
after his being discovered to be a
cashiered, and shall be thereby utterly deseiter,
disabled to have or hold any office or em immediateJy confine him, and give notice
thereof to the corps in which he last serv
ployment in the service of the United ed, the said officer shall by a court-martial
States. be cashiered
Art. 16. Any commissary of musters Art. 23.
or other Any officer or soldier, who
officer, who sh.ill be convicted of shall be convicted of h.iving advised o.
326 L A W LAW

persuaded any other officer or soldier, to the field, forts, barracks, or garrisons of the
desert the service of the United States, United States, are hereby required to see
shall suffer death, or such other punish that the
parsons permitted tosuttle, shall
ment as shall be inflicted
upon him by the supply the soldiers with good and whole
sentence of a court martial. some provisions, or other articles, at a
Art. 24. No officer or soldier shall reasonable price, as they shall be answer
crse any reproachful or provoking speeches able for their neglect.
or gestures to another, upon pain, if an Art. 31. Noofficercommandinginany
officer, of being put in arrest; if a soldier, of the garrisons, forts, or barracks of the
confip.ed, and of asking pardon of the United States.shall exact exorbitant prices
party offended, in the presence of his com for houses or stalls let out to suttlers, or
manding officer. connive at the like exactions in others ;
Art. 25. No officer or soldier shall nor by his own
authority, and for his pri
tend challenge to another officer or sol
a vate advantage, lay any duty or
imposition
dier, to fight a duel, or accept a challenge, be interested in, the sale of any
upon, or
if upon pain, if a commissioned of
sent ; victuals, liquors, or other necessaries of
ficer of being cashiered ; if a non-commis life, brought into the garrison, fort, or
sioned officer or soldier, of suffering cor barracks, for the use of the soldiers, on
poreal punishment at the discretion of a the penalty of being discharged from the
court-martial. service.
Art. 26. If any commissioned or non Art. 32. Every officer commanding in
commissioned officer commandingaguard, quarters, garrisons, or on the march, shall
shall knowingly or willingly suffer any | keep good order, and to the utmost of his
person whatsoever to go forth to fight a I power, redress all abuses or disorders,
j
duel, he shall be punished as a challenger; which may be committed by any officer or
and all seconds, promoters, and carriers of soldier under his command ; if upon com
challenges, in order to duels, shall be plaint made to him of officers or soldiers'
deemed principals, and be punished ac beating, or otherwise ill treating any per
cordingly. And it shall be the duty of son, of disturbing fairs, or markets, or of
every officer, commanding an army, regi committing any kind of riots, to the dis
ment, company, post, or detachment, quieting of the citizens of the United
who is knowing to a challenge being given, States, he, the said commander, who shall
or accepted, by any officer, non-commis- refuse or omit to see justice done to the
sjoned officer, or soldier, under his com offender or offenders, and reparation made
mand, or has reason to believe the same to I to the party or parties injured, as far as
be the case, immediately to arrest and part of the offender's pay shall enable him
bring to trial such offender. or them, shall, upon proof thereof, be
Art. 27. All officers, of what condition cashiered or otherwise punished as a gen
soever, have power to part and quell all eral court-martial shall direct.
quarrels, frays, and disorders, though the Art. 33. When any commissioned of
persons concerned should belong to ano ficer or soldier, shall be accused ofa capi
ther regiment, troop, or company ; and tal crime, or of having used violence, or
either to order officers into arrest, or non committed any offence against the persons
commissioned officers or soldiers into con or property of any citizen of any of the

finement, until their proper superior offi United States, such as is punishable by
cers shall be
acquainted therewith ; and the known laws of the land, the com
whosoever shall refuse to obey such offi manding officer, and officers of every re
cer, (though of an inferior rank) or shall giment, troop, or company, to which the
draw his sword upon him, shall be pun person, or persons, so accused, shall be
ished at the discretion of a general court- long, are hereby required, upon applica
martial. tion duly made by, or in behalf of the
Art. 28. Any officer or soldier, who party or parties injured, to use their ut
shall upbraid another for refusing a chal most endeavors to deliver over such accus
lenge, shall himself be punished as a chal ed person, or persons, to the civil magis
lenger, and all officers and soldiers are trate, and likewise to be aiding and assist
hereby discharged from any disgrace or ing to the officers of justice in apprehend
oj-'. lion of disadvantage, which might arise ing and securing the person or persons so
, from their having refused to accept of chal accused in order to bring him ot them to
lenges, as they will only have acted in obe trial. I f any commanding officer, or offi
dience to the laws, and done their duty cers, shall wilfully neglect, or shall refuse,
as good soldiers, who subject themselves
upon the application aforesaid, to deliver
to discipline. over such accused
person, or persons, to
Art. 29. No suttler shall be permitted the civil magistrates, or to be aiding and
to sell any kind of liquors or victuals, or assisting to the officers of justice in ap
tjo keep their houses or shops open for the prehending such person, or persons, the
entertainment of soldiers, after nine at officer, or officers, so offending, shall be
night, or before thebeatingofthereveil.es, cashiered.
or
upon Sundays, during divine service or Art. 34. If any officer shall think
sctnion, on the penalty of being dismissed himself wronged by his colonel, or the
Horn all future suttling. commanding officer of the regiment, ami
Art. ;,c. A-U eil.ters commanding in shall, upon due application being m.U.t9
LAW LAW 327

tiim, be refused redress, he may complain Art. 40. Every captain of a troop, or
to the general, commanding in the state or company, is charged with the arms, ac
coutrements, ammunition, clothing, or
territory where such regiment shall be
stationed, in order to obtain justice ; who other warlike stores belonging to the
is hereby required to examine into the troop, or company under his command,
said complaint, and take proper measures which he is to be accountable for to his
for redressing the wrong complained of, colonel, in case of their being lost, spoiled,
and transmit as soon as possible, to the or damaged, not by unavoidable accidents,
or on actual service.
department of war, a true state of such
Art. 41. All non-commissioned officers
complaint, with the proceedings had
thereon. and soldiers, who shall be found one mile
Art. 35. If any inferior officer or sol from the camp, 'without leave, in writing,
dier, shall think himself wronged by his from their commanding officer, shall suffer
other officer, he is to complain such punishment as shall be inflicted upon
captain, or
thereof to the commanding officer of the them by the sentence ofa court-martial.
Art. 42. No officer, or soldier, shall be
regiment, who is hereby required to sum
mon a regimental court-martial, for the out of his quarters, garrison, or camp,

doing justice to the complainant; from without leave from his superior officer,
which regimental court martial, either upon penalty of being punished according
to the nature of his offence, by the sentence
party may, if he thinks himself still ag
grieved, appeal to a general court-martial. of a court-martial.
But if, upon a second hearing, the appeal Art. 43. Every non-commissioned of
shall appear vexatious and groundless, the ficer and soldier shall retire to his quarters
person so appealing, shall be punished at or tent, at the beating of the retreat; in

the discretion ofthe said court-martial. default of which he shall be


punished ac
Art. 36. Any commissioned officer, cording to the nature of his offence.
who shall be Art. 44. No officer, non-commissioned
store
keeper, ora commissary,
convicted at general court-martial, of officer, or soldier, shall fail in repairing, at
having sold, without a proper order for the time fixed, to the place of parade, of
that purpose, embezzled, misapplied, or exercise, or other rendezvous, appointed
wilfully, or through neglect, suffered any by his commanding officer, if not prevent
ofthe provisions, forage, arms, clothing, ed
by sickness, or some other evident ne
ammunition,, or other military stores, be cessity ; or shall go from the said place of
longing to the United States, to be spoiled, rendezvous, without leave from his com
or damaged, shall, at his own expence, manding officer, before he shall be regularly
make good the loss, or damage, and shall dismissed or relieved, on the
penalty of
moreover, forfeit all his pay, and be dis being punished according to the nature of
missed from the service. his offence,by the sentence of a court-
Art. 37, Any non-commissioned offi martial.
cer, or soldier, who shall be convicted, at Art. 45. Any commissioned officer who
a regimental court-martial, of
having sold, shall be found drunk on his guard,
party,
or designedly, or through neglect, wasted or other
duty, shall be cashiered. Anv
the ammunition delivered out to him, to non-commissioned officer or soldier so of
be employed in the service of the United fending, shall suffer such corporeal pun
States, shall be punished at the discretion ishment as shall be inflicted by the sen
of such court. tence ofa court-martial
Art. 38. Every non-commissioned offi Art. 46. Any centinel who shall be
cer or soldier, who shall be convicted be found sleeping upon his post, or shall leave
fore a court-martial, of having sold, lost, it before he shall be regularly relieved,
or spoiled,
through neglect, his horse, shall suffer death, or such other
punish
arms, clothes, or accoutrements, shall un- ment as shall be inflicted
by the sentence
dergo such weekly stoppages (not exceed- ofa court-martial.
ing the half of his pay) as such court Art. 47. No soldier belonging to
any
martial shall judge sufficient, for
repairing regiment, troop, or company, shall hire
the loss or damage; and shall suffer con another to do his duty for him, or be ex
finement or such other corporeal punish cused from duty, but in cases of sickness,
ment as his crime shall deserve.
disability, or leave of absence ; and everv
Art. 39. Every officer, who shall be such soldier found guilty of hiring hi'.-i
convicted before a court-martial, of hav
duty, as also the party so hired todo ano
ing embezzled, or misapplied any money, ther's duty, shall be
punished at the dft-
with which he may have been entrusted cretion ofa regimental court-martial.
for the payment ofthe men under hi-- com Art. 48. And every non-commissioned
mand, or for inlisting men into the ser officer conniving at such hiring of duty
vice, or for outer purposes, if a commis aforesaid, shall be reduced ; and every
sioned officer, shall be cashiered, andcom- commissioned officer, knowing and allow
peJAed to refund the money; if a non ing such ill practices in the service, shah
commissioned officer, shall be reduced to be punished by the
the ranks, be put under stoppage ~. until judgment ofa gener..!
court-martial.
the money be made good, and suffer such Art. 49. Any officer belonging to the
torporeal punishments* such eoyrr-rr.. -
! service of the United State-, who, by dis
ial shall direct. i
charging of firi avim, dr'-vi;t;; cf swords,
328 LAW LAW

beating of drums, or by any other means of holding correspondence with, or giving


1

whatsoever, shall occasion false alarms in i intelligence to the enemy, either directly
camp, garrison, or quarters, shall suffer or indirectly, shall suffer death, or such
death, or such other pumshment as shall other punishment as shall be ordered by
be ordered by the sentence of a genaral the s -ntence ofa court-martial.
j
court-martial.
who
j Art. 58. All j.ublic stores taken in the
Art. 50. Any officer or soldier, enemy's can p, towns, forts, or magazines,
shall, without urgent necessity, or with whether of artillery, ammunition, cloth
out the leave of his superior officer, quit ing, forage, or provisions, shall be secured
his guard, platoon, or division, shall be for the sevice of the United States ; fox
punished according to the nature of his the neglect of which the commanding of
offence, by the sentence of a court-mar ficer is to beanswerable.
tial. Art. 59. Lf any commander of any
Art. 51. No officer or soldier shall do garrison, fortress, or post, shall be com
violence to any persons who brings pro pelled, by the officers and soldiers under
visions or other necessaries to the camp, his command, to give up to the enemy,
garrison, or quarters, of the forces of the or to abandon it : the commissioned of
United States, employed in any parts out ficers, non-commissioned officers, ot
of the said states, upon pain of death, or s.ildiers, who shall be convicted of hav
such other punishment as a court-martial ing so offended, shall suffer death, or such
shall direct. other punishment as shall be inflicted
Art. 52. Any officer or soldier, who upon them by the sentence of a court-
shall misbehave himself before the enemv , martial.
|
run away, or shamefully abandon any Art. 6o. All suttlers and retainers to
fort, post, or guard, which he or they may 'the camp, and all persons whatsoever,
be commanded to defend, or speak woras : serving with the armies of the United
inducing others to do the like; or shall States, in the field, though not inlisted
cast away his arms and ammunition, or soldiers, are to be subject to orders, ac
who shall quit his post or colors to plun cording to the rules and discipline of
der and pillage, every such offender be- war.
ing duly convicted thereof, shall suffer Art. 61. Officers having brevetls, of
death or such other punishment as shall commissions, of a prior date to those of
be ordered by the sentence of a general the regiment in which they serve, may
court-martial. take place in courts-martial and on detach
Art. 53. Any person belonging to the ments, when composed of different corps,
armies of the United States, who shall according to the ranxs given them in their
make known the watch- wort! to any per brevetts, or dates of theii former commis
son who is not entitled to receive it, ac sions ; but in the regiment, troop, or
cording to the rules and discipline of war, I company, to which such officers b. long,
or shall presume to give a parole or watch I they shall do duty and take rank, both
word, different from what he received, in courts-martial and on detachm< nts,
shall suffer death, or such other punish which thall be composed only of their
ment as shall be ordered by the sentence own
corps, according to the commissions
of a general court-martial. by which they are mustered in the said
Art. 54. All officers and soldiers are corps-
to behave themselves orderly in quarters, Art. 62. If upon marches, guards, or
and on their march ; and whosoever shall in quarters, different corps of the army
commit any waste, or
spoil, either in shall happen to join, or do duty together,
walks of trees, parks, warrens, fish ponds, the officer highest in r.ink of the line of
houses, or gardens, corn-fields, enclosures the army, marine corp--, or militia, by
of meadows, or shall maliciously destroy commission there, on duty, or in quarters,
any property whatsoever, belonging to shall command the whol.',and give orders
the inhabitants ofthe United States, un for what is needful to the service, unless
less by order of the then commander in otherwise specially directed by the presi
chief of the armies ofthe said states, shall dent ofthe United States, according to the
(besides such penalties as they are liable nature of the case.
to by law,) be punished according to the Art. 63. The functions of the engi
nature and degree of the offence, by the neers being generally confined to the most

judgment of a regimental or general court- elevated branch of military science, they


martial. are not to
assume, nor are they subj ct to
Art. 5;. Whosoever, belonging to the be ordered on any duty beyond the line i
armies of the United States, employed in their immediate profession, except by the
foreign parts, shall force a safe guard, special order of the president of the Uni
shall suffer death. ted States ; but they are to receive every
Art. 56. Whosoever shall relieve tlie | mark of resjiect, to which their rank in
j
enemy with money, victuals, or animuni- i the army may entitle them, respectively,
tion, or shall knowingly harbor or protect 'I and are liable to be transferred, at the dis
an enemy, shall suffer death or such other! cretion ofthe president, from one corps to
punishment fks shall be ordered by the another, regard being paid to rank.
L^mcnce of a Court-martial. ) Art. 64. General courts-martial may
Art. 57. Whosoever shall bs convicted ! consist of any number of commissioned
LAW L A W 329

officers, from five to thirteen, inclusively, which might tend to criminate himself;
but they shall consist of less than
not and administer to each member of the
thirteen, where that number can be con court before they proceed upon any trial,
the following oath, which shall also be
vened, without manifest injury to the
service. taken by all members of the regimental
Art. 65. Any general officer command and garrison courts-martial.
ing an army, or colonel commanding a
"
You A. B. do swear that you will
separate department, may appoint general well and truly try and determine, accord
courts. martial, whenever necessary. But ing to evidence, the matter now before
no sentence of a court-martial shall be you, between the United States of Ame
carried into execution until after the whole rica, and the prisoner to be tried, and that
proceedings shall have been laid before the you will duly administer 4justice, accord
officer ordering the same, or the officer ing to the provisions of An act estab
commanding the troops for the time be lishing rules and articles for the govern
ment of the armies of the United States,'
ing ; neither shall any sentence of a ge
neral court-martial, in time of peace, ex without partiality, favor, or affection ; and
if any doubt shall arise, not explained by
tending to the loss of life, or the dismis
sion ofa commissioned officer, or which said articles, according to yourconscience#
the best of your understanding, and the
shall, either in time of peace or war, re
into custom of war, in like cases ; and
spect a general officer, be carried you do
execution, until after the whole proceed further swear, that you will not divulge
shall have been transmitted to the the sentence ofthe court until it shall be
ings
secretary of war, to be laid before the pre published by the proper authority ; nei
sident ofthe United States, for his confir ther will you disclose or discover the vote
mation or disapproval, and orders in the or opinion of
any particular member of
case. All other sentences may be con the court-martial, unless required to give
firmed and executed by the officer order evidence thereof as a witness, by a cour$
of justice, in a due course of law. So
ing the court to assemble, or the com
manding officer for the time being, as the help you God."
And as soon as the said oath shall have
case
may be.
Art. 66. Every officer commanding a been administered to the respective mem
regiment, or corps, may appoint, for his bers, the president of the court shall ad
own regiment or corps, courts-martial, minister to the judge advocate, or person
toconsist of three commissioned officers, officiating as such, an oath in the follow
for the trial and punishment of offences, ing" words :
not capital, and decide upon their sen You A. B. do swear, that you will
tences. For the same purpose all officers, not disclose or discover the vote or
opi
commanding any of the garrisons, forts, nion of any particular member ofthe court
barracks, or other places where the troops martial, unless required to give evidence
consist of different corps, may assemble thereof as a witness, by a court of justice
courts-martial, to consist of three com indue course of law. Nor divulge the
missioned officers, and decide upon .h.-ir sentence of the court to any but the
sentences. proper authority, until it shall be duly
Art. 67. No garrison, or regimental disclosed by the same. So help you God."
court-martial shall have the power to try Art. 70. When any prisoner
arraigned
capital cases, or commissioned officers ; before a general court-martial shall, from
neither shall they inflict a fine exceeding obstinacy and deliberate design,stand mute
one month's pay, nor imprison, nor put or answer foreign to the
purpose, the
to hard labor, any non-commissioned of court may proceed to trial and
judgment
ficer or soldier, for a longer time than one as if the prisoner had
regularly pleaded
month. not guilty.
Art. 68. Whenever it may be found Ait. 71. When a member shall he
convenient and necessary to the public- challenged by a prisoner, he must state
service, the officers of the marines shall his cause of challenge, of which the court
be associated with the officers of the land shall, after due deliberation determine the
forces, for the purpose of holding courts- relevancy or validity, and decide accord
martial and trying offenders belonging to ingly ; and no challenge to more than one
either; and in such cases the orders of member at a time shall be received by the
the senior officers of either corps who may court.
be present and duly authorised, shall be Art. 72. All the members ofa court-
received and obeyed .
martial are to behave with decency and
Art. 69. The judge advocate, or some calmness; and in giving their vote;, a:
person deputed by him, or by the general, to begin with the
youngest in commis
or officer commanding the
army, detach sion.
ment, or garrison, shall prosecute in the Art. ^3. All persons who give evidence
name of the United States, but shall so before a court martial, are to be examined
far consider himself as council for the on oath or affirmation in the following
prisoner, after the said prisoner shall have form :
mads his plea, as to object to any leading "
You swear or affirm (as the case may
question to any of the witnesses, or any be) the evidence
you shall give in the
question to the prisoner, the answer to cause now in hearing, shall be the truth,
T t
*=

330 LAW LAW

the whole truth, and nothing but the


[ Art. 83. Any commissioned officer
truth. So help you God." convicted before a general court-martial of
Art. 74. On the trials of cases not conduct unbecoming an officer and a
capital, before courts-martial, the depo gentleman, shall be dismissed the ser
sition of witnesses not in the line or staff vice.
of the army, may be taken before some Art. 84. In cases where a court-mar

justice ofthe peace, and read in evidence ; tial may think it proper to sentence a
provided the prosecutor and the person ac commissioned officei to be suspended
cused are present at the taking the same, I from command, they shall have power
also to suspend his pay and emoluments
or are duly notified thereof
Art. 75. No office-r shall be tried but : for the same time, according to the nature
by a general court-martial, nor by officers j and heinousness of the offence.
'
of inferior rank, if it can be avoided. Nor Art. 85. In all cases where a commis
shall any proceedings or trials be carried ! sioned officer is cashiered for cowardice or
on excepting between the hours of eight fraud, i: shall be added in the sente--.ee,
in the morning, and three in the afternoon, that the crime, name, and place of abode
and punishment of the delinquent, be
excepting in cases, which, in the opinion
.
ofthe officers appointing the court-mar published in the newspapers in and
about the camp, and of the particular
tial, require immediate example.
Art. 76. No person whatsoever shall state from which the offender came, or
use any menacing words, signs, or ges where he usually resides, after which it
tures, in presence of a court-martial, or shall be deemed scandalous for an officer
shall cause any disorder or riot, or disturb to associate with him.
the proceedings, on the penalty of being Art. 86. The commanding officer of
punished at the discietion of the said any post or detachment, in which there
court-martial. shall not be a number of officers adequate
Art. 77. Whenever any officer shall be to form a general court-martial, shall, in

charged with a crime, he shall be arrested cases which require the cognizance of
and confined in his barracks, quarters, or such a court, report to the commanding
tent, and deprived of his sword, by the officer of the department, who shall order
commanding officer. And any officer who a court to be assembled at the nearest post

shall leave his confinement before he shall or detachment, and the party accused,

be set at liberty by his commanding offi with necessary witnesses, to be transport


cer, or by a superior officer, shall be ed to the place where the said court shall
cashiered. be assembled.
Art. 78. Non-commissioned officers ) Art. 87. No person shall besentenced
and soldiers, charged with crimes, shall to suffer death, but by the concurrence of
be confined, until tried by a court-martial, [' two thirds of the members of a general
ox released by proper authority. nor except in the cases
court-martial,
Art. 79. No officer or soldier who herein expressly mentioned ; nor shall
shall be put in arrest, shall continue in more than fifty lashes be inflicted on any

confinement more than eight days, or offender, at the discretion of a court-mar


until such time as a court-maitial can be tial ; and no officer, non-commissioned
assembled. officer, soldier, or follower of the army,
Art 80. No officer commanding a | shall be tried a second rime for the same
guard, or provost marshal, shall refuse to offence.
receive or keep any prisoner committed to I Art. 88. No
person shall be liable to
his charge, by an officer belonging to the I be tried and punished by a general court-
forces ofthe United States ; provided the ! martial for any offence which shall ap
officer committing-, shall, at the
samef
pear to have been committed more than
time, deliver an account in writing, signed | two years before the issuing of the order
by himself, of the crime wit.'i whicii the for such trial, unless the person, by reason
said prisoner is charged. of having absented himself or some other
Art. 81. No officer commanding a manifest impediment, shall not have
guard, or provost marshal, .hall presume been amenable to justice within that
to release any person committed to his
period. j
charge, without proper authority for so Art. 89. | Every officer authorised to
doing, nor shall he suffer any person to order a general court-martial, shall have
escape, on the
penalty of being punished power to pardon or mitigate any punish
for it by the sentence of a court-martial. ment ordered by such court, except the
Art. 82. Every officer or provost mar sentence of death, or of cashiering an offi
shal, to whose charge prisoners shall be cer ; which, in the cases where he has
committed, shall, within twenty four authority (by article 65) to carry them
hours after such commitment, or as soon into execution, he may suspend, until the
as he shall be relieved from his guard, pleasure of the president of the United
make report in writing, to the command States can be known ; which suspension,
ing officer of their names, their crimes, together with the copies of the proceed
, and the names of the officers who com ings of the court-martial, the said officer
mitted them, on the penalty of being shall immediately transmit to the presi '

punished for disobedience or neglect, at dent, for his determination. And the co,
tlie discretion of a court-martial. lonel or comma.i.l..^ officer of the regi-
LAW LAW 331

ment or garrison where any regimental or ister to the judge advocate, or recorder,
garrison court-martial shall be held, may the following oath :
"
You A. B do swear that you will,
pardon mitiga'e any punishment order
>r

ed b such court to be inflicted. according to your best abilities, accurately


Art 90 Every judge advocate, or and impartially record the proceedings of
perso 1 olticiating as such, at am general j the court, and the evidence to be given
court-martia , shall transmit, with as in the case in hearing : So help you
"
much exped tion as the opportunity of God
time and distance of place can admit, the The witnesses shall take the same oath
orie nal pr. ceeding* and sentence of such as witnesses sworn before a court-mar

court-martial, to the x'cretary of war, tial.


which said original processings a d sen Art. 94. When any commissioned offi
tence shall be carefully kept a-id preserv cer shall die or be killed in the service of
ed in the offic of said sec etary, to the<?nd

the United States, the major of the regi


th?t the persons entitled thereto
may be ment, or th' officer doing the major's duty
enabled, upon application to the said of in his absenc
,
or in any post or garrison*

fice, to obtain copies hereof. the seo .d officer in command, or the as


The party tried by any general court- sistant military agent, shall immediately
martial, sha'l, upon demand thereof made secure all his effects or
equipage, then in
by h moelf or by any person or persons in camp or quarters, and shall make an in-
his behalf, be entitled to a copy of the I
ventory thereof, and forthwith transmit
sentence and proceedings of such court- the same to the office of the
department
of war, to the end that his executors or
martial.
Art. 91. In cases where a general or administrators may receive the same.
coin manding officer may order a court of Art. 95. When any non-commissioned
inquiry to examine into the nature of any officer, or soldier, shall die, or be killed in
transaction, accusation, or imputation the service of the United States, the then
against any officer or soldier, the said commanding officer ofthe troop, or com
court shall con-.ist of one or more officers, pany, shall, in tne presence of two other
not exceedtnj. three, and a jud'.-.c advocate, commissioned officers, take an account of
or other suitable person as a recorder, to what effects he died possessed of, above
reduce the proceedings and evidence to his arms and accoutrements, and trans
writing, all of whom shall be sworn to mit the same to the office of the de art-
the faithful performance of their duty. men t of war; which said effects are to
This court shall h ive the samr- ^ower to i be accounted for, and
paid to the repre
summon witnesses as a court-martial, aiid sentatives of such deceased non-commis
to examine them on oath. But they shall sioned officer or soldier And in case any
not give their opinion on the merits of the of the officers, so autnorised to take care of
case, excepting they shall be thereto spe the effects of deceased officers and
soldiers,
cially required The parties accused shall shouid, before they have accounted to
also be permitted to cross examine and in their representatives fo the
same, nave
terrogate the witnesses, so as to inves occasion to leave the regiment, or
post, by
tigate fully the circumstances in ques preferment orotherwise, t ey shall, b fore
tion.
they be permitted to quit the same, depo
Art. 92. The proceedings of a court of sit in the handsof the
commanding officer,
inquiry must be authenticated by the sig or of the assistant
military agent, all the
nature of the recorder and the president, effects of such deceased non commission
and deliver -d to the commanding officer : ed officers and soldiers, in order that the
and the sa d proceed i< gs may be admitted same may be secured for, and
as evidence by a court martial, in cases
paid to, their
respective representatives.
not cpital, or extending to the dismission Art. 96 All officers,
of an officer, provided that the circum
conductors, gun
ners, matrosses, drivers, or other persons
stances are such, that oral
testimony can whatsoever, receiving pay or hire in the
not be obtained. But as courts of inquiry service of the artillery or corps of
be
engineers
may perverted to dishonorable pur ofthe United States, shall be governed
by
poses, and may be considered as engines of ihe aforesaid rules and articles, and shall
destruction to military merit, in the hands be subject to be tried by
of weak and envious commandants, they
courts-martial,
in like manner with the officers and sol
are hereby prohibited, unless directed diers of the other troops in the service of
by
the ^resident ofthe United States, or de the United States.
manded by the accused. Art. 97. The officers and soldiers of
Art. 93. The judge advocate, or re
any troops, whether militia or others, be
corder, shall administer to the members ing mustered and in pay of the United
the following oath : States, shall, at all times, and in all places,
'*
You shall well and truly examine when joined or acting in conjunction with
and inquire, according to your evidence, the regular forces ot the United States, be
into the matter now before you, without
governed by these rules and articles of
paitiality, favor, affection, prejudice, or war, and shall be subject to be tried by*
hope of reward : So help you God "

courts-martial, in like manner with the


Afteir which, the president shall admin officers and soldiers in the regular
'

forces,
332 LAZ LEA

save only that such courts-martial shall be ceived pilgrims under their care and
composed entirely of militia officers. guarded them on the roads from the in
Art. 98. All officers, serving by com sults of the Mahomedans. This order
mission from the authority of any particu- >. was instituted in the year 1119, and con
lax state, shall on all detachments, courts- firmed by a bull of Pope Alexander IV.
1
martial, or other duty, wherein they may in 1255, who gave it the rule of St.
be employed in conjunction with the re-'; Augustine.
gular forces of the United States, take LEAD, a metal well (known. It is
rank, next after all officers of the like employed for various mechanical uses ; as
grade in said regular forces, not withstand- in thin sheets for coving buildings, for
,

ing the commissions of such militia or, pipes, pumps, shot, bullets, windows, for
state officers may be elder than the com- ; securing iron bars in hard stones, for sun
missions ofthe officers of the regular forces ! dry kinds <f large vessels for evaporation,
'
of the United States. and many other purposes.
Art. 99. All crimes not capital, and LEADER. See Commander.
all disorders and neglects which officers' File Leader, the front man ofa bat
and soldiers may be guilty of, to (he pre- talion or company, standing two or three
J
judice of good order and military disci- 1 deep.
pline, though not mentioned in the fore LEADING-COLUMN, the first co
going articles of war, are to be taken cog- lumn that advances from the right, left,
ni zance of by a general or regimental court- or centre of an army or battalion.
martial, according to the natureand degree Leadinc-File, the first men of a
of the offence, and be punished at their battalion or company, that march from
discretion. right, left, or centre, in files.
Art. 100. The president of the United Flank Leading-File, the first man
States, shall have power to prescribe the on the right, and the last man on the left
uniform of the army. of a battalion, company, or section, are
Art. 101. The foregoing articles are to so called.
be read and published once in every six Centre Leading-File, thelastman of
months, to every garrison, regiment, troop the right centre company, division, or
or
company, mustered or to be mustered section; and the first man of the left
in the service of the United States, and centre company, division, or section, are
are to be duly observed and obeyed, by all so called, when the line files from the
officers and soldiers who are or shall be in centre to the front or rear. At close order,
sa:d service. the colors stand between them.
Sec. 1 1. That in time of war all per LEAGUE, in military history, a mea
sons not citizens of, or owing allegiance to sure of length, containing more or less
the United States of America, who shall geometrical paces, according to the dif
be found lurking as spies, in or about the ferent usages and customs of countries.
fortifications or encampments of thearmies A league at sea, where it is chiefly used
ofthe United States, or any of them, shall by us, being a land measure mostly pe
suffer death, according to the law and culiar to the French and Germans, con
usage of nations, by sentence of a general tains 3000 geometrical paces, or 3 English
court-martial. miles.
Sec. III. That the rules and regulations, The French league sometimes contains
by which the armies ot the United States the same measure, and, in some parts of
have heretofore been governed, and the re France, it consists of 3500 paces: the
solves of congress thereunto annexed, and mean or common league consists of 24
respecting the same, shall henceforth be paces, and the little league of 2000. The
void and of no effect, except so far as may Spanish leagues are larger than the French,
relate to any transactions under them, 17 Spanish leagues making a degree, or 20
prior to the promulgation of this act, at French leagues, or 69 1-2 English statute
the several posts and garrisons respective miles. The German and Dutch leagues
ly, occupied by any part of the army of contain each 4 geographical miles. The
the United States. Persian leagues -re pretty near of the same
LAY. To lay down, implies to resign, extent with the Spanish; that is, they
as, the enemy laid down their arms ; he are equal to 4 Italian miles, which is pret

means to lay down his commission. To ty near to what Herodotus calls the

lay for, is to attempt something by am length ofthe Persian parasang, which con
buscade. tained 30 stadia, 8 whereof, according to
LAZARET, Fr. those large houses Strabo, make a mile. See Measure.
are so called which are built in1 the League also denotes an alliance or
neighborhood of some sea- ports belonging confederacy between princes and states
to the Levant, for the purpose of lodging for their mufual aid, either in attacking
the people that arc ordered to perform some common enemy, or in defending
quarantine. themselves.
LAZARETTO, the same as lazaret. LEAVE, indulgence, licence, liberty.
LAZARUS, Pa military order insti- Leave of absence, a permission which
LAZARO, i tutcd at Jerusalem by is granted to officers, non-commissioned
the Christians of the west, when they officers, and soldiers, to be absent from
were masters of the Iloly-I.and, who re i camp or quarters for any specific period.
LEG LEG 333

General Leave, an indulgence which ! ed it to 6000. The common number af


is annually granted on home service, by terwards, in the first times of the free
the commander in chief, to a certain pro state, was 4000 ; but in the war with
portion of the army, to be absent from Hannibal, it rose to 5000 ; and after that,
military duty. This generally occurs in it is probable that it sunk again to 420,
the winter months, and ends on the ioth which was the number in the time of
of March, and in time of peace only. Polybius.
LECTURES. Lectures are read at In the age of Julius Caesar, we do not
the British establishment at Woolwich to find any legions exceeding the Pdlybian
the officers of artillery, and engineers, and number of men ; and he himself express-
eadets, on chemistry: lectures upon to l ly speaks of two legions, that did not
pography and upon other essential parts I make above 70c* between them. (Com-
of military science are given at High mentar. lib. 5 )
Wycombe : British colleges. The number of legions kept in pay to
LEEK.UK, Ind. a secretary or writer. gether was different, according to the va
LEFT give point. See Sword-Exer- rious times and occasions. During the
cise. free srate, four legions were commonly
Left protect. See Sword-Exer- fitted up every year, and divided between
c i s e
. the consuls : yet in cases of necessity, we
To put on the LEG, among cavalry, is sometimes meet with no less than 16 or
to press the inside of the foot and leg 18 in Livy.
against the horse's flank. It is always Augustus maintained a standing army
used in passaging to direct the horse of 23 (or as some will have it) of 25 le
which way to passage, and again on the gions ; but in aftertimes we seldom find
opposite flank to stop him after he has so many.
passaged to his place. They borrowed their names from the
LEG ATUS, in Roman antiquity, a mi order in which they were raised, as
litary officer who commanded as deputy prima, secunda, tenia, Sec. but because it
of the chief general. usually happened, thai there were several
Kennett, in his Antiquities, observes, primer, secunda, Sec. in several places,
that the design ofthe legati, at their first upon that account they took a sort of
institution, was not so much to command surname besides, either from the empe
as to advise. The senate selecting some rors who first constituted them, as Au
of the oldest and most prudent members gusta, Claudiana, Galbiana, Flavia, UJ-
to assist the general in his councils.
pia, Trajana, Antoniana, or from the pro
Dionysius calls this the most honora vinces which had been conquered chiefly
ble and sacred office among the Romans, by theii valor, as Parthica, Scythica,Gal-
bearing not only the authority of a com lica, Arabica, &c. or from the names of
mander, but with all, the sanctity and the particular deities for whom their com
veneration of a priest. manders had an especial honor, as Miner-
Under the emperors there were two viaand Appollinaris; or from the region
sorts of legati, consulares and pratorii ; the where they had their quarters, as Creten-
first of which commanded the whole sis,
Cyrenaica, Britannica, Sec. or some
armies, as the emperor's lieutenant ge times upon account of the lesser acci
nerals, and the other only particular le dents, as Adjutrix, Martia, Fulminatrix,
gions. Rapax, &c.
Machiavel highly extols the wisdom of The whole Roman infantry, which was
the Romans, in allowing their generals divided into four sorts, Velites, Hastati,
unlimited commissions.
Principes, and Triarii, consisted of Mani-
LEGER. This word although it be
puli, Cohorts, and Legions. So that le
not strictly military, is in some
degree gion was considered as the largest estab
connected with the profession, as lishment for foot soldiers. See Kennett's
diplo
macy is not wholly foreign to military ne- Ant. of Rome, pages
190,191.
gociation. A leger ambassador, or resi Marshal Saxe has written at some-
dent signifies any person acting in that
length, respecting legion.
capacity, who remains stationary. Legion, in a general acceptation of the
Artilleiie Legire, Ex. The light or term, signifies
any large body of men.
fcorseartillery. I n a more confined one
among the mo
Cavaterie Legire, Fr. Light horse. it
Un Cheval legei a la main, Ex. A horse
derns, applies to a specific number of
horse and toot, who are
which is easily managed, or is not hard that distinguished by
name, and do duty with the rest of
mouthed. the army. Such for instance was the
Troupes Legerer, Ex. Light troops, or British legion which served in America ;
such as act in desultory warfare. and of this description were the Polish and-
LEGION, in Roman antiquity, a body Belgic legions, that formed
of foot, which consisted of ten cohorts, part of the
French army in the early part of the re
or 5000 men.
volution. The French armies now form
The exact number contained in a legion,
corps d'armie, which are in fact legions ;
was fixed by Romulus at 3000 ;
though and of 20 to 30,000 men each.
Plutarch assures us, that, after the recep
LEGIONARY, any thing appertain-
tion ofthe Sabines into Rome, he increas-
334 LET LET

ing to a
legion, or indefinite I another in trust. A letter or power of
containing an
number. attorney is necessary to empower a person
LEGUMES, Fr. vegetables, roots, to receive the half-pay of an officer. This
grain, &c. Every species of subsistence, should be accompanied by a certificate
which under the old government of France, sworn to by the officer before some ma
was not
provided for the troops by direct gistrate or
justice of the peace.
instructions from the war office, and at the Letter of credit, a letter which is
expence ofthe public, was called legumes. given from one merchant or banker to
Subsistence of this sort, however, may another, in favor of a third person, ena
more
properly be called that diet which bling the latter to take up money to a cer
soldiers got for themselves in foreign coun tain amount. Sometimes a letter of
tries during actual hostilities. credit is given without any specific limi
Legumes, or vegetable food, Sec. was tation.
classed under two specific heads. That Letter of licence, a deed signed and
which grew in consequence of the ground sealed by the creditors of aman, by which
having been tilled and sowed, and that he is allowed a given period to enable him
which rose spontaneously from the earth. to discharge his debts by instalments, or
Beans, peas, carrots, &c. may be consi by a certain proportion in the pound.
dered as belonging to the first class, and EETTER-men, certain pensioners be
those herbs or wild roots which have longing to Chelsea hospital, are so called.
been cultivated in gardens, or are to be LETTON, Fr. a metal composed of
found in woods, Sec. may come under the molten copper, called rosette, and of lapis
second. The latter sort, indeed, was caiaminaris, or zinc. This is brass
frequently resorted to by the soldier in or Litton is usedin cannon- foundries.
der to give a seasoning to his mess. Par The best practical mode of digesting and
ties under the command of subaltern of mixing the materials, is to put n or
ficers were permitted to accompany the 12,000 weight of metal, 10,000 weight of
foragers for the purpose of procuring this rosette, or molten copper, 900 pounds of
wholesome and pleasant addition to the re tin, and 600 pounds of letton. There are
gulated subsistence ; ane: when there were various opinions respecting the mixture
not any foraging days, soldiers were per of these several ingredients.
mitted to gather roots and vegetables LETTRE circulaire, Fr. a circular let
within the limits of the outermost house ter.
or vedette quarters, or of the regular out LiTTitEi/.rii.Iv/, Fr. an infamous state
the
posts ofthe infantry. paper, which existed before French re
To LENGTHEN out, in a military volution, differing in this essential point
sense, means to stride out. from anorder of the British privy coun
To Lengthen the step, to take more cil, that the former was sealed, and the

than the prescribed pace. person upon whom it was served, carried
LESKAR, the camp of the great into confinement without even seeing the
Mogul. authority by which he was hurried off in
To LET in, to admit; as he let some of so
peremptory a manner, or beinj; tried
the enemy's advanced parties in, or into afterwards for any specific offence;
the camp, &c. whereas the latter is an open warrant,
To Let off, to discharge. which, (except when peculiar circum
To Let off a
pistol 01 musquet, to fire stances occasions a suspension of the
either of those fire arms. habeas corpus act,) has its object closely
L ETTE R of mark, ~> a letter granted investigated before a jury. The French
LETTERe/ marque, \ to a ship captain lettre de cachet was written by the king,
impowering him make reprisals for
to countersigned by one of his principal
what vvas formerly taken from him, by secretaries of state, and sealed with the
ships of another state, contrary to the law royal signet.
of mart. See Marque. Lettres de service, Fr. See Let
Letter of mark, a commission granted ters of service.
the commander of a merchant ship or Lettres de passe, Fr. a paper signed
privateer, to cruise against, and make by the kings of France, authorizing an
prizes of the enemy's ships and vessels, officer to exchange from one regiment into
either at sea, or in their harbors. another.
Letter of service, 3 written order or Lettre de ct lance, ou qui porte creance,
authority issued by the secretary at war, Ex. A letter of credit. It likewise sig
empowering any officer or individual to nifies the credentials which an ambas.
raise a given body of men to serve as sol- ]
sador presents from his government to a
diers, within a certain time, and on special foreign court.
conditions. Lett r e </f recreance, Fr. a letter which
Letter, in its general acceptation, a an ambassador receives from his govern

character such as forms the alphabet, ment, by which he is recalled from a fo


or any thing written, such as an epistle, reign court.
Sec. Lettres en chifre, Fr. Cyphers.
Letter of attorney, an instrument in Baron Espagnac in the continuation of his
writin-:, authorizing an attore.ey, or
any h Essai sur I'operaticn de la guerre, torn. 1,
||
confidential person, to take the affairs of page 269, gives the following instructions
LEV LEV 335

relativeto this acquirement. He observes purposes of self defence, or to answer the


that writing in cypher may be practised in intentions of its governing powers.
two difterent ways. First&v meansof dis Levee d'une siege, Et. The raising of
tilled vinegar, which is boiled with silver a siege. See Siege.
litharge, one ounce ofthe latter to a pint LEVEL, an instrument to draw a line
of the former. When this mixture has
parallel to the horizon, whereby the dif
stood some time, it must be ference of ascent or descent between se
carefully
poured off'from the sediment, and it will veral places may be found, for conveying
appear as clear as rock water. Intelli water, draining fens, &c.
gence or information may be conveyed by Air-EzvEi., that which shews the line
writing with this water in the' blank of level by meansof a bubble of air, in
spaces of an ordinary letter, on wrapping closed with some liquor in a slass tube of
paper, or on the blank leaves of a book. an indeterminate length and thickness,
The instant the writing dries, not the whose two ends ate hermetically sealed.
least trace appears of what has been mark When the bubble fixes itself at a certain
ed. To render the writing
must make use of a water in
legible, you mark, made exactly in the centre of the
which tube, the planeor ruler wherein it is hxasl
quick lime has been dissolved with a mix- is level ; when it is not level, the bubble
in re of
orpiment. This water is as clear will rise to one end. This glass tube
as rock water; and if
you steep asheet of may be set in another of bras ,
having an
paper in it, and lay it upon the letter, aperture in the middle, whence the bub
book, &c on whicll any thing has been ble of air may be observed. There is one
written, the different characters will in of these instruments with
sights, being
stantly appear. an improvement
upon the last described,
The first of these distilled liquids is so which by the addition of more apparatus,
powerful and searching, that by putting becomes more commodious and exact : it
the written letter upon several other consists of an air-level about e.ght inches
sheets of paper, after having rubbed the
long, and 7 or 8 lines in diameter, set in u
top sheet with the second water, the brass tube, with an aperture in the mid
writting will be clearly seen in almost all dle: the tubes are carried in a
of them. The same circumstance will strong
straight ruler, a foot long, at whose ends
occur, if you rub the leaf of a book or are fixed two
sights, exactly perpendicu
any piece of paper which you may spread lar to the tubes, and of an
equal he ght,
upon it. These waters,
especially the having a square hole, formed by two fil
last, should be kept in bottles that are lets of brass crossing each other at
well corked up, to prevent the right
spirituous angles, in the middle whereof is drilled a
particles from evaporating A fresh com very little hole, through which a point ou
position must, indeed, be made, if theold a level with the instrument is
described :
-one should seem weaken- d The letters the brass tube is fastened on the ruler
that are written must likewise be care by
means of two
screws, one whereof server
fully penned, and kept free from blots, to raise or
depress the tube at pleasure,
&c. The paper must not be
turned, nor for bringing it towads a level. The top
rubbed with the hand until the
writing be ofthe ball and socket is riveted to a little
thoroughly dry. This is the author's ruler that springs, one end whereof is
first proposed mode of
writing in cyphers, fastened with screws to the great ruler,
the second may be seen in
page 270 of the and at the other end is a screw
serving to
work already
quoted.
Lettres de reprisallies, Ex.
raise and depress the instrument when

sals. See Letters of Repri nearly level.


marque. Artillery foot- Lev el, is in form of a
Lettres dc santk, patentes de sante Ex
letters of health. square, having its two branches or lei s of
an
equal length, at the angle of which is
LEVANT, the countries bordering a small
hole, whence hang a lineand plum
upon the Mediterranean are so called It met, plavin>; on a perpendicular line in
appears 10 be derived from le vent, the the middle of a quadrant: it is divided
wind, or
country to
windward, in rela into twice 45 degrees from the middle.
tion to Italy. Gunner's. Lev el, for
LEVANTIN, Fr. A word levelling pieces of
generally artillery, consists of a triangular brass
used among the French to
distinguish plate, about 4 inches, at the bottom of
any
person from the
Levant. which is a portion of a circle divided into
LEVANTINE nations, (Nations Le-
45 degrees; which angte is sufficient for
vantines, Ex.) Nations belonging to the the highest elevation of
East, or to those countries which cannons, mor
border tars, and howitzers, and for giving shot
on the Mediterranean. The French like
and shells thegreatest
wise say, Peuples Levantines. range : on the cen
tre of this
segment ofa circle is screwed a
LEVANTIS, Fr. The soldiers be of brass, by means of which it
longing to the Turkish gallies are so call piece
be fixed or screwed at
may
ed. pleasure; the end
of this piece of brass is made so as to serve
L E V E E des
troupes, Ex. See L e v y
for a
Levee en
Alasse, Ex. a general
,

of
plummet and index, in order to shew
rhe
rising the different degrees of elevation ot
pieces
people of any country, either for the of artillery. This instrument has also a
brass foot, to set upon cannon or
mortars,
336 LEV LEV

so that when these pieces are horizontal, sufficient for laying pavements of walks,
the instrument will be perpendicular. for conveying water to small distances,
The foot of this instrument is to be plac for placing horizontal dials, or astronomi
ed on the piece to be elevated, in such a cal instrument*; but in levelling the bot
toms of canals or ditches in a fortification,
manner, as that the point of the plummet
which are to convey water to the distance
may fall on the proper degree, &c.
The most curious instrument for the of many miles, the difference between
use of the artillerist, was lately invented
the apparent and true level must be taken
into the account.
by the very ingenious colonel Congreve,
Dr. Halley suggests a method of level
of the British artillery ; having the follow
ing qualifications, viz. 1. It willfind the ling, which is performed wholly by the
inclination of any plane, whether above or barometer, in which the mercury is found
horizon. By applying it to be suspended to so much the less
below the 2.

cither to the cylinder, or outside of any height, as the place is more remote from
the centreof the earth. Hence it follows,
piece of ordnance, angles of elevation
or
that the different height of the mercury
depression may be given to the 6oth part
of a degree, with less trouble than the in two gives the difference of level.
places
Bommon gunner's quadrant, which only Mr. Derham, from some observations
at the top and bottom of the monument
gives to the 4th part of a degree. 3-. It
will give the line of direction for laying in London, found that the mercury fell
cither guns or mortars to an object above 1-ioth of an inch at every 82 feet ot per.
pendicular ascent, when the mercury
was
or below the horizon. 4- It will find the
centre of metals of any piece of ordnance. at 30 inches. Dr. Halley allows of i-ioth
of an inch for every 30 yards ; and con
v With it,
a
point may be found in the
sidering how accurately barometers
are
rear of a mortar-bed, in the verticle plane
method suffi
of the mortar's axis; consequently a now made, we think this
take levels for the con
longer line of sight is given for directing ciently
exact to
other military
them to the object than the usual way. veyance of water, or any
less liable to errors
6. 1 1 answers all the purposes of a pair of purposes, and indeed
than the common levels. Mr. Derham
callipers, with the advantage of knowing also found a difference of inches 8- loths
(to the 100th part of an inch) diameters, between the 3
whether concave or convex, without the height ofthe mercury at the
trouble of laying the claws upon a diagonal top and bottom of
Snowdonhill in Wales.
the instru For the common occasions of levelling,
stale. 7. On the sides of
set a pole upright in a spring, pond, &c.
ment are the following lines, viz. equal
and mark how many feet and inches are
parts, solids, plains, and polygons, loga above water ; then set up another pole of
rithms, tangents, versed sines, and num
with the other, in the place
bers, plotting scales, and diagonal scale of equal length
inches for cutting fuzes by. 8. In the to which the water is to come. Place the
on the top of this
lid of the instrument-case is a pendulum centre of a quadrant
to vibrate half seconds. It is likewise of last pole, the plummet hanging free ; spy

singular use in surveying ; as, 1. It


takes through the sights at thetop ofthe polem
horizontal angles to the 60th part ofa de the water, and if the thread cuts any de
water may be
gree. 2. Vertical angles. 3. Levels. 4. gree of the quadrant, the
laid in the earth. If
Solves right angled plane triangles. 5. conveyed by a pipe
see from one extreme to the
Oblique-angled plane triangles. 6. An you cannot
swers all the purposes of a protractor, other, the operation may be repeated.
Levelling. Table shewing the dif
with the advantage of laying downangles

exac.'lv as taken in 'lie field. N. B. cap ference between the true and apparent levti
.

tain Jordane's ingenious instrument an


swers nearly the same purposes.
Difference
'* r< H rnvO O "M< O 0 "
of level.
Spirit.hi.VEi.. See Air Level..
*> ">
,** er. rj- ir-vo OO <3\ -

the term level is also to be under


By
stood the line of direction in which any
1 =
missive weapon is aimed.
-
. ...

LEVELLING, the finding a line pa



C HCI .4-1
Difference z. m -^-oooo c r-t-w
-

rallel to the horizon at one or more sta of level. ^0000 no 2"


J?
tions, and so to determine the height of
one place in regard to another.
surface is of Distance. g -+.-:*( H fit "VO

A truly level a segment any


concentric
Spherical substance, whichAistrue line of Difference
0 O
t-

-too $ 0 >*.
O T 000 00 r
1-
-

to the globe ofthe earth.


level is an arch of a great circle which is of level. C c r", CO -ej- erv v/T-O *~

imagined to be described upon a true level


"OOOOOOOOO
surface. Distance. -^ O
-
^*t e/>\0 f*

The apparent level is a straight line eO fl "">


*>. OS_
drawn tangent to an arch or line of true Difference
Jr 0
-
O
-i~i TrtC^"
d*>0 Ovci-O O
level. Every point of the apparent level of level. Co"ddoOOMM
except the point of contact, is higherthan v> OOOOOOOOO
the true level. ^30000 OOOOO
Distance.
The common methods of levelling are
LEV LEV 337

This table will answer several useful 1 Levelling System, a term which since
the commencement of the French revolu
purposes.
First.
To find the height of the apparent \ tion has been grossly misinterpreted, and
level above the true, at any distance. If the I I cannot be found in any civilized country
thatof
given distance be contained in the table, toauswcrany other purposethan
'

the correction of level is found in the deiusioi\; such was the calumny raised
same line with it ; but if the exact by : the paWicians of Rome, when they
distance be not found in the table, i having plundered the soldiers of their
then multiply the square of the dis ! lands and appropriate to themselves ;
tance in yards, by 2.57, and divide by when the people omplaincd they were
1,000,000, or cut off'6 places on the right thus reproached; the agrarian law which
for decimals ; the rest are inches : or mul proposed only to restore the lands to the
a levelling system;
tiply the square of the distance in miles, owners, vvas called robbed and the con
but the people were
by 66 feet 4 inches, and divide by 100. was the ultimate ruin ot Roman
Second.
Tn find the extent of the visible sequence
horizon, or how far can be seen from any liberty, and Rome itself; the word Jaco
has supersededle-
given height, on a horizontal plane, at sea, bin in modern times
SecThe height of the observer's eye veller.
above the horizon being known, the extent LEVER, a balance which rests upon
of his visible horizon is found in the a certain determinatepoint called a fulcrum.
column opnosite.underthe word Distances. Lever in mechanics, an inflective line,
Third
To find the distance of any object rod, or beam, moveable about, or upon a
when it first comes in sight, its height being fixed point, called the prop or fulcrum,
fenown. For the distance of any object upon one end of which is the weight to

will be the extent of the visible horizon be raisd, at the other end is the power
of the observer, added to the visible hori applied to raise it ; as the hand, Sec.
zon of the point heobserves. It is neces Since the momentum of the weight and
sary in this case for the observer to know power are as the quantities of matter in
only the height of that part of the object each, multiplied by their respective cele
which is k. pt from his view, by the cur rities ; and the celerities are as the distan-*
vilinear figure of the t lobe

Knowing the ces from the centre of motion, and also as


distance of an object, its height may be the spaces passed through in a perpendi
found in the same manner. cular direction in the same time, it must
If the hei /ht or distance exceed the follow, that there will be an equilibrium
limits in the table; then, first, if the dis between the weight and power, when
tance be given, divide it by 2, 3, or 4, till they are to each other reciprocally as the
the quotient comes within the distances distances from the centre, or as the celeri
in the table; then take out the height ties ofthe motioas, oras the perpendicular
answering to the quotient, and multiply it ascent or descent in the same time; and
by the square ofthe divisor lor the height this universally in all mechanical powers
required. But when the height is given, whatsoever, and which is therefore the
divide it by ore of these square numbers, fundamental principle of all mechanics.
4, 9, 16, 25, Sec. tiil the quotient come See Mechanical Powers.
within the limits of the table, and mul LEVET, the blast ofa trumpet.
tiply the quotient by the square root of LEV1ER, Fr. Lever. The French
the divisor. writers having been more explicit on this
Levellinc staves, instruments used head than any of our lexicographers, we
in levelling, that carry the marks to be shall extract the following passages as
observed, and at the same time measure conducive to general information. The
the heights of those marks from the levier or lever is an instrument made of
ground These usually consis'.s of two wood or iron, by whose means the hea
wooden square rulers, that slide over one viest weights may be raised with few
another, and are divided into feet, inches, hands. When the lever is made of iron,
&c. it is called pince or crow. The levei may
Levellinc has two distinct applica Ke considered as the first of all machines.
tions in the art of war, in the one case it Wheels, pullies, capstans, &c. act only by
implies the reduction of an uneven sur the power it possesses. The lever must
face to that of a plane, so that the works be looked upon as a straight line, which
ofa fortification may be of a correspondent has three principal points, namely, the
height or figure throughout. The other one on which the load is placed, and
is the art of conveying water from one which is to be raised, the
appui or rest
place to another; in this process, it is which is the centre round which it turns,
found necessary to make an allowance and which the French mechanics call
between the true and apparent level, or in ergueil, and lastly the human arm, which
other words, for the figure of the earth, is the power that puts the lever into
for the true level is not a straight line, motion. The different arrangements or
but a curve which falls below the straight disposition which is given to these three
line about 8 inches in a mile, 4 times 8 in points, or rather the unequal distances at
2 miles,
9 times 8 in 3 miles, 16 times 8 which they are placed, occasion the force
in 4 miles, always increasing with the that is collectively displayed.
squareof the distance. Belidor makes the following remarks on
U 11
338 LEV L F. V

this useful machine. It is an inflexible With respect to the ordinary levy by


-^
bar which must be considered as having which every citizen was liable to be called W
no weight in itself, upon which three upon for personal service, it was conduct
powers are made to act in three different ed in the following manner.
points in such a manner, that the action of All the different tribes into which the
two powers must be directly opposed to inhabitants of the countrv were divided,
the one that resists thrni. The point assembled in places marked out for that
where the opposing power acts is called purpose, and as soon as a whole tribe,
the point d'ai>f*i- consisting of males only, had entered, the
Levier, in artillrry, a
wedge. public crier called over, in a distinct and
Levier de point age, Fr. a wedge to audible manner, the names of four per
assist in pointing pieces of ordnance. sons, after which the first military tri
EEVIERS de support, Fr. a wedge by bune, from among those of that rank who
which cannon is raised to a certain line of were to command the intended legion, se
direction. lected one out of the four, and had him
To LEVY, has three distinct military enrolled.
acceptations, as to levy or raise an army, The crier then called over the names of
tolevy or make war ; and, to levy contri four others belonging to the same class,
butions. and the second tribune selected oi e from
LEVY, the levying, or raising troops, the four in the same manner as the first
by enregistering the names of men capable had done. This seLction went on through
of bearing arms, for the common defence the different class s, until the whole tribe
and safety of a country, has from time im was drafted, and another iribe was
memorial been a leading principle among then subjected to the same rotation. Le
men. gions were formed out of these levies, and
There are indeed some people still ex so effective a strength, that
completed to
isting, who indiscriminately go to war, three of them generally composed a Ro
leaving, for the immediate security of man army. The Romans leadily sub
their huts or habitations, only their old mitted to these calls of th state; and
men, their wives and children. they did so the more cheerfullv, because

Among the Romans, however, and in it was a fundamental rule amongst them,
some other civilized countries, it was a that no man could be provided for in a mi
.
.
prevailing maxim never to employ above litary or civil way, unless he had served
a certain a prescribed number of years.
:) proportion of matured popula
tion, and that proportion consisted uni Kennett, in his antiquities of Rome,
formly of men who were expert at arms. gives the following account, which the
National assemblies vverc called toge reader will perceive differs in some parti
ther whenever the situation of the country culars from the former.
"
required, that the senate's decree should be At the same time of the year as the
published and put into effect. consuls were declared elect ox designed, they
The levying or raising of troops for ser chose the military tribunes ; fourteen
vice was regulated in the following man out ot the body of the Equites who had
ner under two specific heads, called ordi served in the army five years, and ten out
nary and extraord nary levy. The ordi ofthe commonalty, such as had made ten
nary levy took place in consequence of a campaigns. The former they called tri-
decree f-nm the senate by which all males bwii juniores, and the latter seniores.
of a certain a^e were called out to do mi The consuls having agreed on a levy (as,
litary service: the extraordinary levy was in the time of the commonwealth they
enforced when a deficiency was found in usually did every year,) they issued out
the ordinary levy to answer the immediate an edict, commanding all persons who had

exigencies of the state- reached the military age (about seventeen


Theextraordirary levy, which was fur years: to appear (commonly] in the capi-
ther distinguished by the word evocation, tol, or in the area before the capitol, as
(See Evocati) was perfomied as follows. the most sacred and august place, on such
A pubiie orator mounted the rostrum, and a day. The people being come together,
after having and the consuls who presided in the as
expatiated upon the urgency
of the case, and paid a handsome tribute sembly having taken their seat, in the
of commendation to all who should volun firot place, the four and twenty tribunes
tarily step forward to uefend their country, were
disposed of according to the num-
he entrusted the conclusion of the busi bei of legions they designed to make up,
ness to two superior officers who were to which vvas generally four. The junior
command the new levies. tribunes were assigned, four to the first le
These officers instantly unfurled two gion, three to the second and last. After
flags, and emphatically exclaimed, let all this, every tribe, being called out by lot,
those brave men who have the safety of the was ordered to divide into their proper

Republic at heart flock to our standards ! A centuries ; out of each century were sol
red flag was the rallying mark for all who diers cited by name, with respect had to
were to serve on foot, and a blue flag their estate and class ; for which pur
pointed out the rendezvous for cavalry. pose, there were tables ready at hand, in
Every one was at liberty to chuse theser- which the name, age, and wealth of every
\ *cc he liked be.t. person were exactly described. Four
LEV LIC 339

men, as much alike in all circumstances, making the levies in the manner already
as could be pitched upon, being presented described*
out of the century, first the tribunes of However, upon any extraordinary oc
the first legion chose one, then the tri casion of immediate service, they omitted
bunes of the second another, the tribunes the common formalities, and without
of the third legion a third man, and the much distinction, listed such as they met
remaining person fell to the tribunes of with, and led themout on an expedition.
the fourth. Then four more were drawn These they called Miliin Subitarii. Kcn-
out ; and now the ri^ht of
chusing first nett's Ant. page 183, b. iV\
belonged to the tribunes of the second le The French always followed the exam
gion ; in the next foui to the tribunes of pleof the Romans with regard to the first
the third legion, then to the tribunes of principles of levying men, which was ef
the fourth legion, and so round; those fected by a proclamation from the court,
tribunes chusing last the next time, who called theban. This ban was addressed to
chose first the .time before; the most the principal person belonging to a pro
equal and regular method imaginable. vince, who, in pursuance to its instruc
Cicero h-s remarked a superstitious tions, assembled his vassals, and got them
custom observed in these proceedings; fit and ready for immediate service.
that the first soldier pitched upon should In Englandasimilar rotation took place;
for the omen's sake, be such as had for and the balloting for militia-men still ex
tunate names, as Salvius, Valerius, and hibits some remains of that feudal system.
the like. Cic. de Divinat lib. I. But when regular armies became necessa
There were in those times, (as in the ry in Europe (necessary only from the am
present with respect to the militiaj bition of contiguous and rival nations !) a
many legal excuses which might keep different system was adopted, and the na
persons from the list ; as, in case they tural strength ot the country was made a
were fifty years old, for then
they could secondary object. Disposable means of
not be obliged to serve ; or if they offence and defence were resorted to by
enjoyed
any civil or sacred office, which they could crowned heads ; and as war was became a
not conveniently relinquish ; or it
'^i'ey science, permanent bodies of armed men
had already made twenty campaigns, were kept on foot to answer the purposes
which was the time required for every of prompt and vigorous decision.
foot soldW; or if, upon account of ex Charles VI11. was the first monarch
traordinary merit, they had been by pub among the French whodispensed with the
lic authority, released from the trouble of service of hisnoblemen, in themselves and
serving for such a time ; or if they were vass.ds ; these he replaced by raising regu
maimed in any part, and so ought not to lar companies of gendarmes, who were
be admitted into the legions ; as Suetonius paid out of his privy purse; in process of
tells us of a father who cut off the thumbs time cavalry and infantry regiments, with
of his two sons on purpose to keep thein appropriate trains of artillery, &c. were
out of the army (Sueton. August, chap. formed into a military establishment, and
24.) and Valerius Maximus gives a rela have continued ever since.
tion of the like nature. Val. Max. lib. During the existence ofthe old govern
6. cap. 3.) ment in France, it was customary for the

Othervyise they were necessiated to sub king to issue orders that a certain bounty
mit, and in case ofa refusal, were usually should be offered to all recruits who would
punished either with imprisonment, fine inlist ; and when regiments, in time of
or stripes, according to the lenity, or se war, suffered materially, men were fre
verity of the consul. And therefore it quently drafted out of the militia to
seems strange, that Machiavel should par complete their establishment.
ticularly condemn the Roman discipline, With respect to the standing or perma
upon account of forcing no one to the nent army of England, the first traces of it
wars, when we have in all
parts of his are to Lie found during the
reign of Henry
tory, such large intimations of a contrary VII ; from that period until the present
practice. Nay, we read too of the con- time the military establishment of Great
quisitores or impress-masters, who were Britain has been progressive. Levies have
commissioned upon some occasions, to go been made in various ways, upon various
about, and compel the men to the service principles.
of the state. The French system of
Valerius Maximus (lib. 6. chap. conscription is
the most profound and perfect that has
3.)
gives one exampleof changing this custom evei been devised ; no man is
exempted.
of taking out every particular soldier And in this respect it is the only system
by
the tribunes, for that of chusing them by in its free
lot. And Appianus Alexandrinus (in
principle adapted to a state,
where all individuals having equal rights,
lberic.) acquaints us, that in the Spanish have also corresponding duties and obli
war, managed by Lucullus, upon com gations.
plaint to the senate of several unjust Levy likewise means inlisting money.
prac
tices in the levies, the senate thought fit
LICE, Fr. List for combats.
to chuscall the soldiers by lot. Yet the LICENCIEMENT^j-^o;^,Fr. A
same author assures us, that within five the end of a campaign this generally hap
years time the old custom returned of pened in France, when troops could no
340 L I E LIE

any longer keep the field owing to the lor holding the place of another. In ami-
severity of the weather. In former litary sense it means the second person or
times it was the continu officer in command. Lieutenant- gene
-

usual, during
ance of a
war, for the French army to tal, the next in command to a general;
retire into winter the latter lieutenant -colonfb, the next to a colonel;
quarters about
end of October. But since the revolution, captain. lieutenant, an intei mediate rank;
hostilities have been carried on at all sea and lieutenant, the next to a captain, in
sons, and under the most disheartening every company ot both foot and horse, and
pressure of th weather.
who' takes the command upon the death
Licenciement des equipages des vi. or absence of his superior officer. Fuzi-
vres, Ex. It vvas usual in the old French 1. er corps, grenadiers, and light infantry,
army, for an order to be issued by which in the British service, have second lieu
the contractors and commissaries, for the tenants and no ensigns, a very absurd dis-
time being, were discharged at the close tiuction.
of a campaign. The director eneral of Lieutenant of artillery. In the
the stores always preserved this order, as British service each company of artillery
it/formed the only final voucher, upon has 4; I first and 3 second lieutenants.
Which the contractors could receive any The first lieutenant has the same detail of
demand against government. The great duty with the captain, because in his ab
est attention was paid to this important sence he commands the company : he is
branch of military economy ; and, if at to see that the soldiers are clean and neat :
the conclusion of a campaign, it was that their clothes, arms, and accoutre
found necessary to retain any part of the ments are in good and serviceable order ;
establishment for the immediate subsist and to watch over every thing else, whicii
ence of the troops in winter quarters, that may contribute to their health. He must
part was minutely noticed in the order. give attention to their being taught their
LICENCIER, Fr. to discharge. exercise, see them punctually paid, their
LIDE, Fr. a warlike machine, which messes regularly kept, and visit them in
was formerly used to throw large stones
thtlipspitals when sick. He must assist
against a fortified place, or upon an at Se parades, Sec. He ought to under
enemy. stand the doctrine of projectiles and the
To LIE, in a military acceptation ofthe science of artillery, with the various ef
term, to be in quarters, in cantonments, fects of gunpowder, however managed
Or to be in camp : the fourth regiment of or directed. He should likewise be able
to construct and dispose batteries to the
foot, for instance, lies encamped be
tween Fort Adams and Orleans: or it lies best advantage ; to plant cannon, mcrtars,
at Orleans. The light dragoons lie along and howitzers, so as to produce the great
the frontier. est annoyance to an enemy. He is to be
To lie in ambush, to be posted in such well skilled in the attack and defence of
a manner as to be able to surprise your fortified places, and to be conversant in
enemy, should he presume to advance, arithmetic, mathematics, and media.*
without having previously cleared the nics, &c.
woods, hedges, &c. Second Lieutenant, in the artillery,
Toi.it. under cover, to be under the pro is the same as an ensign in an infantry re
tection of a battery, or to be sheltered by giment, being the youngest commissioned
u wood, &c. officer in the company. It is his duty to
To lie in wait, to take a position unob assist the first lieutenant in the detail of
served by the enemy, and to remain under the company. His other qualifications
arms, in the expectation of suddenly fal should be the same as those required in
ling upon his flanks or rear. the first lieutenant.
LIEU, Fr. League. There are three Lieutenant of engineers. See En
sorts of lieues or leagues in France, the gineers.

great, middling, and small. The great Lieutenant.A/. See Colonel.


French league contains three thousand Lieu teh ant -general. See General.
geometrical paces, or two thousand five Lieuten vnt du Roi, Fr. Duringthe
hundred toises; arid the small league two
monarchy of France there was a deputy
thousand geometrical paces, that is, twice governor in every fortified place, or strong
the extent of the Italian mile; which is town, who commanded in the absence of
so called, because it contains one thousand the governor, an.i was a check upon his
geometrical paces. According to an old conduct when present. This peison was
existing regulation, the leagues of France called LrEUTENANT du Roi.
weredirectedtocontaintwo thousand two Lieutenant Reduced, (Lieutenant
hundred toises, and two thousand six Reforme, Fr.) he whose company or troop
hundred and forty geometrical paces. See is broke or disbanded, but who continued
Measure. in whole or half pay, and still preserves
In LIEU. In the room, place, or his right of seniority and rank in the army.
Stead of. Lieutenant de la Colonelle, Fr. the
LIEUTENANT. This word is ori second officer, or what was formerly
ginally derived from the Latin Iegatus, styled the captain lieutenant of the colo
locum tenens, and comes immediately to. nel's company of every infantry regiment,
us from the French lieu-tenant, supplying! was so called, in France.
'

\~I~S2SS~ 'I1

L I E L I G 341

Lieutenans des Gardes Francoises et II LiEUTEKANT-Generald' Artillerie. See


Suisses, Ex. lieutenants belonging to the Lieutenant-general of the Ordnance.
'

French and Swiss guards. During the i1 LiEUTENANT-Gf*.m/</H Armies Na-


existe ceof the monarchy in France they vales du Roi, Fr. an officer in the old
bore the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and French service, belonging to the naval de-
took precedence of all captains.
j ! partrnent. He took rank of all chefs
Lieutenans Provinciaux d' Artillerie,
jj d'escadre, or commodores, and issued or
Fr. were certain officers belonging to the ders through them to inferior officers.
old French service, and immediately at LIFE GUARDS. See Guards.
tached to the artillery, who bore the title LIGHT BOBS, a familiar term used
or name of the particular province in for the light infantry.
which they were stationed. The majority LIGHT HORSE. All mounted sol
of this description were employed in the diers, that are lightly armed and accoutred
rdnance department ; another part su for active and desultory service, may be
perintended different artillery departments considered under this term. Thus light
upon the frontiers. Some were excused dragoons, hussars, mounted riflemen, &c.
from all duty on account of their age and are strictly speaking light horse.
seniority. LIGHT INFANTRY, an active,
Several provincial lieutenants, who had strong body of men, selected from the
military employments under the board of aggregate of battalion companies, and
eidnance, received the ranK. of lieutenant made up of the most promising recruits
general in the army from the king, and that are occasionally inlisted.
could rise to the most exalted stations in When the light nfantry companies are
common with other officers. in line with theii battalions, they are to
Lieutenant General, Ex. The title form and act in every respect as a compa
and rank of lieutenant-general was of a ny of tha batalion ; but when otherwise
more desultory nature in France under disposed of, they may loosen their files to
the old government of that country, than six inches
in other co mtnes. High officers of justice- The open order of light infantry is usu
were distinguished by the name ; ami all
ally two feet between each file.
ernors of provinces, as far as their The files may be extended from right,
go
jurisdiction extended, together with the left, or centre ; in executing it, each front
persons who acted under them, were rank man must carefully take his distance
called lieutenants generaux. There were from the man next to him on that side
likewise persons who bore the title of from which the extension is made : the
lieutenant-general of the kingdom at large. rear rank men conform to the movement
Every officer, moreover, that acted im of their file leaders.
mediately under a general, and was next When light infantry men fire in extend
to him in Prank, was
sty led lieutenant- ed order, it is to be a standing rule, that
general. It is the same, in this respect, the two men of the same file are never
in England. In both countries, however, unloaded together ; for which
purpose as
(considering the subjects as appertaining soon as the front rank man has fired, he
to a monarchical
institution) the title of is to slip round the left of the rear rank
general was only ostensible and honorary, man, who will take a short pace forward,
as his functions were
delegated to him by and put himself in the other's place, whom
his sovereign, the real general and head of he is to protect while
loading.
the army. So that intrinsically a general The extended order of light
could be considered as lieutenant ge
infantry
only
neral to the king ; but the
varies according to circumstances and si
lieutenant-ge tuations. They may sometimes loosen
neral who acts under him, must be viewed their files to three times the distance
of
as holding a relative rank inferior to
both. open order. But the general rule is to
The words ofthe two commissions suffi allow convenient intervals for the rear rank
ciently explain our observation. They men to slip by, and return after they have
are as follow for a
lieutenant-general with fiied.
the nominal rank of general : We have All movements of light infantry,
made and constituted N our except
lieutenant-ge when firing, advancing, of retreating, are
neral, &c. and for those acting under to be in quick rime.
him :
We have made and constituted N. The officer commanding the company in
one ef our
lieutenant-generals. Which plain line will be on the right, covered by a ser
ly indicates, that of the first class there jeant ; the next on the left also covered
can only be one who
represents his sove by a serjeant. The youngest officer in the
reign ; whereas there are and may be rear. In extended order the post of the
many of the other description. Lieu officers and Serjeants is always in the rear
tenant-generals, in the French ser at
equal distances.
vice, did not receive any pay, in conse In marching by files the officer com
quence of the rank they bore, unless they manding leads :
by divisions each officer
actually commanded some part of the ar leads one. The supernumerary officer,
my, and received a commisson from the if there be
one, is in both cases with the
king for that purpose. This commission officer commanding, ready to obey any di-
was renewed
annually, according to his rections he may receive from him.
majesty's pleasure.
"">" I

JJ42 L I G LIN

The arms of light infantry in general The effect, observes that writer, which
are carried sloped, when the bayonets is produced by the concentrated fire that
are fixed. Flanking or advanced par may be poured from these lines, is per
ties, however, or parties in particular si haps unexampled. One advantage is cer-
tuations, may carry them trailed, and ta;n, that of being able to increase your
without bayonets, for the purpose of tak efforts of defence, in proportion as the
ing a more cool and deliberate aim. enemy advance* ; since it must be evi
When the light infantry is ordered to dent, that constructed as the flanks are,
cover the line to the front, the divisions and enchasing one another, the execution
will move from their inner flanks round becomes multiplied in every quarter. It
the flanks of the battalions, and when at may moreover be stated among other ad
the distance of fifty paces, the leading vantages, that as the salient points are
flanks will wheel cowards each other, so double in number, and are flanked within
as to meet opposite the centre of the bat half a distance of musquet shot, without
talion, opening their files gradually from stretching far into the country, they must
the rear, so as to cover the whole extent of course be less exposed to the enemy's
ofthe battalion. approaches. From the figure of these
The files arc not to wait for any word lines the tjteps are enabled to keep up an
of command, but to halt and front them uninterrupted and regular direct fire ; and
selves. In this position, and in all posi it is the only construction from which an
tions of extended order, the post of the equal discharge of ordnance or musquetry
officer commanding is in the rear of the may be served in every quarter at once.
centre, and the movements are to be regu LIMBER, in artillery, a two-wheel
lated by the company belonging to the carriage with shafts to fasten the trail of"
battalion, which governs those ofthe line. travelling carriages by means of a pintle
See Am. Mil. Lib. or iron pin, when travelling, and taken

Light infantry men, like hussars, are off on the battery, or when placed in the
frequently detached to act as scouts on park of artillery ; which is called unlira-
the flanks, in the front, or with the rear bering the guns.
guard ofthe body of troops to which they LI ME, in military architecture, is made
belong. They then acquire the appella of all kind of stones, that will calcine:
tion of skirmishers, and being previously that which is made of the hardest stone
told off for that specific duty, they ad is the best, and the worst of all that
vance and.form in the front in rank entire ; which is made of chalk.
which is effected by each man from the Lime will not be sufficiently burnt in
rear rank placing himself on the left of less than 60 hours. The signs of well
his file leader. The rank entire may be burnt lime are, that its weighSfcs to that
resorted to for various purposes during the of the stone in a sequialterate tiroportion ;
movements of one or more battalions, that it be white, light, andtj sonorous ;
since it may serve not only to cover them that when slaked, it sticks to the sides of
from the enemy's observation, but in some the vessel, sending forth a copious thick
eases, especially in foggy weather, will smoke, and requires a great deal of wate;
itself appear a larger body than it really is. to slake it.
Too much attention cannot be given to In some countries, as the East Indies
the organization of light troops on foot. and the United States, they make good
They are very properly called the ey es of lime of shells of fish, which dries and
an army, and hardens in a very short time ; and when
ought always to be consid
ered as indispensibly necessary. it is mixed with Dutch terras, is fit forall
LIGHT TROOPS. By light troops kind of aquatic works.
arc generally meant all horse and foot Lime should always be burnt with
which are accoutred for detached service. coals, and never with wood, the coals be
LIGNE, Fr. See Line. ing strongly impregnated with sulphure
LIGNE d'Eau, Ex. a term used in ous particles, which, mixed with the
aquatics. 1 1 is the hundredth and fortieth lime, make it more adhesive. See
portion of an inch of water, and furnishes Mortar.
or
supplies one hundred and four pints of LIMINARQUE, Fr. an officeofdis-
water, Paris measure, in twenty four tinction, which existed in the Roman em
hours. pire. The persons invested with it were
Licne de molndre resistance, Ex. is the directed to watch the frontiers of the em
line that being drawn from the centre of pire, and they commanded the troops that
the fourneau or chamber of a mine, runs were
employed upon that service.
up in a perpendicular direction to the near LIMITARY, a guard or superintend
est outward surface ant, placed at the confines or boundaries
Licnes en forme de Cremail/ere, Fr. of any kingdom or state.
Indented lines, or lines resembling the teeth of LIMITS, in a military sense, is that
a saw, or stairs.- they are connected distance which a sentry is allowed on his
with one another like crotchets ; or uni
post, namely 50 paces to the right, and as
ted by small flanks comprising fourteen to the left.
many
or fifteen toises each. M. de Clairac has LINCH-pin, in aitillery, that which
given a particular account of their con pasics through the ends of the arms of an
struction in his b-.y-nieur de Campagnc.
LIN LIN 34C

to the wheels or trucks strictly be used to distinguish any particu


axle-tree, keep
from slipping off" in travelling. lar establishment from another.
LiscH-clout, <n artillery, the flat iron L i n e, or line of battle, is the arrangement
under the end ofthe of an axle-tree,
arms or disposition of' an army for battle : its

to strengthen them, and to diminish the fiont being extended along a straight line
friction of the wheels. as far as the ground will permit, in order
LINDEN TREE. The wood used that the several corps of cavalry and infan
inartificial fire- works, Sec. try which compose it, may not be cut off
LINE, in geometry, signifies length, or flanked by the enemy.

without any supposed breadth or depth. The Ottoman troops are generally drawn
A straight or right line is the shortest way up on a curve line, or half-moon, for the
from one point to another. A curved or purpose of surrounding their enemies by
crooked line is that which deviates from superior numbers. European armies are
the shortest way,"' and embraces a greater usually drawn up in three lines ; the first
space between one point and another. being named the van, (avant-garde, Ex.}
A
perpendicular line is a straight line, the second, main body, (corps de bat ai lie,
which falling upon another liiiiSdoes not ; Ex.) and the third, which vvas formerly
'

incline either to one side or Tne other. the weakest, is called the reserve, or i ear-
Parallel lines axe lines which are at equal guard. ( Corps de reserve, ou arriire-garde,
distances from one another, in such a Fr.) Each of these lines is so drawn up,
manner, that although they may be pro that the wings or extremities are always
longed ad infinitum, they never can meet. composed of some squadrons of horse,
Euclid's second book treats mostly of whose intervals are likewise supported by
lines, and of the effects of their being- infantry platoons. The battalions are
divided, and again multiplied into onej posted in the centre of each line ; some
another. times they are intermixed with squadrons
Horizontal Line is that which isspread of horse, when there is a considerable
upon the plane of the horizon ; such, for body of cavalry attached to the army.

instance, are those lines that may be sup The space of ground, which in each line
posed to form the level surface ofa plain. separates the different corps from one
Inclined Line, (Ugne inclinee, Ex.) is another, is always equal in extent to the
that line which leans or is raised obliquely front that is occupied by them. These in
upon the plane of the horizon, and which tervals are left in order to facilitate their
might resemble the sloping or declivity of seveial movements, and to enable them to
a hillock. iharge the enemy without being exposed
Li.ye, (ligne oblique, Fr.) a
Oblifue to confusion and disorder. 1 1 must be ob
straight line which leans more to one side served, as a general rule, that the intervals
than another the instant it is brought into or
spaces which are between each batta
contact with any other line. lion and squadron belonging to the second
Line tangent, (ligne tangente, Ex.) a line should invariably
correspond with the
straight line, which, without intersecting ground that is occupied by the battalions
it meets a curve at one point, and does not and squadrons, which constitute the first
enter, but barely touches it. line ; in order that the first line, on
being
Vertical Line, (ligne verticale, Fr.) a forced to fall back, may find sufficient
line which is raised perpendicularly above ground to rally upon, and not endanger the
or below the horizon. Of this descrip disposition of the second line, by precipi.
tion are all lines that express height or tately crowding on it.
depth. Each line is divided into right and left
The Line. This term is
frequently wings. Each wing is composed of one or
used to distinguish the regular army from more divisions. Each division is com
other establishments ofa military nature.
posed of one or more brigades. Each bri
All numbered or marching regiments are
gade is formed of two, three, or four, qr
called the line* The marines, militia, more battalions.
and volunteers, do not come under the Battalions are formed in line at a dis
term. It is, however, a corruption ofthe tance of twelve paces from each other, and
word, since the true import of line in mili this interval is occupied by two or more
tary matters, means that solid part of an cannon, which are attached to each batta
army which is called the main body, andl lion. There is no increased distance betwixt
has a regular formation from right to left. '
brigades, unless particular circumstances
Thus in the seven years war, when prince' attend it. In exercise, should there be no
Ferdinand commanded the allied army, the cannon betwixt the battalions, the interval
British troops under the marquis of Gran- be reduced to six paces.
may
by did not belong to the line, because they Line, how regulated. Its rcgulatinq
were always detached and acted in front of
the main body. Grenadiers and light in
body in movemeHt is, in general, the bat
talion of that ffank which is nearest to,
fantry, when from their several corps, and is to preserve the
appui, or which is
cannot be called the line, but the instant to make the attack. There are very lew-
they are incorporated they become so. cases in which the centre
ought to regu
According to this explanation, and we late, although the direct march of the line
think it a correct one, the word is in front appears to be the easiest conducted
very generally misapplied, as it cannot by a battalion of the- centre. It is '-he
344 LIN LIN

flank, however, that must preserve the take the centre tor the regulating point of
line of appui in all movements in front, movement, and not the right, as others
if the line is thrown backward or forward, have maintained. He grounds his opinion
it is generally on a flank point. upon a known fact, that the more extend
It may not be superfluous to remark, ed a line is, the more difficult it must
that the term line, a-> expressing a milita prove to march by the ri^ht. By making
ry disposition for battle, was not known the centre the directing portion of the line,
until the sixteenth century. Before that more than half the is
difficulty removed.
period when armies were ranged in order To which it may be added, that the cen
of baffle upon three lines; the first line | tre is more easily discernible from the
Was caWed advanced guard, (avant garde,) ri htand left, than the right is within the
the second, main body only, (corps de batail- just observation of the lrft, or the left
le,)andthe third, rear guard, (arriere gar within that of the right.
de.) These terms are nevei used in mo

When the line advances it must uni
dern times, except when any army is on formly preserve a convexity from the cen
its march ; when drawn up for action, tre, so that when it halts, the right and
or in the field for review, columns, or left majdfeave to dress up; but this con
lines axe substituted. vexity HTast be scarcely perceptible. Were ,

Lines of support, axe lines of attack, the lin to be concave on approachin the "*

which are formed to support one another. enemy, a necessity would occur of ihrow-
Where there are several, the second should ing the wings back, perhaps even of put
outflank the first, the third the second ; ting several corps to the right about, during
the advanced one being thereby strengthen which operation the whole army might be
ed and suppor ed on its outward wing. endangered. j

Line of march. 1 he regular and tac When lines are marching forward
they 1
tical succession of the component parts of must be occasionally halted : in which ]
an army that is put in motion. cases the centre halts first, and when the j
Lines of mar eh, are bodies ot armed line is ordered to advance again, the cen- '

men marching on given points to arrive tre steps off though in an almost imper
at any straight alignemerit on which they ceptible manner, before the right and left.
are to form. The general direction of Each commanding officer must place
such alignement is always determined be himself in the centre of that proportion
fore the troops enter it, and the point in of the line which he has under his imme
that line at which their head is to arrive, diate orders, unless he should be otherwise
must next be ascertained. See Am. Mti. directed. The centre is always the most
Lib. convenient point, from wlfence every
The line is said to be well dressed, thing that passes on the rijjhrand left may
when no part is out of the straight aligne be observed. When the Ime advai.ces in
ment. That this may be effected, at the charging order, he must march aw the head
word dress, which is given by the com of his battalion or squadron, taking care,
mander, it is immediately to commence that he is followed by his troops with an
from tne centre of each battalion, the men equal cadenced step, and regulating his
looking totheir own colors, and the cor owr movement
by th t of the divisions
recting officers lining them upon the co which are formed <>n his right and left. <

lors r>f their next adjoining battalion. The greater the extent of line proves,
Line -fit i ,gj, axe executed s. parat.ly which is composed of several battalions
and independently by each battalion. and squadrons that advance forward with
Inversion of the line, in formation. This the same front, the more difficult will be
is a manoeuvre whicii ought only to be the movement of the several bodies ; but
resorttd to on the most urgent occasions, as we have
alr.ady observed, a great part
as it is prudent to avoid the inversion of of this difficulty is overcome when the
all bodies in line. The inversion is ef centre is made the
directing body. The
fected by facmg a battalion or line to the right and left must be invariably governed
right about, instead of changing its po by it.
sition by a counter march ; sometimes, in Retiring Li n f , are bodies of armed men
deed, it may be necessary to form to a that have advanced against an opposing
flank with its rear in front. The column enemy in order of battle, withdrawing
with its line in frontmay arrive on the left themselves with regularity from the im
of its ground, and be obliged immediately mediate scene of action. On this occasion
to form up and
support that point, so it is ofthe greatest importance, that the
that the right ofthe line will become the line should be correctly dressed before it
left. Part of a second line may double faces to the right about ;' and the battalions
round on the extremity of a first line, will prepare for the retreat in the manner
thereby to outflank an enemy. These, prescribed for the single one by receiving
and various other movements, may be the caution, that the tine will retire.
found necessary, and they can only be Tuform the Line, in land tactics, is to
practised with safety and expedition by arrange the troops in order of battle, or
the inversion of the lire. battle array.

Lines advancing to engage an enemy. 'To bte.ik the Line, to change the direc
I.ignes marchant a I'ennemi, fr. Accmd- tion from that ot a straight line, in orde

mg to Marshal Puysegur, all lines should to obtain a cross fire.


on its march ; with this differ
Turning out "f the Line, in a military army is
sense.The line turns out without arms ence, that the prisoner is tried either by
whenever the general commanding in chief officers belonging to his own corps, or by
a mixed roster. A circle is formed at a
comes along the front of the camp.
I n the British army the following is the short distance from the men under arms,
: and the sentence is written upon a drum
usage
When the line turns out, the private head ; whence the appellation of drum-#
men are drawn up ina line with the bells head courts-martial is derived. When
of arms; the corporals on the right and there are several regiments present, tire
left of their respective companies: the same forms are attended to in punishing
piquet forms behind the colors, with prisoners as are observed in line or camp
their accoutrements on, but without courts-martial ; and when there is only
arms. one regiment, the examination and the

The Serjeants draw up one pace in the punishment of the prisoner or prisoners
front of the men, dividing themselves take place within itself.
equally. Lines, in fortification, bear several
The officers draw up in ranks, accord names and significations ; such as,

ing to their commissions, in of [defence


the colors; two ensigns takingrhold of
tha^ront
defencefichant
the colors. [ defence razant
The field officers advance before the Link ofe[ circumvallation See Foi-
captains. I countervallatidn ^tifica-
The camp colors on the flanks of the | counter. approach I tion.
parade are to be struck, and planted oppo [^defence prolonged \
site to the bells of arms ; the officers espon- Line Capital ...
J
toonsare to be planted between the colors, Line of communication. (Ligne de ceffr-
and the drums
piled up behind them ; the munication, Ex.) That space of ground?
halberts are to be planted between, and on in a fortified place which joins the cita
each side the bells of arms, and the hatch del to the town.

ets turned from the colors. Lines of communication, are trenches


Full ot close Lines, (lignespleines, Fr.) that unite one work to another, so thaC
Marshal Puysegur in his Art de la Guerre men may pass between them without
is a strong advocate for full or close lines, being to the enemy's fire : thence
exposed
the whole intrenchment round any place
in his disposition of the order of battle,
provided the ground will admit it. He is sometimes called a line of communication e,
proposes, in fact, that the battalions of in because it leads to all the works.
fantry and the squadrons of horse should Inside Lines, are a kind of ditches to-.
form one continuity of line, without leav wards the place, to prevent sallies, Sec.
ing the least interval between them. Outside Lines, are a kind of ditches
Lines that are close and open, (lignes towards the field, to hinder relief, Sec.
tant pleines quevuides, Fr.) When troops Capital L I n e of the half moon. (Ligne
are drawn up in order of battle with in capitate de la demi-lune, Ex.) That which
tervals between the battalions and squad- is drawn from the flanked angle of a half.
tons, the lines are said to be close and open. moon, to the rentrant angle of the coun
Line, or camp coutts-martial. These terscarp on which it is constructed.
courts-martial are frequently resorted Line of counter approach. (Ligne da
to, and differ from regimental ones, in as contre-approche, Ex.) A sort of trencr*
much as they are composed ofthe officers which the besieged make, and push for
belonging to different corps, and the rati ward from the glacis, for the purpose of
fication of the sentence is vested in the counteracting the enemy's works. See
general or commanding officer ot the Approaches.
camp. So that no time is lost in waiting Line cf defence. (Ligne de defense, Fr. )
for the commander in chief's approbation, See Fortification.
when he is delegated by him ; nor has the Ligne magi st rale, E r. See Cap ital Una
colonel or commanding officer of the re in Fortification.
giment to which the offender may belong, Line of circumvallation. (Ligne de cir-
any power to interfere. The sentences of convallation, Fr.) See Forti f ication.
line or camp, field, and garrison courts- Line of direction in gunnery, is a line
martial, are confined to
corporeal punish formerly marked upon guns, by a shore-
ments, but they can neither affect life, point upon the muzzle, and a cavity o.i
nor occasion the Joss of a limb. The the base ring, to direct the eye in pointing
proceedings are read by the adjutant of the gun.
the day ; the surgeon is from the regiment L i n e of distance, the interval between
to which the prisoner belongs, and the two things, either in regard to time, place,
punishment is inflicted in front ot the or quantity.
piquet by the drummers of the difterent Line of gravitation, of any heavy body,
corps under the direction of the drum- is line drawn through its centre of gravi
a
major, who is from the regiment to which ty, and according to which it tends down
the adjutant of the day belongs. Field wards.
and drum- head courts-martial, may be Linb of swiftest descent, of a heaw
considered in the same light, when an 'j ood is the cvcloid. See Cycloid.
X X
346, LIN L IN

Line of projectile See Pro j ect i les


. .
ly high to cover the soldiers tents. If
Line of the least resistance, (ligne de water can be got into the ditch from 4^
tnoindre resistance, Ft.) that line, which neighboring stream or rivulet, an addition
being drawn from the centre of the fur al advantage will be derived from that ac
nace or the chamber of a mine, takes a cession. VVhen the lines are constructed
perpendicular direction towards the neatest for any space of time, it will then be pro
superficial exterior. per to make a covert- way in the usual
Line offire, (lignede feu, Ex.) in forti manner.
fication. This term admits of two distinct Other lines are likewise constructed for
acceptations ; first, when it is found ne the purpose of communicating with dif
cessary to give an idea of the manner in ferent quarters ; great care must be taken
which a rampart, or an entrenchment lest any of them be exposed to the enemy's
overwhelms and crosses any space of enfilade. To prevent this they must be
ground by the discharge of ordnance or supported by redoubts, or by works be
musquetry, lines must be drawn to ex longing to the neighboring forts ; for the
press the distances which have been tra enemy might otherwise make good his
versed by the shot, &c. These lines are ground within them, and use them as a
called lines of fire, being an abbreviation of trench.
those lines of direction which have been If an army is so weak as to be within I
given to the shot. lines, you take care to have communi-
In order to convey a more just and ac c?tions between the villages, and small
curate conception of this species of line of parties of light horse patroling towards
fire, it is recommended to give a profile, the enemy, and to have videttes and sen
which shall not only shew the curves of tries posted so near one another, that you
the trajectories, but likewise point out the may have intelligence of all their transac
intersections and impressions which have tions.
been made by such fire upon a rampart, Line /* that part of the body
fencing,
entrenchment, ground, or fortification of opposite tothe enemy, wherein the shoul
aiiy description. ders, the right arm, and the sword, should
In the second place, all that extent of always be found; and wherein are also to
a rampart or entrenchment, from whence be placed the two feet at the distance of
the shot of ordnance or musquetry is dis 18 inches from each other. In which
charged, is understood to be a line of sense, a man is said to be in his line, or to
fire. go out of his line, Sec.
If, for instance, it were to be said that a Line, also denotes a French measure,
reserve or oblique direction was taken containing 1.12th part of an inch. It is
against a long extent of rampart or en of late frequently made use of in calcula
trenchment, by means of a jettee or any tions. .-

great work thrown up, so as to out- flank Line of Science, is substituted for
or take it in the rear, it might be conclud the oldand awkward oblique step ; move-
ed that those points would be supplied mentstoaflank oblique are now by half or
with a long line of fire. quarter facing, that is, the whole who are to
Line of direction, (Ligne de direction, move in the required direction are faced

Et.) In mechanics any straight line down on a line midway between a front and full
which a heavy body descends. There faced position ; so that quarter facidto the
are likewise lines of direction which relate right, the right shoulder of the second
to powers; they are then straight lines by man is behind the left shoulder of the
means of which a power draws or urges on right file ; and so on each along each rank
a
weight for the purpose of supporting or have their right shoulders behind the
moving it. man on their right : so if the movement

Capital Line of the bastion, (Ligne ca. is to be oblique to the left, they ate quar
pital du bastion, Fr. ) a line which is drawn ter faced to the left, and the files will
from the centre angle of a bastion to its stand successively with their left shoul
flanked angle. In regular fortification ders in the rear of the right of those who
this line cuts the bastion in two equal stood on their left.
parts. To Line, from t he French aligner, is to
Lines of entrenchment, (Lignes retren- dress any given body of men, so that every
ehies, Ex.) all lines which are drawn in individual part shall be so disposed as to
front ofa camp, Sec. to secure it from in form collectively a straight continuity of
sult or surprize are so called. Whenever points from centre to flanks.
an army is not sufficiently strong to run To Line men. Officers, and non-com
the hazard of being attacked, the general missioned officers, are said to line themen
who commands it, must have the precau belonging to their several battalions, di
tion to dig a ditch in front measuring three visions, or companies, when they arrive
toises at least in breadth and two indepth. at their dressing points, and receive the
He must likewise throw up a parapet word dress from the commander of the
with redans, or have it flanked at inter whole.
mediate distances by small bastions two When a single battalion halts, it is
toises thick, made of strong close earth, dressed or lined on its right centre com
and get it covered and
supported by fas pany, and must of course be in a straight
ciites, with a banquette bej.md sufficient line. When several battalions dress fiom
LIN LIN 347

the centre of each on its next colors, the gerer,or a soldier who avoids duty In a

general line will be straight, provided disreputable manner.


all the colors have halted regularly in a To LI NK together, to tie together. Ca
line. On these occasions every thing valry horses are frequently linked together
will depend upon the two centre guides when it is found necessary for the men to
of each battalion. dismount. When the word of command
To Li ne a Coast. To line a coast well link your horses is given, the right hand
under the immediate pressure of invasion, files are to move up into the intervals,
requires not only great ability and exertion slip their bridoons and dress by the right,
in the commanding officer ofthe particular standing in front of their own horses'
district against which an insult may be heads ; the left files slipping the bridoons
offered, but it is moreover necessary, that in their hands at the same time, and step
every individual officer in the different ping to the front of their horses' heads i
As soon as up and dressed, the whole ad
corps should minutely attend to the par
vance their left feet
ticular spot on which he may be stationed. by a motion from the
The English coast, especially where there right, and by another motion from the
are bays, is almost always intersected by right, the whole go to the left about to
narrow passes through the rocks or sand gether, and link ; as soon as done linking,
hills. On this account, when any body the left hand man of each rank falls back
of men receives orders to line a specified two paces from his horse, and the whole
extent of ground, the officers who are en dress well to' him, with the carabine in
trusted with the several parts of a batta the trailing position. But before they do
lion or brigade, should take care to make this they must put their belts and plates
the most of their men, and to extend their in order.
files in such a manner, as not only to pre It ought to be recollected, that when
sent an imposing front from the crown of the right hand files come up, they must
the hill, but to be able, at a moment's take care not to bring their horses past the
warning, to carry their whole strength others ; and in order to dress with the left
files they must
to prevent the enemy from getting upon
the flanks by suddenly rushing up the
slip the bridoon to the left
hand, leaving the horse in his place in the
gap. Much coolness is required on these rank.
occasions. When dragoons are ordered to dismount,
To Line hedges, Sec. to plant and are to mount again immediately,
troops,
artillery, or small arms, along them under without moving from their horses, the
their cover, to fire upon an enemy that word of command unlink your horses is
advances openly, or to defend them from made use of; in which case the dra
the horse, Sec. goon drops his carabine, which is then
To Line a street or read, is to draw in a trailing position, on his left arm,
up
any number of men on each side of the and unlinks : as soon as that is done, he
street or road, and to face them inwards. takes his carabine in his left hand, the
This is frequently practised on days of horse in the right, by the right bridoon
ceremony, when some distinguished per rein, waiting for the word prepare to mount.
son is received with military honors on LINKS, in the art of war, are distinct
his way through places where troops are reins, or thongs ot leather used by the
stationed. cavalry to link their horses together, when
This is the usage also in funerals, when they dismount, that they may not dis
the corps under arms form a lane, bv the perse. Every tenth man is generally
ranks being faced to the right and left in left to take care of them.
ward; ana the party rests on arms reversed. LIN S-pins. See Linchpins.
To Line, in a fortification, is LINSTOCK.
nothing IBoute-feu, Et.) In
more than to environ a
rampart, parapet, gunnery, a short staff of wood, about three
or ditch, &c. with a wall of feet long, having at one end a piece of iron
masonry or
earth. divided into two branches, each of which
LINCE, et chaussure du stldat, Et. ne has a notch to hold a lighted match, and
cessaries
belonging to a soldier. During the a screw to fasten it there, the other end
monarchy of France, a sol or one English being shod with iron to stick into the
half- penny per day, was added to the pay ground.
of each serjeant, and about six deniers or LI S, Fr. A warlike machine was for
three English farthings to that of each called
it consisted of a piece of
merly so :

corporal, anspessade or
lance-corporal, wood or stake, about the size of the hu
grenadier, private soldier, and drummer, man body, which was made smaller at
to enable them to keep up a certain list of the top than at the bottom, and resem
necessaries. On any deficiency being dis bled a lilly not yet blown. Several of
covered it wasin the power ofthe com these were tied together with ozier or
manding officer of the regiment to reduce willow twigs, and were used for the se
the soldier's subsistence to four sols or
curity ofa camp. They were not unlike
two-pence English per day, until the full the palisades ot the present day.
complement was made up. Fleurde Lis, Luce, Ex. A flower borne
LINGERER, one who pretends to be in the ancient arms of France, and adopt
indisposed, in order to avoid his tour of ed by the English kings until the French
duty a skulker, 'tjence the term malin insisted on it's abandonment, which was
348 L I V L O C

done on the consummation of the union Livre Tournois contains 20 sols Tour-
with Ireland. The electoral cap, as em nois, and each sol 1 2 deniers Tournois.
blematic of Hanover, and the shamrock Livre Parisis, is 12 sols Parisis, being
for Ireland, have been substituted in their worth 12 deniers Parisis, or 15 deniers
stead. Tournois ; so that a livre Parisis is worth
FLEVR.de-Lis, during the Frenchmo- 25 sols Tournois. The word Parisis is
used in opposition to Tournois, because
narchy signified also a mark of infamy,
which was made with a hot iron, upon of the rate of money, which was one-
the back of a malefactor. fourth higher at Paris than at Tours.
Any smooth and unor- LIVRE R Aataiile, Fr. To deliver, give
LISSE, Fr.
namented piece in architecture is so called or join battle.

the French. Livrer assaut, E x. To storm


by .

L I S S O I R E , Fr. from lisser to smooth . .


Livrer, une ville au pillage, Fr. to
This word was particularly applied in give a town
up toplunder.
France to an operation which gunpowder LOAD, a word of command
given,
went through in order to make coarse when men are to charge their guns or

grains smooth and round. This was ef musquets.


fected by tying several barrels together and Load. Artillery carriages, or waggons,

by means of a mill, turning them round. are


frequently loaded with 14 cwt. for 3
so as to occasion conside/able friction horses, and 20 cwt. for 4 horses. This,
within. however it may answer on an English road,
LISTS, ina military sense, a place in is a great deal too much for general service.
closed, in which combats are fought. No doubt a carriage of one construction
To enter the Lists, is to contend with will travel easier than of another, with
a person. the same weight ; and where the mecha
To L i s t soldiers, } to retain and enroll nical advantage thus gained is greatest, the
To inlist, S soldiers, either as heaviest weight may be put, with the
volunteers, or by a kind of compulsion. same number of horses ; but in the car

LISTING. Persons listed, are to be riages usually made for the service of ar
carried before the next justice of peace or tillery, 4 cwt. per horse, beside the weight
magistrate of any city or town and sworn. of the carriage, is the utmost they ought
Persons, owning before the proper ma to be alio w ed to dra w .

gistrate, that they voluntarily listed them The French ammunition waggons,
selves, are obliged to take the oath, or suf which are drawn by 4 horses, are always
fer confinement by the officer who listed charged with 1200 pounds only.
them, till they do take it. The regulations for British home service
The magistrate is obliged in both cases, in 1798 state the load for a bread waggon at
to certify, that such persons are duly- 2400 lbs. and for a cart of entrenchin; tools
listed; setting forth their birth, age, and at 400 lbs. Men used to bear loads , such as

calling, if known ; and that they had porters, will carry from 150 to 250
taken the oath. pounds.
Persons' receivinginlisting money from A horse will carry about 300 lbs. and
any officer, knowing him to be such, and a mule about 250 lbs. See also the word
afterwards absconding, and refusing to go Horses.
before a magistrate to declare their assent LOCHABER-AXE, a tremendous
or dissent, are deemed to be inlisted to all Scotch weapon, now used by none but
intents and purposes, and may be proceed the town guard of Edinburgh ; one of
ed against as it they had taken the oath. which is to be seen among the small ar
See Attestation. mory in the tower of London.
LIT de CAMP, Fr. A camp bed, LOCKS, in gunnery, are of various
which takes to pieces, and is portable. sorts; common for lockers in travelling
The French frequently call it //'/ Arise, or carriages, or for boxes containing shot,
a bed which may be taken to
pieces. The powder, or cartridges. Also locks for fire
Turks never use these beds ; they always arms, being that part of the musquet, by
carry mattrasses, which they spread upon which fire is struck and the powder in
sophas when they halt at night. flamed.
LITTER, a sort of hurdle-bed, on LOCK-STEP. This step was first in
which wounded officers or men are carried troduced into the British service by the El
off the field. liot Lord Heathfield, when he command
Little fortification. The first divi- ed the garrison at Gibraltar ; and is the
siotfof the first system of M de Vauban,. same that general Saldern
(from whose
and is so called when the exterior side of works all the British regulations have
a fortification does not exceed 175 toises, been almost literally selected) calls the
It is used in the construc
or 350 yards
deploy step. This step consists in the heel
tion of citadels, small forts, horn and ot one man being brought nearly in con
crown-works. tact with the joint of the great toe of
LIVRE An old French money of ac another, so that when men step off" to
count,consisting of 20 sols, about i8y. gether they constantly preserve the sarn-
English: each sol containing 1; deniers. distance. The lock or deploy step was al
The livre is of two kinds, Tournois and ways practised when a battalion marched
Parisis. in ifle or close column ; and the gre^t ad-
LOG LOG 349

Of geometrical progression. Geometrica,


vantage to be derived from it was, that


the
last file gained ground at the same tinv iiogression is that in which each term of
or is
It is 1 series contains the preceding term,
that the front advanced. now ex
itself contained in it, the same number of
ploded, and very properly, as an excessive
absurdity. times throughout.
To Lock, is to fasten one or more of the For instance, the series 1 .3 .9.27.81.
wheels of a carriage from going round, in 243, Sec. is in geometrical progression,
since each term contains that which pre
going down a hill, &c.
To Lock up, to take rhe closest possi cedes it the same number of tunes, which
ble order in line or in file. The expres is 3.
sion is derived from the lock-step. The series 243 81 27 9 3 1 is
. . . . .

Lock up! a word ot command which also in geometrical progression, each ot


is frequently used in the British service, the terms being contained by the preced
to direct soldiers to take or preserve' the ing the same number of times.
Of the formation of logarithms. Loga

closest possible order, especially in file-


marching. rithms are numbers in arithmetical pro
LOCKER hinges, serve to fasten the gression, corresponding, term by term,
coverof the lockers in travelling car with a similar series of numbers in geo
metrical progression. I f, for instance, vvc
riages.
LOCKING plates, in artillery, are have a geometrical series and an arithme
thin flat pieces of iron nailed on the tical series as follows,
sides of a field carriage, where the wheels 1
3 .
9 27 81.
243 . . .

touch it in turning, to prevent the wear 1 .


3 -
5
7
9 JI
we shall call each term ot the lower series
ing the wood in those places. See Car
riage. the logarithm of the corresponding term in-
LOCKSPIT, in field fortification, a the upper series.
small cut or trench made with a spade, Any given quantity may therefore have
about a foot wide, to mark out the first an infinite number ot different logarithms,

lines of a work. since the same geometrical progression


To LODGE ARMS. A word of com may be made to correspond with an infi
mand which is used onguydsand pickets. nite diversity of series in arithmetical pro
When a guard has closed its ranks, and gression. ,

rhe men are to place their arms in front of In the formation, however, of tables of
the guard-house or quarter-guard, accord logarithms, it has been found convenient
ing to circumstances, the commanding of to adopt a ten- fold progression, as the
ficer gives the words port arms, to the right geometrical progression, and the series
or
right about, (as the case may be) face .
of natural numbers as the arithmetical
Lodge Arms. progression. It will be remarked, that,
LODGMENT, in military business, in respect to the latter, the ratio, or
is a work made by the besiegers in some common measure of increase, is always

part of a fortification, after the besieged unity, while the former has the advantage
have been driven out, for the purpose of ot being adapted to the mode of notation
maintaining it, and to be covered from the which is in universal use. The follow
enemy's fire. It also means possessionof ing, therefore, are rhe progressions chosen :
an enemy's works. 1.10. IOO.IOOO. IoOOO. iooooo.ioococo
When a lodgment is to be made on the 0.1.2.3.4. 5 .6
glacis, coven way, or in a bieach, there It follows from the nature and corres
must be a great
provision made of fascines, pondence of these piogressions, that, as
sanil bags, gabions, wool packs, &c. in often as the ratio of the former may have
the trenches ; and during the action, the been used as a factor in the formation of ^
pioneers (under the direction of an engi any one of the terms of that progression,.
neer) with fascines, sandbags, Sec. should so often will the ratio of the second pro
be making the lodgment, in order to form a gression have been added to form the cor
covering, while the grenadieis are storm responding term of this identical second
ing the covert way, &c. progression. For instance, in the term
LOGARITHMS, the indexes of the 10000, the ratio 10 is 4 times a factor,
ratios of numbers, one to another; of and in the term 4 the ratio is added 4
which the following is a concise account. times.
Of arithmetical progression By arithme

If" any two terms of the geometrical
tical progression is meant a series of terms, progression be andjf the
intermultiplied,
each of which exceeds, or is exceeded by, corresponding of the arithmetical
terms
that which precedes it by the same given progression be added, the product and ths
number. sum will be two terms which will cor
For instance, the series i. 3. 5. 7. 9. n respond with each other in rhe same pro
is in arithmetical
progression, since each
ot the terms exceeds that which precedes
gressions.
Upon this principle it is, that, by the
it by the same number, which is 2. The tennsof
siinpleadditionofany twoorniore
,series 11. 9. 7. 5. 3.1 is also in arith the arithmetical progression, we can ascer
metical progression, sinceeachof the terms tain the product of the corresponding
is exceeded by that which precedes it, terms ofthe geometrical progression.
and by the same number. for instance, by adding the terms a ant}
350 LOG L O N

3 which answers to too and ioco, I have I pondence, that a number being 10 times,
5, which answers to iooooo ; whence 1 100 times, or iooo times greater than
conclude that the product of 100 by iooo another number, has the same logarithm
is iooooo, which in fact it is. as the lesser number, as far as relates to
It is always easy to ascertain the loga- the decimal fractions of each. The cha
rithum of unity followed by any given racteristic alone issusceptibleof variation,
number of ciphers ; for such logarithm as will be seen by the logarithms of the

will invariably be expressed by as many following numbers :


units as there maybe ciphers iri the given Numbers Logarithms
number. In order to extend this prac 3 o,477 12
tice to the formation of intermediate loga 30 1,47712
rithms, it may be conceived, that, although 300 2,47712
any given number, for instance 3, may not 3000 3.47712
the characteristics of which are separated
apparently form any part of the geome
trical progression i io
.
100, yet if we
,
by a comma, being o, 1, 2, 3.

were to insert a great number of geome It is this property by which the extrac
trical means, suppose i,ooo,oo<L\Yfeetween tion of logarithms is facilitated, since, if we
the two first terms, we should either know the logarithm of the number 30, and
rind the number 3 itself, as one of such are desirous of finding that of 300, of 30C0,

means, or a number of very near approx or of 3, it is requisite merely to add to the


imation to it. The intermediate terms characteristic of 30, or to deduct from it,
between 10 . 100 and between ico 1000
. as
many units as there may be more or less
might be found in like manner, as well as ciphers in the number whose logarithm is
a corresponding number of intermediate sought.
terms, in arithmetical proportion, between LOG E MENT, Fr. means generally
o and 1, and between 1 and 2, 2 and
3, any place occupied by military men, for
Sec. The whole of the geometrical terms the time being, whether they be quartered
being then arranged upon the same line, upon the inhabitants ofa town, or be dis
and the whole of the arithmetical terms tributed in "barracks. When applied to
upon another line, under the former, it is soldiers that^iave taken the field, it is
obvious that the lower series would con comprchendedaiinder the several heads of
tain units, or decimal fractions, corres huts, tents, Sec.
ponding with the numbers in the upper LOG IS, Fr. Quarters.
scries, or, in other words, the logarithmic Marquer les Loo is, Fr. To mark the
relation of tile two series would be com officer's rooms according to their respective
plete and exactly similar to that of the ranks.
fundamental progressions. Logement d'une attaque, Fr. See
It is thus, that, in the tables most in Lodgment in Fortification.
use, the number of decimal places in the LONG BOAT, the largest boat be
.logarithmic quantities is 7, than which, longing to a ship : it serves to bring goods,
however, many more are used by men of provisions, &c. to or from the ship, to
Sicience with a view to the attainment ofa lard men, to weigh the anchor, &c.
corresponding degree of precision. Never Lelong de la Cite, Fr, Along the coast.
theless, in certain tables which were made Tout du long del 'annee, Fr. All the year
a few years ago for the use of accoir.pting round.
Louses, the number of decimal places is Long d la guerre, Fr. An expression
reduced to 5, and the rather, as a greater usedin the French service.
-a-tree of precision is not necessary in those Faire long- bois signifies to leave a consi
calculations of business whicii do not re derable opening between the ranks.
quire more than approximate results. Prendtele plus long, Ex. To go the fur
1 1 should be remarked, in respect to the thest way about, as L'armke jut obligee
tables of logarithms, that the first figure de prendre le plus long pour cviter les defiles ;
to the left of each logarithm is called the the army was under the necessity of go
characteristic ; since it is that figure which ing the furthest way about in order to
denotes the class of the geometrical pro avoid the defiles.
gression which comprises the number to LONGER, Fr. A French military
which the logarithm relates. For in phrase. Larger la rivine. To move up
stance, if the chaiactcristicof a number be or down the river. 1 1 is frequent ly found
2, I know that it relates to the second necessary to attack an enemy's post, in
class* or the hundreds, the logarithm of oidcr to have a free passage on the liver,
10c being 2; and, as that of 1000 is 3,
pour longer la riviere.
every nuinberfrom 100 to 999 inclusively, Longer le Lois, Ex. To inarch by the
cannot have any other logarithm than'2 side of a wood.
and a decimal fraction. Faire une LoKouEmarcbe, Ex. Tomake
Thus, the characteristic of a logarithm a long march.
i> a number corresponding to the natural Epeede longueur, Ex. A sword of a pro
numbers, namely, 1 to 10, 2 to ico, 3 to per length to serve as a weapon of de
1000, 4 to looco, Sec. Sec. The charac fence. This term is used to distinguish
teristic of the logarithm of any number it from the short swords, which are worn
under 10 is o. 1 for mere dress or parade.

It happens by this progressive corres I Lcngs.ccste:, Ex. Those sides are so


L OO L O Y 3.5!

cation, are small holes in the walls of a


called, which belong to places that are
castle or fort, through which the
irregularly fortified, and contain indiscri garrison
In fire. In field fortification, loop-holes
minately eighty toises and upwards. may
which cases they are usually strengthened are frequently resorted to.
To LOOSEN, toseparatc, to make less
by a flat bastion in thecentre, or by seve
ral flat bastions, which are constructed, coherent. In a military sense it implies
ntcording to the extent of the sides, at in- ,
to open ranks or files from close order. In
tertnediate distances. | marching by files, the officers and non
LONGIMETRY, ( Longimetrie, Pr.) | commissioned officers should bp particu
The art of measuring lands and distances, larly attentive to their men, especially
whether the extent or space be accessible i when any particular manoeuvre requires s
as in a road, or inaccessible as in a river, compact and solid movement. To loosen
or branch ofthe sea.
| is, in fact, to lose that firm continuity of
LONGITUDE oftheearth, denotes its , line or perpendicular adherence, which
extent from west to east, according to the constitutes the true basis ef military ope
direction of the equator. rations. The lock step was introduced
Longitude of a place, in geography, for the purpose of counteracting the mis
its distance from some first meridian, or chievous effects of loose marching, but it
an arch of the between produced a greater inconvenience, and has
equator intercepted
the meridian ot the place, and the first therefore been laid aside ; and the equal
meridian. See Geography. pace and marked time corrects both.
Longitude of motion, accord ng to i LOOT. Indian term for plunder or
some philosophers, is the distance which pillage.
the centre of any moving body runs LOOTIES or LOOTEES, Ind. A
through, as it moves on in a right line. term in India to express a body of irregu
See Motio.v. lar horsemen, who plunder and lay waste
LONGRINIS, Fr. Pieces of wood or the country, and harass the enemy in
branches which are laid along the extent their march. They may be compared to
ofa sluice, and make partofjgjts grating. the Hulans of Europe, and other free
To LOOK, a word frequently used in booters.
the British service to express the good or LOOTYWALLOW, Ind. A termof
bad appearance ofa corps, Sec. viz. such a the same importas Looties.
regiment looks well or ill underarms. To LOT for nen, a phrase peculiar to
To Look at. To go down the front military arrangements. When recruits
ofa regiment, Sec. without requiring that join they should be lotted for with the
the troops should be put through the dif strictest impartiality, if some
troops or
ferent evolutions. A general officer fre companies should be less effective than
quently looks at a regiment in th's manner.
others, they must be first completed to
Sometimes indeed the expression bears a the strength of other troops or
companies,
more extensive meaning : it is usual, for and then the whole must lot equallv.
instance, to say It would be ridiculous L O U I S , or Knight of St.
Louis, the nam.:

to think of looking at a strong place for of a military order in France, instituted


the purpose of attacking it, without hav by Louis XI V.in 1693. Their collars were
ing sufficient force to carry its works. of a rlame color, and passed from left to
To be Looked at, in amilitary sense to right : the king was always grand master.
he distantly observed by an enemy who LOUlSd'OR. A French coin first
has a design of attacking you ; or to be struck in the reign of Louis XIII. in
seen by a general officer, whose
duty is to 1640 ; but laid aside since the revolu
enforce any established system. The tion.
latter must be considered as a mere cur LOUP, Fr. literally signifies a wolf.
sory inspection. It is common io say
Loup des anciens was an iron instru
We are to be seen or looked at, but not ment, made in the shape ofa tenaille, by
regularly reviewed. I means of which they grappled the bat-
LOOP, in a ship-carriage, made of; terring rams and broke them in the mid
iron, fastened one on the front of a fore ' dle. See Crows-Feet.
axle-tree, and two on each side, through LOYAL. By a misapplication of terms
which the ropes or tackle pass, whereby has been perverted from its true
the guns are moved backwards and for
signifi
cation, a person faithful to the Ia zv, loi, i-
wards on board of ships. it is
loyal ; made to
signify, person who,
a
Loo?, a small iron ring or staple, by whether he regarded the law or not, .was
which the barrel of agun is affixed to the called
loyal it' he supported a king.
stock. Hence during the
Loop is likewise used to signify an or revolutionary war'.i
regiment was formed, called Loyal Ante.'
namental part of a regimental hat.

Every rican.
officer in the British service, when dress Loyalists.
ed in his uniform, is directed to wear a
During the American
war several Americans who betrayed
hat, the loop of whicll is made of scaled their country, served in the British army ;
silver or gold, if in the cavalry; and of and at the conclusion of it
many went
gold lace if in. the infantry. General offi over to England and received
compen
cers wear the scaled
loop. i
'
sations for their perfidy to their coun
Loop- hilcs, 'C^'v^A.r, Et.) In f.rti:"- try. The allowances mude on this o
35 '.2 L UT LYE

^asion were not, however, confined to LUXHEBAR. The Indian name for,
"ftose that had served ; several families Thursday.
had their taken into consideration,
cases LUZERNE, Fr. Spanish trefoil, call
and were provided for by the British go ed likewise in English Lucerne. A species.
vernment. These compensations did not of hay, which is cultivated for the sub
however give any right to a military man sistence of horses. It bears a violet co-;
to avail himself of the allowance on the lored flower.
score of half-pay ; many of these per L Y C A N I A N S , ( Lycaniens, Fr. ) A mi-
sons have been since used as spies. lit ia that vvas formerly raised in Sclavonia,
LUMIERE, Ft. Vent, touch-hole, the troops of which resemble the Pan-
aperture. dours and Warasdins .It derives its name
Lumiere des pieces d' artillerie, des ar- from being quartered in the neighborhood
lies a
feu, et de la plupart des artifices,
Ex. of the lordship of Lyka.
the vent or aperture through which fire is LYING, to be actually stationed or.-
communicated to cannon, fire-arms, and quartered in a given place.
to almost every species of artificial fire In- Lying. This term is peculiarly
works. In the making of cannon, it is of applicable to pickets. A picket is said to
the utmost consequence to pay minute be an In. lying picket when it is confined
attentention to the vent or touch-hole. It within the immediate lines of 'ntrench-
is in this parr that pieces of ordnance are ments belonging to a camp, or within the

generally found defective, from the vent walls ofa garrisoned town.
being too much widened by repeated Out- Lying picket, is that which does
firing, and the explosion ofthe gunpowder duty without the limits of a camp or gar
being necessarily weakened. risoned town ; that is, beyond the imme
LUNETTE d'approche, Fr. a teles diate sentries belonging to either. Those;
cope. The French sometimes call them pickets are likewise called In-line andOut-
Lunettes de Galilee, from the perspective line pickets.
fclass or telescope having been invented by O/.r-LYERS, the same as faggots in the
Galileo. line, or ambng the regulars. The term
Lunette a farettei, Fr. a multiply out-lyers was a term, however, peculiarly
ing ^lass. unde; stood among the guards; and con
Lunette p-lyldrc. Fr. a magnifying sisted of a certain number of men from
glass. each company, who wrrre permitted to
Lunette a
puce, Fc. a
microscope. work, on condition that the whole of theit
Lunettes, in fortification, are works pay was left in the hands of the captain.
made on both sides of the ravelin : one of for the time they were so employed. This
their faces is perpendicular to half or two sum the officer appropriated to his own
rhirds of the faces of the ravelin ; and the use, and was thereby enabled not only to
other nearly so to those of the bastions. increase his pay, but to keep a handsome
Lunettes, are also works made be table whenever he mounted guard Dur
yond the second ditch, opposite to the ing the winter months the money arising
place of arms : they differ from the rave from out-lyers amounted to a considerable
lins only in their situation. See For. sum. This vvas allowed as a sort of corfi-
ti f ication. pensation for the expence the captain in
LUNETTONS, are a smaller sort of curred by the dinner he gave to his subal
unettes. terns; and for his contribution to the sup
LUNGER-CONNA. A poor-house port of a regimental hospital. The cus
or hospital is called in India.
so tom is now abolished, as a table is k. pt by
LUNT. The matchcord with which the king, and copiously paid for out ofthe
cannon, Sec. are fired. civil list. The following anecdote, which
LUNULA. (Lunulcs, Ex.) In geo is related to have occurred in the company
metry a half moon or crescent, which is that once belonged to the British general
made by the arcs of two intersecting cir Gansell, (whom J unius notices in his let
cles. If you inscribe a triangle-rectangle ters) will shew the absurdity of the old
within a halfcircle, the diameterof which custom, and the wisdom of its abolition :
becomes the hypothenuse; and if upon
A general muster being ordered, it was
each side that compresses the right angle, remarked that a soldier dressed in new
as its diameter, you describe a halfcircle, regimentals, and perfectly unknown to
the space in shape of a half moon, closed every man in the company, stood to have
in by the. circumference of each of these his name called over: on being asked to
twocirclcs, and by a part of the circum whose company he belonged, he replied,
ference of the great halfcircle, will form to general Gansell's : (it must be here ob

the figure called Lunula. served, that the general had quitted the
LUTTE, Fr. Struggle. An exercise i guards for some time.) Who is the pre
of the body, which consists in a full ex sent captain ? was the next question, or
ertion of all its muscular powers to over who are the other cfficeis To which he
.

come another body, that resists with equal briefly replied, I only know the pay-ser-
j
fo.ceand pertinacity. This sorr of exer jeanr. The fact was, that he had been
cise vvas much encouraged among the an some years in the guards, and had con-

cients. The wrestlers or lutteurs, were ! star.t'v been an out-Iyer.


distinguished by the name of athletics.
MAC MAC 353

It was a common
practice and continues patched to Algiers, for the
purpose of de
to be, though not to so great an extent as molishing its harbor. This, Uie English
formerly, to place the namesion the mus say, suggested to other nations the a-.' op tion
ter rolls of the children of officer*, often of tire-ships, and other destructive ma
their illegitimate children, and instances chines, which have frequently been usad
have occurred of girls, receiving men's against maritime places, although they
pay as out-lyers. had been in use a century b- fore.
The author of Oeuvres Militaires, torn.
*\\ xxii. page 222, speaking of the infernal
M machines, observes, that if he were to be
in a situation which required the use of so
MAALER, Ind. A certificate, which dreadful an explosion, especially to destroy
is attested
by the principal inhabitants of a bridge, he would prefer having the ma
a town or village. chine made simply with different strong
MACE. A heavy blunt weapon, hav piecesx>f wood joined together, so as to be
ing a metal head : a club. in the shape of an egg, or ofa cone revers

MACHICOULIS,.or Masse-coulis, Fr. ed. The whole must then be made com
In ancient, and sometimes in modern for pact with cords twisted round it. This
tification, that upper part of the wall method, in his opinion, is not only the
which is sustained by brackets or corbels, best, but can be executed in the most
jets out and overlooks the gate or ditch. easy and expeditious manner, He fur
When a place is besieged, detached ther adds, that in order to burn and blow
parties of the garrison may be posted in up wooden bridges, and even to destroy
the several machicoulies. Through the such as are constructed upon arches,
intervals of the corbels, or supporting several sorts of barges or boats might be
brackets, they may easily observe every used, which should be filled with fire
thing that passes at the foot ofthe wall ; works, bombs, petards, &c. It would
likewise be extremely easy to construct
and it the besiegers should,^ hlrdy enough these machines upon floating rafters, car
to penetrate as far, they;maj(pasilyover
whelm them down large
by throwing rying several thousand pounds weight of
stones, combustible materials, hand-gre gunpowder, which might be confined
nades or bombs. These brackets or sup within strong pieces of wood, put together
porters, which in ancient fortification in the manner already described.
were of a slight construction, might be These machines should be piled one
made of solid materials. The machicou above the other, and long iron bars must
lis, in fact, is susceptible of great im be thrown across the floats, or be fixed
provement ; and in many instances might like masts, so that when the whole of the
be adopted in order to defend the lower combustible materials is beneath the cen
parts of angular forts or turrets. tre of the bridge, the rafters
may be stop
MACHINES Machines, Ft. ped. Great care must be taken to dispose
*

Machines used in war by the ancients. the matches in such a manner that no fire
Every species of instrument or machine, may be communicated to the gunpowder-
which was employed before the invention before the machine reaches the exact
spot
of fire-arms, for the purpose of demolish which is to be destroyed.
ing the fortifications of an enemy, or of MACHINE, in general, whatever hath
rendering them accessible to the besieger, force sufficient to raise or stop the motion
came under the denomination of machine. ofa heavy body.
For a full and elaborate explanation of the Machines are either simple or com
different machines that were adopted by pound: the simple ones are the seven
the ancients, we refer our military readers mechanical powers, viz. lever, balance,
to the second volume of the Recueil
Alpha pully, axis, and wheel, screw, and inclined
bet i que, page 73.
plane. See Mechanical Powers.
Machines Infernales, Fr. Infernal If the given power is not able to over
machines. Although the first idea of these come the given resistance when
directly
machines has been attributed to France,
applied, that is, when the power applied
the invention, nevertheless, is by no is less than the weight or resistance gi>en ;
means new. Frederic Jambelli, an Ita then the thing is to be performed
lian engineer, was the first that used them,
by the
help of a machine, made with levers,
when Alexander, of Parma, besieged
wheels, pullies, screws, Sec. so
adjusted,
Antwerp. The prince of Orange like
wise had recourse to the destructive effects
that when the weight and power are
put
in motion on the machine, the
of an infernal machine, in order to bom
velocity of
the power may be at least so much great
bard Havre-de-Grace, and to set it on er than that ofthe
fire. The Dutch and English, in con
weight, as the weight
and friction ofthe machine, taken together,
junction, attempted to destroy St. Malo is greater than the power ; for on this
by the same means. The fiist instance, principle depends the mechanism or con
however, upon record, in which the trivance of all mechanical engines used to
French made use of this machine, was draw or raise heavy bodies, or overcome anj
when Louis the XI Vth ordered a vessel, other force ; the whole design of these
carrying an enormous shell, full of every being to give such a velocity to the power,
specie, '^''combustible matr?r. to V dis in respect of the weight, as that the nip.
Y V
354 MAC MAC

mentum of the power may exceed the tion must be so much greater, as you
momentum of the weight : for if machines would have your engine work faster.
are so
contrived, that the velocity of the 2. But the proportion of the velocity of
agent and resistant are reciprocally as their the power ana weight must not be made
forces, the agent will just sustain the re too great : for it is a fault to give a machine
sistant, but with a greater degree of ve too much power, as well as too little ;
locity will overcome it. So that if the ex for if the power can raise the weight and
cess of motion or velocity in the power is overcome the resistance, and the
engine
so great as to overcome all that resistance
perform its proper effect in a convenient
which commonly arises from the friction time and work well, it is sufficient for
or attraction of contiguous bodies, as they the end proposed ; and it is in vain to
slide by one another, or from the cohesion make additions to the engine to increase
of bodies that are to be separated, or from the power any farther ; for that would not
the weights of bodies that are tp be rais only be a needless expence, but the engine
ed: the excess of the force remaining, would lose time in working.
after all these resistances are overcome, 3. As to the power applied to work the
will produce an acceleration ofVjnotion engine, it may either be a living power,
thereto, as well in the parts ofthe machine, as men, horses, Sec. or an artificial
as in the resisting
body. power, as a spring, Sec. or a natural
Compound Machines, are formed by power, as wind, water, fire, weights,
various
combinations, and servefor differ &c.
ent purposes ; in all which the same When the quantity of the power Is
general law takes place, viz. that the known, it matters not, as to the effect,
power and weight sustain each other, what kind of power it is ; for the same
when they are in the inverse proportion of quantity of any sort will produce the same
the velocities they would have in the di effect ; and different sorts of powers may
rections wherein they act, if they were be applied in an equal quantity a great va
put in motion. Now, to apply this law riety f waM^^ta*
to any compound machine, there are four The
mos^BGrSpowcr applied to a ma.

things to be considered : i. The moving chine is weifBJrB it be capable of effect


power, or the force that puts the machine ing the thing designed. If not, then
in motion ; which may be either men or wind, water, &c. if that can be conveni
other animals, weights, springs, the wind, ently had, and without much expence.
a stream of water, &c. 2. The velocity A spring is also a convenient moving
of this power, or the space it moves over power for several machines : but it never
in a given time. 3. The resistance, or acts equally as the weight does ; but is
quantity of weight to be removed. 4. stronger when much bent, than when
The velocity of this weight, or the space but a little bent, and that in proportion to
it moves over in the same given time. the bending, or the distance it is forced
The two first of these quantities are al to; but springs grow weaker by often
ways in the reciprocal proportion of the bending or remaining long bent : yet thev
two last ; that is, the product of the recover part of their strength by lying uu-
first two must always be equal to that of bent.
the last ; hence, three of these quantities The natural powers, wind and water,
being given, it is easy to find the fourth ; may be applied to vast advantage in work
for example, if the quantity ofthe power ing great engines, when managed with
be 4, its velocity 15, and the velocity of skill and judgment.
The due application
the weight 2, then the resistance, or of these has much abridged the labors <~J.
quantity of the weight, will be equal to men ; for there is scarce
any labor to be
4xi5.J>o J '
performed, but an ingenious artificer can
tell how to
a 2
apply these powers to execute
his design, and answer his purpose; for
The following rules will direct the me
chanic how he may contrive his machine, any constant motion being given, it may,
that it may answer the intended purpose, by due application, be made to produce
to the best advantage. any other motions we desire. Therefore
1. Having assigned the proportion of these powers arethe most easy and useful,
your power, and the weight to be raised, and of the greatest benefit to mankind.
ihe next thing is to consider how to com- Besides, they cost nothing, and do not re
binej^tfrs, wheels, pullies,be &c. so that quire any repetition nor renewing, like a
worklnfe together they may able to give weight or a spring, which require to be
a velocity to the power, whicii shall be to wound up. When these cannot be had.
that of the weight something greater than or cannot serve our end, we have recourse
in the proportion of the weight to the to some living power, as men, horses,
power. This done, you must estimate Sec.
v our quantity of friction ; and if the velo 4. Men may apply their strength several
city of the power be to that of the weight ways in working a machine. A man of
still in a greater proportion than the weight ordinary strength, turning a roller by the
and friction taken together are to the handle, can act for a whole day against a
machine will be able to resistance equal to 30 pounds weight ; and
power ; then your
uise the weight. And note, this propor if he works ten hours in a day, he will
raise a weight 30II3. 3 1-2 lectin a .-fcconi $
MAC M A C 355

weight to any great height, and in this


or if the weight be greater, he will raise it
50 much less in proportion. case is but of little service; yet it is of
But a man may act, for a small time, great use when compounded with others.
Thus the spokes of a great wheel are ail
against a resistance of 501b. or more.
I f two men work at a windlass or rol levers perpetually acting ; and a beam
ler, they can more easily draw up 701b. fixed to the axis to draw the wheel about
than one man 301b. .provided the elbow by men or horses, is a lever. The lever
cf one of the handles be at right angles to also may be combined with the screw,
that of the other : and with a fly or heavy but not conveniently with pullies or wirh
wheel applied to it, a man may do i-3d the wedge. The wheel and axle is com
part more work; and for a little while bined to great advantage with pullies :
act with a force, or overcome a continual but the perpetual screw, with the wheel
resistance of 8olb. and -work a whole day is very serviceable. The wedge cannot
when the resistance is but 401b. be combined with any other mechanical
Men used to carrying weighty burdens, power ; and it only performs its effectby
such as porters, will carry some 1501b. percussion; but this force of percussion
others 2oolb. or 2501b. according to their may be increased by engines.
strength. Pullies in* be combined with pullies,
A man can draw but about 70 or 8olb. and wheels^fvith wheels. Therefore it

horizontally ; for he can but apply half any single wheel would be too large, and
his weight. take up too much room, it may be divided
If the weight of a man be i4lb. he can into twoor three more wheels and trundles,
act with no greater force in thrusting hori or wheels and pinions, as in clock work,

zontally, at the height of his shoulders, so as to have the same


power, and perforin
than 271b. the same effect.
A horse draws to greatest advantage, In wheels with teeth, the number of
when the line of direction is a little ele teeth that play togethsr in two wheels,
vated above the horizon,j and the power should be prime to each other, that the
same teeth may not meet at every revolu
acts against his breas^jPand can draw
tion -. for when different teeth meet, they
acolb. for eight hoursfin afday, at two
miles and an naif an hour. If he draws by degrees wear themselves into a proper
:401b. he can work but six hours, and figure : therefore they should so be con
not quite so fast; and, in both cases, if trived that the same teeth meet as seldom
he carries some weight he will draw bet as possible.
ter than if he carried none. And this is 8. The strength of every part of the
the weight a horse is supposed to be able machine should be made proportional to
to draw over a pully out ofa well. In a the stress it is to bear : and therefore let
cart a horse may draw iooolb. The most every lever be made so much stronger, as
force a horse can exert is when he draws its length and the weight it is to suppoi t
something above a horizontal direction. are greater; and let its strength diminish
The worst way of applying the strength proportionally from the fulcrum, or point
of a horse, is to make him draw or carry where the greatest stress is to each end.
up a hill: and three men with ioolb. on The axles of wheels and pullies must be
their backs, will climb up a steep hill so much stronger as they are to bear
faster than a horse with 3001b; greater weight. The teeth of wheels,
A round walk for a horse to draw in at and the wheels themselves, whicii act
a mill, Sec. should not be less than 4* feet with greater force, must be proportionally
diameter. stronger ; and in any combination of
5. Every machine should be made of wheels and axles, make their strength
;is few parts, and those as simple as pos diminish gradually from the weight to.
sible, to answer its purpose; not only the power, so that the strength of every
because the expence of making and re part be reciprocally as its velocity. The
pairing will be less, but it will also be less strength of ropes must be according to
liable to be put out of order. their tension ; that is, as the squares of
6. If a weight is to be raised but a very their diameters: and, in general, what
little way, the lever is the most simple, ever parts a tnachine is
composed of, the
easy, and ready machine ; or, if the weight strength of every particular part of it
be very great, the common screw is most must be adjusted to the stress upon the
proper ; but if the weight is to be raised a whole ; tliciefore in square beams the
great way, the wheel and axle is a proper cubes of the diameters must be made pro
power, but blocks and pullies render the portional to the stress they bear s^nd let
labor still more easy : the same may be no
part be stronger or bigger than is neces-
done by the perpetual screw. sary for the stress upon it ; not only for the
Great wheels, to be wrought by men or ease and well going of the machine, but for
cattle, are of most use and convenience diminishing the friction ; for all super
when their axles are perpendicular to the fluous matter in any part of it, is a dead
horizon; but if by water, Sec. then it is weight upon the machine, and serves only
best to have their axles horizontal. to impede its motion: hence he js the
7. As to the combination of simple most perfect mechanic, who not only
machines to make a compound one, though
adjusts the strength to the stress, but who
the lever when simple cannot raise a also contrives all the parts to last equally
356 MAC MAD

well, so that the whole machine may fall the hole ; H the height of the water ;
together. all in feet. Then the velocity of
To have the friction as little as
9
.
pos x= V 2 s H ; and its force= the weight
sible, the machine should be made of the vv
fewest and simplest parts. The diame.
of the quantity B or H B of water, or
ters of the wheels and
pullies should be 2t
large, and the diameters of the arbors or
spindles they run on, as small as can be =^1?H B hundred weight : because a
112
consistent with their strength. All ropes
and cords must be as pliable as possible, cubic foot =62 1-2 lb. avoirdup. Also a
and for that end rubbed with tar or hogshead is about 8 1-2 feet, or 531 lb. and
a tun is 4
grease : the teeth of wheels must be hogsheads.
made to fit and fill up the openings, and When you have, but a small quantity of
cut into the form of
epicycloids. All the water, you must contrive it to fall as high
as you can, to have the greater
axles, where th. motion is, and all teeth velocity,
where they work, and all parts. that in and consequently more force upon the en
working rub upon one another, must be gine.
made smooth : and when the machine 15. If wateris to be conveyed through
goes, must be oiled or greased.. pipes to a great distance, and the descent
io. When
any motion is to belongcon- be but small, much larger pipes must
tinued, contrive the power to move or act be used because the water will come
always one way, if it can be done, for slow.
this is better and easier performed than Water should not be driven through
when the motion is interrupted, and the pipes faster than four feet per second, by
power is forced to move first one way, reason of the friction of the tubes; nor
and then another ; because every should it be too much wire-drawn, that
change
of motion requires a new additional force lis, squeezed through smaller pipes, for
to effect it. Besides, a
body in motion that creates a resistance, as water-way is
cannot suddenly receive a contrary motion, less in narrofyr'pipes.
without Kreat violence : and the moving 16. Whenfany thing is to be performed
any part of the machine contrary ways by by a water- Wheel, moved by the water
turns, with sudden jerks, tends only to running under it and striking the paddles
shake the machine to pieces. or ladle-boards, the channel it moves in
ii. Ina machine that moves always one ought to be something wider than the hole
way, endeavor to have the motion uni of the adjutage, and so close to the floats
on every side as to let little or no water
form.
But when the nature of the thing
12.
j
i pass ; and when past the wheel, to open
requires that a motion is to be suddenly i a little, that the water may spread. It is
communicated to a body, or suddenly of no advantage to have a great number of
I
stopped : to prevent any damage or vio floats or paddles ; for those past the per
lence to the engine by a sudden jolt, let pendicular are resisted by the back water,
the force act against some spring, oi beam and those before it are struck obliquely.
of wood, which may supply the place of The greatest effect that such a wheel can
a spring. perform, in communicating any motion,
is when the
13. In regard to the size of the machine, paddles of the wheel move
let it be made as large as it can convenient with one-third the velocity of the water;
ly ; the greater the machine, the more in which case, the force upon the pad
exact it will work, and perform all its dle is four- ninths only; supposing the
motions the better ; for there will always absolute force of the water against the
be some errors in the making, as well as paddle, when the wheel stands still, to be
in the materials, and consequently in the 1 : so that the utmost motion which the

working of the machine. The resistance wheel can generate, is but 4-27ths of that
of th.- medium in soni" machines has a sen which the force of the water against the
sible effect ; but all these mechanical er paddles at rest would produce.
rors bear a less proportion in the motion MADRAS. Fort St. George. A
of great machines, than in that of little town and fort on the Coromandel coast,
ones; being nearly reciprocally as their in the East Indies, belonging to the
diameters, supposing they are made of the English. The town is called Madrasby
same matter, and with the same accuracy, the inhabitants, but
and are equallv well finished.
by the natives,
Chilipatam. 1 1 is divided into two towns,
14. For engines that go by water, it is the one called the White, and the other
necessary to measure the velocity, drop in the Black town ; the former being inha
pieces of sticks, &c and observe how far bited by Europeans, and the latter by Gen-
they are carried in a second, or any given toos. 1 he diamond mines of Golcondaarea
time. week's journey from this place. The
But if it flows through a hole in a re town is governed by a mavor and alder
servoir, or standing receptacle of water, men, with other officers. It is 63 miles
the velocity will be found from the depth north of Pondicherry, lat. 13, 5, N. long.
of the whole below the surface. 80, 34, E. It may not be irrelevant to
Thus let j=i6 1-12 ; v= velocity of state, that the establishments belonging
the fluid per second ; E- the area of to Great Britainj on the coast of Coromaa-
MAG M A G 357

11

del, is divided into several governments, tended with very ill consequences, by
independent of each other. Bombay com breaking the texture of the cement, after
mands the factories on the western side of it has been in some degree dried, and also
the peninsula, commonly called the Mala by opening the joints of the voussoirs, at
bar coast; together withthose in Guzzerat: one end, so a remedy is provided lor this
the establishments and possessions on the inconvenience, with regard to bridges, by
eastern or Coromandel coast, are under the the arch of equilibration in Mr. Hutton's
government of Madras ; and those in Ben. book on bridges; but as the ill effect is
gal depend on Calcutta. much greater in powder magazines, the
MADRIERS, ar long planks of broad same ingenious gentleman proposed to

wood, used for supporting the earth in find an arch 01 equilibration for them also,
mining, carrying on a sap, making cotters, and to construct it when the span is 20
caponiers, galleries, and various other feet thepich or height 10, (which are the
purposes at a siege ; also to cover the same dimensions as the semicircle) the
mouth of petards after they are loaded, inclined exterior walls at top forming' an
anu are fixed with the petards to the gates angle of 113 degrees, and the height of
or other to be forced open.
places designed their angular point above the top of the
When the planks strong enough,
are not arch, equal to seven feet : this very cu
they are doubled with plates of iron. rious question was answered in 1775 by
MAGAZIN, Fr. magazine. the Rev. Mr. Wildbore, to be found in
Petit.MAGAziN. Fr. Thiswasasort Mr. Hutton's Aliscetlanea Mathematica.
of intermediate building, called entrepot, Artillery -Macazine, in a siege, the
where stores, provisions, Sec. to answer magazine is made about 25 or 30 yards be
daily consumptions were deposited. hind the battery, towaids the parallels,
Magazin d'approvisionnement, Fr. ma and at least 3 feet under ground, to hold
gazine of stores. the
powder, loaded shells, port-fires, &c.
Magazin d' artillerie, Fr. gunpowder Its sides and roof must be well secured
magazines. ^ with boards to prevent the earth from
MAGAZINE, a place io which stores falling in : a door is made to it, and a
are kept, or arms, ammunition,"T>rovisions, double trench or passage is sunk from the
Sec. Every fortified towrrtught to be magazine to the battery, one to go in and
furnished with a large magazine, which the other to come out at, to prevent con
should contain stores of all kinds, suffi fusion. Sometimes traverses are made
cient to enable the garrison and inhabitants in the passages to prevent ricochet shot
to hold out a long siege, and in which from plunging into them.
smiths, carpenters, wheel-wrights, bak Magazines. The present practice is
ers, Sec. may be employed in making not to make large powder magazines for
every thing belonging to the artillery, as batteries, but to disperse the barrels of
carriages, waggons, Sec. powder, or cartridges here and there in
Powder-MAGAziNE, is that place small maj.azir.es, about6 or 7
fathoms, in
where the powder is
kept in very large the rearof the battery ; as it
appears bet
quantities. Authors differ greatly both ter to lose a small
quantity from time to
in regard to situation and construction
; time, than to run the risk of the whole
but all agree, that they ought to be arch
being destroyed, by a single shell falling
ed, and bomb-proof. In fortifications into the magazine. These small
maga
they are frequently placed in the rampart; zines or entrenchments, will hold about
but of late they have been built in differ one or two tons of
ent parts of the town.
powder ; and are about
The first powder eight or 9 feet square. They ought to be
magazines were made with gothic arches ; well covered from the fire of the
but M. Vauban, finding them too place,
weak, and always in the rear of one of the mer
constructed them in a semicular lons. When they cannot be sunk in the
form,
whose dimensions are, 60 feet
long, with ground, they should be secured by sand
in ; 25 broad ; the foundations are
eight or bags or gabions. They should be made
tune feet thick, and
eight feet high from with attention, as should the communi
the foundation to the spring of the arch cation from them to the
the floor is 2 feet from the
; battery. Two
ground, which magazines of this kind will be required
keeps it from dampness. for a battery of six pieces.
An engineer of great
experience some Permanent powder
magazines. Accord
time since, had observed, that after
the centres of semicircular arches are
ing toVauban's plan, powder magazines

struck, they settle at the crown and rise


are
commonly made 10 fathoms
long, and
25 feet wide, in the clear. The founda
up at the nances, even with a straight tion of the longed sides, is
9 or 10 feet
horizontal extrados, and still much more
so in
thick, and 6 feet or more deep, accord
powder magazines, whose outside ing to the nature of the ground. The side
at top is formed like the roof of a
house, walls raised upon these are 8 or
9 ieet
by two inclined planes joining in an angle thick ; and if there is not to be an
over the upper
top of the arch, to give a proper story, 8 feet will be sufficient height
descent to the rain ; which effects are ex above the foundation.
actly what might be expected agreeable By this means the
to the true flooring may be raised above the ground,
theory of arches. Now, as free from damp, and there will remain 6
this shrinking of the arches must be at-
feet from the floor to the
spring of th.
l"i -

358 MAI MAI

arch. The arch is formed of layers of lotine, so called from a French


physician
bricks, arched one over the other, and of that name, and by which the unfortu
ought to be 3 feet thick at the top. The nate Louis the Sixteenth was executed,
exterior surface of the arch terminates January 21st, 1793, owes its origin to
with an angle at top, like a roof; which the Maiden.
angle must be of such magnitude as to MAIL, primarily denotes the holes ot
make a thickness of 8 feet over the key meshes in a net : it likewise signifies a
stone of the arch. The foundation at the round iron ring. Hence
jj Coat of Mail, a coat of armor or steel
gable ends is 5 feet thick, and the same f.
depth' as the sides; these ends are built net- work, anciently worn for. defence.

up 4 feet thick, from the foundation to MAILLET, .Fr. a mallet. The French
the top of the roof. The long sides are j formerly made use of this instrument as
supported by counterforts, 6 feet thick an offensive weapon in their engage.
and 4 feet long ; and placed 12 feet asun ments.
der. The ventilators are placed, one in In 1351 the mallet was used at the fa
the centre of each space between thecoun- mous battle des Trente (of thirty) whicii
terforts, and are made with a die across derived its name from the number of com.
them of 1 1-2 feet. These ventilators are batants that fought on each side.
also closed with plates of iron. The maga This extraordinary combat, holds a dis
zine is lighted by a window in each end, tinguished place in the history of Britan-
high up, which are opened and shut by ny, and was entered into by the partisans
means of a ladder. These windows are of Charles of Blois, and the king of France
secured, each by two shutters, made of on one side, and by the count Montfort

plank 2 or 3 inches thick ; and the outer and the king of England on the other.
one covered with sheet iron, and both Under the reign of Charles VI a Pari
.

fastened with strong bolts. The entrance sian mob forced the arsenal, took out a
to the magazine is closed by two doors, large quantity of mallets, with which
one of which opens inwards, and the other they armejhthemselves for the purpose of
murderinflthe custom-house officers.
outwards; the outward one is covered
with sheet iron. The entrance of the ma The persorre who assembled on thisocca.
gazine should, if possible, be placed to sion were afterwards called Maillotins.
wards the south. A wall of 1 1-2 feet In the days of Louis XII. the English
thick, and 10 feet high, is built round the archers carried mallets as offensive wea
magazine at 12 feet distance. A maga pons.
zine of the above dimensions will contain MAILLOTIN, Fr. an old French
about 94,800 lbs. of powder, inpiles of 3 term ; which signified, an ancient weapon
barrels each ; for a greater number piled that was used to attack men who wore
above each other destroy s the barrels, dam helmets and cuirasses. A faction in
ages the powder, and occasions accidents. France was distinguished by the appella.
MAGNITUDE, orquantity, any thing tion of Maillotins.
locally continued, or that has several di MAIN Annie, Ex. Armed force.
mensions. Its origin is a point, which Entrer a main armeedans un pays, is to en
though void of parts, yet its flux forms ter into a country with armed men.
a line, the flux of that a surface, and of Main. Venir aux mains, Ex. To come
that a body, Sec. to close action.
MAGNA CHARTA, the great char MAIN-BATTLE. See Battle-
ter of liberties granted to the people of
England in the 9th year of Henry III. MAIN-BODY ofthe army, the body of
and confirmed by Edward 1. It is so troops that march between the advance
called on account of the supposed ex and rear-guards. Ina camp, that part of
cellence ofthe laws therein contained; thearmy encamped between the right and,
or according to some writers, because ano left wings.
ther lesser charter, called Charter de Fo- MAIN-GUARD, or grand-guard, a
resta, was established with it ; or be body of horse posted before a camp for the
cause it contained more than any other security of an army. In garrison, it is a
charter, &c. or in regard of the remarka guard generally mounted by a subaltern
ble solemnity in the denouncing excom officer and about 24 men. See Guard-
munications against the infringers of it It
. MAiN-Guard. The French observed
is nevertheless a code of barbarity charac the following general maxims, with re
teristic of the age ; and to which impos spect to their Grandes-Gurdes or main-
ture has given it all the consequence guards. In the first place, every main-
which ignorance ascribes to it. guard on foot or horseback,, must be so
MAHONNE, Fr. a species of galeas posted as to remain secure of not being
or double galley which the Turks use; surprised and carried off, nor easily forced
The Venetian galeasscs arc larger and to abandon its position. In order to ac
stronger built. complish these two objects, it must con
MAIDEN, an edged instrument used stantly be within the reach of the different
at Edinburgh in former times for the de piquets ; and, if necessary, those piquets
capitation of criminals. The original in should be readily supported by the army
vention is by some attributed to an inhabi itself.
tant of Halifax, in Yorkshire. The guil MAINTAIN, when any body of mert
MAJ MAJ 359

defend a placeor post, against the attacks his title of serjeant-rnajor imports; in
of an adverse party, they are said to main this quality they must render him an ex
tain if. act account of every thing which comes
to their knowlege, either regarding the
MAJOR. A superior officer in the
army, whose functions vary according
to duty or wants of the artillery and soldiers.
the nature of the service on which he is He should possess a perfect knowlege of
the power of artillery, together with all
employed.
Major of a regiment of foot, the next its evolutions. In the field he goes daily
officer tothe lieutenant-colonel, general to receive orders from the brigade-major,
and communicates them with the parole
ly promoted from the eldest captain : he
is to take care that the regiment be well to his superiors, and then dictates them to
the adjutant. He should be a very good
exercised, to see it inarch in good order,
and to rally it in case of being broke in ac mathematician, and be well acquainted
tion : he is the only officer among the in with every thing belonging to the train of
fantry that is allowed to be on horseback artillery, Sec.
in time of action, that he may the more Major of engineers, should be very
readily execute the colonel's orders. well skilled in military architecture, for
The Major of a regiment ef horse, as tification, gunnery, and mining. He
well as foot, ought to be a man of honor, should know how to fortify in the field,
to attack and defend all of and
integrity, understanding, courage, activi
sorts posts,
: he should be to conduct the works ina siege, Sec. See
ty, experience, and address
master of a detail of
arithmetic, and keep Encineer.
the inevery particular: he Aid-M a jo r, is on .sundry occasions ap
regiment
should" be skilled in horsemanship, and pointed to act as major, who has a pre
ever attentive to his business : one of his eminence above others of the same deno
mination. Our horse and foot guards
principal functions is, to keep an exact
roster of the officers for duty ; he should have their guidons, or second and third
have a perfect knowlege in-all ifee milita majors.
is a non-commis
ry evolutions, as he is obliged By his post Serjeant-M a I or,
to instruct others, Sec. sioned officer, of great merit and capacity,
Towu-Maior, the third officer in or subordinate to the adjutant, as he is to
der in a garrison, and next to the deputy- themajor. SeeSRjEA.\-T.
governor. He should understand forti Drum-MAioR, is not only the first
fication, and has a particular charge ofthe drummer in theregiment, but has the
same authority over his drummers as the
guards, rounds, patroles, and centinels.
Brigade-M a j or, is a particular officer corporal has over his squad. He in
appointed for that purpose, only in camp : structs them in their different beats ; is
or attached to a brigade when an army is daily with the Serjeants, to know
at orders

brigaded; he goes every day to head quarters the number of drummers for duty. He;
to receive orders from the adjutant general : marches at their head when they beat in a
from thence he goes and gives the orders, body. In the day of battle, or at exercise,

at the place appointed for that purpose, to he must be very attentive to the orders
the different majors or adjutants of the given him, that he may regulate his beats
regiments which compose his brigade, according to the movements ordered.
and regulates with them the number of Fifo-MAjoR, is he that plays the best
officers and men v hich each are to furnish on that instrument, and has the same au

for the duty of the army ; taking care to thority over the titers as the drum-major
keep an exact roster, that one may not has over the drummers. He teaches
give more than another, and that each them their duty, and appoints them foi
march in their tour ; in short, the major guards, &c.
of brigade is charged with the particular MAjoR-General. See General.
detail in his own brigade, in much the MAJOR, Fr. The French considered
same way as the adjutant-general is this term, in a
military sense, under the
charged with the general detail ofthe du following heads :

ty of the army. He sends every morning MAjOR-Gene'ral d'une Armee, Fr. Ma


to the adjutant-general an exact return,
by jor-general generally so called, which see.
battalion and company, of the men of his M.A}OK-Gencral de I' Infanterie Fra/i-
brigade missing at the retreat, or a report, ceise, Fr. Major-general of the French
expressing that none are absent : he also infantry. This appointment was made
mentions the officers absent with or with under Francis the ist in 151c.
out leave. Major- General des Dragons, Et. a ma
As all orders pass through the hands of jor-general of dragoons. His functions
rhe majors of brigade, they have infinite were similar to those exercised
by the
occasions of making known their talents Matechal-general des logis de la Cavalerie ;
and exactness. and nearly the same as those of the major-
Major of Artillery, is also the next of general of infantry.
ficer to the lieutenant-colonel. His post Major de Brigade, Ex. Brigade-ma
is very laborious, as the whole detail of jor.
the corps particularly rests with him ; MAj0 d'un Regiment de Cavalei ie, Fr-
R
and for this reason all the non-commis Majorin
a
regiment of cavalry.
sioned oflicers are subordinate to him, ai Major d'u l-'.eginrvt d' in_ Ov.v -.>, Fr.

360 MAI MAI

Major of a regiment of infantry. Under care and of the king's


superintendance
the old government of France all majors household, that his functions were
so
of infantry regiments, were styled ser- nearly similar to those that were exercised
gent-m.ijors, or serjeant-majors in their by the grand master of the king's house
commissions.- They were not permitted hold previous to the Revolution. Dur
to have any
company of their own : be ing the reign of Clotaire the Second, the
cause it was reasonably judged, that their power of the Maires increased very con
own interest might render them more par siderably. Their influence grew greater
tial to that company, and the service be through the weakness and effeminacy of
thereby injured. the last kin's of the second tace ; so much
Major d'une Place de Guerre, Ex. so, .that they maintained ai. uncontroled
Town -major. power over the royal expenditure, and

M vt OR, des quatres cempagnies des Gar had the sole management of the king's
des du corps, Fr. A rank which vvas ex affairs. Pepin added the dignity and
clusively given to an officer belonging to functions of Mai'e to the royal preroga
the old French guards. This was' an ap tive; but he did not suppress them
pointment of considerable trust under the wholly. He merely linrted his func
old government of France. He was lieu tions to what they were originally ; which
tenant in each ofthe companies ; a.d had however were soon restored, in conse
the right of seniority over all lieutenants quence of the fall and extinction of the
younger than himself in date of commis second race. As the Ma>res possessed an
sion. unlimited control over the finances and
Major v.ii.seau de guerre, Ex.
sur un judicature of the country, and had more
An officer boaiu a ship of war, whose
on over tne entire management of the war de

duty it was to see the guard regularly partment, they found little difficulty in
mounted, and the sentries posted. assuming a superiority over all the officers
Etat-M a j or, Fr A comprehensive belonging to the crown. They took pre
French term, iu which is included every cedence oteALikes and counts who were
thing that can be conveyed under the the goverJiorSofprovinces. On which
word staff, as applicable to the British account they were called Dues des Dues,
service. Ina very recent publication, in or dukes of France. Hugh Capet was
tituled, Manuel des Adjudans-Generaux et duke of France at the time he proclaimed
leuis Adjoints, the particular duties of the himself king of the country ; but the
etat-major are accurately explained, of kings belonging to the third race, being
which an entire translation is incorporated convinced that the authority which was
with the American Military Library. thus vested in one person, must eventu
Another work on the same subject, was ally prove extremely dangerous, abolished
published in 1809, by general Grimoard, the office of Maire du Palais, or duke of
entitled Traite sur le Service des Armies con- France. They divided the functions, and
tenant sur organasion, et ses functions sous les created the four great officers that were
tapports admini stratifs et Alilitares, with immediately attached to the crown. The
plates. The author began this work in command and superintendance of the
1778, andpartof it was published in 1797, army, were entrusted to the constable;
in the Encyclopedic Methedique. This the administration of civil justice was
work has superceded the work of Thie- vested in the chancellor : the management
bault, only on account of its being more of the finances was given to the grand
comprehensive ; their views and princi treasurer, and the care of the king's
ples are the same. household devolved upon the seneschal,
M.\ lOR-D-^me, Fr. An officer belong who vvas afterwards styled grand master.
ing to the gallies, who has the chief su MAISON-...-R0/, Fr. The king's
perintendance of provisions. household. Certain select bodies of
MAJORITY, the office, charge, or troops were so called dur.ng the monarchy
appointment ofa regimental major. I of France, and consisted of the gardes du
MAIRE, Fr. Under the old govern {corps or body-guards, the Gendarmes, Che-
ment of France the person so called was <vaux legers or light horse, Jih.-.squetaitei
invested with the first dignity of the : or musqueteers, la gendarmerie, grenadiers
kingdom. Charles Martel, of whom so ; d cheval ot horse-grenadiers,
the regiment;
much is said in the history ofthe French belonging to the French and Swiss guards,
'

kin^s, was Maire ofthe palace He was, and the cent Suisses or hundred Swiss
in fact, grand master of the king's house guards. The Maison-du-R;i or knit's
hold, and had an entire control over the 1 household, was not considered as a sepa
officers belonging to that establishment. rate establishment from the rest of the
The of M.-.We du Palais, or I. army, until the reign of Louis IV. This
appellation
mayor of the palace, was given in lieu of ie^iahiishment vvas successively formed
Alaitredu Palais, or master ofthe palace. by different kings out of militia compa
This name was borrowed from the Roman nies, which they took into their body
emperors, who had each a grand master of
guard.
the palace. Du Tiller, a French author, I Ma 1 son Meurtriere, Fr. This term
in page 12 of his book, pretends that the ! was formerly g.ven to casemates.
word is derived from Mer, which signi I MAITRE des armes, Fr. Master at
fies Prcefict. At first he bad only the 'arms. An officer, during the existence
M AL MAN 361

of the Grecian empire, who took prece MALLEABLE, in the art of found
dence of the Maitre de la milice, or com ing, a property of metals, whereby they
are capable of being extended under the
mander of the militia.
Maitre d'armes, Fr. A term in general hammer.
MALTA. The strongest place in the
use among the French, signifying a fenc

ing master. Every regiment has a mai Mediterranean, taken by* the French troops
tre d'armes attached to it. during the present war, from the knights
of that order, and since re-taken by the
MAKE-Ready, a word of command in
the firing, on which the soldier brings British. The island of Malta may be
bis piece to the recover, at the same time considered as a key to the Levant. See
Military orders.
cocking it ready for firing.
MAL d'armie, Fr. A sort of conta MAMMILLIARIA, {Mammcllieres,
gious disorder which sometimes rages in Fr.) a word corrupted from the Latin,
an army, and is occasioned by too much signifying a sort of armor, or' that part
fatigue, or by bad food. of arm'oV which formerly covered the chest
MAL-de-Mer, Ex. Sea-sickness. and nipples. * Etienne de la fontaine, who
MAL-de-Terre, Fr. The scurvy is so was silver smith to the French court,
called by the French. mentions among other articles two sets of
MALABAR GUNS, Ind. Heavy Mammillieries, in an account which was

pieces of ordnance, which are made in the delivertd in the year 1352.
Malabar country, and are formed by means MAMALUK.ES, (Mammelucs, Fr. )
of iron bars joined together with hoops. Some writers assert that they were Turk
They are very long, and extremely un ish and Circassian slaves, originally pur
wieldy. chased from the wandering tartars by
MALADES, Fr. The sick. Meliesaheh, and amounting in number to
Soldats-M.Ai.ADEs, Fr. So'diers on the one thousand men. They were trained
sick list. and disciplined to war, and some were
MALANDRINS, Fr. a -set of free raised to the first places of trust in the
booters, who under the rekgffof Charles empire. Other writers say that the ma-
V. infested France. Durinfrhe 14th cen meiukes were generally chosen out of
tury, these plunderers made their appear christian slaves, and may be considered
ance twice in considerable bodies. They in the same ligrn as the Turkish janizaries
consisted chiefly of discharged soldiers are ; others again assert, that
they origin
who formed themselves into marauding ally came from Circassia, and attracted
parties, and pillaged with impunity all public notice by their valor, &c. in 869.
the travellers they met. Abbe de Choisi, See D'Herbelot, page 545. The mame-
relates that it was extremely hazardous to lukes have made a considerable figure
oppose them in their first onset. These during the present war, especially in their
pillagers, whom the inhabitants called contest against Bonaparte, for the defence

Malandrins, assembled in different can of Egypt. They afterwards joined the


tons, chose their own leaders, and ob French, and formed a considerable part of
served a sort of discipline in their depre their cavalry.
dations. MAN, to man the works, is to post the
They usually contrived to station them soldiers on the lines so as to be ready for
selves in such a manner, that it was im their defence, &c. In the plural number
possible to attack them. it means soldiers, as an army consisting of
They plundered or destroyed many 12,000 men.
places and buildings through which they Flank- front-rank-M an. Each soldier
passed, and paid no regard to church or upon the right and left extremity ofthe
state. Their principal and most notori first line or rank of any given body
ot
ous leaders, were the Chevalier de Vert, troops is so called. ,
brother to the count d'Auxerre, Hugues Flank-rear-rank-WlAN. Each soldier
de Caurelee, Mathieu de Gournar,Hugues upon the right and left extremity of the
de Varennes, Gauthier Huet, and Robert last line or rank of any given
body of
Lescot, who all belonged to some order of troops.
knighthood. Bertrand du G uesclin cleared When a company or battalion is drawn
the country of these dangerous and un up three deep, the two men who stand at
principled men, by leading them into the extremities of the centre line
may be
Spain under a pretence of fighting the called fiank-centre-rank-men .

Moors, when in reality his object was to MANCELLE,/V. asmallchain which


attack Peter the cruel. See French Hist. is fixed to the collars of carriage or dray
de Charles V. liv. 1 page 86.
.

horses, and which terminates in a large


MALINGERER, (from the French) iron ring, that is attached to the shaft.
one who feigns illness to avoid his It likewise means the ring itself.
duty.
MALINGRE, Fr. peaking, sickly. MANCHE d'un Bataillon, Ex. lite
MALL. See Maul. rally means the sleeve of a battalion.

MALLET, a wooden hammer, to drive This word originally signified any small
the pegs into the ground, by which a tent
body consisting of 40 or 60 men, which
is fastened ; it is likewise used on various were drawn out of the main- body of a
other occasions, especially in fortification
battalion, and were posted by files up6n
and artillcrv.
7. '/.
362 MAN MAN

the comers or angles of the same bat either amongst us or among the French ;
talion. Mandilion and Mandille signifying a foot
At present the word munches means the man's great coat.
wings ofa battalion, the centre of which MANEGE, in horsemanship, the ex
was composed of pikemen, whilst pikes ercise of riding the great horse, or the
were in use. Thus there were right and ground set apart for that purpose ; which
left wings, which were again divided into is sometimes covered, for
continuing the
half- wings, quarter- wings, and half-quar- exercise in bad weather ; and sometimes
tcr-wings. open, in order to give more liberty and
or break off freedom both to the horseman and horse.
Any battalion may defile
by wi.igs, half- wings, or by the other pro MANGAN, Fr. Thisword is some
portions. times written MANGON, (See Gun).
The term matiche, or wing, was un A warlike machine which was formerly
for the express pur used. The term itself, indeed, was gene
doubtedly adopted
pose ot distinguishing several smj.ll corps, rally adopted to signify any species of
which, though at times connected and warlike machine. But it more particu.
standing together, could suddenly^detach larly meant the largest and most powerful
themselves, and act against the enemy machine that could be used for warlike
without occasioning the most trifling purposes; whether it was practised to
fluctuation or movement in the main throw enormous stones against besieged
body. The Greeks and Romans must places, or to cast javelins, &c. It was
have had a term synonimous to manche, likewise called balista, from the Greek;
in order to shew the several little portions torment um from the Latin a torquendo; awl
into which the phalanx of the former, and sometimes petraria, because stones weigh-
1
the legion of the latter, were at times di ing upwards of three hundred and sixty
vided, when there was occasion for either | pounds, were thrown from it. Thisma-
to manoeuvre upon the same principles j chine answered the double purpose of de
that we do by wings. fending or attacking fortified places, and
Gardes de la Manche, Ex. Men belong- it was sometimes used at sea. According
io a FrencMiriter, one of these machines
big to the old French body guards, who on
still be Basle.
particular occasions, as at the Royal may seen at

Chapel, &c. stood on each *n*e of the MANGANELLE, Fr. See Manco.v-
king, dressed in hoquetci.s, and armed N E A U .

v/ith pertuisanes <>' lances. MANGONNEAU, Fr. A word ori


La Manche, Fr. The channel. ginally derived from the Greek, which,
The
1

La Manche Britannique, Ex. "


according to Potter, seems to signify any
British channel. engine designed to cast missive weapons.
La Manche de Bristol, Fr. The Bris With respect to that particular engine,
tol channel which the French have called mangan,
Mar che d'outil, Et. The handle of manganelle, and mangonneau, there is not
any utensil. ! any specific term for that famous en
MANDARIN. A name which the gine, out of which, stones of a size
Portuguese originally gave to the Chinese not less than mi!l-stones, were thrown

nobility. According to a French author, with such violence, as to dash whole


the Mandarins are divided into nine or j houses in pieces at a blow : It vvas call-
ders, each having a peculiar mark of dis ! ed indeed by the Romans, balista ; but
tinction to ascertain its rank. this name though of Grecian original, ap-
Civil Mandarins. ( Alandarins let
jI
pears not to have been used in Greece;
tres, Fr.) These were able and scientific this engine, however, was known there,
men who had the management of the and was the same with that used by the
different branches belonging to civil go Romans, the force of which is thus ex
vernment. pressed by Lucan :

Military Mandarins. (Mandarins


tnilitaires, Ex.) A certain proportion of Atfaxum quoties ingenti verberis iclu
the body of mandarins is selected by the Excutitur, qualis rapes, quam vertice month
emperor of China, to superintend and Abscidit impulsu venter um adjuta vetustas ;
command the militia of the country, these
Frangitcunctaruens,ntctantumcorporapressa
are called military mandarins. Exanimat, totes cum
sanguine dissipat anus.
The mandarins are considered as noble
men, but their rank is not hereditary. MAN IE MENT des armes, Fr. manual
Every mandarin undergoes a severe and exercise. Although it might be thought
close examination respecting his natural superfluous to enter into a minute expla
and acquired talents, before he receives nation ofthe manual as practised by the
a civil or military appointment ; and there
French, it will not be deemed entirely use
are public schools or seminaries to which less to the military man, to make him
;..; natives of the empire may repair to master ofthe different terms. With this
obtain the requisite qualifications for such view, we shall likewise give the words of
important and honorable stations. command used in the platoon exercise
MANDILION, (AlandilU, Ex.) the &c. The French manual differed from the
soldier's coat is so called by the Italians. English in many points ; essentially so in
1 1 docs not, however, bear that meaning the commencement of it, as, (extreme bad
MAN MAN 363

weather the soldiers in the for


excepted) rammed down the barrel without any fur
mer service, regularly appeared upon pa ther word of command.
rade with fixed bayonets ; so that the first Vos armes a terre.G xound arms.
word of command was, Relevez vos aimes. Take up arms.

Presentez vos armes. Present arms.



Portez vos armes. Shoulder arms.

Portez vos armes. Shoulder arms,



L'arme a u bras. Support arms.

Reposez sur vos armes. Order arms.


L'arme a volonte. Slope arms.

Posez vos amies aterre Ground arms.



L'arme au bras. Support arms.

Relevez vos armess. Take up arms.



iJ 'Portez vos armes. Carry arms.

Portez vos armes. Shoulder arms.


| L'arme sous le bras gauche. Secure arms.


L'arme au bras. Support arms



Rortezvos armes. Shoulder arms.

Portez vos armes. Carry arms.



Croisez la ba'ionnette. Charge bayonet.

Presentez la ba'ionnette. Charge bayonet.



Croiser la baionnette likewise signifies to
Portez vos armes. Shoulder arms. '
-, cross bayonet in such a manner as to
The other words of command which do form a sort of cheval de frise to resist
not belong to the manual, but are occa the attack of cavalry from either flank.
sionally practised, consist of This has been adopted since the French
Ba'ionnette au canon. Fix. bayonet. revolution, and consists in placing th.-
Tirez la baguette. Draw ramrod.

shoulder of the bayonet of the second
Baguette dans le canon. Spring ramrod. man behind the shoulder of the first
L'arme a volonte'. Slope arms.

man's bayonet ; and so of
every suc
L'arme au bras gauche. Secure arms.

ceeding two from right to left.


Armes au faisceau. Pilearms.

Pertez vos armes Carry
arms.
Repos.
Rest. Charge precipitee. Prime and load qu'cfc ;

Portez les armes comme


sergent.-Advance in four motions.
arms. Chargez vos armes. Load.
Remettez la baguette. Return ramrod.

Deux. Two.

Remettez la ba'ionnette. Return or unfix



Trois. Three.

bayonet. Quatre. Four.

Ouvrez le bassinet. Open pan.



Charge a volonte. Independent or lunfc
Fermez le bassinet. Shut pan.

ning fire.
Port arms is not practised among the Chargez ves armes. Prime and load.

French. When a guard is dismissed, in Platoon Firimc


stead of porting arms, the soldier receives Peloton.
P latoon .

the following word of command, haul les Armes.

Ready.
armes! which is someyhat similar to re Joue.
Aim.
cover ar me. j Feu.
Fire.
MANIEMENT des armes, Ex. The Charges. -Prime and load.
platoon exercise is so called in the French Roulement.
Roll.
service, and is distinguished from their Finde roulement. Cease to roll.

manual by the additional caution of charge Feu a volonte'. Independent firing.


endouze terns, or prime and load in twelve Peloton P I a toon


.

.

motions. Armes. Ready.


Chargez vos armes.


Primeandload. Commencez le feu. Commence
Ouvrez le bassinet.
firing.

Open pan. Roulement. Roll.


Prenez le cartouche. Handle cartridge.



It is here necessary to explain to the
Dechirez la ear louche . Bite
cartridge. English reader, that the words of com
Amorcez Prime.
.

mand Roulement and Fin de Roulement are
Fermez le bassinet. Shut pan. only used in the drill, or when there is

L'arme a gauche. Cast over.


not any drum to beat the


Cartouche dans lecanon. Load. prescribed roll.
MANIER, Fr. to handle. This word

Tirez la baguette. Draw ramrod.


is generally used among the French, in a


Bourez. Ram down cartridge.

military sense, whenever they speak of


Remettez la baguette. Return ramrod.

portable fire-arms, Sec. Hence manie-


Portez vos armes. Shoulder arms.

ment des armes.


Firing after the manual. M a n i e r Us armes, Fr. To handle the
Appritez vos armes.
Make ready. fire- lock, or handle arms.
Joue.
Aim. Maniee. la hallebarde, Fr. To
Feu.
Fire. handle,
or S3lute with the halbert.
Chargez.
Prime and load. M anier le sponton, Fr.
Le chien au repos. Half-cock firelock.

Tohandle,or
salute with thespontoon.
Portez vos amies. Carry arms.

Manier Pipes, Et. To be a swords


Presentez vos armes. Present arms.

man
Pertez voz armes. Shoulder arms.

Manier le drapeau, Fr. To furl or


Reposez sur vos armes. Order arms.

unfurl the colors.


Repos. Rest. Manier I'e'pe'e deux mains, Ex. To
a
Inspection d'armes.
Inspection be able to use your sword with either
of ARMS. hand.
Ba'ionnette au canon. Fix bayonet.

MANIFESTO (manifeste, Ft.) A


Haguette dans lecanon. Spring ramrod. public declaration which is made by a
In the British service the ramrod is
prince or state, containing motives and
364 MAN MAN

reasonsfor entering into a war. The for I calling all the Gods to witness, and im
mality of a manifesto has been considera precating the divine vengeance on himself,
bly reduced in modern times. Among and his country if his reasons were not
the ancients, on the contrary, it was par just. When he came to the chief city of
ticularly attended to. Potter, in his the enemy, he again repeated the same de
Grecian Antiquities, observes, that inva claration, with some addition, and withal
sions without notice were looked upon desired satisfaction. If they delivered
rather as robberies than lawful wars, as into his power the authors of the injury,
designed rather to despoil and make a prey or gave hostages for security, he returned
of persons innocent and unprovided, than I satisfied to Rome : if otherwise they de
to repair any losses, or damages sustained, sired time to. consider ; he went away for
which for ought the invaders knew, ten days, and then came again to hear their
might have been satisfied for in an easier resolution, and this he did, in some cases,
way. It is therefore no wonder, as Po- three times : but, if nothing was done to
lybius (lib. iv.) relates ofthe -.Etolians, wards an accommodation in about thirty
that they were held as common out days, he declared that the Romans would
laws and robbers in G recce, it being their endeavor to assert their right by their arms .

manner to strike without


warning, and to After this the herald was obliged to re
make war without any previous and pub turn, and to make a true report of his em
lic declaration, whenever they had an op bassy before the senate, assuring them of
portunity of enriching themselves, with the legality ofthe war, which they were
the and booty of their neighbors. now consulting to undertake ; and was
spoil
Yet there want rot instances of wars be then again dispatched to perform the last
gun without previous notice, even by na part of the ceremony, which was to throw
tions of better repute for justice and hu a spear into (or towards the enemy's coun

manity : but this was only doi.e upon try) in token of defiance, and, as a sum
provocations so great and exasperating, mons to war, pronouncing at the same
that no recompence was thought suffi time a set form of words to the like pur
cient to atone for them : whence it came pose. Kenj)ett's Roman Antiquities,
to pass, that such wars were of all others book iv. page 229.
the most bloody and pernicious, and The Britisrf have within the last cen
fought with excess of rage and fury ; tury totally changed the usages of war;
the contesting parties being resolved to and appear to court the opprobrium be-
extirpate each other, if possible, out of the | stowed by history upon the Carthaginians
world. for their pcrfidiousness and cruelty ; and
Before the Grecians engaged themselves upon the ./Etolians for their treachery and
in war, it was usual to publish a declara rapacity ; by making war first, and issuing
tion of the injuries they had received, and their manifesto afterwards ; as in the at
to demand satisfaction by ambassadors ; tack on Copenhagen in 1806.
for however prepared, or excellently MANIGLIONS, the two handles on
skilled, they were in the affairs of war, the back of a piece of ordnance. See C ak-
yet peace, if to be procured upon honora n o \-
.

ble terms, was thought more eligible : MANIPLE. SeeMANipuLus.


which custom was observed, even in the MANIPULARIS (manipulate,) Fr.
most early ages, as appears from the story from M ample, a handful or bottle of
of Tydeus, whom Polyr.ices sent to com straw. The chief officer in a part of the
pose matters with his brother Eteocles Roman infantry called manipulus, was
of
king Thebes, before he proceeded to in so called. This officer vvas likewise ordi
vest that city, as we are informed by Sta- nary, ordinaire, Et.
tius, (Thebaid. lib. ii. v. 368.) and se MANIPULA, Fr. See Manipulus.
veral others. See Potter, page Cvjand 65. Manipule Pyrotechnique, Ex. a cer
The Romans, on the other hand, used tain quantity of iron or brass petards,
abundance of superstition in entering upon which may be thrown by the hand upon
any hostility, or closing in any league or an enemy. These petards and the me
confederacy ; the public ministers who thod ot making them, are particularly de
performed the ceremonial part of both scribed by Casini in his work on artillery.
these were the Feciales, or heralds. The S cc Petards
ceremonies were of this nature. When
MANIPULUS/'^///e-, Fr.) A small
any neighboring state had given sufficient body of infantry originally so called
reason for the senate to suspect a design among the Romans, during the reign of
of breaking with them ; or had offered any Romulus. Their ensign was a hand on
violence or
injustice to the citizens of the end ofa staff.
Rome, which was
enough to give them It consisted of one hundred men, and
the repute of enemies ; one of the Feci in the days ot the consuls and first Cae
ales, chosen out of the college upon this sars, of two hundred. Three manipuli
occasion, and habited in the vest belong constituted a Roman cohort. Each mani
ing to his order, together with his other pulus was commanded by two officers
ensigns, and habiliments, set forward for called centurions, one of whom acted as
the enemy's country. As soon as lie lieutenant to the other. A centurion
reached the confines, he pronounced a for-
j
among the Romans, may be considered in
'nal declaration ofthe cau^c of his arrival, j the same light, as w; view a captain of *
MAN M A N 365

use of all manoeuvres and of all


The
company in modern service. Every
mani
is the same, to habituate men
discipline
pulus made two centuries or Ordines. the word of command, to perform what
This, however, cannot be said to have to

been the uniform establishment or forma is commanded, and in the shortest time,
tion of the manipulus ; for according to in the best manner. The idea therefore
Varro and Vegetius, it was the smallest of reducing manoeuvres to 1 8 or 19, or any
given number, manifests a
misconception
body of men employed in the Roman
armies, and composed the tenth part of ofthe military art, that is truly surprizing;
a century. Spartian in his life of Sexen-for it must be perceived by practical man.
a

nius Niger, says, it consisted only of ten that the principles of all manoeuvres are
soldiers. We have already observed, tfiatfew and simple ; although manoeuvres are
it takes its name from manipulus, which as susceptible of infinite variety and of

signifies a handful of straw ; the latter real use, as arithmetical numbers. The
having been fixed to a long pole to serve ability of theofficeris shewn in the choice
as a rallying signal, before the eagles wereof manoeuvre, and its adaptation to the
adopted. This circumstance has given ground manoeuvred upon, the end pro
rise to the modern expression, a handful posed to be obtained by the manoeuvre,
of men, une poigneede gens. Vegetius, on the pdsition ofthe enemy, and the exact
the other hand says, it comes from manus, ness and celerity with which it is perform

which signified a small body or handful ed. The great perfection of manoeuvre
of men collected together, and following is when troops at a single word of com
the same standard; and Modestus as well as mand perform movements of different.
Varro, state it to have been so called, be kinds at the same instant, but all to ac
cause, when they went into action, they complish the same object ; that is to ac
took one another by the hand, or fought complish together the end proposed by the
all together. A French writer conceives, commander Soldiers should be so exer
that manipulus may be considered as one cised as to be competent to move in any
of those parts of a modern battalion, mariner or direction on the instant ; a fixt
which are distributed in different rooms, number of manoeuvres is calculated to de
&c. and which is called une chambree, or a feat this end. The Austrians have at
company that messes together. tempted to follow the French, and prac
Manipulus, so called from its stan tise their methods of manoeuvre, which
dard or flag, which was made of cloth, are not so much for parade as for practice..
and hung suspended on a staff with a In the United States,the prejudice against,
hand. The manipulus was distinguished or the ignorance of manoeuvre is excessive.
in this manner from the chief standard of It has always been lamented, that
each legion, which was an eagle of mas men have been brought on service without
sive metal. being acquainted with the uses of the dif
MANOEUVRE, (Manoeuvre, Fr.) ferent manoeuvres they have been prac
Manoeuvres of war consist chiefly in ha tising; and having no ideas of any thing
bituating the soldier ro a variety of evolu but the uniformity of the parade, instantly
tions, to accustom him to different move fall into disorder and contusion when they
ments, and to render his mind familiar lose the step, or see a deviation from the
with the nature of every principle of of straight lines they have been accustomed
fensive or defensive operation. The re to at exercise. It is a pity to see so much
gular manoeuvres ot the British army attention confined to show, and ?o little
have been reduced to nineteen, though given to instruct the troops in what may
these are not competent to every exigency be of use to them on real service.
of service the skilful officer will know Manoeuvre when executed in the pre
how to manoeuvre as the ground he is up sence of the enemy, must be protected
by
on requires. some light troops, riflemen or horse artil
The word manoeuvre is frequently used lery.
in the French artillery to express the Grand Manoeuvre de Guerre, Fr.
method with which a piece of ordnance This expression is peculiarly French, and
or mortar is raised and
placed upon its may be said to signify the dispositions of
carriage by several hands, assisted by the war upon a large scale,. According to
crab or any other machine. Ina general marshal Saxe thesedispositions consist
acceptation of the term, manoeuvre means chiefly in drawing troops up in such a
that mechanical process by which
any manner, that the cavalry and infantry may
weight is lifted. support each other ; but he objects to
Te M a n ce u v r r. , is to manage any
body that arrangement by which companies or
or armed force in such a manner as to de
platoons of infantry are intermixed with
rive sudden and unexpected advantages
squadrons of horse ; for, as he justly ob
before the enemy, ftom a superior talent serves, if the latter should be beaten, the
in military movements. It consists in foot soldiers must unavoidably be thrown
distributing equal motion to every part of into confusion by the enemy's cavalry,
a body of troops, to enable the whole to and be cut to pieces. For further particu
form, or change their position, in the most lars on this important article, sec Saxa's
expeditious and best method, to answer the Reveries, where he treats of La Grande
purposes required of a battalion, brigade, Manoeuvre de Guerre, and the supplement
or line of
cavalry, infantry, orartillei v. to them by baron d'Espagnac, page 69.
366 MAN MAN

Warlike Manoeuvres, (Manoeuvres Bien ou mal mkvoevv RER,Fr. signifies


de Guerre, Ex.) Warlike manoeuvres, or to manoeuvre well or ill ; as, un tel general
the different exercises, &c. by which men ou bien manoeuvre a tel passage, a
officier a
are taught the tel endroit, such a general manoeuvred well
military profession : these
exercises, from the earliest periods of his at such a passage or quarter : mais un tela
have been infinitely diversified. Ve mal manoeuvre a la defense ou a I'altaque de
tory,
getius, an ancient writer, remarks, that tel poste, but such an officer maroenvred
the Romans, in order to enure their raw extremely ill in his defence or attack of
troops to the fatigues of war, had specific j such a post. The word manoeuvre is ori
regulations drawn up, by which every ginally derivedfrom the Latin Alanus Opus.
recruit was regularly practised in martial j MANOEUVRIER, Fr. any officer
exercises. These regulations were origin who is perfectly acquainted with the art of
ally formed during the existence of their manoeuvring.
republic, and were afterwards confirmed Manoeuvrier, Fr. A sea phrase,
by the emperors Augustus and Adrian. which is used among the
frequently
It was particularly ordained, that the French, to signify that
an officer not only

cavalry as well as the infantry should be understands all the different words of com-
walked out (etre meuer a la promenade) i mand, but can thoroughly manoeuvre his
three times every month. The foot were ship. I: is common to say, il est'un des
obliged to go ten miles beyond the lines meilleurs manoeuvriers qui soient sur mer,
of their encampment. On these occa he is one of the ablest sea officers in the
sions thry were originally drawn up. service.
But their movements both in going and MANTEAU, Fr. This word, which
returning were frequently altered ; being literally signifies a cloak, is frequently
sometimes obliged to march at a moderate used among the French to express the
rate, and at others to increase their pace covering that hussars or light infantry
and run. The same regulation held good troops carry for the double purpose of
with respect to the cavalry, which was shielding their bodies from the inclemen
armed and divided into certain proportions, cies of the weather in outposts, &c.
called turmcc. The troops on horseback and for spreading over their heads, by
went the same distance, and practised means of poles, when they occasionally
difterent evolutions on the road. Some halt, and take a position.
times advancing to attack, and at others MANTELETS, in a military sense,
suddenly wheeling round, to return to the are either single or double, composed ot

charge with greater impetuosity. These great planksof wood, of about 5 feet high,
exercises were not, however, confined to and 3 inches thick. The single ones are
open roads, or a level country : both horse sometimes covered with tin, made mus-
and foot were frequently ordered to make q net-proof, which the pioneers generally
their way through intricate passes, over roll before them, being fixed upon wheels,
cragged hills, &c. and to accustom them to cover them from the
enemy's fire, in
selves to every possible obstacle that opening the trenches, or carrying on the
might occur in military movements. sap, &c. The doubleones form an angle,
This species of manoeuvre ox practising and stand square, making two fronts,
exercise, has at last obtained in modern which cover both the front and flank of
times. It was till lately thought sufficient the sappers, &c. when at work : these
to teach a raw recruit the use ofthe firelock, have double planks with earth rammed in
and to make him master ofa certain num between them : they are 5 feet high and
ber of movements, by the knowlege of 3 in breadth, sometimes covered with
which he was held fit co make a part of a plates of iron ; they may with propriety
well disciplined '-corps. How to march be called a moving parapet, having a shaft
against and attack an enemy, or to meet his toguide them by.
attack withskill and steadiness; these prin MANTONET, Fr. A small piece of
cipally constituted the system of modern wood or iron, which is notched, for the
manoeuvres, and are better understood by purpose of hanging any thing upon it.
the name of evolutions. In the British The pegs in soldier's rooms are sometimes
service there is a specific number of ma so called.
noeuvres or evolutions to which every re MANUAL. In a general acceptation

giment must conform, and with the par of the word, means any thing done by the
ticular practice of whicii every officer and hand.
soldier must be made intimately acquaint MANUAL Exercise, in the British
ed. See Am. Mil. Library. service, is the exercise ofthe musquet, in
MANOEUVRER,Fr. Tomanoeuvre. dependent of powder and ball, and consists >

This verb in the French language may in seven motions of the firelock ; 5 of
be applied two ways; as, manoeuvrer les which are essentially different from each
voiles, to manage the sails and tackle of a Other, viz. order arms, fix bayonets, shoul
vessel. der arms, present arms, shoulder arms,
Manoeuvrer des Troupes, to make charge bayonets, and shoulder arms.
solders go through their different ma I. Ordet Arms. (2 motions.) Bring the
noeuvres. Ces troupes ont bien manoeuvre, firelock to the trail in two motions as
those soldiers have ably manoeuvred. j usual, seizing
it at the first at the lower
loop, just at the swell, at the 2d, bring it
MAN MAN 367

down to the right side, the butt within an a little upwards, and the right wrist rest
inch of the ground : at the 3d, drop the ing against the hollow of the thigh, just
butt on the ground, placing the muzzle below the hip.
against the hollow of the right shoulder, N. B. The first motion of the charge
and the hand flat upon the sling; the is the position which the soldier will
thumb behind the barrel. either, from the shoulder, or after firing,
II. Fix Bayonets. At the word, fix,

take, in order to advance on an enemy,


grip the firelock ; as soon as the word of whom it is intended to attack with fixed
command is fully out, push the firelock bayonets ; and the word of command for
a little forward, at the same time
drawing that purpose is "prepare to charge." The
out the
bayonet with the lelt hand, and secondlposition of the charge is that which
fixing it with the utmost celerity. The , the fiont rank takes when arrived at a few
instant this is done, return as quick as 'yards distance only from the body to be
possible, to the order, as above described, attacked. The first motion of the charge
and stand perfectly steady. is also that which sentries are to take
III. Shoulder Arms, As soon as the

when challenging any persons who ap
word shoulder is given, grip the firelock proach their posts.
with the right hand, as in fixing bayonets, VII. Shoulder Arms. (2 motions.) I St.

and, at the last word, arms, the firelock Face to the front, and throw up the piece
must be thrown, with the right hand, in into its position on the shoulder, by a turn
one motion, and with as little appearance of the right wrist, instantly grasping the
of effort as possible, into its proper posi butt, as before described, with the left
tion on the left shoulder; the hand hand.
crosses the body in so doing, but must 2d. Quit the firelock briskly with the
instantly be withdrawn. right hand, bringing it to its proper plac:
IV. Present Arms. (2 motions.) 1st.

by the side.
Seize the firelock with the riy.ht hand, The men are taught likewise to
under the guard, turning the lock to the support arms at three motions, throwing
front, but without moving it from the the first and second nearly into one : at the
shoulder. first motion they seize the small ofthe
2d. Bring it to thepoize, seizing it with butt, under the lock, with the right hand,
the left hand, the fingers easily round the bringing the butt in the front of the groin,
stock, the wrist upon the guard, and the and keeping the lock somewhat turned
point of the left thumb ot equal height out : at the second, they bring the left
with the eyes. arm under the cock: at the third, they

3d. Bring down the firelock with a quit the right hand. In carrying arms
quick motion, as low as the right hand from the support, the motions are exactly
will admit without constraint, drawing reversed.
back the right foot at the sameinstant, so In marching any distance, or in stand
that the hollow of it may touch the left
ing at ease, when supported, the men are
heel. The firelock in this position is to allowed to bring their right hand across
be totally supported in the left hand; the the body, to the small of the butt, which
body to rest intirely on the left foot ; both latter must in that case, be thrown still
knees to be straight ; the firelock in front more forward ; the fingers of the left
of the left eye, and the butt in front of the hand being uppermost, must be
left thigh. between the body and the right elbow ;
placed
V. Shoulder Arms. (2 the right handsareto be instantly remov
motions.) 1st.

By a turn of the right wrist, bring the ed when the division halts, or is ordered
firelock to its proper position on the to dress by the right.
shoulder, as described above, the left hand Time. The motions in the manual

grasping the butt. exercise to be performed slow, leaving


2d. Quit the right hand,
bring it briskly three seconds bet ween each motion, except
down to its place by the side. that of fixing bayonets, in which a longcr
VI. Charge Bayonets. (2 time must be given.
motions.) 1st.
At on motion throw the firelock from the The manual is not to be executed by
shoulder across the body, to a low
nal recover, a position known
diago one word, or
signal, but each separate-
by the name word of command is to be given bv the
ofportinarms, OX preparing for the charge, officer who commands the body perform
in which the lock is to be turned to the
ing it.
front, and at the height of the breast ; In regard to the motions of
the muzzle slanting upwards, so that the securing,
barrel may cross opposite the grounding, and trailing, as well as those of
point of the piling, Sec. it will be sufficient for the
left shoulder, with the butt
proportion soldiers to be taught to perform them in the
ally depressed ; the right hand grasps the most convenient and
small of the butt, and the left holds the quickest method.
piece at the swell, close to the lower pipe,
Returning bayonets is to be done from the
orden^ in the same manner nsfixingthem.
the thumbs of both hands
pointing to Sentries. Sentries posted with shoul

wards the muzzle. dered arms, are permitted afterwards to


2d. Make a half-face to the
right, and support, but not to slope them. On tho
bring down the firelock to nearly a hori approach of an officer, they immediately
zontal position, with the muzzle
inclining carry thj;r arms, and pu: themselves into
368 MAN MAN

their proper position ; which is not to 4th. Strike it two very quick strokes
be done at the instant he with the ramrod.
passes, but by the
time he is within IX. Return ramrod. Draw the
twenty yards of their ist.

post, so that they may be perfectly steady ramrod half out, catching it back.
before he comes up. handed.
Corporals. Corporals marching with

2d. Draw it entirely out, turning it
very
reliefs, or commanding detachments, or '
briskly from you, with the arm extended,
divisions, carry their arms advanced, and put it into the loops, forcing it as
as
formerly : for which purpose a sol quick as possible to the bottom ; then
dier, when promoted to that rai&, must face to the proper front, the finger and
be,taught the position of advanctm arms . thumb ofthe right hand holding the ram-
Explanation of the sevetal Motions of the 1
rod, as in the position immediately pre
Platoon Exercise, as taught at the drill in vious to drawing it, and the butt raised
the British service. tw inches from the ground.
I. Make Ready. .\s usual, bringing

X. Shoulder Arms. Strike the top of


the firelock to the recover, and instantly the muzzle smartly with the right hand,
cocking. in order to fix the bayonet and ramrod
II. Aim. ist. Slip the left hand along more firmly, and at thesame time throw
the sling, as far as the swell of the fire it nimbly up, at one motion to the shoul
lock, and bring the piece down to the
'

der.
present, stepping back about six inches to I N. B. Though the butts are not te.
the rear with the right foot. come to the ground in casting about, as
III. Fire. After firing drop the fire

accidents may happen from it, yet they
lock briskly to the priming position. are permitted, while loading, to be so
2d. Half cock. rested; but it must be done without
IV. Handle Cartridge.
ISt. Draw the noise, and in a manner imperceptible in
cartridge from the pouch. the front.
2d. Bring it to the mouth, holding it Explanation of priming and loading quiet.
between the fore finger and thumb, and Prime and Load.
1st
Bring the fire
bite off rhe top of it. lock down in one brisk motion to the
V. Prime. ist. Shake some powder
-~

priming position, the thumb of the right


into the pan. hand placed against the pan- cover, or
ad. Shut the pan with the three last steel : the fingers clenched ; and the el
fingers. bow a little turned out, so that the wrist
3d. Seize the small of the butt with may be clear of the cock.
the above three fingers. 2d. Open the pan by throwing up the
VI. Load. ist. Face to the left on steel, with a strong motion of the right
both heels, so that the right toe may point arm, turning the elbow in, and keeping

directly to the front, and the body be a the firelock steady in the left hand.
very little faced to the left, bringing at 3d. Bring your hand round to the pouch,
the same time the firelock round to the and draw out the cartridge.
left side without sinking it. It should, The rest as above described, excepting
in this
momentary position, b^ almost that, in the quick loading, all the motions
perpendicular (having the muzzle only a are to be done with as much dispatch as
small degree brought forwatd), and as possible; the soldiers taking their time,
soon as it is steady there, it must instant from the flugel man in front, for casting
be forced down within two inches of over and shouldering only.
ly
the ground, the batt nearly opposite the Priming position. In firing three deep

left heel, and the firelock itself somewhat the priming position for the front rank
sloped, and directly to the front ; the is the height of the waistband of the
Tight hand at the same instant catches the breeches: for the centre rank, about tlw
muzzle, in order to steady it. middle of the stomach ; and for the rear
2d. Shake the powder into the barrel, tank, close to the breast : the firclcck, in
putting in after it the paper and ball. all these positions, is to be kept perfectly
3d. Seize the top of the ramrod, with horizontal.
the fore finger and thumb. Explanation cf the Positions of each Rank li
VII. Draw ramrods.
ist. Draw the the Firings. .

ramrod half our, and seize it back-handed Front Rank, kneeling.


Bring the fire
exactly in the middle. lock briskly up to the recover, catching it
ad. Draw it entirely out, and turning it in the left hand ; and, without stopping,
with the whole hand and arm extended sink down with a quick motion upon the
from you, put it one inch info the barrel. right knee, keeping the left foot fost, the
VIII. Ram down cartridge.
1st. Push butt end of the firelock, at the same mo
the ramrod down, holding it as before, ment, falling upon the ground; then
exactly in themiddle, till the hand touch cock, and instantly seize the cock and steel
es the muzzle. -r
together in the right hand, holding the
2d. Slip the fore finger and thumb to piece firm in the left, about the middle of
the upper end, without letting the ram that part which is between the lock and
rod fall farther into the barrel. the swell ofthe stock: the point of the
3d. Push the cartridge well down to left thumb to be close to the swell, anfl
the bottom. pointing upwards.
MAN MAP 369

As the body is sinking, the right knee is I Aim.


As in explanation for the centifc
to be thrown so far back that the left leg rank.
may be right up and down, the right foot Fire.
As inexplanation for the centre
a little turned out, the
body straight, and rank; after firing and shoulderm*-, the
the head as much up as if shouldered ; the men step the
as centre rank does.
firelock must be upright, and the butt In firing with the front rank standing,
about four inches to the right ofthe inside that rank makes ready, &c. as s.ecified in
ofthe left foot. the article relative to the platoon exercise.
Aim.

Bring the firelock down firmly Officers. In giving words of command,


to the aim,
by sliding the left hand, to as welkin as out ofthe ranks, officers are
the full extent of the arm, along the sling, to stand!, perfectly steady, and in their
without letting the motion tell : the right
proper position ; their swords held firmly
hand at the same time springing up the in the full of the right hand, with the
butt by the cock so high against the right upper part of the blade resting against the
shoulder, that the head may not be too shoulder, the right wrist against the hip,
much lowered in taking aim ; the right and the elbow drawn back.
check to be close to the butt ; the left Firing by platoons. Officers, &c The

eye
shut, and the middle finger of the right officers, instead of giving the words pla
hand on the trigger, look along the barrel toon, make ready, aim, fire, are to pro
with the right eye from the breech-pin to nounce the words short, as for instance,

thejnuzzle, and remain steady. 'toon, ready, aim, fire.


Fire.
Pull the trigger strong with the In firing by platoons, or divisions, tire
middle finger, and, as soon as fired, spring officers commanding them are to step out
up nimbly upon the left leg, keeping the one pace,- on the close of the
preparative,
body erect, and the left foot fast, and and face to the left towards their men :
bringing the right heel to the hollow of they there stand perfectly steady till the
the left; at the same instant last part of the general, when they step
drop the
firelock to the priming position, the height back again into their proper intervals, all
of the right hip ; half cock, handle at the same time. After a division has
cartridge,
and go on with the loading motions, as fired, the right hand man of it steps out
before described. one pace, in front of the officer, but still
Centre rank. Make ready. Spring the keeping his own proper front, and gives

firelock briskly to the recover: as soon as the time for casting about and shouldering,
the left hand seizes the firelock above the after which he falls back again into his
lock, raise the right elbow a littl, placing place in the front rank.
the thumb of that hand upon the The flugle man of a battalion is also
cock,
with the fingers open on the plate of the to keep his front, in
giving the time of
lock, and then, as quick as possible, cock exercise.
the piece, by dropping the elbow, and In firing by grand divisions, the centre
forcing down the cock with the thumb, officer falls back, on the preparative, into
step at the same time with the right foot a the fourth rank, and is
replaced by the
moderate pace to the right, and keeping t he covering serjeant.
left fast, seize the small of the butt with
jMANUBALISTE, Fr. From the
the right hand : the
piece must be held in Latin manubalista. A cross bow.
this position perpendicular, and opposite MANUFACTURES d'atmes, Fr.
the left side of the face, the butt close to Places appropriated for the manufactur
the breast, but not pressed, the
body ing of arms. During the old government
straight and full to the front, and the head of France, three places were appropriated
erect. for tiie manufacturing of arms; one at
Aim. As in the
foregoing explanation Maubeuge, one at Charleville and Nour-
for the front rank. zon, and the third at St. Etienneen Forer.
Fire. Pull the trigger
strong with the These were called royal manufactories of
middle finger, and, as soon as fired, arms for public service.
bring A director ge
the firelock to the priming
position, about neral superintended the whole-, to whom
the height of the stomach : the
rest, as every person concerned in the undertak
in the explanation of priming and
loading, ing was subject, and who was himself
with this difference only, that the left subordinate to those
foot is to be drawn up to the
artillery inspectors
right, at the and comptrollers, that were severally ap
same time that the firelock is
brought pointed by the grand master of the ord
down to the priming position, and that nance and the
after the firelock is thrown
secretary at war.
immediately The United States have manufactories
up to the shoulder, the men spring to the of arms at Harpers ferry, on Potomac ar
;
left again, and cover their file leaders.
Rear rank. Make ready.
Springfield, Massachusetts; at Wash

Recover and ington City ; and at Rocky Mount, S.
cock, as beforedirected for the centre rank, Carolina.
and, as the firelock is brought to recover, MAP, in and
a military geographical
step briskly to the right a full pace, at the sense, is a plane figure, representing the
same time
placing the left heel about six surface of the earth, or a part- thereof, ac
inches before the point of the
right foot. cording to the laws of perspective; dis.
The body to be
kept straight, and as tinguishing the situation of cities, mour
square to the front as possible. tains, rivers, roads, Sec.
3 A.
370 MAP MAR

In maps these three things are essen misphere, and raking so much of it as the
tiallynecessary, i. That all places have map is designed to contain. When we are
the same situation and distance from the to delineate a map of the smaller part of

great circles therein, as on the globe, to the earth, if it be near the equator, the
show their parallels, longitudes, zones, meridians and parallels
may be represent
climates, and celestial appearances. 2. ed by equi-distant straight lines ; if at
That their magnitudes be proportionable some distance from the
equator, the pa
to the real magnitudes on the globes. rallels may be equi-distant straight lines,
situa and the meridian straight lines, a little
3. That all places have the same
tion, and distance, as on the earth
bearing, converging towards the nearest pole ; or
itself. the meridians may be straight lines, con
Maps are either universal, which ex verging towards the nearest pole, and the
hibit the whole surface of the earth ; or parallels circular.
partial, which exhibit some particular When we are to make a map of a very
part thereof: each kind is called geogra small district, as of a county or town,
phical or land-maps, in contradistinction whatever part of the earth it be in, the
to hydrographical or sea-maps, represent meridians and parallels may be equi-dis
ing the seas and sea-coasts, properly call tant straight lines, drawn through every
ed charts. minute, &c. of longitude, in proportion as
Asa map is a reprssen tation of some the largeness ofthe map will allow. See
part of the surface of the earth delineated Plotting and Surveying.
upon a plane, the earth, being round, no The use of maps is obvious from their
part ofthe spherical surface of it can be construction. The degrees of the meri
accurately exhibited upon a plane; and dians and parallels shew the longitude and
therefore some have proposed globular latitude of places ; their bearings from
I
maps. For this purpose a plate of brass each other appear from inspection; and
might be hammered, or at a less expence their distance from each other may_ be
a piece ot paste- board might be formed measured by the divisions on the meridiani
into a segment ofa sphere, and covered on equator, or scales. Geography.
its convex side with a map projected in MARAUDE, Fr. The act of maraud
the same manner as the papers of the ing. This word specifically means the
common globe are. A map made in this theft or depredation which a soldier com-
method would show every thing in the 1 mits against the peasantry ofthe country,
same manner, as it would be seen upon a and for which offence, he is punished
globe of the same diameter with the with death in all foreign seivices.
sphere upon the segment of whicii it was MARAUDEUR, Fr A marauder.
delineated : and, indeed, maps of this Tins term is now strictly English. Its
sort would in effect be segments of such signification, however, is generally the
.1 globe; but they are not in common | same in all services. Any soldier that
use. steals out of
camp, armed or unarmed,
The ancients described all parts of the for the purpose of pillaging the country,
known earth in one general map. In this is a marauder, and is liable, upon convic
view one of them compares the shape of tion, to be punished with death, or such
the earth to the leather of a sling, whose other punishment as by a general court.
length exceeds its breadth : the length of martial shall be awarded.
the then known parts of the earth from Alter en Marauds, means to go out
east to west vvas considerably greater than marauding.
from north to south ; for which reason, MARAUDING, in a military sense, the
the former of these was called the longi act cf plundering, which is generally com

tude, and the other the latitude. mitted by a party of soldiers, who, with-
The modern general maps are such as |out any order, go into the neighboring
give us a view of an entire hemisphere, houses or villages, when the army is either
or half of the globe ; and are projected in camp or in garrison, to pilfer and de
upon the plane of some great circle, stroy, &c. Marauders are a disgrace to
which terminates the projected hemi the camp, to the military profession, and
sphere, and divides it from the other half deserve no better quarters from their ofii-
of the globe, at the equator, the meridian, jcers than they give to poor peasants, &c.
or horizon of some place. From the cir Marauding is also applied to plundering at
cle the projection is denominated, and said ! sea ; thus the Barbary Corsairs, and the
to be equatorial, meridionial, or horizon i British navy are systematic maiauders.
tal. j MARC, Fr. A weight equal to eight
Particular maps are such as exhibit to I ounces. In France, it is usual for silver-
us less than an hemisphere; of this sort : smiths and jewellers to take a marc at
1
are maps ofthe great quarters into which that standard, but when articles of greater
the earth is divided, as Europe, Asia, : bulk and grosser quality than those they
Africa, and America; or
maps of particular Ideal in, are brought to the scale, themaic
nations, provinces, countries, or of les contains 16 ounces to the pound. All
ser districts. 1 stores and ammunition were appreciated

A particular map is a part of a general 1 by this measure.


one, and may be made upon the same
'
A MARCH, (une Marchc, Fr.) is the
principles, as by projecting a large he. moving ofa body of men from one place to
MAR M A R 371

another. Care must be taken, in march beats at 2, the assembly at 3, and the army
ing troops, that they are not liable to be to march in 30 minutes after.
Upon
fianked or intercepted ; for of all opera beating the general, the village, and gene
tion: none is more difficult, because they ral officer's guards, quarter and rear
must not only be directed to the objects guards, join their respective c/irps ; and
they have in vievv, but according to the the army pack up thtir baggage. Upon
movements the enemy may have made. beating the assembly, the tents are to be
Of all the mechanical parts of war, struck, and sent with the baggage to tlie
Aone is more essential than that of march place awwinted, Sec.
ing. It may be justly called the key The i-ompanies draw up in their seve
which leads to all important motions and ral streets, and the rolls are called. At
manoeuvres of an army; for they depend the time appointed, the drummers are to
entirely on this point. A man can beat- beat a march, and fifers play at the head
tackad in four difterent ways; in the of the line; upon which the companies
front, on both flanks, and in the rear : but march out from their several streets, form
he can defend himself, and annoy the ene battalions as they advanced to the head of
my, only when placed with his face to- the line and then halt.
wards him. Hence it follows, that the The several battalions will be formed
general object of marching, is reduced to into columns by the
adjutant-general, and
three pointsonly ; to march forwardifand the order of march, &c, be given to the
on both sides, because it is impossible to general officers who lead the columns.
do it for any time backwards, and by that The cavalry generally march by regi
means face* the The heavy artillery
enemy wherever he pre ments or squadrons.
sents himself. The different steps to be always keep the great roads, in the centre
made use of are three : slow, quick, and ofthe columns, escorted by a strong party
accelerated. The first is used only at re of infantry and cavalry.
The field-pieces
views, for parade, or in mounting guard. move with the columns.
The second is proper in advancing, when Each soldier marches with 60
at a considerable distance from the ene
generally
rounds of powder and ball, and three
my, and when the ground is unequal, good flints ; one of which is to be fixed in
that the line may not be broken, and that the cock of his firelock. The routes muit
a regular fire may be kept up without in be so formed, that no column may cross
termission. The third is chiefly neces another on the march. See American
sary, when you want to anticipate the Alilitary Library.
enemy in occupying some post, in passing MARCH ! (Marche f Ex.) as a word of
a defile, and, above all, in attacking an in command, whenever it is
given singly,
trenchment, to avoid being a long while invariably denotes that oidlnaty or triple
exposed to the fire of the artillery and time is to be taken ; when the slew time is
small arms, &c. Columns may be opened meant, that word will precede the other.
and formed into lines, and vice versa, The word march, marks the beginning of
lines into columns, by all these steps. movements from the halt but it is not
,

In coming out of a defile, you may given when the body is in previous mo
instantly form the line without present tion. It should be sharp, clear, and dis
ing the flank to the enemy. The line tinct.
may be formed, though ever so near to the The usual rate of marching for
cavalry
enemy, with safety, because you face is 17 miles in 6 hours; but this
may be
him, and can with ease and safety protect extended to 21, or even 28 miles in that
and cover the motion ofthe troops, while time.
they are coming out of the defiles and Rates paid
for English carriages on the march.
forming. The same thing may beequal- One shilling per f with 5 horses, or
ly executed, when a column is to be form mile for every J. with 6 oxen, or
ed, in order to advance or retreat ; which carriage (_ with 4 oxen Se 2 horses ;
is a point of infinite nine pence per mile for any cart with 4
consequence, and
should be established as an axiom. horses, and so in proportion for less car
The order of march of the riages ; or a further sum, not exceeding 4i
troops mus t be
so disposed, that each should arrive at
per mile for every carriage with 5 horses,
their rendezvous, if possible, on the same or with 6 oxen, or with 4 oxen and 2
day. The quarter-master-general, or his horses ; or 2d per mile for every cart with
deputy, with an able engineer, should 4 horses ; and so in proportion for less
sufficiently reconnoitre the country, to ob carriages, as the same shall be fixed and
tain a perfect knowlege both of that and 1
ordered by the justices ofthe peace. The
of the enemy, before he forms his routes. i waggons, &c. not to carry more than 30
Before a march, the army generally re cvyt.
ceives several days bread. The quarter
Regular ferries in England are only to
masters, camp-color men, arid pioneers, be paid for on the march at half the ordi
parade according to orders, and march
nary rate.
immediately after, commanded by the |
Marching mency. Innkeepers in the

quarter-master-general, or his deputy. I British dominions, are obliged to fur


They are to clear the roads, level the ways,
nish troops on the march with diet and
make preparations for the march of the small beer, for the day of their march
^'my, &c. The general, lot instance, ing in, and two
days afterwards; un-
372 MAR MAR

less one of the days be a market day. should divisions double and move up,
For which the when passing obstacles in line ; or'when
publican by the king's in the column of march, the front ot di
warrant, 17th of March, 1800, is to re
ceive i6d, and which is paid in the fol visions is increased or diminished.
lowing manner: A March, (La Marche,
Fr.) a certain
Paid by government, <-'av. gd.lnf. ud. tune or concord of notes, which is adapted
the soldier od. 4d. to the movement of any particular body
by

Soldiers beer money id. id. of troops, as, the grenadier's march, the
march of the Marseillois, la marche des
Total 16 16 Janixabes, the march of the Janizaries.

M
Marching to the front or rear. This
In Marching every soldier must be is one of the most difficult operations in
well balanced on his limbs : his arms and military movements.

hands, without stiffness, must be kept The per*on instructing a platoon will,
before he puts ir in motion to front or
steady bv his sides, and not suffered to vi
brate. He must not be allowed to stoop rear, indicate which flank is to direct by
forward, still less to lean back. His body giving the word, mark time! and then
must be kept square to the front, and forward ox march. Should the right be
thrown rather more forward in marching the directing flank, the commander ofthe
than when haired, that it may accompany plattoon himself, will fix on objects to
the movement of the leg and thigh : the march upon in a line truly perpendicular
ham must be stretched, but without to the front of the platoon; and when

stiffening the knee : the toe a little point the left flank is ordered to direct, he and
ed, and kept near the ground, so that the his covering serjeant will shift to the left
shoe-soles mav not be visible to a person ofthe front rank, and take such objects to
in front : the head to be kept well up, march upon.
straight to the front, and the eyes not suf The conductor of the platoon, before
fered to be cast down: the foot, without the word march is given, will endeavor to
being drawn back, must be placed flat on remark some distant object on the ground,
the ground. in his own front, and perpendicular to the
The object so generally recommended, directing flank, he will then observe some
of keeping the body erect, and the legs nearer and intermediate point, in thesami;

well stretched and pointed, would be ef line, such as a stone, tuft of grass, &c.
fectually gained, were recruits, when they these he will move upon with accuracy,
are first placed under the moulding hand of and as he approaches the nearest of these
the drill serjeant, taught and gradually ac. points, he must from time to time chusc
customed to step well out from the fresh ones in the original direction, whicii
haunches. This method is invariably he will by these means preserve, never
practised among the French, who are un having fewer than two such points to
move upon. I f no object in the true Une can
questionably not only the best dancers,
but the most expert movers on foot in the be ascertained, his own squareness of
world. person must determine the direction ofthe
Qk/VA-March. Ordinary time. A march.
movement by which troops advance at the The same observations hold good in all
rate of 75 steps in the minute, each of 24 movements to front or rear, or from either

inches, making 150 feet or 50 yards in a flank ; and the only way to execute them
minute. with accuracy, is for the leader to look out
Quick-M arch. As a word of com for small intermediate points of march.
mand, signifies, that the troops should March of a battalion in file, is to ad
move in quick time. vance from the right, left, or centre of any
Slow -March. A movement by which given number of men, for the purposes of
troops advance at the rate of 60 steps in countermarching, or of closing, or opening
the minute. an interval in line. On these occasions the

In order to teach a recruit the just whole step off together at the woid march,
length of pace, accurate distances must and dress at the word mark time, the
be marked out on the ground, along which, whole front, and the officers and Ser
he should be practised. jeants, resume their several posts in line
Wheeling-M arch, ur accelerated pace and then receive the word halt. When
is 120 steps of 24 inches each, or 2880 ever more than one company march
inches, or 240 feet in the minute. in file, the officers are out of the ranks dur.
This is the most rapid movement by ing the march, on the left of the leading
which men under arms, or otherwise | file when the right is in front, and on the
when formed, should go from line into] right when the left is in fronr. They are
column, or come from column into line. | of use in preserving the line and step, as.
This is applied chiefly to the purpose of j the rear officer necessarily keeps the pace,
wheeling, and is the rate at whidf all and marches on the exact perpendicular
bodies should accomplish their wheels, || line of his coverer. When a company is
the outward file stepping 30 inches, j marched off singly, or files into or out of
whether the wheel be from line into column, the officer is invariably to be in
column, during the march in column, or front. It sometimes happens, that a bat
from column into line. In this time also f talion standing in narrow ground, may be
MAR MAR 37.

obliged form open column from its


to this the. pas de Charge.
Which see under
leading flank, either before or behind that Pas. See Am. A1U. Lib.
flank, before or behind its other flank ; or Points of March, one or more objects
before or behind any central part of the which ought always to be prepared for the
line. direction of any considerable body, every
To March in file before the leader of which who moves directly for
right flank.
When the right platoon or company has ward in front, must take care to conduct
moved on, the rest or the battalion face to it in a line perpendicular to that front.
the right, and march in file : the divisions But should a leader, either in file or front,
then successively front, following each have only one marked point of march,
other, and taking the leading one for their ascertained to him, he will himself in
regulating company. stantly look out for small intermediate
To March in file behind the
right flank. points.
The whole face to the right, and march To March in file to a flank, is to
by word of command ; at which instant reduce a line by marching out from its se
the risht division countermarches to the veral divisions towaids a given flank, there
rear, fronts, and moves forward ; whilst to remain in close or
open column, of
every other division successively moves brigades, regimenti:, grand divisions, com
on in the same manner
(having previously panies, &c. nothing is more essential i.i
countermarched) and continues till" the all deployments into line, and in the in
whole is in column. ternal movements of the divisions of the
To Ma rch before any central point or the
battalion, than the of the march
accuracy
left flank. The battalion makes a succes in file. After facing, and at the word
sive countermarch from the right flank to march, the whole arc directed to step off
wards the left, and when the right division at the same instant, each man
is arrived at the point from whence it is to
replacing,
or rather
overstepping the foot of his pre
advance in column, it again countermarches ceding comrade : that is the right foot of
to its right, a space
equal to its front, then the second man comes within the left foot
faces, moves on, and is thus successively of the first, and thus of every one, more
followed by part of the battalion. The or less
other part of the battalion,
overlapping, according to the close
beyond the ness, or openness of the files and the length
point of advancing, faces inwards, when of step. The front rank will march
necessary makes a progressive march in straight along the given line, each soldici
tile, and then fronts. Each division be of that rank must look along the necks of
longing to this part of the battalion fol those before him, and never to right or
lows successively till the whole stand in left. The centre and rear ranks must
column. look to, and regulate themselves
To March by their
by files behind the centre or leaders of the front rank, and always dress
left flank. The
right proportion of the in their file. File marching is
battalion countermarches from the always
right by made in quick time.
files successively by the rear, and the other March of a battalion in line, is a regu
proportion of the battalion, according to lar continuity of files advancing forward
circumstances, makes a progressive march in two or three ranks, each rear file
pre
by files from its right to the central point, serving a perpendicular direction to it:,
-aid there begins to countermarch at that
; leader, and the ranks being kept parallel
point the leading or head division fronts in to each other at given distances
; so that
to column, and moves
on, each successive the whole line shall continue
division doing the same. When the left ofa straight
without being deformed by a conca
battalion is to be in font, the
sameopera-
noiw'take place by an inverse march of
vity or convexity of figure. The m.v\-!>
of the battalion in line, either to front
the several divisions.
or re^r, being the most important and
This method, however, of
marching by
files into open column, should be resorted
most difficult of all movements, everv
exertion of the commanding officer, and
to as little as
possible, and never when it every attention of officers and men, be
can be
conveniently avoided. The for come peculiarly
necessary to attain thi .

mation of open column from battalion and end. The gi eat and indispensible
line is better done by the requi -

wheelings of sites of this operation are, that the direc


companies, subdivisions, or sections. tion ofthe march be perpendicular to the
To March up in
charging order, is to front of the battalion as then standing
-,
advance towards the enemy's line with a that the shoulders and body of each in
quick but firm and steady pace, till you dividual be perfectly square, that thcf.los
get within a few paces of the opposing touch lightly at the elbow only, and
body, when an increased rapidity must be finally, that an accurate equality of ca
given to the whole, but not to run so as dence and length of step be given by the
to lose breath, the officers on this
occasion advanced guides or Serjeants, whom the
must be
particularly attentive to the se battalion in every respect must cover,
veral divisions in their charge,
them well dressed to their
keeping and which
equality of cadence and length
centre, and of
thereby preventing dangerous openings and step every individual must foliow and
-.onse-iuent confusion.
comply with. I f these essential rules arc-
The French call not observed, its direction will be lost,
the different pa;-f: will open and attempt
374 MAR MAR

to
close, and by so doing, a floatir^ of the paces, and will place him in the line in
whole will ensue, and disorder will arise which he thinks the battalion ought to
at a time when the remedy is so difficult, advance. The directing serjeant then
and perfect order so wanted. takes his direction along the line which
imperiously
In order to ensure these essential re passes from himself, betwixt the heels
quisites, and to produce perfect correct of the advanced serjeant, and preserves
ness, the Serjeants must be trained to this such line in advancing, by
constantly
peculiar object, on whose exactness of keeping his object in view
cadence, regularity of step, squareness of When the commanding officer gives the
body, and precision of movc-mefe, the caution, (the battalion "will advance) the
greatest dependance can be placed/ these front directing serjeant moves out 6 accu
are the proper guides of manoeuvre. The rate and exact paces in ordinary time, halts;
habitual post of the two principal direct the two other guides who were behind
ing Serjeants, is to be in the centre of the him, move up on each side of him, and an
battalion, betwixt the colors. One of officer from the rear, replaces in the front
them is posted in the front rank, and one rank, the leading serjeant. The centre
in the rear, that they thereby may be ready serjeant, in moving out marches and halts
move out when the battalion is to on his own observed
to
points, and the two
march ; another also covers them in the othetserjeants dress and
square themselves
supernumerary rank. exadfiy by him. If the commanding of
Whenever the battalion is formed in line ficer is satisfied, that the centre serjeant
and halted, the front directing serjeant or has moved out in the true direction, he
guide, after having placed himself per will intimate as much; if he thinks he,
fectly and squarely in the rank, must in has swerved to right or left, he will direct
stantly his down the of him to incline to that side, the
cast
eyes centre
his body, from the junction of his two degree possible, in order thereby to change;
smallest^
heels, and by repeated trials endeavor to his direction, and to take new points on
take up and prolong a line perpendicular the ground, towards the opposite hand.
to himself, and to the battalion; for this The line of direction being thus ascer
purpose he is by no means to begin with tained, at the word march, the whole bat
looking out for a distant object, but if talion instantly slep off', and without turn
such by chance should present itself in ing the head, eyes are glanced towards the
the prolongation of the line, extending colors in the front rank ; the replacing
from his own person, he may remark it. officer betwiM the colors, preserves, dur
He is therefore rather to observe and take ing the movement, his exact distance of
up any accidental small point on the 6 pates from the advanced serjeant, and is
ground within iooor 150 paces. Inter the guide of the battalion. The centre
mediate ones cannot be wanting, nor the advanced serjeant is answerable for the di
renewal of such as he afterwards succes rection, and the equal cadence and length
sively approaches to in his march. In of step; to these objects he alone attends,
this manner he is prepared, subject to the while the other two, scrupulously con
future correction of the commanding offi forming to his position, maintain their
cer, to conduct the march. parallelism to the front of the battalion,
To March forward or advance in line, and thereby present an object, to which it
when the battalion has been halted and cor ought to move square: they are not to
rectly dressed Is to step off, according to suffer any other considerations to distract
any given word of command, in quick or their attention. They must notice and
ordinary time, and to march over a per conform to the direction of the com
line of direction, without de mander and if any small alteration
pendicular only,
viating to the right or left, or unnecessarily in their position be ordered, the alteration
opening or closing during the movement ; must be gradually and cooly made.
the commanding officer having previously These are the essential points, wichthe
placed himself 10 or 12 paces behind the guiding Serjeants must be rendered per
exact line of the directing serjeant, will, fect in, and to which every commanding
if such file could be depended on, as officer will pay the most minuteattcntion.
itanding truly perpendicular to the bat With respect to the officers in the ranks,
talion, (and great care must be taken to they can only be observant of their own
place it so) remark thy line of its prolon personal exactness of march, and must
gation, and thereby ascertain the direction consider themselves, as forming part with
in which it should march; but, as such the aggregate of the men, subject to the
precision cannot be relied on, hewill from same principles of movement, and in no
his own eye anc'. from having the square of shape or sense independent of them.
the battalion before him, with
prompti They may attend to dress their com
tude make sv.ch correction, and observe panies by looking along the front, or by
such object to tVic right or left, as may ap calling to the individuals who compose it.
pear to him the true one; md in doing By so doing they must not destroy the
this, he will not at once look out for a exact parallelism ofthe rank they st nd in,
distant object, but will hit on it, by pro nor derange the march : the care of cor

longing the li'ae from the person of the di recting any errors in the front line, belongs
recting serjeant to the front; or he will to the, oflicers in the rear.
.rder the covering serjeant to run out 20 Well. trained soldiers, indeed, know the
MAR M A R 375

remedy that is required, and will gradually can alone point out and correct such
apply it. faults.
The colors, as far as their natural The flanks are not, on any account, to
weight and casualties of the weather will be kept back ; much less are they to be
admit, be carried uniformly and up
must advanced before the centre, since in either
right, thereby to facilitate the moving case, the distance of files must be lost,
and dressing of the line. But it frequently and the battalion will not be covering its
happens in windy weather, and in move true ground. The commanding officer of
ments over rough ground, that very little every battalion, will easily perceive this
dependence can be placed on the officer defect^bj casting his eye along the line,
who carries them, for a true direction, or which must soon acquire a concave or
an
equal and cadence step. On these oc convex shape, unless the beginning of
casions, and indeed on all others, the men each inaccuracy be studiously attended to,
must on no account turn their heads to by the necessary officers. The two of

thecolors. They must, on the contrary, ficers who are on the two flanks of the
keep their shoulders square to the front, battalion, being unconfined by the rank,
and depend principally on the light touch and not liable to be influenced by any-
of the elbow, together with an occasional floating that may arise, by preserving an
glance ofthe eye, and the accuracy of step, accurate step, and having a genera! atten
for their dressing. On the light
tough of tion to the colors, and to the proper line
the elbow, and a regular cadenced step, which the battalion should be in, with
thechief dependence must be placed: for respect to the advanced directors, will very
if the men be often permitted to glance much contribute towards preserving the
at the centre, they will, by so doing, in flanks-fh their due position. When either
sensibly contract that habit, abandon the of them observes that a line, drawn from
touch of the elbow, shorten or perhaps himself, through the centre of the bat
lose the cadence step, and in proportion, talion, passes considerably before the other
as the files which are removed from the
flank, he may conclude, that he is him
centre, adopt that method, the line itself self too much retired; when such line
will gradually assume a concav e form, by passes behind that flank, he may be cer
the flanks bending inwards. tain that he is too much advanced
; he
When any waving, or fluctuation in the will, therefore, regulate himself accord
march, is produced by an inequality of ingly. When the battalion in march is
step, the major and adjutant, who from convex, the wings must gain the straight
their situation are particularly calculated line of the centre, by bringing
up the out
to correct the
irregularity, will immedi ward shoulder; and it must be
strongly
ately apprize the companies in fault, impressed upon the soldier's mind, that in
andcooly caution the others that are well all situations of movement,
in their true line, not to by advancing
participate ofthe or
keeping back the shoulder as ordered,
error. the most defective dressing will be
When a company has lost tlie gradu
step, (a ally and smoothly remedied ; whereas sud
circumstance which frequently den jerks and quick alterations break the
the supernumerary officer of that
happens)
company line, and eventually produce disorder.
must watch a seasonable moment to It must be generally
sug remarked, that the
gest a change of step, in which operation, rear ranks which were closed
he will be assisted by the up before
supernumerary the march began, are to move at the lock
Serjeants. For it must be an invariable step, and not be allowed to open
rule among officers in the ranks, never to the march.
during
The correct movement of
deviate from their own
perpendicular line the battalion depends much on their
close
of ifcharch, to correct the errors of their order.
several companies. That business be In the march in
line, arms arealwnv ;
longs entirely to the major and adjutant, to be carried shouldered.
who are occasionally assisted Supported arms
by the su are
only allowed when the battalion ij
pernumeraries, in the manner just men halted, or advanced in column ; but if
tioned. this indulgence were allowed in
It very often happens, that a central line
when the most perfect
division by bulging out, precision is xe-
may make a flank

quired, the distance of files would not be


of a battalion appear to have lost
when the fault in reality arises from that
ground, preserved, anl slovenliness, inaccuracv,
and disorder, must
division, either stepping out too far,or from inevitably take
To change direction on the centre
place!
it being warped towards the colors, and hi
March, is to correct any
floating of the
thereby preventing the flank from being
seen. ] hne, occasioned by the opening or closing
ot the flanks , by
All changes and corrections that ordering a section or cen-
are tral platoon to
i quarter wheel to right or
judged necessary to be made, in any part this command the
of abattalion, during its march in line, |Iett..c-At guiding ser
jeant making an almost imperceptible
must be effected
gradually. Any abrupt
alteration would unavoidably produce a change of his position, and of his points,
and the colors in the
waving, which must be felt in every part. battalion, when the .

nave advanced 6 paces to his ground, con


The mounted officers
only, with'the im forming to it, the whole will, by
perceptible aid of the supernumeraries, decrees,
gam a new dire tion. Everv changeof d-.
376 MAR MAR

rection made in this manner, must pro lar march of the square or oblong, may
duce kind of wheel of the battalion, on
a be made in any other direction, to the
'ts centre, one winggradually giving back, right or left of the above one ; but in such
and the other as case the sub-divisions of the two oppo
gradually advancing, an
attention which the commander must be site sides, will have to wheel up more
careful to see observed. than the eighth of the circle, in order to
When the battalion which has marched stand as before, perpendicular to the new
in perfect o-der, arrives on its ground, it direction. The sum of these two wheels
keeps the marked time until it is dressed, will always amount to that of a quarter
and receives the word halt, the step which circle, and their difference will vary as
is then taking is finished, and the whole the new line departs, more or less, from
halt. Eyes are cast to the centre, and the the equal bisecting line ; this will be
commanding officer places himself close known by the first wheeling up the two
to the rear rank, in order to see whether angular divisions, till they stand perpen
the battalion be sufficiently dressed, and in dicular with the new direction, and then
a direction perfectly parallel to the one it
ordering all the others to conform accord
quitted. ingly. This movement is very beautiful
When the battalion is advancing in line in the execution, but cannot be made with
for any considerable distance, or moving any degree of accuracy, unless the perpen
up in the music may be allowed
parade, dicular situation of the division is correct
at intervals, to play for a few seconds ly attained, and carefully preserved.
only, and the drums in two divisions to Jo March in open ground, so as to be
roll, but the wind instruments are alone prepared again it the attack of cavalry.
permitted to play. When the line is re In order to execute this movement, with
tiring, the music are never to play. some degree of security, one or more bat
To march by any one face, the square or talions may move in column of compa
oblong having previously been formed by the nies at quarter distances, one named com
4th, 51b, and 6th, companies of a regular
pany in the centre of each being ordered to
battalion standing fast. Under these cir keep an additional distance of 2 files ; in
cumstances, the side which is to lead is which shape a battalion is easily managed,
announced ; the colors move up behind or directed upon any point. When the
its centre ; the opposite side faces about : column halts, and is ordered to form tbe
and the two flank-sides wheel up by sub square, the first company falls back to the

divisions, so as to stand each in open co second, the last company closes up to the
lumn. The square marches, two sides in one before it : tlie whole companies make

line, and by their centre ; and two sides an interval of 2 paces in their centre, by
in open column, which cover, and dress to their sub-divisions taking each one pace ra
their inward flanks on which they wheeled the flanks ; 2 officers with their Serjeants,
up carefully preserving their dist?nces. place themselves in each of their front and
The square halts, and when ordered to rear intervals ; two officers with their
front square, the sub-divisions in column Serjeants, also take post in rear of each
immediately wheel back, and form their flank of the company, from which the
sides, and the side which faced about again additional interval has been kept; and a
faces outwards. serjeant takes the place of each flank front
To March by the right front angle. rank man of the first division, and of eaclj
When the perfect square is to march by flank rear rank man of the last division;
one of its angles, in the direction of its all other officers, Serjeants, the 4 displaced
diagonal, a caution is given by which men, &c. assemble in the centre of the
angle the movement is to be made, and companies, which are to form the flank
the two sides that form it standfast, while faces. Those last named
companies hav
the other two sides face about. The ing been told oft", each in 4 sections, wheel
whole then by sub- divisions, wheel up up by sections, 2 to the right, and 2 to the
one-eighth of a circle, two sides to the left; (the 2 rear companies at the same
right, and two sides to the left, and are time closing up, and facing outwards,]
thus parallel to each other, and perpen the inner sections thv-n close forward to
dicular to ihe direction in which they are their front ones, which dress up with the
to move, the pivot- flanks being in thi extremities of the front and rear compa
manner placed on the sides of the square, nies, and 4 on each flank ofthe second com-
Each side being thus in echellon, and the panies, from tbe front and from the rear;
colors behind the leading angle, the whole Face outwards !
The whole thus stand
are out in march, carefully preserving the faced outwards and formed 6 deep, with
distances they wheeled at, and*from the two officers and their Serjeants in the
flanks to which they wheeled. middle of each face, to command it ; all
When the oblong marches by one of its the other officers, as well as Serjeants, Sec.
angles, its sub-divisions perform the same axe in the void
space in the centre, and tire
operation of wheeling up, each theUiBhth files of the officers in the faces, may b-;
of the circle; but its direction of march completed from Serjeants, &c. in the in
will not be in the diagonal of the oblong, terior, in such manner as the command
but in that of a square, viz. of the line ant may direct. The mounted field offi
which equally bisects the right angle. cers, must pass into the centre of the
It will be remembered, that theangu- ; coluinn, by the rear .1 ;, if necessar\,
r un [ i i

MAR MAR 377

The pivot files must attend to preserve


from
openingin. its centre 2 paces and again
their distances exactly, each following
closing
When ordered only, the 2 first ranks all precisely the path pointed out by the one
round the column, will kneel and the before him; and keeping the regular
front rank slope their bayonets, the 2 marching step, by which means, upon a
next ranks will fire standing, and all the signal being given, the division is in a mo
others will remain in reserve; the file ment in order. The leader or guide ofthe
overers behind each officer of the sides pivot file may be occasionally changed.
will give back, and enable him to stand At the head of every column, whether
of cavalry, a well
in the third rank. composed infantry or

March resumed under tbe same circum instrudfld non-commissioned officer must
stances. On receiving the cautionary march as guide . He must carefully keep
word of command, the several sections the regular step ofthe march, to which the
that had closed up, fall to their distances ; troops are drilled, and upon this man the
the sections then wheel back into column ; regular pace of the column will depend ;
the officers, Serjeants, &c. take their by this method two essential points are
on the flanks ; and when the co- ensured; one, that every column moves
filaces
umn is ar,ain put in motwn, the compa in ex .ctly the same time, and of course
enables the officer commanding to calcu
nies that closed up, successively take
their proper distances. late the march with certainty ; another
It will be remembered that unless the that it ensures the troops not being over

companies are ab-ve 16 file, they cannot hurried, which they are more especially
be divided into 4 sections ; so that in this liable to be when cavalry leads the co
case, a section may consist of 4 file or lumn ; two non-commissioned officers
eight men, if therefore, they are under 16 should be appointed for this purpose,
file, and told off in sections of 5 or 3, the co who must relieve each other.
lumn will march at the distance of a At the head of every columnof march,
section; and in forming the square, the 2 there must be a considerable number of
outward sections will wheel up, but tne pioneers to clear the rout.
3d one will stand fast, and afterwards, Gun* or carriages breaking down and
by dividing itself to right and left, will disabled, are immediately to be removed
form a 4th rank to the others; in res im- out of the line of march, so as not to in
tern. pt its progress.
ing column the outward sections wheel
back, and the rear of the centre sections Officers are most positively enjoined at
easily recover their places : as to all other all ti.n j to remain with theii divisions,
circumstances, they remain the same. whether matching or halted.
The March, when applied to the The commanding officers of regiments
movement of an army, consists in its ar must pay the greatest attention to their

rangement with respect to the number corps vv'iilst passing a defile, and proper
and composition of columns, the precau officers should be left to assist in this
tions to be taken, the posts to be seized most essential part of the conduct of

upon to cover it, Sec which arrangement marches.


must depend upon circumstances. The It is a standing rule in column, that
following are general rules : every regiment should march with the
The routes must be constantly opened same front, th it the regiment does which
to the width of 60 feet. precedes it, right or left.
If the march be through an No alteration should be made in any
open coun
try, without defiles, the cavalry march circumstance of the march, which is to
by divisions of squadrons, ami the infan- be taken up from the regiment in front,
try*"by platoons or
halfcompanies. untilarnvedexactly upon the same ground
In an inclosed country, or such as is
upon which that regiment made the alter
intersected bv hollow ways, or other de ation.
files, the march must be by sections of 6 No officer should ride between the divi
(by the headsof the section after facing to sions on a march, except general ami
'left, being wheeled to ihe r ght) or more staff officers, the execution of whose
files in the infantry, and ranks by threes duty renders it necessary for them to pass
or by twos in the cavalry, and the artil 111 all directions.

lery must move in a single file, because When a battalion passes a defile, and
the frequent breaking off and forming up there is no room for ttic officers to ride on
again, may retard the march, and fatigue the flanks of their divisions, half of those
the troops. who are mounted pass at the head of the
In marches made parallel to, or with a battalion, and half in the rear.
vievv of gaining the enemy's fink, divi All breakings off* to enter a defile, and
sions must preserve their wheeling dis all formations again when passed through
tances, and the column must cover the it, must be done extremely quick, by the
same length of ground which it would'
parts that double, or that form up.
occupy in line of battle ; in marches di A sufficient number of faithful aid in
rectly perpendicular to the enemy's po telligent guides must always be ready to
sition, the column must be closed up co maich at the head of the battalions and
half or quarter distance, in order to move columns.
in as compact a bidy as possible. March ofthe lint, in a collective sens*
3 fi
378 MAR MAR

of the word, is a military movement, ex- i heights must not be hurried, that the part
ecuted upon established principles, go of the column ascending may properly
verned by local circumstances, and influ keep up. Alterations occasioned by the
enced by the nature of the service for windings of the route are executed with
|
which it is performed. After a general out losing distance. Soldiers are not to
has obtained an accurate knowlege of the break to avoid mud or small spots of
water. The guides and pivots must trace
country through which his army is
to
out such a path for themselves as will best
move, his next care must be the arrange
ment of all its different component parts,
avoid small obstructions, and the men of
with which ha will form his column of the division will open from, and not press

route. upon their pivots. When platoon offi


The cers are permitted to be mounted, each
March of the Column of Route.
order in which a battalion should at will remain on the flank of his division
all times move ; that the columns of an watching over its exactness, and that the
army should perform their marches;
that proper distance of march is kept by the
an enemy should be approached ; and that flank pivot and guide under the officer ap
to preserve it.
safety can be ensured to the troops in their pointed
\* here the arrival of a column at a given
transitions from one point to another is
in columns of divisions, and never on a less point is to be perfectly punctual, in that
front than 6 files where the formation is 3 case the distance being known, the head

deep, or 4 files where it is 2 deep, nor must move at an equal cadenced step,
does any advantage arise from such co and the rear must conform ; and a guide,
lumn, if it is an open column, exceeding expressly appointed, will, at the head of
16 or 24files in front, where a considerable the column, take such step as the nature
space is to be gone over. of the route shall permit the column to
At no time whatever ought a column comply with.
of manoeuvre, or of route, to occupy a Nothing so much fatigues troops in a
greater extent of ground in marching than considerable column, and is more to be
what is equal to its front when in order of avoided than an inequality of march.
battle ; no situation can require it as an One great reason is, that the rear of the
advantage. Therefore, the marching of column frequently and unnecessarily de
great bodies in file, where improper ex viates from the line which its head traces
tension is unavoidable, must be looked out; and in endeavouring to regain that

upon as an unmilitary piactice, and ought line, and their first distances, thedivisions
only to be had recourse to when unavoida must of course run or stop, and again take
bly necessary. Where woods, inclosures, up their maich. Ft is unnecessary to at
and bad or narrow routes absolutely re tempt the same scrupulous observances
quire a march in file, there is no remedy in common route marching, as when going
for the delay in forming, and man may be to enter into the alignement ; but even a

obliged to come up after man ; and if cir general attention to this circumstance will
cumstances admit, and there are openings in that case prevent unnecessary winding
for their passage, thedivisions or platoons in the march, which tends to prolong it,
may be faced to the left and wheeled to and to harass the soldier.
the right, and severally marched to the When the probable required formation
same front ; but these circumstances, of the line will be to a flank, then the
which should be regarded as exceptions column of march is an open one, and ex
from the primary and desired order of cept the cannon, no impediment or cir
march on a greater front, should tend the cumstance whatever must be allowed be
more to enforce the
great principle of pre twixt the divisions or in the intervals of
venting improper distances, and of getting battalions. When cannon can possibly
out of so weak a situation as soon as the move on the flank of the battalion, they
nature of the ground will allow of the
ought, and mounted officers or bat horses
front ofthe march being increased. must not be permitted between the divi
In common route marching, the batta sions. If the probable formation may be
lion or more considerable column maybe to the front, then distances are more clos.
carried on at a natural pace of about 75 edup, and bat horses, &c. may be allow
steps in a minute, or near two miles and ed between the brigades of a column,
an half in an hour: the attention of the but not between the battalions of a bri
soldier is allowed to be relaxed, he moves gade.
without the restraint of cadence of It is always time well employed to halt
step,
or carried arms ; rear ranks are
opened to the head of a considerable column, and en
one or two paces ; files are loosened but large an opening, or repair a bad step in
never confounded ; in no situation is the the road, rather than to diminish the front,
ordered distance between divisions ever to or
lengthen out the line of march. No
be increased, and the proper fiankofficers individual is to presume to march on a less
and under officers remain answerable for front than what the leader ofthe column
them. directs, and all doublings must therefore
If the column is halted, the whole come from the head only The preserva
must be put in inarch at the same time. tion of the original front of march, on all
The movement of the head division must occasions, is a point ofthe highest conse
be steady and equal ; the descending of quence, and it is a most meritorious ser-
MAR MAR 379

vice in any officer to prevent all unneces


distance in the arrival of columns at their
several points. In many situations an
sary doublings, or to correct thern
as soon
liable
as made; no advantage can arrive fiom improperly extended column willitbecan be
and therefore each commanding offi to be beat in detail, and before
them,
cer, when he arrives near the cause,
formed. Troops that are seldom assem

bled for the manoeuvres of war, can hard


should be assured that it is necessary be
in which
fore he permits his battalion so to double: ly feel the necessity of the modes
on all occasions he should continue his a considerable body of infantry must
march on the greatest front, that, with march and move.
out crowding, the road or openings will The .distance of columns from each
allow, although the regiment or divisions other, during march, depends on the
a

before him may be marching on a narrow circumstances of ground, and the object
er front. of that march, with regard to future for
All openings made for the march of a mations. The more columns in which a
column should be sufficient for the great considerable corps marches, the less ex
est front on which it is to march^ they tent in depth will it take up, the less fre

should be all ofthe same width, otherwise quent will be its halts, and the more
each smaller one becomes a defile. speedily canit form in orderof battle to the
At all points of increasing or diminish front.
On the combinations of march, and on
ing the front of the inarch, an intelligent
officer, per battalion or brigade, should be their execution by the component parts
stationed to see that it is performed with ofthe body, does the success of every mi
celerity ; and the commandant of a con litary operation or enterprize depend.

siderable column should have constant To fulfil the intentions ofthe chief e very-
exertion ofthe subordinate offi
reports and inspections made that the co
concurrent

lumn is moving with proper regularity ; he cer is required, and the best calculated

should have officers in advance to apprize dispositions, founded on local knowlege,


him of difficulties to be avoided, or obsta must a want of that punc
fail, if there is
cles to be passed, and should himself ap tuality of execution which every general
must trust to, and has a right to expect
ply every proper means to obviate such as
may occur in the march. (Andatnotime from the leaders of his columns.
are such helps more necessary than when The composition of the columns of an
regiments are acting in line on broken army must always depend on the nature of
ground, and when their movements are the country and the objects of the move
combined with those of others.) When ment. Marches made parallel to the fronr
the column arrives ne.tr its object of forma ofthe enemy will generally be performed
tion or manoeuvre, the strictest attention by thelineson which the army isencamp-
of officers and men is to be required, and ed, each marching by its flank, and occu
each individual is to be at his post. pying when in march the same extent of
The great principle on all occasions of ground as when formed in line. Marche:;
diminishing or increasing the front of the made perpendicular to the front of the ene
column in march is, that such part as my, either advancing or retiring, w ill be
doubles or forms up shall slacken or quick covered by strong van or rearguards. The
en its pace, as is necessary to conform to columns will be formed of considerable
the part which has no such operation to divisions of the army, each generally com
perform, but which continues its uniform posed both of cavalry and infantry : they
inarch, without the least alteration, as if will move at half or quarter distance, and
no such process was going on ; and if this the nature of the country will determine
is observed, distances can never be lost, which kind of force precedes.
or the column
lengthened out. Unless During a march to the front, the separa
the unremitting attention and intelligence tion ot the heads of the columns must
of officers commanding battalions and unavoidably be considerable ; but, when
their divisions are given to this object, they approach the enemy, they must be so
disorder and constant stops and runs take regulated and directed as to be able to oc
take place in the column ; the soldier is cupy the intermediate spaces, if required
improperly and unnecessarily harassed; to form in line. Some one column must
disease soon gains ground in a
corps thus determine the relative situation of the
ill conducted, which is not to be depend others, and divisions must be more closed
ed on in any combined arrangement, is
up than in a march to a flank, and in pro
unequal to any effort when its exertion portion as they draw near to the enemy
may be required, and is soon ruined from must exactness and attention increase.
a neglect ot the first and most The general, in consequence of the obser
important
of military duties. vations he has made, will determine on his
The most important exercise that
disposition : the columns which are now
troops can attend to is the march in co probably halted and collected will be sub-
lumn of route. No calculation can be dlvppd and multiplied; each
made on columns which do not move with
body
will be
directed on its point of formation, and the
an ascertained
regularity, and great fa component parts of each will in due time
tigue arises to the soldier. A general disengage from the general column, and
cannot depend on execution, ad there form in line.
fore can make no combinatiar. of time or The of marches to the
safety rear must
380 MAR MAR

depend on particular dispositions, on '


In file marching, particularly at the
strong covering or rear guards, and on tbe

drill, the whole ot a company or


squad,
judicious choice of such posts as will having been previously faced, are imme
check the pursuit of theenemy In these diately to step off together, gaining at the
marches to front or rear, the divisions of I very first step 24 inches.
the second line generally follow or lead The first adoption of file marching hai
those of the first, and all'their formations been attributed to the Prussians, and the
'

are relative 'thereto. The heavy artillery i advocates for what is called the Ordre
and carriages of an army form a particular : mince des Prussiens, the thin or rfarrow
object of every march, and must be di- j order, have in contradistinction named the
rected according to circumstances of the j ordre prefond, the deep order, or column,
1

day. The. safety of the march, by the the French order. According to a very
arrangement of detachments and posts to ! ingenious and lively writer, who has had
cover the front, rear, or flanks of the co frequent occasions to see the practice of
lumns, depends also on many local and \ both orders, the ordre mince or tile march
temporary reasons, but form an essential ing, may be very useful during a march,
part of the general disposition. but the deep order or column ought only
March in line, must be uniformly stea to be depended
upon in manoeuvring be-
dy, without floating, opening, or closing. fore an enemy.
March in file, must be close, firm, and To Mauch
without lengthening out.
according to time and mea.
sure, (marcher en cadence, Fr. ) Marshal
To March past, is to advance in Saxe, in page 23, art. 6. of the folio edition
open
or close column, in
ordinary or slow time, of his Reveries ox Memoir es sur I' Art de
with a firm and steady step, erect la Guerre, is of opinion, that marching to
person,
the eye glanced towards the reviewing time and measure constitutes one of the
general. essential
requisites in war; he calls it in
The ordered or cadenced March. The
deed the principal one to be observed
by
prescribed movements in military tactics. troops who are going into action. By
All military movements are intended to be marching according to time and measure,
made with the greatest quickness con we
understand, that regular movement of
sistent with order, regularity, and without a large
body of men whose steps are ca-
hurry or fatigue to the troops. The uni dencedand uniformly the same, and which
formity of position, and the cadence and are kept so by the artificial aid. of music.
length of step, produce that equality and The marshal observes, that
although
freedom of march, on which every thing military men will enter into much desul
depends, and to which the soldier must be tory conversation respecting the tactic,
carefully trained, nor suffered to join the (la tactique) of the ancients, they seldom
battalion, until he be thoroughly perfected or ever understand the real definition ot
in this most essential duty. Many dif the word. 1 1 is, in fact, so much corrupt
ferent times of march must not be required ed in modern times, that what really con
of the soldier. These two must suffice. veyed no more than a regular principle m
Ordinary or quick time, and slow ox parade marching, has since been made te
time. The first 75 steps of 24 inches in a the exercise and evolutions of
signify
troops. All
minute ; the second of 60 steps of 24 the world know how to beat a inarch,
inches in a minute. without comprehending the real object,
In order to accustom soldiers to accu and half the world imagine, that thenoise
rate movements,
plummets, which vi ofa drum or fife is nothing more than mi
brate tht required times ot march in a mi
litary parade.
nute, have been recommended : musquet It is ridiculous to suppose, that mar
balls suspended by a string which is not tial sounds and military music, were first
subject to stretch,, and on which are invented for the sole purpose of confound
marked the different required lengths,
ing each other on the day of battle. Let
will answer the above purpose. The us indulge a better
opinion ot the good un
length of the plummet is to be measured derstanding of the ancients,
from the point of suspension, to the cen particularly of
the Romans, and endeavor to
tre of the ball.
prove, that
regularity in marching, (which depends
The several lengths are :
wholly upon, the cadenced step,) is the
steps in. bun. ground-work of military operations, and
Ordinarv or quick time in a that nothing is more simple because it
minute 75-24 g6
corresponds with nature. This was, in
. .

Accelerated time 10812


. .
3 fact, the military step which the Romans
Marching by files, is to march with
the narrowest front, except that of rank brought to so great a perfection, and which
has since been so closely followed
entire or Indian file, which bodies of men by the
Prussians. It was upon this principle,
are susceptible of.
that marches were first devised, and that
The strictestobservance of all the rules
the drum was adopted to second the pur
for marching, is particularly
necessary in poses. This is literally nothing more than
marching by files, which 'is first to be a certain beat or tact, as the marshal ex
taughi at the. ordinary time, or 75 steps presses it, and which is
in tiie minute, and afterwards in accele- evidently derived
from the Roman word factum, touch,
med time or jp8 steps in the minute. \ and by means of which, men, may be
MAR MAR 381

to move in quick or slow time, j In order to prove the validity of our ob


taugiit let us, for a moment, imagine
As long as principle can be followed i| servations,
this
is scarcely possible to be-
will never la<; behind, soldiers y a thing which
up, the rear that do not march
will preserve the same step and march accomplished by troops
according to time and measure. Let us
with the same foot; the wheelings will
be made uniformly together, without suppose, that two battalions, advancing
to attack one another, should march up
comusion or delay ; and the men will
be less fatigued than if they were suffered without floating, overlapping, or breaking
to march or wheel at random. Every in the least ; under these circumstances,
observa which would obtain the superiority ? the
person of the least reflection or have com
willbe convincedcf the truth of this one that should imprudently
tion,
last remark. Let one man, for instance, menced firing, or that which should have
reserved its fire ? Every intelligent and
be ordered to dance two hours, without
the assistance of any sort of musical in able officer will instantly determine in
favor of the latter ; and his decision would
strument, and let another, with the
same bodily powers and activity, go unquestionably be correct ; for the former,
besides being disheartened by seeing men
through the same operation, during dou
advance against them with a reserved fire,
ble the time accompanied by music, and
let it then be determined which ofthe two would necessarily be retarded in their
has been most fatigued 1 1 will evidently march in order to prime and load ; and it
has: for it is an must be evident to every man, that their
appear that the former
unquestionable fact, that sounds of con antagonists would completely overthrow
cord and harmony have a wonderful se them by advancing with a rapid and ca
cret influence over the human frame, and denced step.
that they render the exercises and func This was the plain and effectual method
tions of the body extremely easy. It is of the Romans. It may, perhaps, be
well known, that when the camel drivers said, that their ignorance of the use of
wish to mak>* their camels get on, they gunpowder alters the case with respect to

never flog or strike them with sticks, but our manner of fighting. Let it, however,
sing, whistle, or repeat some humorous be recollected, that they fought with mis
song. sile weapons, which did full as much
Should it be asked vrhat sort of music mischief as our fire arms can produce.
is best adapted to therhuman organs in Gunpowder, in fact, is not so destruc
military movements? It may safely be tive as most people are apt to imagine.
replied all those simple tunes which can Few men are killed in regular fought ac
be played by the fife and drum ; I shall tions, by the two armies engaging with
perhaps be told, (observes the marshal) musquetry only. Marshal Saxe does not
that many men have no ear for music; scruple to assert, that it is impossible for
this I deny, as far as the observaticn re a battalion pf armed men to charge its ene

gards marching, which is a movement so my with vigor and effect, unless it pre
serve the cadenced
easy to the human frame, that it comes, step. For the ranks
as it were, naturally to man. I have often must unavoidably open during the march

remarked, that when the long roll has in line ; and when the troops get within 50
in or 60 paces of their
beat, the men repairing to their several opponents, the com
parades, have insensibly preserved the re manding officers see chasms, cry out serre,
gular step, without knowing that they or close into the centre : and in the
hurry
did so -. nature, in fact, and instinct go of so doing, one rank overlaps another,
together. If marching according to time and the centre itself becomes
insensibly
and measure be considered in a mere su broken, standing eight or ten deep, while
perficial manner, the cadence step will the wings are at two, three, or four. To
undoubtedly appear of little importance ; remedy this defect, the whole line is halt.
but if it be considered as an essential re ed, and if the be wise
enemy enough to
quisite to quicken or slacken the move advance in regular order, during this ope
ment of troops who are
going into action, ration, it is ten to one that he turns the
it must be found an important object. flank of his opponent, and completely
No evolution, in fact, can be well done routs him. W ith regard to the
musquetry
at close order without its assistance. The firing, it may be laid down as a certain
military step of the Romans, was the fact, that the mischief it does in pitched
cadenceor measured movement, and banks is more imaginary than real. It
they
were thereby enabled to march with ease has been acknowleged by the most expe
upwards of 24 miles in five hours. This, rienced officers, it is, indeed, positively
however, would be looked upon as" great asserted by marshal Saxe, ( page 29 of the
exertion, if not fatigue, among some mo- folio edition) that the closest vollies have
derrvtroops, although it constituted a prin produced little or no effect against a line of
cipal part ofthe Roman exercise. Hence determined steady troops. I have seen,
some
opinion may be formed of the atten
tion which they paid to that species of
observes the marshal, a whole volley of
cool directed musquetry, occasion the loss
training, by which men were habituated to of no more than four men; while the
long marches ; and this they accomplished troops against which it has been poured,
by means of the tact or cadenCed move have calmly marched up, reserved their
ment. \ fire till they got in contact wijh the ene-
382 MAR MAR

my, and then ampiy revenged the deaths 1 this movement is of two kinds. Either
of their comrades by discharging their i succ essive (the body being halted) by each
pieces and following up with the bayonet. 1' file successively turning on its own ground,
It is at this stage of the battle, that a the moment it is disengaged by the de-
real carnage commences, and its execution I parture of its preceding file : ox progressive
rests wholly with the victorious party ; (the body being in motion) by each file
and we need scarcely add, that its success j turning when it arrives at the point from
which the leading or head file first wheel.
must be attributed to that composed,
cadenced step, which ed. In the first case the body must shift
steady movement, or

enabled the troops to act together, when its ground to a flank a space at least equal
they came to close action. The military to its front : in the second it will perform
reader will be gratified by a perusal of this operation of the countermarch on its
two or three interesting anecdotes in pages original ground, exchanging flanks and
foi. edit. fronts ; so that what before stood as the
zs), 30, 31, of the Reveries,
M a r c h in prolongation of the line.

This leading or head division will become the
operation is gone through when a battalion rear of the column ; or, if in line, what
standing in open column, with the pivot was the right flank fronting one way,
flanks of its divisions on the line, and ad will still remain the rieht flank fronting
vanced points being ascertained, moves another. In both cases the pivots are in
forward at the word march, which is given a small degree moveable, but they must
by the commanding officer. Whenever be so as little as possible, since a solid and

the battalion wheels into open column, in compact inversion ofthe files is as requi
order to prolong the line on which it was site to 3 true and close formation in line
formed, and that no distant point in that or column, as the lock-step is indispensi- ft
in every other movement by files.
prolongation is previously given, the ser bleCountermarch ''
jeant guide of the leading company will by files in front of
advance 15 or 20 paces, and place himself the battalion, &c. In this case the front
in the line of the pivot flanks, and the men become the pivots, on which every
leading officer will thereby (taking a line successive file turns, till the rear file gets
over his head) be enabled to ascertain the upon the identical space of ground from
direction in which he is to move. whence the front file first wheeled.
March by tbe inversion offiles, or coun Countermarch by files in rear of tbe
termarch. A compound word signifying Battalion. In tis case the rear rank men
retrocession, backward movement, change become the pivots upon similar principles
of measures or conduct, any alteration, in of movement. AH countermarches of a
fact, of an original conception or under battalion or greater body, must be made
taking. Thus the countermarch of ideas in ordinary time ; of smaller divisions in
in the mtnd is the precursor of the different general in quick time. The observations
changes made by the body. In a military which have already been made, under the
sense it is variously and as head files, with respect to a solidity and
applicable;
every countermarch or backward move quickness of movement in each wheeling,
ment necessarily implies a previous march, and to an
unity of step, (allowing for an
or forward movement, we shall extract un increased length of it in the wheeling men)
der this article the most material instruc are especially applicable to the counter

tions that have been published in good_ march by files.


authors relative to the countermarch of The Countermarch of a battalion
the component parts of a battalion, &c. from both flanks on its centre 4 byfiles In
observing generally that the word counter order to effect this movement and chante
march may be applied to the most exten of formation, the wings face outwards
sive scale of military operations. Thus from the colors, which stand fast, and a
a whole army which has advanced into serjeant remains at the point of each wing
an enemy's country, is said to counter inorderto mark the ground. At the word
march when it not only ceases to make march, the right wing files successively
progress in a forward direction, but close behind the rear rank, and the left
changes its whole plan of manoeuvre, and wing before the front rank of the battalion,
treads back the ground over which it had till they arrive at the points where each
advanced. To countermarch in a more other stood. They then halt, cover, and
desultory manner, means to quit different front by word of command, looking to the
The
positions by the countermarching of de colois which take their places.
tached bodies, by changing their relative commanding officer dresses the line if ne
fronts, without abandoning the field, or cessary.
scene of general
operation. In order to The Countermarch ef the battalion,
execute such evolutions and inversions from its centre, and on its centre, by files.
with accuracy, every battalion should be The wings face inwards to the colors,
well instructed in the prescribed methods w hich stand fast, and a
serjeant remains
of changing front by the inversion of its to mark each flank. The whole then
files to right or left, in front or in rear take three side steps to the right, by word
of a leading division, from and on its of command, in order to disengage the
centre. centre. At the second word of command,
The Countirmarch by files.
Ac the whole move on, and each file succes
cording to the last printed regulations, sively wheels into the centre as it arrives
MAR MAR 383

the column is com


at and beyond the colors. As soon as or sections of which
the front of
each company is in the line from the colors posed. By which inversion
to the flank serjeant, its leading officer the column is completely reversed.
To Countermarch a column, tlje
fronts it. When the whole is formed, ^

the colors countermarch, and every com right in front, is to change the front, or
of the leading company, subdivi
pany dresses to the colors till otherwise aspect
ordered. It must be remembered, as a sion, or section, and to place it in the rear
After the
general rule, that in the countermarch of its perpendicular formation.
from both flanks, no part of the battalion caution has been given to countermarch
the right.
is fronted till the whole is on its ground by files the whole will face to
by word of command. Each company
or
In the countermarch from the centre,
the battalion begins instantly and succes leading officer or serjeant, will immediate
sively to front by companies, as each is ly quit the pivot, and place himself or
on

ready and on its ground. the right of his company, subdivision,


The Countermarch by companies or
section, whilst his covering serjeant ad
iubdivisions, on the centre of a battalion or vances to the spot which he has quitted,
line. Although this may be done by files, and faces to the right about. At the
it has been allowed, that on account of the word march the w hole move. The leader
unavoidable openings which always occur in the first instance wheels short round to
in file marching, a battalion, or larger bo the right, and proceeds, followed by his
dy, will be best enabled to execute that files of men, until he has placed his pivot
movement with quickness and rapidity, front rank man close to his serjeant, wha
by the march of columns of companies or remains immoveable. As soon as the lead
subdivisions in front. To effect this ob ing officer or serjeant of each company,
ject, the battalion is cautioned to counter subdivision, or section, has countermaich-
march from its centre by subdivisions; ed the extent of his front, he instantf
one or two central subdivisions having gives the words matk time, so as to have
wheeled the half circle upon their centre it squared and closed in to the right,
point, or countermarched into the new which is now become the pivot flank, and
line, so that the front rank stands pre on which the officer or
serjeant replaces
cisely where the rear rank did : one of the the person that had advanced to ascertain
wings then faces to the right about, and the exact point of perpendicular forma
both wheel inwards by subdivisions: they tion ; and who falls back behind the rear
inarch along the rear and front of the rank; and when dressed, halt. By means
formed division, and successively wheel of this inversion of the files, the column
up into their respective places on each will face to its rear, each company, subdi
side of those already arranged in the line. vision, or section, having its original fol-
The subdivisions which wheel up to owerits head or leading object.
the rear, successively mark time, when To Counter march.* column, the left
rhey reach their ground. The officers in front, is to make the left company, sub
who lead them must be
particularly at division, or section, which is now in the
tentive to their wheeling points,
by being rear of the column, become the head of it.
at their proper front rank when
they halt After the caution, to countermarch by
their subdivisions. They would other files, has been given, at the word left face,
wise pass the rear, and
disfigure the forma the whole face to the left, the officer or
tion.
serjeant moves to the left of his company,
If it be intended that the front rank of
the directing
subdivision, or section, and the person
company or subdivision, who has covered him, moves to his place,
should stand on the identical line which and faces about. At the
word march, the
it occupied before the it officer turns short to the left, and
countermarch, pro
will be placed in that direction. In that ceeds as before until he is
fixed on the left,
case, after the subdivision has wheeled in which is now become the pivot flank, as
wards, the wing which is to march in the column stands with its right in front.
rear of it, must shift a few
paces to the In all countermarches, the
racing is al
flank, in order to get clear of che rear ranks, ways to that hand which is not the pivot,
and then proceed. but which is to became such. The
When one ffank of a battalion or line is
countermarch of each division, subdivi
to
occupy the spot where the other one sion, or section, separately on its own
stands, its most expeditious movement to ground, is an evolution of great
arrive at it, will be along the utility on
prolongation many occasions. It enables a column
ofthe line. If the flanks are to
exchange ;.-. hich has its in
right front, and is march
places with each other, the countermarch ing in an alignement, to return along that
on the centre, or on a
flank, is the best same line, and to take such new
positions
method by which that
exchange can be in it as circumstances may
require, with
effected. The single battalion may do it out inverting or
altering the proper fro it
by files, if its ground be confined, but a ofthe line. In many situations of form
line must do it by countermarch of divi
sions in open column. ing from column into line, it becomes a
The Co v n t e r m a r c h /* column, is the
previous operation which ought not to be
dispensed with.
inversion of the'.difterent files which con When a column countermarches bv di
stitute the several divisions, subdivisions, visions, each on its own ground, unless the
384 M A R M A R

divisions be equal, the distances after the ing amajor general ; it is repeated twice
countermarch will not be the true wheel for lieutenant-general, and to all suieriot
a

ing distances, but will be such as are generals the march is sounded.
equal to the front of the preceding divi In parade, to receive the president, ot
sion, and therefore the true distances mus" the commanding general, the trumpets are
be regained before the divisions can wheel assembled on the right of their regiments,
up into line with the accuracy and com (whether single or in line) in two ranks,
pletion of space which are required. and the staff' beyond them. The staff

Marching past by the cavalry. At a does not march past.


'review, or inspection, regiments, brigades, On all occasions of exercise, and ma


or lines, do not march
past in column "f noeuvre, trumpets are behind their troops
squadrons, but incolumn of half squadrons. anu squadrons, unless otherwise detach
In passing by in half squadrons at open ed.
ranks, the commander of the squadron If the president sees a brigade, he will
will be in front of his leading half squad be received at the point of hisapproach in
ron, covered by the standard, with which !! the manner already dircttd, by the gene
the other officers of the half squadron ral commanding it. If a single .egiment,
dress.
j
In the second half squauron ali i in the same manner by its commanding
its officers are in front, and in one line. officer.
The trumpets are all in front of the re- : After passing in parade, and in move
gitnent, and when they have passed, j ments, and exercise, it will depend on the
wheel quickly round, and remain posted
j commanding offi- er of the regiment, to
opposite the general, and sound till the ; place the other field officers at the head
regiment has passed; wherj they cease, of squadrons, or to assign them the su
(and those of the succeeding regiments perintendance of wings, in order the bet
commence) follow their regiment, and re ter to assist.
gain its front. In general, regiments manoeuvre at too
The half squadrons, or divisions, will great a distance trom the person inspect
dress, and cover to the passing hand ; ing them ; they ought to terminatemany of
after the successive wheel, which
brings their movements and founations within
j
them on the line of passing, they will open I 20 or 30 yards of where he stands.
ranks, 60 or 70 yards, before they ap Cavalry regiments, when dismounted,
proach the general, and close them abo t j and formed in line, will have an interval
the same distance after passing, and they ! of six paces between each.
will continue so to dress, and preserve When the regiments dismount, field
the line, till each division wheels at the
j
officers, and adjutants, do not dismount,
point, where the head one has changed its | but remain on horseback.
direction: there, a.id not before, the dress When the dismounted line advances in
ing and covering will be made to the pro front, at close ranks, general oflicers, and
per pivot flank of divisions. commanding officers of regiments, arc be
The whole pass, (whether at open or llied the centre ; other field officers are be
close ranks J as one column; nor is any | hind the flanks of the batialion.
division, squadron, or regiment, to in- jWhen the dismounted line is at open
crease, or alter the distances it possessed, j
ranks, field officers are on the flanks ofthe
at the moment it wheeled from line into i battalion, ina line with the men, and ge
column. neral officers, and commanding oflicers of
In passing by half squadrons or divi regiments, are in front.
sions, at close ranks, the standard may In passing on foot, all mounted officers
take the centre of the front rank of the are in front of the regiment, except the ad
leading one. The commanding officer is jutant, who is in the rear.
before it, other officers are at their General pi inciptes in MarCH'.NC
squad
ron posts, and care is
taken, th.it there Where a large body is marching in column,
shall be an officer on each flank. columns, through narrow giounl, awl
passing or
At the drawing of swords, and general when its parts are to be assembled txyond
salute, on the general's approach, the the defile in several lines, in a compact
trumpets all sound the parade march. manner behind each other SJcn parts are

When the general passes along the line, not to begin to assemble when the leading
each regiment
successively sounds its own one does, but the head of eacn line is suc
march, or such other as it shall be order cessively first to come up to the ground
ed, and the same is done by each regiment on whicii it is to stand, and when it there
when it passes the general. halts, its proper followers (and not before)
The genera! orders and field regulations move into line with it, ana thereby do not
have prescribed the soundings with which
impede the bodies that are behind them,
all generals, and other persons, are to be re which are still in the defile, and are to per
ceived ; when they pass along the line, or form the same operation.
the line before theni,thc trumpet sound When a new line to be marched, of
ings will be trie same as when the president formed upon, is taken up by guides,
or of
governor a state appears. commanding officers of squadron , of re-
The trumpet flourish, in drawing .imei.ts, and all oth r persons whatever,
swords, is used regimentallyon their own vvill take care that during such opeiation
ground, andis the sounding used in receiv- they -1o not stand upon, or obscure the di-
MAR MAR 385

The
rection of that line. Too many guides giments of artillery front guard. 4.
should not be thrown out. In move kettle drums, drawn by four horses, and
ments in column, commanding offi two trumpeters on horseback. 5. The
cers of squadrons, and regiments, should flag gun drawn by 17 horses, and five
by 15 horses each.
keep wide of the flanks, that the pivot twelve pounders more, with stores tot the
leaders may more correctly follow each 6. Eleven waggons
other, and that they themselves may the said guns, ai d one spare, by three horses
better see, and distinguish the relative si- each. 7. Six nine pounders, drawn by
tuation of the whole. eleven horses each. 8 Nine waggons
We shall conclude our remarks on the with stores for the said guns,
anu one

by quoting a re spare, by three horses each. 9. Five long


principles of marching,
markable passage out of marshal Saxe's six pounders, by seven horses each
10.
for ditto, and
Reveries, whicii may serve to undeceive Seven waggons with stores
drawn by three horses each.
many with regard to the over-rated im a spare one,
11. Five long six pounders.drawn by seven
portance that is given to the expert hand
of the firelock. horses each. 12. Six waggons with stores
ling
He justly remarks, that the manual for ditto, and a spareone, by three horses
and piatoon exercise does extremely well each. 13. Four long six pounders, by
to render the soldier easy under arms, but seven horses each. 14. Five waggons with

it should not engross the whole of our stores for ditto, and a spare one, by
attention on that account. It is, perhaps, three horses each. 15. Two howitzers,
of all others, the least important branch by five horses each. 16. Four waggons
in military acquirements, after the sol with stores for ditto, by three horses.
dier has been taught to carry his firelock 17. Six short six pounders, by two horses
on his left shoulder, to and load each. 18. Three waggons with stores
prime
with accuracy and dispatch, and to fire in for ditto, by three horses each. 19. Six
platoon. royals, with their stores, in four waggons,
When once a soldier has been rendered by three horses each. 20. One 12 poun
master of these essential requisites, (and der carriage, by seven horses ; one nine
it requires little to make him so) the full pounder carriage, by five ; one long six
possession ot his legs and feet becomes pounder carriage, by five ; two short, by
the principal object of his attention. two ; one short and one long limber, by
The secret of all manoeuvres, and the one horse ; and two forges, by two each.
issue of 21. Twenty ammunition carts, by three
consequent engagements, depend
upon the legs. Hence the necessity of horses each. 22. Nineteen waggons with
moving to time and measure, and the musquet cartridges, and one spare, by
wise practice of teaching the cadenced three horses each. 23. Thirty waggons
with powder, and one spare, by three
step. Whoever attempts to drill a re
cruit without paying attention to this im horses each. 24. Thirty waggons with
portant object, must be ignorant of the musquet shot, and one spare, by three
first elements of war. horses each. 25. Twenty-five waggons
// n'en est pas seulement aux elemens a with intrenching tools, and one spare, by
qu'on appelle le metier de la guerre. He three horses each.

26. Twenty-five
does not even know the first rudiments of waggons with small stores, and one spare,
what is called the art of war. by threeeach. 27. Six waggons for arti
These observations ought to be strongly ficers, with four spare, each by three. 28.
impressed upon the minds of those per Thirty-two baggage waggons, nine by
sons who are too to devote all their four horses, and 23 by three. 29. Thirty
apt
time to the firelock, and consequently to pontoons, and three spare carriages, each
neglect the more necessary object of by seven. 30. The artillery rearguard.
marching, &c. Officers, in particular, 31 The rear guard from the army.
.

should be taught to feel the justness of It must be observed that there are par
those principles of movement, by which ties of gunners and matrosses marching
large bodies are enabled to act together. with the guns : there are likewise some
The motions of the firelock are
easily parties of pioneers interspersed here and
learned, but the various changes to which there to mend the roads, when they are
the human frame must submit in march spoiled by the fore carriages.
ing, require something more than mere We shall now present our military rea
mechanical operation. ders with an extract from a French work,
March of a train of artillery. It has

which has appeared since the Memoires
been observed in page 192, of Mullet's
D'Artillerie, par M. Surirey de Saint:
Treatise of Artillery, that the French
Remy, and which may put them more
march their artillery much in the same
especially in possession of the French
manner that the British do, with this dif manner of marching their
artillery, than
ference, that the French artillery is divided Mr. Muller has afforded. We must how
into brigades In page 191 of Muller's trea
.
ever, at the same time, refer them for
tise on Artillery, we find the following more copious information to the third vo-
detail of a march of English artillery :
luinnef Saint Rcmy, page 187 to 201.
1. A
guard of the army. 2 The com In the last edition of the Dictionnaire
pany of miners, with their tumbrel of Militaire, the following observations arv
ools, drawn by two horses. 3. The re made on this important operation;
3 C
386 MAR MAR

for service hanging on


When the troops in the advanced camp cessary implements
ofthe each side.
army begin to assemble, the com Then come the frames belonging to the
manding officer of the artillery repairs to
head. quarters, and communicates with pieces of heavy ordnance, with their im
the commander in chief.
Utensils, plements, &c. placed upon them. The
follow next.
stores, and ammunition, are forwarded to mortars
the camp, and every soldier is provided After these follow the caissons belong.
with ten or twelve rounds of ball car ing to the escorts of the park of artillery,
tridge, before he commences his march military chest, quarter-master general,
and captain of artificers or workmen, in
against theenemy. These articles having
been distributed, the waggons and horses which are contained the tools belonging to
return to the train of artillery, and proper the difterent workmen and miners, to.
dispositions are made to connect the gether with the forges, &c.
whole line of march. The baggage belonging to the command
The horses belonging to the train are ing officer of artillery, and to the several
narrowly inspected by the lieutenant. officers of the train, follow next, each
general of artillery, who marks or rejects waggon succeeding the other according to
them according to his judgment, and the rank of the several officers. It fre
sends one report of their actual state to quently happens, that the carriages with
government, and another to the master stores and provisions, and those belonging
general of the ordnance. He gives direc to the royal regiment of artillery move
tions to the captain-general of the wag together.
gon-train to arrange matters in such After these follow the tumbrels with
a manner with each provincial com gunpowder, matches, sand- bags, ropes,.
missary belonging to the park, that the fuses for bombs and grenades, proof-
different captains may know what bri pieces, if there are any, plummets, hand
gades fall under their immediate super grenades, mining tools, mortar-carriages,
intendance. The latter must not on any bombs, balls, according to the difterent
account leave the brigades with which calibres of cannon, tools, and instruments
they are entrusted during the march. for pioneers, with the spare carts.
The ammunition waggons having been In order to secure the regular progress
loaded, and the horses harnessed in, they and march of these different classes, it
are distributed into different brigades, and has been usual among the French, to di
put in motion to join the main army, ac vide them into five brigades, each bri
cording to the following order :

gade under the command of an artillery


The first tning that precedes the march officer; and the whole subject to the on
of a regular train of artillery, is a waggon ders ofthe commandant of artillery. All
loaded with utensils, such as spades, the equipage belonging to the train is dis
pick-axes, shovels, mattocks, wooden tributed among these five brigades, and
spades, with iron bottoms ; grapples, each brigade takes care to bring up its
hatchets, &c. Theseare under the care of proportion every day to the park or spot
a waggon- master, who is attended by of rendezvous. These are subject to a
forty pioneers to clear and point out the roster among themselves, some leading,
way. and others bringing up the rear, according
In the rear of this waggon follow four to its arrangment.
four pounders, mounted on their several Night- Marches. Whenever marches
carriages, with every necessary appen are undertaken in the night, great precau

dage on each side, loaded with ball, and tion should be observed on the part ofthe
the cannoneers ready, each having a lighted commanding officer of the troops, to attach
match in his hand, and two steel prick two or three faithful and intelligent
ers or
degorgeoirs. Next to these is a guides to each column or detachment;
waggon loaded with difterent articles of for it may very easily happen, that in
ordnance, containing likewise one barrel of moving a considerable detachment during

gunpowder, one ditto of ball, a bundle of the night, some troops or squadrons may
matches, weighing together about fifty lose themselves, especially where there
pounds, about fifty balls ofthe calibre of are cross-roads, and difficult
passes.
the guns and five or six sets stout The commanding officer at the head of
drag-ropes or bricoles. ; the detachment must march slow, pro-
The military chest, and the king's or
royal stores, generally accompany this
1I vided the nature of his
expedition will ad-
!\ mit of it : and wherever he finds any bye-
small train, when the army consists of
one column
ji roads on the march, he must post a few
only. \ men there to direct the succeeding squad
The pontoons, with every thing
belong ron; which squadron is to repeat the
ing to them, follow next ; and after them same caution, and so on
throughout the
the crab with its appendages, accompa whole.
nied by the captain of artificers, with a cer As it is almost impossible for squad.
tain number of carpenters. rons to
keep constantly close together;
Next follow the heavy ordnance. i and as it almost always happens, that, in
Those pieces of artillery which are
j order to
conceal a march from the enemy,
mounted, follow each other according to no trumpet must be sounded, (which
'their several calibres, with all their ne would otherwise serve for a direction in
thus conveniently situated, he will know
the night time) a good non-commissioned what orders to send, whether to support
be ap
officer, with four or six men, must that part of the line which has gained
pointed to the rear of every anasquadron,
or to replace any particular one
who are to divide themselves, form a ground, In order to
that may have given way.
chain in the interval, between it and the he either
one succeeding, in order to prevent any accomplish this double purpose,
mistake ofthe road. makes use of the troops which have been
Before the detachment marches off, the drawn up between the two lines, as cir
cumstances may require, or detaches
from
officer commanding must be careful to ex
hort the officers leading troops or squad the reserve, as he judges best for the
di service.
rons, strictly to observe all the above
rections : he must also have several order The instant the line is formed, and the
of
ly men to attend him ; and, if possible, enemy appears in sight, every general
two or three guides in front. ficer must be found at the head of his di
The advanced guard must be reinforced vision, actively employed either in leading
in the night time, and march at a small on the troops, entrusted to his skill and
distance from the main body, and when valor,or in speedily remedying every
symptom of disorder which may
occur
ever it shall happen unexpectedly to meet
the enemy, it must iastantly charge with throughout the whole extent of his com
all possible vigor; on which account, and mand.
in order to be in continual readiness, it The disposition of army (to quote
an

the words of mons. de which


Feuquieres)
must always march with advanced arms.
Secret Marche*, are made with a de comes to close action, differs essentially
from that it assumes in a march, or
sign to reconnoitre an enemy, surprize pre
his camp, secure a post, or seize a place. vious movement. Were troops, indeed,
to advance over a wide space of open and
They are likewise undertaken to succour
troops that may be precariously situated, unembarrassed ground, the formation of
to relieve a besieged town, &c. It is in them might be the same. But this is
this service that a commander has occa seldom or ever the case. The interven
sion for his utmost sagacity and penetra tion of hills, woods, rivers, villages, and
narrow passes or defiles, gives rise to so
tion, to prevent his being discovered or
a large body of men,
obstacles, that
betrayed I n order to ensure success, the
.
many
person who conducts the march, should such asconstitutes an army, must neces
have previously obtained good informa sarily be divided into many different corps,
tion relative to the different roads through in order, that the collective force may ar
which he is to pass, the disposition of rive, at a given time, within the lines of
the inhabitants, &c. He should also ob anew camp, or within sight of an enemy.
tain correct intelligence respecting the si On these occasions the movements of
tuation of the enemy's out-posts, &c.
an army are attended with considerable
To M A R c Hfor tbe direct purpose effight risk, especially if the enemy has himself
ing an enemy. In order to effect this im taken the field ; for by ably manoeuvring
portant operation with confidence and he may take advantage ofthe divided state
safety, every army that marches from a of your army, and attack it piece-meal.
distant point towards the ground which is The greatest precautions, however, are
occupied by an enemy, endeavors as much observed in modern warfare, which were
as
possible, to preserve its regularWhen
front, either unknown to, or neglected by our
ana to advance in order of battle. ancestors. Most of these have already
ever obstacles occur, and the ground be been discussed, as far as the limits of our
comes so confined, that the march in line undertaking would admit. The follow*
cannot be preserved, the different squad ing additional observations may not, per
rons and battalions must approacn the haps, bethought wholly superfluous.
enemy in such a disposition of columns, In the first instance it will be necessary
as to be able to form line in the quickest for the quarter master general , and for the
manner, and before the enemy could pos difterent officers who compose the staff or
sibly attempt to make an impression on etat-major of the army, to render them
the advancing columns, by charging with selves perfectly masters of the country
his cavalry. through which the troops are tomai.u'
The general officers who command the The corps of guides, especially if the
several columns, in leading them forward march should be continued during the
must attentively observe each other's night, must be well chosen on these oc
movement, so that their heads, at least, be casions; and the different captains that
upon a line; and that when they reach have the charge of them, are frequently to
the ground where the wholeare to deploy, communicate with the principal officers
this manoeuvre may be accomplished with on the staff, to facilitate the several move
and safety, and the order of bat
dispatch
tle be fully made, out of the reach ofthe
ments. All the general officers must be
in possession of correct
topographical
enemy's horse. sketches of the country ; and their aids-
The general or commander in chief, de-camp, Sec. must not only know how
with his aids-de-camp, Sec. takes his to deliver
orders, but they must them
ground in such a manner as to be able to selves be able to calculate, (from a cursory
see the ellectof the first fire. From being view of the chart,) time and distance,
388 MAR MAR

The science of make up the rear guard.


l If the enemy
locality, has, indeed, be 1 should
come so
manifestly useful in all military hang upon your flank (the right,
operations, -that the French have formed for instance,) the artillcy, stores, and bag
regular companies of topographers, who gage, must be conducted by the left:
accompany their armies; a new institu should the enemy direct his operations
tion, at High- Wycombe, England, pays from the left, the same movements must
much attention to this branch of necessary take place on the right.
A small army may march in one co.
knowlege.
Artificers and workmen with appro lumn, having its artillery and baggage
priate escorts, precede the several co between the advanced and rear guards.
lumns, in order to clear the roads, and to Should it be brought to action, the dra
remove obstacles that occur. Light goons and light cavalry belonging to the
troops, and large detachments of cavalry, advanced guard will compose one wing,
are
pushed forward for the purpose of and the troops that are disposed of in the
keeping the enemy in awe, and to send the rear, will form the other : the infantry
earliest intelligence respecting his move will be distributed in the centre with the
ments. Bridges are thrown across rivers artillery in its front.
with astonishing activity and dispatch ; The French seem to have paid the
every thing in a word which relates to the greatest attention to the various details and
movement ofthe
army, is so welldigested incidental circumstances which attend
before-hand, and subsequently so well the march of any considerable body of
executed, that all the difterent corps co troops. It was not, however, until the
operate, and readily succour each other reign of Louis XIII. that any sort of re
should the enemy attack. The natural gular system began to prevail. There
formation of the battalion is preserved, was certainly less necessity for such an
whether the grenadiers are disposed in arrangement,' because the baggage vvas by
front, or the light companies lead; and no mear s so irreat, nor was the train of ar
the several piquets come regularly up tillery half so extensive. The only dan
with the rear during the march, and are gers, indeed, which were to be guarded
as readily stationed in the front when their against, when the enemy was rear, seemed
corps halt. confined to the loss of baggage and artil
When forced march is undertaken for lery. These were, of course, provided
a

the specific purposeof rendering some de against hy every able general, who natu
sign of an enemy abortive, it is the duty of rally observed the greatest secrecy with
the commissariat to have provisions to his encampment, and
ready respect practised
at hand, during the transient halts which various stratagems to conceal his march
are made in this harassing and fatiguing from the enemy.
enterprise. Some very sensible observations, rela
It is usual for great armies to march in tive to the manner in which troops should
several columns, in conformity to the order be
managed previous to an engagement,
of battle which has been laid down by the may be found in the Reveries de M. it
general or commander in chief, at the be Marechal de Saxe; and considerable in
ginning of the campaign. Those batta formation may ;be derived from Les Re
lions and squadrons which compose the flexions de M. le Baron d'Espagnac, on the
right, take their line of march through best method of forming the infantry for
that direction of the country : those battle. See Supplement aux Reveries,
which compose the left, preserve their page 19. See likewise Oeuvres Militaires,
relative time and distance in that quar torn. 1.
p. 124.
ter. The artillery and heavy baggage General observations en the march of
are generally
disposed of in the centre co troops. Observations from a French work,
lumn. applicable to general service. When
When an army marches directly for troops are ordered to march, four princi
ward to attack or meet an enemy, the ar pal objects should be well considered,
tillery is almost always distributed in the viz. locality, time, possible ambuscades,
centre : sometimes a brigade of that corps, and the ultimate end for which the march
with a body of select troops in front, is undertaken. In order to secure these
precedes each column ; but the heavy important points, some topographers
baggage invariably moves in the rear under (without whom no army can be said to be
cover ofthe reserve. well constituted, or its staff ably appoint
When an army marches through a
ed) should be directed to give in plans of
\voody or close country, the heads of the the country, to shew where it is intersect
different columns are usually covered by ed, where hills with their different incur
a strong detachment of riflemen, vations appear, where the roads are nar
pre
ceded by squadrons of horse; Should row, where the ground is soft or marshy,
the enemy b- in your rear, when it is and unfavorable to the
passage of artillery,
found expedient to make a movement, where intricate passes occur, where there
the hospital stores, ammunition, baggage, are woods,
hedges, rivers, or marshes,
;jnd artillery, escorted by some squadrons and finally where the country becomes
of horse, must be sent forward, and the
totally impervious.
best disciplined troops, with a certain When these different objects have been
quantity of artillery, are in that case to well ascertained, and thoroughly digested
MAR 389
MAR
of the
of bridge, when a considerable part
at head quarters, the component parts the river. If the
with re army shall have passed
the army must be so distributed of the bridge be considered
of infantry, squad preservation
spect to the battalions must be fortified,
rons of horse, artillery, and baggage,
that ] as an object, both ends
and adequate guards stationed to defend
the front of the leading column shall
in
of
variably correspond with the extent Each corps that marches separately,
the road or defile which is to be marched
over.
such as the advanced and rear guards, and
the main body, must be provided with
When troops are ordered to march
and a sufficient num
through an inclosed country, the whole ber of pick-axes,
shovels,
pioneers and guides, to clear the
is divided into a given number of
army and to direct it on its march.
columns, whicii successively follow each roads, following general rules in route
The
other, and are encamped, cantoned, or
quartered separately. Sometimes the marching have been laid down by the
is as much as circum celebrated Montecuculli :

country cleared,
No officer or soldier is on any account to
stances will admit, in order that the
se

veral columns may advance, while the ar quit his post or rank. The battalion
must never intermix with the
tillery, under an escort of infantry on each companies or
side, and with cavalry distributed upon squadrons troops of cavalry. Squad
rons or troops of cavalry must always take
both wings of the army, makes the best
Small care not to leave such wide intervals be
of its way through the main road.
as will expose them to be
detachments, consisting of active, spirited tween them,
young men, headed by intelligent
and en suddenly cut off, or such contracted ones
as might enable the enemy to throw them
terprising officers, are sent forward to take into confusion.
possession of the different defiles, woods, In summer, troops should quit their
themselves close to an
passes, and to post
enemy's post, for the purpose of blocking ground or quarters at day-break.
it up until the whole of the army has I n winter, great care should be taken
inarched by. by the commissariat, to see that the troops
The leading columns should always be are well supplied with fuel whenever they
compos:d of tried and steady soldiers; halt. During very inclement weather
and the front of each should invariably the march of troops should be greatly
consist of the best men in the army. contracted.
The advanced and rear guards must be Some steady old soldier* must be station
ed at the difterent cross roads, to prevent
well supported by infantry, with the ad
dition of some light field pieces. The or the rear men from mistaking the line of
der of battle is soarranged, that the heavy march.
ordnance, the baggage, and the greatest The leading columns of those troops
partof the cavalry, which can be of little that precede them, must instantly fall
use on the wings, may be distributed in upon any body ofthe enemy that may at
the centre. tempt to oppose their progress.
When it is necessary to cross a river, Three things are always to be consider
the artillery must be planted directly op ed and well weighed, viz. whether there
posite to the post which the army intends be much ground to apprehend a serious
to occupy, Considerable advantage will attack from the enemy ; whether there be
accrue should the rivet wind in such a little ground to fear him ; or whether there
manner as to form a rentrant angle in that be no ground at all,
spot, which advantage would In the latter case each corps of
particular
be greatly increased by having a ford near.
cavalry
and infantry, marches separately, and with
In proportion as the construction ofthe its own baggage.
bridge advances, some steady troops must All convoys, containing stores and am.
be marched forward, and a regular dis munition, move with the artillery accom
charge of musquetry must be kept up panied by an officer from the adjutant or
against the enemy on the opposite bank. quarter-master general's department, who
The instant the bridge is finished, a has the direction of the march, as far as
corps of infantry, with some cavalry, regards the convoy itself; but cannot in
some pieces of artillery, and a certain num terfere with the artillery ; the command
ber of pioneers, to fortify the head of the ing officer of the latter being presumed to
bridge, must be ordered over- Should know best, when and where his
park
there be the least ground to suspect an at should halt, &c. A very sensible obser
tack upon the rear guard, the inside tete vation on this head may be found in a
de pont must also be fortified. recent French publication,
intituled, Ma
Proper precautions will have been taken nuel des Adjudans
Generaux, by Paul
to prevent any surprise during the con. Thicbault. The whole of whicii is pub
struction of the bridge, and while the lished under the article S t a f f in the Am.
troops are crossing. Each side of the Mil. Lib. On the eveni..? preceding a
river above and below the bridge, will on inarch, each corps is specificlly furnished
this account have been well reconnoitred, with the necessary orders in writing.
to ascertain that there are not
any armed At the hour which is named in general
barges or floating rafters with infernals orders for the troops to commence their
upon them, kept ready to blow up the march, the quarter- master general,and the

... ,, C-3S

390 MAR MAR

captain of guides, repair to the advanced Field-pieces, with a sufficient quantity


guard. of ammunition, shovels, spades, and pick
If the aimy has been encamped, the axes always at hand, must be disposed
lines of entrenchment are levelled or clear along the most vulnerable part of the ren
ed in such a manner, that the troops may dezvous ; these must be guarded by a body
move with an extended front. As soon of cavalry and infantry, who are to be se-
as the
troops have marched off, the differ lected for that specific duty.
ent guards belonging to the camp will be Care is likewise taken to lodge the bag.
withdrawn. gage- waggons, &c. in the most secure and
Pioneers must be sent forward to clear best defended spot.
the roads, preceded by small detachments The two first lines of the army will
of light and select troops, together with consist of the mounted artillery in front,
estafiettes or mounted messengers and ve next to which will stand the different

dettes, who are to reconnoitre in front, squadrons of horse that are posted in in
rear, and round the wings of the army. tervals between the infantry battalions :
after these will follow the train of cais
To these must be added
appropriate guards
and escorts to accompany the artillery, sons, Sec. in as many files as the road will
and to protect the baggage. 1 1 will belong admit; then the stores and baggage, and
to this latter description of troops, to take finally the reserve.

possession of advantageous heights, to dis Whenever the leading columns h*v<


cover ambuscades, and to send a faithful passed obstacle, the front man must be
an
detail of all they observe to headquarters. halted till the rear have completely cleared
These communications will be made by it likewise ; and when the whole enters an
the chief of the etat major who accompa open country, the line must be formed,
nies them. and the march be continued in order of
The advanced guard of rhearmy will be battle until a fresh obstacle occurs, when
composed of one half of the cavalry, the the troops must be prepared to pass the
main body will consist of the infantry, at defile, the advanced guard leading, the
tended by pioneers and detached corps of main body-following next, and the reserve
light artillery, which will be preceded by bringing up the rear.
When
an iron instrument made in the shape of a an
army is thus advancing, the
plough-share, for the purpose of tracing right left flank (according to circum
or
out the paths, which must be kept by the stances) of its line of march, must be
waggon-train. In the rear of the main covered by rivers, and banks, rising
body must follow the heavy ordnance, the grounds, or eminences ; and if these natu
baggage- waggons belonging to the several ral advantages do not present themselves,
.regiments, and the train of artillery. The artificial ones must be resorted to. These
other half of the cavalry will be disposed may consist of waggons, chevaux de friezes
of in the rear-guard, in which the army or other temporary means of defence;
stores and ammunition are to be escorted the quantity, Sec. must depend upon the
by a regiment of horse. nature of the country, and the number of
If the army should be divided, and troops that compose the columns.
march in different columns by indirect It is, however, impossible to set down
roads, a rendezvous or place d'armes must general rules for all cases; these must
be marked out in writing, where the vary with the manifold circumstances that
whole may conveniently meet on the line occur, and the different designs which are
of march. The utmost attention must to be accomplished or pursued.
be paid to the selection of this spot, by When the movementsof an army are to
the adjutant and quarter-master general, be concealed, the march must be under
Jest it should be exposed to a surprise from taken at night through woods, vallies, and
theenemy ; on which account it is kept as concealed ways; all frequented and in-
secret as possible, lest any intelligence habited places must be carefully avoided;
should be given to him by deserters or no loud instruments must on
any account
Thehourandthemannerin which be played; and if fires are made, they
spies.
the several columns are to arrive, is spe must only be lighted on the eve of break

cifically stated to the different leaders ; ing up camp ; in which case they must
and scouts, Sec. are sent round the country be left burning, for the purpose of delud
to discover the enemy's movements. ing the enemy into a supposition, that the
If there should be any reason to appre troops have not moved.
hend an attack, the various precautions Small parties of cavalry are sent forward
must be increased in proportion to the to seize all stragglers or scouts from the
alarm. enemy, or to take possession of the differ
An
army must always march, if it pos ent passes. In order to avoid being dis
in that order from which it covered in the object ofthe march, a differ-
sibly can, may
easily and expeditiously deploy into line ; ent road must be taken from the one
that is, it should invariably preserve the which you really propose to march
order of battle ; every column bearing a through ; and a fit opportunity must af
natural front towards the enemy. Monte- terwards be embraced to get into the real
cuculli further adds, that an army must track. Before you march out of a town
invariably march the right or left in front, or fortified place, the utmost care must

and not from its centre. be observed to prevent your intended


MAR 391
MAR

to the enemy. and from different quarters, assemble to


route from being conveyed
On this account the troops must
be tirst gether at some given spot or rendezvous.
the gates immediately Such, for instance, is the march of vari
marched out, and ous corps of militia, both in Asia and
no stranger,
shut upon the rear, so that
out with the Europe, belonging to the Ottoman em
Sec. may be able to slip
pire, who must necessarily pass through
"
the several quarters, and cross the sea, to
During a march of this nature, form a junction. From the many incon
with subsistence,
troops must be provided veniences which troops must unavoidably
to last out until
stores, and ammunition, these occasions, and from
the object is attained. No scout
or ve experience on

when an army, or the irregularity that always grows out of


dette is sent foi ward,
to take possession them, this march cannot be strictly called a
any part of it, advances
of a post or place, to succour a town, to systematic movement ofthe army.
or woody The second order of march among the
surprize enemy, in a close
an
Turks is that which they call alay ; when
or in hazy
country, by favor of the night, orders the troops arrive, under the command of
weather, or on any occasion when their several bachas, at the camp or given
have been given to oppose and fight every of
thing it meets. spot of rendezvous, for the purpose
When an army marches for the
direct being reviewed by the serasquier, the
purpose of forcing a passage,
which is grand vizier or the sultan. This order is
a feint must be observed likewise by the janizaries when
guarded by an enemy,
made in one quarter, whilst the real
ob they repair to a similar place.
The third order of march must be con
ject is pursued in another.
vigorously
Sometimes you must appear suddenly sidered as a real military movement. It is
that which is performed by the army that
disposed to make a retrograde movement, first takes up its ground ina regular man
and then again as suddenly resume your
the ner, and encamps. This is the com
progress; sometimes march beyond
mencement or beginning of military
spot you wish to occupy, insensibly
drawing off the enemy's attention ; and marches, because from a situation or ar
whilst the whole army is thus pushing rangement ot this sort, troops either leave
forward and is closely watched by its op one camp to pitch their tents elsewhere,
or return again to their old one after hav
ponents, (who hang upon the flanks, and
hug its line of march) let detached parties ing made an attempt against an enemy's
of cavalry and foot, that have lain in am post, Sec.
bush, suddenly surprise the passage, and It is an established law in Turkey,
whenever the sultan or grand vizier takes
post themselves upon it.
When it is found expedient to advance the field, to have their magnificent tents,
rapidly into a country for the purpose of with seven or five horse-tails displayed
surprising an enemy, getting possession of above them, regularly pitched on the
a town or place, or avoiding superior plains of Constantinople, or in those of
forces, every species of baggage must be Adrianople, accordingly as the court
left behind (even the common necessaries happens to be in either of those imperial
of the men: ifcircumstances require,) the residences ; which circumstance is an
cavalry must be sent forward, and the in nounced throughout the empire, that
fantry put in carts, carriages, and chaises, every province, &c. may be made ac
or mounted behind the dragoons. If quainted with the march of tho sultan or
there be spare horses enough in the differ grand vizier.
ent troops, or any can be procured from As soon as these pavilions or tents have
the inhabitants of the country, they must been thus pitched, all the difterent armed
be led in order to relieve those that are corps that have not yet commenced their
double mounted, in the mannei which is march receive their route : and those that
practised by the Tartars. Marches of are already on the march, advance with ail"
this description and
urgency, must be the expedition they can, to the spot of
kept up night and day ; and it is on such general rendezvous. The troops from
occasions that the value of a good staff or Egypt and Asia are particularly alert on

etat-major will have all its weight. these occasions, most especially if the
It must be observed, as a general max war should be carried into
Hungary. All
im, that whenever troops are retiring the points from whence embarkations are
from a weak position, or to avoid the ap to take place, appear conspicuously
proach of a superior force, the retreat marked along the coast of the Marmora,
must be so managed, as not to bear the
Propontides, and the Archipelago, in or
least resemblance of a flight. der that the difterent bodies of
Order of March, which is observed in
troops may
take the direct road to Constantinople,
the Turkish army : this order of march
Andrianoplc, Philipolis Sophia, Nissa,
may be considered as the movement of an and Belgrade, in which places was the
army that combines its several operations general rendezvous of all the troops, when
according to some established system of Ottoman empire flourished. Those,
military art. The TurKs usually divide however, included which were

Ithe
were not
this movement into three distinct opera destined to act Hungary and Bosnia.
in
tions : the first comprehends that by They met together, after having passcc
which troops of several denominations, the bridge of 0;ek, and formed a June-
392 M A R MAR

fton with the main Kara-Mus- I roads they like best, halt where they
army.
tapha followed these dispositions when he please, and reach the camp in detached
went to besiege Vienna.
parties ; with this injunction, however,
The second march of the Turkish or that the whole must arrive at the
spot of
Ottoman army, is a business of mere rendezvous before evening prayers .

parade or ceremony. This movement is Next to these follow the cavalry, headed
observed by all the different corps, and it by a general officer. Their match, not
is executed with great magnificence by withstanding his presence, is as irregular
the Bachas, particularly so when they as that of the
infantry. The men fre
repair the first time to the camp of gene quently halt out of mere laziness, and un
ral rendezvous. der pretence of refreshing their horses ;
With respect to the third march, it is a and little or no attention is oaid to
real and essential movement, and ought to system and good order. The baggage and
be called the military march or route. Four ammunition waggons, together with such
principal branches or objects of service, stores, Sec. as are carried by beasts of bur-
constitute the nature of this march, and th-n, move in the same manner.
form its disposition. Thesr are the caval When the army enters an enemy's
ry, infantry, artillery, and baggage; in country, the whole of the infantry is col
which latter are included the stores, &c. lected together, and marches in one
body.
belonging to the Turkish militia, the royal The capiculy and the seratculy, for in
provisions, public stores, and ammunition, stance, form one column. There is this
comprehending gunpowder, shot, match distinction, however, observed, that every
es, spades, pick-axes, &c. janizary marches under his own colors,
There is, however, no invariable rule and every officer remains attached to his
attached to this arrangement, it alters ac oda or company, for the purpose of exe
cording to circumstance and place. cuting, in the speediest manner, the com
The real or military march of the troops mander in chief's directions.
is entirely managed by the grand vizier, or The cavalry is often divided into two
the seraskier. Written instructions are wings ; it is likewise frequently formed in
issued out for this purpose ; for the Turks one body. Every man is ranged under his
never cive out verbal orders.except in mat own standard. The squadrons are com
ters of httle or no importance, or in cases manded by the alay-begs, who receive
of extreme emergency, when they cannot orders through the chiaous ; and the other
commit them to writing. officers are near the bacha.
It is an invariable maxim among the The baggage sometimes moves in the
Turks, whenever their troops aie upon front, and sometimes in the rear of the
the march, to throw new bridges over janizaries. A particular body of cavalry,
rivers, or to repair old ones, to clear pub called topracly, are an exception to this
lic or bye roads, to fill up ditches, and to arrangement : the men belonging to this
cut down trees, &c. so as to facilitate their corps are obliged to furnish themselves
movements, and to obviate delay. They with all the necessaries of life, and conse
moreover throw up small heaps of earth, quently carry provisions, &c. with theirt
which they call unka, at the distance of in all their marches ; which circumstance
half a league from each other, and often ! unavoidably creates much confusion.
nearer, especially on high grounds. When The artillery is generally attached to
the sultan marches at their head they the infantry ; sometimes, however, it
make two heaps of this description. moves with the cavalry.
The Turks pay very particular attention When the Turkish army marches
to their movements or marches on service: through an enemy's country, it is coveted
the whole ofthe army is under arms dur by an advanced and a rear guard. The ad
ing the night, in order to make the neces vanced guard is composed of five or six
thousand of the best mounted cavalry.
sary dispositions ; on which occasions the
soldiers make use of small vessels with This body is under the immediate orders
fire lighted in them, and tie them to the of a commanding officer, called kialkagy.
ends of long pikes or poles. The greatest bacy, whose appointment lasts during the
silence is observed during the march ; whole ot the campaign. The advanced
neither drums, trumpets, nor cymbals are guard usually moves six, seven, or eight
heard. Sometimes, indeed, but this rare leagues in front ofthe main body ; but it
ly happens, the drummers belonging to falls back in proportion as the enemy re
the band of the grand vizier, accompany tires. When there are bodies of Tartars
the salutes or ceremonial compliments or auxiliary troops from any of the rebel
which are paid by the salam-agasi, or lious provinces with the army, they are
master of ceremonies. detached in front of the advanced guard,
When they march through a country in for the purpose of harassing the enemy's
which there is no cause to apprehend sur. rear, pillaging the country, and commit
prise or hostility, the infantry generally ting those excesses which arc not counte
takes the lead, two or three days march, nanced by regular troops.
in front ofthe main army. The troops The rear-guard generally consists of one
march in the loosest manner, being neither thousand horse. It is the business of
ionfined to particular companies, nor this body to escort the baggage safe into
formed in columns. They chuse what ,
1
mBL"Z

MAR MAR 393

camp, and not


leave it until the whole be put troops into motion by the beat of drum
or sound of trumper, &c.
securely lodged.
The Turks, in all their movements on Gagner une Marche sur
I'ennemi, Fr.
real service, display uncommon activity ;
To gain ground or time upon an enemy,
and their marches are generally so well \\ which signifies to get in his front or upon
his flanks, so as to harass or perplex
managed, that an enemy runs the greatest
hazard of being surprised. him, or by any able manoeuvre to get the
start of him.
Rogue's March. A tune which is
of a regi Derober sa Marche, Fr. to steal a
played by trumpeters or fifersthe march.
ment (as the case may be) for purpose
of drumming out any person who has be Couvrirun: Marche, Fr. to conceal a
haved disorderly, Sec. in a camp or garri march.
son. Thieves, strumpets, &c. are fre Marches d' armies, et ce que les soldats
in this manner ; being ent a faire quand la ginirale est battue, Fr.
quently disgraced
marched down the front of a battalion, column of route or general order of march
from right to left, and along the rear : | which an army observes when it takes the
after which they are conducted to the gate field. See Camp.
ofthe garrison or entrance of the camp, Marche, Fr. This word is likewise
where they receive a kick on the posteriors used among the French, to express the
from the youngest drummer, and are I course or progress ofa ship, or as we say,
warned never to appear within the limits | technically, the way she makes : hence
of either place, under pain of being severe- marche d'un vaisseau.
Marcher par le flanc, Ex. To march
ly punished.
MARCHANDS.Fr. Slop-sellers, pet- from any given flank.
Marcher en colonne avec distance en-
ty-suttlers. Men of this description al
ways flock round and follow an army
on tierc, Ex. To march in open column at
its march. As they generally deal in ar open distance.
ticles which are wanted by the officers Marcher en colonne a distance de sec
and soldiers, it is the business of every tion, ou en mass, Fr. To march in column,
general to see them properly treated, to en quarter distance, or in mass.
sure their safety, and to permit them, Marcher en batailte ou en colonne
under certain regulations, to have access d'attaque, Ex. To advance in column foe
to the camp They should, however, the purpose of attacking an enemy.
be warily watched in some instances, es Marcher en bataille en ordre deploy e,
the eve of a retreat, or be Fr. To advance by the echellon march
pecially upon
fore any advanced operation takes place. in deployed order.
Spies frequently disguise themselves as Marcher en rltraitc, Fr. To retreat;
pedlars, and under the mask of selling MaRcherm bataille par le dernier rang,
trifling articles, pry into the state of a Fr. To march in line rear rank in front.

camp, put indirect question^ to the sol Marcher au pas accelere, Fr. TO
diers, and tamper with those who may march in quicker time.
seem disposed to act in a traitorous man Marcher le pas en trriire, Fr. To
ner. Yet as armies cannot do without take the back. step.
such menj they must be sanctioned, and Marcher au pas ordinaire, Fr. To
it is the particular duty of the provost- march in ordinary time.
marshal, and of the waggon-master ge Marcher au pas precipite, Fr. To
neral, to watch and superintend their mo march in quickest time, or chaining time.
tions. Marcher par le flank, droit, ou gauche,
MA RCHE acccleree,ou pas accelere, Ex. Ex To march by the right or left flank.
The time in which troops march to the Marcher en celenne, la droit ou la
charge we call it the accelerated pace, gauche, en tiie, Ex. To march in column,

the English formerly called it double quick the right or left in front.
time. Marcher en colonne, serrie, Fr. To
Marche ordinaire, ou pas ordinaire, Ex. march in close column.
Ordinary time. Marcher en colonne ouverte, Fr. T<J
Marche precipitee, ou pas precipite, Ex. march in open column.
Quickest time. Marcher, en terme devolutions, Er.
Marche cadtncee, on pas cadence, Ex. To march in line, &c. which see.
March or step according to time and mea Marches. The limits or bounds be
sure. It is likewise called the cadenced tween England, Wales, and
Scotland,
step. have been so called
Marche non-cadencie, ou pas non-ca Marching regiments. A term given
dence, Ex. This step is likewise called to those corps who had not any permanent
pas de route, and signifies that unconstrain | quarters, but were liable to be sent not
ed movement which soldiers are permit only from one end ot Great Britain to
ted to adopt in marching over difficult another, but to the most distant of her
ground, and in columns of route possessions abroad. Although the word
Marche de Flanc, Fr. Flank move- marching is insensibly confounded with
ment or march. those 1 1 line and regulars, it was originally
Ma rche fore ee, Fr. a forced march . meant to convey something more than a
Battre, icrrcr la Makcmt- F- To f m.cre l.;bi!'ty to be ordered npon anv ^y--
a d
' - -

"' , ,,, II . I I I I
,W, mm-

394 MAR MAR

vice; for by marching the regular troops j the enemy. The northern division having
from one town to another, the inhabitants, been driven by the ebb tide within a short
who from time immemorial have been distance of the east island, soon became
jealous ofa standing army, lost their anti disabled in their oars, and considerably
pathy to real soldiers, by the occasional ab increased its distance, while the attention
sence of regular
troops. At present, the of the two islands was
principally directed
English guards, militia, and fencibles, may to the southern division, which came with
be considered more or less as marching regi the tide, and with almost
unexampled
ments. The marines and volunteer corps

I gallantry pushed to the attack ; being
have stationary quarters. however by the severity of the fire that
St. MARCOU. Two rocks upon the was kept up, foiled in its intention of get
coast of Normandy, lying in a bite or bay ting bei ween the islands, when each island
between cape Barfleur and Point Perce, would be exposed to the fire ofthe other,
bearing south east from La Hogue nine it passed quickly to the westward of the
miles, from the mouth of the river Isigny, west island, and pulling
upon the north
north, eight miles, and distant from the ern side of that
island, the defencs of
body of the French shore about four which was almost wholly dependent on
miles. The surface of each island, which the flanking fire of the east island, made
is 1 8 or 20 feet above the level of the sea at another determined effort to land. This
high water, comprises about an acre, and appears to have been the critical period of
bear from each other W. by N. and E. by the day, and the discharge of
grape shot
9. distant 200 yards. On the abandonment from the islands was proportionate to the
of an expedition to the islands of Chosse, danger ; the entire side of the commodore
in the year 1795, sir Sidney Smith, whose of this division's vessel was battered in,
active and comprehensive mind, justly and she sunk ; the others of the division
concluded that the contiguity of these posts beaten and disabled, retreated to their
to the continent, would materially facili
companions, and being reduced to the
tate communications with the royalists, number of 47, they all retreated to La
took possession of them ; and having Hogue, amidst the deriding taunts and
drawn the Badger and Sandfly gun vessels huzzas of the English, 400 of whom,,
on shore, gave to their with about 50 pieces of cannon, most of
respective com
manders the direction of the spot upon which were ofa small calibre, and placed
which he vvas thus placed. These officers in works constructed by themselves, by
having constructed batteries, mounted in vanquishing the advanced guard of
them the guns belonging to their vessels, the army of England, with the loss of
and in the year 1796 block houses, with 1 100 killed, drowned, and wounded, dis.
detachments of marines, invalids, and 12 sipated the terrors of a French invasion.
artillery men, were ordered out by govern The action lasted two hours and ten
ment. minutes, .luring which time there were
The extreme
annoyance of these rocks upwards of 100 pieces of cannon firing on
to the coasting trade of tlie enemy, at the islands; notwithstanding which the
length determined them to employ a part loss on our side was only one killed and
ofthe divisionof the army destined lor the two wounded. English Mil. Diet.
conquest of England, in their recovery, MARDIKERS, er Topasses, a mixed
and 15,000 troops being assembled at the breed of Dutch, Portuguese, Indians,
Hogue, 9000 were embarked on the 6th of and other nations, incorporated with the
Way, 1798, on board 52 gun-vessels; Dutch at Batavia, in the East Indies.
when so great was the solicitude to partake Mardikers, in all probability, derive their
in this conceived certain prelude to their name from some original adventurers,
glory, that several of the fourth demi-bri- who left a place, called Mardike, about
gade of the army of Italy, whose tour of four miles from Dunkirk, and formerly
duty did not entitle them to be thus em subject to, or forming part ofthe seventeen
ployed, gave four and five crowns, each, United Provinces. When the Dutch took
to others to change with them. Perfectly possession of that territory which is
acquainted with the situationof the islands, named Batavia, these adventurers were!
the French flotilla rowed towards them in the leading party, and from their
the night of the 6th, and at the dawn of the
perhaps
being called Mardikers, the natives in
morning of the 7th, the weather being those quarters insensibly attached the
perfectly calm, they were discovered in a term to all persons of European descent,
body between the islands and the shore or connection. All, in fact, who wear
They soon separated into three divisions, hats are distinguished among turban-na.
one of which, comprising the
heavy gun tions by the appellation ot Topasses, and
brigs remained in that position, while the xMardikers, and from that circumstance
other two, consisting of large flat boats, are confounded in the term, with respect

carrying a long 18 pounder in the bow, to Batavia. ng. Diet.


and a 6 pounder in the stern, took posi There is a mistake in thisthe word
tions to the north and to the south of the tope signifies agun, as well as a hat ; those
islands, with an intention todro| into the who carried guns instead of spears, were
passage that separates them. An animat calle.i topasses ; the topasses of the Mala
ed and well directed fire was commenced bar coast, where in fact they were first
from the islands, and warmly returned by embodied by the Portuguese,, wore no
<Mf"

MAR MAR 395

so called in the old


hats, but turbans, and carried matchlocks general's department,
or topes ; a house in which guns are French service.
kept
is called tope kannah. In Marechale, Fr. Marshal's lady
MA RE C HAL decamp, Fr. a military i. e. wife, was so called in France. We
rank which existed during the French have already mentioned la colonelle, Sec.
The invested with This practice has indeed, of late, obtain
monarchy, person
it was a general officer, and ranked next to ed in England, but not in the unlimited
a lieutenant-general. It was his duty to manner which prevailed among the
see the army properly disposed of in camp French. We use it merely to distinguish
or to be present at all the move two ladies of the same name and family,
quarters,
ments that were made ; to be the first to or
neighborhood, viz. Mrs. Johnson, and
mount his charger, and the last to quit Mrs. colonel Johnson ; meaning thereby
him. He commanded the left in ail at that the latter is the wife or widow of
tacks. The appointment, under this colonel Johnson.
distinction, was first created by Henry MARECHAUSSEES de France, Fr.
the fourth in 1598. A species of military police, which has
Marechal -general des camps et armies long existed in France. During the
du roi, Fr. A post of high dignity and French monarchy there were 31 compa
trust, which, during the French monar nies of Matechausse'es a cheval, or mount
chy , was annexed to the rank of Marechal ed police-men. After twenty years ser
de France. Military writers differ with vice the individuals who belonged to this
respect to the privileges, &c. which be establishment were entitled to the pri
longed to this appointment ; it is, how vileges of invalid corps, being considered
ever, generally acknowleged, that the as a part of the gendarmerie.

general officer who held it, vvas entrusted These companies were first formed for
with the whole management of a siege, the purpose of preserving public tranquil
being subordinate only to the constable, lity, and were distributed in the different
or to any other Marechal de France, who
provinces of the kingdom. They con
was his senior in appointment. sisted of provosts-generals, lieutenants,
Marechal -general des logis de I'arme'e, exempts, brigadiers, sub-brigadiers, and
Fr. This appointment, which existed horsemen. This useful body of men was
during the old French government, and first formed under Philip the first, in
has since been replaced by the chef de 1060 : they were afterwards suppressed,
l'etat-major, corresponds with that of and again re-established in 1720, as con
quarter- master general in the British ser stituting a part of the gendarmerie of
vice. France.
Marechal de bataille, Fr. a military The uniform of the Marechaussees, or
rank, which once existed in France, but mounted police men, consisted of royal
was suppressed before the revolution, or blue cloth for the coat, with red cuffs
rather confined to the body guards. An and linings ; the waistcoat of chamoy-
officer, belonging tothat;cbrps, received it color, lined with white serge; a cloak
as an honorary title. I ts original func lined with red serge, the buttons of plated
tions, &c. with respect to general service, silver placed in rows of three each, with
sunk in the appointments of marechal de intervals between them ; horseman's
camp, and major-general. It was first cre sleeves, with six silver loops with tassels.
ated by Louis the XHIth. The brigadiers and sub-brigadiers, had
M a r e c h a L-general des logis de la ca- silver lace one inch broad upon their
valerie, Ex. This appointment took place sleeves ; their cloaks were made of blue
under Charles the IXth in 1594. He had cloth with red cuffs, and they wore silver
the chief direction of every thing which laced hats. The private horsemen wore
related to the French cavalry. bandelecrs.
Marechal des logis dans la cavalerie, There were other companies of Mare
Fr. The quarter-master of a troop of chaussees, who were
particularly distin
horse was so called in the French service. guished from the thirty-one we have men
In the old system every infantry regiment tioned. Such, for instance, as that of the
had one marechal des logis ; two were at constable, called the gendarmerie.
tached to each company of the gendarmes : Marechaussees de. France, tamps, et
each of light horse had likewise tirmeesdu roi, Fr. That which was under
troop
two ; and every company of musqueteers the immediate direction of the provost-
had eight. general of the isle of France, and that
Marechal des lugis de I' artillerie, F r. which belonged to the mint.
an appointment which existed in France The first of these companies is said to
before the revolution, and whicji was in have been formed under the first race of
the gift of the grand master of the ord French kings : the second by Francis the
This officer always
nance.
accompanied first; and the third by Louis XIII.
the army on service, and was under the There were, besides, several small bodies
immediate orders of the commanding offi of troops, composed of officers, and sol
cer of the artillery. diers who had served, that remained sta-
Marechal des legis
pour les vivres Fr. i tionary in the principal towns to assist
a person belonging to the quarter- master the civil magistrates. Those in Paris
'
cc-nsJSted of rjjree companies ; the compar
396 MAR MAR

ny belonging to the lieutenant criminel de II our work, as to extract a passage from an-
Robe-Courte, particular court of I
or to that other French publication, which has been
iudicature which was superintended by J written by citizen Foudras, and may be
the found in the English translation from
prevost de la Marechaussee, and Ij
which Charles the IXth attached to the which we have already quoted :
J,

"It has already been shewn with what


gendarmerie : the independent company of !}
mounted police, called Guet a Cheval; 'obstmacy both armies fought, (see page
and the company ofthe police or foot ji 64 of Petit's narrative) four times were the
patrole, called Guet a Pied, which was j- French driven back, four times did they
again subdivided into two companies, in [ return to the charge, and advance against
order that one might do the duty of the the Austrians. At the very instant when
quays. These companies were under the consul, surrounded by hostile shot,
tlie immediate direction ofthe secretary of was reanimating his almost exhausted
'state for the interior department of Paris. troops, general Desaix darred with im
The guet de nuit, or night patrole, seems petuosity imidst the Austrian battalions,
to have been fiist established by Clotaire when he received his death wound from a
the second. The commanding officer of musquc-t ball. He had only time to ut
the patrole, or chevalier duguet, during ter the following words to the son of the
the reign of St. Louis was called miles- consul Lebrun, in whose arms he ex
"
gueti. pired:
Go and tell the first consul,
MARENGO, aplain and villagein Ita- that 1 die with regret in not having done
ly,about one league distant from Tortona, enough to live in the memory of pos
so called. These spots have been rendered terity !" See page 192, of Foudras's
memorable in military history by the ob Biographical Notice.
stinate and decisive engagement which CHASSE- Marie, Fr. The term means
took place on the 14th of June, 1800, a Ripier, or man who brings fish
literally
between the Austrians, commanded by from the sea-coasts to sell in the inland
general field marshal Melas ; and the re parts; but it has frequently been used
publican French army, under the direction to signify the cart or carriage itself on
and personal guidance of Bonaparte, the which he sits. According to the French
first consul. According to a very recent construction of it, it may serve for several
publication, translated from the French purposes, particularly for the speedy con
of Joseph Petit, horse grenadier in the veyance of small bodies of troops. It
consular guard, the effective number of consists of a four wheel carriage, of equal
each army vvas nearly as follows : the height witk a common axle-tree, having
French army, at the moment the battle a platform sufficiently elevated to suffer
commenced, was computed from forty to the fore wheels to pass under it when on
forty-five thousand men, ot which three the lock. In the centre of this platform
thousand were cavalry : there were be is an upright back, with a seat on each
sides, from twenty-five to thirty pieces of side, resembling the seat of an Irish car;
so that about "itx soldiers might sit on
Cannon, in which were included two com
panies of light artillery: the Austrian each side, back to back,. On the plat.
army, according to the accounts of the form, and attached to the axle-tree, nearly
best informed persons, contained from at each corner, are tour stout stumps on

fifty-five to sixty thousand men, includ knee-hinges, that allow them to turn
ing the reinforcements which had just ar I down flat on the platform, or to be fixed
rived from Genoa. From 15 to 18,000 of upri/ht when they serve, by a crutch
these were cavalry The cannon amounted
. which fits into a hole as a rest for rifles,
to fourscore pieces and upwards, two or for a piece of horse light
artillery ; on
hundred ammunition waggons, well pro the crutch being taken out it fits into the
besides immense train of hole after the manner ofa swivel on board
vided, an army
implements, stores, and equipage. The ship.
French were extremely deficient in the ! MARGA SEF.RSHA, Ind. a month
lattci articles, having been obliged for want ': which partly agree s with October.
ef caissons, to put their ammunition upon jj MARRIAGE. It is generally under
tumbrils drawn by oxen. stood in the British service, that no sol
The loss on both sides was enormous ; dier can marry without the previous
that ofthe French was rendered more seri know lege and consent of his captain, 01
ous to the republic, by the death of general commanding officer. There is not, how
jDesaix, to whose intrepidity, at a most ever, any specific regulation on this head.
critical juncture, the success of the day, The regulations respecting the marriages
and even the personal safety of Bonaparte of officers and soldiers in the old French
were unquestionably owing. This ad servic. , were extremely rigid,
mirable yorng officer, (for even his ene MARIN, Fr. Any thing appertaining
mies pay homage to his virtues and talents) to the sea. Avoir le pied niarin, to have
was called by the French and Austrian sea-legs, or to be able to stand the motion
soldiers, guerrier sans
peur et sans
rcproche : of a vessel in rough water, and to go
an irreproachable and undaunted warrior. through the different functions of navi
Without entering into a minute detail of gation. Marin is likewise used to dis
this memorable action, we shall so far tinguish a jca-faring man, (femf de mer)
trespass upon the limited arrangements of
MAR MAR 197

from Mariniei, which literally means a their design. In making this observation,
sailor. we are
necessarily led to recommend a
La MA R I N E . The French navy is so more frequent use ofthe pike. Not only
calico the seamen but the marines, should be
,

MARINE, implies, in general, the well exercised in the management of that


whole navy of a state or kingdom, com weapon. The interior regulations for the
prehending all the dock yards, and several marine corps, have been well di
the officers, artificers, seamen, soldiers, gested, and do credit to the establishment.
&c. employed therein, as well as the If any fault can be found on that head, it
must relate to the slops, which arc given
shipping employed by the merchants for
military or commercial
purposes ; toge in too large a quantity, considering the
ther with whatever relates to navigation, little room that a marine must occupy on
ship-buildii g, sailors, ana marines. board. No commissions are bought or
The history ofthe marne affairs of any sold in the marines ; every individual rises
one state is a very comprehensive subject ; according to his seniority ; but a marine
much more that of all nations. Not only ij officer never can arrive at the highest rank
the preservation of that share of commerce .
or
pay which exists upon the marine esta
which the British possess, bur its future blishment; one general, one lieutenant ge-
advancement, and even the very being of | neral,one major general, three colonels, and
one lieutenant colonel
Britain, as an independent nation, depend commandant, being
on the good condition and wise regulat ion of I naval officers with those additional dis-
the affairs of the marine, thanon the supe tinctions. It is not within our province
:
riority of its naval power. The Delphic ,
to enter into the wisdom or the
injustice,
oracle being consulted by the Athenians, on not to say ignorance of that
policy, which
the formidable armament and innumerable with a series of indisputable claims to
forces of Xerxes, returned for answer, notice, still keeps the marine establish
44
that they must seek their safety in ment upon the lowest footing of
military
wooden walls." To whicii the British af honor and reward.
firm, that whenever their nation in par The marine forces have of late years
ticular has recourse to her floating bul- been considerably augmented; and we
warks for her security and defence, she make no doubt but they will continue ta
will find wealth, strength, and glory, to
| be
so, from the many confessed advan
be the hapi>v and infallible consequence. tages which are derived from the peculiar
MARINES, or MARINE FORCES, nature of their service.
They at present
a bodyot soldiers, raised for the sea-s^-r- i consist of 140 companies, which are sta
vice, and trained to fight either in a naval tioned in the following manner in three
engagement or in
action on shore.
an

principal divisions :
Officers of marines may sit on courts-
Chatham Portsmouth Plymouth
martial with officers of the land forces.
See British Mutiny Act, Sect. 13. compmies companies companies
1st 71st zd 7 2d 73d
The great service wflich this useful
4th 74th 5th 75 th fJth76th
corps has frequently rendered, entitles it 7th 77th 8th
to a lair record in every 78th 9th 79th
publication that 10th 80th nth 81st 12th 82d
treats of military matters. In the course
of former wars the marines have distin-
13th 83d 14th 84th 15th 85 th
| 16th 86th 17th 87th 18th 88th
guished themselves by great perseverance, 19th 89th 20th 90th 2lSt
strict attention to duty, and unquestiona 91st
22d 9 2d z?d
ble valor. At the siege of Bc-lisie 93d 24th 94th
they 25th 95th 26th 96th 27th 97th
rose into considerable
notice, although 28th y8:l 29th
they had, at that period, been only recent 99th 30thiiooth
31st 101st 3 2d I02d 33d 103d
ly raised, and were scarcely competent to 34th 104th 35th 1 05th 36th 1 06th
military discipline. When the marines 37th 107th 38th 108th 39th 109th
are at sea, they form
part of the ship's 40th 1 10th 4ist
mth 42d 1 112th
crew, and soon acquire a knowlege of
nautical tactics. Their officers are di 43>- tilth 44th 114th 4<th 115th
4oth'u6r1 47th 117th 48th 1 8th
rected by the admiralty, (under whose im
mediate control they serve,) to encourage 49th 119th 50th 120th 51st l2ISt

them in every disposition to become able 52d 122 53d 123d 54th I24th
seamen ; but no sea officer has the &5rifi25th 55th 126th 57th 127th
power 68th'i28th 56th 129th 58th
of ordering them to go aloft against their 130th
inclination. Duringan engagement at sea, ssnh I3!St doth i3^d
61st '33d 62d 134th
they areof considerable service in scouring
the decks of theenemy, by firing mus 63d 135th 64th 136th
66th 137th 67th
quetry from the poop, round top, Sec. 138th
and when they have been long enough out 6gthl 139th 170th 140th
to obtain good sea-legs, they are preferable 40 conip. | 50 comp. | 50 comp.
to mere seamen, especially when the The siege of St Jean D'Acre, fabulous
enemy attempts to board ; in which case as the defence of it
may hereafter appear
the marines can fraise the poop, quarter from the
extraordinary means which were
deck, forecastle, Sec. with their fixed made use of to reduce the place, and the
bayonets, and prevent the complctiqn of more
extraordinary exertions which sue,
398 MAR MAR

ceeded in preserving it, will long be re The American marine


corps, like the
membered, by the two first rival nations British, is a separate establishment ; the
in Europe, and will form a brilliant part true system for a
military establishment,
of the records of the Turkish empire. would be to have the whole force consist
Wrhen posterity shall read the account, it only of horse and foot ; and all instructed
may doubt the relation in its full extent of alike in the uses ot small arms and artil
wonderful hardihood on both sides ; but lery ; then a selection of artillerists and
it will rest satisfied, that the garrison of marines could always be made by skill and
St. Jean D'Acre would not have resisted not as now
by chance.
the first approach of Bonaparte's army, MARK, a note, character, &c. set upon
had not a handful of British marines stood a thing.
in each breach his soldiers made, and com Mark also denotes money of account.
municated courage and perseverance to the The English mark is 13.. 4d.; among the
natives of the place. Saxons it was equivalent to "js. ad. English
It has already been remarked, that the money. It is also a money of account in
marines are nominally under the command Scotland, and formerly a silver coin, being
of three general officers, whoare admirals, equal to 13^. and one third English.
or vice-admirals in the
navy, and three Gunpowder Mauks. The different sorts
colonels belonging to the sea service. of gunpowder are distinguished by the
The marines themselves never rise beyond following marks on the heads of the bar
the rank of colonel commandant in their rels. All gunpowder for service is mixed
own corps, but they may begeneral officers in proportions according to its strength, so
with respect to the army at large. Ac as to
bring it as much as possible to a
cording to the last printed list there is one mean and uniform force. This sort of
colonel commandant, properly so called, powder is marked with a blue L. G. and
vith the lankof majorgencralin the army, the figure , or with F. G. and the figure
three colonels commandant and captains, 3, whose mean force is from 150 to 160 of
two of whom have the rank of major ge the eprouvette. This is the powder used
neral in the army ; three second colonels for practice, for experiments, and for ser
commandant and captains, two of whom vice. The white L. G. or F G. is a se.
.

have the rank of major general in the cond sort of powder ot this quality. It is
army ; nine lieutenant colonels and cap sometimes stronger, but not so uniform as
tains, six of whom have the rank of colo the blue L. G. It is therefore generally
nel in the army, and three that of lieuten used in filling shells, or such other things
ant colonel ; nine majors and captains, one as do not
require accuracy. The red L.
of whom has the rank of major general in G F. G. denotes powder entirely made
the army, and eight that of lieutenant co at the king's mills, with the coal burnt in
lonel ; making together twenty-five field cylinders, and is used at present only in
officers, who are marines properly so particular cases,. and in comparisons, and
called ; and six superior officers, who to mix with othtr sorts to bring them to

belong to the navy. a mean force. lUie figures 1 , 2, or 3, de


To these may be added 116 captains of note that the powder is made from salt

companies, two of whom have the rank of petre obtained from damaged gunpow
lieutenant colonel in tlie army, and one is der; 4, 5, or 6, from saltpetre obtained
lieutenant colonel by brevet; 24 captain from the grough. Seepages 123, 124, of
lieutenants, 256 first lieutenannts, 276 the Little Bombardier.
second lieutenants, six adjutants, and Mark to shoot at. A round or
square.
three quarter masters. The list of those piece of wood, which is generally painted
field olficers who have been permitted tol in red and white circles, and has a black

retire upon full pay, contains one colonel, 1 spot in the centre called the bull's eye.
one lieutenant colonel with the rank of Soldiers should be frequently practised in
major general, one major with the rank of shooting at a mark. At the commence
major by brevet, in the army, 15 captains,) ment of the French revolution, particu
10 with the rank of major by brevet, and <
larly in 1792, previous to the battle of
one with that of lieutenant colonel by I Jemmappe, the inhabitants of the dif
brevet; eight first lieutenants, and three! ferent towns exercised themselves several
second lieutenants. There are four re times during the course ofthe day, in firing
duced field officers, two of whom have the at a mark. The national guaids did the
tank of major general in the army, and one same. By meansof this laudable practice
that of lieutenant colonel; 92 captains, several expert marksmen were formed.
one with the rank of captain in the army, We need scarcely add, that the advantages
one as field officer in the India company's which the service in general derived from
service, and nine with the rank of major their skill, has been too manifest to be
by brevet; six reduced captain lieuten denied. It must be evident to every mi
ants, 162 reduced first lieutenants, four of: litary man that corps of light cavalry,
whom have civil employments; 136 se- | mounted light artillery, and numerous
small bodies of marksmen, capable of act
cend lieutenants, one of whom has a civil j
employment; and one reduced adjutant.' ing together, or on detached and desultory
There is one paymaster to the marine es- j duties, would answer all the purposes pf
tablishment, who does not hold any mili home defence.
[ Mark tirm. To mark lime is toipeve
tary situation.
MAR MAR 399

each leg alternately in quick or ordinary mot, ox watch ward to the corporal, (who,
time, without gaining ground. This is whilst he receives it, must keep the na
frequently practiced when a front file or ked point of his sword or bayonet close to
column has opened too much, In order to the chest of the
person who gives it) he
afford the rear an opportunity of getting delivers into his hands the mar on marked
i. These marons being pierced in the mid
up ; and sometimes to let th head of a
column disengage itself, or a body of dle, are successively strung by thedifter-

troops fi.e by, &c. ent corporals upon a piece of wire, from
Knights of St. Mark. An order of which they slide into a box called Mete
knighthood which formerly existed in the aux rondes, or box belonging to the rounds.
republic of Venice, under the protection This box is carried next morning to the
of St. Mark the evangelist. major, who keeps the key : and who on
To be Marked. Marshal Saxe, in his opening it. can easily ascertain whether
reveries, proposes that every soldier }t\ s re mds have been regularly gone, by
should be marked in his right hand to pre counting the different marons, and seeing
vent desertion. He recommends the com them successively strung. This is cer
position which is used by the Indians; tainly a most excellent invention to pre
and grounds the propriety of his plan vent a neglect of duty in officers, or non
upon the custom which prevailed among commissioned officers.
the Romans, who marked their soldiers Maron d' artifice, Ex. a species of fire
with a hot iron. We mention this as a work, which is made with a piece of
suggestion grounded upon good authority :
pasteboard in the shape of a parallelo
but we no means recommend it as
by an gram, one side of which is as five to
adoption which would be palatable. three, so that fifteen squares equal among
Marksmen, men expert at hitting a themselves may be made, three on one
mark. side, and five on the other; these are
Light -armed Marksmen, men that are folded into the form of a die or cube, and
armed and accoutred for very active and filled with gunpowder. The effect pro
desultory service. See Riflemen. duced by this firework is extremely beau
Austrian volunteer Marksmen, a corps tiful.
which has been formed in the hereditary MARQUE, or Letters of Marque, in mi
dominions of the emperor of Germany, litary affairs, are letters of reprisal, grant
and is daily increasing
by recruits and vo.
lunteers from the Tyrol, &c. The suc
ing the people of one state liberty to
make reprisals on those of another. See
cess which has
uniformly attended the Letters of Marque.
French Tirailleurs in all their actions, MARQUEE, word from the
a
corrupted
has induced other nations to pay great French marquise, signifying a tentor cover
attention to the formation of similar made of strong canvas or Russia-duck,
corps. which is thrown over another tent, and
MARLINS, in attillery, are tarred serves to keep out rain. Its primitive
white skains, or long#reaths or lines of etymology may be traced to
marquis, or
untwisted hemp, dipped in pitch or tar, marchio, whence marchers, and marches.
with which cables and other ropes are The complete weight ofa marquee is i
wrapped round, to prevent their fretting cwt. 17 lbs. ridge pole, 7 feet; standard
and rubbing in the blocks or pullies 8 feet.
through which they pass. The same MA RQUER/t- /><._, to mark time.
serves in artillery
upon ropes used for rig Marquer ten camp, Fr. to prick out
ging gins, usually put up in small parcels the lines of an encampment.
called skains.
MARQUIS, marquess, marchio, mar
MARON, Fr. a piece of brass or cop grave, a title of honor given by letter patent
per, about the size of a crown, on which to a person who holds a middle rank be
the hours for going the rounds were mark tween the dignity ofa dukeand that of an
ed, in the old French service. Several of earl. This word, like margrave, is derived
these were put into a small from the high Dutch, or from the French
bag, and de
posited in the hands of the major ofthe re marche, a limit, as the guard of the fron
giment, out of which they were regularly tiers was entrusted to a marquis. The
drawn by the Serjeants of companies, for title itself is
the officers belonging to them. The
originally French.and was first
known under Charlemagne. King Ri
hours and half hours of the night were en chard the second first introduced
thedigni-
graved upon each maron in the following ty of marquis among the British, by cre
manner
Ronde de dix hemes, de dix heures
tt demie. The ten o'clock
ating Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford,
rounds, or those marquis of Dublin ; but it was a title
of the half hour past ten. without any office annexed to it.
These pieces were numbered i, 2, &c.
Marbuisr, Fr. See Marquee.
to correspond with the several periods of Tendre une Marquise, Fr. to
the nights; so that the officers for in- pitch a
marquee.
6tance, who was to go the ten o'clock Marquise, Fr. This word likewise
rounds, had as many marons marked means a species of
fusie voiante, which
io, as there were posts or guard-houses see.
which he was directed to visit. Thus on MARS. According to the heathen my-
reaching the first, after fjaving given the thology,
tire god of war was so called
400 MAR MAR

The French frequently use the word in a ) to desert to the enemy, he will suffer im.
figurative sense, viv. Les travaux de Mars, mediate death.
the labors or exploits of Mars ; le metier de Any person forcing a safeguard will suf
'

Mars, the military profession. fer death.


These punishments will attach equally
MARSAGLIA; near Turin in Italy,
to the followers of the
at the battle of 24th September, 1693, camp, as to sol
Catinat defeated prince Eugene and the diers, and must be explained to them by
duke of Savoy ; this battle and place are the officers commanding the regiments
memorable for being the first at which by which such followers are employed.
The articles of war have decreed pun
bayonets were used at the ends of mus
owed the ishments for the following offences :
quets, and to this the French

I Death is the absolute punishment for


victory. ,

The MARSEILLOIS, or Marseilles cowardice, or misbehaviour before an ene


hymn, a national march adopted by the my, or speaking words inducing others to
French during the course of their revolu do the like.
For mutiny, or concealing a mutiny,
tion, and since regularly played in their
armies when they go to battle. It is fre desertion, sleeping on a post, or quitting
or rather succeeded it before relieved, plundering after victory,
quently accompanied,
by the' Cd Ira, a quick lively tune ; the quitting
a
post in battle, compelling an
former being calculated for slow or ordi officer to abandon or give up his post, or
nary time, and the latter for quick
move persuading others to do the like, corres
ments. ponding with an enemy, and striking or
MARSHAL, Jin its primitive sig- H.fusii.g to obey any superior officer in the
.Re-A/- Marshal, S nification means an execution of his duty, a court-martial
officer who has the care and charge of may inflict death, or any other punish
to the of
horses; but it is now applied to officers who ment it may judgv. adequate
have very different employments.

In a fence.
others to de*
military sense, it means the commander ;
The crimes ot persuading
in chief of all the forces. It is likewise sert, of concealing, assisting, or relieving
offi of being absent from the
given as an honorary rank to general
an enemy ;

cers who have no immediate command. troop or company a soldier belongs to,
See General. absence from duty, drunkenness, and
at the dis
Marshal of France, was an officer oi false alarms, are punishable
or regimental court-
the greatest dignity in the French army. It cretion ot a general
was first established by Philip-August,
maitial.
in the year 1185. All officers in the command of guards
institutions un or detachments are enjoined to give assist
The French military
in the execu
der the empire, has an establishment of ance to the piovost-marshal
tion ot his duty ; and any officer or sol
marshals, which is a title of military ho
nor given to generals of pre-eminent dier impeding him in the same, or offer

ing him any insult, will receive the most


merit.
PROVOST-MARSHAL, an execu exemplary punishment.
MA R.SHY ground, les marais, Ex. As
tive officer, whose duty is to see punish
ments put in force, when soldiers are con
it may be frequently necessary to convey
demned to death, or are to be otherwise heavy ordnance, &c. over marshy ground,
and sometimes indeed to erect battcrie.
chastised. Every army is provided with
nas been
upon it, the following method
a
provost-marsnal general, who has seve- recommended for those purposes:

ral deputies under him. By the iast ge


neral regulations it has been ordained, In the first place, a firm and solid road-
must be made, in order to convey, with
that in case the army should take the field
in Great Britain, a deputy provost-mar- safety, the different materials which may
shal will be appointed to each district. be wanted for the construction ot the bat
circumstances, and along which the men may se*
The'provost, under those tery,
will frequently make the tour of the curcly drag the various pieces of ord
will have or This road must be ten feet high at
camp, and its environs, and
nance.

ders to seize such persons as are commit least.


1 1 the marsh or bog should not be very
ting disorders.
The provost-marshal will be particu deep, let a bed or platform, consisting of
larly directed, in making his rounds,
to tascmes, and disposed according to the
execute the awful punishment which the direction ot the road, be constructed be
tween two rows of thick saucissons, that
military law awards against plundering
are secured and fixed in the earth with
and marauding.
must be
And in order to assist him in the disco strong stakes. This platfoim
as may be guilty two thirds as thick as the bog is deep,
very of such persons
of those offences, the regiments encamped and contain 12 feet in breadth. Spread
nearest villages, will send frequent pa- hurdles over the level surface of this plat
another beu or co
t roles into them, to apprehenu such per form, ai d then make
anddis-
sons, as may be
then, without passes, vering with fascines, ten feet long,
posea according u the
breadth ot the road,
or who having passes, may behave impro
care to bind their ends, &c.
well
perly. taking
of stakes, which must
If any soldier is base enough to attempt together by means
MAS MAS 401

be driven through the hurdles and the (une masque.) It sometimes happens,
lower bed. Let this second surface be that a ditch or fosse must be dug in an
Sufficiently covered with earth and straw, exposed situation ; in this case it will be
to secure the fascines, and to render the absolutely necessary for rhe artificers and
road solid and compact. workmen to get under cover by means of
If the road should appear unsafe after maskin. themselves in such a manner as
these precautions, it must be made wider to answer the double purpuseof executing
and deener. their immediate object, and of deceiving
If the marsh or bog be very deep, you the en my with respect to the real spot
must construct several beds or surfaces of they occupy.
fascines, in th; manner already mentioned, To effect the latter purpose, several
taking care to make the top equal to the masks must be hastily thrown up, whilst
breadth ofthe road, and capable of sup the men are employed behind one ; by
porting the weight of a waggon or car which means the enemy will either mis
riage. The ground for the epaulement take rhe real point, or be induced to pour
belonging to the platforms, their recoil his fire in several directions, and thus
backwards, and the path to the magazines, weaken its effect.
must be rendered firm and solid after the A mask is
generally six feet high.
same mannei . On each side of this epaule Bags made of wad or wool are too expen
ment you must throw up a berm or path, sive on these occasions ; nor are gabions,
measuring three feet in front, and as much stuffed with fascines, seven or eight feet
on the sides. high to be preferred ; for if the fascines be
You will collect the earth, Sec. in the tied together they w II leave spaces be
usual way for the construction of batteries tween them in the gabions ; and if they
on rocks, and mask your artificers in like are not bound together, they will be so
manner. open at top as to admit shot, Sec.
MARTEAU d'armes, Ex. an offensive In order to obviate these inconvenien
weapon, so called from its resemblance to ces, the following method has been pro
a hammer. posed : place twr-chandeliers, each seven

MARTIAL- Law, is the law of war, feet high, and two broad, between the
which entirely depends on the arbitrary uprights, after which fill up the vacant
power of the commander of the army when spaces with fascines nine feet high,
martial law is declared; and ther. the law upon six inches diameter. One toise and
a half of
of war is greatly influenced by the situa epaulement will require two
tion where war is carried on ; by the con chandeliers, and 60 fascines, to mask it.
duct of the people in whose country the The engineer, or artillery officer places
war exists : there are certain principles of himself behind this mask, and draws his
-humanity and honor, which all nations plan.
observe in time of war, which have the As you must necessarily have earth,
force of law ; as the law of truces, the sa Sec. to
complete your work, these arti
cred character of ambassadors, Sec. Ihe cles may be brought in shovels, sacks, oc
laws that relate to the army are also baskets; and if the quarter from whence
branches of martial law. you draw them should be exposed to the
MARTINET. A word frequently enemy's fire, cover that line, as well as
used to signify a strict disciplinarian, who the line of communication, between the
sometimes gives officers and soldiers un trenches, or the parallels, with a mask.
necessary trouble. It is supposed to have If you cannot procure earth and fas
taken its origin from an adjutant of that cines, make use of sacks stuffed with
name, who was in high repute, as a wool, &c. and let their diameteis b-- three
drill officer, during the reign of Louis the feet, and their length likewise three, and
XlVth. let the outside be frequently wetted to
Martinet, Fr. A small discipline, prevent them from catching fire. See
or cat o' nine tails, fixed to the end of a pages 828, 829, 830, Vol. ii. of the Aide-
wooden handle, which schoolmasters use Memoire a I' Usage des Officiers d' Artillerie
to punish refractory or idle boys. This de F'rance.
affords us another path, and perhaps a To Mask, (Masquer, Fr.) To covar
surer one, than the surname already quot any particular post or situation, for the
ed, to find out the real origin of Martinet of attack or defence. In am-
in a military sense, more especially as it is Eurposes uscade, a battery is said to be masked,
particularly indicative of the severity when its outward appearance is such as
that is sometimes practised by what is, not to create any suspicion or mistrust in

ridiculously enough, called a tip-top adju a


reconnoitring or approaching enemy. A
tant. town or fortress, a
battery, or the head ot
MARTINGAL, {Martingale, Fr.) a a bridge, may likewise be said to be mask
thong of leather, which is fastened to one ed, when a superior force sits down be*.
endof the girths under the belly of a horse, fore them, and keeps the garrison in awe.
and at the other end to the mussroU, to This is frequently done, in order to ren
keep him from rearing. der the advantages of such a place or hold
MASHKAWAR, Ind. Monthly ac ineffectual, while an army acts in its
counts. neighborhood, or marches by.
A MASK, Fr. in field forfifreafion, M A6QUE R un passage, Fr. To bl'of k
2 r.
402 MAS MAS

up any road or avenue through which an disputes were obviated ; the interidr
army might attempt to march. ceconomy ofthe corps was well conduct
MASSALGIES, bid. Persons em ed, and a seasonable check was kept
ployed in India as porters or messengers. upon those officers who had the manage
Massalgies, coolies, and palankeen bear ment of the regiment.
Every bething,
ers, are allowed a certain batta when they sides, came in a regular
form before the
travel. Alussal is a torch ; and mussalgee inspector-general, under whose eyes all
a torch bearer, a
person whocarries a flam the accounts were
beau to give light.
ultimately laid ;
whether they regarded the recruiting ser
MASSE, Fr. A species of stock -
vice, or the clothing and distribution of
purse* whitfi during the French monarchy necessaries.
was lodged in the hands of the regimental M a s s e du regiment Royal Artillerie, Fr.
treasurer or paymaster, for every serjeant, This corps, like other regiments in the
corporal, anspessade, drummer, and sol old French service, had its masse, oi
dier. The sum retained for each serjeant stock- purse, formed by a certain stoppage
was vingt deniers per day ; and ten deniers or allowance for each
serjeanr, and to:
for each of the other ranks, according to each master artificer in the corps of work.
the establishment, not the effective num. men ; and for each corporal, anspessade,
her of each battalion. Outof these stoppa cannonier, bombardier, sapper, miner,
ges a settled and regular masse, or stock- under-master, artificer, apprentice, cadet,
purse, was made up, and at the end of private artillery-man, and drummer.
every month it was paid into the hands of These sums formed an aggregate masse,
the major or officer entrusted with the in or stock-
purse, which was regularly sub
terior management of the corps, and was mitted to the director general of the school
then appropriated to defray the expence of artillery, and was laid out for the
of clothing the different regiments, and clothing ofthe different battalions, Sec.
lodged in the hands of the directors or in Masse des compagnies Franchts d'in
spector- general of clothing. fanterie, Fr. The masse belonging to
That part of the masse, or stock-purse, these companies was formed in the same
which remained in the major's hands, manner, and was under the control of the
and which was destined for the dress of director or inspector- general.
the recruits, as well as for repairs of the Masse de la cavalerie et des dragotrr,
regimental clothing, Sec. could never be Fr. Every brigadier, horseman, cara
disposed of, or appropriated, without the bineer, hussar, dragoon, trumpet and
knowlege and concurrence of the colo cymbal player, and drummer, belonging
nels commandant of regiments, the lieu to the old French cavalry, was subject to

tenant-colonels, and other superior officers a certain stoppage from the allowances
of the corps. that were made, over and above their re
To this end it was customary for the gular subsistence, for the purpose oi'
major to call the commanding officers forming their masse, or stock- purse.
and oldest captains of the regiments to. This money remained in the hands of
gethcr, in order to lay before them the the regimental treasurer, who accounted
actual state of the corps, to select some for its application at the end of every
officci who should superintend the repair month, and delivered a statement into
ing of whatever was found necessary, and the hands of the officer who was en.
defray the lodging- money, &c. After this trusted with its distribution; the same
statement has been examined, the major having been vouched for by the colonels-
must deliver in a faithful account of all general of cavalry and dragoons.
the regimental debts that have been in In iddition to these ext acts from a
curred ; he must further explain how the French work, it may not be thought super-
last amount ofthe masse, or stock-purse, flous to give the following more specific
has been laid out, and specify the actual explanation of what was comprehended
sum in hand, that a proper arrangement under the term of regimental masse, ot
may be made, and that the repairs in the stock- purse, that was made out of stop
clothing, and the expences attending pages.
quarters, &c. may be duly ascertained. There were three sorts of masses, ox re
The major was, on these occasions, gimental stock- purses in the old French
directed to give his advice, with due re service ; two of which were sanctioned b*
spect and deference to his superior offi authority, or the king's order. The
cers, and to suggest the best and cheapest third was confined to the interior manage
method of fitting out and embellishing ment of each corps, but neverappeated in
the regiment, carefully adhering to that any public regulation. On this account it
system of ceconomy which prevents it obtained the appellation of masse nohe, ot
from running into debt. The statement dark Mid unknown.
of the several articles, with their appro The first masse directed by government
priate expenditure, was specifically drawn to be attended to in every regiment, was
out, and oeunter-signed by the colonel- called masse de linge et chaussure, or stock
commandant, and two or three of the of necessaries, such as linen, shoes, Sec.
oldest captains of companies. Their sig This masse was made up by means of a,
natures served as vouchers tor the major. 'certain proportion ofthe recruit's bounty
By* these means ail interna! cavils and ! (amounting to rj livresr) which was kept
MAS MAS 403

in hand, and by the retention of a part of n goon, by of which he was regularly


means

thedaily payof each soldier. The money, furnished with shovels, beesoms, and
thus stopped, was destined to keep up the I pitchforks for the stables.
soldier's regular stock of shoes and The third masse [which, as w.e have al
breeches, as the king only allowed him ready xemarkeei, althoughdistinguished by
one pair of each of those articles the of masse noire, or dark and
appellation
every
year. He was likewise enabled thereby to unknown, still found indispensibly
was

provide himself with stockings, shirts, necessary for the interior ma agement of
cravats or stocks, handkerchiefs, and each regiment) grew out ot the surplus
gaiters; for every French soldier was' money that was given for discharges, (it
obliged to produce at each monthly in being only required of each regiment to
of necessaries, one good pair of
spectiontwosh account to government for 100 livr s per
shoes, rts, two stocks or cravats, man) out of deaths and other casualties,
fone white and the other black,) two hand and out of the money which had accumu
kerchiefs, three pair of gaiters; one of lated from men struck off" the sick list.
which was to be white for parade duty, The regiment by means of this fund,
one of black worsted to mount ordinary (which may in some degree be considered
guards, and one of black canvas for march in the same light that the stock-purse of a
ing British regiment is,) made up the defi
At theexpiration of three months a re ciency ot the king's bounty, which was
gular account was made out of what re seldom or ever found enough to answer
mained unappropriated of the 15 livres, the purposes of recruiting. The persons
andof the masse in general, after the sol employed upon this service were accord
dier had been supplied with the above ingly paid out ofthe masse noire; which
specified articles. This statement was was further increased by certain contribu
stuck up in every barrack-room, exhibit tions that the men, who were permitted
ing the balance due to each man, who, on to work, voluntarily gave, in addition to
his side, was obliged to have a written the six or seven livres already mentioned.
counterpart, or schedule, of all the differ Masse d'armes, Et. a warlike weapon,
ent articles, andof the exact sum in hand. which was foi merly used. 1 1 consisted of
When the captain of the company in- a long pole with alargeiron head.

spected the necessaries, each soldier was MASSELOTTE, Fr. A Fr.Ivjh term
directed to produce this schedule, and to which is used in foundery, signifying that
repeat its contents by heart. superfluous metal which remains after a
Whenever it so happened, that 15 livres cannon or mortar has been cast, and which
could not be kept in hand out of the sol is sawed or filed off, to give the piece its
dier's bounty, he was permitted to work, proper form.
the instant he could, with propriety, be MASSIF, JFr. a short stick or rod,
dismissed the drill ; for which indul used by artificers in miking cartridges.
gence, and in order to keep his firelock and MASSOOLAS, Ind. The most com
accoutrements in good condition, he was mon and slightest boats made use of on

obliged to pay six livres. the Coromandel coast.


The second masse was for purposes of MASSUE, Fr. a club.
cleanliness and military appearance.
MASTER at arms, in the marine, an
This masse grew out of" the surplus of two officer appointed to teach the officers and
or three livres, which was stopped out of crew ofa ship of wartheexercise of small
the pay of the men that were permitted to arms; to confine prisoners, and plant
work ; and from a further stoppage of" two centinels over them, and to superintend
deniers out of the diily pay of each sol whatever relates to them during their con
dier. Out of this masse the sold er was i finement. He is also to observe, that the
obliged to supply himself with pipe-clay fire and lights are all extinguished, as soon
or whiting, clothes brushes, shoe ^rushes, as the evening gun is fired, except those

blacking, bees wax, emery, ..nd hair pow that are permitted by proper authority,

der, and powder bag, and to defray the ex- or under the inspection of centinels. It
pence of washing. He was likewise en is likewise his duty to attend the gang
abled thereby to pay a man for shaving. way, when any boats arrive aboard, and
This man was attached to the company, search them carefully, together with
and was called Frater, or Brother. The their rowers, that no spirituous liquors
same
practice prevails in most regiments may be conveyed into the ship, unless by
belonging to the British service, with permission of the commandingofficer.
this difference, that there is not any di In these several duties he is assisted by
rect authority to enforce the observance of proper attendants, called his corporals,
it regulation.
as a who also relies e the centinels, and one
cavalry regiments, asin the infantry,
In another, at certain periods.
the formed by a stoppage of
musses were Master gunner, in a ship of war, an
two or three livres out ofthe
pay of those officer appointed to take charge of the ar
men that were allowed to work., and by
tillery and ammunition aboard, and to
the produce of the dung which vvas va teach the men the exercise of ihe great
lued at two sols per day. There was guns. See Gunner.
likewise a further stoppage of two deniers AI aster gential ef the erdnante. Sea
out of the daily subsistence of each dra Ordnance.
404 MAS MAS
-

;''*
Baggage-M ASTER and inspector of | report it to the barrack-master-general.
roads,an appointment in thtBritish seivice. I And when any room shall not be occupied,
Barrack-MASTER- general, an officer the same shall be I eked up, and no part
with the rarik of a major general in the of the furniture be removed therefrom.
British armv, vested with considerable No officer, or barrack-master, is, upon
powers. Th'
se powers were formerly
an\ account, to make any alteration or re
exercised by the board of ordnance, but pairs at any barrack, 01 cause any expence
to be incurred in providing any article re
they were transferred t the barrack m^s-

ter-gereral by the secretary at war on the lative threto, without the direction of the
30th day of May, 1794- Ln 1795 the two barrack-master-general first obtained fot
warrants, whereby all matters relative to that purpose.
the government of barracks had been par On the 25th of March, 24th of June,
tiallyentrusted to the board of ordnance, 23d of September, and 24th of December,
and a barrack-master-general, were re in everv year, regular returns are to be
voked, and the following rules, orders, transmitted by the barrack masters to the
were established in
powers, and directions barrack master-general, of the state of
lieu thereof, in much as regards th
as the barracks, and of the furniture and
duties ofthe department entrusted to the urensils, both in use and store, specifying
barrack-master-general to the British rhe actual condition of each, and the man
forces. ner in which the apartments of the bar
It is the duty of the barrack-master- rack or barracks, under their care have
general to erect and keep in repair all bar been occupied for the three months pre
racks that ire not in fortified places ; and ceding; which return shall be counter-
all supplies of barrack furniture, utensils, I signed by the commanding officers, who
and other stores for the troops, are to be
j are directed personally and diligently to
furnished by him. The accommoda ion inspect the same.
for royal artillery in barracks is under the The barrack-master-general is to take
direction of the barrack-master-general, care, that a proper quantity of good and
excepting at Woolwich, or wherever there sufficient firing, candles, and other stores,
may be a separate barrack for the artillery, be provided for each barrack every year.
or a tint 'station for that corps. And th? same is to be duly delivered out
The commanding officers in barracks to the troops by the respective barrack-
are, in all matters relative to the accom masters, at such times, and in such pro
modation, disposition, and supply of the portions, as are specified in the general re
troops stationed therein, to be under the gulations. The deliveries are to be vouch
direction of the bairack-master-general ; ed, not only by certificates ofthe actual
and all applications and requisitions are to amount, but also by accurate returns,
be made to him. stating the number in every tropp, com
Whenevei any damage, except from fair pany or detachment, present at each
Wear and tear, has been done to barrack weekly delivery. The said certificates
buildings, or any of the furniture or uten and returns are to be given under the hand
sils have been injured, destroyed, or em of the commanding officer in the barracks,
bezzled, a just estimate must be formed and to be transmitted with the accounts.
by the barrack-master; and if his demand And a return thereof is without delay to
be not
immediately paid by the command be transmitted by the several barrack-
ing officer, it shall be verified by affidavit masters, who from thenceforth are to re
of the barrack-master, submitted to the main accountable for the same to the bar.
commanding officer, and if the answer be rack master general
-
-
.

not satisfactory, the barracX-mastcr-gene- Hall-yearly accounts of expenditures.


ral is to certify theamount of the expenoe with general returns of the receipts and
of making good the said injury to the se issues, and the necessary vouchers for the
cretary at war, in order that he may direct same, are to be made up to the 24th of
the same to be charged against the regi June, and 24th of December, in each
ment, or detachment concerned. year, and to be transmitted, within four
In order to prevenr the inconveniencies teen days after the said periods, to the
and injury which might arise from officers barrack-master-general,' who is to exa
making alterations in the barrack-rooms, mine and settle the same without delay.
Sec. the bairack-master-general is dincted The issue of forage to the cavalry, is to
to have the use, for which each room is be made according to a prescribed regula
intended, lettered on the door; and if any tion. The officer commanding in each of
officer shall attempt to make any altera the cavalry barracks, where forage shall
tion in any room, or convert it to any pur be issued, is to transmit to the barrack-
pose, other than is so specified, or remove master-general a weekly return of the
any of the furniture belonging thereto, number of horses for which it has been
the barrack-master (who shall always be delivered ; and also the name and rank of
to visit the rooms at seasonable each officer, with the number of horses
permitted
hours, whenever he desires so to do,) for which he has received rations of forage.
shall represent the same to the command And at such periods as shall be required,
ing officer, and in case immediate atten by the barrack-master-general, the said
tion is not paid thereto, the barrack-mas commanding officer shall transmit to him,
ter is strictly comrntuided immediately to j I a general statempt ofthe quantity of foj
MSB

MAS MAT 405

issued to the MASULIT, boat used in the East


rage received and actually
a

troops, the said certificate to be according Indies, which is calked with moss.
to such form as shall be prescribed by the MATCH, in artillery, a kind of rope
barrack master-general. and prepared to retain
slightly twisted,
Whenever small beer is to be issued to fire for the of the artillery, mines,
use

troops in barrack, it can only be supplied fireworks, Sec. Slow match is made of
by such persons as shall have been ap hemp or tow, spun on the wheel like
proved by the barrack-master-general ; cord, but verv slack ; and is composed of
and the delivery is to be vouched by a three twists, which are afterwards again
weekly return from the commanding offi covered with tow, so that the twists do
boiled in the lees
cer, stating the number to whom it has not
appear : lastly, it is
been issued. And at such periods as shall of old wine. This, when once lighted at
be required by the barrack-master-general, the end, burns on gradually, without ever
the said commanding officer is to transmit goin< out, till the whole be consumed.
to him a general statement of the quantity It is mounted on a lint stock.
of small beer actually issued to the'troops; Quick Match, used in artillery, made
the said certificate to be according ro such of three cotton strands drawn into lengths,
form, as shall be prescribed by the bar and put into a kettle just covered with
rack-master- general. white wine vineuar, and then a quantity of
Every instance of neglect or misconduct saltpetre and mealed powder is put in it,
which may occur in the management of and boiled till well mixed. Others put
barracks, must be reported to the bar only saltpetre into water, and after that
rack-master-general by the several officers take it out hot, and lay it into a trough
commanding in barracks ; and on the with some mealed powder, moistened
representation being judged sufficiently with some spirits ot wine, thoroughly-
Weighty, an inspector is to be sent down wrought into the cotton by rolling it back
for the specific purpose of seeing every wards and forwards with the hands ; and
matter of complaint removed. when this is done, they are taken out se
The barrack- master-general is autho parately, drawn through mealed powder,
rised to take cognizance of all matters re anddrieduponaline. SeeLABORATORY.
lative to accommodation, disposition, and Match. The slow match used by

supply, of the troops stationed in bar the English is made by contract ; one yard
racks, reporting thereupon, whenever it |ofit will burn about 8 hours. The French
may be requisite, to the secretary at war, slow match is usually made by soaking
for the king's information. And all offi
j!
1! light twisted white rope for three days in a
cers, ^nd barrack-masters, are directed Ii strong lye. 1 1 burns about 3 feet in 6 hours.
and enjoined to obey such orders and di Ii Slow match, was made at Gibraltar,
rections as the barrack-master-general I during the last siege, in the following
shall find necessary to be given thereon. 1! manner: eight ounces of saltpetre were
The barrack. master-general is fiom I put into a gallon of water, and just made

time to time to receive imprests of money, boil over a slow fire; strong blue paper
to
for the current services of each year, upon | was then wetted with the liquor, and hung
estimates signed by him, and delivered to dry. When dry, each sheet was rolled
into the office of the secretary at war. j up tight, and the outward edge pasted
And at the end of each year, he shall down, to prevent its opening : half a
make up and deliver into the said office, I sheet, thus prepared, will burn 3 hours.
a general account of barrack expenditures Quick Match Compositions.
for the preceding twelve months. The Worsted Match.
half-yearly accounts of the several bar
Worsted . . . 10 oz.

rack-masters, and the accounts of other | Mealed powder . 10 lbs.


persons to whom monies shall have been Spirits of wine . ,
spints*
paid within the period on behalf of the j Water ...
3 do.
barrack department (for the propriety, Isinglass : pint.
I
justness, and accuracy of which, as also Cotton Match.
for their strict conformity to the regula Cotton . . 1 lb. i2qz.

tions, he shall be held responsible,) toge Saltpetre . .18


ther with their acquittances, shall be the Mealed powder . 10

vouchers upon which the said general Spirits of wine . 2 quarts.


accounts shall be passed, and warrants Water
'
.
.3 pints.
shall be made out according to the royal The worsted or cotton must be laid
sign manual. See pages 69 to 80, General | evenly in an earthen or other pan, and the
Regulations. | different ingredients poured over it, and
Quarter- MASTER ofthe victuals. The about half the
powder being left a short
person who had thechief care and manage time to soak, it is afterwards wound
ment of the provisions belonging to an army smoothly on a reel, and laid to dry, th.:
was formerly so called. See Purveyor. remaining half of the powder is then sifted
Scout- Master -general. A person, for 1 over it; and it is
ready for use when dry.
merly so called, under whose direction all ! The French have lately made their slow
the scouts and army messengers were match by soaking the rope in a solution
The does not exist
j of sugar of lead and rain water: in the
placed. appointment
at present. I proportion of 3-4ths of an imcc of sugar
406 MAT MAT

of lead to one pint of ceives the beauty of ideas, and investigates


water; and this they
esteem as preferable to the old sort. the harmony of proportions ; the manners
MATHEMATICS, originally signified themselves are sensibly corrected and im
any kind of discipline or learning ; but, at proved, the affections composed and recti*
present, denotes that science which teach- tied, the fancy calmed and settled, and the
.es,or contemplates, whatever is capable of understanding raised and excited to noblet
being numbered or measured; and accord contemplations.
ingly is subdivided into arithmetic, which MATRAS, Fr. a sort of dart which
has numbers for its object ; and geometry, was
anciently used, and which was not
vhich treats of magnicude. sufficiently pointed to occasion any thing
Mathematics are commonly distin more than a bruise.
guished into pure and speculative, which MATRON, a woman, generally the
consider quantity abstractedly ; and mix wife of some well behaved and good sol.
ed, which treat of magnitude as subsisting dier, who is employed to assist in the re
in material bodies, and consequently are gimental hospital. She is under the di-
interwoven every where with physisal rection of the surgeon, by whom she is
considerations. originally appointed to the situation. See
Mixed Mathematics are very com ! Nurse.
prehensive, since to them may be referred M AT ROS S E S , are properly assistants
.astronomy, optics, geography, hydrogra | to the gunner, being soldiers in the British
phy, hydrostatics, mechanics, fortifica i regiments of artillery, and next to them:
tion, gunnery, projectiles, mining, engi they assist in loading, firing, and spunging
neering, and navigation. the great tuns.
They carry firelocks, and
Pure mathematics have one peculiar march along with the guns and store.
advantage, that they occasion no disputes waggons, both as a guard, and to give
among wrangling disputants, as in other their assistance on every emergencv.
branches of knowlege ; and the reason is, MATTER of Deed, in law, denotes
because the definitions of the terms are something to be proved by witnesses, in
premised, and every one that reads a pro contradistinction from matter of record,
position has the same idea of every part which may be proved by some process,
pf it. Hence it is easy to put an end to Sec. appearing in any court of record.
All matliematical controversies, by shew Matter, inamilitary sense, especial.
ing, that our adversary has not stuck to ly with regard to courts-martial, consists
.his definitions, or has not laid down true of the specific charges which are brought
premises, or else that he has drawn false against a prisoner, and to which the
conclusions from true principles ; and, in president and members most strictly cob.
case we are able to do neither of these, we fine themselves. It has been very pro
.must acknowlege the truth of what he perly observed, in a small pamphlet upon
has proved. martial law, that unacquainted with the
It is true, that in mixed mathematics, serious consequence of a strict attention
where we reason mathematically upon to the minutiae of form in criminal pro-
we cannot give such ceedings, general courts.martial nave
physical subjects,
just definitions as the geometricians ; we looked upon the first swearing in of the
must therefore rest content with descrip court, as a sufficient authority to warrant
tions ; and they will be of the same use as their proceeding on the trial of a variety of
definitions, provided we are consistent with offences; whereas, in propriety, the court-
ourselves.and always mean the same thing should be sworn afresh at the commence
by those terms we have once explained. ment of every new prosecution : foi
'

Dr. Barrow gives a most elegant descrip though, as judges, (in the manner of a
tion of the excellence and usefulness of court of common law) once swearing
mathematical knowlege, in his inaugural would be sufficient ; yet, as jurors, who
oration upon being appointed professor of are sworn on every difterent trial, though
mathematics at Cambridge. identically the same men, so are the mem
The mathematics, he observes, effectu bers of general courts-martial to be con
ally exercise, not vainly delude, nor vexa- sidered, when a new criminal and fresh
liously torment studious minds with ob matter are brought before them. Lest,
scure subtleties ; but plainly demonstrate however, an established, and therefore an
every thing within their reach, draw cer
undisputed practice, should have ac

tain conclusions, instruct by profitable quired a force still difficult to be eradi


rules, and unfold pleasant questions. cated, we shall endeavor to point out
These disciplines likewise enure and cor those reasons which induce us to maintain
roborate the mind to constant diligence in this opinion. In the oath which is taken
study ; they wholly deliver us from a
by each of the several members of a gene
credulous simplicity, most strongly for. ral court-martial, the words matter and
tify us against the vanity of scepticism, prisoner, are cautiously inserted. These
restrain us from a rash pre words, therefore, being absolutely con
effectually
sumption, most easily incline us to a due fined toasinglematter.and a single prison
assent, perfectly subject us to the govern er, and matters and prisoners not being
ment of right reason. While the mind is subjected to their jurisdiction, how is it
abstracted and elevated from sensible 1 possible that men, with propriety, can
matter, distinctly views pure forms, con proceed upon a trial which they are rrct
M E A M E A 407

warranted by Jaw to decide upon ? Were computed that they will easily go at the
(he obligation in the Articles of War de rate of six miles in the hour.
cisive as to the trial of all matters, and MEASURE, in geometry, any quan
all persons, and in all cases; or were the tity assumed as one, to which the ratio of
of the authority of ex- other homogeneous or similar quantities is
court possessed
tending meaning of the oath, once
the expressed.
would undoubtedly be sufficient; Measurb of an the
length of an
angle,
swearing
but, as in every respect, ihe contrary is arch described from the vertex to any
evidi.-nt, as the very words of th oath ex place between its legs : hence angles are
press that
"
they shall well and truly try distinguished by the ratio of the arches
and determine according to their evidence, in between the legs to the peripheries. See
the matter before them, &c." How can it be Angle.
otherwise than unwarrantable irregu
an Measure of a figure, is a square j
larity in them, to proceed upon the trial whose side is an inch, foot, yard, or other
of offenders, who, in the eye of the law, determinate measure. Hence square mea
arc not amenable to their authority For, . sures.

if the first prisoner to be tried, has a right Among geometricians it is usually a

to challeng: an officer, who may be ap square rod, called decempeda, divided into
10 square feet, and
pointed to sit on an investigation of his those into square
offence, as a member of a court of enquiry, digits, and those again into 10 lines, Sec.
or wh may be liable to any exceptions,
> Measure of a line, any right line taken
at pleasure, and considered as unity.
why shall not the second and third prisoner
be entitled to the same merciful indul Me a s u R e ofthe mass or quantity ofmat
gence ? See Thoughts on Martial Law, ter, in mechanics, is its weight : it being
pages 25, 26, 27, 28. apparent that all the matter which coheres
Combustible Matter, and Matter, of with a body, gravitates with it; and ic
composition All solids and fluids are so
. being found by experiment, that the gra
called which are of an inflammable nature vities of homogeneal bodies are in propor
themselves, and can communicate fire to tion to their bulks : hence while the mas*
other substances. continues the same, the absolute weight
MATTUCASHLA8H, an ancient will be the same, whatever figure it puts
Scotch weapon, sometimes called arm on ; for as to its specific weight, it var'res
as the quantity of its surface does.
pit dagger, which was worn there, ready
to be used on coming to close quarters. Measure of a number, in arithmetic,
This, with a broad sword and shield, such a number as divides another without
completely armed the Highlanders Since leaving a fraction : thus 9 is a measure of 2- .

the use of fire arms, this weapon has Measure of a solid, is a cube, whose
been laid aside. side is an inch, foot, yard, or other deter
MATTOCK. An instrument some minate length : in geometry, it is a cubic
what resembling a pickax, but having perch, divided into cubic feet, digits, &c
two broad sharp edges instead of points. Hence cubic measure, or measures of ca-
MATTRESS, a sort of quilted bed of parity.
straw, used by officers on service, in Measure of velocity, in projectiles, and
stead of the feather bed, differing from mechanics, the space passed over by a mov
the pallaisse in one particular only ; the ing body in any given time. The space
straw in the latter being loose, whereas therefore must be divided into as many
that of the mattress is quilted in. equal parts, as the time is conceived to be
MAUG, Ind. The name of a month divided into: the quantity of space an
which partly agrees with our January and such
swering to
portion of time, is the
of the velocity.
February. measure

MAUL, a heavy beater or hammer, Measures then are various,


according to
generally shod with iron, used in driving the different kinds and dimensions of
yilcs Sec. things measured Hence arise lineal and
MAWANY, Ind. See Kistbundy. longitudinal measures for lines or lengths ;
M A X I M S , in fortification See F o R
. . for square areas; and solid or cubic, for
t; f ication. bodies and their capacities : all whicU
MEALED, pulverized, or reduced to a<ain are very different in different coun
powder. tries and ages, and even many of them for
MEAN Fortification. See Fortifi different commodities. Hence also arise*
cation. other divisions, of domestic and foreign,
M E A N A , Ind. A machine or vehicle, ancient and modern, dry and wet (or liquid;
a
species of palankeen, but only used measures, Sec.
for carrying one person. It is borne by Lang Measure. The English stan
four men, and supported by means of dard long measure, or that whereby the;
a bamboo extended from the ends ; quantities of things are ordinarily esti
being
generally seven feet long, and three wide, mated, is the yard containing three English
with Venetian blinds, which slide and feet, equal to three Paris feet one inch and
act as doors. Persons in India sometimes -i2thsof aninch,or7-Qthsof a Paris ell.
travel to a considerable distance in these subdivisions are the foot, span, palm4
vehicles ; the number, of bearers being in
creased, and snvcfssiirrfyfeTfeveH. It is Its
inch, and barley-corn : its multipliers are
rhe pracc; fathom, pole, furlong,- nut miJe.
408 ME A M E A

T-able, which shews the length in English lines of the several long measures, andtherela*
tionofforeign measures to ioo Englishfeet.
Long measure.

Length Equiv.
of each to 106
measure feet
Places. Measure.
Linesioo num.100

Aix laChapelle foot 136,90


Amsterdam foot 134,25
foot 140,63
Anspach
Antwerp foot 134,86
Augsburg foot r39,88
Basil foot 140,85
Bavaria foot 105,05
Berjten palm 4^,87
Berlin foot 146,27
Bern foot i38>5
Bolofna paso 896,
foot 170,20
Bremen foot *36,58
Brescia braccio 221,06
Breslaw foot 134,25
Briel foot 158.3-
Brunswick foot '34,77
Brussels foot 137,43
Cagliaii palmo 95,67
Cairo derah 262,
Catara palmo 115,20
Castille paso 658,75
foot
13l'ls
palmo 98,81
China foot for merchants 159,80
foot for mathematicians 157,35
kongpu for architects I52,45
foot land measure 150,96
Cleves foot 139,56
Cologne foot i29,97
Constantinople foot 334,5
Cracow foot 168,33
Dantzic foot
faum
i35,5
Denmark 880,32
foot 148,22
Dordrecht foot 170,
Dresden foot i3365
Egypt derah 262,
Embden foot 139,88
England foot M4,
Erfurt foot
133.28
Ferrol code
263,
foot 131,50
palmo 32,87
Florence braccio 258,90
France toise
920,46
pied de roi
I53.4I
metre
472,27
J'rancfort on the Maine toot
35,3
Geneva foot
23,44
Genoa palmo 118,58
Goes foot
141,60
foot
Gottingen 137,43
Gotha foot
135,85
Greece foot
144,68
foot
Groningen "37,97
Halle foot
140,63
foot
Hamburgh foot
135,3
Hanover 137,43
Harlem foot
137,43
Hague foot *534X
ME A M E A 409

Long Measure.
Length Equiv.
of each to ICO
measure feet
Places. Measures.

lines 100 num.100

Heidelberg foot i3i,S7 109,44


Hildesheim foot 132,26 108,88
Holland foot 134,25 107,26
Holstein foot 140,95 ioj, 16
Inspruck foot 150, 96,
Konigsberg foot 145, 32 99,09
Leghorn palmo 32,87 438,
braccio 258,90 56al
Leipsic foot x3i5? 107,86
Leyden foot 148,08 97.24
Liege foot 135,85 106,
Lisbon foot 159,9* 90,05
palmo long measure 106,62 i35,oo
palmo short measure i3,56 '39,05
London foot 144, 100,
Louvain foot 134,86 106,75
Lubeck foot t37,43 104,78
Lunenburg foot 137,43 104,78
Lyons foot 161,40 89,22
Magdeburg foot 133,92 io7,53
Manheim foot 137, 105,10
Mantua braccio 219,70 65,54
Mastrick foot 132,64 io8,57
Mecklenburg foot 137,43 104,78
Mentz foot 142,23 101,25
Middleburg foot 141,70 101,62
Milan foot 187,50 76,80
Munich foot 105,05 i37,o8
Muscovy foot 158, 9',!4
Naples palmo "4,54 115,62
Neufchatei foot 141,70 101,62
Nuremburg foot 143,50 -,35
Oldenburg foot 139,88 ,02,94
Osnaburg foot 131,90 .09,17
Padua foot 167,25 86,16
Palermo palmo 114,84 125,39
Paris toise 920,46 12,64
pied de roi i53'4i 93,86
metre 472,27 30.49
Parma braccio 258,15 55,7
arisch 450,20
Persia
258,14
| 3,36
Placentia braccio 55,78
Pomerania foot 137,87 io4,37
Prague foot 142,55 101,02
Ratzeburg foot 137.43 104,78
Reggio braccio 250,^0 57,55
Revel foot 126,40 H3,92
Rhine foot 148,23 97,15
Riga foot 129,45 1 1 1 ,24

foot of Holland 134,25 107,25


Rimini braccio 256,75 56,08
Rome foot 139,14 103,50
palmo io5,47 136,53
Rostock foot 136,58 i5,43
Rotterdam foot 147*55 97,59
Rouen foot 127,84 112,64
Russia foot Rhenish 148,23 97,15
foot English 144, 100,
Samos foot 163,40 88,13
Sardinia palmo of Genoa 118,58 121,44
palmo of Cagliari 95,68 150,50
Siam ken 4*3,85 31.73
Stade foot 137,43 104,78
Stettin foot 133,5 107,86
3 F
410 ME A M E A

Long Measure.
Length Equiv.
of each to 100
measure feet
Places. Measures.

lines ioo num. 100

Stockholm foot 140,20 I02,7"I


Stralsund foot 133,50 107,86
Strasburg foot 136,66 iS,37
Sweden faum 841,20 17,12
foot 140,20 102,71
Switzerland foot 141,7 101,62
Turin foot 152,56 94,39
Ulm foot 136,48 105,50
Utrecht foot 128,90 111,71
Valencia foot 142,72 io,90
Venice foot 164,07 87,77
Verden foot 137,43 104,78
Verona foot 164,07 87,77
Vienna foot 151,28 95,18
Wirtemberg foot 137,43 104,78
Wismar foot 138,93 103,05*
Zell foot 137,43 104,78
Ziriczee loot 146,60 98,23
Zurich foot 141,70 101,62

The following examples will shew in 100 metres =*

what manner the proportion between the 1 metre =


472,27 lines
long measures of any two givun countries '35,30 lines =
1 foot
may be ascertained. Result 349,05 feet.
Examples. Reduce 100 feet of Hamburgh into
1 1 is required to reduce ioo metres new metres of France.
measure of France into feet of
Hamburgh. 100 feet = *
The French measuring 472,27
metre t foot 135,30 lines
=

English lines, and the Hamburgh foot 472,27 lines =1 metre


135,30, according to the table prefixed, Result 28,65 metres.
I state the following equation :

Table, which shews the contents in English square feet of the several land measures, and
the relations offoreign measures to 100 acies English measure.
Land Measure.
contents Equiv.
of each to 100
measure acres.
Places. Measures.

num.100
squ.feet.
Amsterdam morgen 87630 49,71
Basil juchart 34368 126,75
Berlin great morgen 61182 71,20
little morgen 27531 158,22
Bern juchart field measure 28979 150,32
juchart forest measure 41729 i4,39
Dantzic morgen 59927 72,69
Denmark tcende-hart-korn 118715 36,6y
E ngland acre
43560 100,
Florence soccate 53461 81,4s
France atpent de Paris 36865 118,16
arpent des eaux etferets 55071 79,1a
hectare 107830 40,40
Franconia morgen 39157 111,25
Geneva jourr.e.. 5577 80,02
Hamburg1i morgen 135941 32,04
Hanover morgen 28050 155,29
Ireland acre 70560 6i,73
Rhine morgen land measure 18354 337,33
ditto for forests 24472 178,
ditto for vineyards *
16994 256,32
ME A M E A 411

Land Measure.
Contents Equiv.
of each to 100
measure acres

Places. Measures.

squ.feet. num. iqo

Rhine (continued) thauen 13767 316,40


juchart 9178 474,60
Russia dessaetina 124620 34,95
Saxony acker 5945 73,27
morgen, Dresden measure 29725 146,54
Schleswig pfluge 190350 22,88
Scotland acre 55354 78,70
Spain fanegada 48215 90.35
aranzada 40514 107,52
Sweden tuna land measure 532'8 81,58
Switzerland fauxe 70818 61,51
morgen 123,02
Vienna jochen
great morgen
S3
61182 71,20
68,35
Wirtemburg
little morgen 35849 121,51
Zurich juchart 34941 124,67
ditto forforests 38823 112,20

The following examples will shew in ioo dessaetinas .v =

what manner the proportion between the 1dessaetina => 124620 square feet
land measures of any two given countries 48215 square ft. = 1 fanegada
may be ascertained. Result 258,47 fanegadas.
Examples. Reduce 100 fanegadas into dessaetinas.
It is required ro reduce ioo dessaetinas 100 fanegadas = x

of Russia into fanegadas of Spain. 1 fanegada =


48215 square feet
The dessaetina measuring 124620 square 124620 square ft. = 1 dessaetina
feet of England, and the fanegada 48215, Result 38,69 dessaetinas.
according to the table prefixed, I state the
following equation :

Table, which shews the length in English feet of the several itinerary measures, and the
relation ef these measures to 1
degree of the terrestrial meridian, equal to 364420 English
Jeet.
Itinerary Measure.
Length Equiv.
of each to 1
measure degree
'

Placet. Measures.

Feet. num.100

Arabia milla 6441 56,58


Brandenburg meile 34725 10,50
Denmark mil 24704 14,75
England mile by land 5280 69,02
mile by sea 60,
6c73|
l822lT
league marine 20,
Flanders mille 20587 17,70
France lieue terrestre i4576| 25,
lieue moyenne 16308 22,22
lieue de poste 12784 28,50
lieue marine 18221 20,
mynametre 32797 11,11
Germany meile 20587 17,7
meile geographical
meile
242944J 15.
Hamburgh 24704 14,75
Holland
meile 19212 18,97
Hungary meile
India
27378, 3,3r
parasang 12147* 3.
Ireland mile gnojs 40,
Italy milla 60732 60,
Lithuania meile 29.'30 12,42
Persia parasang 16356 22.28
412 M E A M E A

Itinerary Measure.
Length Equiv.
of each to 1
measure degree
Places. Measures.

Feet. num.100

Poland meile 18221 20,


Portugal legua 20245s9 18,
Prussia meile 15409 14,34
Russia werste 3500 104,12
Saxony meile 29700 12,27
Scotland mile 59J2 61,23
Silesia meile 21250 17,15
Spain legua of Castille 21958 16,60
legua juridica 13724 26,55
legua maritima I02I 20,
milla maritima 60732 60,
Sweden mile 3505 10,40
Switzerland meile 27450 13,21
Turkey berri 5476 66,55

The following example will shew in and that of the mile


32797 English feet,
what manner the proportion between the 5280, I state the following equation :
itinerary measures of any two given coun 1
myriametre = *
tries may be ascertained. 1
myriametre =
32797 feet
Reduce 1 myriametre new French mea 5280 feet = 1 mile
sure into miles of England. Result 6,21 miles.
The length of the myriametre being

Table, whith shews the quantity of English cubic inches contained by each of the corn

measures, and the relation offoreign measures to IO quarters Winchester measure.

Corn Measure.
Contents Equiv.
of each to 10
measure quarters
Places. Measures.

cubic in. num.100

Abbeville setier 9355 i8,3


A gen sac 5332 32,68
Aire raziere 6136 28,40
Aix la Chapelle fas 1460 "9,35
Alckmaar sack 4938 35,29
Alexandria rebebe 9578 18,19
kisloz 10407 i6,74
A Igiers caffise 19485 8,94
Alicante camse 1
490 1 11,69
Amersfort mudden 13986 15,68
Amiens setier 2003 87,
Amsterdam last i779i6 ,98
mudden 6590 26,44
sack 4942 35.26
scheepel 1647 105,77
Ancona rubbo 16645 io,47
Antwerp viertel 47i 37,07
Apenrade tonen 8355 20,85
Archangel ozetwer 11888 14,66
Arensburg last 187262 ,93
Aries setier 3628 48,03
Arnheim mouver 8080 21,50
Augsburgh schaf 26787 6,50
Avignon boisseau 5612 3 ',05
Avila fanega 33'i 52,62
Azores alquier 73" 238,54
Barcelona quartern 4238 41,11
Basil sack 7866 22,15
Bautzen scheffel 6657 26; 17
Bayonne conque 253 1 69,61
ME A ME A 413

Corn Measure.
Contents Equiv.
of each to IO
measure quarters
Places. Measures.
cubic in num.100

Beaucaire setier 3703 47,05


Beauvais tonneau 1
18529 i,47
Bergamo staja 1263 138,
Bergen op Zoom fister 2818 61,8^
Berlin scheffel 3315 52,26
Bern mutte 9650 i8,c6
Bilboa fanega 3510 49,64
Bois-le-Duc mouver
8671 20,09
Bologna corba 4499 38,73
Bordeaux boisseau 4678 37,25
Boulogne setier 10525 1 i6,55
Breba viertel
53c6 1 32,84
Bremen scheffel
4336 ; 40,19-
Breslaw scheffel 4262 1 40,89
Brest tonneau 842.0 2,07
Briel sceckc 438o 39,78
Bruges hoeden 10157 17,15
Brunswick scheffel
Brussels sack
18963 9,19
71 10 24,51
Cadiz fanega 33" 52,67
Calabria comolo
Calais setier
3TX9 55,87
10134 17,19
Campen mudden
7137 24,41
Candia carga 9356 18,62
Cassel viertel
8702 20,02
Castille fanega
Cleves malter
33" 52,67
10939 15,93
Coburg simmer
5079 34,31
Colberg scheffel
302q 57,52
Cologne malter
9f.l 17,63
Concarneau tonneau 84200 2,07
Constantinople kisloz
2140 81,40
Copenhagen tcende
8481 20,54
Corfu moggio
Corsica 6091 28,61
stajo 6008 29,
Corunna ferrado
Creutznach malter
986 176,71
8874 19,63
Cyprus medimno
4448 39,i7
Dantzic last
scheffel Berlin measure 187310 ,93
Darmstadt malter
3315 52,26
Delft sack
6107 -8,55
Denmark tcende
6129 28,43
Deventet 8481 20,54
mudden
Dieppe raziere 493s 35,29
Dixmude raziere 6o32
5828
27,94
Dordrecht sack 29,9a
Dresden scheffel
7406 23,53
Dunkirk sea raziere
6455 27,
land raziere 9875 17,64
8887 19,61
Eckrenforde tonnen
Edam mudden
8242 21,14
Elbing last 6590 26,44
Embden tonnen r873io ,93
Enchuysen mudden 11656 14,95
8080 21,50
England quarter
bushel 17424 10,
Erfurt scheffel 2178 80,
Femeren scheffel 3430 50,80
Ferrara staro 2294 75,95
Ferrol ferrado 1843 94,54
Flensburg tonnen
1 104 !57,83
Florence stajo 355 20,85
boisseau of Paris 1444 120,67
""74 "5,13
414 M E A M E A

Corn Measure.
Contents Equiv.
of each toio
measure quarters
Places. Measures.

cubic in. num.100

France (continued) decalitre* 610 285,64


.Francfort on the Maine malter 6584 26,46
Frederickstadt tonnen 7708 22,60

Gand halster 3'75 54,89


Geneva coupe 4735 36,80
Genoa mina 7110 24,51
Gluckstadt tonnen 8716 20,
Goes sack 4444 39,21
Gorcum mudden 10305 16,91
Grouda sack 6348 27,45
Granada sack 5924 29,41
Gravelines raziere 8080 21,56
Grypswald scheffel 73,36
mudden
23ZI
Groningen 5386 32,35
Haarlem sack 4678 37.25,
Hamburgh last 192720 ,9i
sack 12848 13,56
scheffel 6424 27,12
tonnen salt measure 11428 15.25
Hanau malter 6862 25,39
Hanover himten 1896 91,89
Harderwyck mudden 29,26
mudden
595>i
Harlingen 5386 32,35
Havre de Grace boisseau 2108 82,66-
Heidelberg malter 6279 27,75
Heusden mudden 10305 16,91
Hildesheim himten 1581 no,53
Holstein himten 2007 86,8a
Honfleur boisseau 2390 72,91
Horn sack 4039 43,i3
Husum tonnen 8924 19,52
Kiel tonnen 7227 24,"
Konigsberg scheffel new measure 3315 52,26
Laland tonnen 8383 20,79
sacco 4332 40.22
Leghorn
stajo 1444 120,67
Leipsic scheffel 8473 20,56
Lewarden mudden 5386 32,35
Liebau loof 3819 45,62
Libourne sac 5079 34,3i
Liege setier 1825 95,48
Lisbon mayo 49440 3'5l
alquier 824 211,40
Lisle raziere 4334 40,20
London quarter 17424 I0'o ,

Lubec last corn measure I 95 500 ,894


scheffel rye measure 2037 85,54
scheffel malt measure 2375 7336
scheffel oats measure 2392 72,84
Lucca stajo 1495 116,55
Lunenburg scheffel 3793 45,94
Lyons anee 12538 13,9
Madeira alquier 683 255,11
Magdeburg scheffel 3315 52,56
Majorca quartera 4'39 42,10
Malaga fanega 3642 47,84
Malta salma 16240 io,73
Manfredonia carro 1 14634 1,52
Manhemia malter 6279 27,75
Mantua stajo 2124 82,04
Marans tonneau 84200 l'l
Marseilles charge 9636 18,08


The litre, or the unit of French measures of capacity, is. therefore equivalait
61 English cubic inches.
ME A ME A 415

Corn Measure,
Contents Equiv*
of each to 10
measure
quarters
Places. Measures.
cubic in. num. ico

Mastrick setier 1382 126,08


Meissen scheffel 6455 27,
Memel scheffel 3315 52,26
Middleburg sack 4284 40,67
Milan moggio 8436 20,66
Modena 4284 40,67
stajo
Montpellier setier
3H9 55.8&
Montreuil boisseau 520 335,oS
Morlaix boisseau 3229
Munich schaff 22109 7,88
Muyden mudden 8080 21, 56
Nancy carte
2921 59,65
Nantes tonneau
152510 i,i4i
setier 15251 11,42*
Naples tomolo 3182 54,76
Narva tonnen
9883 17,63
Nedain Galicia ferrado 1104 157,83
Negropont kisloz 1849 94,23
Nieuport raziere ioi57 17,15
Nimeguen mouver
8i73 =1,32
Nice stajo 2349 74,18
Nuremberg summer 20287 8,59
Oesel last 187260 ,9$
Oporto alquier 1006 173,20
Osnaburg scheffel 1750 99,57
Ostend raziere 10706 16,27
Ouden water mudden 8465 20,58
Oviedo fanega 4415 39,47
Paris setier
18,76
boisseau 225,13
decalitre 610 285,64
Passau sechsling
"Patras
19465 8,95
staro
5006 34,8i
Pemau loof
Tersia artaba
3974 43,85
Piedmont sack
3974 43,85
Poland last
6489 26,85
187260 '9*
Prague strick
5755 30,28
Purmerend mudden
Ratisbon
6590 26,44
metzen
Ravenna rubbo
200] 87,o8
16984 10,26
Rendsburg tonnen
7558 23,c5
Revel tonnen
7212 24,16
Riga tonnen
7948 21,92
loof
Rimini rubbo
3974 43,85
Rochelle 16984 10,26
tonneau
84200 2,07
Romagna staro
Rome rubbo 5Jo6 3J,64
Rostock
16684 10,44
scheffel wheat measure
2450 71,12
scheffel oats measure
Rotterdam hoed 2723 63>99
sakken
67755 2,57
achtendeelen
6352 27,43
21
Rouen setier 17 82,31
boisseau 10904 15,98
Russia chetwer I362 127,83
1 1 888 14,66
chetwerick 1406
St. Ander "7,25
fanega 33H 52,67
St. Gall charge
St. Malo tonneau
4443 39,22
84200 2,07
St, Omer raziere
St. Petersburg!! 7900 22,07
chetwer 11888
chetwerick 14,^6
1488 H7,25
416 M E A M E A

Corn Measure.
Contents hquiv.
of each to 10
Imeas .re quarters
Measures.

Places.
cubic in. num. ioo

St. Sebastian fanega 33" 52,67


18,6a
St. Valery setier 93|6
Sardinia starello 2988 5,3I
Schiedam sack 6352 27,4*
tonnen 8012 2i,75
Schleswig 20,58
Schonhoven mudden 8465
Scotland firlot wheat measure 2197 79.31
firlot barley measure 3207 54.33
Seville fanega 33H 52,67
salma grossa 20215 8,62
Sicily
salma generale 16229 10,74
Smyrna quillot 2141 81,38
fanega 33" 52,67
Spain
celemine 276 631,30
Stettin scheffel 2677 65,09
Stralsund scheffel wheat measure 2609 66,78
scheffel oats measure 2768 62,95
Strasburg sester city measure 1117 156,
sester county measure 1152 151,25
Sweden tunna 8932 19,51
tunna wheat measure 10050 i7,34
tunna malt measure 10607 'o'4!
tunna salt measure 9491 18,36
kappe 279 f24,53
kanna 59* 1092,4*
Tarascon charge 3485 5,
Tarragona setier 3442 59,62
Tervere sack 4557 38,24
Tiel mudden 8465 20,58
Tonningen tonnen 7406 23 53
Tortosa quartera 5414 32,18
Toulon emine 6237 '1,9L
Tuscany moggio 32480 5,36i
Trieste staro 45i7 38,57
Tripoli caffise 19920 8,75
Tunis caffise 21830 7,9*
Turin emine 1168 149,18
Ulm metzen 584 298,26
Utrecht mudden 7110 24,50
Valencia cahiz 12227 14,25
barchilla 1019 X71'.
Valenciennes mytur 4380
Vannes tonneau
staro
93556 3?;?S
Venice 4941 35,27
Verona minella 2248 77,51
Viana alquier 99 176,18
Vienna metzen 4277 40,74
Weimar scheffel 5430 32>9
Wetzlar malter 14275 12,20
Windaw loof 3810 45,62
scheffel 3228
Wirtemburg
scheffel
53,8
^Vismar

2496 69,81
Wolgast j scheffel 2609 66,78
/ante bazzilo 2165 80,48
'/ell 1 scheffel 18963 9.19
Ziriczee sack 474i 36,75
/uric j mutte
543 34,55
Zwickau ; hchetfe 4089 42,61
<v'-- V
7 wo'' 6836 25,49
MEA MEA 417

The following examples will shew in 100 alquiers = x

what manner the proportion between the 1


alquier = 824 cubic inches
1 fanega
two,given countries may 33 1 1 cubic inches
-=
measures of any
Result 24,89 fanegas.
be ascertained.
Reduce 100 fanegasof Cadiz into al
Examples. of Lisbon.
It is required to reduce ioo alquiers of quiers
Lisbon into fanegas of Cadiz.
100 fanegas = x

The alquier containing 824 cubic inches, 1 fanega =


331 1 cubic inches
1 alquier
and the fanega 3311, according to the table 824 cubic inches =

prefixed, I state the following equation :


Result 401,82 alquiers.

which shews the quantity of English cubic inches contained by each ef the
mea-
Table,
suress used in the sale of liquids, and the relation offoreign measures to 100 English gallons
1

wine measure.

Liquid Measure.
Contentsi Equiv*
I of each to too

measure gallons
Places: Measures.

cubic in. num.100

Alicante cantara 622 37,14


Altona tonne of 32 stubgens 7967 3,27
Amsterdam steken 1 1 60 19,91
virtel 442j 52,20
stoopen 145 iw.s*
mingel 72J1 318,(12
Ancona boccale 87 1 265,51
io2i 120,15
Antwerp stoopen
Arragon cantara 585, 39,49
Augsburg maas 9oi 2J5.7*
Barcelona carga wine measure 7599 3.4
carga oil measure 7394 3.ia
Bari salm oil measure 10086 2,2J
Basil pot new measure 76j 33.I5
Berlin nassor maas 70* 329,41
Bern maas 100 J 229,85
Bologna corba] 445 5,13
Bordeaux velte 453 51,
Bremen stubgen 193* "9.3
Breslaw quart 42| 545,67
Brunswick stubgen 223I 103.24
Cadiz see
Spain
Canary Islands pipa 26794 ,86
Canea miscala oil measure 686 33,67
Cassel viertel 499 i 46,2 c.
Cognac velte 447* $1.62
Cologne viertel 365 63,29
Constantinople almud 3'9 72,36
Dantzic stof wine measure 1043 220,84
stof beer measure 140 $ 164,70
Denmark ahm 9128 2,53
kanne wine measure
117} 196,18
toende beer measure 801 1 2,88
tcende pitch measure 767 3.27
Dijon quartaut 6176 3,74
Dresden anker regular measure 2055 11,24
tonne beer measure
5993 3,85
kanen great measure
kanen small measure
85J 269,79
405,27
Dunkirk pot
gallon wine measure
.5 !67,39
England 231 top,
gallon beer measure 282 81,91
Ferrara secchia 624 37,oa
Florence barile oil measure 11,91
1940
barile wine measure 0425 9
fiascho 121 00,90
boccale , 6o 381,80
France hectolitre f> ioo 3,70
r> c
418 MEA MEA

Liquid Measure.
Contents Equiv.
of each ioo
measure gallons
Places. Measures.
cubic in. num.100

litre
61 378,69
France (continued)
Francfort on the Maine viertel 45 5',3J
salma 9392 2,46
Gallipoli 58
Geneva pot 398,27
Genoa rubbo oil measure 521 44,34
pinta wine measure 105 220,
Goth* stubgen 2o6| "i,73
viertel 442 52,20
Hamburgh 221
stubgen 104,5*
kanne' HoJ 209,05
tonne beer measure 10594 2,18
tonne fish oil measure 7062 3.27
Hanover stubgen 237 97.47
tonne beer measure 6163 3,75
tonne honey measure 6044 3,82
Heidelberg viertel 562* 41,08
eimer 4470 5,iT
Hungaria
Konigsberg stof 87* 264,
Leghorn barile oil measure 1940- ii,?!
barile wine measure 2425 9,53
fiascho i9o,po
boccale 6o3 381,80
Leipsic eimer 4625 5,00
kanne 73T 3i4,7i
lot 128 180,47
Lisle
Lisbon almude 1040 22,21
alquier 520 44,42
canhada 86| 266,54
Lubec stubgen
2204 104,65
rrfeasure 6088 3,79
Lucca copaoil
Lyons pot 58tV 397,62
Majorca cortan oil measure 25if 91,80
arroba 24,39
Malaga A9i7
Mantua moggio oil measure 6789 3,4
Marseilles millerolle 3640 6,35
scandal 910 25,38
Massa barile oil measure 2160 10,69
Mentz maass 1131 203,08
Messina salma wine measure 5270 4,38
caffise oil measure 527 43,83
Minorca quartillo 349* 66,09
Montpellier pot wine measure 64i 360,23'
pot oil measure 7H
Naples stara oil measure
barile wine measure
3407 *&
2541 3 9,9
Narva stof 78-5 293,9
Nice rubbo oil measure 5i5 44,5
North barrel pitch measure 7067 3,27
Nuremberg maas tavern measure 60$ 381,81
Oneglia barile oil measure 6,11
Oporto aliquer
canhadc
%h
112*
34,i8
205,10
Osnaburg kanne 74* 310,58
Ovieda quartillo 669,56
Paris setier 464t 49,7
pints 58J,
*
397,62
litre new measure 61 378,69
Pernau stof 783 293,9
Pola salma 9196s 2,51
Prague pint 116 199,14
Puglia staja 24,57
viertel 106,70
Ratisbon
stof
2l6|
Revel iH 318,62
stof 752 308,
Riga
MEA MEA 419

Liquid Measure,
Contents Equiv.
of each to ioo

measure gallons
Places. Measures.
cubic in.

Rochelle velt 447i 51,62


Rome boccale 289,47
Rotterdam stoopen 156 148,08
Russia' wedra 751 30,76
kruska 935 246,07
Sa^agossa cantara 584 39,55
Sciiafhausen maas 79? 289,47
Scotland pint old measure 1031 223,40
s
Sicily 1
caffise 695 33.2-'
Spain moyo wine measure 15152 1,52
cantara ditto 947 24,39
azumbre ditto iiS| i5,i4
quartillo ditto 293 780,40
arroba oil measure 74os 31,22
quartilla ditto l853 124,86
libra ditto 29T 780,40
Stettin noessel 441 516,20
Stralsund stubgen 97.47
237,
Strasburg schoppen 29t 780,40
Sweden kanna 1591 i44,7i
Toulon millerolle 3927 5,88
Trieste orna oil measure 4003 5,77
barile wine measure 4158 5,56
Tripoli mataro 1375 16,80
Tunis mataro oil measure H55 20,
mataro wine measure 577i
Turin pint
4'o
95h 241,89
Valencia cantara 7751 29,78
Venice miro oil measure 962 24'
secchia wine measure 60 2 3,36
Verona basso 27 Si 83,77
Vienna eimer 3614 o,39
maas 9$ 255,72
Zell stubgen 237 97,47
Zurich maas mi 207,64

The following examples will shew in prefixed, I state the following equation :'
what manner the proportion between the 100 litres x =

liquid measures of any two given countries 1 litre = 61 cubic inches


may be ascertained. J9 3-5 cubic inches = 1 quartillo
Examples, Result 206,08 quartillos.
Let it be required to reduce 100 litres Reduce 100 quartillos wine measure of
new French measure into Spanish into litres new measure of France.
quar- Spain
tillos wine measure. 100
quartillos = x
The trench litre measuring internally 1
quartillo =
29 3-5 cubic inches
61 English cubic inches, and the Spanish 61 cubic inches = 1 litre
quartillo 29 3-5, according to the table Result 48,52 litres.
420 MEA MEA

Tabli, which shews the length in English lines of each of the measures usedin the sale ef
cloths, linens, and silk stuffs, and the relation of foreign measures to lOOyardsand ioo
ells English measure .

Cloth Measure.
Length Equiv. Equiv.
of each to IOo to IOO
measure yards ells
Places. Measures.

lines too. num. 100 num.100

Abbeville aune 558,25 77,38 96,73


AixlaChapelle elle 315,35 137, 171,25
Aleppo pike 3 '9,40 135,25 169,06
Alexandria pike 319,60 i35,i7 168,96
Algiers pike long measure 294,05 146,91 183,64
pike short measure 220,53 195,89 244,86
Alicante vara 399,20 108,22 135,27
Ahona elle 270,60 159,64 i99.5<
elle Brabant measure 326,54 132,3? i65,37
Amberg elle 394,40 109,58 136,91
Amsterdam elle 326, 132,51 165,64
Ancona braccio 33,4o 142,38 I77.98
Anspach elle 289,80 149,07 186,34
Antwerp aune long measure 327,9 i3i,75 164,69
aune short measure
323.25 33,64 167,05
Archangel archine 330, 128,57 160,71
Arra>;on vara
364,13 118,64 148,30
Arras aune
329,65 i3!.5 163,81
Augsburg elle long measure 287,85 150,08 187,6a
elle short measure 279,75 154,42 i*32
Avigon canne
918,80 47,02 58,77
aune 55i,2o 78,37 97,96
Basil aune
556,8o 77,58 96,98
Bamberg elle 344,65 "5,35 156,69
Barcelona cana
727,45 59,39 74,23
Bayreuth elle 283,60 152,33 190,41
Batavia covid 237.60 181,82 227,27
Bautzen elle 272, 158,82 198,53
Bayonne aune
417.4 103,50 I29.38
Bengal covid 108, 400, 5o.
Bergamo braccio 139.58 174,47
309,50
Bergen elle 182,15
29645 145.72
Berg-op- Zoom elle 327.07 132,08 165,10
Berlin elle 314,90 i37l9 171,48
Bern elle 255,80 168,89 211,10
Bielefeld elle
276,25 156,38 195,47
Bilboa vara
395,25 109,30 136,6a
Bologne braccio for silk stuffs 281,25 153,60 192,
braccio for cloths 144,05 180,06
299,90
Bolzano elle "5,75 144,69
373,2o
braccio 259,60 166,40 208,
Bombay cuz
336 128,57 160,71
heat 216, 200, 250,
Bordeaux aune
562,51 76,80 96,
Brabant aune
326,54 132,3 i65,37
Breda elle
327,07 132,08 165,10
Bremen elle
Brescia
273,i5 158,15 i97,$9
braccio 244,28
221,06 195,42
Breslaw elle
elle Silesia measure
259.65 166,38 207,97
272, 158,8a 198,53
Bretagne aune
636,25 67,9 84,87
Bruges aune
327,90 131.75 164,69
aune for linens
342,40 126,17 i57,7i
Brunswick elle
269,55 160,27 2*0,33
Brussels aune long measure
327,9 131.75 1 64,69
aune short measure
323.25 i33.64 167,05
Burgos vara
395,25 109,30 136,62
Cadiz vara
395,25 i9,3 136,62
ana Brabant measure
327,90 i3'75 164,69
Caen aune
55,25 77,3s 96,73
MEA MEA 421

Cloth Measure.
Length Equiv.
of each to 100
measure yards
Places. Measures.
lines 100

Cagliari raso 259,20 166,66


Cairo pike 319,60 i35,'7
Calais aune 558,25 77,38
Calicut covid 216, 20a,
guz 338-4 127,66
Cambrai aune 33*. 35 127,68
Canary Islands vara 406,20 106.35
Candia pike 3', 143,52
Canton covid 175,50 240,15
Carthagena vara 395,25 109,30
Cassel elle 265, 163,
Castille vara 395.25 109,30
Chambery raso
27,35 159,20
China covid 17550 246,15
Christ iania elle 296,45 145,72
Coblentz elle 263,55 163,91
Coburg elle 276,90 156,
Cologne elle long measure 328,15 131,65
elle short measure 27I,'5 159,32
Constance elle long measure 35 ',05 123,06
elle short measure 326,33
Constantinople pike long
l&3*
measure
316, 1^70
pike short measure 306, 141,18
Copenhagen alen 296,45 i+5,72
Corfu pike 271, '59,41
Corsica pHmo 118,15 365,64
Cracow elle 291,40 148,25
Cremona 290,50 148,70
I
Cyprus pike 3'7,i5 136,21
Damascus pike 274,85 '57,i7
Dantzic elle 271, '59,4i
Delft elle
3"-6, '32,51
Denmark alen
296,45 '45,72
Dresden elle 161,61
267,30
Dublin yard 432, IOo,
ell 54o, 80,
Dunkirk aune
3 '9.40 '35,25
Dusseldorf elle 169,54
Elbing elle 28o 161,87
elle
Embden
3*6,60 136,45
England yard 432, 100,
elle 54o, 80,
Erfurt elle long measure 166,40
259,60
elle short measure '9,7 226,53
Erlang elle
3", 50 I38,62
Fermo braccio
3I0> '39,35
Ferrara braccio for cloths '367
3l6,
braccio for silk stuffs 297, !45,45
Flensburg elle
270,60 '59,64
Florence braccio for cloths
braccio for silk stuffs
278,90 '54,90
274,85 '57,17
Forli braccio
290,50 148,70
France aune of 528 lines
562,51 76,80
netie
472,27 9',47
Francfort on the Maine elle
elle Brabant measure
254,80 169,54
aune of Paris
326,54 '32,30
elle
561,27 76,97
Francfort on the Oder
elle 3'3,33 137.87
Freyberg 267,60 161,43
Gand aune
i3i,75
aune for linens 327,90
342,40 126,17
Ccneva aune
aune of France 540,13 79,98
canna ot 10 1.2
562,51 76,80
Genoa palmi >J245,io 34,70
wiwitt>*fl ** ".WJ*
in o" in <nso" inso" tf *f sO* rCrTwHO &, !?''. "
s*inoMncoosii w os <jso r- to r- o osse Os a
M^-HHMdHI-l'''-' M M

M
OOOooinod<no"s."id
oodt-eindooend ^-oo oo t*
o ifls^inwO m
o\ e-o inoo oo rd
v^

c
r J

Be. C

u
OJ
am long shor
a Brab
u ju jy JU jy
"3 M}*U "J -Q OJ .Au U D OJ u u v n u u "3 "3 "3 "3 .- o .T
o."3"

t>0
E-S
OrS
"O -a2
t C-i rr* 52 m c/i
S S a ^8^. 3.2
..
e
5
u.-S
O O 3 3 3
QUO
MEA MEA 423

Cloth Measure.
Length Equiv. Equiv.
of each to ioo to ioo
measure yards ells

Places. Measures.
lines io num.100 num.100

vara
109,30 136,62
Madrid 171,48
elle I37i9
Magdeburg 57,14 7i,43
cana
Mahon 53>33 66,66
cana
Majorca 109,30 136,62
vara
Malaga '33,64 167,05
aune
Malines 40,82 51,02
canna
Malta 204,97
Manheim elle
braccio 245,79
Mantua
canne
56,95
Marseilles 97,7*
aune
elle 167,28
Mastrick 166,66
Mecca covid
Memel elle
elle 162,96
Memmingeii 208,33
Mentz elle
canna s
Messina 470,22
palmo
elle 165,64
Middelburg 169,06
Milan braccio for cloths
braccio for silk stuff's 213,15
elle 197,5
Minden
Minorca cana 17,14 7i,43
Mocha guz
144, 180,
xovid 200, 250,
Modena Praccio 142,88 178,60
canne 45,66 57,o8
Montpellier 200, 250,
Morea pike
Morlaix aune 67,9 84,87
covado 181,44 226,80
Morocco
Munich elre 109,56 136,95
Munster elle n.3,i5 4i,43
Munden elle 156,44 195,55
Namur elle 137,92 172,40
Nantes aune of Bretagne 67,00 84,87
canna 54,2o
Naples 4336
palmo 346,88
Narva elle 154,47 193,09
archinc 128,57 160,71
Naumburg elle 161,80 202,25
pike 148,45 i85,57
Negropont 82,22 102,77
Neufchatel elle
Nice raso 166,06 208,33
palmo 346,57 433,21
Nienburg elle 157,17 196,47
Nimeguen elle 137,92 172,40
Nordlingen
Norway
Nuremberg
I elle
elle
elle
149,80
145,72
138,68
187,24
182,15
173,35
Oporto
vara 83,43 104,29
covado 137,75 172,18
palmo craveiro 413,25 5'6,54
palmo menor 417,50 521,44
Oran vara 109,30 136,62
pike for cloths 166,66
Osnabruck elle 156,80 196,
elle for linens 190,
I52'o
Ostend, aune I30,8l 163,51
Osterode elle 157,17 196,47
Oudenard elle 171,25
vara
I3Z*
106,02 132,52
Oviedo
Paderborn elle 169,54 211,93
Padua braccio 136,38 170,48
Palermo canna 47,02 5,77
' '
"- .. - ... 1....1.

424 MEA MEA


V

Cloth Measure.
Length Equiv. Equiv.
jf each to IOO to IOO
treasure yards ells

Measures.

Places.
inesioo. 1 ium.100 num.100

Palermo (continued) palmo


1 14,84 376,18 470,22
Paris aune of 528 lines 562,51 76,80 96,
aune of 526 5-6 lines 561,27 76,97 96,21
aune of 524 lines 558,25 77,38 96t73
metre 472,27 9i,47 U4.34
Parma braccio 258,15 i67,35 209,19
Patras pike for cloths and linens 324, '33,33 166,66
pike for silk stuffs 3o. '44, 180,
Pekin . peking 168,33 256,64 320,80
Pernau * elle 259,10 166,73 208,41
Persia
t

rgueze 297,5 '45,21 181,52


gueze monkelse 446,40 96,77 120,97
Perugia braccio 305,34 141,48 176,85
Piedmont raso 281,25 '53>6 192,
Pisa palmo 140,95 306,50 383,12
Placentia braccio 306,30 14?, 04 170,3
Poland elle 291,40 148,25 185,32
Pondicherry covid 216, 2oO, 250,
Pontremoli braccio 326,10 132,47 i65,59
Posen elle 269, 160,59 200,74
Prague elle 279, 154,84 i93,55
Presburg elle 263,60 163,89 204,86
Queda covid 216, 2oO, 250,
Ragusa ana 242,40 178,22 222,78
Ratisbon elle ^83, 112,80 I4I
Ratzeburg elle 157,17 196,47
Ravenna braccio 3i7,5o 136,06 ll%'*i
Ravensburg elle 324,60 133,0* 166,36
Reccanati braccio 3T4,2o I37'Ia 171,87
braccio 250,20 172,66 215,82
Reggio
Revel elle 252,80 170,88 213,60
Rhodes pike 357, 121, 151,25
Riga elle 258,90 166,86 208,57
Rimini braccio 302,35 142,88 178^60
Rochelle aune 558,25 77,3s 96773
Rome canna for linens 987, 43,77 54,7'
braccio ditto 299,80 144,10 180,12
teanna for cloths and silk stufts 939,66 45 '21 57,47
1 braccio 400,50 107,86 134,83
Rostock elle 273,15 158,15 197,69
Rotenburg elle 276,90 156, 195,
Rotterdam elle 326, 132,51 165,64
Rouen aune for cloths 549,75 78,58 98,23
aune for linens 659,68 65,49 81,86
Roveredo braccio for cloths 299,90 144,05 180,06
braccio for silk stuff's 35i,8o 122,80 153,50
Ruremonde elle 324, 133,33 166,66
Russia archine 336, 128,57 160,71
Saltzburg elle for silk stuffs 379,15 113,94 142,42
elle for cloths 474,95 90,96 113,7
Sayd pike 285,50 151,3! i89,M
St. Gall elle for cloths 29l, 1 8,45 i85,57
elle for linens 378,30 114,20 142,75
St. Malo anne 636,25 67,9 84,87
St. Petersburg archine 336, 128,57 160,71
St. Sebastian vara
395,25 109,3 136,62
Saragossa cana
978,40 44,15 55,19
Sardinia raso 259,20 166,66 208,33
palmo 118,58 364,32 455,4
elle 285, i89,47
Sehafhausen
elle
153,58
schweint'urt 275,50 156,80 196,
Scio pike long measure 334, 133,33 166,66
1 pike short measure 311,80 138,55 173,'J
' ell old
'snotlar.d measure
446,40 96,77 120,90
MEA MEA 425

Cloth Measure.
Length Equiv. Equiv.
ot each to 100 to 100
measure yards ells

Places. Measures.
lines ioo. num.ioo num.ioo

Seville vara 395,25 109,30 | 136,62.


Siam ken 453,85 95,18 118,98
216, 200, ! 250,
covid
canna 918,72 47,02 ; 58,77
Sicily 114,84 376,18 ! 470,2a
palmo
braccio for linenS 283,50 152,38 1 190,4s
braccio for cloth3 178,35 242,22 1
302,7$
Silesia elle 272, 158,82 I' 198,55
pike 324, >f 133,33 166,65
Smyrna
Soleure elle 259, flo 166,40 j 208,
vara 295,25 109,30 ; 136,61
Spain
Stade elle 274,85 i57,i7 i96>47
,

Stettin elle 37,36 140,55 j i75,6l>


Stockholm elle 280,40 154,06 | 192,5$
Stralsund elle 274,85 '57,17 '9647
elle 562,51 76,80 96,
Strasburg
brache 254,60 169,68 212,10
Surat guz 336 128,57 1 60,7 r
cobit 216, 200, 250,
Sweden elle 280,40 154,06 192,5?
Teneritt' vara 395,25 10*30 136,62
Thorn elle 269, 16^59 200,74
Toledo vara 395,25 109,30 136,61
Tortosa cana - n 75i,75 57,46 71,83
Toulon canne 915,80 47,17 58,9a
Toulouse canne 859,75 50,25 62,81
Tournai aune 292,45 T47.7- 184,65
Trente elle for cloths 319,60 1.35,17 168,96
elle for silk stuffs 289, i49,48 186,83
Treves elle 26-5,60 163,89 204,86
Trevigo braccio 3l675 136,38 170,48
Trieste clie tor cloths 519,20 135,34 169,1-
elle for silk stuflj 3o2,55 142.78 178,48
Tripoli in Barbary pike 260,90 165,58 206,98
Tripoli in Syr:a pike 324, '33,33 166,66
Troppau elle 268,50 160,90 201, ii
Troyes aune 374,70 115,29 144,11
Tunis pike for cloths 1 317*80 135,93 169,9.5
297,93 14S' 0 I8l, 2
pike lor linens ! 223,40 193,3s 241,71
Turkey pike long measure ! S'b, 13,70 170,88
pike short measure 36, 141,18 176,47
Turin raso 284,90 151,63 189,54
lilni tile 268,50 160,90 201,11
Valencia vara 428,20 100,88 126,10
Valenciennes aune 311,10 138,86 173,53
Venic braccio for cloths 314,9 137,19 171,48
braccio for silk ^tuffj 296,40 '45,75 l82,l8
Verden elle 274,85 157,17 196,471
Verona braccio 296,40 145,75 ! 182,18
Vicenza braccio 323,45 133,56 j 166,95
Vienna elle 367, 117,71 1 14^,14
Waldenburg elle 272, 158,82 198,53
Warendorf elle 276,25 156,38 1 195,47
Warsaw elle 291,40 148,25 , ie!5,3
Windesheim elle 3i',50 138,68 1 173,35
elle l69,8l
VVirtembur^ 3'8, 135,85
Wismar elle 275,30 156,92 196.IJ
Wurtzburg ells 157,60 197,
274,10
Xativa s ar a
420,50 102,73 128,43
Ypres aune
335>25 163.51
130,81
elle
Zell 274,85 157,17 196,47
Zittau ellr. 269, 10 | 160,54 200,67
Zurich 28.3,40 J52.4J ,l?:il

is- V.
426 MEA MEA

The following 100 archines x


examples will shew in =

tvhat manner the archine 336 lines


proportion between the 1
measures of any two given countries may 395,25 lines 1 vara
be ascertained. Result 85,01 varas.
Examples. Reduce 100 varas into archines.
Let it be required to reduce ioo archines ioo varas =r x

of Russia into varas of Spain. 1 vara =


395,25 lines
The archine measuring 336 English 336 lines =, 1 archine
lines, and the vara 395,25, according to Result 117,63 archines.
the table prefixed, I state the following
equation :

inch
English Long Measu&s,
3 palm
9 3 span*
ia 4 ii foot

18 6 2 i* cubit

36 12 4 3 2 yard
45 15 5 3* 2J i ell
|
60 20
62-3 5 3i ij ii' pace 1

|
72 24 8 6 4 2 ij 1
1-5 fathom

198 66 22 16* 11 si 4 !3 i-io, 2| pole


fur.
I
17920

63360
2640
21 120
880

7040
660

5280
440

352o
220

1760
176
j 1408 1056
132 no

880
4o

320
long
8
[ mile
Jewish Long or
Itinerary Measure.
cubic ng. milet. paces, feet, dect
O o I.824
400 stadium
d 145 4.6
Sab. day's journey
6 729 3.0
4000 eastern mile
I 403 1.6
3 parasang
4 153 3
g6c 240 48 24 a day's journey
33 172 4.o
Roman long Measure, deiucelta English.

digitus transversus Eng. paces, ft. dec. Inch.


o o
0.725!
* uncia
o cj 0.967
4 3 palmu ; minor
0 o 2.901
16 12 4 pes
0 O 11.604
20
15 5 U palrr ipea
0 1 2.505
24 18 6 ij 1
1-5 cubitus
0 1 5.406
40 3 10 2* 2 grad JS
if o 1 5.01
80 60 20 5 4 34 2
pass us
o 4 10.02
2500 625 500
6f 250I215 Istadium
iooo 7560
41
120 4 4.5
80000 6coo 20000
5000 4000 '3^33i 2000 iooo| 8 Jmilliare

ef=a-

ME A MEA 427

English square or superficial Measures, 1296 square inches in the square yard, the
-are raised from the yard of
36 inches mul divisions of this are square feet and inches,
and the multipliers, poles,roods, andacres.
tiplied into Uselfj and this producing
English square Measure.
inches

144 feet

I 1296 9 yards
3600 25 2 paces

39204 272J 3i 10,89 poles


1568160 I0890 1210 435,6 40 roods

6272640 435fiO 4840 1743,6 160 4 1 acr

Long Measure. inches in the foot, 22 feet in the perch, and


* 2 Inches make 1 Foot.
100 perches in tlv arpent or acre.
French liquid Measures. At Paris,
3 Peet 1 Yard.
and in a great part of the kingdom, the
54 Yards t Pole, or perch. smallest measure is the possou, which
40 Poles 1 Furlong. contains six cubic inches; 2 possous
8 Furlongs 1 Mile.
make the demi-septier ; 2demi-septiers
4 Inches 1 Hand.
6 Feet thechopine ; 2 chopines a pint; 2 pints a
1 Fathom, or toise.
quart orpot ; 4 quarts the gallon, or
3 Miles 1 League.
60 Nautical, or" septier of estimation ; 36 septiers the
muid ; which is subdivided into 2 demi-
geographical (
miles, or of i<
1 Degree. j muids, 4 quarter muids, and 8 half quar-
; ter muids. The queue in Orleans, Blois,
statute miles.
Sec contains a Paris muid and a half.
j
.

The tun used at Bayonne and Bourdeaux,


;
Square Measure. consists of 4
bariques, and equal to 3
-44 Square inches make 1
Square foot. ! Paris muids ;*at Orleans to 2 : so that the
9 Square feet 1
Square yard, first tun contains 864 pint, and the second
30J Square yards 1
Square pole. 576. The demi-queue in Champagne, 96
40 Square poles 1
Square rood. quarts; the pipe in Anjou and Poictou,
4 Square roods 1
Square acre. 2 bussards,
equal to a demi-queues of
1
Orleans, Sec. or a muid and a half of
; Paris. The millerolle used in Provence,
Solid, or Cubic Measure.
i contains 66 Paris
pints ; and the poincon
^1728 Cubic in. make 1 Cubic foot. at Nantz, in Touraine, and the Blessois,
27 Cubic feet 1 Cubic yard.
equal to half the Orleans tun. The poin-
251 Cubic in. i Gal. wine measure. cou at Paris is the same with the demi*
281 do. 1 Gal. beer measure. 1
queue.
168 3-5 do. 1 Gal. dry measure.

French Weights and Measures:


Dry Measure. The toise is commonly used in France
8 Pints make 1 Gallon. for military purposes, and is divided into
2 Gallons 1 Peck. 6 feet : each foot 12 inches; each inch
4 Pecks 1 Bushel. 12 lines ; each line 12 points. The
4 Bushels 1 Coom. pace is usually reckoned at 2 1.2 feet.
2 Cooms 1
Quarter.
5 Quarters \ Wey. Poids de Marc, ou de Paris.
a Weys 1 Last.
24 Grains make 1 Den'r.
Den'rs. 1 Gros.
Avoirdupois Weight, BGros 1 Ounce.
jft Drams make 1 Ounce. 8 Ounces 1 Marc.
16 Ounces 1 Pound. 2 Marcs 1 Pound.
28 Pounds & of a Hundred.
4 Quarters 1 Hundred The French have lately formed an en
20 Hundred 1 Ton. tire new system of weights and measures :
14 Pounds 1 Stone. the following short account of them, and
their proportion to the old weigh;? and
French square Measures, areregulated measures of France, and those of English
pv ii square lines in the inch square, 12 standard, is extracted from Nichplson's
Natural Philosophy,
First part of the
Proportions ofthe
name which indi PRINCIPAL
measures of each
cates the propor
to its prin
speeies tion to the prin
cipal measure or
cipal measure or
unity. unity. Length. Capacity.

10,000 Myria 1
1,000 Kilo
100 Hecto
10 Deca [^
0
Metre, Li fro.
O.I Deci
O.OI Centi |
O.OOI Milli j

Proportion ofthe principal mea- ") 10,000,000th part of


sures between themselves, and theS the dist. from the Pole A Decimetre cube
length of the Meridian. j to the Equator

Value of the principal measures inr 3 feet 11 lines and J 1 pint and 1.20 or
the ancient French measures C nearly. litron and nearly

61.083 inch, which


Value in English measures. ( more than the wi
Inches 39-383. and less than the be
quart.
MEA MEA 429

By the new metrical system of the Proportions between tbe English Weigln
French, the geometrical circle used in as and Measures, and those ofthe princija
tronomical, geographical, and topographi places in Europe.
cal calculations, is divided instead of 360, (Continued. )
into 400 equal parts, wh'ch arc called
c
gtades: each ^rade is divided into 100 "

equal parts which are called minutes of Places. 7*


grades .- and each minute into 100 seconds, 0D4
of grades. The proportion of the new to Cm
the old degree is 0.9 ; and the- next propor
tion or minute is 54' of the old division ;
and the new second is 32" .4 of the Bavaria 9 74 40
ancient. Vienna 1053 83
Reduction of the old French Weights and,-nea Madrid IfCI 99
Toledo 899 IOO
sures to
English ; and the contray.
ist. To reduce English Avoirdupois to BoWr.e 1104 i27
Paris weight : N.:pfes 861

The avoirdupois pound ^ Florence 1:3


of 16 ounces,
) Paris Cenoa 142
or 7000 =
8538 (
C grains Mantua 1569 143
troy grains )
The ounce Turin 1062
533.6250 J
=

2d. To reduce Paiis


running") Dantzig 944 riS>
feet or inches into English, | Cubical Measures, or measures of
multiply by ^ 1.065977 capacity for liquors. English liquid

Euclish running feet or |
measures were originally raised from
inches into Paris divide by txoy
it
weight, being ordained that pounds troy
3d. To reduce Paris cubic
of wheat, gathered from the middle ofthe
feet or inches into English,
ear, and well dried, should weigh a gallon
multiply by ^1.211278 of wine measure ; yet anew weight, viz.
English cubic feet or
the avoirdupois weight, had been intro
inches into Paris, divide by
duced, to which a second standard gallon
4th. To reluce the Paris pint was adjusted, exceeding the former in the
to the English, multi-
j proportion ot the avoirdupois weight to
ply by S2.oi7i82 the troy weight. From this latter stand
>
To reduce the English j ard were raised two measures, theone for
pint to the Paris, divide by J ale, the other for beer.
German Measures. The Rhinland The sealed gallon at Guildhall, London,
rood is the measure commonly used in
which is the English standard for wine,
Germany and Holland, and in most of the
northern states, for all military spirits, oil, &c. is supposed to contain 231
purposes. cubic inches; yet by actual
experiment
It is divided into 12 feet. The Rhin made in 1688, before the lord mayor and
land rood is sometimes divided into tenths,
commissioners of excise, it only contains
or decimal feet, and rhe
pace is made equal 224 cubic inches. It was however agreed
to 2 decimal feet, or 2- 10 of a rood.
to continue the common
supposed con
Proportions between the English Weights tents of 231 : hence, as 12 :
231 : 14J.2 :

and Measures, and those of the principal 281 1-2 the cubic inches in an ale
Places in Europe. gallon ;
but hi effect, the ale
quart contains 70 1-2
cubic inches; on which principles the ale
and beer gallon will be 282 cubic inches.
Places. Dry Measure, is different from both
the ale and wine measure, being nearly
a
mean between both.
According to a British of parlia
act
London ment, passed in
1697, every round bushel
Paris with a plain and
even bottom,
being 18 1-2
Amsterdam inches throughout, and eight inches
is to be accounted a
deep,
Rhinland legal Winchester
Antwerp bushel, according to the standard in the
Lovaine exchequer ; consequently a corn gallon
Middleburgh will contain 268.8 inches, as in the follow
Strasburgh ing table.
Bremen inches
Cologne
Frankfort 2688 gallons
Leipsig
Hamburg 5376 pecks
Venice
Prague 21504 4h bushels
Copenhagen
Muremburgh 17203. 64 -32 quarters
S*=
430 M E C M EC

Winchester Measure. ber of degrees and minutes, to delineate


2 Pints make i Quart. them on paper.
4 Quarts i Gallon. MEASURINC, Jin
military ma.
9 Gallons i Firkin. MENSURATION, \thematics, theas-
2
Firkins, or 18? C ,..,,
Kilderkin.
, suming any certain quantity, and express
Gallons { J i
ing the proportion of other similar quan
tities to the same; or the
determining,
by certain known measure, the precise
a

extent, quan.ity, or capacity of any thing.

2
-SSSSf? ^^ Hogshead. Measuring, in general, constitutes
the practical part of geometry ; and from
Hogsheads ~) or
3 ^
Butt. the various subjects which itembraces, it
barrels, or 108
J c

Gallons ) acquires various names, and constitutes


2 Butts, ?
or 216 ? various arts, viz.
r
1 rp
Tun.
Gallons $ $ L.ONCIMEIRY, ALTIMETRY, LEVEl*
Table Cloth Measure. ling, Geodesia, or Surveying, Ste
2 Inches and a? , ? 1 VT ., reometry, Superficies, and Solids,
make Nail.
Quarter $ ^ &c. which see.
4 Nails i- ofa Yard. Measuring. See Chain.
A Quarters 1 Yard. MECHANICS, a mixed mathemati

% of a Yard 1 Ell Flemish. cal science, which considers motion and


5
? Quarters, or 1 ? ? -cu -c va moving powers, their nature and laws,
Ell English.
Yard
1 Quarter
6 Quarters
{ 1 1
with the effects thereof, in machines,
Sec. The word is derived from the Greek.
French Ell. 1
Measure of word for firing, is the cord, That part which considers motion arising
being four feet high, as many broad, and from gravity, is sometimes called statics,
the length of the wood is as by law es'.a- in contradistinction from that part which
blishea, it is divided into two half cords. considers the mechanical powers and their
Measure for horses, is the hand, which application, properly called mechanics :
by statute contains 4 inches. it is, in fine, the geometry of motion.
Powder Measures, made of copper, M ec h a n ics. The whole momentum
Jiolding from an ounce to 12 pounds, are or
quantity of force of a moving body, is
very convenient in a siege, when guns or the result of the quantity of matter,
mortars are to be loaded with loose pow multiplied by the velocity with which
der, especially in ricochet-firing, Sec. it is m ;ved ; and when the
product aris
The French recommend measures that ing from the multiplication of the parti.
are made of block tin, such as are used for cular quantities of matter in any two
measuring out salt, viz. 1 ounce, 2, 3, 4, bodies, by their respective velocities are
8,, which make the half pound; and last equal, their momentum will be so too.
ly, of 16, which make the pound. These Upon this easy principle depends the
quantities answer every sort of ordnance. whole of mechanics ; and it holds univer
>V 0
sally true, that when two bodies are sus
0 c pended on any machine, so as to act con
c
m 0 H 0 s
0 trary to each other; if the machine be
re
put in motion, and the perpendicular as
3 cent of -one body multiplied into its
ET es 1-
n
00 -J 0 O
weight, be equal to the perpendicular de
scent of the other,
cr 0
0
CN Qe 5| multiplied into its
Se ^ weight, those bodies, how unequal soevci
s ^1 OJ 1 .J M in their weights, will balance each other in
5 '-c M H ~J 14 m ! all situations : for, as the whole ascent
O so en
en Ul o> 1 of the one is performed in the same time
EJ as the whole descent of the
^ co j - ! 3^1 other, their
w respective velocities must be as the spaces
te> vb kJ 00 en
V
OS
A.
en
05
00 :< ^J
0 <-e> 1
en ti
they move through ; and the excess of
weight in
one is
compensated bv the ex
en ft, of
P -4 Jj. -sT
J M
cess
velocity in the other. Upon this
y-
-C-. i-n SO 00 U> principle it is easy to compute the power
0.
n
*. O
en i* en
LJ
f*
M
of any engine, either simple or compound ;
for it is only rinding how much swifter
y ^J er. w M the power moves than the weight does,
0 0
K)
O SO
SO
4-. (i. how much further in the same time,)
e.
00 4*. ~j -O. and just so much is the power increased
~ Vrt u> .
by the help ofthe engine.
The simple machines usually called
on 4* en 0
0 s> mechanic powers, are six in number, viz.
W CO CO
the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley,
the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw.
MiAsuii.wf/., a brass instrument There are four kinds of levers : 1st,
fo measure angles, either saliant or rcn- where the prop is placed between th,
rr%t. for exactly ascertairrirrg the num weight and the power. ?d, where tb.
M E C M E C 431

of the weight from the prop exceeds the part more power to work them when
distance of the power from the prop. As loaded, than what is required to consti
a balance between the
this kii'd of lever is disadvantageous to the tute
pow-r and the
moving power, it is seldom used. weight.
Wheel and axle. Here the velocity of, MECHANICAL, something relating
the power is to the velocity of the weight, to mechanics.
as the circumference of the wheel is to the Mechanical philosophy, that which
circumference ot the axle. explains the phenomena of nature, and
Pulley. A single pulley, that only the
operations of corporeal things, on the
turns on its axis, and does not move out of principles of mechanics ; namely, the
its place, serves only to change the direc motion, gravity, figure, arrangement, &.c.
tion ofthe power, but gives no mechanical of the parts which compose natural bodies.
prop is at one end ofthe lever, the power Mechanical powets. When two
at *he other, and the weight between heavy bodies or weights are made by any
them. 3d, where the prop is at one end, contrivance to act against each other, so ast
the weight at the other, and the powerap- mutually to prevent each other, from
plied between them. 4th, the bended being put into motion by gravity, they are
fever, which differs from the first in said to be in equilibrio. The same expres
form, but not in property sion is used with respect to other force:;,
In the first and 2d kind, the advantage which mutually prevent each other fioijj
gained by the lever, is as the distance of producing motion.
fhe power from the prop, to the distance Any lorce may be compared with gravi
ofthe weight from the prop. In the 3d ; ty, considered as a standard. Weight is
kind, that there may be a balance between the action of gravity on -a given mass.
the power and the weight, the intensity of Whatever therefore is proved concerning
the^ower must exceed the intensity of the weights of bodies will be true in like
tlie weight, just as much as the distance circumstances of other forces.
advantage. The advantage gained in this Weights are supposed to act in lines of
machine, is always as twice the number direction parallel to each other. In fact,
of moveable pullies ; without taking any these lines are directed to the centre of rhe
notice of the fixed pullies necessary to earth, but the angle formed between any
compose the system of pulli.s. two of them within the space
occupied by
Inclined plane. The advantage gained a mechanical
engine is so small, that the
by the inclined plane, is as great as its largest and most accurate astronomical
reng'-h exceeds its perpendicular height. instruments are scarcely capable of ex
The force wherewith a hibiting it.
rolling body de
scends upon an inclined
plane, is to the The simplest of those instruments, by
force of its absolute gravity, as the height means of which weights or forces are
ef the- plane is to its length. made to act in opposition to eachothei,
Wedge. This may be considered as two are usually termed mechanical powers.
equally inclined planes, joined to. ether at Their names are, the lever, the axis ot
their bases. When the wood does not axle, and wheel, the pully or tackle, the in
cleave at any distance before the wedge, clined plane, the
there will be an equilibrium between the
wedge, and tiie screw.
Of the Lever.
power impelling the wedge, and the resis The lever is defined to be a moveable
tance of the wood
acting against its two and inflexible line, acted upon by three;
sides ; when the power is to t he
resistance, forces, the middle one of which is con
as halt the thickness of the
wedge at the trary in direction to the oth. r two.
back, is to the length of eitherof its sides ; One of these forces is usually produced
because the resistance then acts
perpen by the re-attion of a fixed body, called
dicular to the sides of the
wedge : but the fulcrum.
when the resistance on both sides acts If two contrary forces be
applied to a
parallel 10 the back, the power that ba- lever at unequal distances from the ful
rances the resistance on both sides will will
be, crum, they equiponderate when the
a* the length of the whole
back of the forces are to each other in the
wedge is to double its perpendicular proportion of their distances. reciproc.il For, by
height. When the wood cleaves at any the resolution of force it appears, that if
distance before the wedge, (as it
generally two contrary forces be applied to a straight
does; the power impelling the wedge will lever, at distances from the fulcrum in the
be to the resistance of the
wood, as half reciprocal proportion of their quantities,
the length of the back is to the length of and in directions
either of the sides of the cleft, estimated always parallel to each
other, the lever will remain at rest in i -.
from the top, or acting part of the wedge.
position.
Screw. Here the advantage gained is as Since of the three forces which act ^1
much as the circumference of a circle des the lever, the two which are
cribed by the handle of the applied at*
winch, exceeds the extremes, are always in a contrary di
the interval or distance between the
spirals rection to that which is applied in tire-
ofthe screw.
space between them : this last force will
There arefew compound engines, but sustain the effects of theother two ; or, in
what, on account of the friction of parts other WV..I-, if the fiiljum hi placed
against one another, will require a third
between the weights, it will be acted the weight a double increase of power is
Upon by their difterent.'. gained; the force by which F. maybe
On the principle of the lever are msde, sustained will be equal to half the weight
scales for weighing diileient quantities divided by the number of lower pullies >
of various kinds of things ; the steelyard, that is, as twice the number of lower pul
which answers the same purpose by# a lies is to one, so is the weight suspending
single weight, removed to different dis force.
tances from the fulcrum on a graduated But if the extremity of the rope C. be
arm, according as tlu body to bj weighed is affixed to the lower block, it will sustain
more or less in quantity ; and the bent half as much as a pulley ; consequently
lever balance, which, by the revolution the analogy will then be, as twice the
of a fixed weight, increasing in power as it number of lower pullies, more 2 is to 1,
ascends in the arc ofa circle, indicates the so is the weight suspended to the sus
weight of the counterpoise. pending force.
On this principle also, depend the The pulley or tackle is of such gene
motions of animals ; the overcoming or ral utility, that it would seem unneces
lifting great weights by means of iron sary to point out any particular instance.
levers, called crows ; the action of nut Of the inclined Plane, and of the Wedge.
crackers, pincers, and many other instru The inclined plane has in its effects a
ments of the same nature. near analogy to the lever ; and the forces

Of the Axis or Axle, and Wheel, and of the by which the same weight tends down
Pulley or Tackle. wards in the directions of various planes,
The axis and wheel may be considered will be as the sines of their inclinations.
as a lever, one ofthe fortes being applied The wedge is composed of two inclined
at the circumference cf the axis, and the , planes joined together at their common
other at the circumference of the wheel, bases, in the direction of which the power
the central line of the axis being as it were j is impressed.
tiie fulcrum. This instrument is generally used in
For if the semidiamcter of the axis, be | splitting wood, and was formerly applied
to the semidiaineier of the wheel, reci- lin engines for stamping watch plates.
nrocally as the power of A is to the power I The force impressed is commonly a blow,
15, the first of which is applied in tne di which is found to be much more effectual

I
rection ofa tar.gent of the axis, and the than a weight or pressure. This may he
other in the direction ofthe tangent of the accounted for on the principles which
wheel, they will be in equilibrium. I
obtain when resisting bodies are penetrat-

To this power may be referred the cap | ed, as if the mass and velocity v.iry, the
stan or crane, by whicii weights are rais J depths to which the impinging body
ed; the winch and barrel, for drawing i penetrates will be in the compound
water, and numberless other machines j
on ratio of the masses and the squares of th*
the same principle. velocities.
The pully is likewise explained on the All cutting instruments may be refer
same prii ciple of the lever. Suppose the red to the wedge. A chisel, or an axe, is
line A. C. to be a lever, whose arms a simple wedge ; a saw is a number of
A. B. and B. C. are equidistant from the chizels fixed in a hne: a knife may be
fulcrum B. consequently the two equal considered as a simple wedge, when em
powcis E. and F. applied
in the direc ployed in splitting; but if attention be
tions of the tangents to the circle in which paid to the edge, it is found to be a fine
the extremities are moveable, will be in saw, as is evident from the much greater
equilibrium, and the fulcrum B. will sus effect all knives produce by a drawing
tain both forces. stroke, than what would have followed
But, suppose the fulcrum is at C. then from a direct action ot the edge.
a given force at E. will sustain in equi Of the Screw, and of mechanical Engines j
librium a double force at E. for in that in general.
proportion reciprocally are their distances The ifiTO is composed of two
parts^
from the fulcrum. Whence it appears, one of which is called the
screw, and con
that considering E. as a force, and F. as a sists of a spiral protuberance, called the
weight to be raised, no increase of power thread, which is wound round a cylinder;
is gained, when the pulley is fixed, but and the other called the nut, is perforated
rhat a double increase of power is gained, to the dimensions of the
cylinder, and in
when the pulley moves with the weight. the internal cavity is cut a spiral groove
A combination of pullies is called a adapted to receive the thread.
cackle,, and a box containing one or more It would be difficult to enumerate the
is called a block. very many uses to which the screw is ap
pullies,
This is a tackle composed of four pul- plied. It is extremely serviceable in com
jies, two of whicii are in the fixed block pressing bodies together, as paper, linen,
A. and the other two in the block C. &c. It is the principal organ in all stamp
that moves with the weight F. Now, ing instruments for striking coins, or
because the rope is equally stretched making impressions on paper, linen, or
throughout, each lower pulley will React cards, and is of vast utility to the philo-^
ed upon by an equal part ofthe weight ; and sopher, by affording an easy method of
because in each pully that moves with measuring or subdividing sjnall spaces.
M E C MEM 433

A very ordinary screw will divide an inch that a perpt-tual motion is not to be ob
into 5,000 parts ; but the fine hardened tained, lor in all instruments the fric
steel screws, that are applied to astrono tion of their parts, and other resistances,
mical instruments, will go much farther. destroy a part of the moving force, and at
It is easv to conceive, that when forces last put an end to the motion.
applied to mechanical instruments -are in Mechanical, in mathematics, denotes
a construction of some problem, by the
eq ilibrium, if the least addition be made
to one of them, it will preponderate and assistance of instruments, as the dupli-
overcome the effort. But the want of a cature of the cube, and quadrature of the

perfect polish or smoothness in the parts circle, in contradistinction to that which


of all instruments, and the rigidity of all is done in an accurate and geometrical
ropes, which increases with the tension, manner.
are great impediments to motion, and in MECHE..FV-. SeeMATcn.
compounded engines are round to diminish MEL-i;ciN, Fr. Physician.
about one fourth of theeifec ofthe power. MEDIATOR. Any state or power
The properties of all the mechanical which interferes to adjust a
quarrel be
powers depending on the laws of motion, tween any two or more powers, is called a

and the action or tendency to produce mediator.


motion of each of the two forces, being MEDICINE-CHEST, iscomposedof
applied in directions contrary to each all of mciii..ii;e necessary tor a cam
sorts

other, the following general rule for find paign, together witli such chirurgical in
ing the proportion of the forces in equili. struments as are useful, fitted up in
brium on anymachine will require no proof. chests, and portable. The army and navy
If two weights applied to the extremes are supplied with these at the expence of

of any mechanical engine, be to each government.


other in the reciprocal proportion of the Specific regulations have been issued by
velocities resolved into a perpendicular the war and navy offices, respecting the
direction, (rejecting the other part) which quantity and quality of the different me.
would be acquired by each when put in dici lies.
motion for the same indefinitely small MEDIUM GUARD, a preparatory
time, they will be in equilibrio. guard of the broad sword or sabre, which
Whence it may be observed, that in all consists in presenting the sword in a per
contrivan:es by which power is gained, pendicular line with the centre of the op
a proportional loss is suffered in respect posed object, having the point upwards,
of time. I f one man by means of a tackle, the ward iron, and the cutting edge next
can raise as much weight, as ten men the object.
could by their unassisted strength, he M E E R B U K S II Y, Ind. Chief pay
will be ten times as long about it. master.
It is convenience alone, and not any MEER TOZUK, Ind. A marshal
actual increase of force, which we obtain whose business is to preserve order in a
from mechanics. As may be illustrated procession or line of march, and to report
by the following example: absentees.
Suppose a man at the top of a house MEGGHETERIARQUE, Fr. The
draws up ten weights, one ar a time, by consmandia officer of a body of men, who
a single rope, in ten minutes: let him formerly did duty at Constantinople, and
then have a tackle of five lower pullies, were called Hcteriennes, being composed of

and he will draw up the whoie ten at soldiers that were enlisted in the allied
once with the same ease as he before raised nations.
up one; but in ten times the time, that MELEE, Fn a military term, which
is, in ten minutes. Thus we see the is useu among the French to express the
same work is performed in the same time, hurn ai.d confusion ot a battle; thus,
whether the tackle be used or not: but Un General habile conserve sa tranquil/ite
the convenience is, that if the whole ten au milieu du combat, et dans I'horreur ac Li

vvei, hts be joined into one, they may be melee:


An able general preserves his pre
raised wiih the tackle, though it would sence of mind in the thick, stof the battle,
be impossible to move them by the un and remains calm during the whole 01 the
assisted strength of one man ; or suppose, conflict. Melie corresponds with the
instead of ten weights, a man draws ten English expression thick of the fight.
buckets oi water from the hold ofa ship MEMOIRS, in military literature, a
in ten minutes, and that the ship being species of history, written by persons who
leaky, admits an equal quantity in the had some share in the transactions they
same time. 1 1 is pioposed that by means relate, answering, in some measure, to
of a tackle, he shall raise a bucket ten what the Romans call commentarii, 1. e.
times as capacious. With this assistance commentaries. Hence Caesar's Commen
he perforins it, but in as long a time as he taries, or the Memoirs of his Campaigns.
required todraw the ten, and therefore is as Memo is. is the title gi\en by nnlitaiy
far fxoin gamin, on the water in this latter officers to those plans which they oiler to
case as in the tormer. heir government or commanders or. sub
Since then no real gain of force is ac jects relating t war or military economy^
quired from mechanical* contrivances, MEMORIAL, an address to the go
there is the greatest reason to conclude, vernment on any matter of public service.
3 I
434 MEN MEN

BATTALION-MEN. All the sol- to tained in them many properties of geom?-


diers belonein: to the different compa- I tncal figures, which may be applied to
iiies of an infantry regiment are so called, I other purposes, and indeed of which the
except those ofthe two flank companies, i moderns have made the most material uses
in various disquisitions of exceedingly
Camp.Cohr MEN Soldiers under the :
immediate command and direction of the different kinds ; notwithstanding this,
Their bu Euclid himself seems to have adapted
quarter-master ofa regiment.
siness is to assist in marking out the lines them entirely to this purpose : for, if it
of an encampment, &c, to carry the camp be considered that his elements contain a
colors to the field on days of exercise, and continued chain of reasoning, and of
fix them occasionally for the purpose of truths, of which rhe former are succes
enabling the troops to take up correct sively applied to the discovery of the latter,
joints in marching, &c. So that in this one proposition depending on another,
jespect they frequently, indeed almost and the succeeding propositions still ap
alw.r. s, act as rtud:s, or what the French proximating towards some particular
cnWyalonneurs. They are likewise employ object near the end of each book;
ed n the trenches, and in all fatigue duties. and when at the last we find that object
to be the
Dtagrope MEN. In the old artillery quality, proportion or relation
exercise, the men attached to light or heavy between the magnitudes of figures both
pieces of ordnance, for the purpose of ad plane and solid ; it is scarcely possi
vancing or retreating in action, were so ble to avoid allowing this to have been
called; the drag rope being ex >loded for Euclid's grand object. And accordingly
the bricole, the term is preserved merely he determined the chief
properties in the
mensuration of rectilineal plane and solid
for explanation. The French scrvansala
giro'ongeaxe of this description. figures ; and squared all such planes,
MENACE, an hostile threat. Any and cubed all such solids The only curve
officer or soldier using menacing words or figures which he attempted besides, are
gestures in presence ofa court-martial, or the circle and sphere ; and when he could
to a superior officer, is punishable for the not accurately determine their measures,
Came. Seethf Articles of War. he gave an excellent method of approxi
M E N S U RAT I O N , in general, denotes mating to them, by shewing how in a
the act or art of measuring lines, super circle to inscribe a regular polygon which
ficies, and solids. should not touch another circle, concen
M E N s u R A T l o n , in military mathematics, tric with the former, although their cir
is the art or science which treats oi the cum ferences should be ever so near to

sneasure of extension, or the magnitude of gether ; and, in like manner, between any
two concentric spheres to describe a poly
figure* ; and it is, next to arithmetic, a
subjecr of the greatest use and importance, hedron which should not any where touch
both in affairs that are absolutely neces- the inner one: and approximations to
eary in human life, and ii ever) branch their measures are all that have hitherto
of mathematics: a subject by which been given. But although he could not
sciences are established, and commerce is square the circle, nor cube the sphere,
conducted ; by whose aid we manage our he determined the proportion of one circle
business, and inform ourselves of the to another, and of one sphere to another,
wonderful operations in nature; by which as well as the proportions of all rectilineal

we measure the heavens and the earth, similar figures to one another.
estimate the capacities of all vessels and Archimedes took up mensuration where
bulks of all bodies, gauge our liquors, Euclid left it, and carried it a great length.
build edifices, measure our lands and the He was the first who squaredacurvilineal
works of artificers, buy and sell an infi space, unless Hypocrates must be ex.
nite variety of things necessary in life, cepted on account of his lunes. In his
and are supplied with the means of mak times the conic sections were admitted in
ing the calculations which are necessary geometry, and he applied himself closely
Jbr th? consi i cction of almost all machines- to the measuring of them as well as other
It is evident that the close connection figures. Accordingly he determined the
of ihis sunjeer with the affairs of men relations of spheres,
spheioids, and co
would very early evince iis importance to noids, to cylinders and cones; and the
them ; and accordingly the greaiest relations of parabolas to rectilineal planes
am n>, ihem have paid the utmost at whose quadratures had long before been
tention to it ; and the chief and most es determined by Euclid. He hath left us
sentia! discoveries in geometry in all ages, also his attempts upon the circle : he
have been made in consequence of their proved that a circle is equal to a right art*
efforts in this subject. Socrates thought (tied triangle, whose base is equal to the
that the prime use of geometiy was to circumference, and its altitude equal to
measure the ground, and indeed this busi the radius ; and consequently that its area
ness gave name to the subject; and most is found by drawing the radius into half
of th* ancipnts seem to have had no other the circumference; and so reduced the
end btsides mensuration in view in all quadrature of the circle to the determina
their labored geometrical disquisitions. tion of the ratio of the diameter to the

Euclid's elements are almost entirely de circumference ; but which however hath
voted to it; and although tliere be con not yet been done. Being disappointed o
MEN MEN 435

He had another very curious and singu


the exact quadrature of the circle, for,
of the rectification of its circum- '. lar contrivance for determining the mea
want
of figures, in which he proceeds, atj
ference, which all his methods would
not sures
it were, mechanically by weighing them.
effect, he proceeded to assign an useful
effected by Several other eminent men anions; the
approximation to it : this he the ancients wrote upon this subject, both
the numerical calculation of perime
ters of the inscribed and circumscribed before and after Euclid and Archimedes ;
from which calculations it ap but their attempts were usually upon
polygons ;
pears, that the perimeter
of the circum particular parts of it, and according to
scribed regular polygon of zg2 sides is to methods not essentially different from
the diameter in a less ratio than that of theirs. Among these are to be reckoned
3 l-7 (3 i-7) to * an<* that
the in Thales, Anaxagoras, Pythagoras, Bryson,
scribed polygon of 96 sides is to the diame. A'.itiphon, Hypocrates of Chios, Plato,
ter in a greater ratio than that of 310-71 to Apollonius, Philo, and Ptolovny ; most
1 ; and consequently much more than the of whom wrote of the quadrature of tha
circumference of the circle is to the diame circle, and those after Archimedes, by his
ter in a less ratio than that of 3 1-7 to 1, method, usually extended the approxima
but greater than that of 3 to-71 to 1 : the tion to a greater degreeof accuracy.
first ratio of 3 1-7 to 1, reduced to whole Many of the moderns have also prose
numbers, gives that of 22 to 7, for 31-7: cuted the same problem ot the quadrature
: : 22 : 7, which therefore will be near ofthe circle, after the same methods, to
ly the ratio of the circumference to the greater lengths : sucb arc Vieta, and Me
diameter. From this ratio of the circum lius, whose proportion between the di
ference to the diameter he computed the ameter and circumference is that of 1 13
to 355, which is within about ot"
approximate area ofthe circle, and found
3
10000000
it to be to the square of the diameter as
the ratio ; but above all, Ludolph
true
11 to 14. He likewise determined the re
lation between the circle and elipsis, with
van Ceulen, who with an amazing degree
of industry and patience, by the same
that of their similar parts. The hyper
methods extended the ratio to 20 places
bola too in all probability be attempted ;
of figures, making it that of 1 to
3. 14159a
but it is not to be supposed, that he met
with any success, since approximations to 6535'89793*38464..
its area are all that can be given by all the The first material deviations from the
methods that have since been invented. principles used by the ancients in geome
Besides these figures, he hath left us a trical demonstrations was made by Cava-
treatise on the described by a point lerius : the sides of their inscribed and
spiral
moving uniformly along a right line, whicii circumscribed figures they always sup
at the same time moves with
uniform
an posed of a finite and assignable number
angular motion ; and determined the pro and length ; he introduced the doctrine
portion of its area to that of its circum of indivisibles, a method whicii was very
scribed circle, as also the proportion of general and extensive, and which with
theirsectors. great ease andexpedition served to measure
Throughout the whole works of this and compare geometrical figures. Very
great man, which are chiefly on mensura little new matter however was added to
tion, he every where discovers the deepest geometry by this method, jts facility being
design and finest invention ; and seems to its chief advantage. But there was great
have been (with Euclid) exceedingly care danger in using it, and it soon led the way
ful of admitting into his demonstrations to infinitely small elements, ai-.d infinitesi
nothing but principles perfectly geome mals of endless orders ; methods which
trical and unexceptionable : and although were
very useful in solving difficult prob-
his most general method of demonstrating v. lems, and in investigating or demonstrating
the relations of curved figures to straight II theories that are general and extensive;
cnes,be by insciibirig polygons in them, H but sometimes led their incautious fol-
yet to determine those relations, he does lowers into errors and mistakes, which
not increase the number and diminish the occasioned disputes and animosities among
magii'.iude of the sides of the polygon ad\\ them. There were now, however, many
infinitum ; but from this plain fundamcncal excellent thinsjs performed in this subject;
principle, allowed in Euclid's elements, not
only many new things were effected!
viz. that any quantity may be so often concerning the old figures, but new curves
multiplied, or added to itself, as that the were measured; and for many things
result shall exceed any proposed finite which could not be exactly squared or
quantity ofthe same kind, h proves that cubed, general and infinite approximating
to deny his figures to have the proposed series were assigned, of which the laws of
relations, would involve an absurdity their continuation were manifest, and of
He demonstrated also many properties, someof which the terms were independent
particularly in the parabola, by mc^s of
on each other. Mr Wallis, Mr. Huy-
certain numerical progressions, whose,: gens, and Mr. James Gregurv, performed
''
terms are similar to the inscribed figures : wonders. Huygens in particular must be
but without considermg such series to be j admired for his solid, accurate, and very
continued ad infinitum, and then Slimming L masterly works.
r
up the terms of such infinite sent.. During the preceding slate 0/ thingSj,
436 MEN M E N

several men, whose vanity seemed to have fluxion ; but this problem however was
overcome their regard lor fruth, asserted found to be incapable of a general solution
that they had discovered the quadrature in finite terms; the fluxion of every
ofthe circle, *nd published their attempts fluent was always assignable, but the re
in the form of strict geometrical demon verse of this problem could be effected
strations, with such assurance and am only in particular cases ; among the ex
biguity as and misled many who
staggered ceptions, to the great grief of the geome
could not so well judge for themselves, ters, was included the case of the circle,
and perceive the fallacy of their principles with regard to all the forms of flvxions
and arguments. Among those were Lon- attending it. Another method of obtain
I
gomon anus, and the celbrate Honbes, ing the area was tried : of the quantity
-who obstinately refused all conviction of expressing the fluxion of any area, in ge
his errors. neral, could be assigned the fluent in tha
The use of infinites was however dis form of an infinite series, which s ries
liked by several people, particularly by therefore defined all areas in general, and
sir *saac Newton, who among his nume which, on subs ituting for particular
rous and great discoveries hath given us cases, was often found to break off" and
that of the method of fluxions ; a discovery terminate, and so afford an area in finite
ofthe greatest importance both in philo terms ; but here again the case of the circle

sophy and mathematics; it being a method failed, its area still coming out an infinite
so
gciural and extensive, as to include all series. All hopes ofthe
quadrature ofthe
investigations concerning magnitude, dis circle being now at an end, the geometri
tance, motion, velocity, time, &c. with cians employee, themselves, in discover
wonderful ease and brevity ; a method ing a id selecting the best forms of infinite
established by its great author upon true series for determining its area, among
and incontestible principles ; principles which it is evident, that those were 'o be
perfectly consistent with those of the an preferred which were' simple, and which
cients, and which were free from the im would converge quickly ; but it generally
perfections and absurdities attending some happened, that these two properties were
that had lately been introduced by the divided, the same series very rarely lud- n>

modems ; he rejected no quantities ?s in in. them both : the mathematicians in


finitely small, nor supposed any parts of most parts <>f Europe were n<w
busy,
curves to coincide with right lines; but and many series were assigned on all hands,
proposed it in such a form as admits ofa some admired for their simplicity, and
strict geometrical demonstration. Upon others for the r rate of con vergi ney ; those
the introduction of this method most which converged the quickest, and were
sciences assumed a different appearance, at the same time simplest, which there.
and the most abstruse problems became fore were most useful in commuting the
easy and familiar to every one; thin.s area of the the circle in numbers, were
whicii before seemed to be insuperable, those in which, besides the radius, the
became easy examples or particular cases tangent of some certain a.-c of the circle,
of theories still more general and exten was the quantity by whose powers the
sive ; rectifications, quadratures, cuba- series converged ; and from some of these
tures, tangeneies, cases demaximis Sf mi series's the area hath been computed to a
nimis, and man\ other subjects, became very great extent of figures: Mr. Edmund
general problems, and delivered in the Hally gave a remarkable one from the
form of general theories which included tangent of 2 degrees, which was r< i der-
all particularcases: thus, inquad atuies; ed famous by the very industrious Mr.
an expression would be investigated Abraham Sh: .,>, who by. means of it ex
which defined the areas of all possible tended the area of the circle to 72 laces
curves wh itever, both known an. un of fi.ur.s, as may be seen in Sherwin's
known, and which, by proper substitu book of logarithms; but even this was
tions, brought out the area for any par afterwards outdone b\ Mr. John Machin,
ticular case, either in finite terms, or in who, bv means described in professor
finite series, of whicii any t.r n, oraiiy Hutton's Mensuration, composed a series
number of terms could ne easily assigned; so sim >le, and which converged so quick
and the like in other things. And al ly, t at by it, in a very liul time, he
though no curve, whore quadrature was extended ;he quadrature of the circle to
unsuccessfully attempted by rhe anciaits, 100
pla.es of figures ; from which it ap
becan e by thi metnod perfectly quadra- pears, thai if the diameter be 1,
ih. cir-
ble, there were assigned many g neral c .mterence will be 3 141 5926535 8o7932

methods of approximating to 'heir areas, 3846, 2643385279, 5028841971, 053^37


of which in all p'obabil ty the ancients 510, 58209741,44,5923078164, .16286108
had not the least idea or ho, e; and innu 90, 8628034825, 3421 170679 ,
and con
merable curves were squar.d whicll were will be 7853981633,
sequent the ar .,

utterly unknown t thein 566..849819, 85721049*. 923


The excellency of this method revived 9744830961, -43736. 1480769541,0157
6-bS
some hopes of squaring the circle, and its !;4984377,
I 155:24, 9657008706, 3355292669-J-
quadrature was at em; t. dwith eagerness
1
From nence it tnat ah or most
The quadrature ofa space was now reduc appears,
ed to the finding of the fluent of a given I of the material improvements or inven-
ME S MET 437

of treat- He was distinguished by this appel'.rticii


tions in the principles or method
on account of there being a colonel-gene
ine of ge >metry , have been made especially ,

ral in the cavalrv. Thedutv of a mestre


for the improvement of this chief part of,
de camp was principally confined to the
it, mrnsurathn, which abundantly shows, j heads : To see that the troops
what ws at first undertook to declare, the following
I or were kept compli te, that
dignity of nis subject ; a subject which, thecompanies arms wer in good state and cond tion,
as Dr. Barrow says, after mentioning j
some other things,
"
deserves to be more th- horses of a proper size, sound, and well
trained. He had likewise the direction of
curiously weigh d, because from hence I
a

name is imposed upon that


mother aid th different guar s, &c
j Mestre de Camp Ex. The
mistress of the rest of the mathematical general,
officer in rank, in th. old French
sciences, which is employed about ma;- ( next
to the colonel-general.
nitudes, and which is wont to be called j cavalry service*,
ancient use, This appointment was created under
geemetry (a word taken from I in
because it was first applied only to mea Henry II. 1552.
of I Mestre i/. Cam. ge'niral des dragons,
suring the earth, and fixing the limits
though the name seemed Fr. An appointment which first took
possessions) who substitutes I place under Louis the XI Vth. in 1684..
very ridiculous to Pla o,
in its place that more extensive name of MESURES a po-idre, Fr. Tin cases
Aletrics or Men suration ; and others alter or vessels used in
the artillery, to measure
the size and
him gave it the title of Pai:t:>ne'>y, be- out gunpowder, according to
calibre or each piece of ordnance. See
because it teaches the method ol measur
Sse Sur Powder Measures.
ing all kinds of magnitudes."
veying, Levelling, and
Geo me try. Oiw. METAL, (in gunnery,) when
MERHAU, Ind. A deduction or abate the mouth ofa piece of ordnance, in dis
ment is so called in India. parting i., lies higherthan the breech, it is
MERIT. Desert, excellence, deserv then said to be laid over metal.
I Uider-Mtr al, (in gunnery) is when
ing honor or reward.
MERIT, Order of, a military distinc the moutli of a piece of ordnance lies lower
tion given to oltieers or soldiers, for some than her 0" ech.
signal service : the badge ot which is gen |
Right with Metal, (in gunnery.)
erally expressive of the Service. Such When a p'-eee of ordnance lies truly level,
!

was the 1ncd.1l, or order of merit, present point blank, or right with the mark, she
ed by the Austr'n emp ror to the officers is sail! to lie rigl't tvitb her metal.
i ,

ofthe 15th British light dragoons, fortheir 1


Superficies of Metals, (in gunnery.)
The surface outside ot
bravery in the affair of fillers en Couchi, in or a gun.
I794- 1
METIER,//-. Means, literally, any
MERK.IN. A mop to clean cannon. calling or business. In a military sense,
MERLIN. Handspike. . it is peculiarly applicable to those nations
MERLON. See Fortification. which keep up large standing armies,
MESS. It is usual and advantageous and make war their principal object and
to discipline that the officers ofa camp or pursuit. In speaking of military matters,
form one or more messes. it is common among the French to say

garrison
MESSENGERS of state in England, Guerre .'/.r let re est notre mitier Guerre sur .

are officers under the direction of rhe se mer est le mitier des Anglois The land sc
-

cretaries of stare, of whein tliere were 20 al vice is our peculiar bus nsss or calling ;
ways in waiting, who were relieved th- sea service is the peculiar business or
monthly, and distributed in the following calling of the Ei.glish ; meaning thereby
manner : four at court, five at each secre to express their reciprocal superiority.

tary's office, two at the third office for Chevalier Folard gives 'he following
North Britain, three at the council office, definition relative to the question whicii
and one at the lord chamberlain's office, is often discussed on the subject of war,
who attended that oifice always in namely, whether war be a trade or a
readine.ss to be sent with dispatches, science The English call it a profession.
.

either domestic or foreign ; either to Folard, however, distinguishes it in this


apprehend persons accused ox suspect.'d manner : La guerre et un mitier pour les

of high treason, or other offences against i:;\orans, et une science pour les babiles gens.
the state, bsing empowered by warrant War in the apprehension, aiiJ u.-.der the
from the secretaries ; tor the safe keeping management s,i ignorant persons, is cer-
of which, their houses are made a sort of 1 tainly a mere ra.ieor business, but an;.;. -.
confinement or prison ; and for the main 1 able men, it becomes an important bi.,iiv.ii
tenance of the prisoners they have a cer of science.
tain allowance from governmen' The
. METTRE a la main, Ex. To grasp
number has been increased with the sys or uk: hold of
any thin.;.
tem oi' espionage since 1794 Met TREl'epet a la m.,in, Ex. Todraw
Military Messengers Confidential swords.

lis mirent I' epic a la main, a figu
persons that are sent to and fiom head rative expression, signifying, they t./ok
'

quarters, &c. their ground, and stood prepared to fight.


MESTRE de CaMP, Fr. The com- Met r Re les armes a la main de quil-
m.-m ling officer of a regiment of cavalry qu'un, Ex. To teach a person the fir. r
was so called in the old French s.-ryice.
j
rudiments of svar, or lead him for the hr..r
-*s

438 M IL MIL

time into action. C'est lui qui m'a mis les fined to the coast. Every province, con
armes d la main. He first taught me how tiguous to the sea, was obliged to furnish
to fight, or 1
fought the first campaign a ccr.-iin proportion of its male inhabitants,
under his orders. from 16 to 60 years old This militia was
Mittr.z aux arrets, Ex. To put un exempted from the regulations which
der arrest. tovcrned the land militia. It was undei
Mettre sur pied, Ex. To arm, to rl.-e admiralty.
equip, to put troops upon an established MILITANT, the state of warfare, or
footing. business of war

MEURTRIERES, Fr. Small loop MILITAR, J something belonging


holes, sufficiently large to admit the bar MILITARY, $ to the soldiery or mi
rel of a rifle gun or musquet, through litia, Sec.
which soldiers may fire, under cover, Military architecture, the same with
against an enemy. They likewise mean fortification. See f ortification.
the cavities that are made ii- the walls ofa Military ways, the large Roman
fortified town or place. SeeMu r dress es. rond- which Agri(-.a pro..ared to be

MICHE. SeeMALiNGEKER. made through the empire :n the reign of


MICROMETER, ( Mlcromitre, Ex.) Augustus for the marching of troops and
a:i instrument contrived to measure small conveying of carriages. They were pa
spaces, as in the divisions of the worm of ved from the gates of Rome to the utmost
a screw .
limits of the empire The Britsh have
MIDI, Fr. the South. constructed a military road thru>hout
MILE, in geography, a long measure, India ; with wells and ether accommoda
whereby the English, Sec. express the tions at certain distances.
distance between places : it is of different Military discipline. Next to the
extent in different countries. The geo forming of troops, military discipline is
metrical mile contains iooo geometrical the first object that presents itself to our
paces, or mille passus, from whence milej notice : it is the soul of all armies ; and
are dt nominated. unless it be established amongst them
We shall here give a table of the miles with great prudence, and supported with
in use among the
principal nations of unshaken resolution, soldiers become a
Europe, in geometrical paces, 6o,oco of contemptible rabble, and are more danger
which, according to the English Military ous tothe very state that maintains them,
Dictionary, make a degree ofthe equator. than even i's declared enemies. See Dis
Geometrical paces. cipline.
Mile of Russia 750
- -
Military execution, the ravaging or
Italy - - iooo
destroying of a country or town that re
England - - 1200 fuses to pay the contribution inflicted
Scotland and Ireland 1500 upon them. Also the punishment in
The old league of France -

1500 flicted by the senter.ceof a court-martial.


The small ditto -
2000 Military first principles, is the bodily
The great ditto - -
3000 training for a soldier, to make him hardy;
Mile of Poland -
-

3000 robust, and capable of preserving health


Spain and Portugal 34-8 amidst fatigue, bad weather, and change
Germany - -
4000 of climate; to march at such possibla
Sweden - -
5000 pace, and for such length of time, and
Denmark - -
5010 with such burden, as, without trainings
Hungary - 6000 he would not be able to do.
Holland -
3500 -
MILITARY REGULATIONS.
Mile. Comparison of the different The rules and regulations, by which the
files, in geometric paces, each ot which discipline, formations, field exercise, and
k equal to 5 feet French roal, 5 6719 movements of the whole arm v, are direct
feet Rhinland, or 6- 1012 English feet. ed to be observed in one uniform system.
geometric paces. The American military system is scarcely
The mile of Sweden 5761 entitled to the name ofa system ; anuas to
Switzerland 4512 regulation that requires yet to be establish
Denmark 4071 ed, the worst of all is that there does not ap
Common, of Germany 4000 pear to be a suspieio.iin congress that any
Holland 3158 regulation is required. SeeRECULATioNS.
League of France 2400 MILl'IIA." A force whose services,
Spain 2286 in general, do not exceed the boundaries of
Scotland 1500 the nation, but which may volunteer be
Mile of Italy iooo yond them. Tlie American militia. has
England 868 no coherent system, every state has
Werste of Russia 575 power to regulate its own, and the effi-ct is,
MI LICE, Fr. soldiery, but more par that there is either'no regulation at all, or
ticularly the militia or trained bands. what is wors. , an imbecile mockery, the
Milices gardes-cotes, Ex. A militia, only use of which is the preservation on
somewhat similar to our sea f ncibles, the statute book that there is a power
which existed during the old French go though there is not a will to regulate the
vernment, and whose services were con- ] militia. The militia among the Romans
MIN MIN 439

called Agrarian soldiers. Table for tbe Charges of Mines, according


xvas frequently to falliere.
The system ot our revolution though it
was not complete in general was the most
effectual ever established ; the French
of conscription borrowed
was ~n C-ri
system ? 5'
a s
from America, who borrowed it from the
Romans. 0 Sk
K*
~
pi **}

MILL, properly denotes a mschine for 0 !?,


8* n
gi
grinding coin, &c. but more generally all
such machines whose action depends
upon a circular motion There arc vari
ous kinds, though foreign to this work.
is that used for Feet, lbs. Feet. lbs. oz.
Gunpowder Mill, oz.
21 868 $
pounding ai.d beating together the ingre 0 2

dients of which gunpowder is composed. 2 0 1- 23 998 4


8 1140 IB
These ingredients being duly prouor- 3 2 23
tioDed, and put into the mortars of the 4 6
24 1296

mills, vhich are hollow pieces of wood, 5 11 11 25 1558 9


each capable of holding 20 pounds of 6 20 4 26 1647 12

paste, are intorpowted bv means of the 7 32 2 27 181? 4


28 2058
pestle and spindle. There are 24 mor 8 48
_

tars in each mill, where are made each 68 5 *9 2286 j


9
day 480 pounds of gunpowder, care being 10 93 '2 3 2530 4
taken to sprinkle the ingredients in the 11 124 12 31 2792 4
mortars with water, from time to time, 162 3072

12

32
lest they should take fire. The pestle 3 205 15 33 3369 *

is a piece of wood 10 feet high, and 4 1-2 14 257 4 34 3680 12

friches broad, armeu at bottom with a 15 316 4 35 4019 8


round piece of metal. It weighs about 16 384

3& 4374

60 pounds. 17 460 9 4748 11


M I M B A S H Y , bid.
thousand horse,
A commander of 18 546 12 H 5t44 4
one
9 643

39 5561 2

MINE, in a military sense, implies a 20 75


~
40 6000 --

subterraneous passage dug under the wall


or rampart ofa fortification, for the pur- This table is calculated upon a suppo
poseof blowing it up by gunpowder. sition that the excavai;on of the mine is a
The excavation formed by the blow paraboloid, having a base double the line
ing up of a min. is found by experi of resistance; and that 10 lbs. 10 oz. of
ment to be nearly a paraboloid. It was powder is sufficient for raising one cubic
formerly supposed that the diameter of fathom of earth. By the rule above
the entonnoir, or excavation, was always given may be found the charge for any
equal to only double the line of least re mine, that shall only shake the grouna,
sistance; but experiments have proved, without making any excavation, by
that the diameter of the excavation may making the line of least resistance of the
be increased to six times the line of least required globe only equal to the radius of
resistance; and that the diameter of the the globe of compression.
globe of compression may be increased to The charges thus found by means of
eight times that line ; this is called the this tab'.e, being only for one nature of
maximum of a mine, or the greatest effect soil; viz.. light earth and sand, (that for
that can be produced by a globe of com which the table is calculated) must be
pression. In any mine intended to pro-! augmented according to the following
cluce an effect within this extent, the ef- \ table of Vauban's, by one, four, five,
fects will be nearly as the charges. seven, or nine elevenths of the charge
The globes are to each other as the cubes ' found.
of their radii. Their radii are the hy- : Table of the quantity of powder required I*
pothenuse of rightangled triangles, of raise a cubic jathom, according to the soil,
which the line of least resistance, and the ; 1 Light earth, mixed with
semi-diameter of the excavation, are the ' sand . 11
pounds.
.

other two sides. Therefore, to find the j 2 Common earth 12 .

charge to produce any required diameter 1 3 Strong sand


of the excavation, the following will be 4 Clay, or fat earth Ii
the rule, the radius being found as above : J 5 Old and good masonry 18
As the cube of the radius of the globe of! 9 Rock . 20 .

compression in the following table, The following ruleis however laiddowa


(having the same line of least resistance ! by Belidor, and generally adopted, if it be
as the required globe,) intended that the mine shall produce its
Is to the cube of the radius ofthe required or greatest effect :
maximum
multiply
globe ; the line of least resistante, expressed in
0 is thecharge corresponding in the fol feet, by 300, the product will be the
lowing table, charge in pounds.
Jo the charge required.
4-10 M I N MIN

In making mines of any kind, the foi- II In the, most easy ground to work, a
lowing remarks may be of service. miner i.;.i'v,be heard to the distance of 14
or 1 5 fatHoms under ground ; and the noise
'

The ;>est form for the chamber would


be s h-rical; but from the difficuity of

made by fixing the frames of the gal


its construction, it is always made a cube, i leries may often be heard as far as 20 or
of one inch larger dimensions than the box 25 fathoms. A drum braced, stai.dingon
to contain the powder. the eround, with a few peas or other
The chamber must not be made in the round substances on the head, will be
prolongation of the branch of the mine, very sensibly affected by an approaching
but at one side, aid lower than the level mi.rer.
of the branch, if the soil be dry ; but it is of the most essential consequence
if it be to place the entrances to the countermines
higher wet.
One cubic foot will contain 75 lbs of beyond the reach of any surprise from the
powder; upon which principle the size enemy.
of the contain the powder must be
case to To prevent an enemy gaining
possession
regulated. The auget is generally one ofthe galleries of the countermines they
inch square interior dimensions, and the shculd be well secured by strong doors, at
end of it must reach the centre of the eveiy 15 fathoms. These should be mus
chamber ; where the saucisson must be quet proof.
fastened, to prevent its being easily pulled A glacis, properly countermined, and
out. every advantage taken of it to retard the
The branch of the mine to be sprung besiegers, may, with proper management,
must be closed in the strongest manner by prolong a siei,e at least 2 months; aid if
doors well secured by props, and must be the rest ofthe works are also countermin
stopped with earth or rubbish to a dis ed, and properly defended they may add
tance, taken in a straight line, equal to another month to the siege. Every system
1 1-2 times the lineof least resistance. of countermines must depend upon the
In proportioning the length of saucis system of f rrification to which they are
son, in order that any number of mines to be adapted ; the general principle for

may be fired at the same instant, a return their regulation is, that the galleries should
of a right angle is generally reckoned occupy situations, from which branches
can be most readily run out under the
equal to 4 inches in a right line.
The first step in making a mine, whe most probable points of the besieger's
ther for attack or defence, is to sink a batteries and approaches. The general
shaft to the depth of the bottom of the system of countermines commonly used
gallery, having two of its sides in the di- in a place prepared before I and, is as'fol-
recrio of the sides of the gallery These 1 \vs : the principal or magistral gallery
shaf:s should be where the galleries are to runs all round the work, under the ban
cross each oiher, or in the centre of the quette of the covert way, ai d across the
len. h of gallery to be made. These places of arms, having the entranc>-s at the
shafts should never be further apait th.sn re-entering plates of arms Nearly paral
40 or 50 fathoms ; for it is found, that the lel to this at 20, 25 or 30 fathoms distance
air is not fit for respiration in the larger is another gallery, tailed the envellepe.
galleries at a greater distance trom the These two galleiies are connected by gal-
shaft than 25 fathoms; at 20 fathoms in 1 ries of cenmu-i^.i:i~/', under the gutters
those f medium dimensions; and at 15 of the re-entering parts ofthe glacis, and
in the smallest. under rhe ridges of the salient parts-
The rectangular frames used in sinking From the envellope are run out about 15
a shaft are commonly placed 4 feet asun- or 16 fathoms, galleries in directions par
dei ; and in. the galleries (hey are 01 ly allel to the capitals of the works, and at
3 feet. A gallery intended to be lined 23 fathoms distance from each other.
with masoniy, must be 7 feet high These are ca led li. tenets.
ami 6 Let wide, in order that it may be Sometimes, shafts are sunk from the
when finished, 6 feet high and 3 feet erd of these listeners, and by connecting
wide. these shafts, a second envellope formed.
Temporary galleries'are only made 41-2 Behind the escarps of the different works,
feet high, and 2 1-2 or 3 feet wale. galleiies are likewise made, about the
The branches, at the ends of which the level ot the bottom of the ditch; from
cha. ubcrs are to be placed, are only made whence branches may be run out into or
21 2 or 3 fett high, and 2 feet, or 2 ieet under the foundations of the walls ; and
3 inches wide. if the ditch be dy, galleries of communi
The first of these is dug on the knees ; cation may be made from these to the
the second sitting or lying. magistral gallery ; and from which com
The miners are divided into squads of munications branches may be run our for
4 each; and the rare of the work for each chambers to annoy the besiegers in their
squad is 3 feet of the temporary gallery passage of the ditch. The entrances to
in 4 hours. The first squad is relieved the escarp galleries are by means of pos.
by a second, after having worked 4 hours, terns, v\ Inch descend from behind the in
or laid one frame ; which second squad terior
slope of the rampart.
If a place be not countermined before
is again relieved b> the first, at the expira
tion of the same time-. hand, a great deal may be done even after
M IN MIN 441

The passage leading to the powder is


ihe investment of the place, to prolong
the siege by countermines. In this case, called the gallery.
the first thing to be done immediately
The line drawn from the centre of the
to the i.earest
that the place is invested, is to sink a shaft chamber, perpendicular
is called the l.ne of
in each of the places of arms oi the covert surface of the ground,
way; one in each
branch of the covert least resistance.
of the bastion The pit or hole, made by springing the
way opposite that part
where the breach will most probably be mine, is called the excavation.
The fire is commu.icated to the mines
made; and one in the flanked angle of
each bastion. Those on ihe covert way by a pipe or hose, made of coarse cloth,
will be on the banquette, and. sunk to whose diameter is arout one and a half
about 18 inches below the bottom of the inch, called a saucisson, (for the filling of
ditch. Those in the bastions to about 12 which near half a pound of powder is al
feet below the bottom of the ditch. Thus lowed to every foot) extending from the
to the entrance of the gallery, to
prepared, th. moment the sine on which chambei the end of which is fixsd a match, that
the attack is to be made can be ascertain
to it may have
ed, galleries must be carried on from these the miner who sets fire
shafts on the side attacked along the time to retire, before it reaches the cham
capi
double T ber.
tals, in the form of trefles, or ;
andadvanced as far into the country as the To prevent the powder from contracting
time will admit. Communication galle any dampness, the saucisson is laid in a
ries may likewise be driven between these small trough, called an augct made of
different works on. the covert way, and boards, three and a half inch broad, joined
from them ts thcr.Work in the bastion ; together, lengthwise, with straw in it,
which will prevent the enemy gaining and round the saucisson, with a wooden
possession of their entrances. All these cover nailed upon it.
works may be carried on after the invest- f Fryer, Ex. Focus or centreofthe chamber,
ment ofthe place; and be in sufficient li some authors call the end of the saucisson
forwardness by the time the enemy gains that comes within the work, and which is

the third parallel. to be set fire to, the foyer, or focus : but
The following rules'are given by Vau-I by most people, this is generally under
ban for fougasses, or small mines, having stood to be the centre of the chamber.
the diameter of the excavation equal to !
j Galleries and chambers of Mines. Gal
double the liae of least resistance. The leries made within the fortification, be
side of the chamber must be exactly a fore the place is attacked, and from which
sixth part of the depth ofthe shaft. The several branches are carried to different
side of the box to hold the powder exact places, are generally 4 or 4 1-2 feet wide,
ly a ninth part of the depth of the shaft. and 5 or 5 1-2 feet high. The earth is
These remarks respecting mines are prin supported from falling in by arches and
cipally extracted from the General Essay walls, as they are to remain for a consi-
on Fortification before mentioned, written 1 derable
time; but when mines are made
in French and published at Berlin, 1799 i to be used in a short time, then the galle-
e?<7..;..eT-MiNEs, are those made by the ries are but 3 or 3 i-2feet wide,and 5 feet
|j
besieged, whereas mines are generally high, *nd the earth is supported by w oodert
made by the besiegers. Both mines and frames or props.
counter-mines are made in the same man The gallery being carried on to the place
ner, and for the like purposes, v z. to where the powder is to be lodged, the
blow up their enemies and their works ; miners make the chamber. This is gene
only the principal gallerie. and mines of rally of a cubical form, large enough to
the besieged, are usually 1 :ide before the hold the wooden box, which contains the
town is besieged, ard frequently at the
powder necessary for the charge : the box
same time the fortification is built, to save is lined with straw and sand- bags, to pre

expence. vent the powder from contracting damp


Eventer la Mine, Fr. to spring a mine. ness.
When used figuratively, this expression The chamber is sunk something lower
signifies to discover a plot, or make it than the gallery, if the soil permits ; but
known. It is likewise used to express where water is to be it must
apprehended,
rhe failure of any expedition or undertak be made higher than the gallery ; other
ing. wise the besieged will let in the water,
Definitions ofM 1 n e s. A mine is a sub and spoil the mine.
terraneous cavity made according to the Quantities of powder to charge, Mines.
lules of ait, in which a certain quantity Beiore any calculation can be made ot the
ef powder is lodged, whicii by its explo proper charge for a mine, the density and
sion blows up the earth above it. tenacity ofthe soil in which it is to be made,
It has been found by experiments, that must be ascertained, either by experi
the figure produced by the explosion is a ment, or otherwise; for, in soils of the
paraboloid, and that the centre of the pow same
density, that which ha^ the greatest
der, orcharge, occupies the focus. tenacity, will require the greatest torce to
The place where the powder is lodged .separate its parts. The density is deter-
is called the chamber of the mine? or four, mined by weighing a cubic foot (or any
certain quantity) of the soil; bnt the te-
.3 K
442 MI N MIN

nacit> cd-.only bedetermineub\ making a Calculation.


mine. The following tabh contains ex- i. The diameter of the excavation
perimenls in 6 differ nt soils, which m..y is. 20, and its square 4oa
beo, assistance to lonm a
-om.
judgment Double the line of least resistance is
of th* of th. swl, when
nature an actual 20, and its square 40a
experiment cannot be had
o- -
Therefore the sum to be reserved is 800
2.The square root of 8o is 28.3 T
> Double the line of least resistance > 56s)
o is 20 j
C n
3 B t
Which leaves the remainder
X n c 234
re
c
o 3. Half the remainder is
=r
o
>
"7
% o CO
Whch multiplied by the lineof least

i
v.
3 ft resistance, 10

S 2. Gives the product


3 1170
ft o Which multiplied by
v. 1.57

Cives the solidity ofthe excava


tion . . feet 1836.4
J
O o to (el sC O feet. lb. feet. lb.
o S/S
Weight of 3 4. If 216 : 10 : :
1836.9 : 85 which is
l cubic foot. the charge required.
By Logarithms.
1. Diam. of excavation
fc o 00
is 20=
1.30 1030
-c Quantity of Diameter squared is 2.602000 400
power io raise
i cubic fa
r.
Double the line of least
thom. resistance is 20 and its
=
square 400

The sum to be reserved is 2.903090 8co


All the requisites in mining may he de
termined by the following problems, 2 Square root of sum
which admit of 4 cases ; for any 3 of the
is 28.3 i.45'54j
.

articles below being given, the 4th may


Double the line of least
thence he found
resistance is =20 1.30 1030
1. The nature f the soil,
2. The diameter of the excavation,
The line of least resistance,
Product to be subtract- I
3. ed is
4. The charge.
. .
2.752575 566
Problem. I.
Remainder is 2.369216 234
Given the nature of thesoil, the diameter
Line of least resist. = 10 1 000000
of the excavation, and the line of least .

resistance, to find the charge.


10 pounds of powder l.OOcOoO
To 216 cubic feet, compl
Rules.
arith. 7.66554
1. To the square of the diameter of
To which add the const.
the excavation, add the square of double
the line of least resistance, and reserve the 9 894870
said sum.
And the sum is the lo
2.
Multiply the square root of the re
served sum by double the line of least re
garithm charge req ci red 1 929632 =85lbi .

sistance, and subtract the Problem II.


product from Given the nature or the soil, the line of
the same sum.

half the remainder least resistance, and the charge, to find


3. Multiply by the the diameter the excavation.
ot
line of least resistance, and 57 times the
1.
will give Rules.
product, the solidity of the ex
cavation. i. Find the
solidity of the earth to be
4. The charge will then bedetermined raised, by a proportion from the nature of
from the nature of the soil, as in the fol the soil,..nd multiply it by 1.27. Divide
lowing example. the product by the li. e of least resist
I ance, and to the quotient add the square
Example of the line of least resistance : reserve the
It is required to make a mine in the
second f sum.
sort soil, mentioned in the fore-
experiments, which shall have a
ping Multiply the square root ofthe sum
2.

5ine of least resistance of 10 feet, and the by twice the line of least resist
reserved
said
diametn of its excavation 20 fett; what I ance, ana add the product tothe timessum,
the
will 'e the pnper charge ? and from the result subtract 3
square of the line of least resistance; so
'

The nature of this soil, by the table,


will the square root of the' remainder be
requires 10 pounds of powder to 216 cubic j.
taet. the diameter of the required excavation.
M I N M I N 443

I. about i-3dori-4th bigger than is required


Example
charged with for containing the necessary quantity of
Let amine be io
pounds
f powder soil which requires
in a ii powder: against the sides andf bottom of
of to raise 216 cubic feet,
powder the box is put somestraw ; and this straw-
pounds
and let its line of least resistance be 10 is covered over w th empty sand bags, to
feet : what will be the diameter of the prevent the powder from contracting any
excavation ? dampness : a hole is made in the side next
By the nature of the soil nib. : 216 the gallery, near the bottom for the
feet : : loolb. : 1964 feet, which is the saucisson to pass through, which is fixed
to the middle ofthe bottom, by means of
eolidity ofthe earth t> be raised.
1. Therefore multiply 1964 . a wooden pee, to prevent its loosening
By . 1.27 from the powder: or that, if the enemy
should get tothe entrance, he may not b^
The product is 2494.28 able to tear it out. This done, the powder
is brought in sand bags, and thrown loose
Which divided by the line of in the box, and covered also with straw
least resistance, 10, is 249.428 and sand bags ; upon this is put the cover
To which add the square of the ofthe box, press d down very tight with
line of least resistance 100.000 strong props; and, to render them more
secure, .''anks are also put above them,
And the be reserved is
sum to 349.42? against the earth, and wedged in as fast as
3. The square root of 349.428 possible.
is 18.7, which multiplied by This done the vacant space between the
twite the line of least resist. props are filled up with stones and dung,
ante, 20, gives .
374. and rammed in the strongest manner: the
least neglect in this work will considera
This addedto the sum reserved bly alter the effect of the mine.
gives . .
723.428 Then the auget is laid from the cham
From which subtract 3 times ber t > the entrance of the gallery, with
the square of least resistance 360. jj some straw at the bottom ; an-1 the sau
cisson laid in it, with straw over it : lastly,
And there will remain 423 428 it must be shut with a wooden covet
The square root of which is, 20.5 feet, nailed upon it. Great care must be taken,
fieiire the required diameter of the exta- in up tlie gallery, not to press
stopping
vation. too hard upon the auget, for fear of spoil
By Logarithms. ing the
saucisson, which may hindei the
Numb. Logar. Numb. powder from taking fire, and so prevent
Cubic feet =216 2334454 the mine from springing. Thegallery is
Powder nib. co. ar. 8 058607 slopped up with stones, earth, and dung,
Charge = ioo 2 occooo weil rammed, 6 or 7 feet further from the
Line of least resist. 10 cha.-ber than the lenah ofthe line of least
co. ar. resistance.
9.000000
Constant logarithm o.
103804 Globt
ofcompression in Mines, from Be-
lidor. If you
imagine a large globe of
2.396S65 249.4 earth homogeneous in all its parts, and
a certain quantity of powder lodged in its

To which add the square centre, so as to produce a proper effect


of line of least resist- without bursting the globe; by setting
fire 10 the powder, it is evident, that the
explosion will act all round, to overcome
Sum to be reserved is 2.5 3494 the obstacles which oppose its motion;
,3523 and as th; particles of the earth are porous,
Half of which logar. 1.271661 they will compress each other in propor
"Twice line of least tion as the flame increases, and the capa
resistance, 20, 1. 301030 city of the chamber increases likewise;
but the particles cf earth next to the
F rod uc t to be added is 2.572691 373.8 chamber will communicate a part of their
motion to those next to them, and thosi
The result is 713- to their neighbor; and this communica
From which subtract tion will thus continue in a decreasing
thrice the square of proportion, till the whole force of explo
the line of least re sion is entirely spear; and the particles of
sistance 300.C earth beyond this term, will remain in
the same state as they were at first. The
And there remains 2.626546 423.2 particles of earth that have been acted
Half of which logar. is 1.313273 20.57 teet, upon by the force of explosion will com
the diameter of the excavation required. pose a globe, which Mr. Belidor calls the
Loading and stepping of M lists The globe of compression .

gallery and chamber being ready to be MINERS, in a military sense, are gene.
loaded, a strong box of wood is made of rally soldier;. : most of the Europ an regi
the size and figure of the chamber, being ments of artillery tewe each 3 company of
' " I

444 MIN M I N

miners, commanded by a captain and two differs in the name of the engineer; he
lieutenants. When the miners are at savs it was Francis George, an Italian,
work in the
mines, they wear a kind of who, serving at Napl:s in quality of
hood, to keep the earth that falls out of architect, proposed to Peter Navarro, the
their eyes. In the English service the .
Spanish governor to take this castle by
artificers are ordered for -hat purpose. mines.
Miners tools, consist in several sorts of Nu;res of every thing used In Mining.
spades, wheel -barrows, axes, hand-le Augrt, a kind of small trough, madeof
vers, chissets, sounding-augres, sledge strong i'jch boards, about 4 inches square,
hammers, masons' hammers, mattocks^ in which the saucisson is laid in straw, to
augets, plummets, miner's rule, and mi , prevent the powder from contracting any
ner's dial, Sec. ! dampness.
D ifierent setts of Mints, are as
follows : Chamber, the place where the powder
Fougasses, are of small "mines,
a sort is lodged, being first put in cubical
frequently made before the weakest parts boxes made for that purpose.
ofa fortification, as the salient angles and Excavation, } the pit or hole made by a
fac<-s, not defended by cross fire.
a Entonnoir, \
mine when sprung.
Trefifle Mines, are mines with two Focus, the centreofthe chamber where
chauiDcrs only. the powder is lodged.
T-Mines, so called from t.icir great Fougas, a kind of small mine.
resemblance to that letter. They are Fourneau. See Chamber.
double mines, having four lodgments. Miners Tools, are augers of several sorts,
Double T Mines, have eight lodg levers of different sorts, needles tor work
ments, and four doors. ing in rocks, rakesj spades, shovels,
Ttip/e T- Mines, have twelve lodg
"
sledge-hammers, masons' hammers, pick-
ments, ana six dcors. ; axes, picks, mattocksy chissels, plum
Double Trrjfle Mines, have four louc- mets, rulrj, a miner's dial, &c.
ments, and eight doors. Line of least resistance, is a line drawn
Triple Treffte-Mitizt, have six lodg from the centre of the space containing
ments, and rvvelve doors. the powder, perpendicular to the nearest
MINING, in the art of war, is be surf nee.
come one of the most essential parts of Gallery, the passage leading to the powder.
the attaek and defence of places ; so much Saucisson, is a pipe or hose made of
artillery is used, that nothing above coarse cloth, whose diameter is about an
ground can withstand its effects; the inch, and tided with gunpowder; then
most substantial ramparts and parapets I laid in a trough or auget, which extends
tan resist butashoit time; the outworks, from the chamber to the entrance of the
[
though numerous serve only to retard gallery, that the miner who sets fire to it,
fo.ra time the surrender of the place. may have time to retire before it reaches to
History informs us, that mines were the chamber.
made long before the invention of gun MINING, in military affairs, is the
powder; for the jmcients made galleries ait of blowing up any part ol a fortifica
or underground Jlassages,
much in the tion, building, &c. by gunpowder. The
same way as the moderns, from without, art of mining
requires a perfect knowlege
under the walls ofthe places, which they both of fortification and geometry ; and by
cut oft" from the foundation, and support these previous helps, tiie engine' r may be
ed them with stiong props; then they qualified to ascertain the nature
filled the intervals with all manner ol
correctly
of all manner of heights, depths, breadths,
combustibles, which being set on fire and thicknesses; to judge perfectly of
burnt their props and the wall being no slopes and perpendiculars, whether they
longer supported, fell, whereby a breach be such as are parallel to the horizon, or
was made. such as are visual: together with the
The bes'.eged also made under-ground true levels ofall kinds of earth. To which
passages fiorn the town under the be must be a.ided, a consummate skill in the
sieger's machines, by which they battered quali-y of rocks, earths, masonary, and
the walls, to destroy them; which sands ; the whole accompanied with a
proves necessity to have been the in thorough knowlege of the strength of all
ventus- of mines, as well as of other arts. sorts of gunpowder.
The fi st nines, sine the nvention of MINION, a piece of ordnance, of
gunpowder, were made in 1487, bv the which there are two kinds, the large and
Genoese, at the attack ^f Serezanella, a ordinary : thr large minion has its Uore 3$
town in llorence; but these failing, they inches diameter, and is iooo pounds
were for some time neglected, till Peter weight ; its load is 3^ pounds of powder;
Navarp-, being then engineer to the Ge its shot three inches in diameter, and 3$
noese , and afterwards to the
Spaniards in pounds weight ; its length is eight feet,
3503. against the French, at the siege ot and its level range 125 paces. The ordi
the castle del Ovo, at Naples, made a nary minion is three inches diameter in the
mine under the wall, and blew it up. In bore, .uid weighs about 800 pounds
"consequence of which the cast'e was weight : itis seven feet long, usload2 i-i
taken by storm. ot powder, its shot near three
pounds
M. Vallierc relates the same story, but inches in diameter, and weighs threa
**
MIR MOD 445

foot high, and two feet and a half


pounds four ounces, and shoots point j] one

long, which is used in pointing cannon.


blank i2opacs
Johnson,
.

is
j Coins de Mire, Fr. Wedges made of
MINISTER, according to

one who sets not bv any inherent, authori-


.
wood, which serve to raise or depress
i y of his own, but under another
Thus j any piece of ordnance. They are likewise
for the same purpose in mortars.
in England all ministers act under a su- 1 used
is vested in the MIRZA, Ind Sir, lord, master.
preme authority, which j MISCELLANEOUS, an item or
king, lords, and commons, to whom they j
estimates of the British
are responsible. military matters, charge in the
In
as miscellaneous
there is not only a war minister, but a army, so distinguished
at war, who likewise acts con-
services ; the same as our contingent ex-
secretary
All pe; ditures.
jointl\ with the secretary of state. re MISERICORDE, Fr. a short dag
dispatches and papers of consequence form tly used, for
lating to the army first pass through
must ger, which the cavalry
the secretary of state, and the war minis the purpose of dispatching an enemy who
laid before parliament, would not ask quarter or mercy.
ter, before they are

or otherwise acted upon by ihe secretary MISSILE, ? any weapon which is


at war The common arrangements of MISSIVE, S either thrown by the
corps, directions with respect
to march hand, or which strikes at a distance from
the moving power.
ing, Sec. are transmitted to the secretary ct
war, and to the quarter-master general's
MITRAILLE, Fr. small pieces of old
office, without previously passing through iron, such as heads of nails, Sec. with
the secretary of state, or war minister. whicii pieces of ordnance are frequently
Mimstki- de la 'guerre, Ex. Minister loaded.
The appoint. Tirer a M I t a a i l l e, Fr To fire with
of the war department.
grape shot. This term is frequently used
ment of minister!" and secretary at war,
among t -.e 1 rench, first took place in
the by the French, to express ihe bribery
reignof Henrv thell in 1549 SeeWAh. which is practised in war time by one
nation upon another, for the purpose of
MINUTE, a hasty sketch taken of any
thing in writing. 'Hence minutes of a fomentin. civil insurrections. Hence tirer
.) n.itraille d'or
general or regimental court-martial.
Minute-, of council in the military de MITRE, ? a mode of joining two
partment. The notification of oirers
and MITER, i boards, or other pieces of
wood to<ether at right angles.
regulations, which are directed n be ob A wet or dry ditch, dug
served by the British army in Ind a, is so MOAT.
called. These minutes receive the sanc round the walls of a town, or fortified
tion of the governor-general in council, place When an enemy attacks a town,
and are the result of previous communi which has dry moats round it, the ram
cations from the court of directors in part must be approached by galleries un
They answer to tht French der ground, which galleries are run be
Europe.
word Re'sultat, which was prefixes! to neath the moat ; when the place is at
all orders and regulations that were occa tempted through wet Bloats, your ap
must be madeflby galLries above
sionally issued by the military boards, or proaches
conseils de guerre, tor the government of that is to say, by galleries raised
ground,
the army. Tne term, jugement d'un con. above the surface of the water. The
seil de guerre, corresponded with our brink of the moat next the rampart is call
minutes of a general or regimental court- ed the scarp, and the opposite one the
martial, and expressed not only the counterscarp.
minutes but the sentence of the court. Dry Moat, that which has no water.

MINUTE, the 60th part of each de It should invariably be deeper than the
01. e that is full of water.
gree ofa circle; and, in computation of
tinv , the 60th part of an hour : it also de Flat bottomed Moat, that which hath
notes a short memoir or hasty sketch no sloping, its corners being somewhat
taken of any thing in writing. See Mea rounded.
sure. Lined Moat, that whose scarp anfl
La Minute, Fr. The original of a counterscarp are cased with a wall of ma
sentence or decree. son work made aslope.
To MISBEHAVE, ina military sense, MODEL, a mould; also a diminutive
to actin any manner unbecoming the representation ot any thing. Thus mo
character of an officer or soldier. dels of warlike instruments, fortifications,
To Misbehave before the enemy, to Sec. Sec. axe preserved in the* British labora
abandon the colors, or sham, fully give tory at Woolwich.
way in action, &c. See Was. MODERN, something of our own
MIQUELETS, Fr. A banditti that times, in opposition to what is antique or
infest the Pyrenean mountains, and are ancient.
extremely obnoxious to travellers. Modern Tactics, and Modern Art of
M1QURLETTI. A small body of War. I hat system of manoeuvre and
mountain fusileers, belonging to the Nea evolution, which has been adopted since
politan army. the invention of gunpowder, and parricu.
MIRE, Fr. In the French artillery, larlythe system improved by the French
a piece of wood about four inches thick, within twenty rears. See Am, MU, Lib.
446 MON M O N

Ancient and ancient art of l.'ar. On a perdue leaucoup de mende, Fr.


Tactics,
The s>stem which They lost considerable number of nrnn.
a
vvas
p.irsued by the monde
Greeks and Romans, &c. before the in- II a un d'ennemis sur les bras,

vertion of gunpowder and fire arms. Fr. he is assailed by a multiplicity of foes.


Aller a I' autre monde, Fr. This ex.
MOGNIONS, from the Fr neb Mai.--
non, signifying the stump of a limb. A pressioi bears the same import in Eng
sort cf armor for the shoilders lish that it does in French, viz. to die-
MOGUL, the emperor of India, from literally, to go ;nto the other wi>rld.
Whom the nabobs (properly tfaib, a de Le Nouveau Ahnde, Fr. This term is
puty,) originally received their appoint freq icntly used to denote America.
ments, as governors and superintendants Hence L'Ancien et le Nouveau Mendet
of prov'mc s. means the two continents.

Mogul Tartars, a nition so called that MONEY--r., An expression in


made consid.-rabu- conquests in India. familiar use to express all pecuniary con-
MOHUR, Ind. A golden coin, c. c rns. It cannot be too strongly recom
which there are se '. .-ral vilues, but gen mended to every responsible military maa
to be scrupulously correct on this head;
erally goes for fifteen or sixteen .upces; a
More th^n half the breaches of friend
rupee half our dollar.
MOIENNE, Fr. A piece of ordnance, ship and common acquaintance that oc
which is now called a four pounder, and cur in life,
may be traced to irregularity :
which is ten feet long, was formerly so bu in no instance are its c.i'.cts so f ital,
Called a3 wh .n the soldier is
wronged, or is nduc-
MOINEAU, a French term for a little ed to think so by the omissions, &c. of
flat bastion, raised upon a re-entering angle, olficets or se;j-..nts
before a curtain which is too long, be Ofthe Monies, I, 'eights, and Measures, of
tween two orher bastions. I r is com Tirrign Nations respectively vn'th those of
monly joined rhe curtain, but some.
to E:^tatd.
times separat-d by a losse, and then called In oider to the attainment of a just
a detached bast on. They are not laised comp?rison of foreign mo:iisS with our
so high as the works of the place. own, the foi.o v.irg tables are subjoined.
Mois Romains, Ex. a term usedin Ger The fiist table contains tin- denomina
si-iiiy tax or cri- tions of ths principal fbrei;.n monies of
man-. ,
to a
particular
tribution, whit h the emperors had a right actuunt, and their intrinsic value in
to demand on urgenr cca.-.i.ms. This t.ix English meney, calculated upon the ex-
grew out of an old custom whicii origin st,::g nroporton between gold and silver
in t:ie respective countiies.
ally i-revailed when the tmp;rois w.-nt to
Rome to be crowned, and which served Th- second table shews the names of
to defray the'n expences thither. Thus the iirmt ip.,1 foreign coins in gold, their
when the tax was required, it was ca.leu v. sigh;, their fineness, their pure con.
for as a contribution or so ma:,y Roman te:us, and the intrinsic viJue ct sach in
months: implving aier'ainsum for so manv. relation to the gold coins of Great Britain.
MOISSON, Fr. Harvest. This word The third tabic relates to silver coins,
is u^ed in variousi se.ises by thv french, upon similar principles to those of the
secon.i.
particularly in two of a poetical and figu
rative kit d, viz. // a vu einquante molt- Ths comparison of the weights and
jons ; he ha* lived fifty years, literally, has measures of foreign nations with those of
seen titty harv-sts. Kngl-md is established by the to lowing
Mm s&on de lauriers, Ex. asuccessionof tab es.
victories, &t. Intra ly a harvest of laurels. The fourth table bespeaks ihe names of
Moisson degloire, is taken in the same the weights usr-d for precious metals, the
sense quantity which each contains in giains
MOI SSO N N E R de s lauriers, Fr. To troy- weight, and the rei.tionof the seve
reap laurels. ial foreign weights to too pounds troy-
Moissonner les hommes, Fr. To kill weight.
off", Sec. To mow down men. The fifth table denotes the names of
MOLLER, Fr. Liter dly means to the weights used in the sale of merchan
wax soft It is used figuratively among dize, the quantitv which each contains in
the French to signify, in a military sense, troy- weight, and the reLtion of foreign
the yielding or giving way or armed men, weights to ico and to 112 pounds avoir.
v'u, les troupes mollisent, the troops gave dupois-weight.
way. The sixth table relates to the measures
MOLL ESSE, Fr. in a figurative sense, used in the sale of corn, to the number of
signifies want of firmness or resolution. English cubic inches of the internal
Je crains la mollesse de vos conseils ; 1 mis measurement of each, and to the relation
the tendency of your advice of foreign measures to io quarters Win
trust
or couns- 1.
pliant chester measure.
MONDE, Fr. in a military sense, The seventh table comprises the mea
means ui-.-i or soldiers, viz. sures for liquids, the quantity of English
Ce capitaine n'avoit que la moiti'e de son cubic inches which each contains inter-
monde ,- such a captain had only half his ,
nally, and the relation of foreign rneaf
complement of men. I sures to ioo gallons English,
<t
MO N M O N 447

The eighth table relates to cloth mea the measures severally adopted in differ
and countries and degree of the equator.
sures, ti the length of each in lines,
ent a

to the relation of foreign measures t.


ioo Independently of the facility
which
ells. will be afforded by these tables
in the
yards and to ioo
The ninth tab e is descriptive of mea comparison of the monies, weights, ;nd
measures cf foreign nations with those of
sures of length for measuring masts,
timber, and other solid bodies, oi the England, it will not be difficult to ind
number of lines contained in each, and of the relation of the monies, weights, and
the pr 'portion between foreign measures measures of foreign countries, in respect

of a similar description and ioo Ieet to each other, by the guidance cf th- ex
at the foot ot each of the tables
English. planations
The tenth table refers to land measures, in question.
to the quantity of En.hsh square feet It will be observed, that in order to
which each contains, and to the propor avoid the multiplicity of the denomina
tion betwen foreign measures of this des tors of factions, and to give to the seve

cription :md ioo acres. ral calculations a greater degree of txacti-


The eleventh and last table is founded tud' , the unit has constantly been di
upon itinerary measures, the Lngth ot vide;!, in the following tables, into ico
each in feet, and the proportion between parts.

Table, which shews tbe intrinsic Value of the monies of account of Foreign Nations
expressed in pence sterling.
Monies of Account.
Pence IOO
Aix la Chapelle, the specie rixdollar 42, 7?
the current rixdollar 32, 25
Amsterdam, ths pound Flemish banco I1. 4S
the florin banco 22, 08
the pound Flemish current 126, 16
the florin current 21, 06
Arragon, the libra jaquesa 47. 80
Augsburgh, the gulden exchange money 32. 51
the gulden currency 25- 60
the gulden white money ar, 33
Barcelona, the libra catalana 27, 3^
Basil, the rixdollar of exchange 4, 2>
the current rixdollar 43. 4o
the current livre 14, 46
Bengal- the current rupee 2i,
the sicca rupee 3.
Bergamo, the lira 5. i*
Berlin, the rixdollar gold currency 39. 60
the rixdollai silver currency 97
the pound banco
35'
4*. 75
Bern, the current livre 14, *7
Bologna, the scudo di cambio 4, c9
the lira di cambio "1 3'
the current livre "1 5
Bolzano, the gulden exchange money 35,
the gi.lden current money 25. 66
Bombay, th. current rupee
33 63
Bremen, the rixdollar 3. 40
Breslaw, the rixdollar gold currency 39. 66
the rixdollar silver currency 97
the pound banco
3?,'
4, 7?
Brunswick, the current thaler 3. 40
Buasorah, the mamudi 5. 5>
Calcutta, the sicca rupee 3.
the current rupee 31,
the arcot rupee 24,
Canary Islands, the current real Hz
Cassel, the thaler
the tale
4o
China, So,
Cologne, the specie rixdollar 7i
3*>
the current rixdollar 3.
Copenhagen, the specie reichsthaler
the cuircnt reichsthaler
55. n
45. 46
Curacea, ihe dollar 43. *
.r^'-ii1 l--_l_.~~

448 M ON M O N

Monies or Account.
Pence loO
Dantzic, the florin 9, 14
Dublin, the pound Irish 221 . 54
Elsinore, the specie rixdollar 34 . 75
the crown rixdollar 3- , 18
the current rixdollar 3 . 92
England, the pound sterling 240
Flanders, the florin of exchange 20 , 25
the current florin
Florence, the s^udo d'oro
f7
62 .
. 37
4?
the duetto 5
the pezza of 8 reals 47, U
the lira monetabuona , .I2
France, the livre tournois 9. 49
the franc 9 bi
Francfort, the thaler 3 40
the gulden 25, 60
Geneva, the current crown 49, 20
the current livre 40 16
the florin 4, 6S
Genoa, the sciulo d'oro marchs 8a, S
the scudo d'argento 73, 13
the pezza fuor di banco 4, 12
the scudo di cambio 50
the lira fuori di banco
Germany, the reichsthaler constitution money
y 56J
56,
the thaler ditto 42' 6*
the gulden ditto 28, 42
the reichsthaler convention moneyf 5i, 2*
the thaler ditto 3, 40
the gulden ditto 25, 60
Hamburg b> the pound Flemish banco 138, 37
the rixdollar banco 55, 35
the marc banco 18, 45
the rixdollar currency 45,
themarc currency *5.
Hanover, the turrent thaler 42, .
Konigsbcrg, the gulden 12, 17
Leghorn, the pezza of 8 reals 47, 88
the lira moneta buona . 33
$ the lira moneta lunga 97
Leipsic, the current thaler
the gulden
A 40
Liege, 12, 96
Lubec, the reichsthaler 4?. 21
the marc 15. 07
Lucca, the scudo d'oro 5", 32
the lira 7, s
Madras, the p :g->da of 36 fanams 94, 7>
the Carnatic rupee of 10 fanams 26, 32
Malta, the silver crown 40, 26
the copper crown 26, 84
Martinique, the livre currency 7, IZ
Mexico, the dollar 52, 60
Milan, the scudo imperiale 64, 14
the current scudo 45, 33
the lira cmrency 7. 8S
Modena, the lira 3, 81
Morocco, the ducat 105,
Munich, the current thaler 32, 04
the current gulden 21, 3<
Naples, the ducato di regno 42, 50
^lavarre, the ducado of 10 8-9 reals 53. 95
the libra of 60 maravedis a, 25
the real 01 36 ditto 4, 95
Nuremberg, the current thaler
the thaler gold money ft
38,
40
95
the thalei white money 31, 97
Pegu, tin silver tical 7
33.
Persia, the toman 289, t>5
Poland,- the florin of Creat Poland 7. IP
MON M O N 449

Monies of Account.
Pence IOO

Poland, the florin of Little Poland 14, 20

Tondicherry, the pagoda 93, 50


the current rupee =4, 20

Portugal, the milreis 67, 5"


the current gulden 2",'. 60
Prague,
the gulden white money 2"), 60
Ratisbon,
Riga, the albertus rixdollar 53, 29
Rome, the scudo di stain pa d'oro io, 9a
the scudo moneta 53, 16
Rostock, the thaler 4Si 20
the zweydrittel 3. 13
Russia, the ruble 5
St. Eustatia.
St. Gall,
the dollar
the gulden exchange money
P: 2?
yo
27.
the gulden currency 24,
Sardinia, the lira n, 5
Siam, the gold tical 465, 5<>
the silver tical 39- 25
Sicily, the onza 13, 77
Smyrna, the piastre 50
]3>
Spain, the pistole of exchange i53,
the ducat of exchange 52. 73
the dollar of exchange .38, 25
the real of plate 4, /
the real of vellon 2, 54
Sweden, the riksdahler 55, 35
Surat, the rupee 25.
Surinam, the florin 25, 2">
Trieste, the gulden of 60 kreitzers 25, 60
the florin of 5 lire 24, 20
Turin, the scudo of 6 lire 69, 84
the lira u, 64
Turkey, the piastre
J3, S
United States, the dollar at par 54,
Valencia, the libra of 20 sueldos
3, 25
Venice, the lira piccoli inclusive cf the agio
on thezecchins 12
<;,
Vienna, the current thaler
38, 4o
the current gulden 25, 60
Zante, the real of io lire
41, 1?
Zurich, the gulden exchanre money A 27, 50
the gulden currency
=5,
The following example will shew in 1
ling, and the pound Irish 221,54, accord
what manner the relatic.i between the ing to the table prefixed, I state the foi.
monies of account of any two given coun
lowing equation :
tries may be ascertained. 1 marc banco = .<;
Example, 1 ban.
marc =
18,45 pence sterling
Let it be required to express, in pence
22i,54pencester. = 1
pound Irish
Irish, the value of a marc banco of Ham 1 poundIrish =
24o pence Irish
burgh. Result 19,99 pence Irish.
The marc being worth 18,45 pence stcr-

Table, which shews the Weight, Fineness, and pure Contents of the principal Gold Coif
ef foreign Nations, as "nell as their intrinsic Value, expressed in English
Money.
Gold Coins.
, Pure
Weight Fineness contents Value

Grs. 100 Car. grs, Grs. 100 s. d. roa

Bavaria, the eail


150,32 18 7,8
the max
20
8,87
100,21 18
77,94 '3 9,54
Bengal, the gold mohur
76,5o 23 174,66 30 10,95
Brunswick, the carl
102,36 21
92,76 16 5,0a
Denmark, the ducat of 12 mar$3
48,21 21 42,52
"

England, the guinea >3


129,44 22 118,65
the half guinea
64,72 22
59,33 6}
Tlie 7-r piece 22
43I3 39,55
3i
450 M O N M O N

Gold Coins.
Pure
Weight Fineness contents Value

Grs. 100 Car. grs. Grs. 100 1. d. io

Flanders, the double souverain 171,50 22 i57,2o 9,79


ihe souverain 85-75 22
2 78,60 10,89
France, the louis of 1726 122,90 21 2"$ 110,95 7,<55
thelouisof 1785 "7,83 21 2* 106 37
the 40 franc piece 199,25 21 2i
179,32 til
the 20 franc piece 99,62 21
2\ 89,66 10,42
Geneva, the pistoie of 1753 87,13 22 "s 79 87 1,63
Genoa, the zecchino _ 53.8 23 3i 53,52 5,67
Germany, the ducat 53,85 23
the ducat
2|
23
53, IO 4,7*
Hamburgh, 5385 23 52,73 4,
Hanover, the georges 103,03 21 3 93,37 6,3r
the gold gulden 50,06 19 0^ 39,8o o,54
Holland, the ryder 153.54 22
14 ,74 10,92
the ducat SS.85 23 2
52,73 4,
Hungary, the ducat of Kremnitzl 5385 23 3 53,29 5.i8
Madras, the star pagoda 52,75 19 2
42,86 7,03
Naples, theonza 68,10 21
59,59 6,56
Piedmont, the zecchino 6,09
54, , 23 3ii 53.72
the pistole of 1741 110,10 21
3 99,78 7,92
thf doppiaof 1755 148,50 21 3 34,5 23 9.83
Portugal^ the joanese 221,87 22
203,59 36
the moidore 166, 21 3! 151,30 | 26 9,35
Prussia, the frederick 103,03 21
3 93,37 I 16 >3i
Rome, the zecchino 53.55 23 2
52,43 3,36
Russia, the imperial of 1755 255,53 22 234,23 5,49
the imperial of 1763 2o2,l8 22 185,33 9,62
the imperialof 1801 202,18 23 n 199,90 2,70
Saxony, the august 102, 21 22
92,08 3,57
Siam, the tical 28l,88 19 oJ 224,13 8,04
Sicily, theonza 67,94 21 3J 61,57 io,7/
Spain, the doubloon before 1772 416,65 21 3* 380,85 j 67 4,87
the doubloon of 1 772 416,65 21 22 37, 14 6,88
the doubloon of 1785 416,65 21 23 373,2S o,74
Sweden, the adolphus 102,95 15 ^ 65,77 7,70
Tuscany, the ruopono 161,33 23 34 160,77 5,45
the eagle
United States,
'the zecchino
268,66 22
l 246,27 7,5
Venice, 54, 23 3| 53,72 6,09
Wirtemberg, the carl 150,32 1 8 2% 117,18 8,87

In the first column of this table is louis d'orof France coined since 1785 in
shewn the weight of each foreign coin in the money of Portugal.
As it is seen by the prefixed table that
grains troy- weight; in the second column,
the degree of the fineness in carats and the louis oi 24 livres tournois contains
grams of a carat ; in the third column, 106,37 grains of fine gold, and that the
the contents of fine gold in grains troy- joanese of 6400 reis contains 203,39 grains
weight ; and in the fourth, the intrinsic of fine gold, I state the following equa.
value expressed in shillings and pence tion :
sterling. 1 louis = *
The following example will be of guid 1 louis 106,37 grains
=

ance to ascertain the value of foreign coin joanese


203,39 grains = 1
in other money also foreign. 6400 reis
1 joanese =

Example. Result 3347 reis.


Ft is required to express the value of a
M O N M O N 451

Table "which shews tbe freight, Fineness and pure Contents of the principal Silver Coins
well their intrinsic Value, expressed in English Aloney.
efforeign Piatiens, as as

Silver. Coins.
Pure
Fineness
|
Weight contents

Grs.ioo Oz.dwt. Grs. ioo

Aix la Chapelle, therathsprjesentges 95,68 56,21


Arabia, the larin 74,i7 '7l 56,84
Basil, the reichsthaler 436,89 382,28
Bengal, the sicca rupee 179.55 178,43
Berri, the patagon 417.63 348.
Bombay, the rupee 178.31 15 174,60
Denmark, the liksdahlar 449'87 393,64
the krohn 344, 230,77
England, the crown 464,52 429,68
the shilling 92,90 85,94
Flanders, iheducaton 513,29 446,46
the croon 456,91 8J 395.71 ,

the patagon
"
433, 10 378,88 i
France, e ecu of 1726 452,50 18 411,03
the 5 franc piece 386,14 16 347,5-
Ceneva, the patagon 416,87 347, 38
Genoa. tnegenovina 593, 10 565,93
the St. Gianbatista 321,66 294,85
the giorgino 9i.25 o 63 78,58
the double madonina o 117,80
thereichsthaier constitution
140-19 x|
Germany,
money 450,97 o
*3i 400,87
the gulden ditto 225,48 0
3i 200,43
the reichsthaler convenrion
money 360,78 5o,38
the guld-n ditto 1 16,46 180,39 25,19
the <>\d zweydrittel 229,05 3 ',98
the new zweydrittel 200,42 27,98
Hamburgh, the rixdoller banco 450.52 o
134 400,47 55,92
the marc banco 150,17 o
13J 133,49 18,64
therix dollar lubs 124.41 3i8,3
9 44,43
the marc I >bs 106.10
I4L47 9 i4,8i
Holland, the ducatoon 503.50 1 5 472,03 65,91
the th ee florin piece 488, 1 447.33 62,46
the rixdaler
433,'7 o 10 k 379,3 52,93
the leeuwendaler 422, 8 iS 43,7o
the gold norm 188,04
37, 7 7 26,26
the current florin 162,70 148,46 20,73
Madras, the rupee
178,88 i6 176,28 24,61
Milan, the philip 430,21 409,30 57,iS
Naples, the ducat 336, 306,60 42,81
Piedmont, the ducatoon
49',3 467,17
the scudo of 1733 65,23
459,8* 419.96 58,64
the scu.toof 1755
Pondicherry, the rupee
542,95 492,05 68,71
Poland, the tympfe
77,27 170,63 23,83
89,75 34 46,12 6,44
Portugal* thccruzade
265,65 15 1
Prussia, the current rixdollar J2 238,54 33,3i
Rome, the scudo moneta 34^,42 257,57 35,97
the testono
408,70 374,64 52,3r
the papeta
130,54 119,67 16,71
81,59 74,79 10,44
Russia, the rubleof 1755
402,76
the ruble of 1763
to 38.8S 44,52
the ruble of 1801 369,88 277,41 38,74
the livoninaof 1757
77,48 8 240,48 33.58
the rixdollar albertus
411,66 3IS>99 43,41
the old reichsthaler 433, l7 19 IO 379,3 52,93
Saxony, 450,97 400,87
the new reichsthaler
10
13$ 55,9
the zweydrittelstucke
432,93 o
360,78 50,38
212,14 I 62 200,35 27,98
Spain, the hard dollar before 1772
416,40 o 18? 378,81 52,90
the hard dollar since 1772
Sweden, the reichsthaler of 1764
416,40
45i,56
oiS*s
9 IQ-S
373,03
396,69
52,09
55,39
452 MO N MON

Silver Coins.
I i
Pure i
Weight ,Fineness'contents Value

Grs. io Oz.dwt. Grs. ico* d. ioo

Sweden, the ducatoon 1 II ijr 446,18 1 62,30


'60,5, 8
the carolin 6_|j 111,47 15,56
the ten oere silver piece 108,30 5 63a 48,13 6,72
Tuscany, the francescono 422,75 II 3 387,52 54,n
the lanternina 420, 11 I
386,75
the livornina 402, II I
370,18 51,69
United States, the dollar 409,79 II
375,64 52,45
Venice, the ducat 35=>,83 9 18 289,44 49,42
the scudo 489,54 II 448,75 62,66
the giustina 433.17 "
397,07 55,45

In the first column of this table is


115,384/. allowance for beer.
shewn the weight of each foreign coin in 138,979/. for reduced officers in Great
grainstroy-weight ; in th: secondcolumn, Britain.
the degree of fineness in carats and grains 148,382/. for the in and out pensioners
****
of acarat ; in the third cohtnn, the con ot Chelsea.
tents of fine silver in grains troy- weight ; 3 5923^- for di t to of hospitafat K i 1 main-
and in the fourth, the intrinsic vaiue ex- ham, near Dublin.
pressedin pence ster'ing. 455,000/. for volunteer caValry in Great
The following example will shew in Britain.
what manner the v due of a foreign coin in 425,139/. for ditto in Ireland.
other money also foreign may be ascer
33,394/^ for foreign troops in British
tained. pay.
Example. 456,000/. for the augmentation of
It is required to express the value of a 10,000 in Great Britain.
Spanish hard dollar inthemoney of France 21,332/. for contingencies in Ireland.
As it is seen by the prefixed table that To be added, 1,033,750/. for the ord
the hard dollar contains 373,03 grains of nance of the current year.
fine silv. r, a: d that the pkee 1 f 5 franc? 30,937/. for extraordinaries not provided
conains 34752 grains of fine silver, 1 for in 1799.
state ti:c following equation :
58,756/. for ditto not provided for in
1 hard dollar = * 1800.
hard dol.
1 =
373,03 grains Regimental Monies. All sums issued
347,52 grains =
5 f a. t piece to paymasters for the subsistence, &c. of
Result 5 fanes 37 cents the men belonging to a regiment, are so
MONIES, in military sense, are such
a
called; for the regular distribution of
sums as are for public service, and
issued which the paymasters and captains of
are more specifically distinguished b\ the
companies are responsible. La eempta.
appellation of army estimates. It is usual biliti,among the French, corresponds with
for the secretary at war to mo-c forth. this explanation.
est mates of the army. The following Ley -Money. The money which i;
sums shew the amount ci the British paid for recruiting thearmy, is so called.
military estabf. hu.ent on the 17th of Fe- Smat t Money The money vv hich wai;
bruaiy, 1S01 :

paid by the person who has taken the


1,615,878/. for guards and garrisons. enlisting money, in order to get released
J, 7*3,773' -ut maintenance of
troops from an engagement entered into previous
abroad to a regular enlistment

17,232/ for land forces for Ireland. Bounty Monty. See Rfcruitinc.

355 c&o/. for recruiting in Great Bri MONOMACHY, (Monomachie, Ex.\


tain. a
single combat, or the figfitinn of two,
319 479/. for ditto in Ireland. hand to hand. It is derived from the
86,523/ for generals and staff officers in Greek. A duel may be
properly called
Creat Biia n. Monomachy.
48,197/ tor ditto in Ireland. MON SON ou MOUSON, Fr. a
qprd
973,433/' for mihtia in Great Britain. derived from the Arabic, signifying" the
1,338,000/. for Jit 1 < in Ireland. wind of any particular season, or one that
57,000/. lor fencibles in Great Britain. blows regularly. See Monsoons,
34,451/ or contingencies in Ireland. MONSOONS. In India the year is
25,^76/. for supernumerary officers. divided into two seasons. From the
11,628/ for officers' clerks, 6zc. in month of October to March, the winds
Great Britain. blow from the north-western, and during
*
6,416/. for ditto in Ireland. the rest of the year from the south-east
255, cool, for increases^ rates for subsis ern points of the compass: these seasons
tence to inn-keepers in Great Britain. are by mariners called monsoons; the
the other is gene- your flanks, or ultimately fall upon your
change from the one to
interval of about ,| rear.
]|
rally preceded by an
and It moreover frequently happens, that
twenty davs, in which calms, or light
in of some vallies have not-any outlets, and that
uncertan winds pr.-va ! : the setting
j others betome so narro.v, that an army is
the northern monsoons generally falls out
sonu' time in the mouth ot September, as I under the necessity of marching by single
fil.s, ord r to reach
a more open piece
that of the southern in the month of A .Til.
in
|

On the of Coromandel
coas* the ..jrthern 1 of ground, get at some important
or to
of intercepting or ob
monsoon sometimes bei.ins with a violent
1
pass for the purpose
structing the march of an cnetin
.

or hurricane ; and if the monsoon


tempest When it s found necessary to retreat, or
sets in with moderation, it is often produc di.4
to m.uch over a country, as Hannibal
tive of temp-.stuous weather at dilierent
over the Alps, it is of little consequence
interval?, until the middle of December,
and sometimes later; so that it is hel<1 what steps you take, with re
or measures

vessels to remain on the gard to those parts which you are aban
dangerous forany
coast after the the 15th of October, or to doning ; but when you advance against
an enemy, and are determined to dispute
return to it before the 20th of Detcm-
his march through a valley or hollow
ber.
MONTAGNES, Fr. Hills, moun way, you must adopt evtre precaution to
sense, the term secure your rear and flanks, lest, as we
tains, Sec. In a military
is peculiarly applicable to that species of have already observed, your antagonist
warfare which"*! carried on in a moun should take advantage of the various
which al
tainous and*} intersected country. We passes and intricate bye- ways,
have already given flfeneral outline ot this ways exists in a mountainous country ;
of the head Guerre and it must always he remembered, that
species warfare^ffnder and daring enter
de Montague: nevertheless the following many coups de main,
observations mav not appear superfluous prises, may be undertaken by four or five
or irrelevant in this place. The chevalier hundred active partizans, which an army
Folard has written largely, and with no would find impracticable.
inconsiderable degree of method, on that An able general cannot have a better, or
more favorable field to exercise his mili
part ofa war among hills, Sec. where
an

rmy might run the risk of being


sur tary genius in, than that whicll is afford
He observes, that ed by a mountainous country. All the
rounded, or shut up.
a body of men may be drawn into snares chicane and stratagem ot war may be re
sorted to ; and however we.k an army
by the well concerted movements of an
able and active enemy, most especially in might be, yet such are the manifold re
a country which is intersected by rivers, sources of this peculiar kind cf contest,

and occasionally broken with hills and that there is scarcely any thing which
the offi
eminences. Although disasters of this may not be attempted, provided
sort are manifest proofs of" a want of abi cer j who commands, has a thorough
lity in the person who holds the chief knowlege of the country, is feitile in ex
command, they become infinitely more pedients, and has acalm.detemTned mind.
disgraceful when a
general runs h adlong Many instances might/be adduced to il
into a snare, as Euripidas did, without lustrate these observations ; we shall be
having sufficient courage toattemj<tadar- satisfied with stating, that the prince of
ing enterprize ; for it certainly remains Conti, in the campaign of 1744, which lis
with ourselves to detcnniiv, whether we so ably conducted, owes a considerable
chase to move into an impracticable part of his reputation tothe scope afford
r.-uuntry ; and it equally rests with us to ed to his talents by the locally of Pied
avoid stratagems and snares. mont. This country, indeed, as well as
All this, however, depends upon a Switzerland, seems to have been cutout

knowlege of the country into which the as the peculiar theatre of great military
waris carried ; and as it is impossible to be talents. But neither the prince of Conti,
in possession of the requisite information nor tire first consul of France, Bonaparte,

without some extraneous means,


every would have succeeded in the brilliant
general ought to it dowrvas a maxim,
lay manner, which they most unquestiona
not to advance into mountainous coun-
a bly have done, had not the science of to
:ry without having a good number of in pography seconded the natural advanta
telligent and faithful guides These, in ges ot that mountainous part ot Europe.
addition to some able topographers, will Massena, Lecourbe, Ney, Lehbvre.Soulr,
prevent the possibility of being surprised, and Macdonald have immortalized them
.md make him thoroughly master of all selves in mountain warfare.
the passes, Sec. MONTE, Fr This word is used
It is not, however, sufficient to be in among the French to express what we
mean by ca>ry ; as, un vaisseau montc de
possession of the heights that immediately
command a valley into which an army cMquante pieces de canon .- a ship that car
has moved ; in proportion as you advance, ries fifty guns, or a fifty gun ship.
See To
you must be certain, that the enemy who MonteH la trai.chie, Et.
retreats before, is not insensibly winding M O li N 1 r H E T R F. N C H E s .

roii.v-i a second range of hi'i. to get upon . Mon rjr,R unVriiiifjm, Ft. Toembark
j|onho-,;d a ship.
454 M O Q MOR

Monter, Fr. This word likewise professed mehomedanism. This horrid


means rise from one rank to another,
to custom has been lately practised by the
in the way of promotion, as irom cornet Malays, both at the island of Ccvlon, and
or ensign to become lieutenant, from at the Cape of Good Hope. In the latter
lieutenant to become captain, or from place indeed, the fanaticism of one of these
having the command of the youngest blind enthusiasts went so far, that he
to that of the stabbed a soldier who stood centinel at the
company to be promoted
ldcst. governor's gate. His intention was to
MONTH, considered as a military have destroyed the governor. H that

period, in the British service, consists al runs the moqua, or muck, gets intoxicated

of 30 and 31 days, commencing with bang, or opium, loosens his hair,


ternately
the 24th, and ending on the 25th day which is genrrally bound up under a
on

(inclusive) of each month, properly so t andkerchief) then takes a dagger (called


called. a kreese) in his hand, whose blade is usu

Monthly Abstract. See Pay. ally half poisoned, and in the handle of
Monthly Return. See Return'. which there is some of hs mother's or
Monthly Report. See Report. father's luir preserved, and running about
Monthly Inspection. SeeREGiaiEN- the streets kills all those he meets, who
tai. Inspiction. are not mahomedans, till he i3 killed him

MONT-yo/V, Saint Denis, Fr. a nation self; pretending to believe, that heserves
al exclamation, adopted by the French in God and Mahomed by destroying their
the reign of Louis, sirnamed Le Gros. enemies. When one of these madmen is
See Cri des armes. slain, all the mahomedar' rabble run to
MoNT-Pagnote ou Po:te des invulnera him, and bury him like a saint, every one
ble!, Ex. an exr-ression which is derived contributing his mite towards making a
from Pagnote, a coward, .1 poltroon; and noble burial.
signifies any eminence or place from MORAILLE, Fr. Barnacles. An
whence the operations of a siege, or the instrument made commonly of iton for
actual conflict of two armies, may be seen the use of farriers, to hold a horse by the
without personal danger to the curous nose, to hinder him from struggling when
observer. It is a term of reproach, Cat an incision is made.

tin Giniral qui vail le combat du Mont- Le MORAL, Fr. This word is fre
P agnate ; he is one of those generals that quently used among the French, as a sub
look on whilst others fight. During the stantive of the masculine gender, to ex
American war a particular body of refugees press the moral condition ot man. It
or torits who seemed to side with the likewise means the prepossession or assu-
British, were called invulnerables. rar.ca which we feel in conscious superi
in
MotiT-Pagnote, fortification, an en.i- ority, viz. Quand les Anglais se battent sur
nence where persons post themselves out mer, ils ont le moral pour eux, les Francois
of the reach of cannon, to see a camr>, I'ont sur tern.
siege, battle, Sec. without being exposed MORASS, in military drawings, de
It isalsoc-tiled the post ofthe
to danger. notes moor, marshy, 01
fenny low grounds,
invulnerables. on which waters are lodged.

MONTRE, Fr The review, or mus MORATTOES, Mahrattahs, aconsi-


ter of the men. Le regiment a foil montre derable Hindoo tribe in Hindustan. Their
devant le commissaire. The regiment has army is chiefly composed of cavalry, and
passed muster before the commissary. they excel in the management ot their
Les ojpeiers mi rent leur valets dans les rangs, horses. The weapon principally used by
et les fit cnt passer d la montre. The officers them in war is a sabre, extremely well
put their servants in the ranks, and made tempered, and carefully chosen. Their
them pass muster. dress, w hen accoutred for action, consists
Montre likewise signified, in the old ot a quilted jacket of cotton cloth, whicll
French service, the money which was paid descends half way down their thighs,
to soldiers every month, when they passed and of a thin linen vest, which is fitted
muster. // a recu sa montre ; he has re close to the body, and is always worn
ceived his monthly pay. under the jacket. They wear upon their
Mo ntu re, Fn.tlie complement of men, head a broad turban, which is made to
and number of cannon, on board a French reach the shoulders, for the double pur
ship of war. pose of covering the neck from the heat of
Mont u RE d'un fusil, d'un pistolet, Ex. the sun, and of shielding it against the
the stock ofa gun or pistol. enemy's sabre. Their thighs and legs are
MONUMENT, (Monument, Fr.) In covered with a loose kind of trowsers, or
a military sense, any public edifice, pillar, cotton overhose. They are extremely tem
ur mark of distinction, which is exhibit perate, and pay the most minute attention
ed to perpetuate the memory of some il to their horses.
lustrious character. It is now more than a century that the
MOOTIANA, Ind. Soldiers employ Mahrattahs first made a figure, as the
ed to collect the revenue. most enterprising soldiers of Hindustan;
MO QUA, MUCK, a frenzical riot of as the only nation of Indians, which
some mahomedans, who have returned seems to make war an occupation bv
from Mecca, against those who have not choice; for rhe Raj pouts are Hindu.,
MOR MOR 455

soldiers by birth. The strength of their I Weig-' and Dimensions of English Mortars
t

armies consist in their numerous cavalry, at Range


which is more capaile of resisting fatigue
than any in India ; large bodies of them '45- Yds. 410 210 380 190 160 120 1040
having been known to march fifty miles "Powder N 1 1 r) OO OO 1 OCO l^-CTssj-
in a day. Thev avoid general engage o'1" 1 "
1
*contain-
ments, and seem to have no other idea in ed in "no ^f< 0 iftfirt 1 1
making war, but that of doing as much Chamber.
J3 OH n m ||
mischief as possible to the enemy's coun
j: C -" nt -!*-*>.
try. _
cl i oo a\ ~
*} m

MOREAU, Fr. A species of bag c


which the drivers of mules use to carry J ,f "> **> ^- n c mm

their hay It is likewise the name of a


O r* 1 "-"O HOMO"
celebrated French jreneial, who bv his 0 | |
1 H- 1 Ifl H
able retreat out of Germany, during the H 1 1 1 M 1 It*-.
|1 II|
to U
1 1 II
mosc disastrous period of the French re U"

> r n vr,o fl
0 O *tco 1-1 I
volution, acquired a reputation, gene as a
^bco n nn-i-M h i
ral, superior to Xenophon. S/W \S~S\S e/VSey .S^-S-y S^VSey le/V*Se.
MORGLAY, a deadly weapon.
MORTIER, Fr. See Mortar. t/5 -O S/i 73 rg"
.g .Q*
s c ace
MORION, Fr. Donnet sur le morion. n
y Co
rt
0
re ra fl 1.

This of which co i-J to <-} 1-! -jh


was a species punishment T3
French sol rSe/e^'-Se-S^"S/^B'^Sl-S>S^'>-S_Ay"S 1 |
vvas formerly inflicted upon
diers for crimes that were not capital. M i!OeOi.O_;irtOfl5
Thi y were shut up.in a guard-house, and c;--,^ .a da -. oa .; pq ca
received a certain dumber of strokes with ! s-e^VN-/ s^YVlAV^, f
a halbert. The gantelope was substitut <s-i o oo <-">rl
M -1
Tj-
ed in its stead ; but neither one or the

other are practised in the present French See the word Chambers, for experi
ments on fhe best form.
army.
MORISON. See Helmet, Casbue,
&c. 'fret
bo J>0 o
MORT d'Eau, Fr. Low water. ^ -
Os
M I
I-
i-
CO
r*
m

MORTARS, are a kind of short can C2 >


non, of a large bore, with chambers : eJ

they are made of stone, brass, or iron. i


Their use is to throw hollow shells, filled u
SO O^Oiflt
with powder; which, falling on a;,y a

building, or into the works of a a fortifi 1 1 1


U
cation, burst, and their fragments destroy
every thing within reach. Carcases are
also thrown out of them. Thest are a u
/, M st O 03 r1 O
sort of shells, with 5 holes, filled with e mOOO r< i1
!r o Os c< tj- *? o\ 1
pitch and other combustibles, in oder toj s
Oi rs
>
set
buildings on fire ; and sometimes bas Cm
kets lull ot stones, the size of a man's o

fist, are thrown out of them upon an ene 1 O


1| 1|M
N
my, placed in the covert-way during a bO o
' M

siege. The very ingenious general De- c


M -*5 ro
JB "2 m

saguliers contrived to throw bags, filled o u '

with grape-siiot, containing in each


bag, _
s-1

from 400 to 600 shot of different dimen


eO

sions, out of mortars ; the effect of which I O


00 <u w O O ^ O sO TI
is extremely awful and tremendous to -.-c TS v-oo tir^O o
n c b s+ o ""> O n r*v
troops forming th. line of battle, passing n
,a H "
fltldl
a de-file, or landing, &c.
pouring down to
a
B, "
\
shot, not unlike a shower of hail, on a o \
circumference of above 300 feet. Tiiey
s 1 1 1 1 i in
u
-c
are distinguished
chiefly by the diameter ,

of the bore For example, a 13-inch s


JS 'X rs Ci C.*t -".C |
mortar is that, the diameter of whose bore o U =4 '

is 13 inches. There are some of 10 and


*'
\
1
3-inch diameters ; and some of a small
er sort, as cohorns of
4.6 inches, and d" !
; so o n -t n n i

royals of 5.8 inches. m Os e>'


-
oj c-io
a
n cliA o r< '-

""'
t3 oi >
s

I CO
s I oo 1 00
b

rt (1
H m
COrr',
U
456 MOR MOR

Medium Ranges with Land Service Iron


' l

M-,r:ais,
n Mm
at 45 Degrees. 1798.
io erf Sje, N M
13 Inch. 10 Inch.
3
f
ChV. flig't Kange jCh'jre-lFliie't Range-
to ji
ttc Ibs.oz. Sec. Yds. lb. oz. Sec. Yds.
s^v-s.*
H


> q

.

bC
14 245 235
1 =: CJ O <D
c- 1

7- *i8 !_ 10
35
iSa, W
~ "*
1 4 8- 412 12 464

1

1 8 9- 4
oj 523

a" co
1 12 10-
534
&o
613 1
10-
638
2 11
697

1 2 11.
"J5
" 749
"J -X^s^ 2 4 12-
840 1 4
2 8
13 873
N 1 1 M 906 1 6 *3- 956
' '
O 2 12 i4 8
1054 1 14 1028
J e/3
oc'sO .--
3

5 1
132 1 10 1 1
xi oo oo *5 23
-* o 3 16 244 12
ia 16-
1
15 I22&
o .
W i^^X/
3 *3i7 1 14 16 J325
j 3 12 *7 1424 2
16-
-1 *357
4

17 i49o 2 2
17 1480
-.= 5
4 4 J7- 1580 2 4 r7-
!> --,
J -I- '533
^ 4 8 18- 1656 2 6
'J co 17- 1571
4 2 2 8 iS.
l9 1744 1700
U 5

19- 1824 2 10- 19 1780


SO
T3
000000 0000
DO^-00000000 5 4 19- 1900 2 12 i9-
c
O co > moo d moo os 0
1825
5 2
3, ih
d cl c> co co co-^t
5 12
950
2062
14 20
20
1880
3 1916

0
2095 4

25 2485
0 rO:c -
-^-O r-oiO 0 0 7

2510 8 26
2f m -
d n ri rl n MrOi^i 4 253<5
0
to
2706

0 MINIM.00 Medium Ranges with Land Service Irea


rs
-G 1-
d co Tf- <r>o t-00 os os
Mortars, at 45 Degrees.
-Q
U (Continued.)
t

to 0 O OOO 0 " u"> O 0


c oso 0 r-r^ooo 0 0
O Tt os tr> Ds uooo on d <3" 8 Inch. 5 1-2 Inch, Brass.
hi
-Cl d MCOO<Jnf

Ch'ge. Flig't Range Ch'ge. FhVt.Range


"0 u
.

COOO
-* 1 1
l-O OlO\0 O X
u
tn
m ~ Cl tl M M (i Kicltl Ibs.oz. Sec. Yds oz dr. Sec. 1 Yds,
etS -g. u.
CO 6 8 1

M
5 225 r 5i 155

6 74 6 !
<U N
O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
7 8- H
428
1 12

6-
198
2

j 255
*tsoo 0 d ^frooo 0

8 9- 2
JO
cn
"I - M 1- M
474 4 7- 316
u d

9 10 560 2 8 8 380

10 11 664 2 8-
12 426
OOO
O O O so
0 000

11 12 762 3

9- 470
000
12 12. 801 3 4 IC 540
d d d d d -
13 '3- 859 3 IO 59

14 14 960 3 " II 635
r~<*
| ttoo
I00 1 |

15 14- IOII 4 II-


cor^Tj- 1 cl non

725
1 0
14. hi; 4 4 12 746
1 1 800
15 u$6 4 8 12-
I 2 16 1262 12
4 n- 910
1 3 16- lj20 5
M- m
r 4 17 I38o 5 4 14 1016
.000 <^o O 1
r. sO O 0 *> O
e> O
IO O O
5 '7- 1446 5 8 __

r; CO in"!- r-- f ; sO 1 6 18
"" d d 153 5 1- _

S-p 1 7 18. 1600 6 rt--


IS
1 8 19 I66O
yi
W 3
*
1 9 19- 1720
E
C5
2
0
oc!
1 m0 2 53
(%A^l
C-2~ S-c , .
J. -5
<-> 0 u
g,2 1 u
sr> a
noooi >a
>- IH HI HI M
MOR MOR 457

Medium Ranges with Brass Mortars, at 45 Medium Ranges with the above Mortars, at

1780. 15 D'grees.
Degrees.

Inch. 8 Inch.
13 Inch
10

Ch'ge-; Range Ch'ge Range 'h'ge. R'ge

Ib.oz. Y'ds. Ib.oz Y'ds. oz.dr. Yds


1 12 8^2 10 823 10 8 580
2 14 939 852 11
635
3

998 73 ii 8 7"
3 2 1003 758 12
708
82-1 12 8 701
1090
1139 '3

777
1165 13 8 825
10 1209 94o 14
870
12 1270 941 14 8 853
14 1 041 15 -1 860
1322
4

1309 1128 15 8 899


4 2 1
103 16 -

33' erroneously fix-


'39' 1221 16 8 jjj|l j! to All English mortars are
has
^g^ an angle ot 45 degrees, and custom
6 1258
4
4
*
8

For the
i3a4
1363
li 1215

with the 5 1-2


iodp

inch
'! prevailed to lash them strongly with
ropes to that elevation. In a siege, shells
should never be thrown with an angle of
Ranges
45 degrees, excepting in one case only;
Brass, seethe Iron Mortars.
tha: is, when the battery is so far off that
1
Ranges with a 5 1-2 Inch Brass Mortar, at they cannot otherwise reach the works :
15 Degrees. for when shells are thrown out of the
i trenches into the works of a fortification,
1 1 or from the town into the trenches, they
'

Charge Fh;.ht. First Graze. Rolled to should have as little elevation as possible,
! in order to roll along and not bury them-
oz. dr. Sec. Yards. Yards. jselves; whereby the injury they do, and
much
2 8 3 209 33 j the terror they cause to the troops,is
3 ~Z 34 256 33 ! greater than if they sink in o the ground.
3 4 3^5 443 i On the contrary, when shells are thrown
4
4- 457 501 I upon magazines, or any other buildings,
4 5 53 600 with an intention to destroy them, the
5

5- 561 627 mortars should be elevated as high as-

> 8 6- 667 7'5 possible, that the shells may acquire a


6

7 709 780 1 greater force in their fall,


and consequent-

ly domoreexecution. The British are the
I only nation that fix mortars to an eleva
Medium Ranges with Land Service Iron tion of 45 degrees, the proper range 13
Mortars, alio Degrees Elevation Pow ....
from 32 1-2 to 35 degrees.
der in Cartridges. The use of mortars is thrtught to be
older than that of cannon ; tor they were
employed in the wars of Italy to tnrow
iolnch. 8 Inch. balls of red-hot iron, and stones, lorn be
fore the invention of shells. It is gene
rally believed, that the Germans were the
2
=r c3
"1 U'*]1 O
3 first inventors, and that they were actual
n n

j

1
*>2
f 3 ly used at the siejre ot Naples, in the- reign
of Charles the VIII, in 1435. History
informs us, with more certaimv, that
Sec Ib.oz Yds Yds Sec Ib.oz. Yds Yds. shells were thrown out of mortars at the
12 198 4iS 8 202
siege 01 Wachtendonk, in Guelderland, in

1 43
34 1 278 458
10 266 461
3 1588, by the eal ot Mansfield. Shelb
4 1 4 366 564 3i
12 351 614 were first invented by a citizen ot Venlo,
44 1 8 4Si 685 4
14 411 630 who, on a festival, celebrated in honor o?
1 12 432 686 4* 1 468 754

4 the duke of Clevt-s, threw a certain i um


4i 2
559 93^ <> 1 2 562 811
ber, one ot which fell on a house, an set
5 2 4 602 798 6 l 4 664 950 fire to it; by which mist'omuie the great
44 2 8 597 976 6* 1 6 700 1028
6. 8
est art ot the
city w s reduced to ashes.
5 2 12 664 1121 1 768 1064 Mr. Malter, an English enpnt-t--, first!
Si 3

704 169 tau.-ht the French the art of throw ng


shells, which they practistd at the sie. t ojt
Motte, in 1634 The mefhud of throw
ing red-hot ball3 out of mortars; a> fir?

-1 JS*
458 MOR MOR

put in practice, with certainty, at the best ; the French say the frustrum of a

siegeof Stralsund, in
1675, by the elec cone
tor of Brandenburg ; thoin.fi some say in Sca-MoR-x ars, are those which arc
1653, at he siege of Bremen. fixed in the bomb- vessels, for bombard
Land-MoRTARs, are those used in ing places; by sea: thry are made some
sieges, and of late in battles, mounted on what longer, and much heavier than the
beds; and both mortar and bed are trans land-morrars.
ported on block-carriages. There is also Land- Mortar -Be dts, are made of ..

a kind of land-mortars, mount' d on tra very sofd timb r, and placed upon very
velling carriages, invented by count | strong, timber frames, fixed in the bomb
Buckeburg, which may be elevated to ketch; to wh-cli a pint'e is attached in
any degree ; whereas the British as we have such a manner, that the bed may turn
already stated, are fixed to an angle of 45 round The fore part of these beds is an
degrees, and are firmly lashed with ropes arc of a circle, destribed from the same

Partridge Mortar, is a common mor crntreasthe pimle-hole. Land-mortar-


tar, surrounded by 13 other little mortars, beds are now madeof cast iron.
bored round its circumference in the body tow-MoRTAss, serve to throw stones
of its metal. The centre one is loaded into the enemy's works, when near at
with a shell, ard the others with gre hand ; such as from the town into the
nades. The vent of the large mortar trenches in the covert- way, or
upon the
being fired, commuricates its fire to the glacis ; and from these trenches into the
small ones ; so that both shell and gre town. The bore is terminated by two
nades go olf at once. The French used quadrants of a circle, terminated by the
them in the war of 1701, and more espe reinforce and lines drawn from the ends
cially at the siege of Lisle, in 1708, and of the cylinder, made to lodge the tom-
at the defence of Bouchain in 1702. pions parallel to the axis of the mortar.
Hand- Mortars, were frequently used The bottom of the conic chamber is ter
before the invention of cohorns. They minated by an arc of 60 degrees, and the
were fixed at the end of a staff of 4 i-a round part of the outside is a semi-cir-j
feet long, the other end being shod with cle.
ircn to stick in the ground : while the Chambers i:i Mortars, areof differ
bombardier, with one hand, elevated it at ent sorts and dimensions. Mr Belidor
pleasure, he with the other hand fired. mentions four; namely, the cylindric,
Firelock-MoRT ars, Bombards, are the spheric, the conic, and tlie concave
.mall mortars, fixed at the end ofa fire or bottld ; to which a fifth may be add-
lock : they are loaded as all common td, the parabolic, invented by count de
firelocks are ; and the grenade, placed in Lippe Buckeburg.
the mortar at the end of the barjel, is dis Cylindric chambers. Experience demon
charged by a flint-lock; and, to prevent strates, that coi cave chambers will throw
the recoil hurtng the bombardier, the the shell farthest of any with the same
bombard rests on a kind of halberd, made charge, yet, in this care, where but lit
for that
purpose. They were first in tle powder is required, in the entrance
vented by major-general Siebach, a Ger would become too parrow, and conse
man, about the year 1710. quently inconvenient to clean ; vvrureas,
Names of tbe several parts of a Mor when they are cylindric, the difference
tar. between the advantages of the one and the
Grand divisions exterior, viz. The
other will be but little, and not attended
whole lemrh of the mortar, muzzle, with any inconveniences.
chace, reinforce, breech, trunnions Conic chambets, axe generally made in a
Small divisions exterior. The vent, circular form at the bottom, so that the
dolphins, vent astragal and fillets, breech sides produced, meet the extremities ot
ring and ogee> reinforce ring and ogee, rhe diameter at the mouth.
reinforce astragal and fillets, muzzle as Spheric chambers, are much inferior to the
and fillets, muzzle ring and ogee,
tragal cylii die or concave ; tor it is well known
muzzle moulding, shoulders. by the properties of geometry, that when
Interior parts. Chamber, bore, mouth, a cylinder and a frustiumofa cone occupy
vent.
equal spaces, the surface of the cone is
Chamber in Mortars, is the place always greater than that of the cylinder.
where the powder is lodged. There are 1 Hence, if the entrance of these chambers
different sorts, and made variously by dif be not made very narrow, contrary to
ferent nations. The Spaniards use chief] v
the spheric; the French, Germans, and
practice, as demonstrated by Mr Mullcr,
in his second edition of Artillery, page 38,
Dutch, the conic, cylindric, and the co; -
of" the introduction, and the examples
cave or bottled ; the Portuguese at pre that follow, we r- <clude that these and
sent, the parabolic; and the English the conic chambe. are the worst.
make them in the form of a frustrum ofa Concave chambers. The advanta, e of
cone. Each nation has its reasons, good these kinds ot chambers consist in this,
or bad, to prefer their maki before that of that thei: entrance may be made narrower
others : among which the English say the than that of any other form ; and prac
concave and cylindric chambers are the tice has sufficiently proved it. Yet,
when the entrance is so small as not 'r
MOR M O T 459
aF
:' roofs ot houses, as well as the floors of
admit a man's hand, they are not easily
and the walls are cover-
cleaned: for which reason it is supposed their chambs-s,
'

that dl 13 and 10-inch mortars should ed with thiscomposition, which, skilfully


bears a polish and smoothness
have concave chambers, and the others :. executed,
like marble.
cylindric ones. |i
Parabolic chambers. These chambers, ], MoRTEs-Z'-ye:, 1 r. Soldiers that were
of a town 01
beinn th- wid-st of anv, may therefore l paid for the constant duty
be included anion? the worst; as it is not V fortified place, both ui the
time of peace

the inward figure of the chamber, but its' and war. Infantry reg ments, which
wee occasionally stationed in citadels and
entrance, whicii produces the effect ; be
cause the smaller it is, the nearer it re garrisoned towns, took the right of the
in
duces the eff ct into the direction of the mortes-payes, and had the precedence
shell. It has however one advantage, chusin
iodgings.

tut in wood, so
MORTISE, a hole
namely that the sh.lls will have no wind |
age.
I may be fitted into it.
thit another piece
The dead on a field 0;
Mortar, in military architecture, a I
MORTS, Fr
composition of lime, sand, S.c. mixed up j battle are so called.
with water, that seivcs as a cement to MOT, Fr. Parole, watchword.
bind the stones, Sec. of any build ng. This word bears the same import in
Mine sand makes weak mortar, and the Fre.ich that it does in English. See
rounder the sand, the stronger the mor Parole.
tar ; and if the sand is washed before it is Donner le mot, Fr. To give the parole,
or watch- word
mixed, so. much the better.
The proportion of lime and sand for Aller prendre le mot, Fr To go for
making mortar is extremely variable. the parole or watch -word.
Some use three parts of pit-sand, and two On I' envoy a porter le mot, Fr. he was
of river-sand, to one of" lime: others, a sent with the parole or watch-word.

proportion ot sand to quick-lime as 36 In the French service parole and coun


to 35. It should be well mixed, and tersign axe frequently comprehended under
beat every 24 hours tor a week together, ! the word mot., viz. Le mot qu'on avoit
letting it then lie for a week more; and donni le jour du combat, itoil Saint Louis el
when it is used, must be beat and mixed Paris; which according to the English
again. By this means it will make good method of givin: out orders would have
moi tar,
though the lime is but indiffer- stood thus : Parole St. Louis, counter

ent. sign Paris.


Mortar for water-courses, cisterns, Sec. Mot de ralliement, Ex. Ral 1 ving word .

\s made of lime and hog's lard ; some MOTHIR al mno'k. In Indian for
times mixed with the juice of fi^s, and tification^ barricadoes, intrenchments, or

breastworks, are so called.


1
sometimes with liquid pitch, whicll is first
slaked with wine; and, after
application, nued MOTION, is defined to be the conti
it is washed over with linseed oil. and successive change of place. -

Mortar furnaces, Sec. is made with There are three general laws of motion:
red clay wrou ht in water wherein horse 1. Tha. a body always perseveres in its

dung and chimney-soot have been steeped; state of rest, or of uniform motion in a
by which a salt is communicated to the' right line, till by some exter al force it
water, that binds the clay, and makes it be made to change its place : for as a body
,

fit to endure the fire. The clay must \ is passive in receiving its moton, and the
not be too fat, lest it should be subject to I direction of its motion, so it retains them
chinks : nor too lean o. sandy, lest it
should not bind enough.
j without any change, till it be acted on by

'
something external. 2 The second ge-
Mortar, made of terras, puzolana, neral 1 w of motion is, that the change of
tile-dust, or cinders, is mixed nd pre- 1 motion is proportional to the force im-
pared in the same manner as common mor i pressed, and is produced in he lis, In line
tar ; only these ingredients are mixed | in which that force acts. 3. 1 he third
with lime instead of sand in a due
p.o- j
general law of motion is, thar action and
portion, whicii is to be in equal quanti j re-action are equal, with opposite direc
ties. As this mortar is to be used in tions, and are to be estimated always in the
aquatic buildings, the lime should be the same right line.
very best. MOTION. A word bearing the same
In fortifications, docks, or piers of har signification as terns does in the French.
bors, lay all the works under water with It is peculiarly applicable to the manual
terras -mortar, and the rest ofthe
facings, and platoon exercise; as, draw lamrod,
both within and without, with cinder or which is done in two motions : Tirez. la
tile-dust mortar, for about two feet deep. baguette en deux terns. Motion, in a mili
The East India Mort a r for building and tary sense, is distinguished from move
plaistering, is made with shell lime, brick ment, inasmuch as the former applies
dust pulverized, (called soorkee) washed specifically to something done by an in
sand, and the raw juice ofthe sugar cane, dividual, with an instrnm.nt of war, as
(called jaggerce.) The proportions of dif handling the firelock; whereas the latter
ferent kinds of work are different; but well is generally understood to mean the differ
made and mixed, surpasses all others ; the ent
changes, &c. which are made in cvof
46o MOT MOT
rr- r

lutions, &c. Motion is the particular To watch the motions of an enemy,


adjunct of the manual, and movement (guetter un ennemi, Ex.) To keep a good
that of evolution. The trench make the look out by means of a regular commu
same distinction with
respect to manie- nication between head-quarters, and the
tpent. outposts of your army. On a large scale,
Motion, mouvement, Ex. generally so the business of an army of observation is
called, a continual and successive change chi fly confined to this species of service-
of place. On a more limited one, the duty is fre
Motion, equal or uniform, (movement quently entrusted to partisans and light
egal, ou unifcrme) that by. which a body troops.
moves over equal spaces in qual times ;

Motion of a bomb or ball . The pro
Such are rhe motions of celestial bodies. gress which a bomb or bail makes through
Motion absolute, (mouvement absolu, the air may be said to consist of three
Fr.)isa mutation or change of absolute sorts, after it has been delivered out of
space, and its celerity is measured accord the mortar, or emitted from a gun or mus
ing to absolute space. quet. Theseare:

Motion relative, (mouvement relatif, The violent motion, or first explosion,.


"Fr. is a change or mutation of relative when the powder has worked its effect
place, and its celerity is measured accord upon the ball, so far as the bomb or bait
ing to relative space may be supposed to move in a right line.
Motion equally accelerated, (mouve- The mixed motion, or yielding im
ment
uniformement attile>e, Fr.) is such pulse, when the natural weight of the
whose velocity equally increases in equal bomb or ball begins to overcome the force
times. which was given by the gunpowder.
Motion, equally retarded, (movement The natural motion, or exhaustion of
Uniformiment retatdi) is such whose vclo. the first impulse. T his occurs when the
city quail;, decreases, in equal times, till bomb or ball is falling to the ground-
the hod\ romes to rest To motion a thing, to propose it in a
Motions of an army, (mouvemens d'une military or civil meeting.
armee, Ex.) axe the various changes which Motion, Fr. This word has been
it undergoes in marching from one place adopted by the French to convey the
to another ; these are more generally un. same meaning that it does in English,
derstood by the word movement. namely, a proposition; hence appuyer la
Mo t ion s of thefirelock during the manual motion dans une assemblee ; to support a
and platoon exercise. Mouon in this sense motion in a public assembly or meeting.
is expressed by terns among the French. Diliberer sur la motion, to deliberate upon
These consist of those prescribed methods the motion. Retirer sa motion, to with
which have been explained under ma draw one's motion. Rejecter la motion, to
nual. throw out the motion
The new mode of carrying, (which is MOTS d'erdre et deralliement, \t. In
with nearly extended arm) is certainly less a recent publication, writte by Paul
fatiguing than supporting arms ; since the Thiebault,adjutaiit-general,on the French
former leaves the circulation of the blood staff, the following explanation is given of
free, and the latter binds the soldier's arm paroles and countersigns, which may be
at the elbow. The French allow great considered as tha free translation of mots,
latitude in the carrying of the firelock, with this exception, that the mot de ral-
especially in marching and manoeuvring. liement seems peculiarly us-d in the
The men ire frequently permitted to slope French service. The parole and counter
arms sign only are practised, and their distinct
Motion compound, (mouvement com import seems so little understood, tha' we
pose, Fr ) is the motion of one
body im shall not hesitate to give the whole article
pelled by two different powers. from the French.
Motion of projection, (mouvement de The mots d'ordre et de ralliement, con
projection, Fr.) that by which bodies are sist of three distinct and separate words,
impelled through the air, or through any which are chosen for the specific purpose
other fluid. A shell which isfortedout of enabling the soldiers belonging to the
ofa mortar by meansof inflammable gun- same army, to be in perfect intelligence

powner has a motion of p ojection. with one another, especially during the

Motion of vibration, or vibrating mo- night.


iion, (mouvement de vibration, Fr.)isthe These words are composed in the fol
circu ar motion of a body, which is ge lowing manner, viz Le mot d'ordre, ot
nerally round orspherical. wuat we call the parole, must be taken
Motion of undulation, or
undulating from the name of some deceased person.
motion, (mouvement d'ondulation, Ex. ) a to which must be added that of some
circular motion which is perceptible in town or country.
water, when any hard substance is thrown The de ralliement, must consist ofa
mot
into it. substantive, which does not relate eirher
M o t 1 o n s of an enemy, (mouvemens d'un to the nameof a man, the name of a town,
enne^ii, Ex.) the differ. nt marches, or the name of a country
positions, &c. which an enemy taies are These three words are given out every
t.*o called. .morning fro h?ai qusjterg, and are cjv>
MOT MOV 461

Kvered, sealed up, to the officers ot the | MOUCHARD, Fr a donrest c spy,


infu'mer Among the French it
different guards, -;nd >o those persons who an more

are entrusted with the command


of an particularly means a person who is em
oct. iost, or hav.- the charge of a patrole. ployed to watch *he motions of any mark
The mot d'ordre, or parole, must never ed man. Creatures of this infamous,
be conti ed beyond officers and non-com- although perhaps necessary, class, were

miss oned offiVrs; the mot de ralliement constantly attached 'o the police of
to centries France The term is little known
may in some cases be iven ,

that are statoned at some distance from in the United States, unless it be those
th\ outposts ; but these should invaria mouchards established in the Amei ican cot".
fee houses, to give information to the Bri
bly consist of old soldiers, whose fidelity
and courage car be depe ded on. tish con-suls. These gentlemen have been
The mot d'ordre, or parole, as well as called, humorously enough, reporters. In
the mot de ralliement, is always given out a
military sense, neither the term nor the
from h ad quarters ; nor ought any gem can be properly understood;
-

practice at

ral or commandin. officer to take upon le^st we should hope so, as it is beneath
himself to alter either, ex.ept under cir the high mind ofa soldier to fetch and carry.
cumstances so peculiarly urgent, that the MOVEABLE PIVOT. When the
goo i of the service would justify the pivot flank of any body of men describe
change. Among these circumstances in the wheel a smaller circle than the
ma\ be cons dered, rhe desertion ofa cen- ] wheeling flank, the wheel is said to be
tine from the out post, and the strong made on a moveable pivot.
j MOVEMENT.
presumption, that the enemy has been Every inspecting ge
mane
acquainted with the words. Sec. neral should notice minutely and com
Whenever this necessity occurs, all the paratively on the performance by each
ommanding officers who have any com- , battalion of the great leading points of
munication with that quarter from movement. He is particularly to ob*
whence the parole was issued, should in serve and specify
stantly be made acquainted with the alter Whether or not
ation The original formation be according to
Wirh respect to the manner in which order ? The marches are made with ac
th.se words are to be delivered out, ind curacy, at the required times and length
the frequency of their circulation, the of step, and on such objects as are given.
whol. must depend* pon circumstances. The proper distances in column and
When an army or body of troops lies at echellon are at all times preserved.
some distant- from the enemy, they are! The wheelings are made just, and in
us ally forwarded to the different quar the manner prescribed.
ters, i amps, or cantonments, for five, ten, , The formations into line are made true,
or fifteen
days together. When close to without false openings, or necessity of
the enemy, they are given out, as we correction.
have already observed, every day. When The officers are alert in their changes of
there is no ground to apprehend a sur situation, exact in their own personal
prize or attack, one word will be suffi movements, and loud, decided, and dis
cient for each day : but, in critical cases, tinct, in their words of command.
the parole must be changed two or three I The march in line is uniformly steady,
time- during the night If several corps, vithout floating, opening, or closing.
arc cantoned togethei, the mot d'ordre, or1 The march in rile, close, firm, and
parol., must be sent to the officer com- \ without lengthening out.
manding in the cantonment. When the! The officers, and under-officers, give
troops are encamped, it is generally sent j the aids required of them with due quick
to tlie comma: ding officer of each regi- ; ness and precision.
me. t, and seldom to the commandant of. Hurry and unnecessary delay, are equal
each brigade. ly avoided.
The mot, or parole, must always be! In the firings the loading is quick, the
given out during the day, except in cases | levelling is just, the officers animated and
of emergency ; and it must never bede- 1 exact in their commands.
livered to any person, unless the indivi- Movements. In cavalry movements
dual who is entrusted with it be fully the following great leading points should
convinced, that he is authorised to receive be attended to by every inspecting officer,
it. It ought indeed to be given personal independent of the circumstances which
ly to him only to whom it is addressed relate to the dress and geneial apptarante
by name. See Am. Mil. Lib. Axt.Sr at r. of man and hoise, the exercise on foot,
MOTTO. Any sentence, either with Sec. Sec.
or without a badge by which my regiment He must particularly observe and spe
is particularly distinguished, as for cify in his communications to the com
v
sample, the English 3d foot, or old! manding officer,
Buffs, have a griffin embossed as their j Whethet or not
bad.e, and the motto, Veteri frondescit- The original formation of squadrons and
hem.re The colors taken from this regi- \ regiments be according to order .

ment in the Amtrican revolution arc in'


'ihe. marches rrrjide with accuracy, at
'1: war office at
Washington.
462 MOV MOV

the paces required, and on such objects as to the attack, must always approach an

enemy in one,
have been giver. or more columns, at open

The proper distance in column are at all or other distances, according to circum

times preserved ? stances. Some general krowlere of an


The wheelings are made quick, just e.nemy's situation, determines the man
and in the manner prescribed ? ner in which he is to be approached, the

The formations into line are made true composition of the columns, the flank of
in the intended directions, without false each which leads, and their combination
openings, or necessity of correction; or informing. A nearer view determines a
inat corrections, when necessary are in perseverance in the first direction, or a
stantly made ? change in the leading flanks, and direction
The changes of position are made with of the columns, in order to form in the
due celerity and justness ? most speedy and advantageous manner,
The officers are alert in their changes of Movements cf attack, are made by
situation, exact in their own personal bodies of men advancing in line or column
movements, and loud, decided, and dis to attack an opposing enemy. When a
tinct in their words of command ? considerable body of troops is to act of
The march in line is uniformly steady, fensively, it must form in line at latest
without opening, floating, or closing ? within i2co or 1500 paces' fa posted ene
The fiank inarch is compact, fiim, and my, unless the ground particularly favor,
without improperly lengthening out ? and cover from the fire of the artillery, the
The officers and under officers give the enfilade of which is what chiefly prevents
aids required of them with due quickness bodies in column from
approaching near.
and precision ? er; and that space, under the unceasing
Hurry and delay, in military move fire of their own aitillery, troops in line
ments, are two extremes which should will march over in 18 minutes.
be equally avoided. Movements of attack, when they are
In the firings the loading is quick, the made from a parallel position, must be
levelling is just, and the oflicers firm in either in line, or by a flank of the line
their commands. in echellon, that flank being reinforced,
The officers, non-commissioned offi and the other refused ; or from a new
cers, and men ride well, and the horses and advantageous position taken up, and
are active, vigorous, and well broken.
not provided against by the enemy.

Movements, in a general sense, may be From an oblique position the attack is di


considered under the following heads, viz. rected against a comparatively weak point

ist Offensive movements ; the great !


'
ofthe enemy Attacks from the centre are
advantage which attends this movement, more liable to be enfiladed, and are sooner
consists in the measure having been pre guarded against than from the flank.
viously determined upon, and a conse Movements of retreat, are combina
quent preparation made for rapid execu tions of columns of march, covered by
tion before the design is obvious. Much positions, and a srrong rear guard. Troops
however, will depend, upon the justness are occasionally taken out of the retiring
of the distances, and of the march in columns of march, to occupy positions
column, having been so taken as tn allow and heights ; they remain till the rear has
of decisive operations. Manoeuvre will passed, and then become the rearguard;
chiefly operate where an enemy is interior this they continue to be, till they find
in number, inexpert in movement, weakly other troops in like manner posted; these
posted, and where the weak point is found last in their turn become also the icar
out, and is attacked be.ore he can move to guard, and in this way are the troops of
strengthen it. columns in such situations relieved. A
Counter- M ovemekts of defence, are rear guard will fall back b> the retreat in
movements calculated to defeat any pre line

the chequered retreat the passage ef

meditated attack. According to the re lines the echellon changes ot position.


gulations they may be briefly explained Mov.ments in echellon of the line.

by obseiving, that if the fiank of one body Echellon, or diagonal


movements, espe
be thrown forward, that of the other may cially of a great corps, are calculited not
by similar means be thrown back. If one only to disconcert an enemy, but likewise
body prolongs its Ime to outflank, the to enable the army, which adopts them,
other may by the same movement main either to make a partial attack, or a gra
tain its relative situation. Whatever dual retreat. The attack may be formed
change of position is made by one body, from the centre, or from either of the
the other may counteract it by a similar wings reinforced. If successful, thedi
change. If the wing of one body is re visions move up into line to improve the
fused, the wing of the others may be ad advantage : if repulsed, they are in a good
vanced to seize an advantage. situation to protect the retreat. In ad
Movements of previous formation, axe vancing, the several bodies move indepen
military dispositions which every general dent, act frcelv, and arc ready to assist :
must have carefully digested, before he in retiring, they fall gradually back on
advances upon a direct line of offensive each other, and thereby give mutual aid
operations. A body of troops, whicii and support. Echellon movements, in
has a considerable march to make previous fact, comprise within themselves all the
MOV MOU 463

II leading division continues the ordinary,


essential principles of extension andorcom- and tlie obliquing ones take the quick
in close
pression, whch arefoiu.d open ,,
column, with the additional advantage
ot step, till they successively are up with it,
throw a consider- | a battalion column which is placed be
being better adapter! to

able line into an oblique position, of pre hind the flank ofa line, may, in this man
senting a narrow front, with the means of
i
ner, during the march, and when near 1 1
increasing it at pleasure, unexposed to the) the-enemy-gradually leigthen out that line.
Vourff or quick Movement. This
enemy's fire and of diminishing it with:
the same facility md safety.
.
movement is frequently resorted to when
Echellon Movements on an oblique line, I the head of a considerable open column in
are best calculated to outwing an enemy, ;
march arrives at, or rear the point from
or to preserve the points of appui of
a which it is to take an oblique position fac
wing{ possessing this advantage, that ing to its then rear, and at which points its
such movement may r.ot be perceptible third, f.-urth, or any other named battalion,
to the enemy, as they are short and inde is be placed.
to
The justness ofthe movement depends
pendent lines, and when seen at a dis
tance, appear as if a full line.
on the points in the new direction being
Echellon movements by half battalions taken up quickly, and with precision.
or less, are made by their directing fiank, On the previous determination that a cer
which is always the one advanced from, tain battal.on, or division of a battalion,
or wheeled to. Echellon movements by shall pass or halt at the point of intersection;
whole batralior.s, are governed by their and that every part of the column which is
advanced Serjeants Echellon movements behind that battalion, shall throw itstlif
by several battalions are made in line, into open column on the new line behind
each by its own centre, and the whole by the point of int.-rsettion, ready to prolong
the directing flank. or to form the line whenever it comes to

Movements that are made in face of its turn.


an enemy. (Mouvemens devant I'cnnemi This movement will often take place in
Ex.) There is no operation in war which the change of position ot a second line, and
requires so much ricety, precision, and is performed by all those that are behind
judgement, as that of retreating in the the division, which is to stop at the point
presence of an enemy. Every movement where the old and new lines intersect.
from the direct line of battle is more or And at all times when the open column
less cr tical; but when a reg ment is changes into a direction on which it is to
obliged to retire under the eye, and per form, and that the division which is to be
haps the fire of a pursuing foe, the ut placed at the point of entry can be deter
most presence of mind is required in the mined, it much facilitates the operation to
officers who command, and the greatest make every thing behind rhat division
steadiness in the men. In a situation of gain the new line *s quick as possible,
this sort it becomes the peculiar duty of without waiting till the head of the
the field officers, to see that every change of column halts.
manoeuvre, and eve-y movement, be made MOL'FLE, Fr. a sort of stuffed glove.
with promptitude and accuracy. For al It is common among th French to say,
though they be subordinate to others, and ll ne font pas y aller sans moufies ; figura
must of course, follow superior direc tively meaning, that no dangeious enter
tions, yet so much of the executive duty prise ought to be undertaken without suf
rests with them that their chaiacter and ficient force to carry it into execution.
abilities, as officers, will be more conspi MOUILLAGE, Fr. Anchorage.
cuous on these occasions than in any other. MOUILLER, Fr. To anchor. To
The movements of a corps which retreats, let go the anchor.
consisi in retrograde marches, in Ime, by MOULDS, for shot for guns,
alternate companies, in column, by wings,
casting-
musquets, rifles, and pistols: the first
or in iquare. I are ot iron, used bv the founders, and
Eventail or Fan Movement. This' the others by the artillery in the field,
movement is performed on the march, and in garrison.
and must be begun at a distance behind
the line, proportionate to the body which
j Laboratory Moulds, aremadeof wood,
for filling and driving all sorts of rockets,
is to oblique and form. It may be appli- j and cartridges, Sec.
ed to one battalion, but hardly to a more i MOULDINGS, of a gun or mortar, are
considerable body, which would find great all theeminent parts, as squares or rounds,
difficulty in the execution. It gives a which serve for ornaments : such as the
n crease of front during a
gradual progres breech-mouldings. The rings, &c. are
sive movement. With justness it can be also called mouldings.
made on a front division only, not on a cen MOULE. Fr. See Mould.
tral or rear one : in proportion as the Moule defute'e volar.te, Fr. a piece of
leading platoon shortens its step, wiil the round wood used in fireworks.
one behind it, and successively each other
MOULIN, fr. a mill.
come up into line with it. As soon as the Moulin d bras porta t if, Et. a specic3
solors of the battalion come up, they be- of hand-mill, which was invented in
;onv: the leading point. Although it is France b> le Sieur dc Lavault, and
n ppeut'on. of :n re diffic-.Itv, ;.et if the which has been found wremely us?!':'
464 MOU M OU

to troops on service. Ten of these mills clothing, is entitled to a pair of shoes at

may be conveniently placed on one wag the next delivery of that article.
gon. The compensation money to be iven to .

MOUND, in is aterm | each serjeant in the infantry in lieu of


oldmilitaty books,
used for a bank or rampat, or other de 1
half-mounting is - -
o 14 o

fence, particularly that of earth. To each corporal, drummer,? ..

MOUNTEE, an alarm to mount or go I ,nd private, -


-

\ "

; To MOUNT, is a word variously


upon some warlike expedition.
The 1 made use of in military matters, as
Half or small MOUNTING.
shirt, shoes, stock, and hose, or stock ! To mount Cannon To place any
ings which were formerly furnished Ky the : piece of ordnance on its frame, for the
colonels or commandants of corps e

erv more easy carriage and management of it
year. This mode of distribution, which in firing. Hence to dismpuni is to take
a multiplicity of abuses, has rom any s rviceable position.
engendered cannon

been abolished in the British service : To mount a breach, to run up in a quick


in lieu of which, a regulation has taken and determined manner to any bread)
place, that (if honestly attended to) must made ina wall. Sec.
be highly beneficial lo the soldier. To mount guard, to do dutv in a tovva
In lieu ofthe small articles of clothing, or garrison, in a
camp, or at out quar
which were annually g ven, by the colo ters.
nels of regiments, to no: -commissioned To mount, to place on horseback, to
officers and private soldiers, and were call furnish with horses ; as, twelve thousand
ed small or half mounting, two have been well mounted, without
pair of m n conside
good shoes, of the value of fivr shillings any able exper.ee to th. c> untry.
and sixpence each, ha- e been substirut A cavalry revimen may be said to be well
ed. These shoes are to be provided in or ill moun-ed ; in either of which cases,
conformity to a pattern lodged at the "ffice the commanding officer is gen. rally
ofthe comptrollers of the accomptsof the blameable or ( raise-worthy.
army ; and patterns of the shoes are to be To mount likewise signifies the act of
approved and sealed bv *he general offi getrng on Horseback, according to pre
cers of th clothing board, at the same scribed military rules: as, to prepare to
time, and in like manner, as for the cloth mount, is when the left hand files move
ing : one pair is to be delivered d t at the their horses forward in the i aim r de
annual period of clothing, and the <>th r scribed under ui link your horses. The
paii at the end of six months from that dragoons put their firelocks into the
time; and in order to prevent the injury buckets, and buckle them on, doubling
that the shoes might sustain, fr m re the strap twice round the barrel, come to
maining a long time in store in the Ejst the front ot the hors' s, fasren the 1 rks,
and West Indies, they are to be forward throw them over tne horses' heads with
ed to corps on those stations at two differ th' left hand round the horses' heads,
ent periods, instead of sending the whole take their swords, and buckle them
quantity with the clothing. tight into the bef, take the bit reins up,
Should the price of good shoes at any then take a lock ot the mane, and put it
time exceed five shillings and sixpence into the left hand, the left foot into the
per pair, the difference, which shall he sti rup, and ;he right hand on the cantle
declared by the clothing board at '.heir of the saddle, waiting fur the woxdmount ;
first meeting on, or after the 25th of April when they spring smartly up, and look
in each year, is to be charged to 1 he res to rhe right of the rear. At the next sig-
pective accomptsof the non-commission nil, they must throw the leg w. Hover
ed officers and soldiers reccivin them, the valise, and place themselves well in
but with respect to the 5th battalion ol the saddle, wiih the right hand .ean'uigon
the 60th regiment, the difference is to be the off holster. The men must be care-
taken between four shillings and sixpence ful rot to check the horses with the bits
paid by the colonel, and the actual price in mounting. In mounting and dis
declared as above mentioned. mounting, the files that move forward
The allowances, directed u be given by must take cart to keep their horses
the colonels, in lieu of the former small straight, and at the prescribed distances
articles, called half mounting, are to be re from each other ; and when mounting, as
gularly credited to the men, and to be ex soon as th- gloves are
on, belts right, &c.
pended for their use, in such articles as the left files must dress well to the nht,
are suitable to the respective climates in pu'ting the horses straight, and leaving
which they are serving. distance enough for the right files to come
Non-commissioned officers and soldiers in.
of infantry, dying or discharged berore the To mount a gun, is either to put the
completion of a full year, from the usual un into its
carriage, or else when in the
day of delivering the annual clothing of carriage, to raise th. mouth higher.
their regiments, ha.e no demand what MOUNTAINS, called Great and Little
ever on account thereof. St Bernard A part <>t the Alps, situat
A recruit, who comes into the regiment ed in rhe Glaciere.s of Switzerland, which
after the proper time of the delivery ofthe has been rendered famous in modern his
tory by the passage of the French ajni//
MOU MOU 465

The following account lltkfed together, but they must be led


under Bonaparte.
i; extracted from French publication,
a away (in a retreat J to the most convenient
and cannot Ml of being interesting
to the spot in the defile for the men to mount
.uiht iry reader, as it is told in the plain again. In advancing they must be led to
who a s, ot where they will not impede the de
and simple language ofa soldier, was

of tiiis ason- filing of the regiment, but where they


present during the whole will be at hand tr the dismounted parties
ishhie. campai, n. On the 16th of May,
to mount.
1800, the vanguard, commanded by gene ^ . .

Guard MOUNTING. The hour afi


Lannes, climbed up the mountain : the
ral
which any guard is mounted obtains this
Austrians, although greatly inferior in Tbe officers will assem.
viz.
number, defended themselves step by appellation,
step, and never disappeared
till they per- ble guard mounting.
at

ceiv d another corps of the French army MOURIR, Fr. To die.


Moxjrir d'un bel epie, Fr. A Frencfi
descending the mountain of the: Little
St. Bernard, menacing their rear, and ab- phrase, which signifies to fall under the
hands of an enemy of great skill and repu
solutely interrupting their retreat. tation.
The first division of the army, tinder
general Watrin, followed the movement MOURNE.that part of a lance or hal
bert 10 which the steel or blade is fixed.
ofthe vanguard

MOUSE R. An ironical erm, which


Until this period of time, neither artil
ammunition had crossed either is som times us-d in military siort to
lery nor
distingu sh battalion men from the flunk
eminence; the whole was collected
at
companies It is indeed generally applied
St. Peter, (a small village at the foot of
to them by the gr.nadiers and light bobs,
the mountain) where the park of artillery
that while the latter are detached,
wasestablished. It appeared at fi st im meaning
to transport this heavy and em. the former remain in quarters, like cats,
possible to watch the mice, &c.
Darrassing ordnance across the moun
tain ; however it was natural to con MOUSQUET, fr. Musquet. This
sider tlie queston, what is an army in the word, which signifies an old weapon of
offence that was formerly fired by means
present day without attillery ? Itsnecessity
in this respect was manifest and imperious. of a lighted match, has been variously used
The artillery corps immediately set among the French, viz gros mousquet, a
about dismounting the cannons, caissons, heavy musquet ; un petit mousquet, a short
forges, &c. piecemeal. Gassendi, inspec musquet ; un mousquet leger, a light mus
tor of ordnance, gave directions for hol quet.
Recevoir un coup de Mousquet, Fr.
lowing a number of the trunks of trees in
the same manner that wood is hollowed for To re-ewe a musquet shot.
troughs. The pieces of cannon were de ! Porter le M o u s Q e t dans une campagnie
v

and after hav \d' infanterie, Fr. Tostand in the ranks as


posited in these machines, a foot soldier.
ing been drawn up these almost inaccessi 1
ble heghts, by five or six hundred men, MOUSQUETADE, Fr. a musquet
according to the weight of metal, were left shot.
,
// jut tui d'une mousquetade : he
to slide down the steep declivities. The waskilledbyamusqu t shot. This term
wheels were carried up on poles ; and 1 is generally used to express a smart dis-
for the of On a entendu une
sledges made expressly purpose at \ charge musquetry :

.Auxonne, conveyed the axle trees, and vive Mousq.uetade; they have heard
the empty caissons, and lastly, mules were brisk disthaige of musqueiry
loaded with ammunition in boxes made MOUSQUETAIRES, Musqueteers,
Fr A bou) of men so called
of fir. during thfl
The exertion of a whole battalion was old government of France. It consisted
requisite for the conveyance of one field of two companies, selected from the
piece with its proportion of ammunition : ! young men of noble extraction. The firs?
ene half of the regiment could only draw company was formed in 1622, by Louis
the load, while the other half was obliged XIII. out of another company, cahed his
to carry the knapsacks, firelocks, car Majesty's Carabineers. The king waft
tridge boxes, canteens, kettles, and more captain, so that the* person whocommar.d-
r-specially five days provisions, in bread, ed had only the rank of captain lieutenant.
meat, salt, and biscuit. The company remained upon this footing
Such was the commencement of the unt'.l 1646, when it was reduced at the in
inarch of the French army across the stigation ot cardinal Mazarine, who from
Alps. personal motives, hadtakenadetiutd aver
Mounting and dismounting, when sion to it But Louis XIV. restored it
the horses ate to be led away. It frequent in 1637, by the same appellation, and in*
ly happens, especially in rctreatin. or ad creased the establishment to 150 mus
vancing, that it may be necess.iry to cover queteers. They were commanded by one
the defiling of a regiment by dismounting captain- lieutenant, one sub-lieutenant,
a squadron, or part of one, to fiank the two ensigns, and two quarter-masteis.
mouth of a defile. This is generally ef The second company, when first crea{>-
fected by lining the hedges, Sic. and keep ed, was attached to tu.-.iiinii M-iz.c.'i c as
ing up a hot fire upon the enemy. It foi- '' his personal guaid ; but th. officers re-
iowsj of course, that the h- rses cannot be- .-eived their rwrniissions from the kiftg.
466 MOU MOU

An alteration took place in the manage they each carried a halbeit or pike, whicii
ment of this company in 1660, the men they used as the sergeants belonging to in
being incorporated with the rest of the fantryregiments were directed to do.
troops that were destined for the immedi The cloaks and great coats ofthe mous
were made of blue cloth laced
ate protection of his
majesty's person. quetaires
In consequence of this change they did with silver. The quarter-masters, bri
duty on foot, but were again mounted, in gadiers, and sub-brigadiers, wore the
order toaccompany the same, with more or less lace according
expedition against to the rank they held.
Marsal, which took place that year. These cloaks,
Louis XIV. named himself captain of &c. were distinguished from those worn
fhis company, as well as of the first ; and by the rest of the army ; having while
from that period both companies became crosses sewed before and behind with

subject to the same regulations, with no red streaks running into the corners
other difference, than that of precedency or rentraiit angles. The first company
as first and second company. From the was marked with red, and the se
cond with yellow streaks. The uniform
year 1663, the establishment of each com
was 300, exclusive of the officers. of the superior officers, (who were gener
pany
They were subsequently reduced to a ally called officires a husse.col, or officers
lower establishment. .Having originally wearing gorgets or breast plates) was em
been raised to serve on foot or horseback, broidered in gold or silver, according to the
the mousquetaires were allowed drums company which they commanded. The
and fifes when they acted as infantry- troop horses of the first company, were of
a white or
troops ; and trumpets when they acted dapple-grey color; those of
as cavalry. In 1663 hautboys were sub the second company were black. Each
stituted for fifes and trumpets. It is s ip- company had a flag andtw>standards; sg
posed that mounted drummers were first that when the mousquetaires ervcd on
used among the mousquetaires du Roi. foot, the flag or color was unfurled,
Previous to the revolution, each of these and the standards were cased ; and when
companies consisted of one captain-lieu they were mounted, the standards were
tenant, two sub-lieutenants, two ensigns, displayed, and the colors cased. The
two cornets, two aid-majors, eight quar. Standards belonging to the first company
ter-masters, four brigadiers, sixteen sub- represented a bomb tailing upon a besieg
brigadiers, six standard-bearers, one en ed town, with this motto: Quo ruit ct
sign or color.bearer, one hundred and lethum 1 those of the second company bore
a bunch of arrows, with these words un
eighty musqueteers, six drummers, four
hautboys, one commissary, one chaplain, derneath : Alterius jfovis altera tela. The
one quarter-master serjeant, one surgeon, mousquetaires received their colors from
one apothecary, one blacksmith, one sad ihe king's hands.
dler, and three treasurers The mousquetaires never served on
This corps was raised, not only for the horseback, except when the king travel
purpose of attending his majesty on foot led : on those occasions they stood next
cr horseback, and of going on service, as to the light horse. Their duty when on
circumstances might require, but it was foot, vvas the same as that of the royal
further intended to be a sort of military regiment of guards.
school for the French nobility Several When they did duty on foot at the
princes, almost all the general officers, and palace, rhey were provided with a hand
old marshals of France, were indebted to some table at the expence of the civil list.
this establishment for the first elements The two companies always mounted
of military science. guard without being mixed with any
The officers, belonging to these com other troops; whereas the rest of the
panies, clothed, armed, and mounted housufiold did duty by detachment.
themselves, without
putting government theThe mousquetaires
to the expence of one shilling.
did not take rank in
Theirum- army, but they enjoyed the same privi
form was a scarlet coat faced with the leges that were attached to the body
same, and a scarlet waistcoat. Those guards, gensdarmes, and light horse.

attached to the first company had >old They were frequently called mousquetaires
buttons and button-holes, and their coats gris, and mousquetaires noirs, from the
were edged with gold. Those attached to color of their horses.
the second company, had the same orna. MOUSSE, Fr. Moss.
ments in silver : their hats, in which they Mousse, garcon de board, Fr. a cabin
wore a white feather, were laced accord
boy. The Powder Monkey, on board ships
ing to the same distinction, as were like- of war, corresponds with the term
wise their horse cloths and holsters. In Mousse. A ccording to a French writer,
stead of the musquet, which they former these boys were so hardly used in the old
ly carried, they were latterly armed with a French navy, that, whether they deserv-
carbine, two pistols in the saddle-bow, I ed punishment or not, some captains of
and a sword calculated for infantry or ! i ships directed them to be chastised regu-
'

cavalry duty. The brigadiers and sub- le.rly <>i ce a week.


brigadiers were armed in the same manner. ! MOUSTACHE, Fr. This word was
The quarter-masters, when mounted, had originally derived from the Greek, adopt.
j
only a sword and two pistols, but on foot icdby the Italians, subsequently by the
M O Y MUL 467

1 literally MO YEN. The bastions which are


French.and then used generally. 1

means the hair which is allowed to grow constructed on the angles are called royal
ofa man ; and which bastions. Some engineers have distin
upon the upper lip
is better knwn amongst us by the fami guished those bastions by the name of
liar term whiskers. The French use it in meyens royaux, or medium royals, whose
a figurative sense, viz. flanks contain from ninety to one hundred
Enlever sur la moustache, jusque sur la toises.
moustache de quelqu'un, Fr. To seize or M o v e n n e Ville, Fr. A term given by
take possession of -my thing under the very the French to any town in which the gar
nose, oi in the presence of a person. Les j rison is equal to the third of the inhabi
<nnemi s son! irenus pour difondre tette place, on tants, and which is not deemed sufficient
la leur a enleve'e sur la moustache The ene ly important to bear the expence ofa ci
my drew near to defend the town, but it tadel ; more especially so, because it is
was taken under their very whiskers. not in the power ot the inhabitants to
Donner sur la MOUSTACHE, Fr. To form seditious meetings without the
give a slap on the face. knowlege of the soldiers who are qiurr.
MOUTARDE, Fr. means literally tered on them.
mustard. The word, however, is fre MO YENS c'otis, Fr. In fortification,
quently used by the French in a figurative are those aides which contain from eighty
S'amuser a la moutarde. To to one hundred and
sense, viz. twenty toises in ex
be uselessly employed, or busy about tent : theseare always fortified with bas

nothing. It is likewise used to express tions on their angles. The meyens cStc's,
impatience : La moutarde lui monte au nex, are generally found along the extent of
Fr. The mustard rises in his nose, that irregular places -f and each one ot these is
is, he grows restless and impatient. individually subdivided into small, mean,
C'est de la Moutarde apres diner, Fr. and great sides.
This expression is in general use among MUD-WALLS. The ancient fortifi
the French, and signifies, that assistance, cations consisted chiefly of mud or clay,
&c. is brought when there is no longer thrown up in any convenient form for de
need of it. When commissaries, &c. make fence against sudden inroads.
up a lame account for monies received, it MUET, Fr. See Mute.
is common to say. Et le reste en moutarde. To MUFFLE. To wrap
any thin^ up
MOUTH. See Muzzle. so as to deaden the sound, which might

MOUTH of FIRE. The entrance otherwise issue from the contact of two
into the garrison of Gibraltar by the grand hard substances. When the French ef
battery and the old Mole, is so called by fected their passage over the march Al-
the Spaniards, on account ofthe formida baredo, on their route tothe plain of Ma
ble appearance of the ordnance from the rengo, they were so much exposed to the
lines. Austrians, that, in order to get their ar
MOUTONNIER, Fr. Sheep-like; tillery and ammunition over, without
gregarious. being betrayed by the noise of the car
MOUVEMENS de Tite, Fr. Motions riage wheels, and the clattering of the
of the head. For the English explana horses' shoes, both were muffled with
tion of these motions, see eyes The bands of hay and straw, and dung was
French express them in the following spread over the ground. In this manner
manner : Tite a droite, right dress.
Tite they crossed that stupendous rock. Thirty
a
gauche, left dress.

Fixe, front dress. men were put to the drag ropes of each
Mouvemens des troupes sous les armes, piece, and as many were employed to draw
Fr. By these are understood the different up the caissons.
changes of position, and the various fac Muefled. Drums are muffled at mi
ings which soldiers go through underarms. litary funerals or burials, and at military
Mo uve m i,N s depied ferme, Ex. That executions, particularly when a soldier is
exercise, consisting of the manual and shot for some capital crime.
facings, which soldier MUGS. An Indian nation, living on
a

out quitting his original ground.


performs, withThe the borders of Bengal and Arracan.
left foot on this occasion becomes a stand MUHLAGIS, Fr. Turkish cavalry
ing pivot. which is mounted by expert horsemen,
Mouvemens ouvetts, Ex. Movements, who generally attend the beglierbeys.
or evolutions, which are made at
open They are not numerous.
order. MULATTOS, (Mul&tre, Fr.) In the
Mouvemens serres, Fr. Movements, Indies, denotes one begotten by a negro
or evolutions, which are made at close man on an Indian woman, or by an Indian
order. man on a ne,:ro woman. Those begotten
Mouvemens oppesis, Fr. Opposite ofa Spanish woman and Indian man are
movements, or evolutions. calied metis, and those begotten of a sa
Mouvem^kt, Fr. See Movement. vage by a metis, are called jambis. They
Mouvement, Fr. See Motion for alsodifier ver\ much in color, and in their
its general acceptation. hair.
Mouvemens, Fr. Commotions.broils. Generally speaking, especially in Eu
MOYENNE,ff. A piece of ordnance rope, and in the West Indies, a Mulatto is
formerly so caUed. See Minion. |
one begotten by a white man on a negro
MUR MUS

woman, by a negro man on a white


ot MUR CFENELE, Fr. A wall which
Woman. The word is Spanish, mulata, has small intervals or spaces at the top,
and formed of mula, a mule, being begot that serve more for ornament or ostenta
ten as it were of two different
species. tion than tor real detence. This method
Mulattoes abound in the West Indies ; of building prevailed very much in for-
so much so, that on the mr times.
dangerous symp
toms of insurrection, which appeared Mur deface, Ft. Outside wall of any
among the blacks after the success of building
Toussaintin St. Domingo, a proposal was Mur de face de devant, Ex. Front,
made to the British government by a rich outside wall; it is likewise called mur
planter, to raise a mulatto corps, as an in anterieur.
termediate check upon the blacks. After Mur defacede derriire, Fr. The wall
six months suspence, the memorial was which forms the backside of a building
rejected by the war-minister. is so called : it is like wise named mur pes*
MULCT. A soldier is said to be mulct terieur.
of his pay when put under fine or stop MuRS lateraux, Fr. The side walls of
pages for necessaries, or to make good a buil ing.
some dilapidations committed by him on Gros Murs, Fr. All front and parti-
the property ofthe people orgovernment. tion walls are so called.
MULTANGULAR, is said of a figure, Mur depierres liches, Ex. A wall that
or body which has many angles. is bu;lt ot sione, without moitar orce
MULTILATERAL, havii g many in nt. Wallsoi this construction are seen
Sides. in several counties in England, particlarly

MULTIPLE, number containing


one in the west country.
another several times : as 9 is the multi Mur en I' air, Fr. Every wall is so
ple of 3, 16 that of 4, and soon. called that does not rise uniformly from a1
MUNIMELL.astrong hold, fortifica parallel foundation. Walls built upon,
tion, Sec. arches are of this ciescription.
MUNITION, F*. This word is used Mor mitoyen,Fx. Partition wall.
among the French to express not only Mur d'appui, Fr. Wall of support.
victuals and provisions, but also military Any wall that is built to support a quay,
stores and ammunition. terrace, or balcony, or to secure the sides

Munitions de bouche, Fr. Victuals of a brid, e, is so called. Murde parapet,


bread, salt, meat, or parapet wall, may be considered as a
or provisions, (such as

vegetables, butter, wine, beer, brandy, &c. wallot support.


which may be procured for soldiers) are MURACE. Money appropriated to
so called by the French. Corn, oats, the repair of military works, was ancient
hay, straw, and green forage, for cavalrv, , ly so called.
bear me same appellation. See Subsis MURA1LLE de revetement, Ex. the
tence. wall which surrounds a fortified place is
I
Munitions de guerre, Ex. Military I so called.
Stores, such as gunpowder, shot, balls, 1 Charger en Muraille, Fr. To charge
bullets, matches, Sec. See Stores. ,, or attack an enemy, in a firm, compact,

MUNITIONNAIRE ou entrepreneur and steady line.


des vivres, Ex. Military purveyor, or MURAL-CVow. See Crown.
commissary of stores. Amaury Bour- Couronne MURALE, Fr. SeeMuRAL-
guignon, from Niort, a -town of Poitou, Crown.
was the first munitionnaire and entrepri. MURDRESSES, in ancient fertifica-
tteur giniral, or purveyor-general, among ticn, a sort of battlement with intersti
the French He wasappointed in the reign ces, raised on the tops of towers to fire
of Henry III. in 1574. See Purveyor. through.
Munitionnaire pour la marine, Ex. Ville M U R E E , Fr. A walled town.
The head of the victualling office was so MURRION. See Morion.
called am ng the French. There was a M U RTH E R E R S, or murthering piece ,
person on board every ship of war, called small pieces of ordnance, having cham
tommis, ox clerk, who acted under his or bers, and made to load at the breech.
ders. The appointment of the latter They were mostly used at sea, in order to
was somewhat similar to that of a pur clear the decks whtn an enemy board
ser in the British navy. ed a vessel.

MUNSUBDAR, Ind. A title which MUSCULUS. Kennett in his Roman


"
gives the person invested with it, a right to Antiquities, page 237, says, the Mus-
have the command of ten thousand culus is conceived to have been much of
horse, with the permission of bearing the same nature as the testudines ; but it
amongst his ensigns that of the fish; seems to have been of a smaller size, and

neither of which distinctions is ever grant composed of stronger materials, bsingex-


ed, excepting to persons of the first note ; osed a much longer time to the force of
in th. empire. The office is called a ihe enemy ; for in these musculi, the
Munsub, and it is generally supported b\ pioneers were sent to the very walls,
a distm.t named, on which the corps is where they were to continue, while with
quarte reel. their dolabrae or pick-axes, and other in
MUR, *V. a wall. struments, they endeavored to unclcimir.e
*"- in. 1 -11 1.1IHH

M US MUS 460

the foundations. Ca?sar has described match : so that their fire was not so brisk
jasoursisnow. Afterwards a lighter Kind
the musculus at large in his second book of
the civil
wars. of matchlock musquet came in use; and
MUSIC, a general term for the musi they carried their ammunition in bande-
cians ofa regimental band. liers, to which were hung several little
MUSICIANS. It has been often ask eases of wood, covered with leather, each

ed, why the dress of musicians, drum containing a charge of powder; the balls
mers and filers, should be of so varied and they carried loose in a pouch, and a prim
motley a composition, making them ap ing-horn, hanging by their side. These
were about the beginning of this cen
pear more like harlequins and mounte arms
in Europe, and
banks, than military appendages ? The tury, universally laid aside
firelocks.
following anecdote will explain the rea- I the troops were armed with flint
MUSQUETOONS, a kind of short
?on, as far at least as it regards tjie British
service :

The musicians belonging to the thick musquet, whose bore is the 38th
five ounces of
English guards formerly wore plain blue part of its length : it carries
coats, so r hat i he instant they came oft'du- iron, or 7 1-2 of lead, with an equal quan
ty,.:i\d frequently in the intervals between, tity of powder. This is the shortest sort
,

without i of blunderbusses.
they visitedalehous.s,elc. chang-
MUSRAL. The noseband of a horse's
ing their uniform, and thus added con
siderably to its wear and tear. It will be bridle.
here remarked, that the clothing of the MUSSUK, Ind. A skin in which water
musit.ans then fell wholly upon the colo is carried.
nels of regiments; noalowance being spe MUSTACHES. Whiskers, worn by
cifically made for that article by the public ! the Asiatics, Germans, Russians, and
.

It is probable, that some general officer otner foreign troops.


undertook to prevent this abuse by obtain M U ST E R , in a military sense, a review
ing permission tocloth the musicians, &c. of troops under arms, to see if they be
in so fantastical a manner that they would complete, and in good order ; to take an
be ashamed to exhibit themselves at pub account of their numbers, the condition

lic-houses, Sec. they are in, viewing their arms, and ac


PHRYGIAN MUSIC. A martial coutrements, &c.
ftort of ancient music, which excited men Muster. This word is derived from
to rage and battle: by Mis mode Timo- the French mustrer, to shew. At a mus
theus stirred up Alexander to arms. ter every man must be properly clothed
Modes of Music. There were thre and accoutred. Sec. and answer to his
modes among the ancients, which took j name The Frenchcallit appel nominatif.
their names from particular oountnes, We call it an Inspection.
namely, the Lydian, the Phrygian, and the Musters. By sect. 4th of the Bri
Doric tish Articles of War, it is enacted, that
MUSKET, ; the most serviceable musters shall be taken of the regim nts
MUSQUET, $and commodious fire of life guards, horse guards, and foot
arm used by an army. It carries a ball of guards, twice at least in every year, at
1 8 to i pound. Its length is 3 feet 6 such times as shall have been or may be
inches from the muzzle to the pan. The appointed, and agreeably to the forms
Spaniards were the first who armed part hereto.orc used therein.
of their foot with musquets. At first they The musters of every other regiment,
were made very heavy, and could not be troop, or company, in the service, are to
fired without a rest: they had match be taken at such times, and in such man
locks, and did execution at a great dis- ner, as is directed by the late regulations
tance. These kinds of musquets and rests touching regimental and district paymas
were used in England so late as the be ters, and the mode of mustering, paying,
ginning ofthe civil wars. and settling the accompts of the aimy .

Mussuets were first used at the siege All commanding officers, and others
of Rhege, in the year 1521. concerned in the mustering, as well ofthe
MUSQUET BASKETS. These are regiments of life guards, horse guards, and
about a toot, or a toot and an half high, foot guards, as or the other forces, arc
eight or ten inches diameter at bottom, and enjoined to give the utmost care and at
a foot at the
top; so that, being filled tention to the making up of the muster
with earth, there is room to lay a musquet rolls with strict exactness and accuracy.
between them at bottom, being set on low Every officer who shall be convicted
breast-works, or parapets, or upon such before a general court-martial of having
as are beaten down. signed a false certificate, relating to the
MUSQUETEERS, soldiers armed absence of either officer, non-commis
with musquets ; who, on a march, car sioned officer, or private soldier, will be
ried only their rests and ammunition, and cashiered.
bad boys to bear their musquets after Every officer who shall knowingly mz-k:
them. They were very slow in loading, a false muster of Ki3n or horse, and
every
not only by reason of the unwieldiness of officcrand commissary, ormutur-master,
tne pieces, and because they carried the who shall wittingly sign, direct, or allow
powder and ball separate, but from the the signing of the muster rolls, whereii.
time required to prepare and adjust the such_fal3e muster is contained, shall, u>"r.
470 M U T M YR

proof made thereof, by two witnesses be- 1 MUTINE, or MUTINEER, a soldier


fore a general court-martial, be cashiered, guilty of mutiny.
and suffer such other penalty as he is lia MUTINY, in a military sense, to rise
ble to by tbe act for punishing mutiny against authority. Any officer or soldier
and desertion. shall to use traitorous
who presume or

muster-master, disrespectful words against the president


Any commissary or
who shall be convicted before a general of tlie United States, against the vice
court-martial, of having taken money, by president, against the congress of the
United States, or against the chief magis
way of gratification, on the mustering any
or on the trate or legislature of any of the United
regiment, troop, or company,
signing the muster-rolls, shall be displac States, in which he may be quartered, is
ed from his office, and suffer such other guiltv of mutiny.
penalty as he is liable to by the said act. Any officer or soldier who shall behave
Every colonel, or other field officer, himself with contempt or disrespect to
a regiment, wards his commanding officer, or shall
commanding troop, or com
pany, and actually residing with it, may speak words tending to his hurt or dis
give fuibughs to non-commissioned of honor, is guilty of mutiny.
ficers and soldiers, in such numbers, and Any officer or soldier who shall begin,
for so long a time, as he shall judge to be excite, cause, or join in any mutiny or
most consistent with the good of our ser sedition, in the troop, company, or regi
vice ; but no non-commissioned officer or ment, to which he belongs, or in any
soldier, shall, by leave of his captain, or other troop, or company, in the the ser-
inferior officer, commanding the troop or viceof the United States, or on any party,
or guard, on any pre
company, his field officer not being pre post, detachment,
sent) be absent above twenty days in six tence whatsoever, is guilty of mutiny.
months ; nor shall more than two pri Any officer or soldier who, being pre
vate men be absent at the same time sent at any mutiny or sedition, does not
from their troop or company, unless some use his utmost endeavors to suppress the
or coming to the knowlege of any
extraordinary occasion shall require it ; of same,
which occasion the field officer present mutiny, or intended mutiny, does not,
with and commanding the regiment is to without delay, give information to his
be the judge. commanding officer, is guilty of mutiny.
It is strictly forbidden to muster any Any officer or solder, who shall strike
person as a soldier who does not actually his superior officer, or draw, or offer to
do his duty as a soldier, &c S,.e Li- draw, or shall hit up any weapon, or
I EBY. offer any violence against him, being in
Muster- master-general, Commissary. the execution of his office, on any pre
gener.ilof the Musters, one who rakes tence whatsoever, or shall disobey any
account of every regiment, their number, lawful command of his superior officer, is
liorses, arms, &c. reviews them, sees guilty of mutiny. See War.
that the horses are well mounted, and all Mutiny-Ai, an act which passes
the men well armed and accoutred, &c. every year in the British house of com
MUSTER-ROLL, (itat nominatif, mons, to answer some specific military
Fr.) a specific list of the officers and men purposes ; and by which thearmy is con
in every regiment, troop, company, or tinued on a peace or war establishment.
which is delivered to the muster-master, MUZZLE of a gun or mortar, the ex
regimental or district paymaster, (as the tremity at which the powder and ball are
case may be) whereby they are paid, and put in.
their condition is known. The names of MUZZLE-RING of a gun, that
the officers are inscribed according to which encompasses and strengthens the
rank, those of the men in alphabetical muzzle, or mouth of a cannon.
succession. Adjutants of regiments make MYRIAD, denotes the number ten
out a muster roll, and when the list is thousand.
called over, every individual must answer MYRIARCH. The captain, or com-
to his name. Every muster-roll must mander of ten thousand men.
be signed by the colonel or commanding MYRMIDONS. In antiquity, a peo
officer, the paymaster and adjutant of ple of Thessaly, of whom it is fabled,
each regiment, troop, or company : it that they arose from ants, upon a
must likewise be sworn to by the muster- prayer put up to Jupiter, by ./Eacus, after
master or paymaster, (as the case may his kingdom had been depopulated by a
be) before ajustice of the peace, pre pestilence. In Homer, and in Virgil, the
vious to its being transmitted to govern- , Myrmidons are Achilles's soldiers. The
ment. term Myrmidon is used in modern times
MUSTI. One born of a mulatto fa to
express any rude ruffian, or hireling
ther or mother, and a white father or assassin ; the same as Hessian.
mother. MYRM1LLONES. A sort of com
MUTILATED. Ina military sense, batants among the Romans, who had on
signifies wounded in such a manner as to the top of their cask or helmet, the repre
lose the use ofa limb. A battalion is sentation of a fish ; and in their engage
j
ments with the Ketiarii, if they
were
said to be mutilated, when its divisions,
Sec. ss-ajid unequal. ;i
NAB N A I 471

caught and wrapped in the net, it was not to


accompany him in all military expe
ditions within the extent of his viceroy
possible for them to escape.
MYSORE. An extensive country in alty, but not in any without that extent.
the East Indies, which borders on the Car These regulations were intended to place
natic to ihe S. W. bounded on the East them in such a state of dependence
on the soubah, as should render them
by the south part ofthe Carnatic, and the
district of Tritchinopoly. It extends subservient to the interests of the empire,
west within 30 miles of the sea coast of and at the same time leave them in a state
Malabar. Seringapatam was the capital of independence, which would render it
It was wantonly attacked, taken, and difficult for the soubah to make use of
their assistance to brave the thione.
partitioned twice, and at last completely
occupied and incorporated with the Bri Nobobs, however, often kept possession
tish conquests. of their governments in opposition both
to the soubah and the throne; and what
is more extraordinary in the offices of a
N
despotic state, both soubahs and nabobs
NABOB, Ind. a corruption from Na- have named their successors, who have
waub, the plural of naib. The title often succeeded with as little opposition
but it is often assumed as it they had been the heirs apparent of
means a deputy,
in India without a right to it. As the an hereditary dominion." It is, psrhaps,
real signification and import of this word superfluous to observe, that the British
is not generally known, we shall extract have taken the place of the mogul, and
a passage out of Mr. Orme's History of that nabobs arc made and unmade much
the Carnatic, that will place them in the mere freely and frequently than European
clearest point of view : kings in modern times.
"
Most of the countries which had NABOBSHIP The office of a nabob.
been conquered by the great Mogul in the The Carnatic was one ofthe most conside
peninsula of India, are comprised under rable nabobships dependent on the soubah
one viceroyalty, called from its situation of Decan. From its capital it was likewise
decan, or south. From the word soubah, named the province of Arcot; but its
signifying a province, the viceroy of this present limits are greatly inferior to those
vast territory is called soubaftdar, and by which bounded the ancient Carnutic be
Europeans sometimes the subah. Ofthe fore it was conquered by the great Mogul ;
countries under his jurisdiction, some were for we do not find that the nabobs of Arcot
entirely subjected to the throne of Delhi, ever extended their authority beyond
and governed by mahomedans, whom the river Gondegama to the north, the
Europeans improperly call Moors; whilst great chain of mountains to the west, and
others remained under the government of the borders of the provinces of Tritchino
their original Indian princes or Rajahs, poly, Tanjore, and Mysore to the south.
and were suffered to follow their ancient The sea bounds it to the east. Ir was
modes on condition of paying tribute to the not before the beginning of last cenrury

great Mogul. The Moorish governors that this country was entirely reduced by
depending on the soiibah, assumed, when the Mahomedans. For further particulars
treating with their inferiors, the title of respecting nabobs, see pages 27and 28 in the
nabob, which (as we have already observ Dissertation prefixed to the History of
ed) signifies deputy : but this in the re the Carnatic.
gisters of the throne (of Delhi) issynoni- NACELLE, Fr. A small boat that
mous to soubahdar, and the greatest part of has neither mast nor sail. It is properly
those who styied themselves nabobs were called a ferry-boat.
ranked at Delhi under the title of phous. NADIR. In astronomy, is that point
dar, which is much inferior to that which in the heavens which is directly under our
ihey assumed. The Europeans established feet, and is diametrically opposite to the
in the te.ntories of these zenith, or point over our heads.
pseudo-nabobs The
(if we may be allowed the expression) word is pure Arabic, signifying the same
following the example of the natives thing. The zenith and the nadir are the
with whom they have most intercourse, two poles ofthe horizon, each
90- distant
have agreed to give them the title they so from it, and consequently each in the me
much affect. ridian.
"
A nabob ought to hold his commission
NAGARA, bid. The drum made
from Delhi, and if at his death a succes from a hollow cylinder of teak wood, and
sor has not been previously appointed
by the ends covered with goat skin
; it is
the great Mogul, the soubah has the right suspended from the left shoulder to the
of naming a person to administer the na- right side, and beat with a stick made of
bobship, until the will ofthe sovereign is teak wood.
known ; but a nabob thus appointed by NAGER, Fr. to swim.
a soubah was not deemed authentically es Se d la oneself
sauver n a g e, to save by
tablished until ne had peenco.inrniru;r .-n swimming.
Delhi. The soubah received ;rom th NAGGU R, Ind. The principal drum
several nabobs ihe annual revenues of Uie in Asiatic armies, commonly allowed only
crown, and remitted them to the tita-> ry to persons of
high dignity. Ttiebassdrum.
-f the empire. The- mbobs t\x re obliged
N:\IH, b:d. a deinn Tire gc vem :
.
47-2 NAG NAT

of a town under a nawaub or nabob is so where all the drums and war music are
called in India. kept.
NA1 or N A I K
,
, a subaltern officer
in NAUKODA. A native captain or pi
the sepovs ; a corporal lot so called in India.
Drill Naic, or Naick, a subaltern NANA, W theiitl which is given to
fifficer belonging to the native infantry in a chief of the Marattahs. It mr-re pro
India, answering to eur drill corporal. perly signifies the acting head of th. go
Every battalion of native nfantry has two vernment, and gen ral of the forces.
drill havildars or berjeants, and two drill- NAPPE de feu, Fr. See Jets de
naicks, called not- effective, attached to it. Feu.
NAILS of various sorts are used in NARROW, of small breadth.
artillery See Carriage. Narrow Front. A battalion, Sec. is
Garnish Nails, \n travelling carriages, said to assume a narrow front, when it
; av< pointed heads like diamonds, w.th a goes from line into column, upou the safe
: mall narrow neck : they serve to fasten principles of compression.
the olates with roses, to cover the side- The Narrows, an important position
pieees from the -ndsof the trunnion- plates | ->n the entrance ofthe Hudson's river, N.
to 5 or 6 inches beyond the centre of the York ; strong works are erecting there, at
t.vr.age the- xpence of that state.
Diamond headed Nails, small nails, The Narrow, a channel which runs
whose heads are made like aflat diamond, between the A'iargate sands and the Main.
and serve to fix the plates upon travelling NASIR-JUNG,.W. victorious, or tri
carriages. umphant in war.
Rosebud Nails, are small round headed NATION, a people; also a country.
nails, driven in the centre of the r-.'ses of As the American nation, the French nation.
the plates. It is more generally used in the first sense ;
Counter sunk N a 1 1. s , those that have as, The nation at large seems disposed to re.
flat round heads, sunk into the iron plates. sist every attempt that the British may make
.*> as to be even with the outside of it. l( to reduce us to our former condition of colo.
Streak Nails, are those which fasten nies ; and to maintain the freedom cf the seas.
the streaks to the fellies of the wheels. National, that which concerns or
Box pin Mails, small nails without belongs to a whole nation.
heads, to pin the nave boxer, to the naves. National troops, are those raised un
Stub Naii.s, are driven on the outside der the authority ot Congress, in contra
of rhe nave hoops, to keep them in their distinction to the Alilitia, which may be
places called States troops, being organized by the
Flat headed Nails, to fasten the locker sevt ral States.
or any sort of hinges. NATIVE, in general, denotes a person
Dog Nails, have fiat round heads and born in a certain place, but more
; particu
one
part of the sha.k next to the head is larly it refers -to the proper residence of
also round. the parents, and where the person has his
To Nail, spike, ox cloy, cannon, encloner education
lecanon, Ex. When circumstances make Native Cavalry, a body of troops soy
ic necessary to abandon cannon, oi when called in India, in contradistinction tothe
the enemy's artillery are seized, and it is European regiments. According to there-
not however possible to take them away ; gulations printed at Calcutta in 1797,
It is pro.ier to nail them u: , in order' to each regiment was directed to have six
render them useless ; which is done by troops, consisting of' two c ptains, one
driving a large nail or iron >,pike into the captain-lieutenant, six lieuten-nts, three
vent of a piece of artillery, to render it corners, two serjeants, six subidars, six
unserviceable. There are various con jemidars, 18 havildars, 18 naicks, six
trivances <o force the nail out, as also trumpeters, 420 troopers, six puckallies.
sundry machine, invented for that pur The staff consists of one adjutant, one
pose, but they have never been found of quarter-master, one paymaster, one sur
general use ; 90 tiiat the best method is to geon's mate, one serjeant-majo, one
drill a new vent. quarter-master serjeant, one drill hayi!-
One Gasper Vimercalus was the firs; dar, one drill naick, one trumpeter-major,
who invented the naiiing of cannon. He six pay-havildars, six tarricrs, and one
was a native of Bremen, and made use o native doctor.
his ii'ventiou firs, in nailing up the artil Each regiment to be commanded by a
lery of Sigismund Md.ati fta. field officer.
NAIRS, a native military tribe of the Native Infantry. A body of troops
Malabar coast. They affirm thai they under the immediate direction of the
are the oldest nobility in the world. presidency ot Bengal, composed of th>

Their pride on this supposition is greater natives of India. According to the regu
than that of Rajpoots In 1755, the king lations published at Calcutta in i797 lt
of Travancoie, with the assistance 01 a is directed, that the battalions of native
French officer, called I.au oy, ei sc : lined infantry should be form -<\ n.ro n.iiii:ei.M
ie,ooo N'a resin the m thod ot Euiopcan oftwobattalio scach.u thtenccm aiiies
iniant: \
. in cadi batia:1oi , tin uyiiiient o 101 sist
NViARKAi.'NA, Ind. th? place of one colonel, two Iieutenant-coloncb,
NAT N A V 473
"

1 .- Tii

two majors, (junior lieutenant-colonel, | according to the practice in the British es


and junior major, to be without compa tablishment.
nies) seven captains, i captain-lieutenant, It was also ordered, that each regiment
i2 lieutenants,, io ensigns, two Serjeants, of native cavalry, and native infantry, irl
20 subidars, 20 jemidars, 100 havildars, the absence of the colonel, should be under
100 naicks, 40 drums and fifes^ 1600 pri the general command of the senior lieu.
vates for Bengal, 1800 privates for Madras tenant-colonel, who was to have the par
and Bombay, 20 puckallies. The staff ticular command ofthe ist battalion, and
consists of two adjutants, one paymaster, the junior lieutenant -colonel that of the
one surgeon, two mates, one serjeant- second battalion.
major, one
quarter-master serjeant, two The same regulation prevails in the
native doctors, one drum-major, one fife- Indian, or native corps, with respect to
major, two drill havildars, and two drill the appointment of paymasters.that exists
naicks. in the royal service.
The peace establishment of these corps About the same period, a very satis-,
was ordered to consist of four regiments, factory regulation took place in favor cf
to be commanded by two lieutenant-colo the European and native or company's
nels to the two first, and two majors to troops, to prevent the growth of much
the 3d and 4th regiments ; a brigade major existing jealousy between them and the
to be allowed to the cavalry. The whole, king's troops. To give every officer of
when raised, were to be commanded by a the company a king's commission, ofthe
colonel commandant. But, at the period same date with that which he received

mentioned, only two regiments of native from the company, wirh a retrospect
cavalry were raised, and twelve regiments founded on the date of the king's commis
of native infantry. sion they then held, so as to prevent su
It was further directed, that upon the percession by the various promotions
completion of the native cavalry, the pro which had recently taken place by general
motions of officers should proceed by seni brevet in the British army.
ority in their respective regiments, until NATURAL FORTIFICATION.
they arrived to the rank of captain, and consists in those natural obstacles whicll
afterwards to rise in the whole corps to are found in some countries, and which
the rank of major, and to the command
impede or prevent the approach of an ene
of regiments. The promotion to major, my. Thus a place, the avenues to which
and command of regiments, was subject are
easily closed, or which is surrounded
ed to the same principle, as in the infan by impassable rivers or marshes, is de
try, in regard to being unfit. But if field fended bv natural fortification.
officers of cavalry were superceded in con NAl'AB, Ind. See Nabob.
sequence of being unfit to command, NAVAL, Fr. This word is used to
they were to be allowed to retire with the convey the same meaning among the
pay of lieutenant- colonel of infantry. French that it does with us, viz. armie
The promotions in the native infantry navale, naval armament ; combat naval,
were to take place
according to seniority sea fight, or naval combat
; forces navales,
in their respective regiments, to the rank naval forces. It is remarked in the Dic-
of lieutenant-colonels, and afterwards to tionnaire de l'Academie Franchise, that
colonels, and command of regiments, with naval, when used in the masculine gen
the following proviso :
der, is not susceptible of the plural num
That should the senior lieutenant-co ber.
lonels appear to the government at the Naval atmaimni, the fitting out a fleet,
presidency, either upon representation of with all kinds of provisions and
military
the commander in chief, or
by any other stores, for actual service.
means, to be unfit for the command of Naval camp, in military
antiquities, a
regiments,they were to be passedjover, and fortification, consisting ofa ditch and pa
junior officers promoted. But the reasons rapet on the land side, or a wall built in
for such supercession were to be entered on the form of a semi-circle, and extended
the records, for the information of the from one point of the sea to the other.
court of directors.
This was beautified with gates, and some
The same principle was directed to be times defended with towers,
applied to the European infantry, to the through
which they issued forth to attack their
promotion of officers of artillery to the enemies. Towards the sea, or within it,
corps ; I
command of battalions^ and of
to the chief engineers, to the
they fixed great pales of v. ood, like those
commandants, and officers to command
colonels} in their artificial harbors ; before these the
vessels of burthen were
regiments of cavalry, and to the Yank of1 placed in such
order, that they might serve instead of a
major-generals from that of colonels. wall, and gave protection to those with
1 1 was further ordained, that should
j in which manner Nicias is reported
any out
captains or subalterns obtain leave from by Thucydides to have encamped him
that period to exchange from one
regi self. When their fortifications wer*
ment to another, they were to come into thought strong enough to defend them
the regiment to which they were removed from the assaults of enemies, the an
a-
youn^e-t of tlrcir respective ranks, cients frequently
dragged t heir ships on
shore. Around these ships the sold.^j s
0 o
474 N A V N A V

disposed their tents as appears every the nave : there are generally three on

where in Homer : but this seems each nave.


only to
have been practised in winter, when their NAVE-e5o*<\r, were formerly made of
enemy's fleet was laid ur>, and could not brass; but experience has shewn that
assault them ; or in long sieges, and those of cast iron cause less friction, and
when they lay in no danger from their are much cheaper : there are two, one at

enemies by sea, as in the Trojan war, each end, to- diminish the friction of the
where the defenders of Troy never once axletree against rhe nave.
attempted to encounter the Grecians in a NAVIGATION, the theory and art
sea-fight. of conducting a ship by sea, from one
N A v a t crown, in Roman antiquity, a
port to another, or of disposing and influ
crown conferred, among the Romar.s, on encing her machinery, by the force ofthe
persons who, in sea engagements, distin wind, so as to begin and continue her mo
guished themselves. A. Gellius says, tion at sea.
ingeneral, the naval crown was adorned N A VI R E de guerre, a man of war.
with prows of ships. Lipsius distin Navire Alerehand, Ex. a merchant
guishes two kinds ; rhe first he supposes man. It is likewise called vaisseau mar.
plain,and given to the common soldiers ; chand.
the other rostrated, and only given to NAULAGE, NAULIS, Fr. Freight"
Eererals or admirals, who had gained or fare.
some
important victory at sea. Nauliser, Fr. to freight or hire a
Naval officers, are admirals, captains, vessel.
lieutenants, masters, boatswains, mid N A UM A CHLTl- or sea-fights, are des
shipmen, gunners, Sec. cribed as early as the time of the firs'
Naval engagement, implies, in gene Punic war, when the Romans first initio
ral, either a sea-fight between single ated their men in the knowlege of sea af
ships, or whole fleets of men of war, or fairs. Alter the improvement of many
gallies, &c. years, they were designed as well for the
Naval Tactics, or the art of was gratifying the sight as for increasing their
tarried on by ships at sea; this being naval experience and discipline ; and there
limitted to the possibilities of navigation, fore composed one of the solemn shows,
is therefore much less susciptiblc of that by which the magistrates or emperors, or
variety of stratagem which belongs to the any afteetors of popularity, so often made
hostility of armies on land, aud compre their court to the people. It will be ob
hends beside the knowlege of military served from this passage out of Kennett's
operation, that ofthe movement of ships Roman Antiquities, page 269, that the
tinder all circumstances of wind, weather, necessity which Rome was under of
and also of the structure of ships and fighting Carthage upon her own element,
rigging. gave rise to their naval manoeuvres. But
The tactics ofthe ancients consisted in the overgrown empire of the former, and
the formation of position by which they the subsequent corruption of her people,
could bear down upon and pierce the soon converted these powerful auxiliaries

sides, or board vessels, and decide thecon- to the legions, by whom she had conquer
flict hand to hand ; the invention of gun ed the universe, into instruments of plea
powder has had the same effect upon sure and debauchery. Lampridius, in the-
naval as upon land tactics, that they can life of the emperor Heliegabalus, relates,
fight without coming to close quarters. that, in a representation of a naval fight,
The Dutch, French, and British have he filled the channel where the vessels
been most distinguished fornaval tactics; were to ride with wine instead of water.
but they have been principally reduced A story scarcely credible, though we
to fixed rules like the armies of modern have the highest conceptions of that
times, by the French and English. M. wretch's prodigious luxury and extrava
Morogues is the most copious author on gance. The frequent threats which the
the subject in modern times. M. Bourde French emperor has put forth, and the
de Villehuet, in his work called La similitude which he draws between
Manauvrier, has also published a most France and Great Britain to Rome and
valuable treatise. M Girmoard has treat Carthage, may probably lead to great na-
ed of the subject as a science. exertions.
A Treatise has been published in En N AUTICAL planisphere, a description
glish by Mr. Clerk, who was not a pro of the terrestrial globs upon a plane, for
fessional seaman, in which new principles the use of mariners: but more usually
were introduced, and those ofthe French called chart.
adopted. The battles of April 1782, and NAVY, implies, in general, any fleet
of the Nile and Trafalgar where fought or assembly of ships. It is, however,
upon the new principles. more particularly understood of the ves
NAVE, in gun-carriages, that part ofa sels of war that belong to a kingdom or
wheel in which the amis of the axletree state.
move, and in which the spokes arc driven Navy Department of the United
.ind .-supported. See Wheel States, has the charge of the naval affairs,
." AVL-hoop), are flat iron lings to bind and ofthe military m.-rne corps.
~
,rl"Mi i.

N AV N E G 475

each of the Sfnps in the British Navy


Plumber and Kind of Ordnance for
.

Dimensions ef Ships, Number of Men, and Diaught of Water

Oo of
taw Complement ^
-1 .-.

I'1
,
b er
(To
O. ra

o 3 3 '
*
Sailors] Marines. 3
P- p

Ft. In. Ft. In. N9. Officers. Feet.


no i 190

53
IOO
:
:
186
180

52 7S 24

98
50 1
90 77 6 49 ^75 ?3
1 Captain
Subalt's.
80 182

49
74 182
48 18
! l69 46
>65o
74

64 l60
44 ) 'iCap.2Sub
5 146
40 420 |2 Lieuten'ts.
140
44
38 144
9
P 16

3 l
36 142 '

S^ j 126
35 l Subal.t.
28 | 120

33
24 114 7 32
20 I iog

3
18 I no

29 f Serjeant.
16 ! 106
28 ^"5 13

n. b. The usual complement of Marines is one for


every Gun in a British Ship of War.

NAVYJairr/, together with its civil NAWAUB, hd. See Nabob.


a.id military departments, in England, NEAP. UT, Ind. a deputyship, or lieu .

consists of a lord high admiral, or lords tenancy : from naib, a deputy.


commissioners for executing this office ; NECESSARIES, in a milita-ry sense,
one first lord commissioner, and six other are such abides as are ordered to be given-

lords commissioners, with a number of to every soldier.


inferior officers, and clerks. NEESHUNGPAT, bid. a violent as
Navy, is also a collective body of sault without bloodshed.
elikers emplpyed in the military sea- NEGATIVE. This term is some
ieryie'e. times used to express the rssult of 101-4..
476 NE L N E T

pures or
enterprizes, which though not put all they met to the sword, not ex
entirely successful, are not productive of cepting the women and children ; suffer
serious or mischievous
consequences.

ing only six persons, out cf four hundred,
Hence the British expeditions to Spain, to escape alive: shameful to relate, the
and to
Walcheren, may be considered as troops and officers who bore the greatest
having had negative success. : part in this shocking barbarity, were the
Negative Penalties. Certain laws bravest of Englishmen, having most of
v/hereby persons are sc eluded from mi them served under colonel Lawrence, on
litary vank, Sec. without inflicting any | the plains of Tritchinopoly : but those
positive pains. I who contemplate human nature will find
NEGLECT of DUTY. Officers or many reasons, supported by examples,
foldiers convicted of neglect of duty, are to dissent from the common opinion,
punishable at the discretion of a court- that cruelty is incompatible with cou
martial. rage.
NEGROES, blacks, moors. The peo NESHAUNBURDAR, Ind. an en-

ple brought from Guinea, and other parts sign.


of Africa, as slaves, and sent into the colo- NETHERLANDS, that part of mo.
niesofAmerica.to cultivate sugar.tobacco, dern France which li;s next to the North
indigo, &c. and to dig in the mines of Peru it was once called the circle of Burgun
sea;
or Mexico. dy, and sometimes the Low Countries, so
NELLI-COTAH, a fort situated railed from being situated between Francej
-about forty miles to the south of Tini- Lorrain, Geimany, and the ocean.
velly, in the East Indies. This fort has They were formerly divided into 17
been rendered memorable by the manner provinces, four of which were dukedoms,
in which it was carried by the English in viz. Brabant, Limburg, Luxemburg, and
1755, and the barbarity with which a gar Guelderland ; seven were earldoms, viz.
rison was treated which had not killed a Flanders, Artois, Hainault, Holland,
man and had called for quarter, and yet Zealand, Namur, and Zutphen ; and five
men, women, and children were massa Baronies, viz. West Friezland, Mechlin,
cred. The detachment consisted of ioo Utrecht, Overysell, and Groningen.
Europeans, and 300 sepoys, with two These were originally governed by dis
field pieces. These troops (to quote Mr. tinct lords or princes, but were all united
Orme's words in his History of the Car under Philip the good,duke of Burgundy,
natic, page 386, book V.) set out at mid who left them to his son Charles, sur-
night and performed the march in 18 named the Hardy, who being killed at
hours : the polygar, startled at the sud Nancy, in 1477. the 17 provinces fell to
denness of their approach, sent out a de his only daughter, Maiy of Burgundy,
puty, who pretended he came to capitu who by marrying with Maximilian the
late, and promised that his master would First, of Germany, carried them into the
pay the money demanded of him in a few house of Austria,
days ; but suspicions being entertained of The kings of France claimed a right
his veracity, it was determined to detain to Artois, Flanders, &c. In the reign of
him as a pledge for the execution of what king Philip II of Spain, William of Nas
he had promised, and he was accordingly sau, prince of Orange, and several othet
delivered over to the charge of a >;uard. discontented noblemen, gave beginning to
The troops were so much fatigued by the those disturbanceswhich terminated in the
excessive march they had separation of Holland, and the other coun
just made,
that even the advanced centinels could tries known by the name of the United
not keep awake; and the Provinces, occasioned by tlie dread of the
deputy perceiv

ing all the soldiers who were appointed inquisition, the insu;poitabIe rigor of
to >;uard him, fast asleep, made his the government of the Duke of Alva, and
escape
out ofthe camp, and returned to the fort the violent encroachments of the Spa-
;
from whence the polygar had sent him niaids upon the liberties and privileges of
only to gain time, in order to make the the countries.
nett-ssary preparations for his defence. The Netherlands, comprehending Hol
This being discovered early in the morn land, have undergone material alterations
ing, it was determined to storm the place, during the progress of the French Reso
of which the defences were nothing more lution. Brabant and Flanders, which
than a mud wall with round towers. belonged to the house of Austria, have
The troops had not brought any scaling been annexed to France, and form several
ladders, but the outside of the wall was of its depaitments. Holland, upon the
sloping, and had many clefts worn in it expulsion of the Stadiholder, was allow
by the rain, so that the assault, although ed to call itself an independent country,
hazardous, vvas nevertheless practicable. in alliance with France ; but the Bri.
It was made both by the Europeans and tisli with the adherents of
the sepoys with undaunted courage, in
co-operating
Stadtholdet, exposed it to repeated
the
several parties at the same time; each of
which gained the parapet without
| invasions, to put an end to these conspi
being racies, after twice expelling the English,
once repulsed, when the garrison retired the (government wasclian>,-ed,and it is now
to the buildings of the fort, where
they
distinguished by the came of tlie Batavia::
called out for quarter; but the soldiers, i kkigdcm,
NEU NE U 477

N ETTOYE R les Magazlns, Ex. in ar- jl sensibly become the victims of both par.
tillerv, signifies to remove the different ties. The trench writer
'
humorously
pieces of ordnance, for the purpose of says, lis veulenl etre marteaux, cela fail que
having them carefully examined, &c. and
! conlinuellanent Us sont enelumes d dreite et a
to have the stores and ammunition so ar
;
gauche : t'ney would fain be hammers, in
ranged as not to receive damage. This ' stead of which they become anvils, and
duty is generally performed by small ' get beaten both right and left. This hap
parties of sol.;iers, under the command pened to the Venetians in 1701, who en
of scrjeants, who are detached from the deavored to remain neutral during the
different guards of a garrison town. In campaigns that took place between tlie
'

the old French service the commissaire French and the Imperialists. The Danes
d'artilletie superintended the execution of afford another illustration of theinefficac v
this necessary duty, and the soldiers who of a neutrality without power to
resist,
were employed, j',ot relieved from any ihe destruction of Copenhagen, and the
further attendance as part of the guard, plundar of their navy, is an atrocity un
the instant their work was done. paralleled. The treatment experienced
Nettoyer, ou enfilcr, Et. to scour or by the United States, is only inferior to
enfilade. the barbarity exercised against Denmark.
Nettoyer la comtine, Ex. to scour, or Genoa, Florence, Holland, and Switzer
fire through the whole extent of the cur land were all forced from their
neutrality
tain. by England, and fell victims. The ob
Nettoyer le rampart, Ex. to scourthe servance of a strxt
neutrality is unques
rampart. tionably a matter of" extreme difficulty,
Nettoyer, le tranchee, Ex. to scouror and
.requires uncommon ability. Few
clear the trenches. This is efiected by princes possess those qualities of the
mr ans of a vigorous sally which the gar head aiii heart that distinguished Hieron
rison of a besieged place make upon the king of Syracuse, who so dexterously
besiegers; when they beat in the guard, j managed his neutrality in the war between
drive ofl'the artificers and workmen, level i Rome and
Carthage. His subjects were
the parapet, break up and choak the line considerably benefited by the conduct he
of circumvallation, and spike or nail the j observed, whilst his own reputation was
cannon. j not a little increased by the sound policy
NEUTRAL, neither of the one nor the that dictated it.
other. Armed Neutrality. The depreda-
Neutralite, Fr. See Neutrali tions committed by the naval force of
ty. Great Britain, during the first vears ofthe
Garder la Neutralite, Fr. To be American revolution, excited a general
neutral. indignation among the maritime powers of
Accerder la Neutralite, Fr. To the north of Europe. A
project said to
allow others to be neutral, or to grant be devised by Dr. Franklin, and
suggested
neutrality. to the count de
Vergennes, was commu
Observer la Neutralite, Fr. To ob nicated to the courts of Russia and Prus.
serve a strict neutrality. sia, and taken up with the zeal of a pa.
Vialer la Neutralite, Fr. To vio tron by the empress .Catherine of
late the laws of neutrality.
Russia,
the result was, that in the year 1 780, Rus
Demeurer dans la Neutralite, Fr. sia, Prussia, Sweden,and Denmark, had en
To remain in a state of neutrality. tered into engagements to arm their
in order to support the
fleets,
Neutrality. The state or condition
neutrality of their
of one who is neuter, a middle condition commerce ; Holland was invited, and
between a friend and an enemy. In a consented to engage, but was attacked
by
military sense, remaining strictly indiffer Great Britain by surprize before she had
ent, whilst other powers are at war, with ratified the agreement ; the other neutral
out assisting any party with arms, ammu nations were brought to engage in
it, and
nition, or men. When a country, callini; Great Britain was under trie
necessity of
itself neutral, furnishes a quota or con recognizing the principles of the armed
tingent to any nation that is at war with confederacy. This event, novel in histo
another, it cannot be said to observe the ry, was productive of signal advantages to
strict laws of neutrality. Of all precari neutral nations ; it formed a new
and difficult situations that perhaps is epocha
ous in maritime history, and wrested from
the most so,in which a weak nation is England the aud.-.cious usurpation of the
placed when two powerful nations wage
sovereignty ofthe seas.
war on each side, and the exact laws of The principles of the armed
neutrality are expected to be observed by were again resumed
neutrality
during the French
the intermediate country. Bayle speak revolution; but the British, by employ
ing of neutrality, humorously exclaims, ing corruption in the northern cabinet;,
heureux les pacifiques quant a I' autre monde, procured the assassination of the emperor
mais dans celui-ci, Us sent mise'rables : Paul of Russia, and at the same time
hap
py are the peaceable with respect to the brought a large fleet before Copenha^enr
next world, but
they are miserable in this ! which they bombarded, in consequence of
in trying to derive advantages from the which Russia was brought into the wa_,
dissensions and broils of others, they in- i and Denmark obliged to bend to circum.
478 NEU NIC

stances. Sweden was already a


party in her neutrality. It becomes the duty of
tlie war. England, therefore, to discriminate in these
During the progress of the French re circumstances between rights paramount
volution, instances have occurred in which and invariable, binding upon all states, and
a wise neutrality might have been made rights which might be suffered to relax and
productive of greac national good. Bui, yield to that state of expediency in which
a certain courseor measures
alas ! there are few statesmen, who have might involve
the existence of a nation."
ability or
political virtue enough, to resist
the intrigues or views of those cabinets, Such was the detestable and odious so
who beins; themselves involved in war, phistry which might be as well applied to
leave nothing untried to drag their neigh cover and excuse any other
species of atro
bors i.ito the same troubled s'ate. Mon- city , and which was followed by the bom
tesquiju has observed, with his usual bardment and conflagration of Copenha
good sense, that nations seldom know- gen, the murder of its citizens, and the
how to avail themselves of natural advan seizure and plunder of its fleet and naval
tages. What becomes a matter of hard arsenal. La loi des plus forts, or the law
necessity in one country, is frequently ofthe strongest, so often tramples down
found to exist in another, from crooked national rights, that necessity drives those
and mterested policy, or from ignorance in to the adoption of
questionable measures,
administration. Some countries are cal who would otherwise remain strictly neu
culated to be neutral; some to avail them tral; whilst others again, from being coi>*.
selves of* insular situations ; and to im tiguousto contending armies, resort -ova--*

pose by maritime operations ; andothers, rious pretences, in order to remain in an


to make up for the natural disadvantages armed condition for the purpose of taking
of continental position, by means of stand advantage at a critical moment. Ofthis
ing armies. description was the system of armed
It has been remarked, (with what jus neutrality which Pope Leo X. is record
tice we leave politicians to determine) ed to have pursued. When Francis I.
that no power, being or affecting to be kingof France, was engagedina warwith
neuter, should be allowed to arm itself, the Swiss Cantons, respecting the Mi
because it is impossible to have perfect lanese, his holiness resolved to remain
confidence in a quarter from whence hos neuter, or at least affected to be s_>, al
tilities may commence according to the though he was strongly invited by both
exigency of circumstances, (so properly parties to take an active and decisive part.
called by the French, la force des circon- He drew his troops towards the frontiers
ttances ;) or the alluring prospects of am ofthe Milanese, under a pretext otcover-
bition. ingthe ecclesiastical states, but in reality
It is more than probable, that the arm for the
purpose of being at hand when the
ed confederacy ofthe north sprung origin two armies should come to a decisive en

ally from a secret understanding with the gagement, of unexpetcedly falling upon the
agents of France, and manifested itself victorious army at the closeof an obstinate
raor st rongly on the declaration of Russia. and bloody battleyof driving it out of I
taly,
Guar Britain of course took the alarm ; becoming master of Lombardy, and finally
and, as a French writer very justly ob establishing himself as the arbiter of the
serves on the subject of armed neutrality, country. But all these imaginary tri
has sent her fleets, to ascertain the point umphs of the Pope soon disappeared

at the gates of Copenhagen. His troops, which had already reached


The second expedition of the British the frontiers of the Milanese, no sooner
against Copenhagen is one ot the most ex learned, that the Swiss had been totally
traordinary in the annals of the world. routed by the French, than they were
The pretence set up is best expressed in the panic-struck, and dispersed in the great
est disorder, as if they were conscious of
language of jacksen, the agent of England
in this unprecedented outrage these are

being engaged in a crooked and illegal


his words. "In me present disturbed state cause.
ofthe continent of Europe it was impos Ancient history affords us several exam
sible to distinguish any longer between a ples of this species of neutrality. During
neutral and an enemy, but by her becoming the civil wars between the adherents of
an all, or an op.:n foe. That something Vespasian and those of OthoandVitellius,
th.refore was required beyond an ordinary various means ot duplicity were resorted
presumption of the real disposition of e very-to. We likewise readofthe samesoitof
state ; and that whilst the influence of an conduct having been observed by the in
implacable enemy predominated over; habitants of Corcyrus when they went to
everv power within his reach, (France is \ war with the Corinthians; and modern
alluded to) and cither checked or convert history is full of similar instances of spe
ed into immediate hostility every engage cious neutrality. For further particulars
ment or inclination unfavorable to his on this interesting subject, especially on

interest, it vvas impossible to consider the the conduct to be observed by neuters in


e-din vy coueuants (that is the law of na war, Set- from Page 531 to 533, of the
tions and treaties, ) cf a/ty neutral nation English Translation of Hugo Grotius.
eitl.e. ai a sufficient security for hsrown NICK-NAME, (Sobriquet, Ex. J A
LiJepeiHlcnce, or of those who confide in sjn.ame, which is used in ridicule or good,
Nlk"Z NOB 479

humor, to distinguish an individual Nizam ul Moolc,


Ind. the protector


j
Nicknames among military men are fami- i of the country.
Thus; N I "I. A MUT, the office of Nizam.
liarly used in a collective sense.
the light infantry are called Light Bobs,\ NOBILITY, from the Latin, Nobili-
the grenadiers Tow Rows, andthebatta- tas. This word has been
variously de
lion-men Flat Foots ; and in many instances fined. It is, however, generally under*
whole corps have been particularized in) stood to signify illustrious descent, and
this manner. The 28th of foot were fami- \ confpicuousness of ancestors, with a suc

liarly called the Slashers ; and a general cession of arms conferred on some one
Sir C. Grey, an officer in the Briti>.h ser- i [and from him to his family
) by tire
vice, used to be nicknamed General A'- prince, by law, or by custom, as a reward
Fiint, from a circumstance which occur for the good and virtuous actions of hirn
red during the American war, when he that performed them. The only true
commanded a party whicii stole into an purchase of nobility should therefore con
American camp at night, and instead of sist of great and good actions, which m
fighting likeasoldier,assassinated the Ame ' proportion as they dignified and ennobled
ricans while asleep. During thecampaigns the original owner, become objects ct
of 1793 and 1794, in Flanders, Sec. the important trust with every descendant;
15th regiment of light dragoons were called who either reflected them back by a lau
Young Eyes by the guareis, who received dable imitation, or
shamefully abused the
or rather gave themselves the nick-name tenure by dishonorable practices. The
of Old Eyes. I futility of
hereditary nobility is now uni
NIGHER, Ind. any fortified city,! versally acknowleged.
measuring at least eight coss, or eight i Nobility likewise in Europe, a
means
English miles, in length and breadth. quality that dignifies, renders .1 person
or
NIQUIBS, Ind. men whose military] noble: particularly that raises a person
functions among the sepoys, correspond possessed of it above a peasant or a com
with those of corporals in the king's ser moner. The quality or degree of a noble
vice. man ; also the whole
body of noblemc:
NITHING, a coward, or poltroon.
separated from the commons.
NITRE, See Salt Peire, Gunpowder. Nobility also means name, reputation,
NIVEAU, Pr. A level. renown. N. Bailey in his fourth edition
Niveau de la campaign, Ex. the level ofthe New Universal Etymological Dic
surface of a country is so called, in con tionary, has the following curious passa
tradistinction to the talus or slope of any ges on this word :

rising ground. Nobility. The Italians thus s.i-


De Niveau, Fr. levtl, even. fyrised nobility: the dukes and earls cf
Niveau d'eau, Fr. a water level.

Germ.my, (every son of a duke being a


This instrument is extremely simple, and du!;e, and every daughter of a dutches.:
of greatuse to engineers in the construction beiiit; a dutchess) the dons of Spain, the
of works. monsieursof France, the bishops of Italy,
Niveau de charpentier, Ex. a carpen (every city having a bishop) the nobilitv
ter's rule or level. of Hungary, the lairds of
_ Scotland, th'j
Niveau de pavcur, Fr. a pavior's level. knights of Naples, and the younger
NIVELER, F>. to level. brethren of England, make all together a
Niveler les eaux, Ex. to find the true poor company. He then classes nobility
level for conveying water. under five specific heads, viz.
Niveler h terrein, t x. to find the true Divine N0111 lity, which is also called
level of ground, and to ascertain the rela heavenly, or theological
nobility, and re
tive elevations of places. lates to the supposed original ot the soul.
Niveleur Fr. a leveller: it is like Hu-n.tn or worldly Nobility, which
wise sometimes used to express a tri-
regards blood, and a
genealogy of many
fier ; but it does not signify a leveller in ancestors. This nobility is purely acci
the political sense which we apply the and depends upon the birth.
dental,

English word in these days ; nor does it This is called political or


hereditary,
mean a Leveller belonging to a set of and becomes the right of individuals, be
peo
ple in Oliver Cromwell's arm)-, who were their merit, virtue, or what
capacity they
far having an equal share in the adminis
may.
tration of the government between the no Aloral Nor. hit y, refers only to vir
bility and the commons. tue, is purely personal, and depends on
N f Z AM, Ind. a title which was bestow- : our own free will. It is also called phi
ed by the great Mogul ononcof Ins princi-
j losophical ; but is not hereditary, except
pal officers 011 his being appointed to the by the influence of example, which ren
command and administration of a pro der it the general inheritance of all
It became the title of an hide- good
vince. 1 men.
pendent prince who ruled over Golconda ' D.iti-reNohility, is such as has been
about the year 1790 ; the British now i
acquired by some merits, or deeds, and !.u,s
ruL- over him. The word means, an
| been conferred by the prince, &c.
adjuster, a regulator, an
arranger, or ma Native Nobility, is v. hat passes fron!
nager, Sec. I father to son, and makes the son nob!.-;
because his father was so. Ol this ; ;u -
480 NOB NOB

cies of nobility consists the British house the immediate title of noblesse militaire.
j
of lords ; to which occasional additions | In order to reward military merit, an edict
are made by purchased peerages. The ] was issued b> the French couit at Fon
justly celebrated Thomas Paine has cha- \ r.inbleau, in N'ovembcr 1750, and enregis-
racterised the futility of what is called tered on the 25th cf the same month by
pun, calling them the parliament of Paris, whereby a noblesse
ttebility by a happy" j
ne-abUily, \ militaire, or
military nobility, wa.-.cre.'ted;
NOBLES, \ are the grandees of; the acquisition of which de|>endi-d w he lly
NOBLEMEN, \ any kingdom or na- I upon martial character, but d-d not require
tion, by whatsoever title distin- I
they are any letter patent for the puiposeof enno
guished. Honorary distinctions have been ; bling rhe individual.
very ancient. The Greeks distinguished! By the first article of this perpetua' and
their people into three ranks, viz. Noble- \ irrevocable edict, as it was then stated, it
men, landholders, or farmers, and
trades- j was decreed, that no person, serving in
men. The first were inelulged with great the capacity and quality of officer in any
and wore the figure ofa gras- of the kind's troops, should be liable to
privileges,
hopper, as a badge of honor, in their hair. the land or poll tax, so lone as he con
The Romans wore a half moon upon their tinued in that situation. 2dly- That by
shoes. virtue of this edic-, and from the date
Among the Romans, those persons thereof, all general officers, not being
Were called nobles who preserved the j otherwise ennobled, but being actually
Statues ot their ancestors in their courts ! and bona tide in the service, shouiU be
^r cabinets. The faces of these statues | consie.ered as noble, and remain so, to.
were painted to resemble life. But it wis getfier with their children born, -r to be
necessary to be descended from the an born in lawful wedlock. 3dly. That in
cient magistrates, called curules, to be future the rank of general officer should
entitled to have the.se stjtues. They of itselr be sufficient to confer the full
were exhibited to the public on festival right of nobility upon all those who
days, and when any of the family died, should arrive at that decree of military
they were carried in solemn procession promotion; and that their heirs and sue.
before the corpse : so that under these cir cessors, s well as their children, actually
cumstances, an individual might be a born and lawfully begotten, should be en
patrician without being actually of noble titled to the same distinction ; and that
blood or extraction. all general officers should enjoy all the
That person was called noble in France, rights and privileges of nobility from the
who first received a letter patent consti date of their commissions. Inaniclc IV.
tuting him such, and who thus tave rise V. VI. and VII. it was specifically pro
to the nobility of his descendants. Those vided upon what conditions those office'?,
born of him bore the title of gentilhomme, who were not noble, aid were inferior in
or gentleman, Un ancien gentilhomme, or rank to that of marechal de camp, but
gentleman of some standing, vvas stiled who had been created chevaliers orki.ijhts
homme de condition, or a person of condition. of the royal and military order of St.
Those gentlemen who were descended Louis, and who should retire from the
from illustrious houses were called, men service after having been in the army dur.
cf quality, gens de qualiti. ing thirty years without intermission,
England those only are called nobles
In were to be exempted from the payment
or noblemen, who have the title of duke, of the land or poll tax, and how the same
marquis, eail, viscount, lord or baron; privileges was to be transferred to their
.vh'ch titles either descend to individuals sons, provided they were in the service.
from family-right, are gratuitously con By the eighth article it was enacted, that
ferred upon them by the prince, (who is those officers who had risen to the rank of
called the fountain of honor) or are ob- captain and were chevaliers or knights of
iained by the price of gold. The heredi the order of St. Louis, but who were dis
tary tenure becomes equally solid in all abled by wound, or diseases contracted in
these instances, though not equally esti the service, should not be obliged to fill
mable, unless the title be itself ennobled up the period of thirty years as prescribed
by some great and good actions of the in the recited articles. By article IX. it
possessor. By those, and those only, can was provided, that when
any officer, not
*
purchased title be converted into ster under the rank of captain, died in the ac
ling gold from base metal. tual exercise of the functions.or bearing the
NOBLESaE. See Nob 1 1 it y. commission ot captain, the services he had
Noblesse milita ire, Ex. Military no already rendered should be of use to his
bility. Although most of the orders may sons, lawfully begotten, who were either
he considered as appendages which confer in the service or were intended for ir.
i species of military nobility,
especially It was specified in articles X. and XI.
that of the British garter, which was insti- that every officer, born in wedlock, whose
'uted by kinjj Edv.ai'l 1 1 1. on the iprh of nther and grand father had been exempted
January, 134., yet the I'ri.ish cannot be trom the land or poll tax, should be noble,
.
trictly'said tojbave among them, thatspe. in his own right, provided he got created
ricsot military nobility or distinction lha; a chevalier or knight of St. Louis, had
,y.is pri,:;!' r!' ';r.cvr. '\ i:r.-nc", ;'; '"vjer -erved '';.' ~.;"crived <>rricd, or was ?-::-
NOU N U R 481

fled to the exemption mentioned in arti rice d'une ville ; the town is fed by the
cle VIII. that if he should die in the country round it. La Sicile est la nourrice
service, he would be considered as having de Rome. Sicily is the nurse of Rome ;
..ccpiired the rank of nobility, and that tne meaning thereby that the latter wj, sup
title si obtained should descend, as mat plied with corn, Sec. by the former.
ter of right, to the children, lawfully be NOURRIR. To feed. The French
gotten, of such officers as had acquired it. say familiarly, la soupe nourrie le ildac ; .

It further specified, that even those who broth feeds the soldier.
should have been born previous to their NOYAU, Fr. in English mandril, along
father's being ennobled, were entitled to pieceof iron, which is placed in the middle
the same privilege. of a cannon mould, in order that the liquid
Arricle XII. pointed out the method by metal may be poured round it, and the
which proof* of military nobility were to piece obtain an equal thickness on all sisie: .

be exhibited in conformity to the then Noyau, Fr. likewise means the whole
of the vacant space or bore of a cannon,
existing edict.
Article XIII. and XIV. provided for 1 under whicii are
comprehended the dia
those officers, who were actually in the meter of the mouth, the vacant cylinder,
service at the promulgation of the edict, 1 the breech, and the vent.

With respect to bombs, grenades, ami


in
proportion as the prescribed periods
vere filled up. This provision related J hollow balls, that which is called noy.iu.
wholly to the personal service of officers ; consists ofa globular piece of earth, upon
as no proof acknowleged or received,
was which the cover of bombs, grenades, and
relative to by their fathers or
services done hollow balls, is cast. The metal is pour
grandfathers, who might have retired from ed in between this cover and the noyau,
the army, or have died prior to the publi r.fter which the noyau or core is broken,
cation of the edict. and the earth taken out.
The X Vth, or last article, was a sort of NO WARRA, Ind. An establishment
register, in which were preserved the dif of boats, which is kept at Dacca, for a
ferent titles that enabled individuals to lay defence against the Decoits, Mugs, and
claim to military nobility. other plunderers.
The whole of this edict may be seen, NUD DEE, //.</. The name for a rivu
page 206, in the 3d volume, Des Elemens let.
M Hitaires. NULLA, Ind. This term likewise
The French emperor Bonaparte has signifies a rivulet, and means the place
instituted an order of nobility called the which was once the bed ofa river.
legion of honor, the political influence of NUMEROS, Ft. round pieces madeof
which appears to be greater than any order brass, or other metal, which were num
ever established, even than that of the Je bered and used in the old French service
suits. He has also adopted the ancient mi in the detail of guards. See Maron.
litary title of duke ; which he has hitherto NURSE. A person, generally a fe
conferred only on men who have merited male, whose whole business is to attend
renown by their military greatness. The the sick in the general or regimental hos
title of count is also established, and all pital. She is under the immediate direc
the members ofthe legion of honor hold a tion of the surgeon, whose duty will be '

rank corresponding with the knights of to prepare the slops and comforts for the
feudal institution. Privare soldiers and sick, and occasionally to assist in admi*
tradesmen, for acts of public virtue, have nistering medicines, cooking the victuals,
been created members of the legion of washing, &c. and for every ten men con
honor. fined to bed by fever, an additional nursa
NOEUD de I'artificier, Et. a particular and orderly-man should be allowed. All
knot which artificers or fireworkers make the patients, who are able, are every
use of to bind fusees together.
morning and evening to assist in cleaning
Noeud de charrue, Et. a particular knot and airing the hospital, carrying away
or stress, which is used in the
artillery dirt, Sec, and by every means to assist the
when ropes are passed under carriages, helpless.
-for the purpose ot raising any pieceof ord There are also Serjeants, orderly -men,
nance that has been overturned. For the and nurses, in regiments of the line.
various knots used in military serv'.--:, see In every regimental hospital, a room
the Am. Mil. Library, Art. Artillery. should be appropriated to the accommo
NOMADES, a tribe of wandering dation of such convalescents, whose state
Arabs, so called in Asia. of health will admit of their being placed
N O M I N A L , by name. Hence on full diet. This hospital to be
Nom 1 m a l Call, which corresponds with
regularly
visited by the surgeon once, twice, or
the French appel nominatif; and, in a oftener in the day, as circumstances may
military sense, with our rollcall. require.
NOURR1CE, Fr. a nurse. A female A non-commissioned officer should be
who attends the sick This word is like.
.

appointed to theparticular charge of the


wise used by the French to express the convalescent hospital, with an orderly-
means of subsistence, &c. which are man, and when the convalescents are nu

supplied by the agricultural part of a merous, more orderly-men are to be at


kingdom. Hence une province est la nour. tached to it, to keep it clean,
3 P
482 O B E OB L

tr
It isparticularly necessary that none of lawful commands. It is the main spring,
the hospital tables and orders, which are the soul and essence, of military duty.
be in Preter obeissance, Ex. To swear alle
to hung up in a conspicuous place
every regimental hospital, shall b-; defaced giance.
Remettre dans Tebeissanct, Fr. To recall
by any person whatever, nor taken down,
but by the surgeon or serjeant, the latter to duty.
of whom will explain the allowance order OBEDIENCE to orders. An unequi
ed for those patients who are not them vocal pertormance of the several duties
selves in a situation to read the table for which are directed to be discharged by
'he distribution of diet. military men. All officers and soldiers
are to pay obedience to the lawful orders
of their superior officers.
o OBEIR, Fr. See Obey.
To Obey, in a military sense, is with
O. This letter is generally used '.\\ the out question or hesitation, to conform
orderly books to signify orders, viz. zealously to all orders and instiuctions
Cl. O. General orders. which are legally issued. It som.t'mes
F. G. Regimental orders. happens, that individuals are called upon
Gn. O. Garrison orders. (by mistake, or from the exigency -f the
B. O Brigade orders. service) out of what is called the rei:uir
OATH, a solemn asseveration made in roster. In either case they must cheer
the presence ofa magistrate, and taken on fully obey, and after they have performed
the Bible, whereby an individual binds their duty, they may remonstrate.
iiimself to observe certain conditions, or I OBJ ECT, in a military sense, signifies
wears to specific facts which he knows
| the same as point, with respect to mere

<>t his own knowlege. Soldiers from time I movements and evolutions Thus in
immemorial have been accustomed to take j ofmarch. ng forward in line, Sec. the leader
oaths of fidelity. These oaths were, how- a
squad, company, or battalion, must
Lver, observed with greater solemnity I take two objects at least upon wh'-ch he
'
among the ancients than they are admi forms his perpendicular movement, and
nistered in modern armies, except upon | by which the whole body is regulated.
very particular occasions. In the lattc-r, In proportion as he advances he takes
indeed, it seldom or ever happens, that car* to select intermediate and distant ob

oaths are taken by bodies of soldiers, as jects or points by which his march is
sembled for the purpose. Oaths are taken 'governed. See Marching in line.
by men newly enlisted, but those oaths are 1 OBLATE, any n tund figure flatted at
individually administered, and separately the poles as a turnip ; which is properly
taken. The military oath, on the con an eblate spheroid.

trary, among the Romans, was of a more j OBLIQUATION. ; a deviation from


general and impressive nature. Kennett, I OBLIQUITY, $the parallel or
1
m his Roman Antiquities, page 188,
"
perpendicular line.
gives the following account of it : The
| Ob l 1 q u e , or secondfiank. The face of
levies being finished, the tribunes of every a bastion discovered from a part of the
Region chose out one whom they thought I curtain, is so called.

the fittest person, and gave him a solemn | OBLIQUE projection, is that wherein
oath at large, the substance of whicii was, 1 the direction of the striking body is not
that he should oblige himself to obey the I perpendicular to the body struck, which
commanders in all things tothe utmost of | makes an
oblique angle with the horizon-
his power, be ready to attend whenever ; tal line.
they ordered his appearance, and never to OBLIQUE deployments. When the
leave the army but by their consent.
After he had ended, the whole legion,
j component parts of a column that is cx-
into line, deviate to the right or
j tending
passing one by one, every man, in short, I left, for the purpose of taking up an ob
swore the same effect, crying, as he
to lique position, its movements are called
went
by, Idem in me. The same by me. 'oblique deployments. This is thus cx-
OATH of Allegiance. See Alle- |etuttd, either by wheeling the line by
CI ANCE. quarter or half wheels toward the point
OATS, a grain which constitutes a
j ilirected in single files, sections, or pla
principal food of horses in Europe. toons ; so that the movement may be made
The distribution of this article ought to perpendicular to the newly wheeled front,
be narrowly watched by every officer and the sections will form echellons; if
commanding a troop ; since it is notori files, they march by what is called the
ous, that government is frequently charg line of science.
ed for quantities which are not delivered, OBLIQUE^ or defence, that which
by which means, the horse suffers, and is under too great an angle, as is generally
the public are imposed upon. 1 the defence of the second flank, which
OBEDIENCE, (Obiissance, Fr.) Sub ! can never be so good as a defence in front.
mission to the orders 01 a superior. The See Oblique Firing, at the word F 1 R 1 n 5 .

JirSt principle which ought to be incul See Am. Mil. Lib plates.
cated and impressed upon the mind of Oblique percussion, is that wherein
svery o?n??r rr;l *"'.c' i: ^edicne? tc il'
.. the direction of the striking body is nor
O BS OBS 485

the body struck, or is not have the talents of anftble general, who
perpendicularto |-
inline with its centn ot gravity.
taken
i| neglects
tions
to observe his
for if it be his
enemy in all direc-
OBLIQUE position . A position .1
; intention to attack,
in an oblique direction from the original you may thwart him by previous ma
line of formation. As described in oblique noeuvres ; and if you are liable to be at

deploy mer ts. tacked yourself, you may assume the be.-."
OB L I QU E radius,* line extending from possible position, and prevent surprise,&c.
the centre to the xreriorsideof a polvgon. OBSESSI ON The act of besieging.
.

OBLIQU E STEP. This absurd and OBSIDIONAL, belonging to a'siege.


awkward contortion is des.rvediyexploded. Obsidionai. Crown, (couronne obsidi-
To Oblique, in a military sense, is to onale, Ex. ) a crown so called among the
move forward to the right or left, in either ancient Romans, which was bestowed
of those directions, from a line. upon a governor or general, who by his
Pas Oblique, Fr. Oblique step. skill and exertions, either held out, or
Oblique ddroite, Fr. Right oblique. caused the siege to be raised of any town
0*liq.ve a gauche, Fr. Left oblique. belonging tothe republic. It was made
Feux Obliques d droite et a gauche, from the grass which grew upon the spot,
oblique firings to the right and left. and was therefore called gramineus, from
Mareher obliquement, Fr. To ob the Latin word gramen, signifying grass.
lique, or march in an obliquedirecrion. Alonnoie Obs idiox ale, Fr. any sub
OBLIVION See Amnesty. stitute for coin, which has a value put
OBLONG Square. See Square. upon it that is greater than its intrinsic
OBSEDER, Fr. To besiege, to beset, worth ; and a currency given, to answer
to get possession of. the convenience of the inhabitants of :i
OBSEQUIES, (Obsiques, Ex.) See besieged place. On a employi le cuir *
BUV I A LS faire des monnoies obsidionales. The inha
OBSERVATION. See Army op bitants made use of leather as a substitute
observation for coin
To be under Oisrrvation. To be OBSTACLES, in a military sense, are
carefully war -hed and looked after. Etre narrow woods, bridges, or any
passes,
uu de pres etre suivi de pris other which present them
impediments,

OBSERVATOIRE, Fr. SeeOssER- selves when battalion is marching to


a
VATOR Y. front or rear. These are passed, by the
OBSFRVATORY, a
building, pub formation, march, and deployment ofthe
lic or private, which is erected and pro close column. Such parts as are not in
vided with all sorts of instruments, pro terrupted still move on in front ; such
per for astronomical observations, Sec. The parts as are interrupted, double by divi
most noted observatories in Europe, are : sions, as ordered, behind and adjoining a
z. That of
Tycho Brahe, nobleman ofa flank or flanks, and in this manner follow
Denmark, at Uraineberg, in the island of in close column in their natural order.
Wern, between the coasts of Schonen and As the ground opens they succcssivcly
Zealand, in the Baltic. deploy, and again perfect the line. The
2. The observatory at Paris, which was columns are always behind the line, and
erected by Louis XIV. This building march closed up. The formed part of the.*
stands in the Fauxbourg St. Germain, battalion, whether advancing or retiring,
and is so constructed as to answer the four continues to move on at the ordinary pace,
cardinal points ot the world, east, west, and in proportion as the obstacles increase
north and south. The foundation is laid or diminish, will the formed or column
So feet below the ground, and the edifice
parts ofthe line increase or diminish.
carried as much above it. It contains The general attentions directed to be
three stories in height, and has a terrace at observed on these occasions arc, that the
top, from whence the whole horizon ap columns formed shall be of sub-divisions,
peals flat. The stair-case of this obser if the ground will admit. The first sub
vatory deserves notice, from the singu division that is obliged to double, will be
larity of its construction, being in the form directed to which hand by the comman
of a screw, and so contrived, that from der of the battalion, the others, as they
the bottom there is a full sight of the stars successively double, will, in consequence,
that pass the zenith of this place.
place themselves behind it, and behind
3. The royal observatory at Green each other, and the hand first doubled to,
wich, in England, which was founded
by will be that which presents the opening
Charles the second. most favorable to the
The Pekin in
subsequent march,
4. obserratory at
China, and formation, and which the command
which was erected by the late emperor, ing officer will always hold in view, and
at the intercession ofthe Jesuits. order accordingly. The interrupted body-
To OBSERVE, to watch closely, &c. will double to one ot both flanks, accord
Hence, to observe the motions of an enemy, ing to circumstances, and the order it u-
is to keep a good loolf out by means of ceives. Obstacles that impede a flank
small corps of armed men, or of intel will occasion a single column to be form
ligent and steady spies or scouts, and to ed from the flank towards the centre,

be constantly in possession of his differ Obstacles that impede the centre, or a


ent move/nents. No man can be said to [central pirt ofa winy,, will, if consider?-
484 O B S O c c

hie, occasion two columns to be formed, I and if a larger front than two companies
from the centre towards the flanks. The is interrupted, it then doubles into co
columns will follow a flank of such part lumn. Where the obstacles are of small s

of the line as is not


impeded ; and either extent, but frequently occurring, this
in doubling into column, or extending in mode is the readiest that can be applied in
to line, the rear divisions will conform to advancing ; but in retiring it cannot be
ihe movements of their then leading one. of use, if the enemy be at hand to press
I\o part less than the front of the column upon the battalion; and therefore the
doubles or moves up, and when half or passing by column is to be looked upon
more ofa battalion must be thrown into one as the general method. For further ex
column, it will be ordered by companies. planations on the important operationi of
Obstacles "whose fronts are parallel to passing obstacles, we refer our miliary
the line. When such occur, thedivisions readers to Am. Mil. Lib. Article Recon
impeded must all at once double behind noitring.

.such one, or two, other divisions as clear OBSTINATE, in a military sense,


them ofthe obstacle. determined, fixed in resolution. Hence
Obstacles whose first points continue obstinate resistance.
to increase as the line advances. In these Obstinately. Persevering. The
cases the doubling is successive, begin two armies fought so obstinately, that
ning with that division which is first in night onlv could separate the combatants.
terrupted, and continuing as it becomes OBST'INEMENT, Fr. Obstinately.
necessary, till the column can advance in Stubbornly, inflexibly, with unshaken
dear ground. determination.
Obstacles passed, or diminished.- i n e r Fr. to
S'o b s t ,
persist in any thing.
When obstacles are of" such a nature as OBSTRUCTION, any difficulty or
to permit of the complete extension at impediment, opposing the operations of an
once into line : the whole column per armv, &c.
forms it by the commands and deploy O'BTUS, Fr. Obtuse.
ments of the close column on the front Angle O b t v s Fr. Obtuse angle.
,

division, which then makes part of the OBTUSANGULAR, having angles


line. But when obstacles diminish by larger than right angles
degrees only, then the divisions of the OBUS, Fr. Habits. Howitzer. A spe
column must come up into line succes cies of small mortar, resembling a mortar
sively as the ground opens, and the re in every thing but the carriage, which is
mainder ofthe column must, in diminish made in the form of that belonging to a
ing, shift toward the obstacle, in the gun, only shorter. It has been frequent
same manner as it before shifted from it ly used at sieges; and is well calculated
in increasing. to sweep the covert way, and to fire
Obstacles that are passed in presence ricochet shots. They were usually load
ef an enemy. Under these circumstances ed with cartouches. Belidor writs s upon
if the battalion, in advancing, should be the subject at some length in his Bemb.ir.
obliged to fire, it halts in the situation it diet prancois, page 39. See Howitzer.
is then in, executes such firings as are OCCASIO, L. Opportunity, among the
ordered, and again advances. Romans, an allegorical divinity,! he goddess
If the battalion, in retiring, is pressed of time, who presides over the most favor
by the enemy, the part in line will halt ! able moment for success in any enterprise.
front! the part in column will move on She is represented stark naked, with a
till the lastdivision arrives in line, and will long lock of hair upon her forehead, and
then halt, front. The firing that is ordered, bald behind. And also standing on a
will be executed ; and when it is again pro wheel, with wings on her feet, and is said
per to retire, the whole will face about, the to turn herself very swiftly round; by

part in line will match, and the columns which is intimated, that we should lay
will also be put in march when the line hold ofthe presentopportunity. Among
arrives at their head. modern rations no people pay greater at
Obstacles whose points of opening are tention to the instruction whicii is con
?tarrew,and continue so, more or less. In such veyed by this allegory than the French do.
cases the interrupted division, will be or It is common among them to say :
dered to face either to one or both flanks, L'occasicn est chauve. Occasion or op
and closely to follow in file such parts of portunity is bald Alluding to the Roman

the battalion as are not broken : the filing allegory; and in the same figure, il faut
will increase as the obstacles increase, but prendre I'occasion par les cheveux. You
as they diminish, file after file will suc must seize time (by which is meant oc
cessively and quickly move up to their casion or opportunity) by the forelock ;
place till the whole areagain formed ; and meaning the forelock of hair alluded to.
during this operation the leading file will OCCASION, Fr. has the same signi
always remain attached to the fiank of the fication, in military matters, that attair
part in line. The same rules that direct bears among the French.

the doubling in column, direct the doub Une occasion bien chaude, Ex. a warm
ling by files; when a subdivision files, it contest, battle, or engagement. It fur

will be from the flank only ; when a com ther means, as with us, the source from
pany files, it. may be from both flanks ; whence consequences ensue. La malbeutt
JL*".V--g!

OCC o c c 485

du sent arrivis a V occasion de la not have been driven to the necessity of


peuple
The misfortunes ofthe people have endeavoring to obtain the original object
fuerre.
een occasioned by the war, or the war
of his enterprise, by fighting several battles
that proved abortive of it. Adherbal on
has been the occasion of the people's mis
fortunes. The French make a nice dis this account, after having tailed in his at
tinction whicii may hold good in our Ian. tempt to persuade Hannibal to pursue his
first good fortune, and to march to the
guage, between cause and occasion, viz.
lin' en est pas la cause II n'en est quel' oc

gates of Rome, is recorded to have used
casion, I'occasion innocente. He is not the the following expression : Vincere scis,

csuse, he is only the occasion, the inno Hannibal; sed victoria uti nescis. Hanni
cent occasion of it. // s'est fachi pour bal, thou knowest how to conquer, but
une lege're occasion ; he took offence, or thou dost not know how to make use of
grew angry on a very slight occasion.
a
victory.
Se servir de /'occasion, Fr. to take Gustavus Adolphus made the same
advantage, or make a proper use of time mistake. Had he, after having won the
and opportunity. A French writer has battle of Leipsic, hung upon the rcarcf
and
very properly observed, that to seize with the discomfited Imperialists, pushed
dexterity occasions as they occur, is a cer harassed them to the gates of Vienna,
tain proof of courage and ability, especial there is little doubt of the consequences
ly in the general of an army. Opportu which must have- ensued.
according to Tacitus, is The Ferdinand was as weak in
nity or occasion, emperor
the mother of events. Opportunos rnagm's effective forces at the capital as the Ro
conatibus transltus rerum. One complete mans were at Rome, and the same con
and decisive victory leads us to a multipli sternation prevailed among the inhabi
city of enterprises and great designs, all of tants. Had Gustavus piofited by his first
which grow out ofthe first triumph. success, and converted the means, which
A full and decisive victory, by which so glorious an occasion ottered, into prompt
the country is left entirely at the mercy and vigorous pursuit, he would not indeed
of the conqueror, must necessarily throw have reaped additional laurels in the plains
the inhabitants into confusion, and open of Outzen, where he fell at the head of
fresh avenues to conquest ; for one op his victorious Swedes, but he must have
portunity or occasion well embraced and reached Vienna, and there have dictated
executed upon, becomes the source of his own terms.
many others. There is not, perhaps, in Carthalon, among the ancients, was on
human contingencies any thing which the contrary, an instance of how much
spreads itself so rapidly, or ought to be so may be done by acting up to circumstan
little neglected. An enterprise which ces, and by judiciously making useof for
grows out of another, though it be in re tune as occasions offer. He was not sa
ality more arduous to get through than the tisfied with having surprised the Roman
one which producedit, becomes more
easy fleet, taken off a considerable number of
in its execution : and yet, how many ships, and burned others, but he instant
brave and skilful generals have existed, ly availed himself of his first good fortune,
who could not make a proper use of op attempted another enterprise, and suc
portunity ? In reading over their gallant ceeded.
exploits, one would be led to believe, The British generals who made war in
that all their knowlege consisted in mere the American revolution, vwre as unfor
ly knowing how to fight. We have seen tunate in their never taking proper advan
them, with unexampled intrepidity, doing tage of occasion ; their retreat from Prince
eveiy thing that man dares to do, in the ton, and their subsequent stupor, while
field of battle: we have seen them make the American
army of onlv 4000 men lay
a decisive blow, and
place victory within hutted at Valley forge; while they held
their y.rasp ; and when they were in the Philadelphia within 20 miles of
them,
actual possession of all they fought for, with 17000 men, is a striking instance.
we have seen them
suddenly relax, give An important occasion was also lost by
their enemies time to breathe, and finally them after tlie battle of Brandywine ;
lose all the fruits of their victory. The where the
Amcrica.ulispositions and sub
courage and promptitude which they sequent retreat were alike unsuited tothe
manifested in a decisive battle, were the occasion. The
campaign was a series of
effects ofa transitory impulse which was the most extravagant blunders that can bo
soon wasted and extinguished. conceived. Thecampaignthatended with
Hannibal, so much celebrated for his the capitulation at Yoik Town, was as
bold enterprise against the Romans, was brilliant on the
part of the American arms,
guilty of this error. After the battle of ason the English side eggregiously inju
Canna; it rested entirely with himself to dicious and unsuitable to the occasion.
march to Rome. He had only to follow
Occasional,)',//., Fr.) Thisadjec-
up his first blow, to take ad vantage of the tive is used in a different sense among the
consternation ofthe Romans, and to pur French, to what it is with us,viz. Cai.se oc
sue them to their capitol. By sodoinr casionally ,- any thing that occasions an
he would have made use of the glorious event.
occasion whicii fortune had thrown intc
OCCIDENT,/'.-. The west.
his hands by the first victory, ?<:,i would OCCL'P::, T,. tc Li- t..Ucn possewxr.
486 O E U OFF

of. I.es environs furent occupr's par des Sous Oeuvre, Fr. From the bottom.
troupes lige'res ; the neighboring places Reprendre un mur sous oeuvre; to build up
were taken possession of light a wall from the foot or bottom.
by some

troops. Dans O e u v r e et hers d' O u v r e , within


To OCCUPY, is to take possession of and without.
any work or post. OIN, or 01 NG, Fr. Cart-grease,
is used to the wheels of ordnance
OCTAEDRE, Fr. Octahedron, one of such as

the five regular bodies which is terminated carriages, Sec.


by eismt equilateral equal triangles. OFF, an adverb, which is frequently
OCTAGON, (Octogone, Ex.) a figure conjoined with verbs ; and, in a military
is used as follows :
or polygon that has eight equal sides, sense, .

vhich likewise form eiv.ht equal angles. To march off, to quit the ground on
The octagon, in fortification, is well cal which you are regularly drawn up, for the
culated in its ground for the construction purpose of going upon detachment, reliev
of large towns, or for such as have the ing a guard.or doing any other military duty
advantage of neighboring rivers, especially To tell off, to count the men compos
if the engineer can so place the bastions, ing a battalion or company, so as to have
:hat the entrance and outlet of the rivers them readily and distinctly thrown into
may be in some of the curtains. By such proportions as suit military move
means of this disposition no person could ments or evolutions.
-j une in or go out of the garrison without OFFENCES. All acts, that are con.
the governor's or commandant's permis trary to good order and discipline, omis
sion, as the centinels must have a full sions of duty, &c. may be called militaiy
view from the flanks of the neighboring offences. The principal ones are specified
bast ons. in the Articles of War. No officer or sol
OCTAVION, (one, Fr.) any male or dier can be tried twice for the same of
female that is born of a quarteron and a fence ; unless in case of an appeal from a
white woman, or of a white man and a regimental to a general court-martial : nor
quarterone. can any officer or soldier be tried for any

OCTONS, Fr. a mathematical instru offence committed more than two years
ment, which contains 45 degrees or the before the date of the warrant for trial ;
eighth part ofa circle. except in cases where the offenders were
OTOEDR1CAL, having eight sides. not amenable to justice in that period,

OCTOSTYLE, the face ofa building when they may be brought to trial any
rontaining eight columns. time within two years after the impedi-
ODA. The different corps or com ment ceased.

panies into which the janizaries are divid Offensive War. Military acts of ag
ed, bear this appellation. The word it- gression constitute what is called an of
:.elf means a room, and the companies are fensive war. Those who assail an oppo.
ao call'd from messing separately. site or adverse army, or invade the domi
ODEN, ODIN, or WODEN, a deity nions of another power, are said to wage
so called in ancienttimes among the an offensive war.

Swedes, and Goths. He was their god of Offensive Weapons, are such as are
waT in rhe same manner that they acknow- fit for the purpose of carrying on offensive
L.:g- d Thcr to be their jfupiter, and Freya war, as cannon, mortars, swords, pistols,
their Venus. musquets, &c.
ODOMETER, lOdometre, Ex.) an in Offensive Fortification. See Ap
strument by whicii you may ascertain proaches, Siege, &c.
how much ground you go over on foot, OFFICE, in a military sense, signifies
nr in conveyance. any place or apartment which isfix.do:
OEIL, Fr. in architecture, any round appointed for officers, clerks, &c. to at
..perturc, which is made ina building. tend in, for the discharge ot their respec
Oeil de dome, Ex. an opening made at tive employments ; as war-office or of
:he top cf an edifice. fice of the war department adjutant

O ? 1 1. de bevuf, Ex. a round window or and inspector's officecommander in


iperture, which is made in a wall or roof. chief's office paymaster general's office,

1 he black spot in the centre ofa target is Sec. Sec.


. kewisc called ail de bocuf, or bull's eye. Department and board are sometimes
Oeil He pom, Ex. the opening, or va
synonymous terms. Sometimes the term
cant space, under the arch ofa bridge. l office is inapplicable to places where mi-
OEUVRE, Fr. in architecture this ! litary business is transacted, viz. Cloth-
noxx\ admits of various significations in ing department, board of general officer::,
:he French language, and may be con ] .vrc.
|The word conseil is used by the
nected with different prepositions, all of French in the latter sense, the term bu
.vhich determine the signification, viz. reau in almost all others.

Dans Oeuvre, Fr. Within. Trente Office ofthe inspector-general.


raises de long dans auvre ; signifies 30 Office of the commissary-general cf
Coises in length withindoors. stores, &c to the forces at home.
Hors (.'Ouvke, Fr. Without. Un es- Office of the military agent.
calier h.rs d'a.,r:r; a stair-cn^e without Office ofthe ..upcrintendant -rf m'li-
..OillS. t-ir-/ store*.
OFF OFF 487

Oft ice ofthe advocate-general. I tained by drafts of the commissary gene


Office ofthe physician-general. ral on the treasury, which, on their arri
Office of the comptroller. Since the val, are accepted, if drawn conformably tt-
commencement of the coalition wars, the the rules laid down, as being in pay mer.-.
whole system of conducting the extraor for services ordered by the commander in
dinary expences of armies serving abroad .
chief, and the value of which have been
has undergone a careful revision in the previously examined and ascertained by
British service. Among other wise sug the commissaries of accounts on th- spot.
gestions it has been recommended, ist. The commissaries of accounts make re
That no military officer should himself turns of their examination ; and on tlrese
have a property, or interest, in any arti documents the comptiollers of the army
cle which his duty obliged him to pro accounts found the best enquiry into the
vide for the public service. The object expenditure which the nature ofthe sub
of this suggestion has in some instances ject admits of.
been 'fulfilled ; but it still remains with The commissaries general and commis
the commander in chief, and with those saries of accounts, are appointed by war
persons particularly concerned with army rant under the king's sign manual, directing
matters, io recommend its adoption in the them to obev all in.trvctions given then'
clothing of the difierent regiments, regu for the execution of the ir duty by the iordv
lar as well as militia. The property commissioners ofthe treasury ; vvhich in
which the colonels manifestly hold in this structions, since the commencement of" this
article, exposes the most honorable cha war, havv- been prepared bv the comptrol
racter to unmerited imputations, and af lers of the army account-,, under the or
fords ample means to the base and selti ;h ders, and subjected to the inspection of 'the
of growing rich at the expence of public treasury. Instructions are also given by
virtue. 2. That no payment should be the secretary of state for the whr depart
made by the military officer belonging to ment, to all commanding officers abroad,
any department (such as quarter, or bar to conduct the service on which they arc-
rack master general, inspector of hospi employed, with the utmost regard to pub
tals, commanding engineers, Sec.) but that lic ceconomy, and punctuality in their ac
every expence should be paid by the de counts.

puty paymasters general, in pursuance of The present establishment of this office


a warrant from the commander in chief. iscomposed in the following manner:

3. That all vouchers, proving any pay Two comptrollers at 1000/. per aunurr-
ment, should be subject to a careful and each.
speedy examination by persons appointed One secretary, 700/. ditto.
for the purpose, on the spot where theex- Civil Department.
pence was incurred. One first accomptant and chief clerk
In the present war, the whole of the 500/.
extraordinary expences of an army serving One second ditto, 300/.
abroad, are conducted by the means of a One third ditto, salary not specified.
commissary general, who receives and has Military Department .

charge of all provisions and stores sent foi One first clerk, one second clerk, on:
the use of the troops from this country ; third clerk, salaries not specified.
who purchases, or provides, under the di One chamber keeper, one messenger,one
rection of, or in concurrence with, the necessary woman, salaries not specified.
commander in chief (without whose au OrricB of ordnance, or board of ord
thority no service can be performed, or ex -
nance in the British service. It belongs

pence incurred) such articles as may be to the office of ordnance to supply all
more conveniently obtained on the spot, military stores for the armv and navy,
and 'who is responsible for all monies, pro to defray the expence of the corps of
visions, or stores, whether actually used, artillery, corps of engineers, and other
damaged, lost, destroyed, or plundered, military corps attached to the ordnance
with the condition, of procuring proper service; aixl also the charge of repi'.in.c;
certificates to prove every mode of their and building fortifications at home and
consumption, before he can be discharged abroad ; excepting field works abroad, and
therefrom. excepting also those fortifications whicii
A commissary of accounts also attends commanders in chief may deem it expe
each army where the numbers are of suf dient to erect without previous instruc
ficient importance, with a proper esta tions from home; in whicii two case-
blishment, for the purpose of examining the billsare paid by the treasury, and plat
and controlling accounts on the spot; ed to account in the extraordinaries of the
both acting under specific instructions. army. All contingent expences, attcne
All monies, for the ordinary services of ing ordnance stores, as well as camp equi
the army, are obtained by the means of page for the artillery, and the article o
bills drawn by the deputy paymaster

tents for the privates of the whole army,


abroad on the paymaster general, which included in the payments of the- ord
bills are negociated by tlie commissary nance.
general, who is obliged to note the rate of The hire of vessels for the transports.
exchange on the bill. tion of ordnance for foreign service, ha.;.
All monies, for extraordinaries, are ob- | since the establishment of the transnui
488 OFF OFF

board, been transferred to that office : and estimates ; to which are added, such
the building of barracks belongs now to sums as may be necessary to make up t!ic
the barrack department, except v.henba> deficiency of the sum directed to the ord
racks are ordered to be built within a for- nance use from the naval service.

fication. OFFICERS belonging to the military


The mastergeneral, who, in his mili branch ofthe ordnance.
tarycharacter, is commander in chief over Corps ef Royal Engineers.
theartillery and lus, in his civil One master general, one lieutenant ge
engineers,
capacity, the entire control over the whole neral, one chief engineer and colonel, five
ordnance department : he can alone do colonels, six lieutenant colonels, fifteen
any act, which can otherwise, if he does captains, thirteen captain lieutenants,
not interpose, be done by the boaul. He twenty-seven first lieutenants.
can order the issue of money, but that Officers belonging to the royal military
order must be executed in the usual mode, bcademy at Woolwich.
by three board officeis. One governor, lieutenant governor,
one
The lieutenant general, who is second one
inspector, one professor of mathema
in command over the artillery and engi tics, one professor of fortification, one
neers, is, in his civil capacity, the first in mathematical master, one arithmetical
rank among the members of the board ; master, two French masters, one assistant
which comprehends four other principal fortification master, two drawing masters,
officers ; the surveyor general, the clerk one fencing master, one
dancing master,
ofthe ordnance, the store-keeper, and the two model makers, one clerk. Salaries

clerk of deliveries. During the absence unknown.


uf the master general, or the vacancy ofthe Ship-Letter Office. During the con
office, the whole executive power de tinuance of thj British army in Holland,
volves on the board; and it belongs to them, a mail vvas made
up every Tuesday and
though ihey ure subject to the interposition Friday night, and forwarded to Yar
of the master general, to make contracts mouth, where two packets, taken from
for stores, and for performance of services, the Cuxhaven station, were appointed
and to direct the issue of stores and of mo to convey them to the Helder. A gentle
ney. The signatures of three members of man (the deputy
comptroller of the fo
the board, of whom the clerk ofthe ord reign office) was sent to the head quarters,
nance must be one, are necessary for the as army post master, and in like manner

payment of money. made up two mails per week, but they


Fortifications are erected by the com were sometimes detained for
despatch
manding engineer, pursuant to an order es.
from the master general, for carrying a On application from the duke of York
project into execution, according to an ap the letters of soldiers (being subscribed by
proved plan and estimate. The estimate the commanding officer ) were suffered to
is usually formed in the first place by the pass at the reduced charge of one penny,
engineer, who is afterwards to execute although that sum was not paid at the
the work ; and its accuracy is examined time of the letter being put into the post-
into by a committee of engineers at home, office, as the act of parliament on the sub
the expediency of the measure being sub ject requires.
mitted to the master general. All fortifi The following particulars, relative to
cations, works, and repairs are carried on this useful and humane establishment,
by measurement and by contract, except were issued from the general post-office,
where the soldiers of the corps of royal i on the 20th of September, 1799.
military artificers have been employed ; I "Notice is hereby given, that letters ad
and even in such cases the materials work dressed to persons serving with the army
ed up by the soldiers are usually supplied under the command of field marshal his
1
by contract. royal highness the duke of York, will
The sums voted for the ordnance, con i be received at the Ship- Letter office
sist of the three following heads :
ist. twice, instead of once in the week, viz.
The ordinary, which comprehends the on Tuesday and Friday from ten in the
provision for the ordinary establishment, morning until ten o'clock at night, and
civil and military, for the year ensuing. not on Thursday, as mentioned in the ad
2clly ; The extraordinary, which com vertisement from this office of the 10th in
prehends every service known before hand, stant.
of a temporary and contingent nature, "And that such letters will be regular
being a provision for the ensuing year also; ly forwarded in vessels from Yarmouth to
and 3dly, the services unprovided for, con tlie Helder Point on the same days as the
sisting of services which either have been mails are sent to Cuxhaven.
actually paid in the past year, as is ge "Letters by this conveyance will be
nerally the case, or which are supposed to chargeable with an half-rate of postage,
have been paid, but which were not fore under the act of the 39th of his presenc
seen when the estimate for the past year majesty, of sixpence each single letter,
v as made
.
up. Amen:; these unforeseen one shilling double, one shilling and six
expences are included various exceedings, pence treble, and so on in proportion, ex
which have happened in the individual cepting single letters to .md from private
: rV:,-cs voted ::> '"".: ?" :* ;:-:': o."V- ,-.cr ro!die:s nrrl ui-'ors, which arc char^-ablc
OFF OFF 489

with one
penny only, under the act ofthe Deducting from the sum ,
8
of his present majesty. of ' I3.32c> r>
35th -
- - - -

"And that newspapers will also be for- The taxes paid? JJ


warded at a rate of three perce upon each, ^government S
' fi'A
provided such paper is sent without cover, And the bal- } >
592 15 q
or in covers open at the sides. lance carried > 258 7 6\
'
Transport Of fice, in the British ser to 1797 } -.

vice. The transport-office is a newly cre The expence to the pub- 1


ated board, and was instituted in July, lie for the year 1796, > 12,737 4 6
1794, at first for the superintendance of appears to have been )
the transport service only; but to that In a scheduleot the fees paid at the war
employment has since been added the office, and a paper describing the appli
management of the prisoners of war, in cation thereof, it appeared, that (with the
health, at home, and abroad. exception of an occasional arrangement
The immediate duty of this office, so made in favor of two retired principal
far as related to the transport service, used clerks) they have been exclusively paid
<o be performed by the commissioners of in certain proportions to the following
the navy ; except in some instances, clerks and officers :

where the ordnance, or other departments 1.


Deputy secretary at war. 2. First
hired the transports wanted for their own clerk. 3. Principal' clerk. 4. Ditto.
immediate service ; and the present trans 5. Ditto. 6. Clerk for the entry of com
port board have pursued the modes of en missions. 7. Clerk for accounts of de
gaging transports which were practised by serters. 8. Clerk for business of wi
the navy board, when the transport ser dows' pensions. 9. Examiner of army
vice was under its directions ; but it was accounts, io. Assistant to the examiner
thought expedient to constitute a distinct of army accounts. 1 t appeared on exami
board, to transact the business of that ex nation, that during the years 1792, and
tensive branch of the naval service; and 1796, (being respectively periods of peace
from the unparalleled extent to which that and war) the amount of all fees received
service has been carried during the present and distributed at the war office, was in
war, it is highly proper that every possible the year 1792, 4,99 1/. j\i. <3,d. In the year
check and control should be put over so 17176, 42,731/. IIS. nd.
vast an expenditure of money. War Office, British service.the nature
Since the institution of this board, of the accounts which come into the war
which took placein July i794,to22dJune office, the first head consists of the annual
1797, the tonnage of vessels, hired as accounts of the ordinary and incidental
regular transports for four or six months charges of established regiments ; the se
certain, amounted to 99,656 tons ; the cond regimental extraordinaries, or inci
tonnage of the vessels hired on freight for dental expences more properly belongir.r
service amounted to 178,560 tons; ma to established
corps than to the army i'i
king the whole tonnage 278,216. The general, which latter are known by tho
total expenditure for this service, during term, "extraordinaries of the army."
this period, amounted to 4,088,524/, 3-,. All claims made by the regimental agents
5d. come under the inspection of the " ex
The total expence of this establish aminer of -ir:i;y accounts," to whoseoffice
ment for the year 1796, is stated to have they are transmitted of course, in virtue
been as follows : of a gencsal delegation of that duty to
Salaries and allowances 8,838 12 him by the secretary at war: after his
Contingent expences 3>97 -- examination and report, the secretary at
Travelling charges and war, in many instances, orders partial
extra pay to officers on
583 15 6 issues of money by letter to the pay mas
distant duty ter general. No final payment is made,
except under the authority of a warrant
Total paid by the public 13,329 19 8 countersigned by the secretary at war,
and in most instances by three lords ot'
The fees which were received from in- 1 the treasury. The regimental
agents ac
'
dividuals amounted, in the transport de- count
finally to the secretary at war.
partment, to . 2,128 7 6| They are likewise accountable to him
'iitto prisoners of war, to 114 7 6 and to the commander in chief, for every
Making together .. 2,242 species of mismanagement or misconduct
1$ ; out of which sum with res pect to the officers and soldiers, Sec.
there has been paid to The forms under which all payments
clerks . 1,650 ; and for derived from the establishment are con
taxes on salaries . 334 ducted, consist ofthe following papers :
7 6, which is carried 1. The establishment of a
regiment.
forward to the account 2. The warrant from the war-office to
of th- ycari7<;7, make out debentures, with the state of
charges annexed.
3 The debenture made up at the pav.
.

office.
4. The final or clearing vvarrer.r.

3q.
490 OFF OFF

5. The pay-office state. vice. One who in doing duty with other
Ij'
OFFICERS, in a military sense, are of corps takes rank according to the com
Several denominations and ranks, viz. mission which he helds, and which is
Commissioned Officers, are those ap- 1 superior to the one for which he actually
ptointed by commission ; such are all j, receives pay, or by which he can do duty
from the general to the cornet and ensign, \ in his own. A captain lieutenant, for in
both inclusive. stance, in the 23d reoiment of mot, who
Warrant Officers, those who have, has the rank of brevet major in the army,
no commissions, but only warrants from may, when that corps does brigade duty,
such boards, or persons, who are autho command every captain on service with
rized by law .0 grant them. him. The word brevet is taken from the
Non-commissioned Officers, are ser French, and in the instance before us
jeant majors, quarter master Serjeants, means rank without pay. During the
Serjeants, drum and fife majors, who are French monarchy there were various in
appointed by the commanding oflicers of stances in which individuals held posts

regiments, and by them may be reduced of honor during the king's pleasure, or
without a court-martial. But it is not during their own natural lives. Hence
in the power of any captain of acompany, dues d brevet ; dukes hy brevet : or to use
or other subordinate officer, to reduce a an expression more familiar to us,
per
serjeant without the sentence of a general sons who received the patent letter of a
ot reginrental court-martial. dukedom during their natural lives.* Bre
General Officers, are those whose vet likewisr signified a sum attached by
command is not limited to a single com order ofthe king to the sale ofa commis
pany, troop, or regiment ; but extends sion or place for the benefit of a deceased
to a body of forces, composed of several person's wife, heirs, or creditors : this
: such are the general, lieuten was called brevet de retenue. So that the
regiments
ant s eneral, major general, and brigadier word brevet, though limited to one sense
general ; on the United States establish amongst us, was applicable to rank and
ment we have three brigadier generals ; emolument among the French. Hence
and the territory of the United States breveter signified to give a person a com
consists of three districts, over each of mission, place, or employment ; to in
which a general presides. vest him with honorary rank ; or to au
Field O f f ic f r s , are such as command a thorise him to receive a pension. Brevet
whole regiment ; as the colonel, lieuten de capituine, signifies the commission, or
ant colonel, and major. rank ot a captain
Staff Officers, are all those officers Civil Officers belonging to tbe British
who are not attached to companies in a re laboratory at Woolwich :

giment ; whose duties extend over the O.e comptroller, one thief fire-master,
Whole ; or a large section, such as a bri one assistant fire-master, one inspector of

or division ; such as the quarter mas gunpowder manufactures, six clerks, one
gade
ter general, and the adjutant and inspec extra clerk, one surgeon, one inspector of
tor general, brigade officers, and aids-de artillery, one assistant ditto, one clerk and
camp, also the quarter masters, adjutants, draftsman, one clerk, one proof mas'er,
the physicians, surgeons, and'chaplains.
one searcher, one instalment keeper, one.

Subaltern Officers, are lieutenants, modeller, one assistant, one constructor of


cornets, andensnns. artillery carriages, one assistant to ditto,
Flag O f f 1 c e r s , are admirals who hoist one second assistant, and two clerks.
flags at the mast-heads. Officers belonging to the British mili
Sea Officers, are, in general, all tary repository at Woolwicb :

those who have any command in the navy. One superintendant, one modeller, one
The following observations, are general clerk, one draftsman, one astronomical
ty plicable every
a to other milit-ry situa observer at C reen wich sala nes u nknown
,
.

tion on service, that we reco ; mend them To these may be added, the officers be
to the serious attention of every officer. longing to the different out ports and gar
It is the duty of all officers, to take risons that are subject to the British go
notice of any negligence, or impropriety vernment .

of conduct, in the men, whether nn duty Commissioners and Officers ef thi


1
oroff'duty, although the person, or per B ritish hospital at Chelsea *
sons offending, should not belong to their | The civil department consists of :
patticular regiments. All neglests of du | The president of the council. First
are immediately to report to the lord of the treasury. The two secretaries
ty, they 1

officer commanding the guard ; and they of state. The paymaster general of land
;.re enjoined to confine, and to report to forces. The secretary at war. The two
the commanding officer of the regiment comptrollers of army accounts. The
to which they belom, any non-commis governor and lieutenant governor. Sala
sioned officers or soldiers, they may de ries unknown.
tect in disorderly practices, or vvhoappear The military department consists of :
out of their quarters, conducting them Governor. Lieutenant governor. Ma
selves either in point of behaviour or ap jor. Adjutant. Treasurer, who is the pay
pearance, in a manner unbecoming soldiers. master general for the time being. Depu
Brevet Officer, in the British ser ty treasurer, one clerk, two chaplains, one
OFF OFF 491

two clerks, one ceconomy and good order ot the corps to


secretary and registrar, which he belongs, or of those with which
to the out pensioners,
agent and paymaster he does mixed duty. The following re
one ph> sician, one comptrolk-r, one stew
ard, one surgeon, two surgeon's mates, gulations will explain the nature of that
one apothecary, one tiuss maker, one duty when troops are encamped:
wardrobe keeper, one comp The officers for daily duty in camp, in
whitster, one

ter of coal-yard, one organist, one clerk of dependent of guaTtis, will be a general or
the works, one master lamp-lighter, one generals ofthe day, according to the cir
cumstances and strength of the camp.
masrer butler, one master cook, one se
cond cook, two undercooks, one scullery In large camps there will be a lieutenant

man, one gardener,


one master barber, one general of the day, and a major generalfor
each wing, or one major general of caval
engine keeper, one clock ket-;ier, one canal of
keeper and turncock,one sexton,"ne usher ry, and one of infantry ; and majors
of the hall, one porter, one cellarman, brigade in the same proportion : a field
one master officer per brigade, and a captain and sub
two sweepers, one matron,
one master smith, one master altern of the day per regiment, and an
mason,
painter,and plumber.
one adjutant and quarter master of the day
Field Officers belonging to tbe several per brigade.
The general ofthe day is to superintend
regiments of militia in Ireland By
an act
the the regularity and discipline ofthe camp,
passed on the 24th of March 1801, in every particular : he is to visit the
nu-.'iber of field officers of this description
has been increased by adding one a ditional guards of the camp and the outposts (un
lieutenant colonel, and oneadditional ma less the latter are put under the command
of some particular officer) : he is to call
jor, to such ofthe Irish regiments as con out and inspect the inlying piquets, as
sist of ekht companies or upwards, and
one additional major to such of the said often, and at such times as he thinks
regiments as consistof seven companies or proper : he is to receive all reports in
under The followingcountiesxo.sist of camp, and make immediate communica
tion of any extraordinary occurrences, to
eight companies and upwards: Anttim,

the commander in chief.


Armagh, North Cork, South Cork, city of I
Cork, Donegall, city of Dublin, Galway, j The captain ot the day of each regi
ment superintends the cleanliness and
Kerry, Kilkenny, Xing' s County , County of';
Limerick, Londonderry, Lnuth Mealh, Mo- j regularity of the camp of the regiment :
he attends the parading of all regimental
nagban, Roscommon, Tipperary, Tyrone,
H%terford, and Wexford. The Carlow, \ guards, orders the roll to be called fre
Cavan. Clare, North Downshire, South j quently and at certain hours, and reports
Downshire, County of Dublin, Fermanagh, j every thing extraordinary tothe command
Kildare, Leitrim, ity of Limerick, Longford, \ ing officer
<

North Mayo, South Mayo, Queen's County, 1 The subaltern of the day assists the
Sligo, Westmeath, and IViciiow, regiments j capt lin in his various duties, and reports
consist of seven companies, or are under to him any irregularity, which may come,
seven companies. to his knowlege.
All such additional field officers, if The captain and subaltern of the day,
are each to visil the hospital at uncertain
qualified, in manner as field officers of the
same rank in the militia of Ireland are hours, the captain is to make his report of
now by law required to be, and not dis the state of the hospital tothe command

approved by theorlord lieutenant, or other ing officer of the regiment.


enief governor governors of Ireland, The regularity of the men's messing
within fourteen days after such certificate is an object of primary importance. The
shall have been laid before hun or them, captain or subaltern of the day must visit^
shall, to all intents and purposes, be and inspect the kettles, at th hour up-
deemed and taken as field officers of the pointed for cooking, and no kettle is to be
respictive regiments in the resoective taken from the kitchens till this inspec
ranks to which their commissions shall tion is made, and the signal is given
by
respectively appoint them ; and shall have the drum for the men to dine, which
the same powers according such com to should be at the same hour, throughout
missions respectively, that other field of the camp. Independent of this regimen
ficers in the militia now have, and shall tal arrangement, the officers of compa
have rank, and receive pay according to nies must daily and hourly attend to the
such rank from the dates of their respec messing and every circumstance of the
tive commissions, in manner and form as ceconomy of their companies, in camp
the field officers of the militia regiments more particularly than in
quarters.
tf Ireland are now entitled thereto. The adjutant ofthe day, of the brigades,
O f f 1 c e r in wailing. The officer next is to assist the brigade major in the vari
for duty is so called. He is always men ous details of it, and in the absence of the

tioned in orders, and ought to be ready for brigade major is to receive and execute all
the service specified, at a minute's warn orders ; it may frequently be necessary
ing. He must no., on this account, quit for him likewise to attend fornrders, at
the camp, garrison, or cantonments. head-quarteis. It is the duty ol thj;
Officer ofthe day. An officer whose quarter master ofthe day, of the br.gadc,
immediate duty is tp auend to the interior to attend to the cleanliness of the cajrp 5
492 OFF OFF
=

.; ,-

to take care that all broken


glass and filth tied individuals to the appellation of effi.
of all kinds is removed, for which the cier. Those ofa military or naval nature
were generally and specifically as follow:
quarter master of each regiment is re

sponsible, as far as the camp of his regi O v r 1 cl er de guerre, Fr. a military man
ment is concerned. or officer.

The officers on duty and those in wait Officier dans les troupes, Fr. any per
son holding a military situation in the
ing, as next for duty, who are always to
be mentioned in the orders ol the day, are army.
constantly to remain in camp, or within Officier general, Ex. a general offi.
their cantonments. No officer is, on cer.

any account, to sleep out of camp,


or Officier subalternc, Fr; a subaltern
cantonments, without leave. officer.
Officers making written report, are to Les hauls Officiers, Fr. Commis
sign them, specifying their rank, and the sioned officers.
regiments to which they belong. Les has Officiers, Fr. non-commis
All orders relating to the men are to be sioned officers.
read to them by an officer per company, Officier. de la garnison, F r. an offi
at the next parade after such orders are cer belonging to the garrison ofa town, or

given out. fortified place.


When there is a field officer ofthe day, OfnciLR en garnison, Ex. Any officer
it is his duty to visit all guards frequent in garrison.
ly during the day and night ; in the morn Officier <zk regiment des gardes, Ft.
ing, on the dismounting ofthe guards, he J an officer
belonging to the guards.
will collect the reports, and carry Orricif.i.sdlasuite,Er. Duringtheex-
to the governor or commandant, together
themj istenceofthe French monarchy a certain
with any observations he may himself. number of individuals were permitted to
have made, in the course of his duty in | wear the uniform of a regiment, without
the preceding day.' When there is no being otherwise connected with it. These
field officer ofthe day, the reports will be were divided into twoclasses, viz.
collected, and delivered to the governor, Officiers^ la suite d'un regiment, Fr.
by the captain of the main guard. Each j Officers nominally attached to a regiment.
'

regiment must have an alarm post assign- Of this description were the gentlemen
ed to it, to which it will repair in case of appointed by the German princes who
fire, or any other extraordinary alarm were in alliance with France. It is men
either by day or by night. tioned, as a fact, that before the French
Marine O f > i c t rs , all those who com revolution took place, there were 4- lieu
mand in that body of troops employed in tenant-colonels a la suite du rigiment Deun
the sea service, under the direction ofthe Ponis. The prince of that name having
lords of the admiralty. been permitted to extend this strange bre
OFFICAL, all orders, reports, appli vet to any number, provided the officers
cations, memorials, Sec. which pass so distinguished, never went into the town
through the regular channels of commu where the regiment lay, or interfered
nication, arc called official. with regard to quarters, &c.
Officier, i'V. See Offices. The other class consisted of noblemen
Officier sur terre, Ex. a land officer, and gentlemen, who were appointed by
or any commissioned in the land the court of Versailles, and received their
person
cervice. brevets from the war-minister. These
Officier du genie, Fr. an engineer. were called officiers a la suite de toute I'ar-
Officier sur mer, Fr. a sea officer, or mie ; or officers bearing brevet rank with
any commissioned person in the sea ser out being attached, even nominally, to
vice. The term, however, is not confin any specific corps.
ed to this class only, it likewise signifies This institution though extravagant,
the master, pilot, boatswain, S-c. of a was nevertheless calculated to maintain
ship, in which case the latter are called the preeminence of military passions, and
cjKcieis mariuiers, in contradistinction to to cherish those military ideas which, by
the former, who are stiled officiers dela ma- j thus becoming national, conduced in a
tine, or persons who have naval rank, and great measure to the present military
whose immediate business is to fight their character and triumphsof the French.
ships. These consisted, in the old French Officier dans la marine, Fr. an officer
service, of admirals, vice-admirals, lieu in the marine service.
tenant generals, commodores, captains of Officier^ marine, Ft. a marine of.
uhips, or post-captains, majors, captains ficer.
of light frigates," taptains of fireships, Officier murivier, Fr. See Offi
captains of stores or ordnance vessels, cier sur mer.
port- captains, to which may be added, O EF- Reckonings, a specific account so
capitaines ensecond, together with the lieu tailed, which exists between government
tenants and ensigns de vaisseau, whether and the colonels of British regiments for
actually employed, and bearing rank, or the clothing ofthe men. This account is
en second. There besides divided into two parts, viz. gross-off
being only were

various employments and situations under reckonings, and net off-reckonings.


u

->iuold French government, which enti-' C>fs O r i .reckjn'wgi consist of all ths
OFF O N 493

non-commissioned officers and out-match // se sont offusqul. He fecit,


pay ofthe
.

men, above the subsistence.


himself out-done.
private
Net Of ^-reckonings, are the produce of OGNON, Fr. literally means an

the gross off- reckonings, reserved for the onion. The word is sometimes usedin a
familiar manner by the French
clothing ofthe men, after the warrant de to ex

duction of one shilling in the pound, and press persons standing in a row. /.'.
cue day's pay of the whole regiment for eioicntious en rang d'ogucn. They all stood,
Chelsea hospital ; and also the deduction like a rope of onions, in a row.

of 2d. in the pound for the agent, are OGEE, ? in pieces of ordnance, an
made at the pay-office. The balance of OGIVE, S ornamental moulding, in
the pay of the officers, over and above the shape of an S, taken from architec
their subsistence, after the warrant de ture, and used in guns, mortars, and how
ductions are made, and the respited pay, itzers. See Cannon
if there is any, is charged to the officer, is O G I V E , (Ogive, Fr. ) I n Gothic vault*.
called clearings ; which are paid by the those arches are stiled ogives, or ojiees,
which cross one another diagonally. The
paymaster to the agent, who pays them
to the officers, and there finds his two- French likewise call them croisc's,d' ogives.
pences.
OI L. Every soldier should be suppli
Colonels of regiments either pay the ed with a given quantity of oil and emery,
clothier ready money, or allow him inte-
'
for the purpose of cleaning his a ras ac
est for forbearance. But no colonel can coutrements, Sec.
make a valid assignment of the off-reck OLYMPIAD, in chronology, thespace
onings, till the clothier has exhibited to a of four years, for on the 5th the Olympic
board of general officers, appointed by his games were celebrated in honor of Jupiter
maiesty for that purpose, the patterns of Olympius, near Olympia. The Greeks
each species of cloathing he is to provide ; began to use this cpocha a little before
which patterns are left with the secretary the building of Rome.
to the clothing board, at the office ofthe OLYMPIC Games, were instituted by
comptrollers of the army, and compared Hercules, A. M. 2856, in honor of Jupi
with sealed patterns, already approved by ter Olympius, at Olympia, acicy of Elis,
the king; and if found conformable in Peloponnesus. They were celebrated
thereto, are sealed by all the general offi every four years, about the summer sol
cers, who compose that board, in testimony stice. The design of them was to ac
of their approbation; and when the clo custom the young military men to run
thier has completed his clothing, ready to ning, leaping, and every other military ex-
be delivered, the inspector of clothing is
directed to view the said clothing, who OMBRE, (sicheral'ombre, Fr.) This
certifies in writing, that he has found it term is inuse among the French founders

conformable to his majesty's instructions of artillery, when they put the clay or
in quantity and quality; which cerrifi putty, which serves to form the cannon

cate, together with the colonel's assign moulds, out to dry, without making any
ment of the off-reckonings, is produced tire for the purpose.
by the clothier to the board of general of OMRA, or OMHRA, Ind. plural of
ficers, who pass the assignment ; but the ameet , a lord. They were persons of con

contract between the colonel and clothier siderable consequence in the dominions
is not laid before any officer whatsoever ; of the great Mogul. Some of then
nor is any account brought afterwards of had command of iooo horse, other*
the expence of that clothing. Clothiers 2000, and so on to 20,000 : their paj
provide clothing for complete regiments, being regulated according to the num
ber of their horses. The governors and
as
upon the establishment.
There are several other articles of ex- great officer:, of state vverc generally cho
pence defrayed out of the clothing fund, sen out of this body.
as the charge of package, of carriage by ON, a preposition frequently used in
land or water, of insurance, when sent military exercise. It precedes thos.
libroad, of interest, more or less, as the words of command which direct the
off-reckonings are paid, of fees of offices, change or formation ofbod.es of men upor
of clothing lost by desertion, of small ac. points that are fixed, viz.
coutremcnts, colors, drums, and other By companies in the left backward*.
contingent charges. The subsistence of wheel. The left pivot man of each com
the meH, allowed for clothing lost by de pany faces at this cautionary word,a,,d re
serters, is paid to the respective colonels ; mains a fixed point, w. which the rest wheel
and the off-reckonings only are included back when they receive directions so to
in the assignment. For the latest regula do. When the column ofccinpan.es is
tions on this head, see a Eritish woik call to be wheeled into line, the word on i*
ed Military Finance, page 196. equally understood to direct the movea
0 1 F U SQ U E R, Fr. literally means to ble parts of each company towards the
daiken; or conceal. Ce bailment est offl given pivot which faces, and remains ;.
ine par les /liaisons voisincs. This build fixed point. In the British drill instruc
ing is darkened or concealed from the eye tions, they say, to the left wheel into line ;
by the neighboring houses. It likewise but in the third part ofthe regulations to is
.signifies in ;. figuratlv - sen...*, to our-do or wh-jlly omitted, ajid the commanding olii-
" ' mi I i in ' " " n m r

494 OPE O P I

tag -

cer uses the term left wheel into line, and considerable extent andimportance. No
vice versa; the preposition on is here un man, in fact, be called a good general,
can

derstood : for it is evident, that in break or even an officer, who carries his views
so far forward as to venture
ing into column the component parts ofa upon a long
line wheel as much from a given point, as line of operation, without having previ
they do to a given one, when the column ously secured his line of communication,
returns into line. Whereas by using on, by a perfeel knowlege of the countries
or
understanding it to be used, when, for through which he moves, and having his
the sake of abbreviation, it is omitted, we flanks so thoroughly covered, that he may
preserve the true meaning of the preposi fall back or retreat according to circum
tion, keep the men in the recollection of stances. See Amer Mil. Lib.
the necessary adhesion, and shew, that OPINION. In military proceedings
whether you wheel backwards or for that regard the interior government of an
wards, from line into column, or from army, this word signifies decision, deter
column into line, there is one invariable mination, judgment formed upon matters
fixed point on which you move. It is that have been laid before a court-martial,
more proper to sav , on the right or left or court of
enquiry. Hence, the court-
forwards wheel into line, in lieu of to. martial having duly weighed
the whole
ON AGRA, (Onagre, Fr.) a warlike matter before them, are of opinion, that
machine, which was used by the ancients is not guilty of any part ofthe
to throw stones of different sizes. It is charge preferred against him .

mentioned by Vegetius. Opinion. Officers on courts-martial


ONDF.CAGON, a figure of eleven givetheir opinion by seniority, beginning
sides and angles. with the youngest in rank.
ONSET, assault, storm, attack. Opinion, abstractedly considered, may
OPEN, in military movements and bedefined an assent of the understanding,

dispositions is frequently used, but it is with


some doubt or distrust of the con
seldom applicable to any operations in trary. In a political sense, it is the ac
face ot an enemy ; the ranks, &c. on such quiescence of the mind to certain princi
occasions being generally compact and ples. In some instances opinion and prin
close. In formation, the word open is ->p- ciple are synonymous terms. Hence
posed to close, viz. open column, open French revolutionary opinions, or revolu
distance, open order. It also constitutes tionary principles.
part of a word of command ; as rear ranks Awarnf Opinion, (Guerted 'opinion,
take open order ; in opposition to rear ranks Fr. ) This expression has grown into fa
take close order. miliar use since the commencement of the
Open distances in column. (Distances French revolut on, and vvas never, per
entieres en colonne, Ex.) The intervals in haps, so strongly illustrated as by the
these cases are always
equal in depth to perseverance of the French people. Hence
the extent in front of thedifi'erent compo also the war commenced against France,
nent parts ofthe column. as fomented
by Burke and the emigrants,
Open fiank, in fortificatirn, that part was a war against the opinion, which over
of the flank, which is covered by the oril turned the corrupt abuses of the old
lon. See- Fortification. French monarchy," to color its atrocity it
O P E N I N G of trenches, the first break was called a war against jacobinism a

ing of ground by the besiegers, in order to war in support of religion and order a

war in
carry on their approaches towards the support of regular government
al length a war of extermination ; but ex
place.
OPERATIONS de guerre, Fr. See perience has shewn, that the influence of
Military Opebai ions. opinion is paramount to every considera
Military OPERATION. Military tion in life. Friend, parent, and relation,
operations consist in the resolute applica have given way to the superior calls of
tion of preconcerted measures, in secrecy, public duty, growing out of and sanc
dispatch, regular movements, occasional tioned by public opinion.
encampments, and desultory combats, or Opinion, Fr. This word is variously
pitt ed battles. used among the French, and as we have
Line of Operation. All the forward already observed, is now generally attach
movements of an army for the purpose of ed to the contest in which they have been
attacking an enemy, penetrating into a engaged for the maintenance of certain
country, &c. may be properly called a line principles that seem to have altered their
of operation. There is so intimate and so character. The nation at large, in fact,
necessary a connection between this line has taken up an opinion, grounded upon
and the line of communication, that no ar certain principles, which are diametrically
my can be in security, let its temporary suc opposite to those their forefathers had
cesses be what they may, without a strict implicitly followed for 1400 years. When
and unremitting attention being given to Great Britain formed a part of the well
their relative points of continuity and cor. known coalition, the preservation of the
respondente. The line of operation in a balance of Europe was the ostensible
siege is partial and extremely limited, so cause for entering into hostilities against
is that of communicaiion ; but upon the France; so that the war in 1792, Sec.
large scale of war these two lines are of j might not improperly be called a wjj
OPI O R A 495

the river, in order to


of
ot oolkv
policy political
y or
s/i necessity, as far
; his post, and passed commanded
powers ; ii; give captain Dalton, (who
,_..,! nnwr-rs L
it regarded the coalesced
^_ :
as
been, all along, | the detachmenit) some information
con-
but it hasunques.ionably The the ar tilllery ; some of the soldiers
a war of opinion on the other side. , cern.ng
\ seeing this, imaeined that he went away
-

French familiarly say, ll fout respecter


throug fear, and concluding, that things
I'opinion publique; le pcuvoir, Tempire, were wo^se than
Public opinion appeared to them, fol
{'influence de I'opinion. to ; the lowed his example and ran out of the en
must be respected or attended
the influence ot trenchment ; which the rest perceiving, a
power, the dominion, seized the whole, and they left the
L' est la reine du monde panic
opinion. opinion with the greatest precipitation, not
When
Opinion governs all the world. of the post
the allied armies under the command withstanding Jhey had the minute before
duke of Brunswick, in 1792, were within given three hiSS zas, on the retreat ot the
.,

a few days maich of Paris,


it was observ marattahs : a body of 3000 my sore horse,
who were drawn up on the bank, imme
ed by a firm adherent to the royal cause
:

telle force,
Que malgre Pair imposant d'une a craindre diately galloped into the bed of the river,
ou cembinai son, un avoit tout
and charging the fugitives with fury, cut
existoil un ennemi acombatlre,
down the whole party excepting 15 men :
pendant qu'il Thar not flushed with this success, they made a
aussi terrible qu'etoit I'opinion.
withstanding so formidable a force orcom- push at captain Dalton's division on the
was to be apprehend other side. All these motions succeeded
bin-'tion, every thing
one another so rapidly, that he had hardly
ed so long as that terrible enemy, opinion,
time to put his men on their guard; more
remained to be combated against.
OPIUM, juice, partly ot the resi
a especially as many of them had caught
of the gummy kind. It is the panic, from having been spectators of
nous, partly the the massacre of their comrades ; hovye ver>
brought from Natolia, Egypt, and of the bravest hearkening to his ex
East Indies, produced from the white some

garden poppy, with which the fieldsfirst


of hortations, stood firm by the artillery:
Asia are in many places sown. The their behaviour encouraged the sepoys,
effect of opium is making the person who who made a strong fire trom behind the
takes it cheerful ; it removes melancholy, low wall in their fiont, which accom
and dissipates the dread of danger. The panied by the grape shot of the four field
Turks always take it when they ate pieces, soon abated the ardor of the ene
going to battle : it afterwards quiets the my, and obliged them to retreat, leaving
some horses, whose riders fell within 20
spirits, eases pain, and disposes to sleep.
A remarkable instance ofthe powerful 111- yards of the muzzles of the guns : captain
fluei ce of opium over the natives of the Dalton then advanced a little way into
East is related Mr. Orrne, in his his the bed of the river, where he remaincc,
by
His words until he had collected the dead and
tory ofthe Carnatic, page 270. Not a man who escaped
arc : the enemy remained quietly until
the wounded.
intoxicated could give any reason why he quitted his
noon, when having sufficiently
themselves with opium, they began to post, all of them acknowh ging that at the
swarm out in great numbers ; but the
time when they took flight, only one man
field pieces (which were serv-d by Euro in the intrenchment was wounded, and
that they had nine barrels of ammuni
peans) kept them for some time at a dis tion
tance, every shot doing execution.
Du
OPPORTUNITY. In addition to
ring the cannonade a party of the nabob's
what has been said respecting occasion,
sepoys crossed the river, and taking pos
session of a small choultry, (an open which is nearly similar to opportunity in
house for the accommodation of travellers, I its import, we shall extract the following
so called in India) at a little distance 10 account of the latter, which was also ho
the right of the other, began to fire from nored as a goddess among the pa; ans.
this untenable post, upon which a body Opportunity was represented by them as a
of 300 marattah horse galloped up to at naked woman, withalong lock of hair be
tack them ; but before they arrived the fore, but bald behind, to intimate, that op
sepoy m 10 jk flight;
several of them were portunity it not laid hold on when ii c tiers,
soon slips away; alsostandim with one
cut t pietes, and the rest re-crossmg the
river ran into ihe city : the marattahs en foot on a wheel, and the other in tht air,
couraged by this success, (and
still flushed holding a sail in one hand, and a razor in
with th opium) now galloped up towards

th other ; her feet also being wingesi, and
the entrenchment of the great choultry. the wheel in continual motion, to intimate
where they were suffered to come so near, that
opportunity is always inconstant and
that several of them made use ot their in motion.
sabres across the parapet before the troops To OPPOSE, to act as an adversary
within gave fire, which then began, and se against another, to resist, &c. It likewise
conded by that of thr four pieces of cannon signifies to place as an obstacle.
On the other side of the river, killed and OPPUGN, To oppugn, is to attack
wounded a great number of men and by ton e of arms.
ORANGE. A term applied to those
hoists, and obliged tne nemy to retire in

oonlusion; in this Kistani an officer un- persons who adhered tothe Stadtholder.
adviedly took the reselutHm ot quitting IJ Hence, orange parry. The troops ot t*
496 ORD ORD
' " "

' ~ I I
'

. =====
I.

prince of orange were taken into British facing the battalion company to the
or

pay in Sept. 1799. right or left, and by marching to either


ORANGE mev. A title assumed by flank until the whole has gradually doub
the members of certain clubs instituted by led its original front. This mode is ex
the British government in Ireland; when tremely simple, and consists in nothing
the Irish or united Irishmen meditated to more than open order of files from the

rescue their country, in 1796, from Bri right or left. The battalion or company
tish dominion ; the orange men were after it has obtained all its relative distan
sworn to extirpate the catholics where- ces, and been halted, is fronted, and each
ever found ; and their atrocities surpassed rear rank man
springs into the vacancy on
the cruelties ofthe British in India, and the word of command Form rank entire.
the Spanish South America. Entire, when app'ed to rank, means a
ORB, in tactics, is the disposing of a straight line composed of half files. See
number of soldiers in circular form of Rank entire.
defence. The orb has been thought of con Extended order may likewise be taken
sequence enough to employ the attention without facing to the right or left. This
of the famous marshal de Puysegur, in is effected by every file moving
sideways
his Art of war, who prefers this position, a given distance ; say one
pact, or twenty
to throw a body of infantry in an four inches, which extent of ground a
open
country, to resist cavalry, or even a su man generally covers, from the centre file.

perior force of infantry ; because it is re The word of command in this case would
gular, and equally strong, and gives an be, battalion or company, maritime, from
enemy no reason to expect better success the centre by the side step to the right and
by attacking one place than another. left. The centre file stands fast match-

Caesar drew up his whole aimy in this halt.


form when he fought against Labi.-nus. ORDER Aims, a word of command,
The vvholearmy ofthe Gauls were form on which the soldier
brings the butt of his
ed into an orb, under the command of Sa- musquet to the ground, the barrel being
binus and Cotta, when fighting against held perpendicular in a line with the ri/ht
the Romans. The orb was generally side.
formed six deep. ORDERS, ina military sense, all that
ORDER. The arrangment or dispo is lawfully commanded by superior offi
sition of things in their proper place ; cers. Orders are given out every day,
custom or manner, rule or discipline, as whether in camp, garrison, or on a march,
order of march, Sec. by the commanding officer ; which orders
Ori>er of battb. The arrangment or are afterwards given to every officer in
disposition of the different component writing by their respective Serjeants.
parts of an army in one or more lines, ac Commander in chief's Orders. Such
cording to the nature of the ground, for orders as issue directly from the com.
ihe purpose of engaging an enemy, by mander in chief's office for the government
giving 01 receiving an attack, or in order to of the army a: large, or for any specific
Le reviewed, Sec. purpose. These orders are sanctioned by
Parade Oruir. When a regiment of the king, and are irrevocableelsewhere.
horse or foot, i. troop, or company is drawn General Orders, are such as are issued
up with the ranks open and the officers in out by the general who commands, who

front, it is said to be in parade order. gives them in writing to the adjutant gene
Close Order. When a battalion or ral, who first sends exact copies to the
company is commanded :o tak? close or general officers ofthe day, and distributes
der, at the word march, the ranks (sup them at his own quarters to all the brigade
posing the men to stand three deep) close majors, who daily go to head quarters for
within one pace, marching one and two that purpose : where they write down
paces and then haulting. So that close every thing that is dictated to them ; from
order in ranks comprehends an interval thence they go and give the orders, at the
of one pace between each. place appointedfor that purpose, to the
Open Order. When a battalion or different majors or adjutants of the regi
company is commanded to take open or ments which compose that brigade, who

der, on the word march, thedressers front, first read them to their colonels and lieu-
and the centre and rear ranks fall back one tenant.colonels, or majors, and then dictate
and two paces, each dressing by the right them to the Serjeants of companies (this is
the instant it arrives on the ground. So more frequently done by the serjeant
that open order comprehends an interval major) who write them correctly down in
of two paces between each rank. their respective orderly books, and bring
ExtendedORDZR, is preparatory to rank them to all the officers belonging to the
entire, and is frequently practised in light company.
infantry manoeuvres. In order to exe Garrison Orders, such orders and in
cute this movement the files ot a batta- structions given by the governor or
as are
1 on or company, standing two deep, open commanding officer of a town or fortified
from the given point, leaving just space place.
enough for one man. Sometimes, and Brigade Orders, orders which arc s-
indeed almost always, when the ground sued bv thegeneralscommanding, through
v.- ill
permit- extended order is taken by the brigade majors, to the several aciju-
ORD ORD 497

bri chapter, in the presence of their sove


corps that do duty together,
or are

gaded. reign.
such orders and Order ef St. Michael, instituted in
Regimental Orders,
instructions as grow out of general or gar I469, by Lewis XII. in honor ofthe im
rison orders, or proceed immediately from portant services done to France by that
the commanding officer ot a regiment. archangel at the siege of Orleans, where
he is supposed to have appeared at the
Standing Orders, certain general rules
and instructions which are to be invaria head ofthe French troops, disnuting the
bly followed, and are not subject to the passage of a bridge, and to have repulsed
temporary intervention of rank; of this the attack of the English, whose affairs
ever after declined in that kingdom. The
description arc those orders which the colo
nel of a regiment may judge fit to have order is a rich collar, with the image ot
inserted in the orderly books, and which that saint peri^-nt thereto ; with this in
cannot fife altered by the next in command scription: bnmensi tremor eceani.
without the colonel's concurrence. Order of the Holy Ghost, instituted by
Henry II. of France, in 1 578. The
Sailing Orders, final instructions
which are given to ships of war, and the number of knights are ioo, besides :he
commander in chief. sovereign, who is always grand-master.
authority given Order of St. Louis, instituted by Louis
Beating Order, an to
XIV. in the year 1693. This order has
anindividual empowering him to raise
men, by beat of drum, for any particular remained entirely in the possession of mi
regiment, or for service.
general It con litary men, ever since its institution, and
sists ofa warrantwhich is signed by the has been of singular usein keeping up the
secretary at war, or issued in his name, by spirit, and rewarding tljpservices, of those
the adjutant general, or adjutant and in who have distinguished themselves. The
number of knights is unlimited, being
spector of the army.
Alilitary ORDERS, are companies of given to every man of merit. The order
is a golden cross, with eight points, which
knights, instituted by kings and princes ;
either for defence of the faith, or to hang pendent to a broad crimson riband.
confer marks of honor on their military The motto is Bellies virtutis prcemium.
subjects. They are as follow : Order cf Mount Carmel, instituted by
Order of the Bear, a military order in Henry IV. in 1608.
Switzerland, erected by the emperor Order of St. Lazarus, is of a very
Frederic II. in 1213, by way of acknow- early institution, but has been often ne
legement for the service trw Swiss had glected, and as often revived, till Louis.
done him, and in favor of the abbey of St. XV. united the order of St. Carmel and
Gal. To the collar of the order hung a St. Lazarus in April 1722. The king
medal, on which was represented a bear, was sovereign, chief, founder, and protec
raised on a: eminence of earth. tor.

Amaranth, an order of military knight Order of the knights of Malta. See


hood, instituted in Sweden, by queen Malta.
Christina, in 1645, at the close of an an Order of the knights of the Garter. See
nual feast, celebrated in that country, and Garter.
tailed wirtschaft. Their device was the Order of the knights ef the Bath. See
cypher of amarante, composedof two A's, Bath.
the one erect, the other inverted, and in Order of the golden fleece, instituted by
terwoven together ; the whole inclosed by Philip duke of Burgundy, surnamed the
a laurel crown, with this motto, Dolce nel- Good, in 1429. See Fleece.
la memoria. Order of the Annunciation, instituted
Argonauts of St. Nicolas, was the name by Amadeo, count of Savoy, surnamed
of a military order, instituted by Charles the Green, in memory of Amadeo, the
III. king of Naples, in the year 1382. for fir^t earl, who had valorously defended
the advancement of navigation, or as some the island of Rhodes against the Turks.
authors say, merely for preserving amity The collar belonging to this order is of
among the nobles. They wore a collar of gold, and on it are these four letters, F.
shells, inclosed in a silver crescent, whence E. R. T. which means Fortitudoe jusRho.
hung a ship with this device, Non credo dum tenuit, with the figure ofthe annun
temp or i. ciation hanging to it.
Order of Calatraya, a
Spanish milita Okdeh of knights templars, instituted
ry order. It was instituted in 1 130 by at Jerusalem about the year 1118. Al
don Sanrio, of Toledo. The habit ot first there were but nine ofthe order, and
these knights is a black garment, with a the two principal nersuis were Hugo
red cross upon the breast. de Paganis, and Jeoflioy of St. Omer's.
Order nf Alcantara, a Spanish milita This order, atrer having performed many
ry order, ft was established by Eerdi- 1 great exploits against the infidels, became
nand the second, king of Leon and Castile, rich and powerful all over Europe ; when,
in 1 170. They wore a green cross upon ou the 22d of
May, 1312, the pope by h'u
their garment. j bull, pronounced the extinction of th-
Order of St. jfames, instituted by Fer order, and united their estates to the order
dinand II. in 1175. These knights had of St. John of Jerusalem. They tool;
the privilege of wearing their hats in the ,
the name of templars, because their firf.
3 R
498 ORD ORD

habitation stood near the temple dedicated on horseback, dressed the same, only
are

to our Saviour atJerusalem. with and boots, and spurs of


gloves,
course, with the sword-belt and sword.
Order of the
knights of St. Jago, insti
tuted by king Ramico, of Spain, in com They likewise have their pistols. When
an orderly dragoon or foot soldier is sent
.memoration of a victory obtained against
the Moors, AD. 1030. Their ensign is from one quarter to another, the time of
a redcross in form ofa sword. his setting out must be specified on the
Order of knights of the band, erected back of the letter which he carries ; the
by Alphonso, king of Spain, in the year diag< on must take care to bring his horse
1268. Their name proceeded from the in cool^dnroperty (unless he has been
red scarf, or lace of silk, sent on 'anyTpressing occasion) and
they
knights wearing a

the breadth of three which hung must both "return to quartrs


perfectly
on their left shoulder. Vk
incjug. sober.
Order of knights offhe Redemption, Ordeplies in general. It is the duty
erected in the kingdom ot Arragon, by of theserjeant-majors to see that the or
king James, who conquered the island of derlies are properly dressed and accoutred,
Majorca, in the year 1212. Their gar before thev are inspected by the adjutant,
ments are white, with a black cross there who parades them every morning in front
on. ofthe main guard, Sec. When private sol
Ord?r of Teutonic knights, established diers are chosen for orderlies in mixed du-
towards the close of the 12th century, f?7 the credit of the corps from which
and thus called, as chiefly consisting of they are taken requires, rhat they should
Germans, anciently called Teutons. be the best set up and the best behaved
in
Order
cflheWfghts of St. Stephen,duke men belonging to it.
stituted in the yeafi56i,by Cosmo, Orderly non- camntis sioned officers, arc'
of Florence. They wear a red cross with those who are orderly, or on duty for that
a border of gold. week ; who, on hearing the drum bett
Order of merit, instituted by Frederic fororders, are .0 repair to the place ap- -

III. king of Prussia, as a reward to those pointed to receive them, and to take dowiU
officers whose behaviour deserved some in writing, in the orderly book, what is
marks of distinction. The ensign of this dictated by the adjutant or serjeant-major ;
order is a golden star ot eight rays, ena they are then immediately to show thos?
melled with blue,which is worn appendant orders to the officers of the company, and
to a black riband, edged with silver : the afterwards warn the men for duty.
motto, Pour le mirite. OUberly book. Every company ha:
Order of St. Alexander Newski, ox the such a book in which the Serjeants writ:
red riband, which was instituted by Peter down both general and regimental orders,
I. emperor of Russia; but the czarina for the specific information of the officer.;
Catharine I. conferred it in the year 1725. and men. This book is provided by the
Order ofthe stole, an order of knights public.
instituted by the kings of Arragon. Oudsiit Diffw. The dmmmer tint
Oeiar of the golden stole, a Venetian beats orders, and gives notice of the ho;*.
military order, so called from a golden for messing, Sec. is so called.
stole, which those knights wore over their ORDINAI RE, Fr, The soldier's mess,.
shoulder, reaching to the knee, both be ing together is so called among the
fore and behind, a pzlm and a half broad. French.
None are raised to this order but patri ORDINANCE, or ORDNANCE, a
cians, or noble Venitians. It is uncer namegivento all that concerns artillery,
tain when this order was instituted. or engineering : thus, the commander in
Order of Maria Theresa* This order chief is called master general of the ord
was instituted in June, 1757, by the em nance ; and the next officer, lieutenant
press queen of Hungary. In 1765, an in general ofthe ordnance, inf. Bad of artillery %
termediate class, styled knights comman Ordnance. The British value of alt
ders, was added to the two classes that brass ordnance is at 84/. 171. or 371 dol.
Originally composed the order. SeeTnE- lars per ton, for the metal ; that is, th?
AESA. weight of the gun, and I2lbs. per. hun
ORDERLY Officer. See Officer o? dred weight for waste : to which is addti
THE DAY. for casting, on the total weight of meted
Orderly serjeant, } are appointed to at used, 64/. or 286 dollars per ton for light
Ordrrly men, \ tend gencal, or pieces ; 54/. or 240 dollars for medium i
other "iticers that are entitled to have them . and 44/. 195 1-2 dollars for heavy.
Or derlIt.\, the non-commissioned of Iron ordnance cost 20/. or 90 dollars jYj*
ficers and private men who do orderly duty ton. See also the words Guns, Mcr.
are so cailed. tars, Howitzers, Sec.
Orderly Serjeants when they go for or For the pfrof cf all kinds- of ordnance,
ders are sashed. see the word Proof.

Orderly corporals and orderly men wear ORDINARY TIME. Thisin the Bri.
their side arms, and carry a small osier tish service is the- slowest time inmarch-
switch or cane in their hands. Mi.; that is permitted to be used bv infan
In the dragoons, orderlv men, on foot, try, and consists of a pace which is 30
have their sword-belts and bayonets; and inches from heel to heel, and of which onv-'
O R I OVA 499

are to be taken in a minute. But there the abbot and some neighboring lords.
'5
is a manifest absuidity in having a dirte. When the Vexin country fell into the
hands of the French kings, they made the
rent length of pace; in the American the- principal bannerof their ar
service the pace in all time is 24 inches; I oriiiamme
of St. Denis, whom they
and the canary time is what the British mies, in honor
call quick time; and is in fact gay and;' chose for the patron and tutelary saint of
France.
lively, or the time of country dances.
<

ORDON NANCE. Fr. A warrant. ORILLON. See Fortification.


This word is variously used among the ORME, Fr. Elm. This wood was
French, viz. considered of such consequence by the old
is equal
Compagnics d'o sdonn.U'GE. Jmdcpen- French government, (and perhaps
f.ent companies, or such bodies of arrned ly so by the present) that a specific order
men as do duty by detached companies, was made ouflB 1716, enjoining all per
ans! arc not formed imo regular regi sons letting orTholding land in French
ments. Of this description were the gen Flanders, Artois, and Ilainault, to plant
be a
darmes, the light horse, and the nius- elm trees, in order that there might
constant supply in future of carriages and
quetecrs, under the French monarchy.
Ordonnakces, Fr. Orderly men, wainagc- for the artillery.
whether on foot or horseback. ORNAMENTS Military. Those parts
Okionnance, Fr. The dispqsiriop of the dress of a soldier whicii are more
or arrangement of troops for battle. for appearance or distinction than for abso
ORDRE, Fr. Parole and countersign lute use; as gorgets, plates for cross-belts,
so called. pouch oniHinents, &c.
Alter ,1 /'ordre, Fr. To go for the pa ORTEIL. See in Fortifi
cation.
B^m
'^*
role or countersign.
Re'cevoirl'oRURt, Fr. To receive or O RTHOG ON, any rectangular figure.
r.et the parole or countersign. ORTHOGRAPIUE, Fr. See Oie-
OrdRe que Ton d<>n>ie d la tranchie, Ex. THOCRAPHV.

Parol; and countersign together with spe ORTHOGRAPHY. Theartofdraw-


cific orders, which arc given out every ing or sketching out a work accordmg to its
night in the trenches. breadth, thickness, elevation, and depth.
ORD RES Aliiitairies, Ex. Military OSIER, a young willow twig, with
orders. which hurdles are made.
Nouveau x o r d r e s Fr.
,
E rcsh orders . O '>T A G E , Fr. See Hostage.
Ordres de mouvement. Marching or OTTOMAN. A name generally given
to the Turks, and to the Turkish empire,
ders.
ORGANIZATION of Troops. The from Ottoman, who was one of their mott
act of putting troops into such uniform celebrated emperors.
state of discipline, as may fit them to co OVATION, (so called ofa sheep, be.
on any service. cause the general who so triumphed, of
operate
ORGUES, thick long pieces of wood, fered pnly a sheep; whereas in the great
poinied and shod with iron, clear one of triumph he offered a bull) an inferiortosort
another, hanging perpendicular each by a of triumph allowed by the Romans the

-$ope, over a gate of a strong place


to be generals of their armies for leaser victories.
as over slaves, Sec. or when the war had
dropped in case of emergency.
Their disposition is such.th. t they stop nor been declared pursuant to military

the
passage ofthe gate, and are preferable usage. According to ls.ei.nett, in his Ro
to horses or portcullises ; because these man Antiquities, page 224, the word ova
tion is said to have derived its naine from
may be either broken by petard,
a or
stop-
ped, by different contrivances, in their shouting evion! to Bacchus ; but the true
falling down. But a petaid is uscjess original is avis. The shew generally be
; :a:nst an ergue ; for if it break one or two gan at the Albanian mountain, whence
' f the pieces, others immediately fall the geneial, with his retinue, made his
tlowi. and fill up the vacancy ^ entry into the city : he went on foot with
Orgue, (un Orgue, Et.) A term used many flutes or pipes, sounding in conceit
to express that arrangement or di -position as he passed along, wearing a garment of

ofa certain ouantity of musquet barrels in myrtle as a token of peace, with an aspect
a row, whicii by means e.t a priming train rather raising love and respect than fear!
of gunpowder, may be subjected to one V'/e have already observed, with Gel-
general explosion. This machine lias lius, that this honor was then conlerred on
been found extremely serviceable in the the victor, when either the war hid not
defence of a low fiank, a tenaille, or to been proclaimed in due method, or not
prevent an enemy from crossing tbe ditch undertaken against a lawful enemy, and on
ofa fortified place. a
just account ,- or when the enemy Plu was

ORIENT, Fr. Tile east. but mean and inconsiderable. But


ORI FLAAJME, Fr. The ancient ban tarch has delivered his judgment in a dif
ner belonging to the abbey of St. Denis, ferent manner: he believes that hereto
which the counts du Vexin, who pos fore the difference bctvvi-.t the ovation and
sessed the perpetual advowson of the ab- the triumph vvas not taken from the great
Tiey, always bore in the different wars or ness of the atchievements, but from the
contests that formerly prevailed between manner of performing them : for the-,-
500 O V E OUT

who, having fought a set battle, and slain Table f Explanation.


'

a great nnmberoftheenemy, returned vie-


z
tors, led that martial, and, as it were, cruel z. 0 Heads of each column.


procession of the triumph. But those
3'o
who without force by benevolence and ci 1 Regiments. 1 2 61 7 8
31 4
vil behaviour, had done r.he business, and 5|
I
prevented the shedding of human blood; j Pcnnslvania. 8 1 5 8 12 15! 10/23 2^
to these commanders custom gave the ho 4-
ovation. For a pipe
nor of this
peaceable Georgia. 8 2 6 '9 131620I2427
is theensign or badge of peace ; and myr
tle the tree of Venus, who, beyond any MassachuNri 8 3 10 14 17 21 2528
other deities, has an extreme aversion to
i
VideiPlut. in Marcell.
violence and war. Virginia. Wfe 4 7 11 l8,22 20
For a full account of this ceremony, as
well as ofthe Roman triumph, see Kennett, Total. 3-
page 224.
OVENS. The modern improvements N. B. The three blanks shew where
in the art of war, has beside making bis the overslaughs take place.
cuit, the common food of man and horse, OVERTHROW, total defeat, discom-
also introduced in the equipage of armies, fit^ire, rout.
ovei.s of cast iron, which travel with the OUESTe*. Occident,Ex. Oneofthefout
waggon train, and the bakers are classed
cardinal points ofthe world, or the west.
and under military discipline, in the per OURAGAN, Fr. A violent tempest.
formance of
theiijLmportant functions. OUTBAR, to shut out bv fortification.
The operations of aressing food in milita OUT-GUARD. See Out-posts.
ry camps, have been also improved by the OUTILS, Fr. Tools of eveiy descrip
introduction of count Rumford's process tion that are used by the artificers and
of boiling, roasting, and baking by steam ; workmen belonging to the artillery, Sec.
all performed by the single fire which Outils a mineur, Ex. Tools used in
heats the oven. mining.
OVERFLOW. See Inundation. OUTLINE, the line by which any
To OVERLAP, to overspread any pre figure is defined.
ceding object. In marching by echellon, OUTPART, at a distance from the
for the purpose of forming upon any given main body. See Out-posts.
OUT -posts, a body of men posted be
point, but particularly in wheeling from
column into line, troops may loose their yond the grand jguard, called out-posts,
relative distances by not taking ground as being without the rounds or limits of
the camp. See Posts.
enough ; when this occurs, the rear di
vision, company, or section, unavoidably OUTSIDE, mfencing, that part which
crouds upon its and it is is to the right of the line ot defence.
preceding one,
then said to overlap. When this happens OUTSIDE Guard, a guard used with
on service, the troops, so shut out, must the broad sword and sabre, to defend the
remain as serre-files, or reserve, to fill up outside of the position. See Broad
the intervals that will necessarily present sword.
themselves in action. But whether so or OUTWALL. See Revetement.
not, the line must, on no account, be de OUTWARD FACE, a word of com
mand for troops to face to the right and
ranged bv moving it to right or left.
OVERLANDRES, Fr. Small barges left from their centre.
that ply upon the Rhine and the Meuse. To OUT WING, to extend the flanks
To OVER-RUN. In a military sense, of an army or line in action, so as to gain
to ravage, to lay waste. A country which an
advantageous position against the right
is harassed by incursions, is said to be or left wing of an enemy. This manoeu-
vie or evolution is effected
over -run. ( by the move.
OVERSEER, an officer in the ord- ment on an
oblique line. See Movements.
nance department, who superintends the Out -works, in Fortification, are works
artificers in theconstructionof works, Sec. of several kinds, which cover the body
OVERSLAGH, as a military pbrase, of the place, as ravelins, half-moons, te
which isderived from the Dutch, to skip nailles, horn- works, crown- works, coun
over, will be better explained by the fol ter-guards, envelopes, swallow-tails, lu
lowing table. For instance, suppose 4 nettes, covert-ways, Sec.

battalions, each consisting of 8 captains, These out-works, not only cover the
are doing
duty together, and that a cap place, but likewise keep an enemy at a
tain's guard is daily mounted : if in the distance, and hinder his gaining any ad
first regiment the second captain is doing vantage of hollow or rising grounds ; aj
duty of deputy adjutant general ; and the such cavities and eminences may serve
4th and 7th captains in the second are act ! for lodgments to the besiegers, facilitate
ing, one as aid-de-camp, the otiier as bri 1 the carrying on approaches, and enable
gade major; the common duty of these , them to raise their batteries against the
three captains must be ova slashed, that is town. When outworks are placed one
skipped over, or equally divided among the before another, you will find a ravelin be-
j
other caotains. 1 fore the curtain, a horn-work before the
OX Y PAG 501

the
ravelin, and a small ravelin before
curtain ofthe horn- work; those works
which are nearest to the body of the place
must be the highest, though lower than
the body ofthe place, that they may gra PAAT, Ind. A promissory note.

dually command those without them, PACE. The common


pace is of no
and oblige the enemy to dislodge, if in determined length ; though made use of
possession of them. as a measure by most military writers.
OUVERTURE des partes, Ex. The In Germany, and amongst most of the
opening ofthe gates in a fortified town or northern powers, the pace is considered
place, according to specific military rules. equal to 2-10 of a Rhinland rood.
The method in all regular, governments is In France thej)ace is commonly reckon
too well known to require any particular ed at 2 1-2fefc-jfThe military pace is 2 ft.
explanation. In England it is usually reckoned at
Ouverture et fermeture des partes chez 21-2 feet.
les Turcs, Ex. There are certain laws and The geometrical pace is equal to 5
regulations among the Tunes, by which French royal feet ; 60,000 of which
the janizaries are entrusted with the keys make a degree of the equator. This
belonging to tbe gates of everv fortified makes the geometrical pace equal to 6. 102
town or place in which they do garrison English feet, and 5.6719 Rhinland feet.
riutv. The gates are always opened at For the military pace, see Marchi nc.
day-break by two or four janizaries There To PACE, as a horse does : allerd pas,
is a capigy or porter stationed at each Ex. There are four kinds of paces in the
gate. Whenever he opens the gate he manege, the walk, trot, gallop, and amble.
repeats, in an audible tone of voice, certain The last, more particularly, is called a
words in the praise of God and the sultan, j pace, or easy motion, wherein the horse
after which he returns the key or keys to ra Ses the two feet of the same side to

the janizaries, who carry them to the go gether.


vernor or commandant of the place. The PACHA. The captain pncha, among
closing of the gates is done with the same the Turks, is the chief admiral and super
solemnity. I intendant general of the marine. He gene
Ouverture de la trancble, Ex. tlie rally commands in person. The sailors
opening of the trench or trenches and soldiers of the military marine were
OUVRAGES, Fr. Works. See For- formerly called lavans or lavantis; the
TI FICATION. soldiers are now called galiondjis.
The
Ouvrage a come, E r. Horn work S ee sailors are Turks from the maritime
.

Fortification. towns, or Greeks from the Archipelago.


O u v R a a e d couronr.e, Ex. Crowned They are in constant pay. The soldiers,
work. See Fortification. or galiondjis, are all mussulmen, and only
Ouvraces detaches, pieces delachles, receive pay when ihey are in actual ser
Ex. See. Dehors. vice. We recommend to our milirary
OUVRIR, Fr. To open. readers an important work, which has
Osjvrir les rangs, Ex. To take open lately been published at Paris, and from
order. which they will derive considerable in for
En arriere, Oovrez vos rangs, Ex. mation respecting the Turks. It is inti
Rear ranks take open order. tuled, Travels in the Ottoman Empire,
S' aligner a rangs ouverts, Fr. To Egypt, and Persia, by citizen Olivier,
aligns or dress in line at open order. memberofthe French National Institute.
^/wOUVRANT. At break of day. PACKEV- Boats, small vessels that
A pones OUVRANTES. At the open sail from the different sea ports and carry
ing of the gates. passengers, mails, &c. and keep up a re
OUVRIERS, Fr. All sorts of arti gular intercourse with different places.
ficers and workmen employed in fortifica PADDY, Ind. Rice in the husk
tion, Sec are so called. whether drv or green.
OXFORD #/<?j. See Horse Guards PADSH'A, Ind. A king.
OXYCRAT, Fr. A certain portion of PAGEANT, in ancient military history,
vinegar to five or six times its quantity of a triumphal car, chariot, arch, or other
water. This mixture is frequently used like pompous decoration, variously adorn
on service, and in hot weather, to allay ed with colors, flags, &c. carried about in
the burning heat of
any inflamed part. public shows, processions, Sec.
(c is likewised employed to cool cannon, PAGES, mousses ou garcons, Et. Young
during an engagement, in very hot firing. lads of the description of English cabin
OXYGENE. The chemical base of boys, who learn navigation, and do the
vital air with which nitre is found to menial offices on board a French ship.
abound, and to which gunpowder owes PAGOD, Ind a general name given by
its rapid and perfect combustion. the Portuguese to the temph-s in the east.
King's or queen's Own, a term which has It alsodenotesa coin. See Pagoda.
been attached to some British regiments PAGODA, Ind. The place of wor
since tne revolution in 1688 Thus the ship among the Hindoos It is likewise
4th, which landed with William III. was the name of a gold coin of the value of
called the 4th, or Kind's Own. eight rupees. The English and Dutch
502 PAI PAL

coin pagodas. There are also silver seldom more than half baked ; which to-
pago
das struck at Marsingua, &c. with the I gether with the water it contains, increas-
Ugure some monstrous idol.
of ! es the weight, and consequently enhances
PAILS, madeof wood, withiron hoops the value. Add to this, that purveyors
and handles, hold generally four gallons, must unavoidably increase the expence of
and serve in the field to fetch water for the I rhe army by being obliged to employ a
use of
artillery works, &c. | great number of bakers, bakers' men,
PAILLASSES, Fr. Straw beds, com waggons, and horses. I adspendent of the
monly called paillasses. These are fur expence, it is evident, that the operations
nished by the barrack-department for the of an army must unavoidably be clogged.
accommodation of' sick soldiers. by the necessity, of providing quarters for
PAILLE, Fr. Straw. ^ these people, of having a quantity of
Les soldats vont a la P a i l l e; Fr. The hand-mills, and> of employing a certain
soldiers are going to the forge yard or de number of effective men to form detach
pot. This term is likewise used to signi ments for their security.
fy the indulgence occasionally granted to It is impossible to calculate the train of
soldieTS for exercise or necessary evacua robberies and inconveniences which grow
tions. Thus when a battalion has gone out of this system, the embarrassments it
through its manual, Sec. the commanding occasions to a general ; but above all the
officer gives the word a la paille. diseases, which bread, supplied in this
Rompre la Paille avec quelqu'un, Ex. manner, will always engender, and the
a figurative term,
signifying to quarrel or fatigue that the troops must necessarily
fall out with any body, in an open and undergo to get their rations. Were all
unreserved these mischiefs obviated, there is still
manner^,
P a 1 1. l e, Fr. likewise signifies any flaw another evil in reserve, which no precau
in metals. Cette lame est fine, mais ily a tion can set aside. This is the certainty
quelques pailles ; this blade is finely tem that an enemy may be under, with res
pered, but there are some flaws in it. La pect to your intentions and motions, by
tame de son ipie se cassa dl'endroit ou ily narrowly watching the establishment and
avoit une paille. The blade of his sword disposition of your ovens. Were 1, con
broke where there was a flaw. tinues the marshal, to adduce instances
PAILLER, Fr. Palearius. An an and facts ro corroborate these observations,
cient body of French militia. The sol I might dwell considerably at large upon
diers belonging to it were probably so call the subject. I do not hesitate to say,
ed either from the circumstance of their that much ill success, which is attributed
wearing straw in their helmets, in order to to other causes, proceeds entirely from the
know one another in action, or because provision and distribution of ammunition
they were accustomed to set fire to their bread. He even goes farther, tor he as
enemy's habitations, &c. with bundles of serts unequivocally, that soldiers ought
straw, which they always carried with sometimes to be enured to almost every
them for that purpose. The inquisitive species of privation, and instead qf being
may be more fully satisfied on this sub provided with biscuit, occasionally to re
ject by referring to Ducange's Glossary. ceive grain, which they must be taught
P AIN de Munition, Ex. Ammunition to bake upon iron pallets, after having
bread. In the folio edition of marshal bruised and made it into dough.-*-Mar-
Saxe's reveries, page 16, we find the fol shal Turenne has observed upon the same
lowing important observations on the sub subject in his Memoirs. Marshal Saxe,
ject of ammunition bread. He states that indeed, does not scruple to say, that al
bread never should be given to soldiers on though there might be plenty of bread,
active service, but that they should be ac he would, in conformity to the opinion of
customed to eat biscuits, for the following many good officers, suffer his men to feel
reasons :
Biscuits will keep a considera the want of it. I have, adds the latter,
ble number of years, and every soldier can been eighteen months successively ori
conveniently carry with him in his haver service with troops who during the whole
sack a sulCcient quantity for seven or eight of that period never tasted bread, and yet
days. Those officers who have served never once complained or hiurmcred. I
among the Venetians, will readily prove have, on the contrary, been frequently
tlie justness of this remark. But there is with others that had never familiarized
a species of biscuit, or hard baked bread, themselves to that privation, and who,
that never crumbles, (called soukari by the on the first appearance of want, were dis
Russians) whicii is preferable to any thing heartened. In consequence of which the
ofthe kind. It is square, and about the very nerve of enterpriseand hardihood was
thickness ofa nut, and takes up less 10cm broken, and nothing great could be under
than either bread or biscuits. taken.
Purveyors, who are interested in the bu The modern French armies have carried
siness, maintain a different opinion. They this idea to an astonishing extent and with
tell you that bread is best tor troops. success ; not only their troops in the field

Every man of experience knows the con are


supplied with biscuit, but their horses
trary ; for it is notorious, that contract, also.
or ammunition bread, is not made of PALADIN, Fr. A name given to
only
unwholesome ingredients, but that it is
j those ancient knights who were either
PAL PAN so:

what the French call comtes du palais, the ground, which is marked out for the
counrsof the palace, or were princes li encampment of an armv.
neally descended from Charlemagne, and Palissades ferries, palisades that
other old kings are shod with iron. They are used hi
PALANKEEN, Ind. a vehicle carried shallow streams and marshes to prevent
on the shoulders of four men, by means small craft from plying, or persons from
of a bamboo pole extending from each crossing them on foot.
end : it carries one person in a reclining PALKEE, bid See Pai.ankf.en.
posture: it has a canopy which is sup- PALL, a covering thrown over the
potted by a pole raised along the centre, dead. It is always used in military bu
from whence it is pendent on either side. rials.
The palankeens areof various kinds ; some PALLAS, in the Heathen my
a name

are shaped like a chair, irf which the per thology, which is given to Minerva, who
son carried sits : in others they recline or was looked upon as the goddess of war.

sleep, and frequently journies of 2000 PALUDAMENTUM, (Chlamys)


miles are thus performed. among the -ncients, a garment worn in
PALEAGAS, Ind. SeePoLYGARS. time of war by the principal men of Rome,
PALANQUE, Fr. a kind of fortifica especially the generals, who were called
tion, so called in Hungary. It is made for that reason paludati. The soldiers,
of stakes driven into the ground, interlac having only short coats, called a sagum,
ed with twigs, and covered with earth, were denominated sagati.
and serves to stop the progress of an ad The paludamentum was open on the
vancing enemy. sides, coming down no lower than the
PAL/ESTRA, in Grecian antiquity, a navel, and had short sleeves. 1 1 was either
public building, where the youth exer of a white, purple, or red color, and
cised themselves in the military art, wrest sometimes black. Kennett, in his Roman
ling, running, playing at quoits, Sec. Antiquities, page 313, says, the old pdlu-
PALEE, Fr. The row of piles upon damentum of the generals was all scarlet,
which a wooden bridge is consiructed, is only bordered with purple ; and the chla-
so called. mydes of the emperors were all purple,
PALESTRE, Fr. a wrestling place, commonly beautified with a golden or
or exercising ground. It comes from the embroidered border.
Latin, and was originally derived from the PAN, the side of a rectangle or irregu
Greek. lar figure.
PA
LfS, Fr. the rows of small pointed Pan, likewise means the distance
stakes, which serve for any species of in- which is comprized between the angle of
closure, are so called. The term palis. the epaule and the fianked angle in forti
xade is derived from it. fication. See Face of a Bastion.
PALISADES, or PALISADOES, in Pan, aname well known among the

fortification, stakes made of strong split shepherds of antiquity, and frequently


wood, about nine feet long, six or seven used by modern writers in their rural fic
inches square, three feet deep in the tions In military history it signifies a
ground, in rows about 2 7-2 or three man who was lieutenant
general to Bac
inches asunder, placed in the covert- way, chus in lils Indian expedition. He is
at three feet from and parallel to the pa recorded to have been the first author ofa
rapet or side of the glacis, to secure it general shout, which the Grecians prac
from surprise. tised in the beginning of their onset in bat
They are also used to fortify the ave tle. See Panic
nues of open forts, gorges, half mocns, Pan, that part of the lock of a mus
the bottoms of ditches, and, in general, quet, pistol, Sec. which holds the priming
all posts liable to surprise. They are powder.
usually fixed perpendicularly, though PANACHE, } Fr. a plume, a bunch
some make an angle inclining towards the P ANN A CHE, S of feathers.
ground next the enemy, that the ropes Panaches fiottans, Ex. nodding
cast over them, to tear them up, may slip plumes.
off. Pannaches likewise signifies in archi
Turning Palisades, are an invention tecture, the triangular part of an arth that
of Mi. Cohorn, in order to preserve the contributes towards the support ofa tur
palisades of the parapet of the covert- ret or elevation which is raised above the
way from the besiegers shot. They are dome of any particularedifice.
so ordered, that as many of them as stand PAN CARTE, Fr. an ancient exereise
in the length of a rod, or about ten feet, or tournament, which was
performed in
turn up and down like traps, so as not to the Roman amphitheatre, when strong
be in the sight of the en my, rill they just athletic men were opposed to all sorts of
bring on their attack ; and yet are always enraged animals.
ready to do the proper service of palisades. PANDOURS, are Hungarian infantry.
Palissades, Fr. See Palisades. They wear a loose garment fixed tight to
Palissades decamp, Ex. several pieces their bodies by a girdle, with great sleeves,
of wood so arranged and tied together, that and large breeches reaching down to their
t.re? jrrray \ri.h great vft'p.iuh bo fixed in ancles. They use firearms, and are ex-
"?r-jr : nnrksmeri : tlrey also wear a kind
mw

504 PAN PAR

of sabre, near four feet long, which they

pie of a circular form, dedicated to all the


use sv ith great dexterity .
gods. The name has been adopted among
PANIC, > sudden consternation modern nations from the Pantheon of an
PANIC fear, $ which seizes upon! cient Rome, built by Agrippa in his
men's fancies without any visible cause; \ third consulate, and dedicated to Jupiter
a needless or ill
grounded fright. The Ultor, or Jupiter the avenge. There
reason
why these terrors are attributed to; is a chapel in the Escurial in Spain, call-
Pan, was, as some say, because when ed Pantheon, of marble and jasper inlaid:
Osiris wis bound by Typho, Pan and the whole inside is of black marble, ex
the satyrs appearing, cast him intoa fright; ! cepting the luthcrn, and some ornaments
or because he frightened all the giants -, of jasper and red marble. The- Pantheon
that waged war against Jupiter : or as at Paris during the progress ofthe French
others say, that when Pan was Bacchus's I revolution, has been appropriated to na
lieutenant general in his Ii.dian expedition, tional purposes ; the" names and busts of
being encompassed ina valley, with an ar the most distinguished statesmen and ge
my of enemies, far superior to them in nerals being preserved therein as marks of
number, he advised the god to order his, public gratitude, and objects of public
men to gise a general shour, which so sur emulation. There is a building in Lon
prised ihe opposite army, that they im don that bears the name of Pantheon, but
mediately fled from their camp. And that is all. Itis private pioperty, and the
hence it came to pass, that all sudden only public use to which it has been ap
fears impressed upon men's spirits, with propriated, has been that of operatical spe
out any jusi reason, were, by the Greeks culation, masquerades, or frivolous enter
and Romans, called panic terrors. (See tainments.
Polyasnus Stratag. book i.) The custom PANTOG RAPHE, Fr. a mathema
of shouting seems to have been used by tical instrument, which serves to copy
almost all nations, barbarous as well as all sorts of drawings. The French have
civil; and is mentioned by all writers who paid great attention to the improvement of
treat of martial affairs. Homer has seve- j this instrument, of which a minuie des
ral elegant descriptions of it, particularly j cription may be found in Cours de M.itbi-
one in the fourth Iliad, where he resein- i tnatiques, by Pere Deschalles. Bur the
bles the military noise to torrents rolling' sieur Panglois brought it to such perfec
with impetuous fierce from the mountains I tion in 1750, that it is become universally
into the adjacent vallies. We have like useful. j
wise ha>1 our war-hoops. PANTOMETER, an instrument used*
PANIER d mine, Et. See Bolrri- to take all sorts of angles, distances and
fiUET. elevations. It was invented by the an
PANIERS./V. Baskets. Figurative cients, but has been greatly improved
ly, un a leaky vessel, or one
panfer perce, since. .

wh;-> keep a secret. A dangerous:


cannot PANTOMETRE.fr. See Pa k to-
man in society : and in military concerns, I met e r .

one who ought to be particularly P A P I E R de cartouche, Fr. Paper used


guarded;
against where discretion and confidence! for cartridges.
are mcessary. Papier gris, ou Papier brouillard,
PANIQUE.fV. See Panic Ex. Whited. brown paper.
PANNE, Fr. literally means shig, P a p 1 e R s et enseigne mens, Fr. All the
plush, &c. and is properly a sea term, papers and manuscripts which are found
signifying t'> lie to, metric en panne. It is on board a ship are so called.
likewise used in a military sense, to ex PAQUEBOT, Fr. a modern French
press the steady posture of troops who are term, derived from packet-boat, which
drawn up for battle, and wait an enemy's see.
attack. La troupe est reslie en panne. The PA RABO L A, ingeometty, a figure aris
squadron remained immoveable. ing from the section of the cone, when cut
PANNEAU, Fr. Trap, snare. by a plane parallel to one of its sides.
Donner dans le Panneau, Fr. to be From the same points of the cone, there
ensnared, or outwitted. fore, only one parabola can be drawn ; all
PAN .nIELS, in artillery, are the car the other sections within these parallels
riages which carry mortars and their beds being ellipses, and all without hyperbolas.
upon a march. Properties ofthe Parabola 1 he square
PAN NON C E AU, Fr. an ancient term, of an ordinate is equal to the rectangle of
which vvas used to signify ensign or ban. the abscissa, and tour times the distance of
tier. the focus fiom the vertex.
PANOPLY, complete armor or har The perpendicular on the tangent, from
ness. the focus, is a mean proportional betweat
PANSEMENT, Fr. The dressing of the distance from the vertex to the focus,
wounds. and the distance of the focus from ihu
PANSER, Fr. to dress a wound. pout of contact.
Panser, Fr. in farriery, signifies to All lines within the parabola, which arc
rub down, and otherwise to take care cf a drawn parallel to the axis, are called dia
Vile..'. l meters.
PANTHEON, in architecture, a tern- f The parameter of any diameter is aright
PAR PAR 505

that the product un To Parade, to assemble in a


line, of such a nature | pre-
der the same, and the abscissa, are equal | scribed regular manner, for the purposes
to the square of the semi-ordinate.
i of being inspected, exercised, or mus
The squares of all ordinates to the same tered.
diameter, are to one another as their ab To Parade. This word is frequent
scissas. ly used as an active verb, with respect
Cartesian Parabola, is a curve of the to military matters, viz. to parade the
second order, expressed by the equation guard, Sec. It has likewise been adopted
d. containing in Ireland to express the act of calling
vj =ax^ -f- bx2 -f- ex -f- The
out a person in an affair of honor.
four infinite legs, being the 66th species
Irish familiarly say / shall parade the

of lines of the third order, according to


ssir Isaac Newton : and is made use of by gentleman to. morrow morning in tlie Phoenix
Park.
Descartes, in the third book of his geo The French make use
of equations of Parade, Fr.
metry, for findingthe roots of this term in various ways.
six dimensions by its intersections with a
circle. Parade, Fr. Show, ostentation.
Lit de Par ade, Fr. Bedof state.
Diverging Par/bola, a rame given Cheval ^.Parade, Ifr. a horse fine
by sir Isaac Newton to five different lines ly caparisoned, and kept for show.
of the third order, expressed by the equa
Parade, Fr. in fencing, the act of
tion yy= <-*3 + bx2 -J- ex
-J- a
parrying a thrust or blow.
PARABOLE, Fr. See Parabola. Parade, Fr. the place or ground
PARABOLOIDE, Ft. See Para where soldiers parade.
bolic Conoid. Se mettre en Parade, Fr. to take one's
PARADE, originally consisted of a gr.uind.
surround
tiquare court before cathedrals, Faire la Parade, Fr. To do parade
ed with piazzas or porticoes for persons to duty.
walk under, being supported with pil Monter la Parade, Fr. To take part
lars. It is now usedin a military sense, in the revular line ot parade.
to signify any place where troops assem Parade, Fr. in fencing,
Afanquer sa

ble, and may be distinguished in the fol to miss one's party.


lowing manner : Etre hors de Parade, Fr. to
parry
General Parade, the place where wide, or stand exposed.
soldiers belonging to difterent corps are Paradis, Fr. that part ofa harbor
drawn up, according to senority, to mount in which vessels may ride with the great
guard, or to be exercised, &c. est safety.
Regimental Parade, the place where PARALLELES, Fr. Parallel lines
any particular regiment orcorps is formed in fortification are so cal led. See Paral
in line, Sec. lels.
Private Parade, any spot selected, in PARALLELS, ataseige, the trenches
general by each captain ofa troop or com lines made parallel to the defence of
or

pany, for the inspection of his men, pre the place besieged : they are also called
vious to their being marched off to the lines of communication, and boycaus.
regimental This parade is like
parade.
wise called company or troop parade.
Parallels, or places of arms, are
deep trenches 15 or 18 feet wide, joining
When troops are encamped, the general the several attacks together. They serve
and regimental parades are usually in front to place the guard of the trenches in readi.
ofthe line of tents; each regiment hav ness to support the workmen when at-
ing its quarter-guard opposite, and the I tacked. There are usually three in art
space between being sufficient to allow of j attack ; the first, about 300 toises, or
the free exercise of the battalion. The 600
j yards, from the covert- way : the 2d
companies have their private parades in and 3d, nearer to the glacis;
the several streets of the camp. PARALLELIPIPED, (Parallelope.
Parade, in camp, is that spot of pide, Ex.) one of the regular bodies of
ground in the front of each encampment, solids, comprehended under six rectangu
between the camp colors, on the right lar and parallel surfaces, the opposite
and left wings. ones whereof are equal.
Aloruing Parade. In every garri son Tim une Parallels, Fr. verbatim,
town, fortified place and camp, as well to draw a parallel. To make a direct
as in every town through which solders communication between one trench and
a certain hour
pass, or occasionally halt, another
;n the morning is fixed for the assembling
PARALLELISM, the situation or
of the different corps, troops, or compa-
quality whereby any thing is denominated.
nies, in regular order. parallel.
Evening Parade. The hou r general .

PARALLELISM ofa march .^ Ir. or


Iv fixed for the evening parade is at sun- der to ofa march
preserve the
s'jt. When troops are encamped, the in the movement otparallelism
is given from
troop.., each battalion
Mgnal for evenmg parade must be kept perpendicular to the direc
ihe nark of artillery, by the discharge of tion it marches
upon, the whole of the
which is ca'.ed the
a
pieceof ordnanc, sever;.l hitta'ions in one straight J'-ne, ar-:
'eninggun.
506 PAR PAR

their several marching directions parallel I brrs, ready to be moved to any point
to each other. The first battalion or line where their assistance is necessary.
becomes the regulating one, and must be Whenever the first line breaks, and ma
regarded as infallible; and from the mo noeuvres bv its right to face to the left,
ment that its direction is' ascertained, or by its left to face to the right : the move

the commander of each other, and their ments of the second line are free and un
directing Serjeants, are to consider their embarrassed, and it may turn round the
movements as subordinate to it, and to manoeuvring flank of the first line, and
It is the helm take its new position behind it,
conform accordingly. by extend
which guides the line, and must not ing itself parallel to that direction, how
change cadenO ; nor will it increase or di- oblique soever it may be.
miivsh its speed, bur from unavoidable The central movement generally requir
necessity, andbv particular order. ed from the second line to conform to that
The instant communication ofthe word of the first, is equivalent to that line
march is particularly important, that marching in two columns of platoons,
the advanced guides of the whole may from near the centre obliquely tothe front,
step off together, and thereby maintain and from that situation forming to bo'.h
their line parallel to the one they quitted, flanks.
and which becomes the principal guide The movements of the central columns
for their battalion? ; each preserves its six being well understood, those ofthe bat
paces from its advanced vuide; this talions ofthe wings, are similar in twa
distance is to be kept by, and lines.
depends on,
the replacing officer next to the color, The officer commanding the second line,
who covers the directing guide; and if must always be properly informed of the
these trained guides do step equally, nature of the change to be made by the
and in parallel directions to each other, first, that he may readily determine his
they must be dressed themselves in line, corresponding movements.
and of conseq uence the centres of their fol It requires much attention to conduct
lowing battalions. heads of battalion columns of both lines
Parallelism and distance to be ob nearly parallel to their lateral ones, and
served in the formation and movement of perpendicularly, or dia.onally to front or
any considerable body of troops. It is laid rear, according to the natureof the move
down as a general maxim, that no con ment. To determine with precision, and
siderable body should ever be formed in due time, their points in the new line,
without a proportion of it being placed in that wavering and uncertainty of march
reserve ox in second line, and more or less may be avoided. In great movements to
according to circumstances. The move allow the soldier every facility of motion
ments of such second line will always without increasing the distances of divi
correspond with those of the first, and it sions, and to require the most exact at
will always preserve its parallelism and tention on entering the new line, and in
distance. forming. To avoid obstacles in the course
If the first line makes a flank or central of inarching, but as soon as possible to
changeof position, the second must make re enter the proper path of the column,
a change also on such point as will bring while out of that path, thecolorsofth.it
it into its relative situation. battalion column may be lowered, (as a
The march of the second line in front, mark for the neighboring column, not to
is regulated by its own division or bat be then entirely regulated by if) andagaih
talion of direction, which moves relative advanced when it regains its proper situa
ly to that of the first line. In forming in tion.
line it will march upon its own points All the battalions of a second line,
which are parallel to, and ascertained in must at the completion of every change

consequence of those of the first. of position, find themselves placed in the


W hen the lines break into columns to the same relative situation with respect tothe

front, the second will generally follow ! first, as they were in before the com-
those of the first. When the march is I mencement of the movement.
to the flanks, the second line will com All changes of position of a first line
pose a separate column, or columns. are made according to one of the modes
When the march is to the rear, the second ! already prescribed : in general, in critica;
line will lead in columns. . ! situations, they are maeie on a rixed flank,
The distance betwixt the lines, may be or central point, and by the echellon
in general supposed equal to the front of march of platoons orechellons of smaller
one or two battalions, and an interval.
1
sections than platoons, where ground and
The second lines are seldom composed jother circumsiances require it; and the
of as many battalions as the first; they echellons may upon occasion be each
'
are often divided into distinct bodies, marched in file, but keeping its position :
covering separate parts of the first line, : but the movements ofa second line bcin-;
I
and consequently preserving a relative protected, more complicated, andembrac-
I i ng more ground, arc made by the march of
parallelism and distance.
Second lines should notalwavs remain battalion columns regulated by a certain
extended, they may often be termed in determined division of the line.
cnluran of battaiious, or of greater num. In all cases where a change of position
PAR PAR 507

is made on aflank or central point of the ing invented them does not entirely rest
the movement of its correspond with him, since the Marquis dela Fond,
first line, director of the fortified places upon the
ing point ofthe second line determines the
coast of French Flanders, and M. de Ver-
new relative situation of that second line.
Movements Parallel with a line of ville, chief engineer at Rocroi, have like
wise mentioned them.
fire. Movements are said to be parallel
with a line of fire, when one or more PARASANG, (Parasange, Ex.) an
lines march either in the rear of troops ancient Persian measure, bring usually
engaged with an enemy, or in face of an thiity, sometimes forty, and sometimes
fifty stadia or furlongs.
enemy, who is advancing toartack. The
PARC d' artillerie, Fr. See Park os
greatest accuracy and order are req ired
on both occasions, particularly on the Artillery.
latter; for if the second line, which is PaRc, Fr. See Park.
the Ime of support, does not preserve its Le Commissaite du Parc, Fr. The
commissary belonging to the park.
perpendicular direction with respect to
every leading point, and its relative pa Le P arc des munitions et des vivres, 1- r,
rallelism and distance with the line en The park of stores and provisions.
P arc d'Hbpital. See Hospital.
gaged, according to circumstances, it will
Parc des vivres ou quart ier des vivres,
not
only-run the risk of becoming useless Fr. Park of provisions, which see.
itself", but will in all probability endan
ger the line it covers, should any sudden PARCOURIR, Ft. in a military
necessity occur for a chanee of position. sense, to run over the ground during an
PARALLELOGRAM, (Parallelo- action. This word is particularly appli
gramme, Fr.) a plain figure bounded by cable to those movements which are made
four right lines, whereof the opposite are by general officers, officers commanding
parallel one to the other. It likewise brigades, Sec. for the purpose ofencou-
means an instrument composed of five , raging their soldiers in the heat of an en
rulers of brass or wood, with sliding gagement.
sockets, to be set to any proportion, for Parcourir de rang en rang, Fr. to run
the enlarging or diminishing any map or up and down the ranks, or fiom rank to
draught.
To paralyse. !
j rank.
PARALYSER, Fr. PARDON, forgiveness, remission.
In
A term frequently used by the French military matters this word must be
since the revolution, to express the bad understood in two senses, viz. ina limit
effects of a factious spirit, Sec. Un seal ed one, when it affects a culprit who
fiactijux quelque fois paralyse toute une ad has been sentenced by a general court-
ministration ; one factious man will some martial, to receive punishment ; and in
times rei ider t he designs of a whole admin a more extensive one, when the punish

istration abortive. ment is the consequence of" a regimental


PARAMETER. See Gunnery and decision. In the former case, the presi
Projectiles. dent only, through the war department,
PARAPET, in fortification, an ele can pardon or remit the punishment; in

vation of earth, designed for covering the the latter, the colonel, or commanding
soldiers from the enemy's cannon, or officer, has a discretionary power.
small shot ; its thickness is from 18 to 20 PARER, Fr. to parry,
feet ; its height 6 on the inside, and 4 ot P arir a toutei feintes, Fr. To parry
5 on that side next the country : it is to all feints.
raised on the rampart, and has a slope PARK, of artillery, should always be
called the superior talus, or glacis ofthe placed if possible within a short distance
parapets, on which the troops lay their of water carriage; and have the most
arms to fire over The slope renders it ready communication with every part of
easy for the soldiers to fire into the ditch. the line ofthe army. Its form must de
It has a banquette or two on the inside on its situation. Ten feet are usual
pend
for the troops who defend it, to mount ly allowed in front for one carriage and
upon, for better discovering the country, its interval, and near 50 feet from the
the ditch, and counterscarp, to fire as they hind wheels of the front row to the fore
iind occasion. wheelsof the second; this inteival should
Parapet ofthe covert-way, is what allow sufficient room for putting the
covers that way from the sight of the ene horses to the carriages, and for a free pas
my ; which renders it the most danger sage along the line. In parks not on im
ous place for the besiegers, because ofthe mediate service, it is customary to ar
neighborhood of the faces, flanks, and range theguns with their muzzles to the
curtains of the place. front ; but where the guns are likely to
PARAPETS en forme de crimaillere, F r . be wanted at a short notice, appearances
Parapets which are so constructed within, must not be studied, and the gun carriages
in the form of a saw, that one of the faces must be parked with their shafts to the
of the redans, or teeth, is perpendicu front, ready to receive horses to them.
lar and the other parallel to the capital. A quarter guard is placed in front ofthe
The chevalier Clariac, in his lnglnieur de park, and the non-commissioned officeis
Campagne, has given a particular account and gunners' tents on the flanks, atabovit
of those parapets. But the merit of hav 20
paces distance ; and 4. paces to the
508 PAR PAR

fearof the subaltern officers ; at io more be shot, to bind the handkerchief over his
to the rear the captains, and io more the eyes.
commanding officer. The mess tent is PARRYING, the act ion of warding off
15 in the rear ofthe officers. At a con the push or blow aimed at one by another.
venient distance, in the rear of the whole, Etre d la Part, Ex. a marine term
are the horses, picketed in one or more among the French, signifying, to share
lines, with the drivers on their flanks. in the prizes which are made against au
Ti e horses are sometimespicketcd in lines. enemy.
perpendicular to the front, and on the PARTHENI./,a word derived from
flanks ofthe carriages, between the men the Greek, signifying virginity. In
and thecarriages. S.eCAMPand Artil it refers to a particular
military history
lery in the Field. Am. Mil. Lib. circumstance which occurred among the
Park ef provisions, a place ina camp, ancients. The Spartans having been at
on the rear of every regiment, which is war with the Messenians for 20 years,

taken up by the sutlers who follow the and having by that means very much de
army with all sorts of provisions, and sell populated their country, and apprehend
them tothe soldiers. ing that if this war continuad, it might
PARLEMENTER, Fr. to parley. eventually strip Sparta of all its male in
The French familiarly say, Villequipar- ! habitants, they sent some of their young
'

letnente est a demi rendue ; a town whose men from the army into the city, with
governor parlies may be said to be half licence to be familiar with as many un
given up. married women as they would ; and the
PARLEY, oral treaty, talk, con children begotten by them in this manner
ference, discussion by word of mouth. were called Partheniae, on account ot the
To Parley, in military matters, to uncertainty who were their fathers. At
enter into conference with your enemy. the end of the war this brood were deemed
This is done by means ofa flag of truce. bastards, and were denied the bearing of
See Truce. any7 office in the government, &c This
To beat a Parley, is to give a signal j unjust exclusion enraged them so much,
for holding such a conference, by beat ot j that they conspired with the slaves to
drum, or sound of trumpet. See Cha-! destroy all the nobility ; but on the dis
MADE. covery of their plot, they were driven
j
PAROLE, in a military sense, the out of the city. After which, being
promise made by a prisoner ot war, when headed by Phalantus, a bold and enter
lie has leave to go any where, of return prising son of chance, they travelled into
ing at a time appointed, or not to take up Magna Grecia in Italy, and built Taren-
arms, if not exchanged . tum. Bailey's Diet.

Parole, means also a word given out PARTI, Fr. See Party.
every day in orders by the commanding P arti -Bleu, Fr. any party of armed
officer, both in camp and garrison, in men who infest a country, and have no
order to know friends from enemies. regular permission to act offensively.
PARQUER.fr. This word, which Prendre le Parti, Fr. to take a part.
signifies to lodge and place any thing in a Prendre son Parti, Fr. to come to a
convenient and safe manner, is used by the determination.
French both in an active and passive sense. Prendre son PartI dans les troupes, Fr.
On ParQUera P'ar tiller ie, ou I' artil To list in a regiment.
lerie fut parquee en tel endroit, Fr. you Tirer Parti, Fr. to take advantage.
will park the artillery in such a quartei, Ne paint prendre de Parti, Fr. to re
Or the artillery will be parked in such a main neuter, or not to take any part.
quarrei. Esprit de Parti, Fr. party spirit.
Les gens de V artillerie se parquirent, eu Se delarer d' un Parti, Fr. openly to
fureni parquis, du coti de la riviere, Fr. avow some particular party. The French
The train of artillery parked itselt on say figuratively, II faut etre toujour sdc
the banks of the river, or was parked parti dela veriti ; we should always side
Upon the banks of the: river. with truth.
V'artillerie parquoit en tel lieu, Fr. The Parti, likewise signifies profession
artilh ry uarked on such ground. or employment, viz. Le parti del'cplc, It
PARRAIN, Fr means, literally, a god parti des armes ; the military profession.
father Ina military sense, it formerly Prendre Part I dans I'ipie, it. to
signified a second or witness who attended embrace a military life.
at single combats to see fair play. Les PARTIALITY. Unequal state of
tombattans se tt ouve'rent dans le lieu du com ihe judgment, and favor or one above
bat, chacun evec son part ain. The com
-

the other, without just reason. If any


battants met. upon the ground, each at member of a general court-martial exJ
tended by his second or witness. presses a previous judgment, in purtiali-
Parrain, Fr. in military orders, the ty either to the prisoner or prosecutor,
person who introduces, or presents new
a before he is sworn, it is to be dr-emed a
ly elected knight. The term is also used noed cause of challenge -, and he should
to signify the comrade who is selecreti not be allowed to sit in judgment on the
by a soldier that has been condemned to case .

PARTISAN, has been applied to a


PAR PAS 509

halberd or pike, and to a marshal's staff. red with military honors, if below the
See Baton. rank of brigadier-general ; for the specific
PARTISAN, in the art of war, a number of which the
party is to consist,
person dexrerous in commanding a party ; &c.
See Burials.
who, knowing the country well, is em Working Parties. These consist of
ployed in getting intelligence, or surpris small detachments of m^n under the im
ing the enemy's convoy, &c. The word mediate command and superintendance
also means an officer sent out upon a par of officers who are
employed on fatigues
ty, with the command of a body of light which are not purely ota military naiure.
troops, generally under the appellation of They are generally called fatigue duties,
a partisan corps. It is necessary that being different from those ofparacle, or of
this corps should be compose! of infantry, exercise in the field. They principally
light- horse, and riflemen consist in digging canals, repairing roads,
PARTY, in a military sense, a small working on fortifications, except such as
number or detachment of men, horse, or maybe constructed in th. field, or upon
foot, sent upon any kind of duty ; as into actual service. An addition is made to
an enemy's country, to pillage, to take their pay, as a reward for their f.bor,
prisoners, and oblige the country to come and a compensation for their extr ordina
under contribution. Parties are often ry wear of necessaries : kalf of which
sent out to vievv the roads and ways, get should always be paid into the hands of
intelligence, seek forage, reconnoitre, or the captains, and commanding officers of
amuse the enemy upon a march; they companies, tor this latter purpose. It
are also frequently sent upon the flanks has been judiciously observed in a note to
of an army, or regiment, to discover the the treatise on Military Finance, that Bri
enemy, if near, and prevent surprise or tish troops mig!;t in time of pe~.ee, be em
ambuscade. ployed much oftener than they are on
Parties escorting deserters in the British works of this nature, with equal advan
service receive the following allowances, tage to the public and to themselves.
being the same as have been granted to This remark becomes more forcibly ap
those of other forces, in consideration of posite since the adoption of canals ttuough
the unavoidable extraordinary wear of the country.
their clothing and necessaries on that du PAS, Fr Pace. A measure in for
ty, viz. tification. The French tlivid- their pas,
Distances from For each man or pace, into two kinds
pas cemmun, ox

ordinary pace, and pas geometiijue, or


.

* d. geometrical The oi"inary pace


pace.
Between 8 and 20 miles 0 t 0 consists of two tcet; and the geometrical
pace contains five roy al feet, or five piedsdu
20 5o 0 2 0

50 100 0 4 0 roi. The itinerary distance which the


IOO 150 5 0 Italians call a mile, consists of one thou
150 2oO 0 6 0 sand geometrical paces ; and three miles
Above 200 7 6 0 make a French league.
In the like propo: tion, allowances are P a s oblique, Et. Oblique step, now ex
to be made for parties of four, five, and ploded.
six men, but no higher. This is how Pas otdinairc, E%. Ordinary time.
ever to be understood as a regulation of P as ordinaire direct, Ex. Front step in
allowance merely^ it not being the inten ordinary time.
tion of government thereby to restrain any Pas precipite, Ex. Double quick
commanding officer from employing time.
on the escort
larger parties duty, if he Pas decharge, Ex. Charging time.
should thmk proper, but that whatever P Ai cadenci, Ex. Cadenced step.
may be the actual number of the parties, Doubler leV as, Fr. to double your
step
the allowances are to be in the propor or pace : to go faster.
tion of Forcer le Pas, Fr. to make a forced
Three men for an ? ,- ,
march.
from 5 to 80 deserters

escort of -
$ Pas alongi, Fr. a lengthened
step.
Four from 9 to 12 Aionger le Pas, to out.
Step
Five from 13 to 16 Diminuer le Pas, Fr. To step short.
Six from 17 to 20 Hdter le Pas, Fr, to slacken
your
Exact returns ofthe said duty, as per pace; to go slower.
formed by each corps, are to be made up, Marcher a grands Pas, Fr. To move
agreeable to a form annexed, as soon as rapidly.
may be after every 24th of June and 24th Marcher a
petits Pas, Fr. to stcy
of December, for the half ye-irs immedi short, or move leisurely.
ately preceding, and are to be transmit Returner sur ses
Pas, Fr. To go back.
ted to the office ofthe secretary at war, Avoir le Fr. To have the pre
Pas,
in order that the allowances thereon may
cedency.
be settled and directed. Pas de souris, Ex. Degrees or 'tens
Watering PARTY. See Watering. which arc made in different parts cf the
Firing PARTY, those who are select circumference of the counterscarp.

ed to fire over the grave of any one inter T.iey serve to keep up a communlc-'ii'iun
510 PAS PAS

between works when the ditch is dry, 1 &c. erected for the purpose; and this
and are generally made in the rentrant ]was a challenge which the other was
angles of the counterscarp, and in the obliged to accept. The vanquished
rentrant angles of the outworks. There gave the conqueror such prize as was
are likewise
steps or degrees otthis sort at agreed on.

Some distance from the glacis. Pass -parole, a command or word which
Pas, Fr. Any strait or channel of is givenout ac the head ofanarmy, and
.Water between two separate lands. from thence passed from mouth to mouth,
Pas at Calais, Ex. The straits be till it reach the rear.
tween Calais and Dover. V^ss -port, a letter of licence which is
Pas, likewise signifies any narrow given by a government, granting safe
The pass conduct to travel, enter, and go out
pass. Le pas des Thermopyles.
of Thermopylae of its territories without molestation:
Defendre le Pas, Fr. To defend the this is properly given to friends and neutral
pass or strait. persons; and the safe conduct to ene
Francher le Pas, Fr. To determine mies.
a thing after some hesitation. PASS, All's U ell, a term used by a
upon
Pas d'ane, Ex. A sword-guard, which i British sentry after he has challenged a
covers the whole hand, or basket hilt. \ person that comes near his post, and has
Une garde a pas d'ane. | given him the proper parole, watchword,
Pas d'ane, Fr. This word likewise orcountersign. See Rounds.
.means a curb or snaffle. PASSADE, Fr. Set Pass.
PASS, ina military sense, a strait, dif Passade, in the manege, is a horse's
ficult, and narrow passage, which shuts walking or trotting in such a manner, that
he raises the outward hind- leg and the
.up the entrance intoacountry. j
PASS, a voucher for the absence ofa inward fore-leg together ; and, setting

jnon-commissioned officer or soldier, in these two on the ground, raises the other
the following form : two alternately, never gaining above a

By commanding the foot of ground ac a time.


regiment of U. S. Infantry, stationed at Demander la Passade, Fr. Thisterm
is used among the French to express the
Pei mit the bearer hereof- act of soliciting charity out of the usual

company ofthe abovementioned regiment, way of persons begging, or who hare not
to pass from hence to and to been accustomed to ask alms. Dennerla
return to quarters at or before passade a un pauvre soldat ; to give alms
o'clock. to a poor soltiier. Ily avoit sur le cbemia
Given under my hand at this beaucoup de soldats qui demandoienl la pas
day of . sade ; there were many soldiers on the
To all whom it may concern. road who asked charity.
PASS, PASSADO, in fencing, apush PASSAGE, (passage, Fr.) Thfe
or thrust upon your adversary. word, as to its general import, does not
Pass, (passade, Fr.) in fencing, a leap require explanation. It is familiar tp
pr advance upon the enemy. everybody. In a military sense it may
To Pass, to march by open order of be variously understood for passages made
.columns, tor the purpose of saluting a over rivers or through defiles, which
reviewing general. Each division or should always be secured when an army
company (on its march) will open its is on its march. Dragoons or light caval-
ranks at 20 paces distance from the general, ry are generally employed upon this ser
and again close them, after it has passed vice, being, by the celerity of their mo
15 paces. The whole march in slow tions, better calculated toget the start of
time, till the leading division arrives at an enemy. Passes through mountainous
the spot where the left of the battalion countries, and passages over rivers, may
originally stood. The commanding of likewise be secured by means of light field
ficer then halts the regiment, the music pieces and flying artillery. The latter are
ceases to play, and the different divisions particularly calculated for defiles. In
*vith supported arms march in quick time trenching tools, &c. must be carried with
until they have completed the third w heel them.
from the ground of original formation; I f it be found expedient tocross a river,
when arms are ordered to be carried, the a sufficient number of pontoons, must
music plays, and as each division com accompany the deiatchment. Should
pletes the third wheel, the officers shift the river be fordable, and a body of infan
to the right, and the whole pass the try have been brought up in time to act
general. with the cavalry, the former must in
Pass of arms. In ancient chivalry, stantly make e;ood its footing on the oppo
a bridge, road, &c. which the knights site side, carrying intrenching tools, &c.
undertook to defend, and which vvas not for the purpose ot fortifying the tite du
of
to be passed without fighting the person pom, and thereby securing the passage
who kept it. He, who vvas disposed to the river. Riversarecrosscd either by
dispute the pass, touched one ofthear- surprise, or by main force.
mories of the other knigjit who held the When the passage is to be effected by
,->:v-, that were hung on pales, column.'- surprise, such movements and feints mus,;
PAS PAS 511

be resorted to, as may induce the enemy ces that occur in the locality of ground,
to direct his means of opposition to a the peculiar nature of rivers, and the pos
distant quarter from the one you have sible resources of an enemy, that is de
in contemplation. Every precaution termined to dispute his passage. But the
must be taken to prevent him from get most memorable of all that is recorded in
ting the least intelligence respecting your history are the passages of the Danube
boats of pontoons ; and on this account below Vienna, in 1809, which merit the
you must frequently countermarch dif study of every military man.
ferent bodies of troops to divert his at Soldiers should be frequently practised
tention. When the passage is to be ef in the different evolutions which are re
fected by main force, you must take such quired to pass abridge ina safe and mili
a position as will enable you to command
tary manner. Bridges, defiles, &c be
the one occupied by the enemy, and you ing obstacles that retard the movements
must select that part ofthe river where of an army, whose object is to advance,
there are small islands or creeks, under we refer our readers for a full elucidation
cover of which the boats and of the subject, under the article Ossta,
barges may
ply. CLE.
Those spots upon the banks ofa river Passage, Fr. a term which relates
are best calculated for this enterprise, to the reception of a knight, in the order
where the stream forms a rentrant angle, of Malta.
because it is more easy, in cases of that Passage of bridges or defiles when
sort, :o plant your batteries in such a a battalion or line stands on narrow
manner as to afford a cross fire against the ground.
opposite bank. The instant you have A battalion, standing in narrow ground^
dislodged the enemy, by means ofa su may sometimes be ordered to march in
perior force of artillery (which you must file for the purpose of forming open co
always provide for the purpose in ques lumn ; and passing a defile, either before
tion) a strong detachment composed of or behind that flank, before or behind
grenadiers, and other chosen troops, must the other flank, or before or behind any
cross in boats or barges, in order to stand central point of that line.
th first shock of theenemy, under a well
Received Rules:
supported fire of artillery.
When this detachment has made good I. Ifbefote the right fiank
The right-
its footing, the boats or barges must in platoon will move on, therestofthebat-
stantly row back for fresh troops, whilst talion will face to the right, and march in
the pioneers, artificers, and workmen, file, the divisions will successively
who accompanied the grenadiers, throw front and follow the leading one, and each
up temporary redoubts, and are protect other.
ed by the fire of the troops that have 2. Ifbehind the right flank
The whole
landed. As soon as the works are suf face to the right and march, the right di
ficiently advanced, and an adecpiate num vision instantly countermarches to the
ber of men has been distributed in them rear, fronts, and moves forward, follow
to secure the post, the
bridge must be ed in the same manner by every other di
undertaken. Its head or tete must be vision, till the whole is in column.
made as strong as possible, to keep the But the following method of passing
enemy in check should he return, and in open column, would save a great deal
endeavor to dislodge the advanced guard. of rime which is unnecessarily lost by
The main body must be put in motion countermarching each division separately,
shortly after the departure of the first de as they successively arrive on the
grountl
tachment, in order to support the latter, where the right division stood before it

ihould the enemy succeed in making a marched off' to the rear.


bold push to defeat it, and ist. Countermarch the whole of the
thereby pre
vent the numberless disadvantages which divisions at the same time, and on the
.nust ensue, if the army were
permitted same ground which they severally occu
1.0 cross the river, or to
pass the defile py in the line.
without opposition. 2d. Face the whole (except the right
When the passage of a large river can division) to the left, whicii moves for
be happily efiected by means ofa bridge, ward on the word march from the chief.
considerable advantages may be derived The divisions as they successively arrive
from it; most especially when the army onthe ground from which the first divi
js thereby enabled to reach a defile or nass, sion marched, will halt and//wr, follow
the possession of which enables a genera! the leading one and each other, rill the
to distribute his troops in desultory whole arc in column.
quar
ters. Marshal Turenne, in his famous
the VVesel in Received Rules.
passage over 1672, has af
forded us a strong instance of this advan 3. If before any central point, or the left
tage. Marshal Saxe has written largely flank The battalion makes a successive

upon this imporant operation ; and every countermarch from the right flank towards
general officer ought to be thoroughly the left, and when the right division ar
versed in the ways and means of execut- rives at the point from whence it is to ad-
s?t. '.(, aider all ilit various circumstan i vanee, it again c*:ivicr"i.irc':c;\o its rights
.
512 PAS PAS

a space to its front, then faces and


equal PASSAGE of ihe Traverse, an open
moves on, and is thus successively fol ing out in the parapet ofthe covert- way,
lowed by part of the battalion. The close to the traverses, that there may be a
other part of the battalion beyond the ready communication with all parts of tlvj
point of advancing, faces inwards, when covert-way.
Decessary, makes a progressive march in Passage, in the manege, an action
file, then fronts, and follows by divisions wherein the hoise raises a hind and fore
as it comes to the turn of each, till the leg together; then setting these two on
whole arc in column. the ground, he raises the other two : and
: thus alternately, never gaining above a foot
A different Method. of ground at a time.
Instead of passing according to the above Pass ace, Fr. to passage, a term used
Hi.'ifiDil, much time may be gained, by in the manege.
the divisions on the right of the defile Passager un cheval, Fr. to make a
facing to the left, (commencing with the horse passage. It is likewise used as a
right divison) march in file till opposite, neutral verb, viz- un cheval passage, a
and in full front of the division which is horse passages.
PASSAN D EAU, Fr. an ancient piece
opposite the defile, or where the column
is to advance from, then front, march for ofordnance, which carried an eight pound
ward, followed by the other divisions; ball, and weighed thre? thousand five
the divisions on the left of the defile hundred pounds.
wiil face inwards, and When necessiry, Chemin PASSANT, Fr. a thorough
make a progressive march in file, fol fare.
lowed as before, till the whole are in PASSAVANT, Fr. a pass. This
column. term is not used in a military sense, bus
relates chiefly tocommercial matters.
Received Rule.
PASSE, Fr. See Pass.
4. If behind the centre or the leftfiank.

PASSES-Z?//m, Fr. boards or ma


The right part of the batrahon counter- chines made of iron or bras:-, usedin dis
tn.i,c'h : from the right by files succes parting cannon, and fitted to every species
sively by the rear; and the other part of of calibre.
the battalion, as is necessary, makes a PASSE-Mur, Ex. a piece of ordnance
progressive march by files from its right to formerly so called, which carried a sixteen
the central and there begins to pound ball, and weighed four thousand
point,
countermarch at that point, the leading two hundred pounds.
and each other division, fronts into co P.\ssE-par tout, Fr. a large saw, the
lumn, and mo ves on. teeth of which are irregularly made for .

the purpose of cutting forest trees asun


A different Method. der.
To avoid loss of time in countermarch Pa siz-par. tout, Fr. amasterkey.
ing thedivisions on the left as they suc PAssL-vegue, Ex. Any extraordina
cessively arrive at the point they march ry effort that is made in rowing is so cal
from. Countermarch thosedivisions first j led.
0.1 the ground they severally stand on, P. \ssz- Parole, Ex. This expression
tlun face 10 the left ; and when it comes to is used among the French in an absolute
their turn march in file, front, and fol sense, and signifies to give the parole, or
lowing in column, as they progressively der, or countersign. When troops are
and successively arrive opposite the point on seivite, or upon duty, they have fre

where the right division entered the de quent occasion to adopt it, especially
file. during the rounds. Az/auce passe-parole.
It must be observed that in all counter Advance, and give the parole or counter
marches of divisions on the ground they ! sign.
severally stand on, when passing to tlie P a ssz- Volant, Fr. any man that is not
rear, the divison which stands opposite I really in the service, and who stands to be
rhe point from which they are 10 march, mustered for the purpose of completing
must countermarch at the same time with
j the supposed number of effectives in a
theotherdivisions. See Am. Mil. Lib. regiment, or on board a ship of war. They
PASSAGE of Lines. In narrow are likewisecalleel soldats pritis Bom ;.-
grounds, where there arc-redoubled lines, eds. /diets. During the existence of the
and in many other situations, it b.comes old French government, the strictest re
necessa! y for one battalion to pass directly gulations were made 10 prevent the gross
through another, in marching either to impositions that were sometimes prac
front or rear. This must particularly tised by means offaae-volans ox faggots.
happen, when a first line, which has PAssR-l'olans likewise means tboyj
suffered in action, retires through, and wooden pieces of ordnance which are made
makes place for a second line whicll has to resemble real arttlleiy, and fill up thu
come forward to support it ; or, the vacant places ina ship. They were first
second line remaining posted, when the adopted by the French, in consequence of
made by M. de
first falls back, and retires through it, a regulation which was

till a safe is Pontchai train, when he became minister


and thus alternately, position | of the marine department. He gave
;:"uiqcd.
PAT PAT 513

no vessels, except such


ai vexatious circumstances of disappoint
orders, that
arned 16 guns, should sail to and from
ment. Rousseau says, La patience est
America. In order to comply, at least in amire, mais sent fruit est doux. Patience
is a bitter root, but its fruit is sweet.
outwardappearance, with this regulation,
ihe merchants had recourse to pass -valans, PATOMAR, Ind. a two mast vessel :
ox wooden substitutes, they are called by each mast carries one sail of four un
us quaker guns. More advantages than one equal sides. It likewise means a mes
are indeed derived from this invention, senger.
which has been adopted in every civilized PATRICIAN, from the Latin Pa.
tricius, one descended froma noble fa
country.
The used among the
PAsst-chevaux, Fr. ferry for horses. mily. term was

PASSER, Fr. to pass. This word Romans, to distinguish the higher class
has various significations both in French of the inhabitants of Rome from the
and English, but chiefly in the former lower, who were called plebeians. Ro
language. mulus, as soon as the city of Rome was
Passer en revue, Fr. to muster. tolerably well filled with inhabitants,
Fr. to allow in reckon made a distinction of the people. The
PAisiRdcompie,
ing. names Peter, Patrick, are from pater a
Fr to put to father; the Roman senate were called
PAtstRMufild* I'epee, .

1
See Patron.
the sword. Panes conscripti.
P a i s er par les Fr. to run the Order cf St. PA IRICK. There is
baguettes,
gauntlet. only one order of knighthood which be
Passer par les armes, Fr. to be shot. longs to Ireland; it is that of St. Pa
Passzs. a la montre, F r. to pass m us- trick, and was created by Geo. Ill for
ter. corrupt purposes.
PATRIOT, a sincere and unbiassed
Passer par la main du beurreau, Fr.
to be flogged, or otherwise punished, by friend to his country ; an advocate fot
the public hangman. general civilization, uniting, in his con
Passer la riviere, passer la ligne, Fr. duct through life, moral rectitude with
the river, to cross the line.
to cross Such a character is
political integrity.
Passer par les .fan. .7.-, Ex. to be seldom found in any country ; but the
picketed. specious appearance it is to be seen eve
of
Passer un homme a un officier, Fr. to ry where, most especially in Europe.
allow an officer the pay and subsistence of It is difficult to say , how far the term can
a private soldier for the maintenance ofa be used in a military sense, alt h .ugh it is
servant. The term is also used to express not uncommon to read of a citizen- soldier,
the receipt ot any public allowatic* for and a patriot soldier. Individually con
sinecure places. sidered the term may be just, but it is
Passer sur le ventre a une armie, Fr. hardly to be understood collectively.
to defeat an army. PATROL, any party or round of
PASSEUR, Fr a ferrvman. soldiers, to the number of five or six,
PATACHE, Fr. Thfs word some with a serjeant to command them These
times means an advice boat ; but it more men are detached from the main guard,
generally signifies an armed tender, or a picquet, or quarter-guard, according to
revenue cutter. circumstances, to walk round the streets
PATE, Fr in fortification, a sort of ofa garrison town, &c. for the purpose
horse-shoe, that is, a platform, or terre- of taking up disorderly persons, or such
pleine, irregularly built, yet generally as cannot give an account of themselves.
constructed in an oval form. It is sur It is their duty to see, that the soldiers
rounded by a parapet, without any thing and inhabitants ofthe place repair to their
to flank it, and having no other defence and dwelling-houses, (in con-
than what is front or fore right. Pates Sjuarters
brmity to specific directions which are
are usually erected in marshy grounds to given out to that effect) and that alehouses
cover the gate of a fortiheof town or and sutlers' booths are shut up at a sea
place. sonable hour. They are likewise to take
PATE RE RO, a small cannon managed up every person they meet without a
by a swivel. light, and that cannot give the watch
PATIENCE, the power or faculty of word or countersign when he is challeng
suffering; indurance; the power of ex ed. All such persons must be' ondutted
pecting long, without rage or discontent; to the guard-house, and a report madeof
the power of supporting faults or injuries, them to the commandant or governor of
without revenge; long suffering. la the place, by the town-major.
military life patience is an essential re Patroles are formed out of the in
quisite. Without patience half the fantry as well as the cavalry. When a
toils if war would be insupportable; weak place is besieged, and there is reason
with patience there are scarcely any hard to apprehend an assault, strong patroles

ships but what coolness, courage, and are ordered todo duty ; these on foot keep
ability may overcome. It is one of the a good look out from the ramparts, and
care of the
greatest virtues, indeed, in an officer or thest that are mounted take
soidier patiently to support, not only the outworks.
;
i
igor ot discipline, but the keen arri 3 T
5i4 PAT P A V

PATRON, one who countenances, belaid horizontally to support the boards


Supports, or protects. Every superior in proportion as the workmen gain
The ends of the rafteis that are first
depth.
officer, from the commander in chief to laid,
the lowest non-commissioned officer, run ten or twelve inches beyond ihe bor
may, in military sense, be called a
a ders of the well, for the purpose of sus
patron ; for it is the duty of all persons, taining the platform. These supports
are called Oreilles ; consequently, that
in
authority, to countenance, support,
arid protect every executive member in every subsequent frame may be supported,
the service. Partialities on the other the second is attached or made firm to the
hand, (whatever may be their sources) first by means ot the ends.oJE.boa.ds which
are the bane of order and good discipline. are nailed together. In this manner the
In proportion as merit finds patronsam<>ng third is joined to the sceond, and the
the good and great, indolence and in fourth to the third. These ends are called
ability should be discountenanced and de panes ox handles.
graded. PATTE d'Oie, Ex. a term used in
Kennett in his Roman Antiquities, page mining to describe three small branches
97, has the following passage, on the origin which are practised, or run out at the ex
ofthe word:
tremity of a gallery. They are so called
Romulus, as soon as his city was to from their resemblance to the foot of a
lerably well filled with inhabitants, made goose.
a distinction ot the people according to PATTERN, a part shewn as a sam
honor and quality ; giving rhe better sort ple for the rest. In a late regulation re
the name of Patres or Patricii, and the lative to the inspection ofthe clothirgct
rest the common title of Plebeii. To the British army in general, it is parti.
bind the two degrees more firmly together, cularly directed, that regular inspectors,
he recommended to the patricians some or the inspectors for the time being, do

of the plebians, to protect and counte view and compare with the sealed pat
nance ; the former being stiled Pattern', terns the clothing ofthe several regiments
and the latter Client es. The patrons were of cavalry and infantry, as soon as the
always their clients' counsellors in dif same shall have been prepared by the re

ficult cases; their ad v cates in judgments; spective clothiers ; and if the clothing
in short, their advisefs and overseers in appear to be conformable to the sealed
all affairs whatever. On the other side, patterns, the said inspectors aretogran;
the clients faithfully served their patrons, two certificates of their view and appro
not only paying them all imaginable re val thereof, one of which certificates is
to be delivered to the clothier, to be sent
spect and deference, but if occasion re
quired, assisting them with money to with the clothing to the head Quarters of
wards the defraying of any extraordinary the corps ; and the other to be lodged
charges. But afterwards when the state with the clothing board, as the necessary
grew rich and great, though all other good | voucher for passing the assignment of
offices continued between them, yet it the allowance for the said clothing.
was thought a dishonorable thing for the A Pattern Rtgi:c:t, a phraseofdis-
better sort to take any money of their in tinction, which is applied to a corps of
feriors. (Vide Dionys. lib. 2, Liv. lib. I. officers and soldiers, who are remarkable
Plutarch in Romulo.) Hence the origin for their observance of good order and dis
of patrons. But the case is altered in cipline.
modern times with respect to pecuniary- PATURE, Fr See Forage.
interest. Gold, or something more solid Paturkur, Fr. Forager, one who
in the sale of liberty and good sense, buys goes on a foraging paTty .

a patron now. PAVALUNGE, ltd. the name ofa


PATRON, Fr. Among the French year.
the captain ofa trading vessel is so named. ! PAUDSHAU, Ind. Kin?.
There were likewise sea-faring men PAVLSSADES, Ft. large portable
(ailed, officiers matinier.s, who served on' hurdles, behind which the archers air.:
board the French ships of war, and who}
bowmen were formerly posted. Accord
were er trusted with the management of ! ing toFroissart, these huidles were used

sloops and barges. These were generally j long before the reign of Philip Augus
called patrons. tus, king of Fiance. Father Daniel, the
PATRONS, (Galire patrons, Fr.) | Jesuit, in his llistoirt\de la Miliee Iran-
The galley which w :s second in rank at coise, describes them as bearing the figure
Marseilles, was so called. It was com- ofa shield ; but the chevalier Folard, in
uianded by rhe lieutenant-general of the his Commentaire sur Pclybe, informs us,
gall.es, who took precedence in that line that they were mantlets which were dis
in the same manner that the vice-admiral posed in parallel or oblique lines, from
of the French fleet did among ships of the camp to the nearest works belonging
wpr. to ihe Corps de Place, behind which the
PATROUILLE. See Patrol. soldiers and artificers, Sec. could in Safe
PATTE, Fr. a term used in mining. ty, make a small fosse or ditch that waj
When a well cr excavatioi. is made in sufficiently deep to preserve them strait
loose or crumbling earth, and it becomes and firm. Hurdles, constructed in this
necessary to frame it in, ihe rafters must manner, were used during the operatior.
P A U PAY 515

ofa regular siege ; but when it was found In firing by companies by


wings, each
expedient to insult a place, those of less wing carries on its fire independent, with
dimension were adopted. Father Daniel out regard to the other wing, whether it
describes the Retranchment Portatif, fires from the centre to the flanks, or
which was used many centuries before the from the flanks to the centre. If there
days of Philip Augustus, under the latter are five companies in the wing, two pause's
head. will be matte betwixt the fire ofeach,
PAVILION, in military affairs. See and the make ready of the succeeding one.
Tent. If thereare four companies in the wing,
PAVILLON, Fr. See Tent. three pauses will be made betwixt the
PavilloiV, 'Ft .
Flag, standard, or fire of each, and the make ready 01 the
colors. succeeding one. This will allow suf
Vaisserle PAVILLON, Fr. to strike, ficient time for the first company to have
to yield. again loaded, and shouldered at the time
Vaij'eau Pavillon, Fr. Flagship. the last compmy fires, and will establish
Pavillon, Fr This word likewise proper intervals betwixt each.
signifies the swell or broad part ofa speak In tiring by grand divisions, three
ing trumpet. pauses will be made betwixt the fire of
PAULETTE, Fr. a certain tax or each division, and the make ready ot the
pecuniary consideration which all persons succeeding one.

who held pubic situations under the old In one wing will make
bring by wings,
government of France, were obliged to ready the instant the other is shouldering.
pay at the commencement of every year, The commanding officer of the battalion
to the king. This enabled them to sell fires the wings.
or dispose of their appointments, and to In firing companies byfiles each com
leave the amount to their heirs, if they pany fires independent. When the right
happened to die in the course of the tile presents, ihe next makes ready, and
year. It is so called from Paulet, the so on. After the first fire, each man as
name of the person who first suggested he loads comes to the recover , and the
the measure. file again tires without waiting for any
PAVOIS, Fr. an ancient weapon of other ; the rear rank men are to have their
defence. It was the Clypeus or broad eyes on their front rank-men, and be
shield of the Greeks and Romans. guided by f and present with them.
PAUSE, a stop, cessation, or inter When troops march to music, a pause
mission. It is essentially necessary for in the mind before the latter strikes off',
all officers to accustom themselves 'to a will contribute greatly to that uniformity
most minute observance of the several of step, without which no line canpnove

pauses which are prescribed during the correctly. In some regiments the music
firings. Accordingly thepause betwixt does not play until one step has been
each of the tiring words, make ready aim, taken. See Step off.
fi.e, is the same as theurdinary rime, PAY, ox pay of the army, is the stipend
viz. the 75th part of a minute, and no or salary allowed for each individual serv

other pause is to be made betwixt the ing in the army; first established by
words. the Eiitish government in the year 166a.

FULL PAY
and Privates in the British afmy,
Of the Officers, Non-commissioned Officers,
Life 1 foot Infill try Artillery.
Rank. Guards. I Cavalry. Guards. >i the line Horse. Foot.

. s. d. . 4
s. . s. d. . s. d.
1 16
I 12 10 1 19

126
236
Colonel
Second
1 9 8 1 3
Colonel en 9
Lieut. Colonel 111
1
3
-
1 8 6 0 ij n l S

19 9
1st.
2d. Lieut. Colonel

0
15 ii
16 10

i 6
19 3 1
4

14 19
ist.
2d.
Major
Major
-

0 14 1
s'25


16

U 7

16 6 0 9 5

ie 4
9 11
Captain
058 $0
10
Captain Lieutenant

0 11
9

7 10
6

*1 I~

ist. Lieutenant
-

2d. Lieutenant

8 6
8

Cornets
Ensigns
~"

5 10 -"4" 8

15
~ _

15

~

%
Pay. Master 6 6
6 8 5 i 6


5 5 -

Quarter- Master
Adjutant
12
12
12 -1
\- -
s-

11 101
~


-
911
Surgeon
516 PAY PAY

FULL PAY
the British army. (Continued. J
Of the Officers, Non- cemmissiened Officers, and Privates in
Infantry

Life 11 Foot 1 Artillery.


| Guards. of the line Horse 1 Foot.
Rank. Guards. Cavalry.
d. . d. d. . d. . d.
>-Kl- * s. ' s. ,.

Assistant
-

7 6 ~~~
?
~ '
6

Surgeon Z 17 __

Veterinary do.
3 4
3 2
Serjeant- Major

2 18
Quarter- Master dp.

-

Serj< ant

2 -
I :,

i 6J
a 4 2 2

Corporal

2 6J -
i 7i -
i 43 -
I 2* -
2 2* ~ 2 i
Bombardier -
* i
J ioj
1st. Gunner

i 7
ad. Gunner -
i
Si -
i 3i
private
I 11}
* 3
i i
I

Farrier and Smith __ -

3 4*

Collar Maker ;
Wheeler
e_ee_^ -
t i
$
Trumpeter 7 _
2 6
7
-
2*
1 li -
2 1$ -
t 3i
Drummei S

Full PAY. The pecuniary allowance ratesof full pay, see Military Finance,
which is made to officers and non-com page 66, Sec.
missioned officers, without any deduc Half Pur, (Demi tolde, Fr.) a com
tion whatsoever. Since the abolition of pensation or retaining fee which is given
arrears ir rhe British service, which took to officers who have retired from the ser
place in 1797, commissioned and warrant vice through age, inability, &c. or who
officers, &c. receive their full pay, or have been placed upon that list in conse
daily subsistence. The private soldiers quence of a general reduction ofthe forces,
are subject to temporary deductions, for or a partial drafting, Sec. of the particu

the purpose of appropriating part of their lar corps to which they belonged. The
pay ana allowances to the expence of half pay beconie-s due on the 25th of
their messes, including vegetables, Sec. June, and on the 25th of December in
and to a stoppage not exceeding is. bd. each year, but it is seldom issued until
pe-r week, for necessaries; which stop three months after the expiration of each
page is to be accounted for monthly, as of those oeriods. The only deduction
stated in their regulations of ist Septem from the naif pay is the poundage, two
ber, 1795, and the remainder being is. and an half per cent. See Military Fi
bd. must be paid weekly to each soldier, nance, page 113.
subject to the accustomed deduction for /r/xAHALr-PAY. Every officer up
washing, and for articles to clean his on the Irish establishment, when reduc
clothing and appointments. ed to half pay, must swear to, and sign
The full pay of the British army is the following certificate :
given in advance on the 25th of every County of } of foot, came
month, and accounted for to government $ this day before me, and made
by trie several district and regimental pay oath, that he is no otherwise provided
masters, through army agents appointed for by any commission or employment,
for that purpose. For further particulars, civil or military, in his majesty's service,
See Military Finance, page 4$, &c Non than by half pay on the establishment of
commissioned officers anei private soldiers Ireland, and is on no other establishment
serving as "marines, are not liable to any of half pay.
deduction whatsoever from theji fill Officer's } Sworn before me this
pay,
on account of provisions. It will be Name. $ da\ of
further observed, that although the N B. To be sworn in January April,
British army is now paid its
fullpay, in July, and October, in every year
consequence of the abolition of the dis- PAY- MAST E R, is he who s intrust
tinction between subsistence and arrears, ed with the money, and has the charge
!hat pay is nevertheless subject to the of paying the regiment. He has no other
usual deductions on account ot poundage, commission in the line. His pay is 15?.
hospital, and agency. This will explain per day.
the mutilated appearance of the different District Pat-M astir, an officer ap
ratcsof pay. Thus a captain of infantry, fur the better management of the
who is nominally supposed to receive
pointed
interior concerns of the army, when the
ioj, per diem, gets only gs. 5</ the "]d. corps are detached in garrisons onduty, in
going for the above deductions. The full several districts.
pay ofthe subaltern officers has been very P av- Bills. In the British army these
uuliciously increased, but that of the bills are distinguished according to the
captains, &c. remains as it was in the nature of the service for which they are

reign of Queen Anae. For the several given. Every captain ofa troop or com-
PAY PEC 517

pany receives a regular weekly account know, that mountainous and close coun
from his serjeant, of money to be ad tries, or intersected lands, are best adapted
vanced for the effectives of such troop or to light infantry manoeuvres, and that ca

company ; and on the 24th day in each valry can only act, with safety and effect,
month he makes out a monthly one for in an open country. The solidity of this
the paymaster, who makes out a general observation has probably been the c.use
abstract for the agent. The paymaster- of so much improvement in light artillery,
general's estimate is likewise called the and in rifle corps. The latter, indeed,
pay bill. by the use which has been made of their
Pay -Lists. The monthly accounts, particular weapon, and the desultory
which are transmitted by the several re execution of it on service, have sufficient
gimental and district paymasters to their ly shewn, that no army ought to move
agents on the 25th of each month, arc so without them.
termed. PAYSANS. Fr. Peasants.
Pay-RoIIs, the same as pay-lists. PEACE, has been represented allego-
P ay -Serjeant. See Serjeant. rically as a beautiful female, hold ng in
PAYE, Fr. the pay of the troops. her hand a wand or rod towards the eaith,
PAY EN -Ghaut, Ind ihe lower moun over a hideous serpent, and keeping her

tain Ghaut is the general term for moun other handover her face, as unwilling to
tain. behold strife or war. By some ;>a>!iters
PAYS, Fr This word is variously ap. she has been represented holdm, n. one
plied by the French ina figurative sense: hand an olive branch, and leading a iamb
Parler, ou
juger a Hue de Pays. To Speak and a wolf yoked by their necks, in the
or di-c:deat random. other; others again have delineated her
Gagner Pays, (vuider le pays, Fr.) with an olive branch in her right hand,
To leave a country. To go voluntarily and a cornucopia, or horn of plenty, in
into ex le. Gagner pays likewise means her left.
to gain ground. Avancer pays may be A very celebrated temple was erected
used in the same sense. for the goddess of peaee at R >me, which
Baitre-P ay &, Fr. to speak wide ofthe was furnished with most of the rich vases

subject and curiosities taken out ot the temple of


Tirer- P a t s , Fr. a familiar phrase the Jews at Jerusalem. In this temple
among the French, signifying to escape. she was represented as a fine lady, en
Payi, F". country, locality, ground. dowed with agre.it deal of sweetness and
P a y 1 -cenquis, Ex. This term vvas good-nature, crowned with laurel 1 ter-
applied by the French to those countries woven, holding a caduceus in one hand,
and tracts of territory which had been and a nosegay of roses and ears of corn, in
ceded to France by treaty ; as Lorraine; the other.
or had been
conquered by force of arms ; The temple of peace, built by Ves-
asYpres, Tournay, Ghent, Oitend, and asian, was 300 feet long, and aoo broad.
several other towns, from the reign of osephus says, that ail the larities which
Louis XIII men travel through the world to see, were

pAYi-coup/s, Fr. Confined, inclo depositeu in this temple.


sed, or intersected countries. Marshal Peace, (Paix, Ex.) rest, silence,
Saxe has observed, that it is impossible quietness; the direct opposite to war;
to lay down any specific rule relative to and when the latter prevails, the ulti
the management of troops in countries mate object of every contest This word
of this description. An intelligent and is frequently prefixed to the term esta
able officer will be governed by the na blishment, to signify the reduced number
ture ofthe ground in which he is to act ; of effective men, in the British army,
and as under these circumstances, the according to the various formatians of
contest will consist chiefly of a war r>f corps. Thus one regiment mavbeiioo
posts, and of desultory engagements, in strong in time of war, and only 609 in
which the most obstinate will be generally time of peace. A regiment may also con
the most successful, it will be incumbent sist of several battalions, the 60th regi
upon every military recollect,
man to ment for example has s'n battalions each
that he must never advance, without of the strength of a regiment; that is
having previously secured means for a from 1030 to 1200 men each. Whence
retreat, should that be judged expedient, arises the distinction between war and
and being constantly guarded on his flanks peace establishments. The standing
to prevent the fatal consequences of sur army of Great Britain, according to law,
prise and ambuscade. Although the lat consists of that force only which is kept
ter precautions are principally attended up in time of peace, and which is con
to by the general of an army, every par-' fined to a specific number of rewiments.
tisan or officer commanding a detachment, Every regiment, beyond the regulated
should be more or less alive to the many number, during a war is liable to be re
miscfrefs which must ensue from care duced ; and all within it are said to be out
lessness and inattention. It would be ofthe break.
Pli ADA, Ind. a footman who carries
superfluous to point out what troops are
a staff'
best calculated to act in a close or inter
sected country. Every military man must PECHE, Fr. Fishery.
1

518 PED PE N

PECTORAL, {PectorapEx.) abreast may be numbered, or the distance from


plate. This word is derived from the one place to another be exactly measured.
Latin, Pectorale. Among the Romans PEGS, pointed pieces of wood, used
the poorer soldiers, who were rated under to fasten the cords ofa tent.
a thousand drachms, instead ofthe lorica PEIADAK, Ind. a guard to accom
or
brigantine, (a leathern coat of mail) pany a prisoner at large.
wore a pectorale, or breast plate of thin P E I S A , Ind. Cash ; or copper money .

brass, about 12 fingers square. Some PEKR, Ind. Monday.


modern troops, such as the cuirassiers, PELE-MELE, Fr a French adverb,
&c. wear pectorals for the direct pur from which is derived the English term
poses of defence and bodily protection ; but pellmel!, signifying, confusedly,, in dis
m general small ornamental plates with order, in heaps, Sec.
clasps, have been substituted. PELICAN, Fr. an ancient piece of
PECULAT, Fr. See Peculation. artillery which carried a six pound weight
PECULATE, PECULATION, the of ball, and weighed two thousand four
crime of pilfering any thing, either sa- hundred pounds.
credor public, particularly publicmoney, PELLE de bois simple, Ex. a wooden
by a person who has the management or shovel .

custody thereof. This crime is punisha PELOTE afeu, Fr. Pelote literally
ble in the heirs of the original delinquent. means the bottom of a pincushion, a ball,
Under peculation may be considered not ' Sec. 1 1 is here used to signify a species of
only the monies which are embezzled or combustible ball, which serves to throw
misapplied by commissioned, non-com light into a fosse or elsewhere. The com
missioned, and warrant officers, but the position is pitch one part, sulphur three
public stores, provisions, arms, and am parts, to one pound of saltpetre. The
munition, Sec. which may be sold for whole is well mixed together, and incor
private emolument. Occasional ex porated with tow, from which the pe-
amples have been made by government, | lotes are made.
ofa crime that cannot be too scrupulously I PELOTON, Fr. Platoon.
watched, or too heavily punished, ought I Rompre le Peloton, Fr. A platoon
to deter individuals from sacrificing pub- being generally considered as a subdi
j
lie integrity to private views. They vision, rompre le peloton signifies to break
ought to remember, that like the sword into sections.
of Damocles, public scorn hangs over Former le Pelotow, Fr. todoubleup
the head of every man whose ac- j or form subdivision.
1 ounts have not been
finally audited and Pelo tonne, ie, Ex. formed into a
passed. .
platoon.
PECUNIA. Money. A deity in the Feloiomiih, Fr. to gather together,
heathen mythology ; 'though not a god to get into gioupes.
dess personified among them) the most Se Pilotonner, Fr. to form into a

powerful ascendant the moderns know. platoon.


The Romans held that she presided over PELTA, in antiquity, a kind of buck
riches, and that she had a son named ler, small, light, and more manageable
Argentinus, whom they adored in the than the Parma whith was used by the
hopes of growing rich. Amazons, according to Virgil, and re
PECUNIUS, a deity of the ancient sembled the moon in his first quarter, ac
Piussians, in honor of whom they kept cording to Servius.
a fire of oak perpetually burning. A PENAL, [Penale, ale, Fr.) any decree
or law which subjects individuals, &c.
priest constantly attended, and if the fire
to penalties. Hence code penal. Lesloix
happened to go out by his neglect, he
was instantly put to death. When it pinales. The penal code, the penal laws.
Thus in England a person professing the
thundered, they imagined that their gran.1
Catholic religion is not permitted to
priest conversed with their god, and tor exercise his religion if a soldier; and a
that reason they fell prostrate on the earth,
catholic cannot be a commissioned of
praying for seasonable weather.'.
PEDERERO, PATTARERO, a ficer.
PENALTY. In a military sense,
Portuguese term, signify ing a small sort
of cannon, which is particularly used signifies forfeiture for non- performance,
on the quarter deck of ships, to fire or likewise punishment for embezzlement,
throw forth stones, or broken iron, &c. An officer found guilty of embezzlins
stores is cashiered ; any person who har
upon boarding parties. This word has
been adopted both by the French and bors, conceals, or assists any de-jerter
English. from the United States' service, is liable
PEDOMETER, (Pedomctrc, Fr.) a to a heavy penalty.
mathematical instrument, composed of PENDULUM, in mechanics, any heavy
various wheels with teeth, which by body Suspended in such a manner that it
and forwards,
means ofa chain fastened to a man's foot, may vibrate backwards, ot
or to the wheel of a chariot, advance a about some fixed point, by the force
notch each step, or each revolution of gravity. , , ,

the wheel, and the number being marked A pendulum is any body suspended
as a
upon, and mov/ing about,
a point
at the edge of 'each wheel, the paces
PEN PEN 519

centre. Thenatureofa pendulum con- I Length of Pendulums to vibrate Seconds at


sists in the following particulars. I. The eveiy fifth degne of latitude.
times of rhe vibrations ofa pendulum, in
very small arches, are all equal. 2. The 0 .

O <J
velocity of the bob in the loweft point, 0 E

will be nearly as the length of the cord of i Length of 5-5 ?


V
.-5 3 -1

22
the arch which itdescribcs in the descent. I
-
<U
1
-

Pendulum. 1- -. = C T3
OJ c
j. The times of vibrations in different Q- Q""1 J
pendulums, are the
square
times ot their vibrations. 4. The
roots of the J
of one vibration is to the time of descent, I
time| Inches. Inches Inches
through half the lengthof the pendulum as 39,^7 35 39,84 6; '39,168
the circumference of a circle is to its dia
j 5 39,029 40 39,o97 7 39- '77
.0
meter. 5. W hence the lengthof a pendulum 39,033 45 39, ' * 75 39>85
vibrating seconds in the latitude of Lon '5 39.036 50 39,126 so ; 39,191
20
don, is found to be 39 inches and 2-ioths ; ! >9.44 55 39,142 85 39,195
and of one half-second pendulum 9-8 2> 59.057 bo 59. J58 9 |39,!97
r* i 39,o"o
inches. 6. An uniform homogeneous! 1

body, asa rod, staff, &c. which is 1.3d


part longer than a
pendulum, will vi- 1 Rule. To find

the length cf a
pendulum
to make
brate in the same time with it. any number cf vibrations, and vice
From these properties ot the pendulum versa.

we way d.secrn its use as an universal Call the pendulum making 60 vibra
chronometer, or regulator of time. By! tions the standard length ; then say, as
this instrument, also, we can measure! the square ofthe given number of vibra
the distance of a ship, of a batteiy, S:c.\ tions is to the square of 60 ; so is the
1
by measuring the interval of time be- length of the standard to the ..ngth
tween rhe fire and
report of the gun; sought. If the length of the pendulum
also the distance ofa cloud, by counting I be given and the number of vibrations
the seconds or half-seconds, between the! it makes in a minute be required; say,
lightning and the thunder. Thus, sup-! as the given length, is to the standard

pose between the lightning and .hunder] length, so is the square of 60, its vibra
we count ten seconds; then, because 1 tions in a minute, to the square of the
sound passes through 1142 feet in one number required. The square root of
second, we get the oistanct of the cloud; which will be the number of vibrations
=
11420 feet. Again, the height of any ; made in a minute.
room, or other object, may be mea PENNANT, PENNON, asmallflag
sured by a pendulum vibiating from the! or color.
top thereof. Thus, suppose pendulum
a Gentlemen PENSIONERS, (Gentils-
from the height ofa room, 01 other ob- hommes Pensionnaire:,

Et.) a band of
ject, vibrates once in three seconds ; i gentlemen, who guard the British king's
then say, as 1 is to the square of 3, viz. person in his own house, and for that end
9, so is 39.2 to 352.8 feet, the height wait in the presence chamber. They
requ red. La^th, by tne pendulum we | were first instituttd by Henry VII. They
discover the different force of gravity on' are usually forty in number. Their of
divers parts of rhe earth's surface, and j ficers are, a captain, lieutenant, stan
thence the t ue figure cf tire earth. dard-bearer, and clerk of the cueque.
PENDULUMS. Pendulums for mili Their ordinary arms are guilt pole-axes.
tary purposes are best made with a mus Their pension is 100/. per annum ; they
quet ball, and a
piece of silk, or other' are usually called beef-eaters, from their
small line. 1 heir length must be mea usually fat appearance and indolent
sured from the centre of the ball to the habits.
end of the loop on which they are to PENTACAPSULAR, having five
swing. In a cylinder, or other uniform cavities.
prism or rod, the centre of oscillation, FENTAEDROUS, having five sides.
from whence they must be measured, PENTAGON, in fortification, a figure
is at the distance of one-third from the bounded by five side, or polygons, which
bottom, or two-thirds below the centre form so many angles,
capable of being
of motion. fortified wirii-an equal number of bas
Pendulum's length in latitude of Lon tions. It also denotes a fort with five
don, to swing bastions.
Seconds

39-i-8th. PENTAGRAPH, [Pentagraphe, Fr.)


J Seconds 9'8 An instrument whereby designs, &c.
Sccond'i

i may be copied in any proportion, without



-. -'45
the person, who-flses it, being skilled in
{
I drawing.
PENTANCLE, A figure having fiv.e
angles.
PENTANCULAR. See Penta
gon

Pf^TAPOI.IS,in>-c'KPTViaQ0urfi
520 PER PER
~I " ===-r-^

try consisting of five cities.This name established laws and customs an object
was given, particularly, the valley to of general acquiescence. When two or
wherein stood the five infamous cities more countries are engaged in a hostile
destroyed by fire and brimstone in Abra contest, whatever belligerent party grossly
ham's time. The most celebrated Pcnta- deviates from those rules, is deservedly
polis was the Pentapolis Cyrenica in stamped with infamy, and justly called
"
a perfidious foe."
Egvpt, whose cities were Berenice,
Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Cyrcne, and Apol- Perfidiously, treacherously, false
lonia ly, without faith.
PENTASPAST, {Pentapaste, Ft.) want of faith, treachery.
Perfidv,
An engine that has five pullies. PERGUNNA, Ind. A district.
PENTATHLON. five exer The PERIMETER, in geometry, the ex-
cises performed ui the Grecian games, tent that bounds any figure or body. The
viz. leaping, running, fuelling, darting, perimeters of figures or surfaces, are lines j
and wrestling. those of bodies are surfaces. In circular
PI- NT HOUSE, a shed hanging for figures, &c. we use circumference or
ward in a sloping direction from the periphery instead of perimeter.
main wall of place. a PERIOD. This word is frequently
PEONS, Ind. municipal foot soldiers. used in military accounts to express the
These men are chiefly employed to as intermediate time for which money has
sist in collecting the revenues, and carry been issued to officers and soldiers.
a pike or staff. Most persons in India Broken Period, a term used in the
keepseivants, who wear a belt with the returns and financial statements of the
master's name. These are likewisecal.ed British army, when the regular distribu
tion of pay is interrupted, or the effective
PEOPLE, of color. Blacks, Mulat- force is lessened by the absence of one or
toes, so called. They form part of the more individuals, or by
any other cause.
British territorial army, and are dis A correct and faithful statement of broken
tributed, in corps, among the West India periods is essentially necessary in every
islands. will regulated regiment, as not only the
PERAMBULATOR. See I'sdo. service but the public purse may be ma
meter. terially injured by the neglect, or em
PERCH, in mensuration, is ten feet bezzlement of individuals. Adjutants
long. See Measure. and pay-masters cannot be too scrupulous
PERCUSSION. The impression ly minute on this important head.
which a body makes in falling or strik PERIPHERY, the circumference- as
ing upon another, or the shock of two of a circle.
moving bodies. It is either direct or PERISTYLE, a circular range of pil
*

oblique. lars for the support or ornament of any


Direct Percussion, is where the im building, Sec. used in the ancient am
pulse is given in the direction of a right phitheatres.
line perpendicular to the point of con PERK.ERNUCKA, Ind. Petty of.
tact. ficers are so called in India.
Oblique Percvs sion. When it is PERMANENT Fortification, is de
given in the direction of a line oblique to fined to be the art of fortifying towns,
tne point of contact. &c. so as to resist the attacks of an
enemy,
Centre of Percussion. That point that makes regular approaches.
wherein the shock of the percutieni bo PERMANENT rank, a rank in the
dies is the greatest. army, which does not cease with any
PERCUTIENT, striking against or particular service,or locality ot circum

upon.

stances; in opposition to local or tempe
PERDU, a word adopted from the ra
iy rank. See Rank.
French, signifying to lie flat and closely PERPENDICULAR, (Perpendicu.
in wait It likewise means the forlorn laire, Ex.) According to Vauban's sys
hope. tem, it is aline raised in a perpendicular
A corpsPerdu, Fr. Desperately. direction on the centre of the exterior side
A coupPerdu, Fr. At random. of any given polygon. In mean tortifi-
Coup Pirdu, Fr. Random shot. cation, which prevails mure than any
PEREMPTORY. Whatever is ab other system; the perpendicular contains
solute and final, not to be altered, re 30 toises in the exagon, and in polygons
newed, restrained.
or Peremptory execu. that have a greater number of sides ; but
tion, what takes place immediately. it contains fewer wh-.n the polygons have
f ERE, Ind. See Peer. a less number. The perpendicular is sed

PERFIDIOUS. Treacherous, false by this engineer to determine the other


to trust, guilty of violated faith. Hence lines and angles belonging to a fortification.
.
perfidious foe. Wat, however melan- In proportion as the perpendicular is

holy in its effects, and frequently un increased, the extent of the ffank6 it. aug
justifiable in its cause and progress, is mented.
nevertheless, among civilized nations, so Perpendicular Fortification, is that
far governed by certain principles of in which all the component parts flank
honor, as to rentier the observance cf each other at straight angles. Pagan, and
PET PET 521

other engineers, made the flanks perpen- 1 made in the sides ofa ship by cannon ball,
dicular to the lines of defence. This is during an engagement.
also the denomination of the imoroved PETARD, er PETARDO, an en-
system of Montalembert, which has su- ; gine to burst open the gates of small for
perceded in a great measure all others ; ; tresses : it is made of gun-metal, fixed
the distinction between this and he old, upon a board two inches thick, ami about
would require a treatise to exemplify it. | 2 1-2 feet
square, to which it is screwed,
Perpendicular, {Perpendiculaire, and holds from 9 to 20 pounds of powder,
Fr.) When any star is vertical, it is with a hole at the end opposite to the
raid, in astronomy, to perpendicular,, plank to fill it, into which the vent is
be
because its beams fall directly upon us. screwed : the petard thus prepared is
Perpendicular, in geometry, when; hung against the gate by means of a hook,
any right line is perpendicular to all the or supported by three staves fastened to
lines it meets with in a plane, it is said to the plank
: when fired it bursts open the
be perpendicular to that plane. gate. Its invention is ascribed to the
Perpendicular direction, in march French Huguenots in 1579, who, with
ing, is the re ular and straight progress them, took Cahors in the same year.
of one or more men over given points. Petards are of four different sizes : the
Without the strictest attention is paid to \ first contains I2lbs. 130Z. second iolbs.
this essential principal in all movements, I noz. third ilb. iooz. fourth 1 lb. The
the greatest irregularity, and, ultimately, , blind fuze composition for them is ol"
the greatest confusion must ensue. Per mealed powder, 7lb. wood ashes 30Z.
pendicular and parallcl'movemtnts, con- I Stores for one Petard.
stitute, indeed, the whole system of good
marching. When several columns, di Hooks to hang the petard 3 .

visions, or companies, advai.ce, the dif Gimblcts ... 2


ferent pivots must be stricly perpendi Brass fuze . 1 . .

cular and parallel to each other, otherwise Wre.-.ch to screw the fuze 1 .

the dis'ance will be lost, and the ultimate Blue paper portfires tj .

object of forming a correct line must be Slow match yards 4 .

defeated. Props or forks 2 . .

PERPETUAL screw, a screw which Copper funnels 1 . .

is acted upon by the teeth of a wheel, Tailow ounces 8 . .

and which continues its action for an Cartridges 1


indefinite lene th of time ; or so long as the PETARDER, Fr. to fire petards.
teethof the wheel continue to act rponit. PETARDIER. The man who loads,
PERQUISITES, all manner of pro fixes, and fires the petard. It likewise
fits arising frern an office or place, inde- signifies among theFrench, the man who
of makes or throws a
pendent_ the actual salary or revenue. petard.
Ina military sense no perquisites, advan PETEL, Ind. The head of a village.
tages, or emoluments are allowed to per PETER, Fr. in a military sense, to
sons in responsible situations. explode, to make a loud noise.
PERSIAN Language, Ind. There PETEROLLES, Fr. Squibs, such
are two sorts ; theancient, called Zebane- as children make and use in the streets

Pehlavy; the modern, called Zebaune- for their diversion.


PE TITE. Guerre, Ft. See
dery. Guerre,
PERSPECTIVE, isthe art of draw for its definition
ing the resemblances or pictures of objects Px.-x nx.- Guerre, is carried on
by alight
on a plane surface, as the
objects them- 1 party, commanded by an expert partisan,
selves appear to the eye, Sec. and which should be from iooo to 2000
PERSPECTIVE Elevation. See men, separated from the army, to secure
SCENOG RAPH V. the camp or coyer a march; to recon
PERUST, Ind. A small weight or noitre the enemy or the country ; to seize
measure, equal to four koodups or puis. their posts, convoys, and
escorts; to
PERWANNA, Ind. an order, war plant ambuscades, and to put in practice
rant, or letter, signed by a Nawaub or every stratagem for surprising or disturb
Nabob, a passport ; a custom-house per- ing the enemy; which is called carrying
mit, as in the case of the Neyau and on the Pttite.guerre. Thegenius of these
vizier days, and the operations of the American
PESHWA, or PAIHWA, Ind. war.have placed the service of such a corps
prime minister; the acting head ofthe in a most respectable light, as it is more
Mahrattah states. Paishwa became the fatiguing, more dangerous, and more
title ofa sovereign, the head ofthe Mah desultory than any other.
rattahs. To form a corps capable of
carrying on
PESTLE, an instrument usedin the the Petite-guerre to advantage, prudence
fabrication of gunpowder. See Gun requires that it should consist of iooo
powder .Mill. men at least, without which a
partisan
PETARD EAUX, Fr. Pieces of cannot expect to support the fatigues of
wood, covered with wool and pitch,
a
campaign, and seize the most
impor
whit h are used to stop the holes that are tant occasions that every where offer- and
522 P H A PH A

which a too great inferiority must make or pile raised near a port, where a fire is
him forego. kept burning in the night to direct vessels
It is no less important that this corps near at hand. The Pharos of Alexan
should be composed of light infantry and dria, built at the mouth ofthe Nile, was
cavalry; and as it is most ncontestible that anciently very famous ; whence the name
the cavalry should be tue most active in was derived to all the rest. Ozanam
were to b
carrying on the Petite-guerre, it the says, Pharos anciently denoted astreight,
wished that rhey were likewise strong as the Pharos or Pharo of Messina.

est, so as to have 600 cnvalry and 400 PHARSALIA, so called from Phar-
infantry in a corps of iooo men, making salus, anciently a town in Thessaly, now
foui companies ot light infantiy.and twelve Turkey in Europe, which lies a little to
Each company of in the south of Larissa. This spot was
troops of cavalry.
fantry to consist of 1 captain, 1 first and rendered memorable in history by the
3 second lieutenants, 6 Serjeants, and 100 battle that was fought between Pompey
men, including 6 corporals, 4 lance-cor,
and Caesar, when they contended for the
of empire of the world. Plutarch has given
porals, and 2 drummers. Each troop the following account of the engage
cavalry to consist ot 1 captain, 1 first
and 1 secom lieutenant, 1 ensign, aquar. ment:
ter-master, 6 Serjeants, and 100 horse "Both armies were now arrived at the
men ; including 6 corporals, a trumpeter fields of Pharsalia, conducted by the two
and 2 farriers. greatest generals alive v Pompey at the
The commanding officer should have head of all the Roman nobility, the
the naming of the officers of this corps, or flower of I taly and Asia, all armed in the
at 1. ast ihe liberty to reject such as he is cause of liberty. Caesar at the head of a
convinced are not qualifid for such ser body of troops firmly attached to his in
vice. To support the honor of this corps terests, men who had faced every appear
ance of danger, were long inured to hard
upon a soliu and respectable footing, the
strictest subordination must extend from ships, and had grown from youth to age
the chief to all the officers, and the most in the practice or arms. Both camps
rije id discipline, vigilance, patience, bra lay in sight of each other. In this man
very, and love of glory, ought to pervade
ner they
spent the night ; when next
the whole corps. morning, Czesar's army was going to
PETITION. S?e Memorial. decamp, won.i was brought him, that a
PETRE See Nitre, Saltpetre. tumult anU murmur were heard in Pom-
PETR1NAL, or Poitrinal, Ex. a pey's cainp, as of men preparing for bat.
species of firearms between the arque tie. Another messenger came soon after,
bus and the pistol, which was used with tidings that the first ranks were al
among the French, during the reign of ready drawn out. Caesar now seemed to
There is mention made of it the object of his wishes. New,
Francis I. enjoy
criea he to his soldiers, tbe wished-for day
in an account ofthe sei eof Rouen, which
was undertaken by Henry IV. 1111592 is conte, whenyou shall fight with men, not
Being shorter than the musquet but ofa "with want and hunger. His soldiers,
with
heavier calibre, and not unlike our blun joy in their louks went each to his
derbuss ; it was slung in a cross belt, so rank, like dancers on a stage; while
as to rest upon the chest ot the person Caesar himself at the head of his tenth
who discharged it. From this circum legion, a body of men that had never vet
stance it obtained the name of Poitrinal. been broken, with silence and intrepidity
PETPONEL See Pistol. waited for the onset. While Cccsar was
P ETTAH, bid. the suburbs, or a town thus employed, Pompey on horseback
to a fort, which is >n general viewed both armies; and seeing the
adjoining
surrounded by a stockade or fence of steady order ot theenemy, with the im
bamboos, a wall, and a ditch. patience of his own soldiers, he gave
PEUPLE R, Fr. literally means to strict orders, that the vanguard should
make a stand, aid keeping close in their
people. This expression is used, in a
military sense, by Belaire, author of ranks receive the enemy. Pompey 's
Elimens de Fortification, in the f llowing army consisted of 45,060 men, Caesar's
rnanner:
11 taut pevpler la surface d'un not quite half that number. And now
glacis de Pieniers. The surface ofa glacis the trumpet sounded the signal for battle
ought to be well covered with pedereros. on both sides, and both armies approached

Sec page 388. each other.


"
PHALANGE, fr. .See Phalanx. While but yet a little space remained
PHALANX, a word taken tiom the between either army, Caius Crastinus,
Greek, signifying the same as legion. In a devoted Roman, issued from Caosar's

antiquity, a huge, square, compact batta. army ai the head of 120 men, and began
lien, formed of infantry, set close with the engagement. They cut through the
their sh'elds joi: ed, and pikes turned 'opposite ranks with their swords, and
across. It consisted of 8:00 men, and I made a great slaught'-r; but Crastinus
Livy says, it was invented by the Mace- still pressing foi ward, a soldier run him
d uians j and hei.c- called the Macedonian through the mouth, and the weapon
came out at the back of his neck. In
phalanx.
PHAROS, (Phare, Fr ) a light-house ! the mean time Pompey, designed tc sur-
PIE 523
PHO

force Ins horse, PI AN, Fr. a term usedin the West


round Caesar, and to
Indies, to sir nifv a v nereal taint.
which amounted toonlyone thousand,
tc
PIAN1STE,' Fr. a person infected
fall back upon his infantry, gave orders
with the venereal disorder.
that his own cavalry, consisting ot 7000
and then at A FIC, Fr. perpendicularly.
men, should extend itself,
tack the enemy. Caesar expecting this, PICE, Ind. a copper coin, used ixl
most parts of India, the
value of which
had placed 3000 foot in reserve, who
four pices makeananna, sixteen anna,
a
rushed out fiercely, and attacked Pom is half of our dollar;
their javelins in rupee ; and a rupee
pey 's horse, letting fly so that there are 64 pices
to a rupee ot
the faces of the young delicate Romans,
turned half a dollar.
who, careful of their beauty, PICAROON, a
pillager, oi.e who
their backs and were shamefully put to
flivht. Cxsar's men, without pursuing p lunders ; a smuggler, one who violates
the laws,
them flanked the enemy, now unpro in stakes
tected by their horse, and soon a total PICKETS, fortification,
Pompey, by the sharp at one end, and sometimes shod
rout began to ensue.
with iron, laying the ground,
used in out
dust he saw flying in the air, quickly i( when used
that his cavalry was over- ; of about three feet long ; but,
conjectured the event for pinning the fascines of a battery, they
thrown* and overpowered by j
I are from 3 to 5 feet long.
retired to h scamp in agony and silence. 6
In this condition he sat ponderng
in his Pickets, in artillery, axe about 5 or
the shouts of the feet long, shod with iron, to pn the park
tenr, till roused by out the boundaries 01 ihe
into his camp, he cried lines, and to lay
enemy breaking
out : What, into tbe very ramp
! and with park.
Pickets, \n the are also stakes
but putting
thin^more, camp,
out uttering any to fasten the
on a mean habit, to his flight, he of about 6 or 8 inches long,
dis uise
the tent cords, in pitching the tents ; also,
departed secrttly." During
seven
feet long, driven into the
the great, king ot of about 4
or 5
years war Frederick near the tents ot the horsemen, to
Prussia, was much in the same situation. ground
tie their horses to.
He had retired to his tent, and had given
when the danne j Picket, an out-guard posted before
up every thing for lost, I an army, to give notice of an enemy ap
enterprise of Ziethen, who commanded
the fortune proaching. See Guard.
the Death Hussars, turned
Picket, a barbarian kind of punish-
ofthe day; and though he lost an in i
ment so called, where a soldier stood with
calculable number of Prussians, he se '
one foot upon a shai p pointed stake ;
the
and thereby restored
cured the victory,
to his master both his kingdom
and his time of his standing was limited according
to the offence.
crown. T
It
.

PICK, j A sharp iron


pointed
PHATUK, brd. agaolor prison.
likewise agate.
means I PICK-AXE,| tool, used in trenching,
PICKER, Sec. to loosen the
PHAUGUN, Ind. a month, which in |
some degree agrees with February
and 1 ground. small point
Picker likewise means a
March. t.
/-, ,
ed piece of brass or iron wire, which
PHILEBEG, er Kilt, from the Gae-| to clear the touch-
Fllleadh which signifies a little every soldier carries
lie, beg, hole of his musquet. The brass pickers
dress
plaid. This part of the Highland
ofa belted are the best, because they
are not liable
corresponds with the lower part
as an un to snap or break off*.
plaid, and is frequently worn PICO REE, Fr. an obso!ete Frerch
dress by Highland officers and soldiers. who
considered term, signifying a party of soldiers
The philebeg or kilt may befor the belted go out in seareh of plunder.
as a very good substitute in search of
as it is not, at present, thought
PICORER, Ft. to go out
plaid,
n cessary for the Highlander
to his carry plunder. Obsolete.
well PI CO RE UR, Fr. a marauder.
ciothing for the night, as as by day,
This the cise in
was PICQUEERING, PICKERING,
about his person.
PICKEROONING, a little riving skir
ancient times, when the breaebcan
an

swered both purposes. The philebeg


is mish, which maurauders make, when de
tached for pillage, or before a main battle
a modern invention,
and is the garment)
who have endeavored re begins.
which some,
establishthe of Truis, contound
antiquity PlCS-Hoyaux, Ex. Different sorts of
with the breaebcan filleadb. pick-axes used by the pioneers.
PHIRMAUND, Ind. This word is PIECE, (PHee, Fr.) This word is
sometimes written Firmaun, and signifies variously used, in a military sense, by tne
charter, Frei ch and English, viz
a
royal commission, mandate, Un hemme armi de toutes P 1 e c e s , Fr a .

proclamation, or decree. man armed at all points, orcap-a-pied.


PHOUSDAR, ltd. The same as Pieces d' honneur, Ex. the insignia or
of large
Fousdar, the superi* tendant
a
marks of honor. These consist oi the
district It more immediately signifies
the revenue. crown, sceptre, and sword.
the officer in charge of PIECES of Ordnance are all sorts ot
PHOUS-DAN, Ind. Ihecomman-
ofa large body of forces. great gun* and mortars.
.der
524 PIE P IE

Battering Pieces are the large guns Pieces de Chasse, Ft. a marine term,
which serve at seiges to make breaches, signifying the cannon that is placed on the
such as the 24-pounder, and the culverin, stern and forecastle of a
which carries i81b. ball.
ship. We call
them chase- guns.
Garrison- Pieces, are mostly heavy 12, Pieces de'tachies, Travaux avancis eu
18, 24, 36, and 42- pounders, besides dehors, Ex. Those works which cover
wall guns. the body ofa fortified
Field- P 1 e c e s are twelve pounders, de- the country ; of this
place, towards
description are
mi-culverins, six pounders, sakers, ravelins, demi-lunes, horr.works, tenail
minions, and three pounders, which move les, crownworks, queues d'hironde, enve.
with an army, ana are patked behind the loppes, &c.
second line when it encamps, but are To be cut loPizczs, (Etre
e'eharpe. Ft. )
advanced in front, in the ntervals of bat The "French say, Un tel rigiment, a
talions, Sec. and on the flanks in the day ite echarpe. Such a regiment was cut to
of battle pieces.
Regimental Pieces, are light 6 poun PiEDde Roi, Fr. a measure contain
ders: each regiment has generally two of ing twelve French
inches, or one hundred
these pieces. See Am. Mil. Lib. and forty lines.
PIECE is Ike wise used to express a Pied Quarre', Ex. The French
square
soldier's musquet. foot contains the same dimensions in
Piece Goods, in India, the various length and breadth, giving one hundred
fabrics which manufacture cotton and and forty inches of surface.
silk, are distinguished by this term. Pied de toise quarrie, Fr. the sixth
part
Une Piece d' artillerie, une Pltczde of a square toise. The
square toise con
canon, Ex. These terms are used by the tains 36 feet, the square foot consequently
French to signify cannon in general. comprehends six teet, and must be con
Pieces de Battierie, Ex. See Batter sidered as a rectangle.
ing Pieces. Pied Cube, Fr. the same measure ac
P 1 e c e s de camp agne , Fr. See Field cording to three dimensions. It contains
Pieces. 1728 cubic inches.
Pieces de vingt-quatre, Fr; 24 poun Pied Rbenan or
ders.
Rhinlandique, Ex. the
Germanfoot. See Measure.
Pieces de trente-six, Fr. 36 poun Pied coutani, Ex. the extent of afoot
ders. When pieces are not specifically considered as to length only.
named the term is used in the same Pied Marin, Ex.
literally, sea-leg.
general sense by the English, as, one See Marin.
hundred pieces of cannon, or artillery : Ptsnde mur eu de muraille, Fr. that
cent
piices d'artillerie ; but when the lower part ofa wall which is otherwise
calibre is mentioned, it is usual in En called Escarpe, and is contained between
glish to substitute the word pounder its base and top.
for piece, as une piece de vingt quatre ; Pied de rampart, Ex. that extent of
four and twenty pounder. ground which lies between the fosse and
Di monter les Pieces, Fr. to dismount the houses in a fortified town or
cannon. A Pied, Fr. On toot.
place.
Enclouer les Pieces, Fr. to spike Pied a pied, Ex. foot by foot,
cannon.
gradually.
Faire un Ugement pied d pied ; to establish
Rafraicbir les Pieces, Fr. to spunge a lodgement foot by toot. Forcer Us ou.
or clean out cannon.
varages pied d pied ; to make regular ap
Piece de canon brisi, Ex. The French proaches, or to besiege a town by opening
formerly made use of cannon that could trenches, &c. instead of insulting it by' a
be taken to pieces, and so rendered more direct attack.
portable. Thisspfccies of ordnance was Troupes retenues sur pied, Fr. troops
distinguished as above. kept upon full pay.
Piece versee en pan'ter ou en cage, Ex. Etre en pied, Fr. to be
a piece of ordnance is said to be in this
kept upon full
pay, in contradistinction to reforme, or be
situation, when it is so completely over ing reduced.
turned, as to have the wheels of its car PIEDROIT, Fr. Pier.
riage in the air. Various methods have PIEGE, Fr. Snare.
been proposed by able engineers to raise 1 PIERRE, Fr. A stone.
cannon that have been overturned. See Pierre a feu, Ex. Flint.
Saint Remi, Alanuel de I'artilleur, and a Pierre a fusil, Fr. A flint.
late publication, intituled, Aide Mimoite P1ERREE, Fr. A drain, water
it I'
usage des Officiers d' Artillerie de France, course.
by Gassendi.
Pieces ligeres, Fr. light pieces.
PIERRIER, Fr. A swivel, a pe-
See derero.
Field Pieces.
PIERRIERE, F>. A quarry.
Pifces d la Suideise, Ex. field pieces
PIERRIERES, Ft. Heaps of stones,
originally inventeu, and since used among which are designedly collected round for
theSwedes. tified places to interrupt besiegers in their
Pieces Nettes, Ex. Artillery pieces approaches. These heaps are covered
*liat have no defect whatever. over with earth to conceal the
stratagem 1
PIL PIL 525

and the spots on which they lie are fre PILE, any heap; as a pile of balls,
quently tortified with palisadoee, in the shells, &c.
lorm of bonnets or saliant angles ; so that Piles of shot cr shells, axe generally
when the besieger attempts to carry them, piled up in the magazines, in three
the artillery fiom the ramparts or neigh different manners: the base is either a
boring places, mav be fired amongst triangular square, or a rectangle ; and
the neaps of stones, and considerable from thence the piles are called triangular,
damage be done by the fragments that square, and oblong.
must
necessarilyfly about.
PIERS. The columns on which the Table, of T> ianguhr Piles of Shot.
arch ofa bridge is rtised.
PIES, Fr. Knights that were created c
by Pope Pius IV. in 1560, with the
titles of counts Palatines. They took
precedence, at Rome, of the knights of
0

t/3 Side.-
Conte . Conte . Side. c
0
U
1?.
'Cri
U
a
0

the Teutoi ic order, and of those of


Malta.
P1ET1NER, Fr. to movethe feet
2
4|i3 473 ,24 437 35 7486
It likewise 8184
with great sig
h
10 574
quickness.
nifies tomark time, but
3 J14 75l
not technically so.
PIETON, Fr. a foot soldier. 4 20 EI 5 696 |26 3c9i 37 9322
P1EU, Fr. a large beam, or stake.

PIEUX, Fr.
times used in the
This word is
plural number to
some

signify
5 35
I'6 73i -7 3458 38 10131

palisades. 1 S6 17 883 [28 3853 39 1098!


PIGNON, Fr. the gable end of a

building.
PIKE, in war, an offensive weapon, con
84 l8 I043
J2p 4^77 11871

sisting ofa wooden shift, from 6 to 20 feet 8 I2o 19 1222 473i 4i H8C7
long, with a flat steel head, pointed, cal
led the spear. This instrument was long 9 165 20 I540 5216 42 !373
in use among the infantry ; but now the
bayonet, which is fixed on the muzzle of
the firelock, is substituted in its stend.
10 210 21 1641 jp 5733 43 14659
The Macedonian phalanx was a battalion 11
296 -2 i3 "33 6283 44 i5585
of pikemen.
P IK E M E N, soldiers armed with pikes. 12
34 23 2148 ^34! 6867 45 165 1 1

The utility of the Pike vvas pointed


out by marshal Saxe, b t until the French Explanation. The numbers in theisr,
being destitute of firearms for their na 3d, 5th, and 7th vertical columns, ex
tional guards, were forced to resort to it, press the number ot shot in the base or
the great value of the weapon was not side of each triangular pile ; and the num
well understood ; although the bayonet, bers in the 2d, 4th, 6th, ann 8th veitital
wnich is only a pike on the end ofa fire columns, express the number of shot in
each pile.
lock, was in general use. On an emer
gency, where arms are scarce, the pike
R ules forfinding the number in any Pile.
may always be relied on against infantry
or cavalry. See Am. Alii. Lib.
Triangular Pile.
PIKESTAFF, the wooden pole or Multiply the base by the base -j- r,
handle of a pike.
PI LE, Fr. A species of javelin which this product by the base -f- 2, and divide
was used by the Romans They darted by 6.
these weapons with so much force, that, Square Pile.
according to tradition, two men have been
Multiply the bottom row by the bot
pierced through, together with their tom row -|- 1, and this product by twice
shields or bucklers.
the bottow row -{- 2, and divide by 6,
Piles, strong pieces of wooe-1, driven
into the ground to makea firm foundation Ret lungular Piles.
for any kind of work.
Multiply the breadth ofthe base by
To pile or stack aims, to place three mus
itself -f- 1, and this product by three times
quets with six bayonets in such a relative the difference between the length and the
position, that tire butts shall remain firm breadth ofthe base, added to twice the
the muzzles be
upon the round, and
close together in an oblique direction. breadth -f- 1, and divide by 6.
This method has been adopt-d to prevent Inc Piles.
the injury vhich was formerly done to
omplele
Incomplete piles be;n; only frustumr,
musquetry, when the practice of ground wanting a similar small pile on the top,
ing the firelock prevailed. Every recruit compute first the whole pile as if com
should be taught how to pile or stack plete, and also the small pile wanting at
rms before he is dismissed the drill.
top; and then subtract the one nurufur
from thco.h-.r.
526 PIL P IL

Table, of square Piles of Shot

Side content 'side content s.de cont't side cont't L side ( :ont't 1

60116 74
2 5 j 20 2871 | 38 190 19 56 137825
3 14 21 33H 39 20540 57 j 63365 75 i4345o

4 30 22
3795 40 22140 58 j 66729 76 149226
5 55 23 4324 4i 23821 59 j 702I 77 '55155
~~rf 9i 24 4900 42 25585 60 73810 78 161239
7 140 *5 2S 43 27434 61 77531 79 167480
8 204 26 6201 44 2937s. 62 8i375 80 173880

9 285 27 6930 45 3'3S>5 63 85344 81 180441


10 385 28 77M "4*6 335H 64 89440 82 187165
II 506 29 5SS 47 35720 65 93ft65 83 194054

12 65* 3 9455 48 30824 66 98021 84 2c 1 : Io

3 819 31 10416 49 40425 67 .02510 85 208335


14 1015 32 11 140 5 42925 68 107134 86 2I573I

'5 1240 33 12529 5' 45526 69 111895 87 223300

16 1496 34 13685 52 48230 7o 116795 88 231044

17 1785 3S 14910 53 51039 7 121836 89 238965


18 2109 36 16206 54 53953 72 127022 90 247065

19 2470 37 17575 55 5698a 1 73 132349 V1 255^46

Explanation. The numbers gradually roes they stood to honor, were


curiously
increasing, from 2 to 91, express the expressed, or the whole procession 01 a
number of shot at the base of each square triumph cut out on the sides. The
pile; and the numbers opposite, the arches built by Romulus were only of
quantity of shot in each complete square brick ,those of Camillus of plain square
pile. Example. No. 20 gives 287 1 , and stones ; but those of Caesar, Drusus,
No. 30 gives 9455 ; and so ofthe rest. Titus, Trajan, Gordian, &c. were all
PI LIER, Ft: a buttress. entirety marble. As to their figure, they
PILLAGE, (pillage, Et.) The act of were at first semicircular ; whence pro
plundering. bably they took their names. After
To wards they were built four
pillage, to spoil, to waste, to
square, with
plunder. a
spacious arched gate in the middle,
Pillager, a plunderer; one who and little ones on each side. Upon the
gets a thing by violent or illegal means. vaulted part of the middle gate, hung
PILLAR, in a figurative sense, sup little winged images, representing vic
port. A well disciplined army may be tory, withcrowns in their hands, whith
called the pillar of the state; an ill dis when they were let down, they put
ciplined one, the reverse. upon the conqueror's head as he passed
PILLARS, and ARCHES. It was under the triumph. Fabricii Roma,

customary among the ancients, particu cap. 15.


larly among the Romans, to erect pub The columns or pillars were converted
lic buildings, such as arches and pillars, tothesame design as the arches, for t.e
for the reward and encouragement of no honorable memorial of some noble victory
ble enterprise. These marks were con or
exploit, after :hey had been a lon<
ferred upon such eminent persons as had rime in use for the chief ornaments ofthe
either won a victory of extraordinary sepulchres of great men, as may be ga
consequence abroad, or had rescued the thered from Homer, Iliad 16.
commonwealth from any considerable The pdlars ofthe emperors Trajm and
danger. The greatest actions of the he Antoninus, have been extremely admired
PIL P I O 597

for their beauty and curious work. talions four deep. The two first ranks
We find them thus particular described are to be armed with musquets, the third
in page 53, of Kennett's Roman An and fourth with large half pikes or pilons,
tiquities. having their musquets slung across their
The former was set up in the middle shoulders.
of Trajan's forum, being composed of PILUM. The head of an arrow was
24 great stones of marble, but so curi so called bv the Romans.

ously cemented,' <s to seem one entire P1NASSE, Fr. a pinnace.


natural stone. The height was 144 feet, P1NDAREES, Ind. plunderers and
according to Eutropius, (.Hist. lib. 8.) marauders, who accompany a Mahrattah
though Martian (lib. iii. cap. 13.) seems army. The name is properly that of per
to make them but 128. It is ascended sons who travel with grain and merchan

by 185 winding stairs, and has 40 little dize ; but warattbding so many oppor
windows for the a. mission of light. The tunities and creating so many necessities,
whole pillar is incrusted with marble, in the merchants as it is all over the world,
which are expressed all the noble actions became plunderers and the worst of ene
ofthe emperor, and particularly the Da- mies.
cian war. Ore may see all over it the To PINION, to bind the hands or
several figures of forts, bulwarks, bridges, arms ofa person so as to
prevent his hav
ships, &c. and all manner of arms, as ing the free use of them.
shields, helmets, targets, swords, spears, PINK, a sort of small ship, masted
daggers; belts, Sec. together with the and ribbed like other ships, except that
several offices and employments of the she is built with a round stern, the bends
soldiers ; digging trenches, some
some and ribs compassing, so that her sides
measuring place for the tents, and
out a bulge out very much.
others making a triumphal procession. | l'IN, an iron nail or bolt, with a round
(Fabricus, cap. 7. J But the noble.- 1 or head, and generally with a hole at the end
nament of this pillar, was the statute of to receive a key : there are
many sorts,
Trajan the top, of a gigantic bigness,
on as axle-tree pins, or
bolts, bolster pins,
being no less than 20 feet high. He was pole- pins, swing-tree pins, &c.
representei in a coat of armor proper There are likewise musquet pins, which
to the general, holding in his left hanu a are small pieces ot iron or wire that fasten
sceptre, in his right a hollow globe of the stock. Soldiers are very apt to take
gold, in which his own ashes were de out these pins in order to make their pieces
posited after his death, (Casalius, par. I. ring ; but they should not on any account,
c. 2.) be permitted so todo.
The column or pillar of Antoninus, PINTLE in artillery, a long iron bolt,
vvasraised in imitation of this, which it fixed upon the middle of the limber-bol
exceeded only in one respect, that it was ster, to go through the hole made in the
176 feet high; (Martian, lib. vi. cap. trail- transom of a field-carriage, when it
13. j tor the work was much inferior to is to be transported from one place to
the former, as being undertaken in the: another.
declining age of the empire. Theascent PrNTLE- plate, is a flat iron, through
on the inside was 106 stairs, and the which the
windows in the inside 56. The
pinrle passes, and nailed t*
both sides ot the bolster, with 8 diamond
sculp
ture and the other ornaments were of the headed nails.
same nature as those ofthe first
; and on PiNTLE-ifaiAfr, an iron ring through
the top stood a colossus of the emperor which the pintle passes, placed close to
naked, as appears from some of his coins. the bolster torthe irail to move
upon.
See Martian idem. l'lNTLE-i./., isot anoval figure, made
Both these columns are still standing in the trail-transom of a field-carriage,
at Rome, the former most entire. But wider above than below, to leave room for
Pope Sixtus I. instead of the two statutes the pintle to play in.
of the emperors, setup St. Peter's on the PIOBRACH, the Gaelic word for a
column of Trajan, and St. Paul's on piper ; also an air played upon the bag
that of Antoninus. Casal. part 1. c 11. pipe. It is now more strictly applied to
Among the columns and pillars we must the ancient Highland martial music.
not pass by, (to use Mr. Kennett's words] Piobracms, are either simple or com
the Milliarium aureum, a gilded pillar pound; some of them consist ofa marth,
in the forum, erected by Augustus Ca.sar, &c. and are beautifully varied, and
high
at which all the highways of Italy mer, ly characteristic.
and were concluded. (Martian, lib. iii. PIOCHE, Fr. a mattock, pickaxe.
cap. iS.j From this they counted their PIOCHER, Fr. to dig.
miles, at the end of every mile setting PIONEERS, in war-time, are such
up stone; whence came the phrase Pri
a as are commanded in from the country, to
mus ab urbe lapis, and the like. This match with an army, for mending the
pillar, as Mr. Lassels informs us, is still ways, for working on entrenchments and
to be seen. foitirications, and for making mine* and
PILON, Fr. a weapon, the use of ij approaches : the soldiers are likewise em
which has been recommended by marshal ployed in all these things.
|j
Saxe, m his plan forming several but- Jj Mostof the E uropeati artillery corps have
528 PIS PIS
-"

a company of pioneers, well instructed //orje-PisTOL, so called from b ing


j
in thatimpottant branch of duty. The used on horseback, and ofa large size.
regiments of infantry and cavalry have Management of the Pistol on horse.
3 or 4 pioneers each, provided with '! back for military purposes. Every recruit
aprons, hatchets, saws, spades, and pick j when he joins the horse-drill should be
made
axes. The French sappers are the same perfectly acquainted with the
1
kind of soldiers handling of his pistols according to rule,
PION1ERS, Fr. pioneers.
and of firing correctly at a mark. To
PIPE, a tube; a musical instrument ; this end he must be taught to draw, load,
a liqu.d measure, containing two hogs fire, and teturn his pistol, by word of
heads. command, viz.
Pipe, from the Gaelic piobmohr, which lot. The right glove is to be taken off,

signifies great pipe. The Highland bag j:and the goat- skin thrown back.
pipe is so called, and is an instrument ij Draw right Pistol. This is done at
well calculated for the field of battle. j two motions; ist, the man must seize
When the bagpipe is skilfully performed, [ithe handle of the pistol with his right
its martial music has a wonderful effect hand, the back towards the body. 2d,
upon the native Spofch, particularly Draw it out of the holster with a brisk
the Highlanders, who are naturally war j motion, dropping the butt of the pistol
like.
j on the right holster, and keeping the
TAIL-Pipe, a small brass pipe fixed muzzle upwards.
at the swell of the British musquet, |
Load Pistol. The pistol is 'o be
which receives the i am rod. i dropped
smartly into the left hand ;
Trumpet pipe, a small brass pipe near the ; open the pan, prime, cast about, and
muzzle of the British firelock, through load ; as soon as loaded, seize the pistol
which the ramrod is let down 1 1 is called I by Phe butt, and come to the same posi-
trumpet-pipe, from its resemblance to tion as in the second motion in drawing :

the mouth of a trumpet. The Prussians | the bridle hand must be kept as steady as
have no pipes to their musquets ; the | possible. 1 n loading the pistol, the bar-
ramrod being received into a cylinder i rel is to be kept to the tront.
which runs parallel with the barrel ; nor is Return Pistol. This is done in two
there any pipe of this kind to the Ame I motions : ist, turn the muzzle into the
1
rican or the French musquet ; the ram holster, with the back of the hand
rod passing within the three straps of towards the body, and press home the
iron or plate rings which bind the barrel pistol. 2d, Quit the right i. and briskly.
to the stock. Cock Pistol. Drop the pistol into
Pi?E-Clay and Whiting, a composition the left hand, cocking with the thumb
which so.diers use for the purpose of of the right, and as soon as done come
keepi.ig their cross- belts, Sec. clean. to the second position, viz. muzzle up
PIQUE, Fr. See Pike. wards.
PIQUICHINS, Fr. irregular and To the right aim. Come smartly to an
ill-armed soldiers, of which mention is aim, looking well aiong the barrel to
made in the histoiy ofthe reign of fhi- the object you are aiming at, and turning
lippe Augustus. They were attached to your body as much as is necessary to aim
the infantry. well, but taking care not to displace your
PIQUIER, Fr. a pikeman, or one bridle hand.
who is armed with a pike. Fire ! pull briskly at the word, and as
PIRAMIDE, Fr. SeePvRAMiD. soon as fired goon with the loading mo
PI RAMIDES defeu, Ex. SeejETS tions ; when loaded come to the position
de Feu. asinihefirst direction, viz. muzzle up.
PIRATE, Fr. a pirate. wards.
PISTE, Fr. the track or tread a Cock Pistol, as already
explained.
horseman makes upon the ground he goes To the left aim. This requires particlar
jvcr. attention, as the men will be apt to bring
P I STO L, a species of small fire-arms, their right shoulders too forward, and by
of which there are various sorts and sizes, that means displace their bodies and the
viz. bridle hand.
Highland PISTOL. The old High Fite ! as already explained.
land pistol appears singular enough in Cock Pistol. To the front aim. You
the present day. Some that have been must raise yourself in your stirrup, in
preserved, exhibit marks of excellent order to take a proper aim; you must
workmanship. The stock is metal, and then look well along the pistol, and wait
the but end so sharped, that when fired for the word fire.
off', the pistol can be used as a very serious Fire! As soon as you have fired, you
weapon at close quarters. Ihe Flighland must drop into your seat, and go on
pistol, though never used by any of the with the loading motions, as before di.
British regiments, is still worn by every rected.
person who wishes to be considered as Return Pistol, as already explained.
fully dressed and accoutred in the ancient Draw left Pistol, pec Draw your,
garb. It is suspended from the leftside right Ptitol.
of the waistbeit.
PI V P L A 529

small which different divisions, are to move succes


Poeket Pistol, a
pistol,
may he conveniently carried in the pocket. sively forward, with no other object in
PISTOLETS, Fr. See Pistols. view than the perpendicular point before
PI TANS, Patan, Ind. according to them. For if they once turn to the -ight
Mr. Orme, in his History of the Carnatic, or left, or become anxious about the move

the Pitans are supposed to be the descend ments of others, instead of being the
ants of the northern Indians, who were means of insensibly correcting any errors
that might casually pccur, they will de
early converted to Mahomedanism They .

have been reckoned the best troops. viate themselves, and at every step in
are habitually fierce. crease the irregularity. On this account,
They
Pitan Nabobs. Certain chiefs in India the instant an officer has wheeled his di
so called, viz. of Cudapa, Canoul, and vision, he must resume his perpendicular
Savanore. position, look stedfastly on his leading
PITAUX, Ft: This word is some pivot, preserve his relative distance,
times written petaux, and vvas formerly and keep his person perfectly square.
used to distinguish those peasants that He ought likewise to be particularly con-
rect in
were pressed into the service, from sol stepping off" when the wheel is
diers who were regularly inlisted. completed.
To PITCH, [asseeir, Ex.) .
Moveable Pivot, one which during
To camp, (asseeir un camp, Fr.)
pitch a the wheel of its division advances in a
to take a position, and to encamp troops circular direction, instead of turning on
upon it according to the principles of cas- the spot where it ori.iiially stood. Thun
tr3metatiop. SzeAm. Mil. Lib. when divisions, &c are successively
To pitch a tent, to place a certain re wheeled, without being first hrited, the
gulated quantity of canvas upon poles, so pivot upon which they wheel is said to be
as to afford a temporary cover, against the moveable.
inclemencies of the weather for one or In the drill, single ranks are frequently
more, officers or private soldiers. In or wheeled on a moveable pivot. In which
der that the men may become expert in case, both flanks are moveable, and de
pitching and striking tents, they ought scribe concentring circles round a poirtf
so be practised whilst in camp to do which is a few paces from what would
either. otherwise be the standing flank ; and eyes
are all turned towards the outer
PtTCHANDAH, Ind. afortified pa pivot or
goda on the north bank of the Coleroon, flank man, whether he is on the outward
one mile east of Seringham. flank, or on the flank wheeled to.
PITONS, Fr. nails with round eyes. Pi vor. Flanks, th.- flanks upon which
a line is formed from column.
They likewise signify pins with iron When
rings. the right of the battaion is in front, the
Pitons d'affut, Ex. iron pins which pivot flanks are on the left of its several
are used to keep the plate-bands of the companies, platoons, Sec. and vice versa,
:arriak-e of a cannon tight and compact. when the leti is in front.
PIVOT, (Pivot, Fr.J in a military P ivoT-flank officer, the officer who is
sense, that officer, serjeant, corporal, or on the first flank. In all wheelings du
soldier, upon whom the different wheel ring the maich in column the officer on
ings are made in military evolutions. that flank upon which the wheel is made
There are two sorts of pivots distinguish must attend himself to the correctness of
ed according to the position of the troops the pivot.
who are governed by them, viz. standing Platoon Pivots, the men upon whom
a battalion marches in column of platoons,
pivot ani moveable pivot. When a batta
lion, for instance, stands in open column is wheeled up into line, or into column,
f companies, the right in front, the last when the line has been formed according
man upon the left of the front rank of to a given front.
each company, is called the inner, or It is in the modern improved tactics
standing pivot ; and the first man upon determined that commissioned officers
the right ditto, is called the outer pivor, or shall not themselves be the pivots, but
wheeling flank. So much depends upon that they shall consist of the non-com
the accurate position of the different pi missioned officers, or rank and file on
vots, that no movement can be thorough each fiank only ; and not the officers
ly correct unless the most scrupulous at on those flanks; but the officers are
tention be paid to them. Officers, in strictly required to see that the pivots.
particular, ought to recollect that when perform their duty correctly, and arere-
they are posted upon the flanks, they be sponsiblefor it.
come essentially necessary to the preser. PLACAGE, Fr. in fortification, a
vation of that perpendicular and parallel. kind of revetement, which is made of
ism of a march, without which direc thick plasticcarth, laidalong the talus of
tion the best digested manoeuvres must such parapets as have no mason work,
be ultimately rendered useless. They and which is covered with turf.
must constantly bear in mind, that it PLACARD, P or.asit isintheoriginal
belongs to the mounted field officers to PLACART, S Dutch language Pla-
watch the aggregate, and that they them caat, a term used abroad for a proclama
selves, being incor;'<;r-'>,|?d parts of the tion, edict, Sec. put up in all public
3*
530 P L A P L A

where- the bell-tents, at the head of


laces* by government authority ; speaking,
subjects are ordered todo, or for each where the arms were
y their company,
bear, something expressed therein. Sec formerly. lodged ; likewise a place chosen
Manifesto, at tbe head of the camp for the army to

PLACARD, Fr. any bill, or public form in line of battle, for a review, or
paper, that, is posted up ; same as Bui. the like.
letin. It likewise means a libel. Place of arms ofthe covert way, is a
Placarder, Fr. to post up, to li part of it, opposite to the re-entering an
bel. gle of the counterscarp, projecting out.
PLACE, emplacement, Fr. any spot or wards in an angle.
scire which suits the plans of an architect Place maricageust, Fr. a marshy
to build upon. .

place. A place of this inscription may
Pla-ce, in fortification, signifies, in be easily fortified, and at little expence;
general terms, a fortified town, a fortress: nor does it require many troops for de

hence we say it is a strong place. See fence. Among other advantages, that
Pocket Encyclopedia, vol. V, Place. of not being exposed to an enemy's mines,
Place ef (Place d'armes, Fr.)
arms, is by no means the least considerable.
This term has various
significations, On the other hand, piles mustbesuik
although it uniformly means a place which in almost every direction : and should it
is calculated for the rendezvous of men be invested, it is almost impossible to
in arms, Sec. succour it. Add to these inconveniences,
ist. When an army takes the field, the danger to which the garrison must be
every strong hold or fortress which sup constantly exposed of being visited by
ports its operations by affording a safe some contagious disorder.

retreat to its depots, heavy artillery, ma Place eleve'e dans un plat pays, Fr.
gazines, hospitals, &c. is called a place Places that are put in a state of defence
of arms. ina flat open country. These places are
2dly. In offensive fortification, those almost alvyays secured by regular fortifi
lines are called places of aims, ox paral cations : the soil is good, and there is
lels, wriich unite the different means of always plenty of earth adapted to every
attack, secure the regular approaches, species ot military work : there is abi
&c. ai d contain bodies of troops who dance of water ; and should an enemy at
either do duty in the trenches, protect tempt to carry them by insulting the
the workmen, or are destined to make works, entrenchments may be easily
an impression upon the enemy's out thrown up to check him. Add to this,
works. that it would require two or three armies,
There are demi-places of arms between at least, to cut off' the various supplies
the places of arms. These are more or which can be procured from the country
less numerous in proportion to the resis round. On the other hand, the goodness
tance made by the besieged. and abundance of the soil are equally
Places of arms belonging to the beneficial tothe besieging army. For the
covert- way. These are divided into two troops are thereby enabled to throw up
sorts, viz. saliant and rentrant places of entrenchments, to build redoubts, erect
arms. There are likewise places of arms batteries, and by thus securing iheir p-
composed of traverses, which are practised proaches, to annoy the besieged at all
or made in the dry ditches of military hours, and in all ways.
towns, in a perpendicular direction tothe Place sit,, e'e sur le penchant d'une mon*
faces of the half- moons and the tenail- tagne, Fr. a place situated or built upon
lons. the declivity ofa hill. It is vervtlitti.'u't
Place of arms in a town, a place left to fortify a spot of this sort. Whatever
near its centre, where generally the grand is erected upon it, must be commanded
guard is placed. In towns regularly by the higher ground, and the body ofthe
fortified, the place of arms should be in place be, ofcourse, exposed to every at
the centre. In this place the soldiers of tack.
the garrison parade, lorm, and mount Place situee dans une valle'e, Ex. a
guard, &c. town, fortress, or hold that is built ina
Place of arms of an attack, or of a valley. Places so situated must be in con
trench, ate deep trenches 15 or 18 feet jeopardy, as by getting possession
stant
wide, joining the several attacks together : heights, the enemy cin always-
of the
they serve for rendezvous and station
a commandthem.
to the guard of the trenches, to be at hand Place situie sur Its birds d' une gt and
to support the workmen when attacked. riviere, Ex. a
place, Sec. built upon the
It is customary to make 3 places of aims, banks, borders ofa large river. Places,
or
when the ground will permit : the firsr, constructed in a situa.ion of this sort,
and most distant from the place, is about are preferable to all others, provid-
300 toises, or 600 yards, from the glacis they have a free and uninterrupted
ofthe covert-way ; the second is within communication with the principal quarter

Ied
140 toises, or 280 yards ; and the third at from whence stores, provisions, and am
the foot of the glacis. See Taral- munition may be diawn. They may be
lels. regularly fi rtified towards the interior of
Place of arms ofa camp, was, Strictly the country, and it will require little or no
PL A PL A 531

artificialmeans to secure them on the by the glacis. Parapets are no longer


side of the river. lined.
Place de guerre, Fr. any town or Place, Fr. This word is frequently
place that is regularly, or irregularly for used by the French, in a military sense,
tified. to signify ration, viz.
Place basse, Fr. In fortification the Une place de louche, Fr. one ration
lower flanks according to certain systems of provisions.
are so called. Deux places defourrage, Ex. Two ra
Pl ace forte, Fr. a strong hold or place tions of forrage.
which presents at all points so many dif To be PLACED. This expression is
ficult obstacles against a besieging army, frequently used in naval and military
that it cannot be carried (except by sur matters, to the appointment or
signify
prize] unless the regular means of reducing reduction of officers. Hence to be placed
it be resorted to. It is more ge
upon full or half-pay.
Places contreminees, Fr. all fortresses, nerally applicable to the latter case.
&c. are called places contreminies, or coun PLACER. Fr. to fix, to settle. This
termined, which^ independent of their open word is used among the French, as with
and visible means of defence, &c. have us, to express the
act of providing for a
subterraneous furtifications that a'e along person by appointing him to a desirable
side the revetements of the works, under situation, viz. Placer un jeune homme dans
the glacis, or beneath the neighboring un
regiment ; to get a
young man a com
ground, to interrupt the approaches, and mission ina regiment.
destroy the works ofa besieging enemy. Un cheva. bien place, Fr. A horse is
Place haute, Fr. According to the said, among the French, to be well placed,
systems of some engineers (which have when his forehead runs perpendicularly
not been followed of late
years] the place down between the nostrils.
haute, or high place, is that which stands PLAFOND, Fr. Theceiling.
the highest of three platforms that were PLAFONNER, Fr. to ceil or adorn
constructed in he shape of an ampitheatre the upper part ofa room, &c.
along the flank., of the bastions. Pagan, PLAGE, Fr. flat shore, or extent of
Blondel, and ot >ers, who have copied coast, where there are no creeks, &c for
from these systems, did so from an idea, . vessels to ride in.
that considerable advantages might be PLAl E, Fr. a wound or scar.
d_ rived from a powerful and concentrated PLAN, ground plot, or
ichnography,
discharge of artillery and musquetry. in fortification, is the representation of the
Not conceiving that it was possible to con first or fundamental tract ofa work, show
struct casemaied flanks free of smoke, ing the length of its lines, the quantity
they built three or four open flanks one of its angles, the breadth of the d.itches,
above the other. But they were soon thickness of the rampart, parapets, and
rendered useless and untenable by the the distance of one part from another :
shells th-.it fell, and the fragments that so that a plan represents a work, such as
flew about in consequence of the demoli it would appear if cut equal with the
tion of the mason- work. Casemated level of the horizon, or cut off' at the
ramparts, on the contrary, have been foundation : but it marks neither the
known to stand proof against the heaviest heights nor depths of the several parts of
discharge of bombs, &c. to take up little the works : that ispioperly profile, which
room, and to afford ample space for a expresses only the heights, breadths, and
wide range of artillery, that is kept un depths, without taking notice of the
der cover. lengths. As architects, before they lay
Places non revitues, Ex. a\\ fortified the foundation of their edifice make their
BOwnsorpla.es are so called, when the design on paper, by which means they
ramparts that surround them are only find out their faults, so an enginec, be
lined with placage or simple turf. In fore tracing his works on the ground,
rlus case the ramparts, so lined or cover should make plans of his designs upon
ed, ought to be fraised and palisadoed paper, that he may do nothing without
above the berme or foot-path, to prevent serious deliberation.
surprizes. Hedges made of good quick Exact plans are very useful for generals
set, well interwoven with other wood, or governors, in either
attacking or defend
and carefully attended to, will save the ing a place, in chusing a camp, deter*
expence of palisadoes, which in marshy mining attacks, conducting theapproach-
soils soon rot, and require to be re or in examining the
es, strength and weak
placed. nessot a place;
especially such plans as
Places Fr.
revitues, All fortified represent a place with the country about
towns or
places called, whose ram
are so it, shewing the rivers, fountains, marshes,
parts are lined covered
or with brick or ditches, valleys, mountains, woods,
stone. It frequently happens, that the houses, churches, defiles, roads, and
revetement'does not reach the terre-pleine other particulars, which appertain to it.
ofjhe rampart, especially when the para PLAN of comparison, a geometrical
pets are thick and solid ; in which case sketch of any fortress and adjacent coun
the revetement is more easily covered try within 'q|anon shot, in which th.Jj
532 P L A PLA
a.

different levels of every principal point PLASM. See Mould.


are
expressed. PLASTER, a pieceof greased leather
PLAN, Fr. See Plan. or rag used by riflemen, Sec. to make the
Lever le P l a n de qu ball fit the bore ofthe piece.
eigne place de guer.
re, Fr. to draw the plan of a fortified Plastlr, in building, a substance
town or place. ** made of water and some absorbent mat
PLANCHETTE, Fr. a small board ter, such as chalk or lime, well pulve
or
copper-plate, which is usedin prac rised, with which walls are overlaid.
tical geometry. PLASTRON, a pieceof leather stuf
PLANCHES, Ft. Boards, planks. fed, used by fencing-masters, to receive
Planches d'entrevoux, Et. Boards or thereon the pushes made at them by their
planks that are laid between the joists or pupils.
posts ota building. Plastron, Fr. A breast plate or
PLANCHEYER, Fr. to board or half cuirass. In the old French service
floor. the gens d'armes, the
PLANCONS, Fr. literally twigs,
heavy cavalry, the
or light horse, Sec. were obliged to wear
small round pieces of wood. A term used breast. plates on all occasions at reviews,
in hydraulics. See Belidor. &c. The hussars were an exception to
PLANIMETRY, -planimetrie, Fr.) this order which took place on the 28th
that part of geometry which considers of May, 1733. ln ihe original order, da
lines and plane fipuies, without any ted the ist of February,
1703, it was
reference to heights or depths, in particularly specified,that in order to be
oppo
sition to stenometry, or the mensuration accustomed their weight, the above-
to
of solids. mentioned corps should wear half cuiras
PLANISPHERE, (planisphere, Fr.) ses in time of
peace. The captains of
a representation of the globe or sphere on troops were obliged to keep the half
paper, for geometrical and astronomical cuirasses belonging to their men in con
purposes. stant repair.
To PLANT, in a military sense, to PLAT, ate, Fr. Flat, level, low.
place, to fix ; as to plant a standard. It The flat side of any tiling ; as, Plat des
likewise signifies to arrange different pieces Sabi e.
of ordnance for the purpose of doing ex Plat pays. A flat or low
country.
ecution against an enemy or his works. It is generally used among the French to
Hence to plant a battery. Johnson ap signify that extent, or of
space country,
plies it to the act of directing a cannon on which scattered houses and
villages
properly. The French use the word are built, in contradistinction to towns
generally as we db, except in the last and fortified places. It is likewise used
mentioned sense. They say, mrttie le in opposition to a mountainous country.
canon en batterie. In others the term bears Les soldats de la garnison vivoient aux de-
the same signification, with occasional pens du plat pays. The soldiers ofthe gar
deviations when they apply it figurative rison lived upon the adjacent villages or
ly,viz. country.
Planter le piquet chex. quelqu'un, Fr. Punit a plat de Sabre. To punish a
To quarter one- self upon any body. man by striking him with the fiat side of
Planter la quelqu'un, Ex. To leave a sabre blade. The French likewise say,
a person abruptly, or, as we familiarly des coups deplat d'epee. Blows given with
say, to leave another in the lurch. the flat side of a sword. This mode of
Planter quelque chose au nex. de quel punishing is frequently adopted in foreign
qu'un, Fr. To reproach a person with any services, particularly among the Ger
thing, or, as we familiarly say, to throw mans. M. de St. Germain, minister
it in his teeth. II lui planter sa poltromne- of the war department under Louis
rie au ws.,- he reproached him openly for XVI. attempted to introduce it in
his cowardice, or he threw his cowardice France, but it resisted
was
by the army
in his teeth. at large.
Plante, Fr. To be fixed, to be sta Battre
couture, Fr. To gain
a. p late

tionary Un scldat bien plante sur ses pieds, and decided


a
completevictory, or to beat
.

Fr. A soldier that is well set up. enemy an kill or take almost
so as to
every
Planter un bailment, Fr. To lay man he had to oppose.
Hence, une armie
the hrst stones, oi the foundations of a battue a platte couture, Fr. An
army com
building pletely routed ana undone.
PLAQUE, Fr. The shell of a sword. Plat de I'lquipage d'un vaisseau, Ex.
A dish or mess, consisting of seven ra
VLAQVEs'dePlomb, Fr. Sheets of tions or portions put together, and served
lead. These are used for various pur out for the subsistence of seven men, on
poses. In the artillery, to cover the vent board French ships of war.
ofa cannon ; and on board ships of war, j Ettc mis au plat des malades sur mer,
to stop the holes, &c. that ate made by Ex. To be put upon the sick list on
shot.
j
cannon board a king's ship ; or to receive such
PLAQUER, Fr. to lay one plank over I ratbns as were ordered to be served out to
another. To cover any space with earth the sick.
crttirf, Sec. \ PLATAIN, Fr. Flat coast. A spot

PL A PL I 533

near the sea which is well calculated forj The usual slope of
platforms for guns ii
inch to every yard.
a descent. As Le Platain de d'Angeulin, one

the Platain de Chutelaillon, near Ro- The platforms for mortar batteries ate
and
made with 3 sleepers 8 inches square,
chelle.
artillery, and covered with about 11 timbers of the
PLATES, or prise plates, in

two on the cheeks ofa gun-


plitesof iron ,
same thickness. They are la d perfectly
carriage, the cap-square to the
from
horizontal, about 15 feet asunder, and 12
centre, through which the prise bolts
feet from the epaulement. This is the
distance commonly practised for firing
go, and on whicii the handspike rest,
when used in raising the breech of the only at 15 degrees elevation; but if ths
gun, Sec. platforms be placed at the undermention
Breast Plates, the two plates, on the ed distances from the epaulement, the
mortars may be fired at the angles corres
face ofthe carriage, on the other cheek.
Breast Ptates, the clasps, with or ponding
nament cl hi -ads, by which the cross
At 13 f et distance for firing at 30 degrees.
21 feet at 20
belts in the army are attached. . .

Train Plates, theplates two on the 30 feet . . at 15


cheeks at he train of the carriage. . 40 feet . . at 10

Plates, the six plates the; over an epaulement of 8 feet high. See
on
Dulidge
wheel ot a gun carriage, where the fellies Battery.
PLATINE delum'nre, Ex. The same
are joined togethr.
de Plomb, as far as it regards
PLATEAU, Fr. A flat piece of wood, as Plaques
which is sometimes used to place mor cannon. With respect to musquets and
tars on, Sec.
other firearms, it means that parr ofthe
PLATEBANDES, Ft: Cap- 1 hammer whicii covers the pan.
of a piece of; PLATOON, in military affairs, was
squares. A particular part a small body of men, ina bat
ordnance, which, though ofa flat form or formerly
i

talion of foot, &c. that fired alternately.


figure, rises bevond the rest ofthe metal, | A battalion was then generally divided
and is always cast b fore the moulding.
into 16 platoons, exclusive ofthe grena
There are three sorts of platbands upon a
regular piece of
ordnance, viz.capsquare; diers, which formed 2 or 4 platoons
as occasion required. At present
and moulding at the breech ; capsquare more, .

and moulding of the first reinforce; cap- 1 a battalion is generally divided into
square and moulding
ofthe second rein wings, grand divisions, divisions, (pla
force.
toons or companies) subdivisions, and
Fr. sections and the word platoon is gene
Platebanbes d'affuts, Ironcap- ;

Squares, which serve to keep the trun- I rally used, to denote a number (from 10 to
nions fast between the cheeks ofa pieceof 20) of recruits assembled for t he purpose of
ordnance. i instruction, in which case it may be con
as synonimous with company ;
.

PLATFORM, (Platforme, Ex.) The! sidered


brick or stone build- but a platoon may consist of any number
upper part of every
i

under a battalion.
ing which is arched and has more floors
than one, is so called. Hence the plat- | PLATRAS, Fr. Rubbish, such as
form ofa tower, or of a redoubt. All ashes, pieces of broken brick, mortar,
a I &c. It is used by refiners, for the pur
pieces of ordnance that are planted onof
rampart, or arc disposed along the lines pose of distilling saltpetre into proper
vessels.
abesieging army, &c. have their plat
forms. .
PLATRER, Fr. to plaster, to patch,
to daub over.
PLATFORM, in gunnery, is a bed
of wood on a battery, upon which the PLAY, is occasionally applied to
guns stand; each consisting
of 18 planks a military action; as the cannon play up
theenemy, &c.
of oak or elm, afoot broad, 2 1-2 inches on

from 8 fee long, nailed PLEBEIAN. From the Latin P'.eblus,


th'ck, and to 15
a distinction made between the poor and
or pinned on 4, 5i or 6 beams, from 4 to

7 inches square,
called sleeper. They rich, in a very early period of Rome;
must be made higher behind than before
which tended to its ultimate destruc
6 inches,
to prevent too great a tion. The term is chiefly used in speak
by or 9
recoil, and advance the gun easily when
to ing of the anciemt Romans, who were
loaded. They are from 18 to 20 feet long, divided into senators, knights, plebians,
8 feet before and 14 or 15 feet behind. and common.

Permanent batteries, if good stone is PLEDGET, the same as bolster, cam-

made of brick press, in surgery, kind of flat tent, which


a
not to be had, should be
the edge. is laid over a wound, to imbibe the super
placed on
The common plat fluous humors that ooze out, and to
PLATFORMS.
follow keep it clean.
forms for gun batteries require the
5 sleepers or P L E 1 N du Mur, Fr. The main part
ing materials for each
:

joists, 6 inches square, 14


feet long. 1 or
body ofa wall.
8 feet PLE1N fouet, direct shot; or firing so
hunter, 8 or io inches square,
11 feet
long, as to hit the mark by the trajectory
long, 14 planks, 1 foot wide,
2 i-a inches thick. 2 pickets.
line.
PI.IER, Fr. To give way.
534 PLU P LU

Une aile qui plie, Ft. in a military PLUMMET. This word is derived
sense, the wing of an army, which gives from the Latin Plumbum, lead, as a piece
way. When this occurs, it behofves a thereof is fastened to the end ofa thread.
wise and executive general, to send im The instrument itself is used by maso.s,
mediate support, for ihe whole army is Sec. to draw perpendiculars with, in order
endangered by the least impression on to judge whether walls, &c. be
upright
that quarter. planes, horizontal, &c. Pilots, at sea,
PLINTH, the square member which likewise ascertain their soundings by it.
serves as a foundation to the base of a In the forming of recruits it is used to fix
pillar. lines.
PLOMB, Fr. literally means lead. Plummets which vibrate the recuiired
It is sometimes used in a military sense, times of march in the minute, are of great
to signify musquet shot, &c. utility, and ,can alone prevent, or cor
A Plomb, Fr. The perpendicular rect uncertainty of movement ; they
position of any body substance. Une
or must be in the possession of, and be con
muraille plomb.
est a wall built in a
A stantly referred to by each instructor ofa
straight perpendicular direction. squad.
Donner d plomb, Et. To fall verti A musquet ball suspended by a string
cally, as the rays of the sun do in certain which is not subject to stretch, (and must
latitudes. of course be kept constantly dry) and on
Etre a plomb, Et. To stand upright. which are marked the different required
Marcher d pbmb, Ex. To march with lengths, will answer the above purpose,
a firm, steady pace. may be easily acquired, and should be
This word is sometimes used as a frequently compared with an accurate
substantive, viz. Pcrdreson aplomb. To standard in the adjutant's, or serjeant-
lose one's balance. major's possession. The length of the
Manquer d' a plomb, Fr. To be un plummet is to be measured from the
steady. point of suspension to the centre of the
PLONGEE, Ft: A term used in ball.
artilleiy to express the attion ofa bomb, Accurate distances or steps; of 24 inches
Sec. which from the highest point of the must also be marked out on the ground,
curve it describes, takes a downward di along which the soldier should be practis
rection to strike its object. ed to march, ard thereby acquire the just
Pi.oNor.idu Rampart, Fr. The slope length of pace.
of the upper part ofthe parapet, belong PLUNDER, hostile pillage, or spoils
ing to tne rampart, is so called. The taken in war.

slope is likewise named talus supirieur, or PLUS, in algebra, commonly denotes


upper talus. majus, more, or addition : its character is
PLONGEONS, Fr. Artificial fire Thus 5 -j- 7 is read 5 plus 7, or 5
shot into water and
-f- .

works, which are


added 7 is equal to 12.
to
rise again without being extinguished. PLUTEUS, a defensive machine,
Plonceons, Ft: Plungers or divers. which was used by the ancient Romans.
Men of this description ought always to
1 1 was composed of wicker hurdles laid for
accompany army, for the purpose of
an
a roof on the top of posts, which the
swimming under bridges of boats, &c. and soldiers, who went under it for shelter,
making apertures in their bottoms. bore up with their hands. Kennett, in
P LONGER, Ft: To plunge
any page 238, of his Roman Antiquities,
thing into the water. This word is observes, that some will have them, as
likewise used to express the discharge of well as thevinea?, to have been contrived
ordnance from top to bottom, as canon with a double roof; the first and lower
plongi. roof of planks, and the upper roof of hur
PEMWLdefcu, Ex. literally a shower ,

It signifies a certain quan


dles, to break the force of uny blow,
or rain of fire. without disordering the machine. The
tity of artificial finpworks, whose dis plutei, however, were ofa different figure
charge falls in regular sparks, without from the vinese, being shaped like an
ever deviating into a serpentine direc arched sort of waggon ; some having three
tion.
wheels, so conveniently placed, that the
PLUMB, PLUMMET, a leaden or machine would move either way, with
other weight let depwn at the end ofa string,
or piece of catgut, to regulate any work
equalease. They were put much tothe
same use as the m usculi. Father Daniel,
ina line perpcnefTcular to the horizon, or the Jesuit, in his history of the French
sound the depth of any thing. It is of
militia, makes mention of this machine.
great use to the artillerist, as well as to He quotes a passage out of a poem, inti
the engineer. tuled the Siege of Paris, by Abbon, the
PLUME, feathers worn by soldiers in Monk; the meaning of which is, that
the hat or helmet. the Normans brought up a large quantity
PLUMET, Fr. plume, feather. An of machines, that were called plutei by
ornament which is worn by military men the Romans, and that seven or eight sol
in their hats. It succeeded the pannache
diers could be put under cover benearii
or bunch of featheis, that formerly adorn

ed the helmets. i
PO I P O I 535

them. He further adds, that these ma the eye, or in the central ray, where the
chines covered with bull hides. same is intersected
w.-re
by the horizon.
The moderns have imitated these plu Point, or points of distance, in per
tei by adopting mantelets. The chevalier spective, is a point or points, for there
Folard mentions having seen one at the are sometimes twoof them placed at equal
siege of Phillipevilleiof a triangular figure, distances from the point of sight.
made of cork, interlaced between two Accidental points, or
Contingent
boards, and supported by three wheels points, in perspective, are certain points
that turned upon a pivot. i wherein such objects as may be thrown
PLUSH, a kind of stufFwith a sort of negligently, and without order, under the
velvet nap or shag on one side, consisting plan, do tend to terminate. For this
ofa woof of a single woollen thread, and reason they are not drawn to the point
a double warp ; the one of two woollen of sight, nor the points of distance, but
threads twisted, the other goat's or ca meet accidentally, or at random in the
mel's hair; though there are plushesen- horizon.
tirely of worsted, others of hair, and Point of the front, in perspective, is
others again of silk, cotton, &c. White when vfe have the object directly before
plush breeches have been often worn by us, and not more on one side than the
dragoons. They resist moisture, and are other, in whicii case it only shews the
easily cleaned. foreside; and if it be below the horizon,
PNEUMATICS. The doctrine ofthe a littleof the top too, but nothing of the
lair, or the laws whereby it is condensed, siile, unless the object be polygonous.
rarefied, gravitated, Sec. Third point, is a point taken at dis
Pneumatic Engine, denotes the air cretion in the line of distance, wherein all
pump. the diagonals drawn from the divisions of
PNEUMATIQUE, Fr. Pneumatics. the geometrical plane concur.
POIDS, Ft: Weights. Objective po in t, a point on a geome
Poms de Marc, Fr. Avoirdupois trical
plane, whose representation is re
weight. quired on perspective plane.
the
Poids Remain, Et. Troy weight. Point of concourse, in optics, is that
Poids d peser I'eau, Ex. Waterpoise. wherein converging ravs meet, more
Jittc de poids, Fr. To weigh. commonly called the focus.
Avec poids et me sure, Ex. With care Point of dispersion, is that wherein the
and circumspection. rays begin to diverge, usually called the
POI>.NARD, Ft. Dagger, poniard. virtual focus.
Coup de poicnard, Pr. A stab. Point. This term is frequently used
Poicnarder, Fr. Tostab. in a military sense. As point of intetsec-
POIGNEE, Fr. Handful. Poignie tlen, intermediate point, &c. Ihe several
d'bammes; a handful of men; a small applications of which may be seen in the
number general rules and regulations.
P-oignee, Fr. Handle of a sword. Covering point, a point which in
La Poicnee, Ft. The handle. changes of position materially concerns
POIL, Fr. Hair. Monter un cheval the movement of one line with another.
a poil. To ride a horse without a sad When a change of position is made on
dle. a flank or central point of the first line,

Un brave a trois foils, Fr. A figura the movement of its coveting point of the
tive expression to describe a bully, or second line, determines the new relative
gasconading fellow. situation ot that second line.
POINCON, Fr. A puncheon, bod To find this point, it is necessary to
kin. It is likewise an instrument which premise, that if a circle is described from
is used in the making of artificial fire any point (A) of a first Ime (AE) with a
works, being called poincon a arret, from radius equal to the distance betwixt the
a piece of iron running cross-ways near two li.ies; then its covering point (a) at
the point, to prevent it from entering too that time in the second line will be always
far in the circum Terence of that circle, at such
POINT, in geometry, according to place as the second line becomes a tan
Euclid, is aquantity which has no parts, gent to the circle. Should the first line,
being indivisible; and according to others, therefore, make a change of position
that which terminates itself on every side, ( A R) either on a flank or central point
or which has no boundaries distinct from (A); its covering point (a) will move so
itself. This is a mathematical point, and as still to
preserve and halt in its relative-
i? only conceived by the imagination ; yet situation (a 2) and by the movement
herein all magnitude begins and ends, its and halt of that point preceded by the
flux generating a line, that of a line a sur one (d) of intersection, every other part of

face, Sec. A line can only cut another ina the second line, either by following them,
po'n.t. #
or
by yielding from them, is regulated and
Point, in perspective, denotes various directed. Betwixt the old and new situa
to the perspective tion ofthe covering point (a) and equid
phces with regard the point (d)
plane, viz. point ofsight, ot ofthe eye, or istant from each, lies of the
primipal peint, is a peint in the axis of; where the old and new positions which is a most
secorsd lhie ir.tersr.-t, and
536 P O I POL

material one in the movement of that use points to trace their designs on copper,
line. wood, or stone.
Point of honor. See Honor. Point blank, (But en blanc, Ex.) in
Point of Appui, the point upon which gunnery, denotes the shot of a piece evel-
a line of troops is formed. When the led horizontally, without either mount
right stands in front, and the column is ing or sinking the muzzle. In shooting
inarching to form, the first halted com thus, the bullet is supposed to go in a
pany, division, Sec. is the point of ap direct lin , and not to move i 1 a curve, as
pui. Thus when the right is in front bombs and h ghly elevated random shots
the dis'ant point of formation is the left. do. We say supposed to go in a direct line,
Point of Intersection, the point where f because it is certain, and easily proved,
two lines intersect each other. thita shot cannot fly any part of its range
Intermediate Point. In marching for ina right line strictly taken; but the
ward that is called an intermediate point greater the velocity, the nearer it approach
which lies between the spot marched es to a right line ; or the less crooked its
I

from, and the spot towards which you I range.


are advancing. In forming line, the cen For the point blank ranges of different
tre point between the right and left is the pieces of ordnance, see the different na
intermediate point. It is of the utmost tures.
consequence to every body of troops, ad The French paint blank or but en blanc,.
vancing or retreating, but especially in is what the English artillery call the line of
advancing towards the enemy, ro find an metal elevation ; inmost guns between one
intermediate point between two given, and two degrees.
and, perhaps, inaccessible objects. The Pointer, Ft; to point; as, pointer un
line of march is preserved by these means canon. To point a cannon.
in its perpendicular direction, and every POINTEURS, Fr. Levellers. Of
column may be enabled to ascertain its ficers in the old French artillery, who
relative point ot entry in the same line. were subordinate to the extraordinary com
Point of Alignment, (Point d'aligne. missaries ; but who were never employed
ment, Ex.) The point which troops form except upon field service.
upon and dress by. Points d'appui, Fr. Basi9, support.
Point of Formation, a point taken, The general signification of this term ex
upon which troops are formed in military presses the different advantageous posts,
order. such as castks, fortified villages, &c.
Perpendicular Point, the point' upon which the general of an army takes pos
whicii troops march in a straight forward session of in order to secure hisnaiural
direction. position. In a more limited sense, they
Relative Points, the points by which mean those points which are taken up in
the parallelism ofa march is preserved. movements and evolutions. See Point
Point of passing, the ground on which d'appui. Am Mil. Lib.
one or more bodies of armed men march POINTING ef a gun or mortar, is the
by a reviewing general. placing either one or other, so as to hit
Point to salute at, the spoton which the object, or to come as near it as pos
the reviewing general stands. This, sible.
however, is not to be understood literally, To POISON a Piece, (Enc/ouer une
as every infantry officer when lie arrives plice, Ex.) in gunnery, to clog or nail
within six paces of the general, recovers it up.
his sword and drops it, keeping it in that POISSON, Fr. literally means
situation until he shall have passed him a fish.
prescribed number of paces. The caval POITREL, armor for the breast of a
ry salute within the breadth ofthe hor horse.
se's neck, the instant the object is un POIX, Fr. pitch.
covered. Poix refine, Ex. Rosin.
Point of lldr, aloud and impressive POLACRE, Ft. Alappelcoat.
beat ot the drum, the perfect execution POLACRE, or Polaque, Ex. a Le
of which requires great skill at d activity. vantine vessel, which carries a smack sail
The point of war is beat when a battalion on the mizen and mizen mast, and
square
charges. suils on the main m^st and bowsprit.
Point du jour, Fr. break of day; POLAlRE, Fr Polar.
dawn. POLE, in a tour wheel carriage, is
Point de vue, Fr. prospect, sight, fastened to the middle of the hind axle-
aim. tree, and passes between the foreaxle-tree
De point en llanc, Fr. point blank. and its bolster, fastened with the pole-
A point, Ft: in time. pin, so as to move about it; keeping the
A point nommis, Ex. seasonably. fore and hind carriages together. It is
La tointe, Fr. the point of the also called the tongue.
sword. POLES, incastrameration, long round
Point is also a steel instrument of va pieces of woon, by which a marquee or
rious use in several arts. Engravers, tenr is supported. There are three sorts,
etchers, wood. cutters, stone-cutters, Sec. viz.
Ridge Pole, a long round piece of
POL POL 537

Wood, which runs along the top of an opinion a more correct derivation, comes
officer's tent or marquee, and is support from the Italian Potnone, which takes its
ed by two other poles, vii. derivation from Poltio, a colt; because of
Front Pole, a strong pole, which is that animal's readin ss t-> run away ; or
fixed in the front part of an officer's tent Polao, abed, as pusillanimous peo .le take
or marquee, and is kept in a perpendicular a pleasure m lying in bed. This last word
position by means of two strong cords, is derived from the high Dutch Polster,
called weather cords, that run obliquely which signifies a bolster or cusnion. This
from each other, across two other cords contemptible character is so little calcu
from the rear pole, and are kept fast to the lated for a military life, that the slimiest
earth by wooden pegs. imputation of cowardice is sufficient to
Rear Pole, a strong pile, which is render an individual unworthy of serving
fixed in the back part of an officer's mai- among real soldiers. Poltroon and coward
quee or ten', and is kept in the same stand, in fact, foremost in the black cata
relative position as has been described logue of military incapacities. Every
above. young man, therefore, ought well to
Fire POLES, or Rods, artificial fire weigh, examine, and digest the necessary
works. They are generally of the length qualifications for a profession, which,
of tenor twelve feet, and ofthe thickness above all others, exacts a daring spirit, and
ot two inches at most. One of the ends an
unqualified contempt of death.
of the fire pole is hollowed out with three POLIGARCHY, ( Polygar c hie, Fr.j
or four flutes to the length of two Oi three of many chiefs
a government
composed or
feet. Into one of these flutes are fixed leaders.
rockets or squibs. Paper crackers are POLYGARS, Ind. Chiefs of moun*
fixed in the others. After noles have been tainous and woody districts in the penin-.
bored through the body of the poie, in sula, who pay only a temporary homage.
order that the rockets may have commu POLYGON, (Polygene, Ex.) is a
nication with the crackers, they must be figure of more than lour sides, and v:
neatly wrapped in paper, the more effectu either regular or irregular, exterior or in
ally to deceive the spectators. terior.
POLE AXE, an axe fixed to the end of Regular Poly con, is that whose angles
a long pole. See Battle Axe. and sides are eq .al. It has an angle of
POLICE, Fr. in a military sense, the centre, and an angle of the polygon.
among the French, this term comprehends The centre of a regular polygon, is the
the inspectois, the treasurers, the pay centre ofa circle, which circumscribes
masters, the commissaries, the provost the polygon ; that is, whose circum
marshal, Sec. ference passes through all the angles ofthe
Police d' assurance, Fr. a policy of figure.
insurance.
Irregular Polygon, is that whose sidei
POLICY in wat. See Strata and angles are unequal.
gem: Extciior Polygon, that whose lines
POLITICAL, relating to policy, or touch the points of the flanked angles,
civil governmi nt. when a place is fortified inwards.
POLITICS, (Politique, Fr.) apart of Interior Polygon, that outward forti
dhics which consists in th? porerning of fication whicii makes the angles of the
states, for the maintenance of the public gorget ; so that the whole bastion is with
safety, order, and good morals. out the polygon.
POLK, Fr. a Polish term, signifying POLY E DRE, Fr. See Polyedron.
a regiment, from whence is derived polko- Lunettes Polyedres, Fr. Magnifying
wink, colonel. glasses.
POLLAM, Ind. a measure equal to POLYEDRICAL, P having many
twenty ounces : forty makea viz in weight POLYEDROUS, $ des.
in Madras. POLYEDRON, a solid figure or body
POLL Money, commonly called poll- consistingot manv sides.
tax, capitation.
or POLYGRAP'HIE, Fr. See Poly.
POLTROON, (Poltron, Fr.) a cow
ard, a dastard, who has no courage to per POLYNOMIAL, (Polyname, Ex.) an
form any thing noble. The etymology of algebraical term, signitying a quantity
or poltroon,it is usually pro
as made up of many others by means ofthe
poltron
nounced, iscurious Both in ancient and'
times instances have oc
sign -f- or more, and ihe sign or less.

modern frequent POI.YORCETE, Fr. a term used


curred of men, who had been forcibly
among the French to distinguish great
enlisted, having rendered themselves unfit warriors. It literally signifies the taking
for service by cutting off their thumbs or of strong towns. Marshals Saxe and
fingers. When this happened among the Lowendalh, les of the
Romans, they were called Pallice trunci.
grands Polyorcetes
last century.
The French, (as they do in mostof their
words that are derived from the Latin)
POLYTECHNIQUE, ?a word de-
Ecole Polytechis ient, S rived from
contract these two, and by an elision make the Greek, and used by the French to
or poltroon, from whence we have
poltron distinguish an establishment in which ail
adopted the term. Another, and in our

3 Y
538 PON PON

Sciences are taught. The military school, this difference, that it turns upon a pivot*
which existed during the French mo and goes entirely round.
narchy, is comprised in this institution. Pont de hois, Ex. a wootlen bridge.
See Military School. Pont decerde, Fr. a bridge of ropes.
POMADA, an exercise of vaulting the Pont de jonc, Ex. a bridge of rushes .

wooden horse, by laying one hand over the Pont suspendu, Fr, a naming bridge.
pommel of the saddle. Pont de sortie, Fr. a sally bridge.
POMERIUM, in ancient architecture, Pont dormant, Fr a wooden bridge,
that space of ground which lay between which is generally laid upon the fosse of
the walls ofa fortified town and the in a fortified
town, for the purpose of main
habitants' houses. The term is still used taining a constant communication bet wees
among modern architects, particularly the main body of the place and the out
by the Italians, as Peter Cataneo, and works and country round. These bridges
Alghiri, to describe the breadth oftheter- are not thrown
entirely across the fosses,
re pleine of rampart, its inward talus, but terminate within twelve or fifteen feet
and the vacant space which is usually left ofthe revetement ; the space from thence
between this talus and the houses of the is
supplied by drawbridges. When the
town. -; ponts dot mans axe very long, a swing bridge
POMMEL, (Pommeau, Ex.) a piece is constructed in the centre of it. When
ef brass or other substance, at top, and in the ditthes are wet, and so constantly
the middle of the saddle bow, to which supplied with water that the depth of it
arefastened the holsters, stirrip leathers, isgenerally the same, bridges of boats
&c may be used instead ot ponts dormans. And
POMMEL, the knob at the extremity in cases of attack, floating briuges may be
of the handle that balances the olade ofthe Substituted in lieu of both.
sword ; also the protuberance on the fore PONTON, or PONTOON, a kind
part ofa satidle. of flat bottomed boat, whose carcass of
POMMES, Fr. found pieces of wood wood is lined w ithin and without with tin :
which are variously used for ornament, they serve to lay briuges over rivers foi
S-c. the artillery and army to march over.
Pommes de Pavilion et d'enseigne. Ft. The French pontoons, and those of most
the piece of wood which is fixed at the top other powers, are made of copper on the
ofthe color staff, &c. outside: though they cost more at first,
POMPE, Fr See Pump.
^et they last much longer than those of
Pompe de mer, Fr. a sea pump, ot a tin ; and, when worn out, the copper sells
pump used on board a ship. nearly for as much as it cost at first ; but
PompeR, Fr. to pump. when that of tin are rendered useless, they
PON A NT, Fr. the west. In the se I for nothing. Th? British pontoons
French sea-service, ponant signifies that are 21 feet long, 5 feet broad, and depth
part ot the ocean which is separated from within 2 feet 3 inches.
the seas in the Levant by the streightsof PONTOONS. Length at top, 21 feet
Gibraltar. 6 inches. Length at bottom, 17 feet 5.
Officier PonaStin, Fr. one who serves inches. Width, 4 feet 9 inches, or 5 feet.
upon the ocean. Depth, 2 feet
3 inches.
Armie Ponantine, Fr. the army of
the west.
Equipage ef one Pontoon.
PONCEAU, Fr. a small bridge of one
ft. in. ft. in. in.
arch, which is thrown across a canal or
rivulet. 4 Baulks 22 8 long 10 wide
4 thick.
P ONCER, Fr. to rub, or pounce upon 1 Gang-board. 220 1 o 2$
6 Cheeses, 116 24 1
any thing. 2 Oars.
PONIARD, alittle pointed dagger, very 1 Anchor.
sharp edged.
PONT d'or, Fr. a figurative expression
1
Graplin.
which the French use, when they suffer 1 Setter.
4 Iron bolts, with keys;
an enemy, whom they have defeated, to
retire without molestation. Hence faire 2 mounting bars.
un pont d'or a son ennemi. To suffer your 4 Binding sticKS.
to 4 Spring lines.
enemy escape.
PONTE, Fr. coveredin, as a vessel is 4 Faukes.
which has a deck. 1 Cable.
PON ION, Fr. A bridge; a machine 1 Sheer- line.
made like a batteau or boat, of copper or tin, 1 Boat hook.
1 Maul.
upon which planks are laid over which
troops pass as on abridge. See Pontoon. 4 Pickets.
1 Small
Pontonier, Fr. Lighterman. pump.
PO NT Sflottans, Fr. SeeFLOATiNc 1 Windlass.
Bridge. 1 Pontoon carriage, complete.
Pont levis, Fr. See Drawbridge.
Pont tournant, Fr. a moveable brielge.
It is ot the Qature ofa diawbridge, with
P O R P O R 539

Dimensions of colonel Wooden Fermer les PORTS, Fr.


Congreve's to lay a general
Pontoons. embargo upon shipping. During the
26 feet.
French monarchy this practice frequently
Length at top .
occurred for the purpose of securing able

at bottom .
23 bodied seamen.
Deoth . . 28 inches.
Width I Port, Fr. This word is likewise used
. .
23 to express the tonnage of a vessel.
The common pontoons will support a' PORTAL, (portail, Fr.) the front or
Weight of 4 or 5000 pounds. They are , facade of a large
building, where the prinr
generally placed, in forming a bridge, | cipal ^ate stands.
about their own width asunder. Seei
To Port, to carry.
Bridge.
Port arms, a word of command which
Po n too n carriage, was made with two ,
has been adopted during the present war,
wheels only, and two long side pieces,!
and is practised in the British army, It
whose fore-ends are supported by a li'm- |
consists in bringing tlie firelock diagonally
'
ber ; and served to carry the pontoon,
across the chest from the cany. This
boards, crass timbers, anchors, and every j of the musquet affords a great fa
thtr thing necessary for making a bridge; \ position
the who the touch*
but better experience places them on four cility inspects
to person .

wheels. hole. Sec. In dismissing guards, prepar


ing to charge. Sec. soldiers are ordered to
Pontoon bridge, is made of pontoons, I The French do not practise
into the water, and placed about | port arms.
slipped this method. Their word of command,
five or six feet asunder ; each fastened with
haul les armes, corresponds with out re
an anchor, when the river has a strong |
cover.
current, or to a strong rope that goes across 1
the river, running through the rings ofthe PORTCLUSE, or PORT cullice, in
fortification,is an assemblage of several
pontoons. Each boat has an anchor, ca
large pieces of wood, joined across one
ble, baulks, and chests. The baulks are another like a harrow, and each pointed
about 5 or 6 inches square, and 21 feet
with iron at the bottom. They are some
long. The chests are boards joined to times hung over the gate- way of old
gether by wooden bars, about 3 feet broad,
and 21 feet long. The baulks are laid
fortified towns,
ready to let down in case
ofa surprise, when the gates could not be
across the pontoons at some distance from
shut.
one another, and the chests upon them
joined close ; which makes a bridge, in a Pour-fire, in artillery, a composition
put in a pa, er case to fire guns and mor.
vey short time, capable of supporting any tars, instead of a lint-stock and match,
weight. See Laboratory Works.
POOLBUNDY, Ind. a dam to pre
vent inundations an embankment ; a
PORTGLAVE, Fr. See Porte-
; Epee.
dyke. Port de l'arme, Fr. the carriage of the
POONA, Ind. a day fixed for the firelock.
Zemindars to bring in their balances for the
Porte drapeau, ? Fr. the person who
fear. Porte enseigne, $ carries the colors,
POONEA, Ind. the Indian name of a
Port etendard, Fr. the standard bear
month.
er.
POOR, indigent, necessitous, oppres Porte feu, Fr. a machine made of
sed with want.
wood or copper, by which fire is com
Poos in resources and expedients, of a
municated to gunpowder in a shell, fuse,
limited conception ; of a narrow under
or piece of ordna.ee. It is sometimes
standing ; unequal to an arduous enter made of pasteboard. Where there is any
prise. ground that will
POOR or PORE, Ind. when it ter
to
apprehend a cannon
burst, the priming madeof a certain com
minates a word, means town, or city ; as
position is put into the pasteboard case,
Viziapore, &c. by which means the cannoneer has time
POOSE, Ind. the name of a month fol to retire before any accident can happen.
lowing Aughun: it in some degree accords Poi.rt.feu, Fr. is likewise used among
with December and January.
artificers to signify all sorts of fusees or
POOSHTAY Bundee, Ind. embank
matches, by which fire is communicated
ments of rivers. It likewise means bridges to
many quarters at once. They last ac
thrown over rivers,. to the nature of the
cording composition
POOSKUT, Ind. a small weight, mea with which they are made up,
suring eight koonchys, or sixty four hand. Portz feu bri si', Fr. in artificial fire
fuls ; one koonchy being equal to eight
handfuls.
works, a species of carriage which is bent
into a curve by means of a sloping piece
PORSTICK method, in mathematics, of wood.
is that which determines when, by what Porte voix, Fr. a
means, and how many different ways, any
speakjng trumpet.
Porte mousqueton, Fr. aswivel.
problem mav be resolved. Porte arquebute, Fr. the king'sgun.
PORPHYRE, Fr. porphyry. A fine bearer.
ted marble. Porte epie, Fr. a sword bearer; tt
PORT, Fr. a harbor. likewise means a sword belt.
540 POR P OR

carriers, are taken from the lowest rank


Porte, Fr. agate. Partes d'une ville.
The gates ofa fortified town. of soldiers belonging tothe Capikuly in
P e> k t e d'ecluse, Fr. a flood gate. fantry. The number of these men de
Port z desecours, Ex. the gate in a cita pends upon the nature of the service on
del, which has an outlet towards the which the turks are employed. They are
under the orders of the officers who com
country, is so called. By means of this
gate the garrison can always receive suc mand companies; and althoue.li their
cors or reinfoi cements, in cases of civil situation is not only the most degrading,
circumstances of but the most laborious in the army, they
insurrection, or under
surprise. may nevertheless become soldiers. Their
PORTEE du fusil, Fr. by thisexpres- dress consists of brown leather ; and from
sion the French generally une-lerstand the the continual fatigue which they undergo,
distance which a musquet-shot goes to its their appearance is wretched in the ex
ultimate destination. It is supposed to treme. ,

vary from 120 to 150 toises. PORTFIRE, a composition of meal


Portee aes pieces, Ex. the flight, range, powder, sulphur, and saltpetre, driven
or reach of cannon into a case of paper to serve instead of a
Portee a tout volie, Fr. the flight of match to fire guns.
a cannon shot when it makes an angle of Port fire composition. Saltpetre, 60
something under 45 degrees with the hori parts : sulphur, 40 parts ; mealed pow
zon, cr level ofthe country. In this man der, 20 parts. Length of each, 16 1-2
ner it completes thegreatest possible range. inches.
Portee de but en blanc, Fr. the for One will burn from 12 to 15 minutes.
ward direction and flight of a ball, con- Weight of one dozen, 3 lbs. i2oz.
stitutinga straight line, which it describes Portfires were made at Gibraltar in the
from the mouth of the piece to its ulti following nunner; two ounces of nitre was
It has been dissolved in a gallon of water, and sheets
mate, object. generally found,
by exprrence that the distance sp des of soft brown pa; er dipped in the solu
cribed, could not exceed 300 toises. Be tion: these when dry were rolled up to
yond that, the ball has been known to about the size of common portfires. See
deviate. According to Bslidor, pieces of English New Annual Register, 1807, for an
ordnance will carry farther in the mornin;- aficle on wooden portfires.
and at night, when the weather is cool PORT-FOLIO, in a general accepta
and rarefied, than in the middle of the day, tion of the term amongst us, is a species
or at noon, when the heat of the sun pre of large leathern case, made like a pocket
vails. This circumstance is amply dis book, and calculated to carry papers of
cussed in his Bombardier Francois ; and any size. Among the French it not only
hisi bservations were
proved to be correct signifies the same thing, but likewise a
bv experiments made in June, 1744, at box, made of p.isteboard, in which are
Essoiine. These experiments commenced contained the several papers that relare to
at seven o'clock in the morning, and last any particular department. The adju
ed till twelve. 1 1 was remarked that the tants, quarter-masters, &c. belonging to
shells, which were thrown out of three the staff, should be provided with port
mortars, gradually fell short of their folios for the purpise of keeping their re
original range. Besides the portie a tcute ports, Sec. in regular order.
volie, and the portee de but en blanc, or the PORT-GLAIVE, from the French
full range and the point blank shot, there porteur and glaive. One who carries the
is tie ricochet, which marshal Vauban in sword before a prince or magistrate.
vented. See Ricochet. PORT-HOLES, in a ship, are the
PORTER, Fr. to carry. It is a embrasures or holes in the sides ofa ship,
marine teim; as porter t antes ses voiles. To through which the muzzels of cannon
carry all her sals It is likewise s.d as are run.
1

a word of command, viz. Pertez. ves PORTIERES, Ft: Two pieces 0:


armes. Carry arms. fnlds of wood which are placed in the em
Vortir une botie, Fr. tomakea thrust brasure ol a bat;ery, and which close the
or pass. instant the piece has been fired. They
PORTES d'une ville de guerre, Fr. serve to cover the cannoneers from the am
openings wheh cress the ramparts ofa ofthe enemy, and to resist the discharge
fortified town or place, and aregenerally of musquetry. They are, however, sel
arched over. These openings are usually dom or ever used except when the bat
made in the middle of the curtain, be teries stand close tothe counterscarp.
tween two bastions. They are from nine PORTICO, (portique, Fr.) in archi
to ten feet broad, and trom thirteen to four- tecture, a kind of ground gallery.or piazza,
tee.i feet high. The gates are
mostly encompassed with arches supported by
decora-.ed with trophies of war: and in columns, without any immed.ate relation
some instances a very superfluous magni to doors or gates, where people, walk un

ficence is exhibited. der cover. The roof is commonly vaulted,


PORTEURS d'eau, Ex. Water car. sometimes flat. The ancients called it
In India thev are called Bcestees.
riers. Lacunar.
Amongst the Turks the Sakkas, 01 water- PORTMANTEAU, (Valise, Ex.) a
POS POS 541

cloak ba^ to carry necessaries in a journey. I heels as on the fore part of the feet : the
It is .sometimes made of leather. head to be erect ; and neithi r turned to

PORTMOTE, a court held in port the right nor to the left; the eyes alone
towns, as swanimote was in the forest. will be glanced to the right.
PORT ropes, ina ship, such ropes as 1'ositION of the soldier "with arms. The
serve to haul up and let down the ports on bodv of the soldi'.r being in the posit. on
the port holi-s. above described, the firelock is to be
POSE, (grandepese, Fr.) a French placed in his left hand, against the shoul
military term, signifying the extraordina der : the thumb alone to appear in front ;
ry centinels or guards, which after retreat the four fingers to be under the butt ; and
beating are posted in a fortified town or the left elbow a very little bent inwards,
so as not to be s-'pamted from the body,
place, for the safetv of certain specific
Tne corporals who post the or to be more backward or forward than
quarters.
centinels are directed to instruct them, the right one : the firelock must rest full
nr>t suffer any person to go upon the
to on the hand, not on the end of the fingers ;

ramparts, unless he belong to the night the knuckles ofthe middle finger to press
so against the hip
parrole or rounds, &c. These extraordina joint^j|^that on r.iising
ry guards are relieved at daybreak. the left foot from the ground the morion
POSER, Ft: tolaydown. Itisused of the joint be felt with the knuckles,
word of command in the French ar-
as a and be carried in such manner as not to
&c. viz. Poser vos levier s ; lay
till.ry, raise, advance, or
keep back, one shoulder
down yemr levers. more than the other; the butt must there
POSER une sentinelle, Fr. to post a fore be forward, and as low as can be per
mitted without constraint ; the fore pnrt a
centry,
POSES, Fr. the centries that are very little before the front of the thigh ;
posted. and the hind part of it pressed with the
Priming POSITION, in th? old manual knuckles against the joint. It must be
exercise. In firing three deep the priming kept steady and firm before the hollow of
position for the front rank is the height of the shoulder; should it be drawn back,
the waistband ofthe breeches ; for the cen or carried too high, the one shoulder would
tre rank about the middle of the stomach ; be advanced, the other kept back, and
and tor the rear rank close to the breas' The
. the upper part ofthe body would be dis
firelock in all the positions is kept per torted and not square with respect to the
fectly horizontal. limbs.
But in the modern exercise, the rear The posirion in which a soldier should
rank does not fire ; but loads for the move, determines that in which he should
centre rank, whenever they form in three stand still. Too many methods cannot
ranks, the whole are quarter faced to the be used to supple the recruit, and banish
left, so that the firelock of each has an in the air of the rustic. But that execs of
terval ; and all the firelocks are held equal setting up, which stiffens the person, and
ly high on the right hip. tends to throw the body backward instead
Position, (Position, Ex.) This word ol forward, iscont ary to every true prin
is variously used iu a military sense, both ciple of movement, ind must thereto e be
by the French and English. It is appli most carefully avoided. 1 f the firelock be
cable to locality ; as the army took an ex. carried well in the hand, and a' ainst the hip
cellcnt position ; or drew up upon very ad joint, the barrel ofthe firelock will stand
vantageous ground, and in a very advanta perpendicular, and this will guide the
geous manner. Frederic the great, of body which should be thrown against the
Prussia, has laid it down as a maxim, that upright firelock, and will be found toagree
no army should take up a position in rear with the balance of the body upon the fore
of a forest, since it is thereby prevented part oft he f-.ot; and conduce to opening the
from observing the movements of the chest and keeping an erect front.
enemy, and from counteracting their Position in marching. In marchin?,
plans. the soldier must maintan, as much as
Position ofthe soldier without arms. possible, the same position of the body.
The equal squareness of the shoulders See March.
and body to the front is the first and great Change of Position, the positive ot
principle of the position of the soldier: relative movement ofa body of troops on
the heels must be in a line, and two any given point.
inches apa t : the knees straight, with New Positions that a regiment or line
out stiffness: the toes turned out, so can take with
respect to the old one, are :
thar the feet may form an angle of about Parallel Pos 1 t ion s , or nearly so to the
60 degrees : the arms hang near the body. old one.
but not stiff'; the flat of the hand, and Intersecting Positions by themselves,
middle fi -"ger, touching the seams of the 1
or their prolongation, some part ofthe old
pantaloons: the el bows and shoulders are line or its prolongation.
ro be kept back : The belly rather drawn New parallel Pos 1 tions being necessa
in ; and the breast advanced, but with rily t" the front, or rear of the old ore, the
out constraint : the body to be upright, regiment will, according to circumstances,
but inclining rather forwards, so that the takethem up by the diagonal march ; the
weight may not bear so much on the flank match of divisions after w
heeding into
542 POS POS

Column; or the movement in


open column amply discussed in a French work intitu
to the new line, and its subsequent for led. Stratagems de Guerre, page 71, &c.
mation in it. Posts of exetcise in the rear, the re
New intersecting Positions, which lative situations which officers take in the
themselves cut the regiment, will, in rear ; when the ranks of a battalion are

cavalry movemrnts, be taken up by the opened for the purpose of going through
diagonal march ; or the flank march ranks the manual and platoon exercises. It is
by three's of divisions. All other new likewise a cautionary word of command,
positions, which themselves, or their viz. The officers will take post in the rear.
prolongation, intersect the old line, To Post. In ihe disposition of troops,
or its
prolongation, will in general be taken to place the offic rs, music, drummers,

up by the march in open column, and its fifers, and and pioneers, according to their
subsequent formations, when it arrives several ranks and appointments, either for
at the line ; some such positions will, inspection, or exercise in the field.
however, allow of, and and require being To Post, to station, as, a sentry, Sec.
made by tbe echelion march, or by the To be posted, in mlitary tactics, to be
flank march ot divisions. In general formed ready for action. Thus when
the regiment will break to the hand troops are brought up in column, and or
which is nearest to the new position, be dered to deploy, it
frequently happens,
conducted to its nearest -joint in the new that some part of the line is refused, in
line, and form on it as directed. order to flank an enemy, or to cover a
Pos i t io n ofthe rfficer. See S wo r d . weak position, the part that is aligned is
Pos i t ion du soldat sans armes, Ex. po said to be posted.
sition of the soldier without arms. To post up, (affichet. Ft.) To hold up
Position du soldat avec les armes, Ex. to public censure or ridicule.

position ofthe soldier with arms. To be posted, in a familiar sense, sig


Position de /'extension, Fr. in fencing, nifies to be publicly announced as an in
position of extension. famous or degraded character. Hence to
POSSEDER, Fr. to possess, to be in post a man as a coward is to stick his name
possession of. up in a coff'.e-house or elsewhere, and to
POSSE, an armed power, called out accuse him of want of spirit, &c. The
on any particular emergency ; as the posse French use the phrase affichet in the same
cemitatus ; who may be called out by the sense. They likewise say figuratively
sheriff', or marshal, to suppress outrages afficher sa bonte ; to publish or post up
ofthe peace. one's own disgrace; meaning thereby,
POSSESSION, possession, is
to take that some persons are so totally regardless
the act of occupying any post, camp, for of decency and decorum, as to express
tress, &c. which mignt facilirate the sentiments which are unbecoming the
operations of any army, or which previous character of an officer, or a gentleman.
ly belonged to the enemy. POSTAGE/L.mrj. In the British
POST, in war, a military station ; any service, non-commissioned officers and
sort of ground fortified or not, where a private soldiers are privileged to send
body of men can be in a condition of resist or receive letters, from any part of that

ing theenemy. country on payment of one penny only for


Advanced Post, a spot of ground, the postage.
seized by a party to secure their front, and In the instructions to postmasters, (Feb.
the post behind them. 4th, 1799,) concerning the exemptions
Post of honor. The advanced guard is a granted to seamen in the navy, and pri
post of honor : the right ofthe two lines is vates in the army, in respect to the post
the post of honor, and is generally given to age of their letters, it is specified, that
"
the eldest corps : the left is the next post, No single letter, sent by the post
and is given to the next eldest, and so on. from any seaman or private employed in
But the laws of military discipline forbid his majesty's navy, army, militia, fenci-
an inconvenient accordance with this prac ble regiments, artillery, or marines, shall,
tice, as the circumstances of the case may whilst such seamen or private shall be
require a very ditferentarrangement, which employed on his majesty's service, and
it would be wanton to oppose. The station not otherwise, be charged with an higher
ofa centinel before the colors, and the rate of postage than the sum of one
penny
door ofa commanding officer, is a post of for the conveyance of each such letter;
honor. such postage to be paid at the time of put
Advantageous POST. Every situation ting the same into the post office ofthe
is so called which an enemy occupies in town, or place from whence such letter
such a manner, that not only mere force is intended to be sent by the post.
of arms, but great military skill, and many "
Provided, that no such letter shall be
stratagems, are required to dislodge him. exempted from postage, unless thereshall
We have various instances in history of be written thereon, in the hand. writing
how much may be done on both sides, of, and signed by the commanding officer,
when one army has taken up an advanta for the time being, of the
ship or
vessel,
geous pos:, and another finds it necessary or ofthe
corps, regiment, or detachment
o drive him from it. This subject has been to which such seamen or private shall be

longs, the name cf such commanding


si

POS POS 543

soldiers and
officer, and of the ship, vessel, corps, sailors, and it is to be left
the
opinion of the writers to pay
regiment, or detachment commanded by to the
or not on
him. posta.e putting them into any
single letter, directed to any such post office.
'
No
seamen, or private, upon his own private POSTE, Fr a word
generally used in
concerns, only whilst such seaman, or the plural number to signify small shot,
thall be employed on his ma viz. Son fusil etoit charge aedousce ou unitize
private,
jesty's service, and not otherwise, shall posies ; his gun or musquet was loaded
be charged with a higher rate of postage with twelve or fifteen shot.
than one penny for each such letter, wnich Poste, Fr. This word is always used
penny shah be paid at the time ot the de in the .T.ascuhne gender when it relates to
livery thereof. war, or to any specific appointments ; as,
Provided, that no such letter shall be paste avarice, an advanced post. Paste
"

exempt. d from the rates of postage avantageux, an advantageous post. Mau-


vat's poste, an unfavorable post. The
changeable upon letters, unless any such
letter shall be directed to sue .- seaman, or French say figuratively, un poste est
private, specifying the ship, vessel, re jaloux ; thereby meaning, that a post
giment, troop, corps, company, or de is extremely open to an attack, and that
tachment to which he may belong : and the troops in it may be ea- y surprised.
>

Postes de campagne, Pr. Every con


provided also, that it shall not be lawful struction or groupe of buildings that will
tor the deputy postmaster ot the town or
such letter shall be sent to admit of being defended, and is conse
place to which
be delivered, to deliver such letter to any quently tenable, is call-d a poste de cam
person except to the seamen or private to pagne, or field work. Of this description
whom such letter shall be directed, or to are civ. rches, houses, country houses,
any person appointed to receive he same
>
farm houses, villages, redoubts, &c. in
by the commanding officer of the ship, Sec. which a sufficient number of men may be
to winch the seaman, or private to wnom stationed for the purpose of holding out
such letter shall be directed, shall be an enemy, until succours can ar
against
long. rive. Chevalier Folaid has written upon
44
The exemptions do not extend to let this subject ; and since him, F Gaudi,
ters set* to or received from countries with comments and illustrations by A. P.
.

independent of England : they do ex f) J. Belair, chief of brigade in the French


tend to the West Ind -a Islands and British :l army. We recommend the latter produc-
America.
44
|J tion, whicii appeared in 1793, to the pe-
All postmasters are desired to take ! rusalof every officer The work is inti-
paiticular notice that tlouble letteis to ,! tuled, Instruction addressie aux officiers
and from soldiers and sailors and their !' d' Injanterie pour tracer et construiie loutes
families, .re liable to the full double rates, sortes d'ouvrages de Campagne. See like
the same as letters in general ; and some wise, Aide Alimoite pour les officiers d' ar
postmasters having conceived that letters tillerie. A late work, intituleil, Duties of
containing money orders might pass under an Officer in the fie.d, Sec. by Baron Gross,
the exemptions of the act, they are de of tiie Dutch iri&ade, is very useful ; the
creet to understand, that such letters are whole of this tract is incorporated in the
chargeable with full double rates also. j American Military Library .

44
Recruiting Serjeants, who may car
| Post avantageux, Et. See Advan-
ry on a Correspondence with tneir officers TAGEOCS IV'ST.
:

on the recruiting service, cannot send or ,| Petits postes separ'es, Ex, small detach-
receive their letters on that service under ed posts.
.

theexempti6ns feraitfed by ttnsact. | Postes intermidiaires, Fr. intermedi


44
The above exemptions granted by the ate posts, or men so stationed between
legislature do not exiend in tUenav/ to any different corps, that, in case of urgency,
othe: than seaman, and not to officers of tney may with ease advance to thesup-
any description whatever ; and in the ar poitofthat whicii is more immediately
my, only the; privates, with Serjeants and threatened by the enemy.
are included. Many of 1 POSTERN, more trequent a sally-
serreani-major.s v

ficers, both in the atiny and navy, having 1 port, is a email door in the n^nk ofa bas.
construed the act to extend to their own tion, oroth-r part oi a garrison, to nurth
correspondence, it is hereby publicly I in and out unperccived oy an enemy,
stated that such a construction is alto either to relieve the wo ks, or make sal
lies.
gether inapplicable."
The act in its literal meaning includes POSTICHE, Fr. any thing fict tious
in this indul.ence all non-commissioned put in room ct something that has been
officers, altnough they are excluded by real and natural. In military matters,
this official interpretation. among tne french, it serves to distinguish
a letter issued ftom the soldiers that
According to supernumerary or auxiliary
the i8th Sept, 1799, to are taken from oije-, or more companies,
post oifice, dated
all postmasteis, in adtution to the mces to strengthen any particuur body ot men.
abe/ve-mentioned, these letters aiechargea- POSTILION, Fr. an express boa:
ble with inland postage to and from Lon- which is kept ro Fieach seaports it;
dy,n, excepting single Icttc". :o av.-l from
544 P O U P O U

the purpose of carrying and bringing intel tion. The pouches in use among the
ligence. cavalry are smaller.
POT, Fr. a vessel used in the making Pouch flap, the outside covering of the
ofartificial fireworks, Sec. pouch. It is made ot the stoutest black
Stink Pot, a vessel fiiled with combus ened leather and ought always to be sub-
tible matter, which is thrown on various stai.tial enough to turn the severest
weather.
occasions, when men come into close ac
tion. The consequences of its explosion POUCE, Fr. An inch.
are sometimes fatal, and always dan- POUDRE, Fr. SeeGuNPOwDER.
Poudre muettt, paudre sourde, Fr. A
g<'rous. .

Pc-ribrai, Ex. an iron pot in which species of gunpowder which is lrce from
is melted. noise or detonation.
pitch or tar
Pot d'une fusee volante, Ex. the car Poudre fulminante, Fr. A species of
case of a fusee. gunpowder whicii makes a greater noise
Pot a feu, Ex. a fire pot; a hand gre- than the common sort.
nado. Poudre a gros grains, Fr Gunpowder
Pot j
aigrette,Ex. an artificial fire which is used fir artillery pieces. It is
work, the centre of which contains a likesvise called Poud>e a Canon
certainquantity of powder, wh ch upon Poudre a musquet, Ex. Gunpowder
being inflamed, communicates itself to used for musquets, and other fiitarnib.
.several other branches, and exhibits the POUDR1ER, Fr. a gunpowder make.
It also signifies an hour glass.
appearance of an aigrette, or cluster of
rays, such as issue from diamonds ar POVERTY, a goddess adored by the
ranged in a particular manner. The Pagans, and familiar to Christians. She
aigrette takes its name from a bird so cal was
reverenced, as a deity, by the hea
led, whose feathers serve to make up an thens, because they feared her, antt vvas
ornament for the head. very justly considered as the mother of
Pot en tete, Fr. a headpiece madeof industry and the fine arts. Among military
iron, which is proof against musquet shot. men, poverty is seldom felt whilst tne
This headpiece is sometimes placed in the activeduties of the profession are xscuted
crown ofthe hat, and is otherwise used with zeal and good sense, and the indi
by sappers. viduals entrusted with them, a e not only
POTEAU, Fr. a stake, post. paid with punctuality, but are secured in
POTEE, Ft. Putty. their honest hopes of promotion. Econo
POTENCE, Fr. Troops are ranged my is the basis on which every soldier
en
potence by breaking a straight line, and should build his views of personal comfort
throwing a certain proportion of it, either and security ; and if he attend to the per
forward or backward, fiom the right or petual calls of service, he will not fail to
left, according to circumstances, for the realise them. For a lifeof real service af
purpose of securing that line. An army fords no scope for extravagance; and when
may be posted en potence by means ofa .a good soldier becomes unequal to the hard
village, river,a wood. or a The deriva ships it imposes, the nation should pro.
tion of the word may be variously ex vide for him.
plained, viz. From Potence, a gibbet. POUF, Ind a word used among the
Pounces, crutches or supports. Potence blacks to describe the explosion of fire
likewise means a piece of wood which arms.

is thrown across two uprights; also a POULEVRIN, Fr. Pounded gun


coss table, as table en potence; and a powder.
measure to ascertain the height ofa horse POUL1E, Fr. A pulley.
or man. A POUND sterling, a money in ac
POTENTAT, Fr. See Potentate. count, value 2of. in England, marked -.
POTENTATE, a sovereign prince, POUNDAGE, a rate which is allowed
whose power is rendered formidable by for collectingmoney. Army agents, &c.
the various meansof authority which arc are entitled to poundage, which consists
vested in him. in a certain deduction from the pay of offi
POTERNE, Fr. a postern gate, a sal cers, non-commissioned officers, and sol
ly port. diers. Agents are not allowed any poun
Pot erne, Fr. Likewise signifies a dage on the pay of the privates in the mi
secret gate. Gates of this description are litia.
made behind the orillons at the extremities POUNDER, a great gun or piece of
of the curtain, in the angle ofthe flank, ordnance, denominated according to the
aiid>iii the middle of those curtains where weight ofthe ball it carries, as a 6, 12, 24
there are no gates. The sewers generally pounder.
run under the poterncs. Belidor, in his POWDER H.rn, a horn flask, in which
Art ot Engineering, recommends small powder is kept for priming guns. Light
arched magazines to be constructed on the infantry and riflemen have frequently a
right and left of the paths that lead to these powelemorn for carry. ng spare powder.
gates. POUR1E, Ind. a wooden sandal which
POUCH, a case of black stout leather is used in India during the wet season.
with a flap over it, worn by the infantry POURSUITE, Fr. Pursuit.
'-;t the purpose of carrying their ammuni
PO w P R A 545

POURSUIVANS d'armes, Fr. See ever the enemy


may think propel to at
Pursuivants at arms. tack you. t

POURSUIVRE, Fr. to pursue. Powers ef lines and


quantities, are their
Poursuivre I'ipie dans les reins, Fr. squares, cubes, Sec. or other multiplica
To Dusue with unrelenting activity. tions ofthe parts into the
whole, or of
POURTOUR, Fr. in architecture, the one part into another.
circumference of any place. Small POX. A disease to which most
POURVOIR, Fr. to provide, to lay in infants, adults, &c. are expose.; ; and
store, &c. which has b.t-n r ndereu less malignant
by
POURVEYEURS</*//V,Fr. Pur inoculation. The introduction of a hu
veyors. mor, called the Cew Pox, or Vaccine Mat
POUSSER, Fr. to push, to press upon, ter, into the human svstem, has lately
todrive before you, viz. Pousser aux enne been found extre nely benefi.iai When
advance recruits join a regiment they should be
mis; to
rapieily against the ene
my. This expression is used in a neutral examined respecting this disease; and
no time should be lost to vaccinate them.
sense, and relates chiefly to the operations
of cavalry. Great Pox, commonly called the venereal
Pousser un cheval, Fr. To make a disease. Few men are more likely tocatch
horse go full speed. this cruel disorder than soldiers ; and in
PO USSIER, Fr. the dust which re no case outfit the attention of the
regimen
mains after the formation of gunpowder tal surgeon to be more
imperiously engaged
into grains. than in the speedy cure of it. In the na
POUTRF, Fr. abeam. vy, where the disease is often prevalent,
POUTRELLE, Fr. a small beam. the surgeons areentitled to receivca certain
POWDER. See Gunimwder. sum of money, which is
stopped out of
PowDtR-magazine, a bomb- prcof arch the
pay of their venereal patients, for ex
ed building to hold the powder in fortifi traordinary trouble and attendance. In
ed places, &c. containing several rows of the army of the U. States the soldiers are
barrels laid one over another S ee M a g a
.
- treated in this as in all other diseases.
fclNB. The soldier should be liable 19 stoppages.
PowvER-cart, a two wheeled carriage, Every officer of a company, who has
covered with an angular roof of boards. the welfare of his soldiers at heart,
To prevent the powder from getting damp, should examine their linen at the weekly
a tarred canvas is put over the roof; and inspections, as the disorder generally mani
on each side are lockers to hold shot, in fests itself, particularly in its first stages,
proportion to the quantity of powder, in stains upon the shirt.
which is generally four barrels. PRACTICABLE. A word frequent
Powder. mill, a building in which the ly used in military matters to express the
materials are beat, mixed together, and possible accomplishment of ay object.
44
grained : they are placed near rivers, and Hence, a
practicable breach."
as far from any house as can be, for fear ol PRACTICE, or gun-practice. In the
accidents, which often happen. See spring, as soon as the weather permits,
Mill. the exercise of the great guns begins, for
POWER, a natural faculty of doing or the purpose of shewing the gentlemen ca
suffering any thing. Mr. Locke, in his dets at the British mi itary academy at
Essay on the Human Undarstanding, con Woolwich, and the private men, the man.
siders power under two heads. One he ner of laying, loading, pointing, and
firing
calls active and the other passive power. the guns. Sometimes instruments are
Power, in military affairs as well as used to find the tentre line, ort wo points:,
in all others, is knowlegeof human pas one at the breech, the other at
themuzzjc,
which are marked with chalk, and wnere-
sions of arms^of distancesof the skill

and numbers of an enemy. by the piece is directed to the target : then


To be in the pow ex of any body, in a a quadrant is put into the mouth, to
give
figurative sense, to have committed your the gun the required elevation, whiui at
self in such a manner, as to be under the first is guessed at, according to the distance
necessity of keeping upon good terms with the target is from the piece. When the
a person who might injure you by a dis-
piece has been fired, it is sponged, to clear
closure of your secrets. To avoid putting it from any dust or sparks oi tire that may
yourself in the power of any man, hear I remain in the bore, and loaded : then the

much, say little, and write less. Theseare centre line is found, as before; and if the
maxims which every public character shot went too high or too low, to the right
ought to attend to; and every genial or to the left, the elevation and trail are

should cautiously follow during an active altered accordingly. Tnis practice con
campaign, when there are frequent occa tinues morning and evening foi about six
sions to communicate with spies, &c. and weeks, moreorless, accoiding as ttrereare
he is not unfrequently obliged to hold in a greater or less number of recruits. In
tercourse with suspected persons. the mean time others are shown the mo
7V be in the power of an enemy. To tions of quick firing with field-pieces.
have taken up, injudiciously, such a There is no practice in the army of the
U States, in which there are office, s of ten
position as to ex pose yoa to a defeat when
or twelve vtprs standing who never saw

3 z
ft

546 P R A PRE

a mortar loaded ; but this is the effect ofa Avoir Pratique avec des insulaires, Et.
total want of system. To trade, or have intercourse with the in.
Mortar Practice, generally thus: a habitants ot islands.
line of 1500 or 2000 yards is measured in Une Pr.atio.ue eclairie, Ex. A project
an open spot of ground, from the place undertaken and put into execution upon
where the mortars stand, and a flag fixed solid principles.
Une Pratique, aveugle, Ex. A
at abour
300 or 500 yards : this being dare, plan
the ground where the mortars are to be ill digested, and executed without discern
with sand, ment or ability.
placed is prepared and levelled
so that they may lie at an elevation of45i Pratiques, Fr. In the plural, this
or any required number of degrees;
then I term signifies the same as mal-practices,
they are loaded with a small quantity of or secret intelligence with an enemy, viz.
Entritenir des Pratiques avec le com.
powder at first, which is increased
after

wards, by an ounce every time, till they mandant d'un* place. To hold commu
are loaded with a full charge : the times of nication,- or keep up a secret correspond
the flkhtsof the shells are observed^ to ence with the commandant of a fortified
determine the length of the fuzes. The in place.
tention of this practice is, when a mortar- Pratiooer des intelligences, Et. To
is raised in a siege, to know what collect, to gather useful information.
battery throw II avoit Prat iQVz dans cette place des
quantity of powder is required to

tne shells into the works at a given dis intelligences qui lui out donne le meytn de la
tance, and at what elevation, and to cut surpreridre, r r. He had gathered such in
the fuzes of a just length, that ihe shell formation, by holding secret intelligence
may burst as soon as it touches the with the inhabitants, as to be able to sur
ground prise tixpla^e.
PRACTICE-floo*. SeeBooit. Pratiquer, Fr. In architecture, to
To PRACTICE. In a military sense, contrive, to make, to rerder convenient.
to go through the manual and platoon ex Donner Pr atique a un vaisseau, Fr.
various manoeu
through the To allow a vessel to enter into
port and
ercises, or

vres, &c. for the purpose of becoming unload. This expression is used in tbe
thoroughly master of military movements. Mediterranean under circumstances of
Practice is likewise used, in imitation of quarantine, and comes from Pratica.
the French, to signify the act of effecting Pratis2Uer, Fr. To practice. Pra
or executing any military operation, viz. tiquer une homme ; to try a man; to put
mine beneath the covert way, his abilities to the test. It likewise sig
to practise a

Sec. nifies to gain over, to suborn.


PRAME, Fr. A sort of boat or PRECEDENCE. Priority. Priority
barge which is used on the canals in in rank or precedence in military life,
France. arises from rank or the date of an officer's
PRAME, in military history, a kind of commission.
floating battery, being a flat bottomed ves PRECEDENT. Any act which can
sel, which draws little water, mounts be interpreted into an example for future
several guns, and is very useful in cover times, is called a precedent. Persons
ing the disembarkation of troops. They in high official situations are extremely
are generally made use of in transporting scrupulous with respect to precedence,
the troops over the lakes in America especiallyin militarv matters.
These vessels are well calculated for the PRECIPITER,' Fr. To precipitate;
defence of large havens and seaports. to urge or hasten on ; to do every thing
Eclair, in his Elements de Fortification, prematurely. This word appears to be
page 397, strongly recommends the use of used by the French in almost all the senses
Frames inundation, Sec. See
incases of to which we attach it, especially in mili
the improvements proposed by him in page tary matters.

316, where hespeaks of 44 Bateaux insub- Precipiter saretraite, Fr. Literally


mersibles." signifies, to precipitate one's retreat. It
Di PRATICA, Ital. Free intercourse ; may be taken in a good or bad sense, to
admitted to pratique. Persons who, hav signify the act of flying away blindly or
ing performed quarantine, are permitted to rashly, without judgment or discretion ;
land in Italy, and mix with the inhabi or of urging your retreat under circum

tants. stances of imperious necessity, yet with


PRACTICABLE, Fr. See Prac proper caution and foresight. So that to
ticable. This word is in general use precipitate, both in French and English,
among the French, viz. signifies, Faire trls promptement ou tre.p
Les chemins ne s>jtit pas PractICABI.es. promptement; to do any thing very
The roads are not passable. promptly, or too
promptly.
I^egui n'estpas Practicable dans ee PRECISION, exact limitation, scra-
moment. ci. The river is not foidable at pulous observance of certain given rules.
this moment ; verbatim, the ford is not Precision ef march. On the leading
practicable at this moment. platoon officer of the column, rhuch of
PRATIQUE, Fr. Practice. Thcterm the precision of inarch depends; he must
likewise signifies, among the French, lead at an
equal, steady pace; he must
commerce, intercourse, traffic, Sec. lead on two objert* either given to himj
PRE PRE 547

sr which he himself takes up on every tary term. It is variouslv used, and ac


alteration of position ; this demands his cords generally with our word to
take,
utmost attention; ncr must he allow it viz.
to be diverted by looking at his piatoon, P R e n d r e une ville d'assaut ;
par famine,
the care of whose regularity depends on Stc. To take a town by assault
; by famine,
rhe other officers and non-commissioned Sec.
officers, belonging to it. The second
pla Prendre a droite, ou a
gauche, Et.
toon officer must also be shewn, anil be To go to the right or left.
made acquainted with the points on which Prendre a
trovers, Fr. To run
the first leads; he is always to keep the across.
first officer and those points in a line, and P RtwnRi lesdevants, Fr. Toaniicipate,
those two officers, together with the to get the start of any body.
guide mounted officers, thus become a Prendre le pas, Ex. To take prece
direction for the other pivot officers to dence.
cover. In marching in open column, the Prendre la droite, Fr. To take the
covering Serjeants or guides are placed be right.
hind the second file from the pivot officers, Prendre terre, Fr. Toland.
that the officers may the more correctly Prendre Ie large, Ex. A term used
see and cover each other in column. figuratively to signify the act of running
PRE DAL, or ? War, a war carried away.
PREDATORY, $on by plunder and Prendre la clej des champs, Et. Lite
such as the British navy and the rally, take the key of the country,
rapine; the also
to
it.
or to
Algerines ; Buccaneers, carried on run oyer
a predal war, against all persons on the P*endr{ Han, Et. To dart forth, to
high seas.
spring forward.
PREDESTINARIAN. A person Prendre un rat, Ex. A figurati ve ex.
Who believes in predestination Every pression used among the French when a
Turk may br considered as a predestinari- musquet or pistol misses fire, // vouluf
an. A Turkish soldier is taught to believe tirer, mais sonpistolet prisqu'un rat. Lite
that it he falls in battle he will instantly go rally, he would have fired, but his pistol
to heaven This is a comfortable idea only caught a rat.
even for christian soldiers. How far it FR.?.*ioRT. langue, Fr. To seek for in
ought to be encouraged, doctors and able formation, to obtain intelligence.
casuists must agree. Prendre du temps, Fr. To take time
PREFECT, (Prifet, Fr.) a governor in executing a thing.
or comminder of any place or body of Prendre son temps, Fr. To do a
men. Among the Romans this was a title thing with perfect convenience to one's
of great importance, both in civil and mili self.
tary situations. During the existence of Prendre la parole, Ft. To speak
the republic the Praefeotus Legiohashad first.
aconsiderable command. The two Aloe, Prendre sa revanche, Fr. To make
w.ngs, qr great divisions of the allies, had up for any past loss or disadvantage. We
each a them by the
proefect appointed familiarly say, to take one's revenge.
Romanconsul, who governed in the same Prendre d partie, Ex. An expression
manner as the legionary tribunes. For a peculiar to the French, injudicial matters,
specific account see pages 193, 194, 195, which signifies to attack a judge, tot
of Kennett's Roman Antiquities. There haying prevaricated and taken the part of
was likewise, during the time ofthe Ro one side against another, without any re
man emperors, an officer called theprsefect gard to justice. 1 1 likewise means to im
ot the pretorian band, or body guards. pute misconduct or criminality, and to
The French have the word in make a person responsible for it.
their government.
adopted
The functions of a Se Prendre de vin, Fr. To.getdrunk.
modern French prefect correspond almost Excess of drinking was so little known
wholly with those of a governor ofa pro among the French officers and soldiers,
vince under the old regime or system. that the greatest disgrace was affixed t>
PREFERMENT, the state of being the habit. It is recorded, that when
advanced to a higher post. marshal Richelieu had determined to storm
PREJUDICE, PREJUGE, Fr. Pre a place in the Mediterranean, he gave out

possession, judgment formed beforehand, the following order "any soldier who

withouc examination. A celebrated shall appear the least intoxicated, shall


French writer calls it an opinion taken up be excluded from the honor and glory of
Without judgment, Le p:ejuge est une mounting the assault to morrow morning.
"

opinion sans jugement. Voltaire. It is used Every man was.it his post, and not a sin
in two instances, viz. for and against a gle instance of intoxication occurred.
person. Such was the esprit de corps and the amour
P.P. ELIMINARY, (Priliminaire, Fr.) propre which prevailed in all ranks, that
Previous, introductory, Sec. Prelimina the dread of corporeal punishment had
ry, as a substantive, signifies
an introduc. less effect than the being deprived of
lory measure, a
previous arrangement. an
opportunity to shew courage and reso
Hence the
'
44
preliminaries of peace." lution.
PRENDRE,' Fr. A French mili Va-isseau PRENEUR, Fr. A. term
548 PRE PRE

peculiarly applicable to a ship tlut has cessary ; giving that knowlege in any an
taken or science which is necessary to qualify
a prize.
PREP AR ATI E S de guet re, Fr. War individuals for a superior class or branch,
like preparations. A French writer, un Hence preparatory schools.
der this article, very judiciously observes, Preparatory Academies. The junior
that the necessary arrangements which department ofthe British military college,
must be made before an army takes the is preparatoryto the senir. The first ele
ments of military science are
field, and sometimes before an open de taught in the
claration of war takes place, ought to be former, and officers get qualified in the
managed with extreme caution and great higher branches of the profession when
secrecy ; although it impossible to pre
is they enter the latter.
powers from being P RES E N C E tf mind. Re^dy coneep.
vent the neighboring
tion of expedients producing prompti
totally ignorant of what is going forward.
It is recorded that Henry the IVth of tude of action under difficult and alarming
France, having conceived a vast military circumstances.

project, kept it a profound secret for There is a very remarkable instance of


several years, ard made the necessary pre that species of presence of mind which
parations with extreme caution, before he gives a sudden turn to public opinion,
it were, electrifies the human
put it into execution. an '., as
When Louis tne XlVth resolved to in mind. When a da geious mutiny broke
vade it-dy, in 1663, h* dispatched com out among the Roman legions, on a
pro
missaries, purveyors, &c. the preceding posed expedition against the Germans,
year, under various pretences, to buy Caesar suddenly exclaimed, " Let the
lip corn, to secure forage for his whole army return ignominiously home if
cavalry, iind to every thing that
provide it thmk proper, the tenth legion and
my
nvght be wanted in the train of artillery ; self will remain and combat for the repub
and m 1667, when he formed the plan of lic." Having, as Plutarch observes, ex-
entering Belgium in person, he arranged cited his troops to fresh ardor, he led
all matters relative to the interior govern them against the Germans ; and being in
ment of France during his absence, ex formed that the enemy had been warned
amined into the state ofthe finances, fil by their soothsayers n<t to engage before
led his treasury with money, augmented, the next moon, he took an immediate oc
by insensible degrees, the different regi casion to force them to battle, in which
ments of his army, and by meansof these he as usual obtained victory. On a sub
and other sage j recautions, secured the con sequent occasion this great man discover.
a piomptitude of
quest of his object. In fact, well digested conception and a pre
1 mind which have since been imi
plans and cautious arrangements previous sence .

to the execution of a miihary project, tated on various occasions by a modern ge


however apparently tedious, are the sure neral, but have never been surpassed in
forerunners of a pi ompt and decisive victory . ancient or modern history.
It was a maxim among the Romans, and Having led his army against the Ner-
it is still one among the Turks, Defaire vii, the most uncivilized, and the most
de grosses et eourtes guerres. To make war fierce of all the nations bordering upon the
upon a scale previously vast and heavy, Roman terutory, he met a resistance,
that its issue may be ultimately short and which as it was not expected, somewhat
effectual. shoek the firmness of his troops. The
PREPARATIVE, having the power Nervii, by a sudden onset, at first routed
of preparing, qualifying, or fining. This his cavalry, but perceiving the
whicii his army was exposed, Cassar
danger to
word is used in a military sense to give
notice of any thing about to be done. himself snatched up a buckler, and forcing
Hence his way through his own men, he, with
PREPARATIVE. A beat ofthe drum the assistance of his tenth legion, changed
by which officers are warned to step out the fortune of the day, and cut theenemy
of" ihe ranks when the firings arc to com almost entirely off. For, as Plutarch
mence. states, out of 60,000 soldiers, not above
When the preparative is beat, for the 500 survived the battle. The instances
firings, the officers in the front rank step of presence 01 mind in modern wars are
out nimbly two paces fiom the vacancies numerous, for several see Memoirs of
between the divisions, platoons, com Bonaparte's first campaign: and several
panies, or sub-divisions, face to the left subsequent occasions.
without word of command, and look right En Presence, Fr. Insight.
ot companies, Sec. When the preparative ^//PRESENT. A term used when
has ceased, they severally commence the an officer takes his
Serjeant's report, and
firing. When the general is beat they fall makes the necessary enquiry respecting
back into the from rank. the state of his troops or company.
To PREPARE. To take previous io Prese\t, Presenter, Fr. Thir

measures. word is ured in various senses. Those


pRE?Aif/w action. A word of com which are more immediately applicable to
mand us.d in the artillery. To battery, is military usage ate as follow :
a command ofthe same import. Io Pr s :e.nt. To offer opsnly. To
PREPARATORY, antecedently ne.
PRE P R I 549

exhibit. To give in ceremony; as to pre PRETORIUM, (Pr/toire, Ex.) The


the colors. hall or court wherein the
sent
pretor lived and
To Present arms. To bring the fire administered justice. It also denoted the
lock to a certain prescribed position, for tent of the Roman
general, in which
the purpose of paying a military compli councils of war were held. The
place
ment. See Manual. where the pretorian guards were
quar
Presenter les armes, Fr. Topresent tered or lodged, was likewise called
preto-
arms, to bring the firelock to any position rium.
that may be prescr bed in military exercise. PREVARICATION. According to
In the firings it signifies make ready, viz. the laws of England is, where a lawyer
Presentez. les armes, make ready ; jfoue, pleads booty, or acts by collusion, &c.
aim ; feu, tire. In the manual and other It also denotes a secret abuse committed in
exercises ofthe piece, it corresponds with the exercise of a public office, or ofa com
our term. mission given by a private person. The
P r e s en t eR la ba'ionette, Fr. To charge word is unknown in military phraseology,
bayonet. 3nd is only explained in this place to stand
PRESIDENCY. The seat of govern as a land mark to the open ingenuous cha

ment, so distinguished in India. There rade* of a soldier.


are four presidencies, viz. Bombay, Cal PREVOST, Fr. Provost.
cutta, Fort St. David, and Madras. Prevost d'une artnie, Ex. Piovost-
P R E S I D E N T of the United States, marshal belonging toanarmy.
President of the old congress. PRICES of commissions. See Regu
President of a general or regimental lations.
court martial. The officer, oldest in rank, PRICKER. A light horseman was
who sits in conjunction with other officers, so called.
formerly
for the trial of military offences is so called. To PRICK out. An expression used
The court, consisting of an odd number among engineers, &c. signifying to mark
of members, when their opinions are out the ground where a camp, &c. is to
equal, the president has the casting vote. be formed.
PRESIDlAL, relating To P r I c K out the line
to a garrison or
of circumvallation,
Trds is done by the chief engineer and
fortress.
PRESS-mewy, money given to the chi.f of the staff', whenever an 'army
soldier when taken or pressed into the ser cnire.-ches itself before a town, or takes
vice: but as the entrance into the Ameri possession of any given lot of ground, and
can army is a voluntary act, it is more begins to hut.
properly called bounty or enlisting money. PRIi KING. Among marines, to
PRESTATION deserment, Ex. The make a point on the plan or chart, near
taking an oath. about where the ship then is, oris to be
PRET, Fr. The subsistence or daily at such a time, in order to find the course

pay which is given to soldiers. The French they are to steer.

say, PRIEST's-c<-/>. See Fortification


Payer le Pr et. To pay subsistence. and Bonnet.
Recevoir le Pret. To receive subsis PRIME, word of command used in
a
tence. the platoon exercise. See Manual.
Toucher /.Pret. To touch subsistence Prime and load, a word of command
ordaily pay. used in the exercise ot a battalion, com
PRETENDER, one who pretends to pany, or squad. SeeMANUAL.
any thing whether it be his own or the PRIME parade, in fencing, is formed
property of another. by dropping the point of your sword to
PRETER, Fr. In military tactics, to the right, bending yourelbow, and drawing

expose, as the back ot your sword hand to within a


Preter sen flanc d I'ennemi. To ex foot of your forehead, in a line with your
pose one's flank to the enemy ; to march left temple, so that your blade shall car
in so unguarded a manner, or to take
up ry the thrust of your antagonist clear of
one's ground so disadvantageously as to the inside or left of your position.
stand in continual danger of being out Prime thrust, a thrust applicable .after
flanked. forming the above parade, and delivered
The French likewise say, figura- at the inside ofthe antagonist. To ob
lively, tain an opening for this thrust, it is ne
Preter le flanc. To put one's self in cessary to step out ofthe line to the right
the power of another. as you parry, or else to
oppose the sword
PRETOR, (Pi./rer, Fr.) Amor.gthe of your antagonist with your left hand.
Romans, the governor ofa province, who The first method is most eligible.
had served the office of pretor, or chief Prime Hanging Guard, with the broael-
minister of justice in ancient Rome. swoid, a position in which the-hand is
The governed were called brought somewhat to the le ft, in order to
provinces so
See
pretorian. secure that side ofthe face and body.
PRETORIAN, (Pretorien, ne, Fr.) Broadsword.
Pretorian Band, PRIMING, in Gunnery, the train of
appertaining to pretor; as

the general's guard among the ancient Ro powder that is laid, from the opening of
mans. the vent, along the gutter or channel, on
550 P RI PR I

the upper part of the breech of the gun, Une Ville prise, Fr. a town which has
which, when fired, conveys the flame to been taken.
the vent, by which it is further communi Prise des dehors d'une
cated to the charge, in order to discharge
place, Ex.
The taking possession of an enemy's out
the piece. This operation is only used on works.
ship-board, at the proof, and sometimes PRISES, Fr. Prizes.
in garrison ; f.r on all other occasions, rRists sur I'entremi,
Ex,
tubes are used for that purpose. taken from the enemy is
Every thine
so called.
Priming, or prime ofa gun, is the gun PRISOXNERSde guerre, Ex. prison
powder put in tne pan oi touch-hole ofa ers of war.
piece, to give it fire thereby. PRISONERS of war, those of the
PRiMiNG-caic, a small tin case, about enemy who are taken in or after a battle,
the size and shape of a cartridge, for siege, Sec. th y are
deprivid of their li
the purpose of keeping a certain quantity berty at large, until exchanged, or sent
of gunpowdr, for priming, constantly on parole.
ready and dry. This rational and econo- PRIVILEGE, is any kindof rirht or
pomical invention, should be universally advantage which is attached to a person or
adopffd. employment exclusive of others.
P R i m I nc
positfan. See Platoon exercise Privilege&. Among the different
under Manual. privileges which prevail in the British
P RltntKO-wire, in gunnery, a sort of the
army, lifeguards receive their promo
iron needle employed to penetrate the vent tions direct from the kinr, without
or touch-hole ofa piece of ordnance, when
passing
through the comm.nder in chief as all other
it is loaded, in order to discover whether corps do. The appointment of colonel in
the powder contained therein is thorough rhe lifeguards gives the honoraiy title of
ly dry, and fit for immediate service ; as gold stick, and the field officer of the day
likewise to search the vent and penetrate is the silver stick, through whom all re
the cartridge, when the gunsare not load ports, Sec.
ed with loose powder.
axe
conveyed to the king.
| Although there is a lieutenant general of
PRIMIPlLARII,PRIMOPILARII, the London district, the foot guards have
er PRIMJPILARES, among the Ro the privilege of reporting to head quarters
mans weresuch as had formerly borne the direct. The foot guards enjoy the privilege
office of primipulus of a legion. The of ranking, from the
banner w is entrusted to his care. Among
ensign, one step
higher than the line. A lieutenant, for
other privileges which the primipilarii en instance, ranks as captain, ar d can pur
joyed, they became heirs to what little chase as such into any marching regiment
property was left by the soldiers who died without having waited the regulated pe
in the campaign. riod ; and a captain, having the brevet
Primipilaire, Fr. SeePRiiuiriLA- rank of lieutenant colonel, may leap over
RII. all th-.- majors of the line, by getting
ap
PRIMIPULUS, the centurion belong pointed to a marching regiment. The
ing to the first cohort ofa legion. He had promotions ofthe guards, among themselves,
charge ofthe Roman eagle. axe, however, extremely slow; and the only
PRIMITIVES, Fr. Primitive colors indemnification they have must beat the
arc distingushed by this term among the
expence of the lino. This preposterous
French. They arc, the yellow, the red, pre-eminence which is not founded on any
and the blue; white and black being the military principles or personal merit, has
extremes. tended to destroy military emulation in
PRINCIPES, (Princes, Fr.) Roman England ; and will every where when
<
oldiers. They consisted of the strongest merit only is not the criterion of honor and
and most active men in the infantry, and promotion.
were armed like the Hastati, with this Pr des
i vi leges
regimens, Fr. Certain
difference, that the former had half- pikes privi leges attached to regiments, whicij
instead of whole ones. are always abused, when not the reward
PRINCIPLE, according to the schools, of distinguished merit.
is that from which any thing is done or PRIVY Council, a council of state held
known. by a king, with his counsellors, to concert
Pr i nciple also denotes the foundations matters for the public service ; also called
of arts and sciences. the cabinet.
Military Principles, the basis oi PRIX des emplois ou charges milli'aires,
p.round work upon which every military Ex. The price of commissions, or milir
movement is made, .and by which every tary employments. During the monarchy
operation is conducted. of France, a company in the French guards
PRISAGE, that share whicll belongs sold for 80,000 livres !
tothe king or admiral out of such mer- A company in the six first regiments of
'
handises, Sec. lawfully takenat sea.
as are
infantry, went for 75,000 livres. The
PRIS, Fr. This word is variously six following, exclusive of the regiment du
used
by tlie French, in a figurative and roi, went for 55,000 livres. One in the
proverbial sense. C'est aut.int de pris sur regiment of Poiti.u, and as far down as the
I'inntmi. Anexpression signifying that PentliKvre, 40,000 livres ; in the Pen-
: ~,">e
advantage, at least, has been gained.
PRO PRO 551

thievre, and from that to the last regiment Declarer la guerre, to declare war
; pro
inclusive, 30,000 livres ! elamer la paix, to proclaim
peace.
A company in the Scotch gendarmes PROCLAMATION. Aninstrument
cost 180,000 livres; in the Irish, the which is published by the constituted
Bourguignon, and Flanders, 150,000 li authority of government, whereby the
vres. The other companies of gendarme country at large is advertised of something,
rie went for 135,000 ! and whereby the people are sometimes re
The sub-lieutenants in the gendarmerie quired to do, or not todo certain things.
ioo.eoo livres, and those in the light A proclamation has all the efficacy of law,
Jiaid
lorse, 95,000 livres. The ensigns and because it must be in concord wirh or
first cornets, including the guidon belong founded upon the law already in beincr.
ing to the Scotch gendarmes, gave 62,000 PROCLAMATION ofpeace, a declara
livres ! tion of the cessation of war.
The guidons, and second cornets, 30,000 PROCONSUL, among the Romans,
livres ! a magistrate who vvas sent to govern a
There was no
specific regulation for tbe province with consular authority.
purchase of a regiment of heavy cavalry PRODITION. SeeTaEACHERY.
or dragoons. Appointments in the ctat PRODUCE, )(Prcduit, Ex.) Effect,
major or cavalry and
staff belonging to the PRODUCT, $ fruit. In arithmetic it
the royal regiments (les royaux) sold for is the quantity which grows out of the
100,000/. in the dragoons, from 130,000 multiplication of two or more numbers or
to 120,000 livres. lines one by another : 5 for instance mul
The troops or companies in cavalry re tiplied by 4, will give the produce 20 ;
giments, in the royal corps, and in the I and the produce of two lines, multiplied
etat major or staff, were fixed at 10,000 ] one
by the other, is called the rectangle of
livres, and the rest at 8000. these lines.
A troop of dragoons sold for 7000 li- PROFILE, in drawing, side- ways or
vres. No company or other appointment I side- view. A picture in
profile represents
in the iafantry, was allowed to be bought a head or face set side-
ways.
or sold. It will strike the military reader, Profiler, Fr. the act of profiling, or
that although the purchase of commis designing with rule and compass.
sions was, in some degree, sanctioned by Profile, (Profil, Ex.) in architecture,
the old French government, it was never the draught of a building, fortification,
theless extremely limited, and confined to Sec. wherein are expressed ihe several
the upper ranks. The efficient part of heights, widths, and
thicknesses, such
the army, which is certainly the infantry, as they would appear were the
building
received its commissions gratis. cut down perpendicularly from the roof
PRIZE-FIGHTER. See Gladi to the foundation. 1 1 serves to show those
ator. dimensions which cannot be represented
PRIZE money, officers and soldiers of in plans, but are
yet necessary in the
the line doing duty on board ships of war, building of a fortification: they are best
are entitled to prize-money as marines. constructed on a scale 01*30 feet to an inch.
PROA, Ind. A sailing vessel is so It is also called section, orthographical
called in India. section, and by Vitruvius, sciagraphy.
PROBABILITY, (Probabiliti, Ex.) It is sometimes used in opposition to ich-
is nothing but the appearance of the a^ree- | nography.
ment or disagreement oi two ideas by the PROGRAM, a word derived from the
intervention of proofs, whose connection ! Greek, signifying
' any public edict, no
is not constant and immutable, or is not tice, or declaration. 'The French make
perceived to be so ; but is, or appears for use of the word en occasions of national
'

the most part to be so, and is sufficient to ceremony.


induce the mind to judge the proposition PROJECTILES, (Programme, Ft.)
to be true or false, rather than the con axe such bodies as, being
put in motion by
trary. any great force, are then cast off", or let
PROBLEM, (Preblime, Fr.) In the go from the place where they received their
general acceptation of the term, a doubt quantity of motion ; as a shell or shot
ful proposition, which will admit of se from a piece of artillery, a stone thrown
veral solutions. from a sling, or an arrow from a bow,
PROCEDURES militaries, Fr. Mill. *c. This line is commonly taken for a
tary process. It consists in the investiga
parabola, and the ranges are computed
tion ofall crimes and offences committed from the properties of the curves. The
by soldiers which come under the cogni assumption would be just, in case the
zance of a military tribunal ; in contradis
ball, in its motion, met with no resist
tinction to the authority which is vested ance : but, the resistance of the air to
in the civil magistrates. swift motions being very
To PROCLAIM, (Proelamer, Ex.) to great, thecurve
described by the shot is neither a parabola,
or denounce by a solemn or
promulgate nor near it : and by reason ofthe resistance,
legal publication. Hence, to proclaim the angle which gives the greatest am
peace, which is used in contradistinction plitude is not 45 degrees, as commonly
to the term to declate, which denounces
supposed, but something less, probably
war. Both French and English say, 4;, 1-2. Hence the 5 u brim? mathematics
552 PRO PRO

are absolutely necessary in the investiga- ) nery : it has only served to convince the
tion ofthe track of a shell or shot in the student in that art, of the error of his prin
air, known by the name of military pro. ciples, drawn from the nature ofthe para
jcctiles. bola, although he is still to abide by them.
Gallileo having discovered that bodies It is indeed something to know, that the
in vacuo, and in an oblique di common rules are erroneous; but unless
projected
rection to the horizon, do always des- I we know how much they err
inany case,
cribe a parabola, he concluded that this* the advantage is very lit tie.
doctrine was not sufficient to determine ! One may think it a work of infinite labor
the real motion of a military projectile: , to establish rules for the flight of cannon

for, since shells and shot move with a shot, agreeable to the re^l curve which a
'

great velocity, the resist.inc: ofthe airj body describes in the air: for although,
becomes so great with respect to the | according to the hypothesis of Gallileo,
weight of the projectile, that its effect j we want
only the elevation of the piece,
turns the body very
considerably from the and the initial velocity, and it is therefore
parabolic tract ; so that all calculations, > not difficult to calculate tables to show the

grounded on the nature of this curve, are j greatest height of the projectile, and the
of little use on these occasions. This| point where it must fall in any proposed
is not to be wondered at, since Gallileo, I case; yet in order to calculate similar ta
in his enquiry, paid no regard to any other bles according to the true hypothesis, care
force acting on bodies, than the force of must be taken, besides the two particulars
gravity only, without considering the re already mentioned, to have respect as well
sistance of trie air. to the diameter of the projectile as to its
Every body, moving in a fluid, suffers weight : therefore the practitioner will be
the action of two forces : the one is the i reduced to the necessity of calculating
force of gravity, or the weight of the body ; tables, as well for the diameter of each
and it is to be observed, that this weight
projectile, as for its weight; and the exe
is less than the natural weight ofthe body, cution of such a work would be almost
that being diminished by an equal bulk of! impracticable. We therefore refer the
the fluid in which the body moves. curious to Mr. Euler's True Principles of
The{
other force is that of the resistance, which ( Gunnety, translated, with many necessary
is known to be proportional to the squares explanations and remarks, by the very
of the v elocity of the body ; and when the learned and ingenious Hugh Brown.
body is a globe, as is commonly supposed, \ PROJECTION, (Projection, Fr ) in
the direction of this force is diametrically: mathematics, the action of giving a pro
opposite to that ofthe motion of the body .
jectile its motion. 1 1 is also used to signi-
This force changes continually, both in fy a scheme, plan, or delineation.
quantity and direction; but the first force PROJECT, Fr. aterm generally used
remains constantly the same. Hence, the amont; French engineers, to express what
,

point in question is, to determine the! works are required to be made for the in
curve which a body projected
obliquely,)
must describe when acted upon by tirer or place.
ward or outward defence of a fortified town
It likewise signifies, in diplo
two forces just now mentioned. macy, a plan or statement of terms and
Although this question is easily reduced conditions which one country makes to
to a problem purely analytical, the great! another for a final adjustment of dif
Newton, notwithstanding his ingenious ; ferences .

endeavors, did mot arrive at a complete CeW/ff-PRojET, Fr. a receipt or answer


solution "fit. He was the first whoat- to terms proposed, accompanied by a pro

tempted it, and having succeeded so well ject from the other side.
in the supposition, that the resistance is PROLONGE,F. A long thick rope,
proportional to the velocity, it is almost whicii is used to drag artillery ; but dif
inconceivable that he did not succeed, ferent from the bricole and drag rope ; it
when the resistance is supposed propor is coiled round pins under the gun carriage
tional to tlie squares of the velocity, after travelling, it is loosed in action, and one
solving a number of questions incompara end being attached to the limber, is of
bly more difficult. The late Mr. John great use in moving the gun in action or in
Bernoulli gave the first solution of this a retreat. See Am. Mil. Lib.
problem, from which hedrewa construc- PROMOTION, (Promotion, Fr.) This
tionof the curve, by means of the quad word signifies, in military matters, the
ratures of some transcendent curves, whose elevation of an individual to some appoint
description is not very difficult. ment of greater rank and trust than tneone
This great problem was, therefore, very he holds.
well solved long ago; yet the solution, PROMOUVOIR, Fr. to promote.
however good in theory, is such as has PROMU, Fr. promoted.
hithertobeen of no use in practice, nor in 'PROOF, in arithmetic, an operation
correcting the false theory grounded on the whereby the truth and justness ofa calcu
parabola, to which the artillerist is still lation are examined and ascertained.
obliged to adhere, notwithstanding he PROOF of artillery and small arms,
knows it to be insufficient. It is certain, is a trial whether they will stand the
that that solution has been of no real ad quantity of powder allotted for that puf-
vantage towards improving the ar: of gun pose.
PRO PRO 553

The British government allow n bullets except the medium 12 pounder, which is
of lead in rhe pound for the proof of mus proved with oi.ly gibs. The light guns
quets, and 29 in two pounds, for service ; with half the weight of the shot. The
17 in the pound for the proof of carabines, brass ordnance have not however been
and 20 for service; 28 in the pound for proved of late with such heavy charges,
the proof of pistils, and 34 for service. but with the following:
When guns ofa new metal, or of lighter 3 Prs. light, 3 times, with 1 lb. each
construction, are proved, then besides the rou id.
common proof, they are fired 2 or 300 6 Prs. light, 3 times, with 2 lbs. each.
times, as quick as they can be, loaded 12 Prs. light, 2 times, with 4 'bs. each.
with the common^harge given in actual 12 Prs. med 2 times, witu 5 los each.
service. British light 6 pounders were Any hole 15 of an inch deep upwaids
fired 300 times in three hours, 27 minutes, orsideways in tr\e bore, or I n the bot
loaded with lib. 4oz. without receiving tom, between th. bre.ich and fit st rein
any damage. force; or *2ofan Inch upwards or side
Proof of crdnance. All natures of ways, or "15 in the bottom of the b re,
ordnance 'undergo several kinds of proof betore tfie first reinforce ring, will be suf
before they are received into the British ficient to condemn them.
service; viz. ist, they areguagedas to Brass Mortars and Howitzers. The ex
their several dimensions, internal and ex terior dimensions are in no respec' to de

ternal, as to the justness of the position viate more than 1-10 of an inch in an 8
ofthe bore, the chamber, the vent, the inch howitzer, and i-2o in the Cohorn
trunnions, Sec. mortars and howitZe-rs. Their b- res and
2d, They are fired with a regulated chambers not to deviate from their true
charge of powder and shot, and afterwards diameters or positi ns more than 1-40 of
searchedto discover irregularities or holes an inch.

produced by the firing. The brass mortars and howitzers are


3d, By means of engines an endeavor fired twice with their chambers full of
is made to force water through them ; powder, and an iron shell. The mortars
on their own beds, at -ibout 75 decrees
and,
4th, They are examined internally, by elevation; and the how. tzers on their car
means of light reflected from a mirror. riages, at about izde,e,re's. iror. nmrtars
Iron guns. The guns are first examined are proved on their iron beds, with a
as to their proper dimensions, in which, charge equal to the full chamber, and an
in no case more than 3-10 of an inch varia iron shot equal in sl.ameter to the shell.
tion is allowed ; and in tne diameter ofthe Cohorn mortars, having a hole -i ot an
bore only 1-30 from 42 to 18 pounders, and inch in depth in the chamber, or '15 in
1.40 from 12 to 4 pounders ; but in the po the chase, are rejected: royal howitzeis
sition ofthe bore 1-2 an inch out of the the same. 8 inch hoveitzeis havmg a
axis ofa piece from a 42 to an 18 poun hole 1 5 of an inch in depth .n t he chamber,
*

2 in the chase, will be rejeced.


der, and 1-3 of an inch from a 12 to a 4 or

pounder is allowed. They are then fired Carcnades. The diameter an position
.

twice with the charge in ihe following of their bore and chamber must nut devi
table, with one shot and two high junk ate 1 -20 of an inch. They are proved with
wads ; and examined with a searcher after two rounds, with their chambers full of
each round. In this examination they p iwder ana 1 shoi .r.d 1 wad A hole of
must not have any hole or cavity in the 2-it> of an inch in siept'a in the bore, or
bore of 2-10 of an inch in depth, behind 1- 10 in the chamber c ndeinns the piece.

the first reinforce rie.g, or 1.4 of an inch in


depth betore this ring. Proof Charges,

68 Prs. 42 18 12
8 Proof
u
Proof
V
Proof | 32 24
3

Z
charge.
2
charge.

charge. 13 lbs 9 | 8
| 6 4 3

Ail ordnance, havirg undergone


atter
Prs Ibs.oz Prs Ibs.oz. Prs lbs. oz.
12 ' this proof, and the subsequent searching,
42 25 ~a 12

3 . 3
are subjeci to the water proof : this is dona
32 21 8 9 : 2
S> z

24 18 6 6 : 13
1 8 by meansof a tbrcing pump, having a pipe
1
or hose fixed to the mouth of the piece :
18 15 4 -
41

after two or three efforts to force the war r


I ron guns are scaled with 1-12 the weight through any honeycombs or flaws which
ofthe shot. may be in the bore, hey are left to dry ;
Brass guns. From 1 pounders to 12 and generally the next day examined by
of the b.->re must the reflected light fiom a mirror. If the
pounders the diameter of an bore contains any smail holes or flaws
not more than 1-40
vary inch, and in
no dimensioi s more than 2- 10. The fol wnich have not been discoverer! by (he for
their mer proofs, they are verv readily found by
lowing are the established charges for
with this; the water will cominue to weep, or
proof. The heavy and medium guns
the weight of tire shot, run from t,be holes, when the selid parts of
a uharge equal to
4 A
554 PRO PRO

the bore are perfectly dry. Ordnance their being fit to resist the effort of their
suspected of being bad
often subject
are charge of powder. I n making this proof*
to a mo e severe proof: that of firing 30 the piece is laid upon the ground, sup
rounds quick, with the service charge and ported only by a piece of wood in the mid
2 shot; and in doubtful cases, where the dle, of about five or six inches thick, to

purity of the metal is suspected, re raise the muzzle a little; and then the
course has been had to chemical trials and piece is fired against a solid butt of earth.
analysis. A quantity of clean tilings taken Tools to p^ove cannon &e as
follow, viz.
fiom a part ot an iron gun free from rust. Searcher, an iron socket with branches,
are dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid, from four to eight in number, bending
and the quantity of gas disengaged during outward a littl , with small points at their
the solution accurately ascertained. The ends : to this socket is fixed a wooden
plumbago which remains after solution is handle, from eight to twelve feet long,
also separated by filtration, and carefully and 1 1-2 inch in diameter. This search.
weighed. Now it is well known that the er is introduced into the gun after each

purer the iron, the greater the quantity firing, and turned gently round to discover
of inflammable gas obtained, and the less the cavities within : if any are found, they
the proportion of plumbago which re are marked on the outside with chalk ; anil
mains after the solution ; from these two then the searcher with one point is intro
parts therefore a tolerable jud-ment may duced, about which point a mixture of
be formed if the quality of the metal. wax and tallow is put, to take the im
When the plumbago exceeds 4 1-2 per pression ofthe holes ; and if any rc found
cent, the iron will always be found defi of i-9*h of an inch deep, or of any con
cient in strength ; and there has been no siderable length, the gun is rejecteu as
instance ofa gun bursting where the plum unserv ceable to government.

bago -iid not exed d 3 percent; that is, Reliever, an iron ring fixed to a han
where 100 grains ofthe metal did not leave dle, by means of a socket, so as to be at
more than 3 grains of plumbago. The right angles: it serves to disengage the
color of the plumbago is also to be attend first searcher, when any of its points are
ed to ; when it is brown or reddish, it is retained in a hole, and cannot otherwise be
an indication of hard metal, and when in got out. When guns are rejected by the
quantities and mixed with coals, there proof masters, they order them to be
can be no doubt but that the iron is too soft marked X which rhe contractors general
for cannon.
ly alter to W P, and after such alteration,
Proof of Iron Shells. After the shells dispose of them to foreign powers tor
are gu aged and examined as to their di
Woolwich proof.
mensions and weight, they must be well A most curious instrument for
scraped out, and the iron pin at the bot finding
the principal detects in pieces of artillery,
tom of the inside must be driven down or
has been invented by lieutenant general
broken off. They are then to be ham
mered all over, to knock off'the scales, and Desaguliers, ofthe royal regiment of ar
discover flaws, and no hole, in the large
tillery. This instrument, grounded on
the truest mechanical principles, is no
shells is allowed, of more than 3-4 of an sooner introduced into the hollow
inch deep. An empty fuze is then driven cylinder
of the gun, than it discovers its defects,
into the fuze hole, and the shell is sus and more particularly that of the piece
pended in a tub of water, in such manner not being truly bored, which is a
that the shell be covered by the water, but very
that it does not run into the fuze : in this
important one, and to which most ofthe'
disasters happening to pieces of artillery,
situation the nose of a pair of bellows is are in a great measure to be imputed
; lor,
put in at the fuze hole, and several strong when a gun is not properly bored, the
puffs giver* with the bellows ; and if no most expert artillerist will not be able to
bubbles rise in the water, the shell is con make a good shot.
cluded to be serviceable. Proof ofmortars and howitxers, is made
Ordnance condemned as unserviceable to ascertain their being well cast, and of
for any of the foregoing reasons, are mark
strength to resist the effort of theircharge.
ed as follows : X D, or X S, or X W. For this purpose the mortar or howitzer
The first signifies that they are found to is placed upon the ground, with some
be faulty in their dimensions, art of their trunnions or breech sunk
by Desagu-
liei's instrument; the second, by the elow the surface, and resting on wooden
searcher; and the third, by the water billets, at an elevation of about 70 de
proof. grees.
Prooj of powder, is in order to try its The mirror is generally the only instru
goodness and strength. There have been ment to discover the defects in mortars
different inventions proposed and put in and howitzers. In order to use it, the
practice heretofore, for the proof of pow sun must shine ; the breech must be
der. See Gunpowder and Eprou- placed towards the sun, and the glass over
VFTTE against the mouth ofthe piece : it illumi
Proof of cannon, is made to ascertain nates the bore and chamber sufficiently to
their being well cast, their having no discover the flaws in it.
ravrties in their me4al, aud, ina word, PROOF armor, armor hardened so as
PRO PRO 55$

to resist the force of an arrow, a sword or PROTESTANT, first


other weap -ns in use before the d scovery
an appellation
given in Germany to all who adhered to
of gunpowder. the doctrine published bv Luther
Puobf-
charge, the quantity of gun PROVEDITOR, (Pto.editeur, Ft.)
powder which is used in trying the several The Venetians had two appointments of
pieces ot ordnance. this description before the revolution. One
PROPER, in military matters, stands gave the supreme command of the armies
a reduplicative,
as
serving to mark out on shore, the other that ofthe fleets.
a thing more expressly and formally, Of these proveditors, there were three
viz. who had the direction of matters relating
P ro re r frentefa battalion. The usual to policy throughout the
simory.
continuity of line which is given to the pRovEniTOR-g-.7wv./ of the- sea, an
formation of a battalion, and which re officer in Italy, whose authority extended
mains unaltered
by the countermarch or over the fleet, when the captain-general
wheeling of its divisions; or if altered is was absent. He had
particularly the dispo-
restored by the same operation. sal ofthe cash.
Proper right, the right of a battalion, PROVCT, an artillery machine used
company, or subdivision, when it is with howitzers. See Eirouvf.tte.
drawn up according to its natural forma PROVISIONS, are properly th-se
tion articles of food arid sustenance which sol
Proper pivot flank in column, is that diers receive from the public, and which
which, when wheeled up to, preserves in the British service are payt d for
by de
thedivisions of the line in the natural or ductions from their pay. There *s taken
der, and to their proper front. The other a deduction of six
pence a
day from the
may be called the reverse flank. In co full pay of every serjeant, corporal,
lumn, divisions cover and dress to the trumpeter, drummer, fifer, private man
proper pivot flank ; to the left when the of the life guards, horse guards, dragoon
right is in front ; and to the right when guards, dragoons, foot guards, infan
the left is in front. try ofthe line, militia, fencible infantry ,
PROPLAbM. See Mould. and companies of invalids, when serv.
PROPORTION, (Proportion, Fr.) ing out of Great Britain, on stations
The relation which parts have among at which provisions are supplied by
themselves, and to the whole. the public ; also when embarked in
PROPOSER une personne peur une transports, or other vessels ; (except while
charge, Fr. To recommend a person for a serving as marines, or during their passage
situation. to and from India at the expence of the
PROPOSITION, (Proposition, Fr.) i East- India company ;) also when prison
winch is proved by demonstration.
ji
in geometry, the declaration of a truth ers of war, and maintained at the expence
Such of Great Britain; and likewise when in
,

aretne propositions in Euclid's Elements.


]'
general hospitals, eitherat home or abroad.
Propositions are divided into Problems and A deduction of threepence halfpenny is
Theorems. Jj likewise to be made from the full pay of
!|
PROPREFECT, among the Romans, each serjeant, Sec. when stationed in
the prefect's lieutenant, whom he com- Jamacia, in New South Wales, at Gib
,

missioned to do any part of his duty in | raltar, (the loss by exchange at the latter
his place. j place continuing as before) and while on
PROPRETEafw soldats, Fr. C lean- | their passage to and from India at the ex-
liness required in soldiers. See Ser- ofthe East- India company.
j pence
These deductions commenced, in regard
jeant.
PROPRETOR, the same in his re- !' to the troops in Europe, on the 25th of
lative capacity as proconsul among the February, 1799; and in regard to the
Romans. He was a magistrate who, troops abroad, on the 25th of April,
after having discharged the office of pre 1799.
tor at home, was sent into a province to Provisions. SeeRATioisj.
act in thesameca.iacity. PROVISIONAL, (Provis'mnel, Ft.)
PROQUESTOR, among the Romans, Temporarily established.
the questor's lieutenant, who discharged PROVISIONALLY, (Provisoiretnenr,
his office in his stead. Ex.) by way of provision, or temporary
To PROSECUTE, tocarry on. Hence arrangement. This adverb is
frequently
to prosecute the war. used both in French and English to dis
PROSPECTIVE, appertaining to tinguish the exercise of temporary func
vie sv ing. tions from that of permanent appoint
PROSTYLE, any building having pil ments.
lars in the front only. PROVOST-.!/**../, of an army, is
PROTECTOR. This word some an officer
appointed to secure deserters,
times denotes the regent of a kingdom. and all other criminals : he is often to go
Oliver Cromwell assumed this title on the round the army, hinder the soldiers from
death of Charles I. of Fngland ; Bona pillaging, indict offenders, execute the
parte exercises the power of emperor sentence pronounced, and regulate the
over

a great part of Germany, under the title of weights and measures used in the army
Prelector of the confederation of the Rhine. when in the field. He is attended by ^
556 P U M PUN
1

~ -
1

lieutenant's guard, has a clerk, and an ex- PUMMEL. See Pommel.


ecut o er. PUMP, (Pempe, Fr.) a well known
PROWESS, valor, bravery in the engine used in the elevation of water.
fie'd, military gallantry. PUNCH, {Poincon, Fr.) an instrument
PSILOI, light armed men among the for making holes. Every serjeant of a
Gi-eks, who fought with arrows ar.d company, at least, and indeed every cor
darts, or stones and slings, hut were unfit poral ofa squad, should be provided with
fo ciose fight. Thev were in honor and a punch, as there is
frequent occasion to
dignity interior to the heavy armed. Next fit on the cross belts, &c.
to these were the peltasti, a middle sort PUNCTO. The point in fencing.
of foot solde s between the hoplitai and PUNISHMENT, in the army, in
the psiloi, being armed with spears, but genera), signifii-s the execution of a sen
far inferior in bigness to those of the heavy tence pronounced by a court martial upon
armed ; their name is taken from their any delinquent. There are various me
narrow shields, called Pelta. Potter's thods in different countries which have
Greek Antiqui'ies, vol. II chap. 3. been adopted for the punishment of of
PUBLICANS, persons who keep ale- ficers and soldiers, without ultimately
hous.s, &c. for the accommodation of depriving the public of their services.
travel ers In England, troops upon the Those in the British are simple, and in
march, or in quarters, may be billeted on general very summary, especially with
them. regard to officers. In some foreign ser
PUCKA fever, Ind. a putrid fever. vices it is usual to send an officer from his
The bilious fever of tropical climates. regiment to do duty in a garrison town,
PUCKALLIES, Ind. leathern bags during which period he loses all the ad
for carrying water. They are placed on vantages of promotion. Hence etre in-
"the hacks of oxen. The word is also used voyer en garnison, to be sent in.o garrison,
for water-carriers. implies species military chastisement.
a ot
PUD LAYS, pieces of stuff' to do the Perhaps the method which is adopted in
office of l.vers or handspikes. the British navy, of putting an officer at
PUHUR Din, Ind. Watches kept in the bottom of the list of his own rank,
the day ; ct which there are four ; a simi might be beneficial in the army. The
lar number is kept in the night, called barbarous and self-defeating punishment
Puhurraat. ot whipping remains a disgrace to the
PUISANT, Fr. a well built of dry Btitish code, and we lament to say to the
stones, or made in a wall to serve as a American also.
rest-rvmr for wat<r. PUN I TIONS corporelles. Ft. corpo
PUISSANCE, Fr. in algebra and ge real punishment. In the old French ser.
ometry, p wersof lines and
quantities. vice, military punishments or chastise.
PUISOI R, Fr. a copper vessel which ments, which were not ofa capital nature,
is us d in making saltpetre.

were of two kinds. The picket was for


PUITS, Fr. A well. the cavalry, and the gauntelope, or pas
PUITS de mineur, Fr. a perpendicu sing through the rods, for the infantry.
lar opening, about tour feet square, whith The rods, or baguetts, which properly
is madein the eaith for miners to let them means small sticks, or switches, were
selves down, as deep as may be judged ex generally osier or willow twigs. Pre
pedient, in order to push the subterraneous vious to the execution of the sentence, a
galleries beneath the covert wav, or under corporal with two privates of the company,
any other works constructed by the be- to which the culprit belonged, were sent
sie ed or besieger to get the rods. These they brought in
PULK, a rube a 1 articular body of a bundle to the guard-house, or to any
me Tnis word is chiefly used in Russia ;
.
place of security which was near the spot
as a Pulk ot cossacks. where the punishment was to be inflicted,
PULVERIN, Fr. priming powder. The criminal, underan escort of two Ser
PULVIS fulmitans, the thundering jeants and four grenadiers, with fixed
powder, a mixture of three parts of salt bayonets, went for the bundle, and as he
pe-re, two ot tartar, an one of brimstone ;

passed through the interval of tha line


all finely powdered. A small part, eve. which was faced inwards, each soldier
a single dram of this being put into a drew out one twig. The grenadiers at
shovel over a gentle fire, till it melts by the head of the line took off their slings,
degrees and charges color, will go off o< which they used instead of rods. When
explode as loud as a musquet. Butit wi I the culprit reached the end of the line,
not ; 0 any injury, because its force tends he undressed himself naked to the waist.
ch eflv downward. The right and left openings of the double
PULLEY, in military mechanics. Sec line faced inwards were closed by the
Mechanics. grenadiers that had escorted the prisoner,
PULWAR, bid. a light boat for dis viz. two with one serjeant at the head of
patches the right, and two with ditto at the head
PUMlCE-stone, a
spongy, light crum <>f the left. It sometimes happened,
bl n> wh ch is cast out of mount
stor e that a serjeant or corporal marched back
JEina, and other burning mountains. It wards in ordinary time; keeping the
is used in graving, polishing, S.e. . aint cf his pike directed at the chest ni
PUN PUS 557

the m.m who received the lashes. The mind; the springs by which the human
however, generally allowed character is most
easily and effectually led
culpnt was,
to make the most of his legs. Whilst on to acts ot voluntary heroism and intre-
he was receiving his punishment, the pid'ty, are never produced
by the lash;
drummers of the regiment, who were but always to be commanded by genero
equally divided and stationed b hind the sity, by a kindness that costs nothing, and
which if it were to cost
something, if rone
grenadiers that had form d the escort, beat
the charge. I fa F rench soldier was con with discrimination, is always repaid ten
victed of theft, or any flagrant dishonora thousand fold by the affection, the grati
ble practice that injured the military tude, the attachment, and the devotion of
the soldier. It is said that there are men
character, he not only underwent this
who are not be overcome hy generosity,
punishment, but he was condutted in the
to

most ignominious manner, to the out nor subdued even by the lash ; then such

ward gate ot a front. irr town ; there ex men should be held up as an example for

the country, and cautioned, never better men ; they should not be suffered
pelled io mess, nor to associate with men of bet
to be found within its limits under pain of
The nicety of military ter temper; the good men should be no
suffering death.
honor and reputation, among French sol ticed and rinse neglected, and if these
bial. courses failed, the public service would
diers, is prove, They never survive
themselves, nor he benefitted by their cischarge, more
a blow, even a.i.ong
the than by their continual ce.
would aprivate soldier exist under
disgrace ot having been struck by an of PURCHASE. Th sale and purchase
of commissions is
ficer. countenanced by go
When a girl of the town, or a notori vernment, and the pricevof those com
missions regulated by authority,
prostitute, was taken up, and order
are
ous
ed to be punished in a camp or garrison, yei there are various ways throu h which
she went through the same process ; the young men of fortune and connexions
drums beating the marionneies, a sort of g. t over the heads of veteran officers in the
rogue's march, during the execution of the Bntisharmy. In 1809, the detection of
a system of purchase from the concubines
sentence.
In ottering a Military Dictionary to the of the British commander in chief excited
American public, the editor cannot w.th- astonishment.
against the barbarous me. Purchase and sale are terms unknown
holdhis ptp'est
thod of whipping, as not only inconsis in the British navy.
tent with every maxim adapted to military P U RS E , ( with the grand signor,) a gift,
or gratification of 500 crowns.
institution, but incompatible with the re
Purse of money, (in the Levant) about
publican institutions of America, as well 112/. sterling. It is so called, because
as those of ancient Rome. The subjection
to such odious punishment is a fatal blow all the grand signor's money is kept in
to the American militia, and one of the leather purses or bags of this value in the
greatest obstacles to its respectability and seraglio.
efficiency; since in service the punish PURSE VANT, from the French pour.
ments must necessarily be and ought to suivant, of serjeant at arms, who
a sort

be uniformly the same. A man who has is ready upon any special occasion,
to go

been once punished by whipping, as prac or to


carry any special mesage. His general
tised in the military service in England, office is to apprehend a person who has
must be totally lost to every sentiment ot been guilty of an offence.
feeling reconcilable with military spirit, PURSUIT, the act of following with
or that sense of honor which can never hostile intention.
exist but where there is self-respect. PURVEYORof PublicSupplies,
There can be no confidence between offi a civil officer whose duty it is to purchase

cers that flog and men that are flogged, what is required for public service, as
and thus the fundamental spirit of all mi military clothing, medicine, equipments ;
the troops ofthe United States have for a
litary institution is undermined, that is
confidence reciprocal and earnest through few years became worse clad than former
every grade. It is
scmetimt-s said that ly, owing to the scandalous abuse of eco
discipline cannot be enforced without it ; nomy in the purveyor; and overlooked in
all Europe conquered at this moment, by the military department ; a few years
an army in which even blows are not per since no troops in the world were better
mitted, is a melancholy lesson contrasted provided for.
with the brutal discipline ofthe cane and Purveyor, a person employed in t'ie
other ignominious practices, in the armies quarter-master or commissary general s

of Prussia, Austria, Russia, and England. department in the British service. Like
Those who cannot enforce discipline with. wise one belonging to a military hospital,
out treating their fellow men as brutes, whose' duty it is to provide food and ne
should distrust their own faculties or fit cessaries for the sick.
ness, and examine into
their own false TaPUSH, to make a thrust.
too often To r v s u back , to force an enemy to
pride, their petulance, perhaps
re

their unacquaintance with the firsi treat.


that is a A Push, a force impressed. Asapush
principle of military discipline, of the bayonet. This word is
knowlege of mankind, or of the human peculiar!*'
558 P Y R P Y R

applicable to the use that ought to be made of smaller size, which stand near the
of this formidable weapon. Fiume mountains, close to Joseph's
PUSI LLANIMOUS, cowardly, want canal.
ing spirit. Battle -//^Pyramids, so called from
To PUT a herse, in horsemanship, sig- having taken place close 10 the large pyra
nifi s to manage him.
break or mids in the plain of Mummies, at Waar-
To put a horse upon his haunches, to dam, within a few miles of Grand Cairo.
force him to bend them in galloping in the A previous engagement had been fought
on the 15th of
manege, or upon a stop. July, 1799, between the
PUTTING-STONE, a great stone, Mamalukes under Murad Bey, and the
which formerly was laid at the gate of French army, commanded by Bonaparte
a laird in Scotland, and by which he tried in person. The second battle, calico the
the bodily strength of each man in his battle ofthe pyramids, put the French in
clan. possession of lower Egypt. The follow
PYKE, Ind. a person employed as a ing short extract from the Epitome of
cuard at night. Military Events, may not be uninterest
PYRAMID, (Pyramide, Fr.) This ing.
word is originally derived from the Greek, "
The French army, which during its
and takes its name from a resemblance to last marches had suffered excessive fa
the spiral ascendancy of fire. It is the tigue, halted atWaardam, in order to re
same as obelisk. cruit its strength, remount the artillery,
Geometrical Pyramid, a solid standing and clean the musquets that were so sub
on a
square basis, and terminating at the to takerustfrom the moist vaporsof
ject
top in a pointyor a body whose base is a the Nile. On the 2isr of July, 1799, tne
polygon, and whose sides are plain trian second battle called the battleof the pyra
gles, their several tops meeting together mids, was fought. General Desaix, with
in one point. his advanced guard, at first made a corps of
Pyramid, (in architecture,) a solid) Mamalukes fall back ; the order of bat
massy edifice, which from a square, tri tle of the other divisions was nearly the
angular, or other base, arises in gradual same as on the 13th, being drawn up by
dimension to a vertex or point. echtllons of square columns, so as to Hank
PYRAMIDAL >_, (in arithme themselves between each other; and the
tic,) the sums of polygonal numbers, col lineof battle, which was itself flanked by-
lected after the same manner as the poly two villages. Each division was concentra-

gon numbers themselves are extracted from ed into a compact body,and formed a square
arithmetical progression. having its baggage in the centre, and the
Pyramidal, ?A ppertaining to, like artillery in the intervals ofthe battalions.
Pyramidical, S to a pyramid. ThM formidable disposition presented a
PYRAM1DOID, from the Greek, is double fire in flank and in front, and op
what is sometimes called a parabolic posed an invincibleobstacle to the impetu
spindle, and is a solid figure formed by ous, but unconnected charges of Murad
the revolution of a parabola round its base, Bey's cavalry. To return to the action of
or greatest ordinate. the 21st, general Desaix's advanced guard,
Pyramids, of Egypt, are enormous and Regnier's division, formed the right
piles of building, within three leagues of wing of the army, and were at first charg
Grand Cairo, and are ranked among the se ed with the greatest impetuosity, by one
ven wonders of the world. half of the Mamaluke cavalry ; the other
The pyramids of Giza, the largest of half having remained to support the in
which was originally built by Cheops, are trenchments of the village ot Embahe.
supposed to have been erected about 14
"
Notwithstanding this determination to
years after the building of Solomon's tem anticipate the attack of the French co
ple, about 2665 years ago. The pyramids lumns, the rash valor of the Mamalukes
are known by various names, viz. again failed against those compact bodies,
Pyramids of G xa, (five in number) bristling with bayonets, and keeping up,
which are those already mentioned, and ; within half
musquet shot a most galling
near which the French established a camp i hrc. While these charges were takingplacc
in 1799. against his right, and the Mamalukes were
Pyramids ofSaccara, (three in num , retreating in disorder, Bonaparte direct ng
ber.) These stand in the plain of Mum ! the two divisions of his centre against the
mies, and are about 600 feet high. ; intrenchments, ordered the village ofEm-
Dasbour Pyramids, (six in number,) '
babe to be turned by means of a ditch
stand in the same plain, and appear some which masked this movement, and thus
'

what lower. The French general Friant, I cut to pieces, or ratlierdrove into the Nile,
in 1799, pursued Murad Bey across this j 1500 of the enemy's cavalry."
In a map
plain, leaving the pyramids on his left. I
lately published by Heathes, the number
The Southern, or Great Pyramid. This is stated to have been 2000. The attack,

pyramid has been called by Bruce, the which wasextremely warm, was conduct
traveller, the false pyramid. It stands in ed by general Marmont. Forty pieces of
she plain of Mummies, and appears to be I cannon, the camp ofthe Mamalukes, their
about 600 feet high. rich spoils, touether with upwards of
Pyramids, in ruins. Two pyramids 400 camels, fell into the handsot thecon
j
querors. See pages n9and 120, of the! QUADRATE, a
square, having four
Epitome of Military Events. equal and parallel sides.
In they 1801, large army of Turks
ear a QUADRAT1CK. Equations, are such

with a detachment ofthe British forces in as retain,the unknown side, the square
on
ofthe root, or the number sought.
Egypt, defeated the French close to the
pyramids, and took possession of Grand QUADRATRICE, Fr. See Quad
Cairo. This battle eventually decided the rant.

fate of Egvpt. QUADRATURE, Fr. Quadrature.


PYROBOLY, the art of gunnery, QUADR1LATEKAL, (Quadrilate, e,
&e. Ex.) having tour sides.
PYROBOLIST, (Pyroboliste, Fr.) a QUADRILLE, Ft: This word is
maker of fire-balls, Sec. pronounced Cadrille Small parties of
P Y R O E TS, in horsemanship, are mo horse, richly caparisoned, Sec. which
tions either of one tread or pist, or of two used formerly to ride, &c. in tournaments
treads or pists. and at public festivals. The Quae.rilles
Pyroets of one tread, or what the were distinguished from one anotner by

French call de la tite a la queue, from the the shape or color ofthe coats which the
head tothe tail, are entire and very nar riders wore. This word is derived from
row turns made by a horse upon one tread, the Italian Quadriglia, or Squadriglia, be
and almost at one time, so that his head ing a diminutive of Squadus a company
is placed where his tail was, without put of soldiers drawn up in a square.
ting out his haunches. QUADRIVIAL, havung four roads or
Pyroets of two pists, are turns of ways, meeting in a point.
two treads upona small compass of ground QUAI, Fr. See Quay.
almost ofthe length ofthe horse. QUAICHE, or CAICHE, Fr. A
PYROTECHNIE, Fr. See Pyro- decked vessel, a ketch.
techny. QUAKER-GUNS. See Passe Vo-
PYROTECHNY, in military matters,
the doctrine of artificial fireworks, and QUALIFICATION. That which
makes any person or thing ht for any
firearms, teaching the structure and ser
vice, both of those used in war, for the thing.
To QUALIFY. To fit for any thing.
attacking of fortifications, &c. as cannons,
To give in the necessary qualifications tor
bombs, gfltnadoes, gunpowder, wildfire,
Sec. and those made tor diversion, as the exercising ofa civil or military employ
ment. In a general acceptation ofthe
serpents, St. Catherine's wheel, rockets,
Sec. term, to qualify does not mean to give proofs
of mental ability.
PYROTECHNIC, of or appertaining
to pyrotechny. QUAN11EME, Fr. a term used
among the French to signify, not only
the day of the month, as quel quantiime
du mois avons nous ? what is the clay ot the
menth but likewise the numerical order
.

Q in which an individual stands upona mus-


ter-roll, Sec. viz Le quantiime ites vous
dans voire campagnie ? how do you rank in
QUADRANGLE, ? a square figure your company ? or of what standing are
QUADRANGULAR, Shaving lour you ?
right angles. QUANTITY, the amount; bulk;
QUADRANT, in gunnery, an instru weight ; that property of any thing which
ment made of brass or wood, divided into may be increased or diminished.
degrees, and each degree into io parts, to QUARANTINE, (Quarantine, Ex.)
The time which persons, suspected of
lay guns or mortars to any angle of ele
vation. having any contagious disorder, are obliged
The common sort is that whose radii toremain without mixing with the in
habitants of the seaport or town at which
project the quadrant about 12 inches, and
whose plummet suspends in its centre, by they arrive. It takes its name from quar~
means of a fine piece of silk ; so that, antainc, the term of 40 days.
when the long end is introduced into the QUARRE, Fr. See Square.
Batalion Quarre d' hommes, Fr.
piece, the plummet shows its eleva A
tion. square battalion.
The best sort has a spiral level fixed to QUARREAUX, Fr. Darts or arrow.:
a brass radius ; so that, when the long end which the bowmen anciently used, and
is introduced into the piece, this radius is which were so called from the iron at the
turned about its centre till it is level : then end being square, with a sharp point.
hs end shews the angle of el vation, or QUARRELS, ina military sense, arc
the inclination from the horizon ; where disagreements between individuals ot that
as the first shows that angle from the ver serious nature, as to produce challenges,
tical. Sat? Level. duels, &c. by the Articles of War, it is
QUADRAT, or to quadrat a gun, is to specified, that all officers, of what condi
see it duly placed on its carriage, and that j tion soever, have power to quell all qmr
the wheels be of an equal height.
560 QUA QUA

reis, frays, and disorders, though the of fortified


| protection towns. Hussars
persons concerned should belong to another are very useful on this service.
regiment, troop, or company, and either It should be observed, as an invariable
to order officers into maxim, in winter quarters, that your re
arrest, or non-com-
misiioned officers or soldiers to prison, giments be disposed in brigades, to be al
until their proper superior officers shall be ways under the eye ofa general officer;
made acquainted therewith; and whoso and, if possible, letthe regiments be so dis
ever shall refuse to obey such officer tributed, as to be each under the command
(though of an inferior rank) or shall draw of its own chief.
his sword upon him, shall be punished In Quarters. Within the limits
at the discretion of a general court mar prescribed.
tial. Outof Quarters. Beyond the limits
QUARREL, Jan arrow with a square prescribed. Officers, non-commissioned
QUARRY, Shead. officers and soldiers who sleep out of quar
QUART, Fr. Quarter. ters, without leave, are liable to be tried
Q u a r t de Cerc.'e, Ex. A quadrant such by a general or regimental court martial,
as bombardiers use when they take the an according to the rank they severally
gles, and give what inclination they think hold.
ecessary to a mortar. Qu artzr. master, is an officer, wlr-se
Quart de Conversion, Ex. Quarter- principal business is to look afier the quar
wheeling, or
quatter- facing. The terms tersof the soldiers, their clothing, bread,
a q used inmij^tey evolutions. ammunition, firing, Sec. Every regiment
DEMi-QuAKTdt Conversion, Fr. Half- of foot, and artillery, has a quarter-master,
quarter- wheel, ar.d every rroop of horse one.

QUARTE, Fr. In fencing. See Quarte *. master-general, is a consider


Carte. able officer in the British army, and should
QUARTER, in war, signifies the be a man of great judgment and experi
sparing of mn's lives, and giving good ence, and well skilled in eography : his
treatment to a vanquished enemy. Hence, duty is to mark the marches, and encamp
to give quarter, to take quarter, Sec. dan. ments of an army : he should know the
ner
quartier, Ex. prendre quai tier, Ex. country perfectly well, with its rivers,
To QUARTER UPON. To oblige plains ma sties, woods, mountains, de.
persons to receive soldiers, Sec. into files, passages, Sec. even to the smallest
their dwelling houses, and to provide for brook. Prior to a march he receives the
them. orders ar.d route from the commanding
QUARTERS. Military stations are so general, arid appomts a place for the quar
called ; as head quarters, home quarters, ter- masters of the army to meet him next
regimental quarters, Sec. morning, with whom he marches to the
QUARTERS, at a siege, the encamp next camp, where after having viewed the
ment upon one ot the most principal pas grout. d tie marks out to the regimental
sages round a
place besieged, to prevent quarter- masters the space allowed each
relief and convoys. regiment for their camp : he chuses the
Head Quarters of an amy, the place head quarters, and appoints the villages
where the commander in ciiief has his for the generals of the army's quarters :
quarters. The quarters of generals of he appointsa proper place for the encamp
horse are, if possible, in villages behind ment of the train of artillery : he conducts
the right and left wings ; and the generals foraging parties, as likewise the troops to
of foot are often in the same place : but cover them against assaults, and has a
the commander in chief should be near the share in regulating the winter quarters and
cent re of the army. cantonments.
Quarters of refteshment, the place or Quarter.*/^, an old military wea
places where troops that have been much pon, made of strong even wood, bigger
hairassed are put to recover themselves, and heavier than a pike: it is 6 1-2 feet
during some part ofthe campaign. long between the ferrules that keep fast
Quarter of assembly, the place where the two pikes of iron stuck into the ends
the troops meet to march from in a body, ofthe staff*
and is the same as the place of rendez Quarter, in the manige, as to work
vous. from quarter to quarter, is to ride a horse
Intrenched Quarters, a place fortified three times in upon the first of the four
with a ditch and parapet to secure a body lines of a square; then, changing your
of troops. hand, to ride him three times upon the
Winter Quarters, sometimes means second ; and so to the third and fourth

the space of time included between leaving always changing hands, and observing the
the camp and taking the field; but more same oraer.

properly the traces where the troops are Qv art ir- facing, is in the new disci
pline substituted tor the old auk ward
quartered during the winter.
The first business, after the army is in oblique marching ; it is also called the line
winter quarters, is to form the chain of science in ranks man turns to ihe
of ; every
troops to cover the quarters well: which right or left as ordered, and if ordered to
isdone either behind a river, under cover march, the lines or ranks thus keep panl-
ofa range of strong posts, or under the J
QUA QUA 561

so as to have the king's or ge


lei their former front, but march on a
to manner,
line oblique to it. .
neral's person secure. When an army
went into action or stood in battle array,
Qu htm.*- Wheeling, in the old disci
a

vvas the motion by which the tront it vvas customary, among the French, to
pline, The
of a body of men was turned round to say, Le Quattier du Rei est partout.
where the flank stood, by taking a quarter king's station is every where. Neverthe
ofa circle; but in the new discipline less, it was always judged prudent, not to
Which reduces all principles to the strictest expose the royal person or the commander
in chief too much. On this principle,
simplicity, the wheelings take all their
head quarters were always established in
proportions from half a circle ; and for ob which was surrounded by the best
vious causes, since the wheeling of any a plate
number of men on a whole circle, would troops, and was supported by epaule-
be only moving them to bring them into ments on the right and left, with the ad
the place in which they stood before they dition ofa rear guard. Since the revolu
were wheeled or moved ; now the pur tion, these arrangements have been much
pose of wheeling is to change from
one changed. It cannot, however, be un
position to some other required position, interesting to gise a general outline of
and hence quarter wheeling means a quarter what W3S practised during the monarchy.
wheel ofhalfacircle; thus wheeling about, The Quai tier du Roi or head quarters, when
a town was besieged, were always fixed
is changing the front to the rear ; and this
out of the reach of ordnance, and in a vil
wheeling is simply half the half same
cir

cle, or placing the ranks on the lage that was well secured by entrench
line from which they were moved; the ments. Before the cannonade commenced,
of the it was usual for the besieged to ascertain
quarter wheel is a movement of i-4
half circle, or in a line oblique to the the exact station of head quarters, that
line from which they were moved ; a their fire might not be directed towards
them ; nor did the real assault ofthe town
regiment quarter wheeled by companies from that direction. Wherever
take place
display the regiment in echellon.
the king, or, in his absence, the com
Quartering troops, is to provide them
with quarters. mander in chief took up his quarters, the
from that particu
QUARTERON, one, Fr. A quaite- camp assumed its name
ron ; one born ofa white man and a mu- lar spot or village.
ktto woman, or of a mulatto man and a Quartier gineral de la tranchee, Ex.
the
white woman. Headquarters or principal station of
trenches. That spet is so called in which
QUARTlER, Fr. For its general
the commanding officer of the trenches
acceptation see Quarters. and to which all reports ot
Quart i er d'un Siige, Fr. A station takes post,
&c. are, from time to time,
taken, or an encampment made in one of progress, the seige Is somewhat
the leading avenues to a besieging town or conveyed. When
advanced, it is usual to fix this quarters,
place. When the Quartier d'un Siige was last parallel which
commanded by a general officer, during the near the outlet ofthe
the saps, in the princi
French monarchy, it was called Quartier leads to the head of
du Roi. The king's quarters. pal line of attack.
The
Qoartii-r des Vivres, Ex. The park Quartier d'Asxmblee, Ex.
ground on which troops assemble to to be
com
of stores, provisions, &c.
mence their military routes, or
Quartier d'Hiver, Fr. Winter
written otherwise prepared for active opera
quarters. Count de Turpin has
See Essai tions.
largely upon this subject.

sur

I' Art de la Guerre ; likewise, Suite de la Un Q u a R t 1 e r bien Retranche, F r, A


Science de la Guerre, torn. iv. p. 170. quartet that is well entrenched.
Un Quartier Enleve, hx. Quarters
Quartier de Rafraichissemens, Ex.
Those places are so called in which troops taken possession of by force.
are permitted to halt and take up their Officiers de Quartier^ Fr. Officers
who were upon duty for three months,
quarters for any period, during a cam
or during the space of one quarter of a
paign. was used in the old
Quartier de Foun-age, Ex. Forag year. This term
French service, to distinguish such of
ing quarters. When the activeopcrations ficers from those who did duty throughout
of a campaign are necessarily interrupted
the year.
by the inclemency of the season, means Etre de Quartier, Fr. To be upon
are adopted to lessen the heavy expences
months.
of winter quarters, by remaining a certain duty for three
Quartier Ger.eraux, Ex. General
time in foraging quarters. A wise ge
neral will take care to live as long as he can headquarters.
upon his enemy's country,
in order to Qu ARTIS.R. Maitre, Fr. Quarter-master.
This term, with respect to foreign troops,
draw as little as possible from his own.
Quartier du Roi, ou
du General, Ex. corresponds with marichal des logis in a
the king French infantrv corps.
II, ad quarters, or the spot where
or the commander in
chief resides. When Quartier- Mm. re General, Ex. Quar
in low maishy ter- master-general. Among other armies
an army takes up its ground
or head quarters the same as matechal general des Logis in
places, &c. the royal the old French service. There is aquar.
are marked out in the most advantageous
A v
562 QUI QUI

ter -master-general in the Turkish service, as a co operation with the insurgents of


whose immediate duty is to mark out the La Vendee, and was afterwards to have
ground of encampment, the instant he has been increased by the descent of an Eng ish
received orders to that purpose from the army, unde*- the command of the earl of
Moira ; who had, indeed, already been
grand vizir, or, in his abse ce* from the
seraskier, who is the general in ordinary, instructed to detach a covering body for
and who is always with the aimy, that purpose; but the British did not land,
whether the grand vizir be present or not. having been driven from the French coast
QUATRE, Fr. Four. by stress of weather The French emi
To QUELL. To crush, to subdue. grants were all sacrificed.
Military force is sometimes resorred to QUICK, With celerity. It forms the
by magistracy to quell riots, Sec.
the civil cautionary part of a word of command
In England, the riot act must beiead when troops aie ordered to move in quick
by a justice ofthe peace, and if the rioters time ; as k march.
qui

or insurgents do not disperse, themagis- QUICK Step, or Quick-Time, is lo

trate may order the officer to do his duty, steps of 24 inches each, or 2oo feet in a
by firing, Sec upon them. When mili minute, and is the step used in all march
tary law has been proclaimed, there is ings but guard marching and reviews, when
not any necessity for this preliminary the sh>w m rch may be used.
caution. QUICKEST Step, ox Quickest Time,
QUERELLES, Fr.quarrels, feuds, Sec- is 120 steps of 24 inches each, or 240 feet
QUERELLE d'Allemand, Ex. An in a minute. In this step, all wheelints
expression used among the French, to are performed, as also the doublings up of
signify a drunken quarrel. divisions, and their increase or diminution
QUFRRY. See Equerry In front.
QUEUE. From the French, which QUICK- match, inlaboratory works. Sec
signifies tail; an appendage that every
British soldier isdirected to wear in lieu of QUIETISM*. Apathv. Indifference.
a club Regim-.ntal tails were ordered to QUIET S M E , F. The state of those
be nine inches long. persons who did not take an active part in
QUEUE D'ARONDE, a corruption of the French resolution.
Queue d'Yronde. It signifies a piece of QUIETISTE, Fr. A man who did
wood which is so made that it resembles not meddle with the revolution.
at each end a swallow's tail. QUILTING grape-shot, in gunnery.
Quiue d'Yronde, ou d'Yrondelle, Fr. See Laboratory, and To Maki
See Swallow's Tail. Gr a pi-Shot.
Queue du Camp, Fr. Literally means QUINQUANGULAR. Having five
trie tail or extremity of the camp. It corners orangles.
is the line which is drawn in the rearof QUINTAIN, f An instrument used in
the camp, and which ii directly opposite QUI NTI N, "> the ancient practice of
to the one in front, called the head of the tilting. It consisted of an upright post,
camp. on the top of which a cross post turned

QVzvide Paen, Ex. Literally means at one end of the cross-


upon a
pivot ;
a peacock's tail. It is used in architec post broad
was a board, and at the other
ture, to signify the different compart a bag of sand The practice was to ride
ments or spaces which, in a circular fi against the board with a lance, and at such
gure, spread gradually from the centre to speed, as to pass by before the sand- bag
the circumference. could strike the tilteron the back.
Queue*. Queue, Fr. one after another QUINTAL, Fr. one hundred weight.
Eire dlaQczvt, Fr. To be behind, or The Quintal varies in different places,
in the rear. according as the pourd consists of more
Avoir I'ennemi en Q u e u i , Fr. To have or fewer ounces. The English Quintal
the enemy close at your heels. is 112 pounds, and is divided into quar
To go in QUE ST of an enemy. To send ters.
out vedettes, patroles, Sec. tor the pur QUINTE, a low thrust in fenc
Fr
pose of ascertaining an enemy's motions. ing, delivered the outside ofthe posi
at

QUIBERON, or Quibron. A small tion, with the nails turned up, as in loW
peninsula ot France, in Bretagne, in the carte. When this thrust is forced over
bishopiick of Vannes, and to the north of the blade from the guard in carte, it is
Belleisle; as also a small island called the termed flanconade.
point of Quiberon, separated from the QUINTUPLE. Fivefold.
peninsula by a channel, and the sea next QUI RITES. In ancient Rome, the
common citizens were so called, as dis
it is called the
bay of remarkable
Quiberon. This
Spot has been rendered by the tinguished from the soldiery.
expedition which took place in June, To Q.TT, to leave, to abandon. This
1795 Upwards of 3000 regular troops word is variously used in military phrase
(composed mostly of French emigrants ology, viz.
that had served abroad, with the ill judg To Quit your pest, ?To retire, with-
ed addition of some French prisoners, To QutT your ranks, I out having re.

taken out of English gaols) were landed ceived any previous order for that pur.
upon the coast. This foice was intended pose, from a station entrusted to you!
QUI R A C 563

shall
care. Any officer or soldier, who, dur use any reproachful or provoking
ing the heat of an engagement, shall quit speeches or gestures to another, upon pain,
his ranks, may be shot, or otherwise dis if an officer, of being put in arrest (or if a
patched upon the spot. A sentry who non-commission.'d officer, or a soldier, of

quits his post before he is regularly re being imprisoned) and of asking pardon of
lieved, is ordered to suffer death, or such the party offended, in the presence of his
other punishment ris may be inflicted by a commanding officer.
general court-martial. ^QUIZZER. A creature, who with
Quit your arms. A word ofcommand out possessing any real wit or humor, af
whichwas formerly given in infantry re fects to turn others into ridicule, by an
gimen's, but is now laid aside. insolent affectation of the talent. The
QUITTANCE, Fr. receipt, acquit thing is generally found among those
tance. calling themselves fashionable young men,
Quittance de finance, Fr. A term which, (to very apposite expres
use a

formerly used among the French, to ex sion) has money than wit, plumes
more

press any sum paid into the king's trea itself upon wealth or connexion, and en

sury, for an appointment or place. deavors to make up by noise, tmbulence,


QUITTER, Fr. to quit. and privileged contradiction, what it
Fr. wants in real knowlege and solid under
Quitter I'epie, Figuratively to
leave the profession of arms. standing. It is sometimes seen at a mili
QUIVER. A case for arrows. tary mess, and about the purlieusof ta
verns and gaming tables.
QUI vive?~) Fr. Who comes there?
Qui vald ?> te: ms used by the French QUOIL, in gunnery, a
rope laid round
Qui est Id? ) sentries when they chal in a ring, one turn over another.

lenge. QUOINS, in architecture, denote the


Etre sur le Fr. To be corners ot brick or stone walls.
Q u i vive, u pon
the alert. QUOIN, (Coin, Fr.)a wedge used to

QUILLON, Fr. the cross-bar of the lay under the breech of a gun, to raise ot

hilt ofa sword. depress the metal.


A QUIZ. This cant word is frequent QUOIT, the ancient discus an Olym
ly used as a substantive to describe a pic game, still practised in all parts ot
stranre, out of the way character. It is a theworid. It consists in throwing a large
term of ridicule. it onring to a considerable distance, at a
To Quiz. A cant word much in use wooden peg, driven in'.o the ground.
QUOTIENT. In arithmetic, the
among fashionable bucks or blades, as
certain creatures are called. It signifies number resulting from the division of a
to turn another into ridicule, by some greater number by a smaller, and which
allusion to his dress or manners, some shews how often the smaller, or the di
ironical woid or quaint expression In visor, is contained in the greater or divi
other terms, to take unwarrantable liber dend.
ties with the natural defects, or harmless
habits of unoffending individuals. This
absurd and childish practice, (which grows
out of ignorance, is supported by privi
leged assumption, and ou. ht to be dis
couraged by every sensible man) has some
times found its way into the British ar
my. We need scarcely add, that it has RABIN ET, formerly a name given to
frequently been the cause of the most se a small sort of ordnance between a falconet
rious quarrels, and is always contrary to and a base, about one inch and a half
good order and discipline. Commanding diameter in the bore, five feet six inches
officers should, on all occasions, exert long, and 300 pounds 1:. weight, loaned
their authority, whenever there appears with six ounces of powder, ai.d carrying
the least tendency to this unmanly, un- a shot one inch and three-eighths in dia
officr like, and ungentleman like custom. meter.
It ought constantly to be remembered, R ACHATE pain, Fr. a certain pe
that the influence of evilismuch stronger cuniary allowance which was made in the
upon the commonality of mankind, than old French service to the officers of each
thatofgood. If an officer suffer himself company, for the surplus rations of am
to be quizzed by a brother officer, he will, munition bread that were left in the pur-
by degrees, become ridiculous to the veyor'* hands. The same rule exists in
soldiers; and if he resent it, as he ought the Brit sh service, when troops are in
to do in prima limine, by a manly explana camp or barracks.
tion with the weak fool who attempts to RACINE, Fr. See Root.
be witty, without possessing one spark RACLOIR, Fr. A scraper. It is
of real wit, it is more than probable, that used in the artillery to cleanse out mor.
much ill blood will be engendered between tars.
them. The British Articles of War have, RACOLER, Fr. To entice men to
in some degree, provided against this evil. inlist.
It is there specifically stared, that noof- \ RACOLEUR, Fr. a crimp, a bringer
ficer, noncommissioned officer, orspldier, 'of recruits, one who entices others to
564 RAF RAM

inlist. Men of this description are to be from 18 feet 6 inches, to 21 feet 6 inches,
found in all countries where military es to be 10 inches broad at the foot, 8 at the
tablishments prevail. top, and 8 thick. Single rafters, 8 feet in
RACORDEMENT, Fr. This word length, must have4i-2 inches, and 3 3-4
is derived from racorder, which, in French in their square. Those of 9 feet long,
must he 5, and 4 inches square.
architecture, signifies to join two pieces
of building on one surface, or to unite an RAJPUTES, or RAU J FOOTS,, Ind.
old building with a new one. The second tribe of the four great classes of*
RADE, Fr. Road tor ships to ride l Hindus ; the priests or Bramins are the
in. first. Both classes may be soldiers, and
RADEAUX, Fr. Rafters. They are none but members of one or other of these

frequently used in sieges, for the purpose classes can be kings or princes. Rauj
of crossing ditches, Sec. Chevalier Folard means great, and poot means arms, that

enters largely into the nature of these is great in arms ; they are the descend
rasters, particularly in his 4'h volume, ants of the military tribe of Hindus.

page 67. RAJAH, Ind. This word means an


RADIOMETER, (Radiomeire, Fr.) authority equivalent to that of a king.
Thisinstrume .t is sometimes called Ja j The Rajahs became generally tributary to
cob's staff, baton de jfacob It is used by the Mogul, but were suffered to follow
some to take the sun's altitude, and by their own modes of government.
others to ascertain elevations at sea. j RAIE, Fr. properly means a seam,
RADIUS, the seni- diameter ofa circle. furrow, streak.
In fortification, the radius is distinguish RAINURE, Fr. a grove.
ed into exterior, interior, oblique, and right RaI S, Fr. a spoke of a wheel.

radius. The three former are noticed each To R A I S E Troops. See Levy.
under its initial l.-tter. The latier is a per To Raise a plan of a fortress, is t
pendicular line drawn from the centre of measure with cords and geometrical in

a polygon to the exterior side. struments, the length of the lines, and
RAFFINAGE, Fr. a term used by the capacity ofthe angles, that by know
the French to express the operation ing the length, breadth, and thickness,
through which saltpetre passes after it of all the different parts of a fortification,
has betn bo led once. The literal mean- it may be represented upon paper, so as
in. is refining; the act of cleansing any to find out its advantages and dtsad van

thing from recrementitious matter. tages.


RAFFINER, Fr. To refine. RAISON, Fr. this word is used by the
RAFFINOIR, Fr. a wooden cask, French, in a mathematical sense, to ex
or copper vessel, in which sritpetre is de press the relation which onenumberhas
posited after it has been boiled once. It to another, and in general, that which
visually remains thirty minutes, after exists between one quantity and another.
which it is let out through a cock fixed The term is distinguished into raison
for that purpose at the bottom of the arithmitique, or arithmetical reasoning;
vessel and raison giomitriquc, ox geometrical rea
RAFRAICHISSEMENS, Fr. Pro soning- French carpenters likewise use
visions. See Quartier the term, to shew that pieces of wood, &c
RAFRA1 HIR, Fr. To cool ; to are properly laid, vis. Des pieces de boh

spunge ; as rafraichir le canon ; to spunge en leur taisen.

a tam;oi. RALLIEMENT, Fr. Rallying point.


Rafraichir une place, Ex. to succor It is sometimes written raliment.
a place by sending in fresh troops and pro Mot de Ralliement, Fr. a word or
visions. countersign, which is given to out posts,
Rafraichir des troupes, Fr. to allow and to sentries that are stationed beyond
the lines.
troops to repose ; likewise to supply them
with fresh provisions. RALLUMER, Fr. To light up again,
R A FTS, a kind of frames or floats made to rekindle, to renew.
by laying pieces of timber together, or RALLY, one ot the bugle horn sound
across each other, to serve as bridges lor ings.
to pass over rivers. To RALLY, (Ralller, Fr.) To bring
troops
RAF'1 ERS, are pieces of timber, troops back to order that have been dis
which, standing by pairs on the transom, persed.
wa;l plate, or raising piece, meet in an angle RALLYING, in war, re-establishing,
at the top, .md form the root ofa building. or forming together again, tioops broken
It is a rule in building, that no rafters and put to flight.
should stand farther than 12 inches from To RAM, to drive with violei.ee, a$

one another: and as to their sizes and with a battering ram.

scantlings, that principal rafters, from 12 To down,


ram force anything down
to
feet 6 inches to 14 feet 6 inches long, be wards, or to fill with any thing driven
5 inches broad at
the top, and 8 at the hard together, as in the charge of fire
bottom, and 6 inches thek : those from arms.

14 feet 6 inches, to 18 feet 6 inches long, Ram down cartridge, a word of com
to be 9 inches brod at the foot, 7 inches mand used in the platoon exercise. See
'-C the top, arid 7 inches thick : and those Manual.
RAM RAN 565

Battering RAM, in antiquity, a military than can be otherwise disposed of. The
enrine used to batter and beat down the , rampart should be sloped rn both sides,
wails of places besieged.
and be broad enough to a.low the march-
The battering ram was of two sorts, ! ing of waggons and can on, besides the
the one rude and plain, the other com j parapet which is raised on it. The ram-
pound The form r se- ms to have been ] part ofthe half moons is b< tter for beirfg
no more than a great beam, which the low, that the small arms of the besieged
soldiers bore on their arms and sioulders, 1 may the better reach the bottom ofthe
and with one end of it, by main force, ditch ; but it must be so high, as not to
assailed the walls The compound ram be commanded by the covert-way. The
is thus described by Josephus : it is a vast rampart is encompassed with a ditch, and
beam, like the mast of a ship, stre gth- is sometimes lined with a fausse-bray and
ened at one end with a had of iron, som *- a berme.

thing resembling that of a ram, whence RAMPS, (Rampes, Ex. ) in fortification,


it took its name. This was hung by the axe sloping communications, or ways of
middle with ropes to another- beam, very gentle ascent, leading from the in-
which lay across two posts, and hang ng i ward area, or lower part ofa work, to the
1
thus equally balanced, it was by a great rampart or higher part of it.
number of men drawn backwards and R.\M:<-hotns, in fortification, area kind
of low works made in the ditch, of a cir
pushed forwards, striking the wall with cular arc
its iron head. j they were invented by M.
Plutarch informs us, that Mark An- .
Belidor, and serve instead of tenailles.
tonv, in the Parthian war, made use of a j RAMADAN, Fr. a month so called
rani 80 feet long : and Vitruvius tells us, among the Turks, during which period
that they were sometimes 106, and 120 I they observe fast days
feet long : to this perhaps the force and RAMASSE, Fr. a sort of sledge, in
strength ofthe engine was ina great mea | which travellers are conveyed from the
sure owing. The ram at one time was tops of mountains that are covered with
managed by a whole century of soldiers ; snow.
and thev, being exhausted, were second RAMASSER, Fr. to collect, to ge|
ed by another century ; so that it played together. On a ramasse tout ce qu'on a pu
trouver de soldats.
continually, and without any intermis They got as many solT
sion. diers together as they could.
The momentum of a battering ram 28 j RAMASSE, Fr. Gathered together,
inches in diameter, 180 feet long, with a i collected. This word is likewise used to
head of cast iron of one ton <md a half, distinguish men that are hastily raised and
the wh >le rani with its iron hoops, &c. embodied, from soldiers who have been
weighing 41,112 pounds, and moving by 'regularly disciplined, viz. Ce ne sen pas
the united strength of iooo men, will des troupes reglies, ce sont des gens ramasse's,
.

be only equal to that of a ball of 36 They ar. not regular troops, but persons
.

pounds, .when shot point blank from a ! hastily got together.


cannon. | Ramasse, Fr. strong, vigorous. Un
RAMMER, an instrument used for \homme ramasse. A strong athletic man.
driving down stones or piles into the ground Ramasse, in this sense, agrees with the
in military works ; or for beating the earth, English word tight-built, thickset, &c.
in order to render it more solid for a foun RAMAZAN. See Ramadan.
dation. RAMBERGE, Fr. an advice boat.
the RAME, Fr. an oar. It is likewise
Rammer, or Ramrod of a
gun,
ramrod or gunstick ; a rod used in charg called Aviron.
ing a gun, to drive home the powder and Balk Ramee, Ft: Cross-bar shot.
shot, as also the wad, which keeps the RAMEAMY. de la mine, Fr. Branches
shot from rolling out The rammer ofa belonging to amine. See Gallery.
of artillery, is a cylinder of wood, I RAMPE auPenteextrimenl douce qu'ont
piece
whose diameter and length are each equal [fait le long des talus des ramparts, F r. a slope,
to the diameter of the shot, with a han ; or declivity which is extremely gradual
dle fixed to it, at the end of which is along the talus of ramparts. These slopes
another cylinder, covered with lamb-skin, contain two toises in breadth, and are cut
so as to fit the gun exactly, and called a upon the interior talus. They are made,
j
the piece before 1 according to circumstances and thecxi-
sponge : it is used to clean
and after it is fired. The ramrod ofa mus geni-ies of the place, sometimes within the
of iron.
quet is one entire piece ' angle
of the rampart, opposite to the en-
Return RAMROD. See Platoon trance into the bastion, when the latter
Exercise, under Manual. is full ; sometimes alorig the flanks, or at
RAMPART, in fortification, or, as the flankeel angle when the bastion is
some call it, but improperly, rampire ,- empty. Pieces of ordnance, ammunition,
the great massy bank of earth raised about Sec. axe conveyed up these slopes to tht
a place to resist the enemy's shot,
and to embrazures of the ramparts.
cover the buildings, Sec. On it is raised RANCHER, Fr. a sort of ladder which
a parapet towards the country
. 1 1 is not is made of wooden pegs, and is used on

unless more earth be taken out of the ditch I


above 1 8 feet high, and about 60 or 70 thick, various occasions.
RANCON, Fr. Ransom. It was
566 RAN RAN

likewise the name of an old French wea Hence regimental rank, local rank, rank in
the army, Sec.
pon, consisting ofa long stake with a sharp
iron point at the end, and two blades One ofthe egregious errorsof the British
or
wings bent backwards, and extremely military institutions is, that the officers
keen. belonging to the life guards are entitled to
RANCONNER, Fr. toransom. the rank of lieutenant colonel, when
they
RANDOM shot, in artillery, when the obtain, or purchase a majority, provided
piece is elevated at an angle of 45 degrees 1 they have been seven years. Their com-

upon a level plane. See Range. | missions in this case run major and lieu-
Fr. Rank. tenant colonel. But if an officer should
RANG,

Rang d'un escadron ou d'un bataillon, not have com pleted either of those
periods,
Fr. Rank in a squadron of horse, or bat he obtains the rank of major only, until
talion of infantry. Any straight line its completion. A lieutenant colonel re.
which is formed by soldiers standing by ceives the rank of full colonel if he has
the side of each other, is so called. been seven years major, or twenty one
Doublet- le s r a n g s , Fr. to form from rank years in the British service. Cornets in
entire, or to throw one rank into two, the life guards rank as sub- lieutenants in
and thereby encrease the depth of any their own corps, and as first lieutenants in
given number of men, by diminishing their the army. The English fuziieers enjoy
front. Hence to double up, or diminish the the same privilege. Sub- lieutenants in
front of any leading line. the Welsh fuziieers rank only as second
Rang, Fr. the relative rank which is lieutenants in the army. Marines do the
observed in military corps with regaid to same.

precedence, tour of duty, Sec. In some With respect to rank in general, the foi.
instances rang et grade mean the same Lwing are the rules of the British army,
thing. by which the relative rank of the officers
De rang, Fr. abreast, side by side. ofthe regulars, militia, fencibles, y eoman-
Paroitre sur les rangs, Fr. to enter the ry cavalry, and volunteer corps, is to be
list. determined.
Etre sur les rangs, to be numbered Officers ot the regular forces command
amongst .ny particular set of men. the officers of equal degree, belonging to
Mittre au rang, Fr, to class with, to the other services; with the exception
associate. after mentioned.
Vaisseau du premier rang, Fr. a first Officers of the militia, fencibles, yeo
rate ship ot war. manry cavalry, and volunteer corps, rank
Vaisseau du second, ou treisieme banc, together according to the dates of their re
Fr. a second or third rate. spective commissions.
R AUGER la cote, Fr. to sail along the Notwithstanding this regulation, such
coast. officers of fencibles as have commissions
Placer par rang de faille, Ft. To dated on or before the 25th July, 1798,
size. continue to rank with the officers of the
RANGE, in gunnery, the distance from regular forces of equal degree, according
the battery to the point where the shot or to the dates of their
respective com
shell touches the ground. missions : unless whan acting in con
Point blank range, when the piece lies junction also with officers of the militia;
in a horizontal direction, and upon a level in which case, if the commission of the

plane, without any elevation or depression, fencible officer be of a junior date to


the shot is said to take a point blank range. that of a militia officer, of the same
See Point Blank. degree, the regular officer of equal rankt
RANGEE, Fr. a series of things placed although his commission be ot a junior
upon the same line. date to that of the fencible officer, com
RANGE, EE, Fr. the participle of mands both.
Ranget, drawn out or placed in regular It will further be observed, that all
order. commands in the regular forces fall to the
Bataille ranger, Fr. a pitched or set eldest officers in the same circumstances,
battle, in which twoarmies are drawn up whether of cavalry or infantry, entire or
opposite to one another. in parries. In case two commissions of
Ranger, Fr. to place ina certain line the same date interfere, a retrospect is to
or order. be had to former commissions. Should
Rangez vous, Fr. a term in general it happen, as it possibly may, that the
use among the French when any number original commissions interfere, it must be
of persons aie ordered to clear the way, decided by lot.
by drawing up on one side or the other ofa In page 49 ofthe Articles of War, it is
6treetorroad. laid do wn , that the eldest officer is to com
RANGING, in war, disposing the mand when any troops of the horseguaras,
troops in proper order for an engagement, and the regiment of horse guards, shall do
manoeuvres, or march, Sec. duty together; or when any of the life
RANK. Range of subordination, de guards, horse or foot guards, shall do duty
gree of authority. The relative situations with any other corps. The regiments of
which officers hold with respect to each life guards, doing duty unmixed, are
other, or to military things in general. to be considered as one corps ; and the
RAN RAP 567

officers are to take rank according to the tain lieutenant ; sub-engineer, as lieuten
dates of their commissions. The same ant ; practitioner engineer, as ensign.
holds good with respect to the foot guards. Navy rank.
Admirai, or commander
Regular officers with whom militia of in chief of the British fleet, has the
ficers take rank as youngest, command rank ofa field marshal; admirals, with
officers of equal degree in the fencibles, their flags on the main top- mast- head,
yeomanry cavalry, and volunteer corps, rank with generals of horseand toot ; vice-
who are to rank together according to the admirals, with lieutenant generals ;
dates of commissions. rear-admirals, as major generals ; com
To rank with, to hold the same re modores, with bio id pendants, as brigadier
lative situation with regard to others. generals; captains of po3t ships, after
Thus post captains of three years stand three years from the date of their first com

ing in the royal navy rank with colonels mission, as colonel; other captains, a
in the army ; and lieutenants in the guards commanding post ships, as lieutenant
rank with captains in the line or regulars. colonels ; captains not taking post, as ma.
Officers in the militia rank generally with jors ; lieutenants as captains.
the regular forces as junior of their re- The rank and precedence of sea officers
specrive commissions. An ensign in the in the classes abovementioned, are to take
guards ranks no higher than an ensign in place according to the senority of their
the regulars. respective commissions in the sea service.
Fu rank with, in a figurative sense, to Post captains commanding ships or vessels
be in equal estimation, to bear the same that do not give post, rank only as majors
character tor skill and valor, &c. viz. during the time they command those ves
lord Nelson ranks with the oravest seaman sels.
that England, or any other country, has Nothing in this shall give aBy pretence
ever produced ; Bonaparte with the great to land officers to command any of his
est general in ancient or modern history ; majesty's squadrons; nor to any sea of
Washington with Cincinnatus ; aitl ficer to command on shore ; nor shall either
with Wolfe, Decatur with h.ve right to demand the military ho
Montgomery
Desaix, or Lannts. nors due to their
respective ranks, unless
/ we-.- RANK. Rank without pay, upon actual service.
nominal distinction, w hich sometimes en Rank, is a straight line made by the
titles the holder <>f it to commandin mixed soldersofa battalion, or squadron, drawn
service.
up side by side: this order was establish-
Brigade majors rank with captains, pro ed for the marches, and for regulating the
vided they have that rank in the army, different bodies of troops and officers which
independent of their staff appointment. compose an armv.
But aids-de-camp de> not possess any tank Doubling of the ranks, is the changing
in that capacity with regard to the army. one rank to two, by telling off the files,
The latter constitutes a part of the ge one,two,one, two,Sec. and by the word, even
neral's family, and are paid out of his al files to the rear double ; th'S method is fre
lowance; they are in fact the mere carriers quently used in the manoeuvres of a regi
of his orders in the field, and his domestic ment.
inmates at home, Sec. Tlie former be Rank and file, men carrying the fire
longing to the brigade, and area necessary lock, <nd standing in the ranks, are called
part ot its effective foice. rank and file. Thus corporals are includ
There is likewise a sort of brevet rank ed in the return which is made under that
which exists in the several regiments be head.
longing to the British service, and is con Ranks andfiles, are the horizontal and
fined to the rank and tile, or corporals I vertical 1 nes of soldiers when drawn up
and puvate soldiers Thus a lance ser for service, &c.
jeant is a corporal who does the duty of RAPE, Fr. a rasp, a file.
serjeant without the pay or emoluments RAPIDES, Fr. FaiUinariverare so
of "he latter; and a lance corporal is a called ; as the falls in the rivers Ohio and
soldier who does the duty of cor St. Laurence, &c.
prvite
So thd lance, which comes from RAPIER, (Rapiire, Fr.) formerly sig
J)oiai.
ansquenet, which signifies a private sol nified a long, old fashioned broad sword,
dier, and is derived from the German, and such as those worn by the Scotch regi
when put beiore serjeant or corporal, ments; bit now is understood only to
points out that a private so.dier has the bre- mean a small sword, in contradistinction
vet rank of i.i.e of those situations. Cap to a broad sword.
tains of compa. ies appoint or reduce lance RAPINE, Fr. Rapine, plunder.
or cor.iorals, according to their RAPPORT, Fr.
Serjeants Report.
judgment. Rapport, Fr. in mathematics,

Rank, and precedence in tbe army and term used among the French-
frequently
navy, are as follow -. It bears the same irr.j: rt as raison, and
Engineer % rank. Chief, as colonel; signifies the relation ..hich two quantities
direct r, as lien tei-mt colonel; sub-direc have one with anotht Thus tnetapport
.

or relation between twelve ami six is the


tor, as major; --f.rin-cr in ordinary, as
same as between six and three.
captain; engineer ext.iordinary, as cap
RAPPORTEUR, Ft. in geometry,-
568 RAT RA T

instrument made in the figure ofa half- countries, the non-commissioned officers

an
|
circle, and divided into one hundred and and privates, arc beaten for slight offen
the Austrian discipline was thus
eighty degrees. We call it a protractor. ces ;
It is used for the purpose of ascertaining conducted, till ihey have been beaten out
the openings in angles, and to take plans of their manhood and self-respect. The
abolished Prussans this barbarous custom
upon paper.
RAREFACTION, the extension of after the battle of Jena.
a body, by which it is made
the parts of RATEL1ER, Fr. a rack used in ar
to take up more room than it did before. mories, &c. for the purpose of keeping
It is essentially connected with gunnery ; firearms arranged in proper order.
for in proportion to the rapid combustion RATER, Ft: to miss fire. Sonpistolet
and consequent rarefaction of air, produced a rate His pistol has missed fire.
the ignition of gunpowder confined in Rater likewise mems, figuratively,
by a gun, so will be the force to be unsuccessful in an application. II a
the chamber of
of" with which the charge is rate sa charge. He did not get the com
expulsion
propelled. mission.
RAS, Fr. Every barge and vessel, Sec. RATES of subsistence. See P a y .

which is without, any deck or upward RATION, a certain allowance wh'.ch


covering, is called by the French batiment is given in bread, &c or forage when troops
:as. are on service, tor an officer or soldier in

RASANTE, Fr. See Ligne Ra- the British service.


sante.
Complete Ration of the small species .

RASANT, \ in
fottlfication, rasant
Flour, or bread . i i-2lbs.
RAZANT, $ flank, or line, that is
Beef i
part ofthe curtain or flank whence the shot
....

Or pork t-2
pr-jjected raze or glance along the surface
...

of the opposite bastion. Peas .... i-4 pint.


Pitch and tar mixed Butter, or cheese . . i oz.
RASE, Fr.
with tow for the purpose of caulking a Rice .... ioz.

When the small species are not issued,


ship. i 1-2 lbs. of flour or bread, with i 1-2
RASLE, Fr. This word is used in lbs. oi
some parts of France to signify rafter, and beet, or looz. of pork, forms a
means tiie same as chevron.
! complete ration : or 3 lbs. of beef; or 2
I lbs of half a of rice,
RASALDAR, Ind. the commander of forms a cheese; ration. pound
or

Rasallah, which is ten thousand horsemen complete


At sea the ration is different. The fol
armed.
RASSEMBLER, Fr. to collect to. six lowing table contains the allowance tor
gether. soldiers, or four seamen on board of
each day in the week. Wo
Rassembler des troups, Ex. to call ship, for
men are piovisioned at a half and children
troops or fortes together. at one fourth of a soldier's allowance, but
Rassembler les debris d'une armie,
receive no rum.
Ex. to collect together the broken parts,
or scattered remnants of an army. It is
likewise used with the personal pronoun, Vinegar. | 1 quart per week.
viz. Tous les soldats dispersis se rassem- lbs. of cheese. | ,,..,,
1 -ei 1 -x -*
hlerent autour du drapeau. All the soldiers lbs. of butter. | | j
or tioops that had been dispersed, Do. oatmeal. 1 *l *| *|
gathered together round the standard or Pints of peas |
r 1 1 W O H 1

colors. " ~

Rassembler les d'une forces


Pork, pieces 4 lb.
cheval, to i 1 1 11
of
put a horse well upon his haunches.
flour of su
RASSIS, Fr.
stale bread.
Stale; as pain rassis, Beef, pieces of
lbs.
8
1 of lib. above.
orCUbs. i-2lb.
RASSURER,F>. to restore confidence, and int. as
to encourage, to invigorate. Quclques sol or et,ran or
dats commencionent a s'ibranler, quand I'ex- Beer, gallons, or

tmple de leur capitaine les rassura. Some half pints of spir


soldiers began to give way, when the ex its, or pints of
ample of their captain inspired them with wine.
fresh confidence. Bread.
RAT, Fr. literally means rat. It is

usedin a figutative sense, viz. Une armed


feu pris un rat. A musquet has missed

Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednsay,Thursday,Friday,Saturday,
a
Days of the
fire. Week.
Rat. Fr. a sort of floating platform
made of planks which are tied together
upon twoor three masts. It is usedin
caulking ships, &c. The above are served out by full weights
RATAN, a cane used by Serjeants of and measures.
companies, in the British service in dril When flour, suet and raisins are put
ling the men, and with which, in other on board, they are to be served out in equal
RAT R A V 569

proportions with beef, viz. half in beef; I ration, double ration. Demi.ration, a half
the other half in flour, suet, and raisins, on ration.
each beef day. Ration d'unfantassin, Ex. the ration
4 lbs. of flour, or 3 lbs. of flour with or allowance which is giv n to a foot sol
i-2lb. of raisins, (or 1.41b. of currants) dier. During the French monarchy it
and 1-4 lb. of suet, are equal to 4 lbs. : consistedof twenty-four ounces of ammu-
of beef, or 2 lbs. of nork with peas, but ,
nition bread, one pint of wine or beer,
are not to be issued in lieu of the latter, Paris measure, one pound of beef, veal, or
except unavoidable, and then the quantities mutton.
must be certified. Ration pour les troupes de la maison du
1-2 lb. of rice is
equal to a pint of oat roi, Fr. the ration tor the household
meal; 1-2 lb. of sugar is equal to 1-2 lb. troops, during the French monarchy,
of butter; and 1 lb. of rice is equal to 1 lb. } consistedof two brown loavs of 22 ounces
of cheese ; 1 pint of oil is equal to 1 lb. of each, two pints of wine, or two pints of
butter, or a lbs. of cheese, chat is, a pint cyder or beer, Pans measure, and two
of oil for the proportion of butter and pounds and a half of beef, veal, or mut
cheese. ton.
A pint of wine, or half a pint of bran Ration de cavalrie, Ex. Each man

dy, rum, or arrack, is equal to a gallon of belonging to the old French cavalry, re
beer; 1 lb. of fresh beef is equal to ilb. ceived daily one ration, consisting of thir
of salt beef; and 1 1-2 lb. of fresh beef is ty-six French ounces of ammunition
equal to 1 lb. of pork. bread, one pint and a half of wine, cyder,
No wine or spirits are to be issued tothe or beer, Paris measure, and two
pounds
of beef, veal, or mutton.
troops while in port, nor at sea, till after Ration de dragons, Ex. the ration al
all the beer is expended.
The masters oftransports are to produce lowed to each dragoon in the old French
a certificate from the commanding officer service, consisted of twenty-four French
of the troops on board, of ihe quantity ounces of ammunition bread, one pound

expended. I f any doubt be entertained of and a half of meat, one pin of wine, Paris
the provisions being full weight, a cask measure^ or one pot of cyder or beer,
must be weighed in the presence ofthe ditto.
commanding officer, the master, and the Ration de foutrage, Ex. A ration of
mate, and the master may upon the ccr- forage in the old French service, consisted
tiflcateof the commanding officer, and the of one pound of hay, and one bushel of
oath of the mate, issue as much beef and oats, Paris measure.
Rations des officiers du regiment des
pork as will makeup th- deficiency.
The weight ofeach must be as follows : gardes Ft ancoises, b x. rations allowed ina
14 pieces of beef, cut for 8 pound pieces regiment of French guards during the
taken out of the cask as they rise, and the monarchy. These rations differed very
salt shaken off, are to weigh 112 lbs. considerably from those already stat-'d.
The particulars may be found in the third
avoirdupois. 28 pieces of pork cut for 4 lb.
pieces, are also to weigh, undir like cir volume ot the Dictionnaire Militaire, page
cumstances, 112 lbs. 25S-
The deductions to be taken for provisions RATISSOIRS, Fr. Graters used by
from the pay of officers, non-commission the men employed in making saltpetre.

ed officers, or men, are the same for all RAVAGES of War, the spoil, plunder,
ranks, and in all corps, under the like or waste, made by contending armies in the
circumstances of service, when serving out theatreof war.
of Great Britain, on stations where pro RAVELIN, Fr. See Fortifica
visions are supplied by the public: also, tion.

when embarked in transports or other ves RAVELINS, in fortification, are works


sels, (except when serving as marines;) raised on the counterscarp before the cur
also when prisoners of war, are maintain- tain of the place, and serve to cover the
ed at the expence of Great Britain; also gates ofa tovVn, and the bridges. They
when in general hospitals, whether at consist of two faces, forming a saliant an
home or abroad, a deduction of sixpence gle, and are defended by the faces of the
per day . neighboring bastions. They are the most
A deduction of three-pence halfpenny in use of all out-works, and are by the
from the pay of every non-commissioned soldiers most commonly called half moons,
officer and private in Jamaica, in New ox demi-lunes. They should be lowerthan
South Wales, or Gibraltar. Non-com the works of the place, that they may be
missioned officers and soldiers serving as und :t the fire ofthe besieged. Their para
marines shall not be liable to any deduc pets, as those of allother out- works,
tion from their full pay on account of pro should be cannon proof; that Is, about z8
visions. . .
feet thick.
Ration for a horse on home service in RAVINE, infield fortification, a deep
1796: 14 lbs. of hay, 10 lbs. of oats, is4 hollow, usually formed by a great flood,
lbs. of straw; for which a stoppage or long continued running of water;
made of sixpence. frequently turned to advantage in the
The French use the same term, viz. field.
Rth-i de foin, a ration of hay. Double RAVITAILLER une place, Fr. To
t C
570 REA REA

throw stores, ammunition, and provisions serve, &c. The rear guard ofa regiment
into a fortified place. is usually appointed for the purpose of
RAY See Array. picking tip stragglers, &c The old grand
RAYE, Fr. rifled. guards of the camo, always form the rear
Canon e, Fr. rifle barrel.
ray guard of the army, and are to see that every
RAYON, Fr. in geometry, Radius. thing comes safe to the new camp. See
RAW, ina military sense, unseasoned, Guard"
in skill, wanting knowlege in mili
Unripe Forming to the Rear. An alignment
tary tactics, Sec. may be formed to the rearof any given bat
Soldiers; talion or latoon ; either by posting guides,
Raw troops, unexperienced .

men who have been little accustomed to or moving a battalion to the


required posi
the use of arms. This term is generally tion ; each battalion or platoon to be the
us.d in opposition to veteran troops. A marches! to its relative place in theoriginal
cool and wise general will always know line. So columns may be formed upon 1
how to make the m; st of that part of his given section or platoon marched or pivot
army which is composed of raw troops ; ed in a required p. sition.
and a rash intemperate one will equally Rear line, of an army encamped, is
miss the proper application of the spirit usually 12C0 feet at least from the centre
and manhood, which ignorance of danger, line; both of winch run parallel to the front
and confidence Of success, almost always line, as also rhe reserve
give Some of the most brlhant actions, Rear rank: When a regiment, troop,
and some of the greatest vctories have or company is drawn up two or three
been achieved and won by means of that deep, the last line of men is callesi the
daring impetuosity, which hurries rav. rear rank.

troops into the thickest of an enemy. A Riar ranis, all the ranks of a line, re
thousand instances might be adduced giment, troop, or company, which arc
from ancient and modern history, to prove ranged in order behind tne fiont rank.
the correctness of this remark. It may, Rear tank, take open order. A word
perhaps, be sufficient for our pur of command which is given in the manual
pose, to refer the curious read r to the and other parade exercises. 1 1 is likewise
bold and unexampled charge which was j used in marching by the general at a re
made against the French troops in Ger view, or on guard mounting, Sec. See"
many, by Elliot's new raised iight horse Open order.
in the seven years war. The laurels of Rear half files, ate the three hinder-
EmsdorfF, are still the glory of the 15th most ranks of "the battalion, when it is
regiment of dragoons. The battle ot drawn up six deep.
Jemappe and Fleurus, were won by raw RtARfrottt. When a battalion, troop,
troops ; but they had officers who knew or com party is faced about, and stands in
how to lead them. Bunker's hill battle that position, it is then said to be rear
was fought by raw troops, as was that ot front. It sometimes happens, that through
Gernuntown ; bad generalship alone lost i oversight, forgetfulness, or ignorance, and
the advantage to the American troops at confusion, troops are so clubbed, that,
Germa-.toWn. on the deployment ofa column, the dif

RAZED, any works or fortifications ferent troops and companies not only lose
when demolished, are said to b< razed. their stations in the line of original for
R E A D Y , a word of command in platoon mation, but the rear rank men stand
firing, being a contraction of make ready. where the front rank men ought to be;
See Manual. in the latter case, they appear rear iront.
RE ALE, ) Fr. The largest or This error might be easily remedied, by
Gatere reals, $ principal galley used counter-marching the several
troops or
in Catholic countries, is so called. The companies.
first galley belonging to the pope is called R a k rank lengthening out a line. A 1-
Riale, because it takes precedence of all though a single battalion may, by open
vc-ssi-ls, in the service Of the different Ro ing its companies and files, from 3 deep
man Catholic powers.
form 2 deep, by introducing its r-ar iank
REAR, in a general acceptation, any ! into the otfn r two, yet a considerable line
thing situated or plated behind another. posted, which is to be lengthened out to
The term is variously used in military oieor both flanks by its rear rank, must,
matters, viz. to greater advantage,
perform suchopera-
R e a h of an army, signifies in general the tion, by each company quarter wheeling
hindermost part of an army, battalion, re the sub-divisions ol its rear rank and
giment, fquadror., company, &c. Ge
or facing to the hand they are to match to ;
nerally the third component part of a the last rank, of each company closes
up
large body of forces, which consists of an to its first; the sub-divisions, of each
advanced guard, amain body, ana a rear battalion, up to open distances
move

guard from their head ones, and from


respective
R e a r guard. A certain of
proportion each other officers from the rear are ap
;
an army or regiment, which acts, in vari pointed to command them; thoseofeaeh
ous capac ties, according tocircumst nets, or of every two battalions, being consi
and the extent of military operations dered as a battalion, they march on in co-
The rear guard of an army is often there- 1 lumn, and prolong the line. By this mode
R E C R E C 571

f lengthe.iing out the line, the two front RECHARGE, a renewal of the charge
ranks remain undisturbel, and they orartack.
protect th,e movement which is made un RECHAUD, Fr. a chaffing dish, or
seen behind 'hem used tor various purposes, particular
pan
REARWARD, the last troop pr com ly during a Siege. They are filled with
pany. burnmg materials and hune in different
RUBEEWAR, Ind. Sunday. parrs ofthe walls, so as to throw light in
REBEL, anv one guilty of rebellion. to the ditches, and to prevent surmizes.
REBELLION, a traitorous
taking up RECHUTE, Fr. literally means a se.
of armsagainst the liberties of a people, cond fall ; but in fortification it signi.
or the established constitution of govern ties a gre.iter elevation of the rampart in
ment and laws. those where it is likely to be com
manded.
spots
REBOUND, the act of flying back in
consequence of motion impressed and re REC1PIANGLE, Fr. recipient an
sisted by a greater gle. A geometrical which
power.
Te RECEIVE, ina military sense, to
instrument,
is much used among the French, for t ik
wait the approachof a friend or foe. ing the of
quantities angles, especially in
To receive an enemy. To make the drawing plans of fortification. It con
best disposition possible of your troops, sists of two moveable rules, made in the
for the purpose of meeting the attack of an shape of a square rule. The centre of one
enemy that is advancing agains: you. of its hands is marked by a semi-circle,
To receive a general or revii wing of wh ch is divided into 180 degrees.
ficer. To be drawn up according to spe RECIPIENDAIRE, Fr. One who
cific regulations which are laid down, for offers himself for any office or appoint
the purpose of paying the compliments ment.
that are due to the rank ofa superior, or RECOIL, (recul, Fr ) a falling back.
commanding officer. The retrograde motion made by
any piece
RECEPTION d'un officier dans un of firearms on being discharged, which is
corps, Ex. A ceremony wnich vvas per a
consequence of he rarefied air pressing
formed in the old French service, when an on ail sides, in order to expand itself with
officer first joined. This was done by beat freedom. This term is generally applica
of drum in front of the company. The ble to firearms, especially to pieces of ord-
officer, being dressed, accoutred, and arm- name, which are always subject to a
ed according to regulation, faced towards recoil, according to the sizes and the
his men, and as soon as the drums had charge they contain, Sec. Guns whose
Ceased, took off his hat to his commanding vents are a little forward in the chase, re- '

officer, who did the same to him, and coilmost. Tp lessen the recoil ofa gun
then addressed the company in the follow. the platforms are generally made sloping
ing terms : towards theembrasuresof the battery.
De par le roi, soldats, vous reconnditrex To recoil, reculer, Ex. To fall back,
M. ....
pour capitaine, eupeur lieuten.
vet re
to run back in consequence of resistance or
ant, de la campagnie, et vous lui obeirez en repercussion.
tout cequ'il vous ordonncra pour le service du 9. .

roi en cette
qualite. O
-CT-Z
v^g
From th- king ! or pursuant tothe kind's
<>0 5 S .-<
HM
will. Soldiers, you will acknowlege 0>00 I 0
"
fl
Iii
M to be captain, or lieutenant, of
(j w
the company, and you will obey whatever
orders or commands he may issue, in o i
that capacity, for the good ot the king's O S
oj m - m en
service. -So ti U
H H > C - M
When a colonel or major was received at
the head ofa corps, the word soldats, sol -W
"

diers, was altered into messieurs, gentle

men ; the latter term including both officers

and men. On this occasion, the corps of


*" w.
o n t^n r-

captains and subalterns formed a circle ; h


round them stood the Serjeants drawn up ** f-U.
in the same manner, and beyond the Ser
V
jeants, the drummers, Sec. The different ul | 1
circles being concentrical to each other. ra
J3
The field officer, who was to be admitted u
W5
_Q -1- m

or to take command, stood in the centre of S


the whole, surrounded by the principal S c
>e .,
=
officers ofthe regiment. .^
RECETTE, Fr. atrough, which per S3-S.3
sons employed in preparing saltpetre,
c
S = ->3
U k." J !_' -'
Sec. places beneath tubes filled with
i.a.a.a-
broken rubbish, ashes, &c, for the pur
that is filtered rj^o
pose ofreceiving the liquid
through .
572 R E C R E C

To RECOMMEND. When a young


6
in. gentleman wishes to enter into the army,
18 pr. his first object is to get well recommended
18 12
ft. Io for that purpose. There is no regula
1 *-" tion to determine fitness, and on this ac
sj B
count a great many are appointed who are
. 24 pr.
afterwards found unfit.
"" RECOMMENDATION, in a mili-
.5 1 1 letter from influen
tary sense, is a some
32 P
~
Os
.
tialcharacter, member of congress, or

othercitizen, stating an individual to be


Eleva ci for situation the
tion.
u n -<*-r- properly qualified a in

army.
RECOMPENSES militaries, Fr. See

shot shot shot Military Rewards.
To
1 2 2 RECONNOITRE, Fr. recon
T3
P a noitre.
to
S
O J and and and Reconnoitre une place, Fr. To re
connoitre a fortified town or place.
RECONNOITRE, in military affairs,
powder powder nowder
O
V)
implies to view and examine the state of
things, in order to makea report thereof.
-c of of of Partiesordered to reconnoitre, are to ob
u J JJ serve the country and the enemy ; to re
mark the routes, conveniences, and in-
Recoil of Land Service, Iron Mortars, conveniences of the first ; the position,
on Iron beds,
march, or forces of the second. In either
Ft. In. case, they should have an expert topogra
13 Inch, with charge of lbs.
a 6 4 2\ pher, capable of taking plans readily : he
ic.Inch, 3 lbs. 2 10 should be the best mounted ofthe whole,
8 I ch, 1 fb.cjoz. 3 io that in case the enemy happen to scatter
RECOLLECTION. A mode of the escort, he may save his works and
thinkmg, whereby those ideas sought after ideas.
by the mind, arc brought again to view. All parties that go for reconnoitring
A retentive memory, and a cool collected only, should be but few in number. I
presence of mind, are necessary qualities in would never chuse more than twelve or
every good officer; and military men twenty men. An officer, be his rank what
should often exercise the facility of think it will, cannot decline going with so few
ing, in order to become instantly fa under his command : the honor is anvly
miliar with what they have formerly made up by the importance of the ex
studied and occasionally practised. For
pedition, frequently of the most interest
memory, like every thing else, acquires ing consequence, and the properest tore-
strength, and is encreased by cultivation. commend the prudence, bravery, and ad
Memoria, ul in caeteris rebus, colendo ai/ge- dress of an officer that has the fortune to
tur. succeed.
Necessary RECOLLECTIONS for the It is previously necessary that the of
exercise of a battalion. ficer ordered on this duty should be well
It appears, that the front of any division acquainted with the country, the roads,
or body is, in ordinary paces of 24 inches, and thedistanceof the enemy. His party-
nearly 3~4ths of the number of files of must consist of men of approved fidelity,
which it is composed. That the circum part of whom should be disguised. This
ference of the quarter circle which it des detachment must march off' in the night.
cribes, is equal in number of paces to the The men must have strict orders neither
same as the number of files of which it is to smoke tobacco, make a noise, nor speak.
composed, counting the paces of the The officer must be provided with two
centre man of the front rank at 24 inches, guides, whpare to be strictly intei rogated,
allowing 6 inches in addition tothemilita- but are to remain ignorant of the route you
ly pace of 24 inches. That the number of intend to take. A detachment of this kind
jfiles being once ascertained in each division, should be furnished with subsistence for
the officer commanding it must, on all two or three days. The horses are to be
occasions, recollect the number of paces fed every ten or twelve miles, for it is
that are equal to his front, by finding the absolutely necessary that they should be
centre ma of the front rank. always, fresh and fit for duty. The of
The field officers and adjutants must al ficer will take care never to halt, but at
ways recollect the number of paces the a distance from any road, and also take
front of the battalion and its divisions oc every precaution to prevent his being sur
cupy, in order to take up ground exactly prised, whilst his horses are feeding, &c.
in all formations; and this is done by Reconnoitring. The following
counting the number of men from one necessary observations to be made in ex
flank to thecentre, which gives the num amining a country in a military point of
ber of military paces. view, are principally translated from the
R E C R E C 573

Aide Memoire, but improved by some ju 3. foundations. Learn the manner of


dicious remarks from Mr. Landman's in working the sluices ; the time in which the
troduction to reconnoitring. inundation may be effected ; its extent and
Before an officer sets out to reconoitre depth. ...Observe how the dam may be
a country, he should trace out from the protected ; its height and solidity ; whe
best map he can ther it candle easily raised, or easily destroy
procure, its principal
features, which will serve him as a guide ed ; whether it is commanded by distant
in his progress through the principal parts positions, and whether the inundation can
which are to be the subject of his observa be otherwise drained. Notice the adjacent
tions, and enable him to connect the whole country.
into one grand plan. 4. Springs and wells. Attend ro the
His observations should be expressed by quality and quantity of the water ; whe
written remarks, and by sketches. For ther it will serve for the cavalry, as well as
this purpose he must be provided with a infantry, and the manner of its being
sketch book, on the right hand page of drawn. Observe the situation of the
which, he may express the appearanceof spring, and of its source, whether it can
the country by sketches, and on the left be protected, and the enemy prevented
the remarks made on particular parts, with from cutting it off.
the names ofthe towns, their distances 5. Lakes, marshes, and swamps. Learn
asunder, &c. with proper references to the their cause; if arising from a moist soil,
sketches. The scale most proper for this the overflowing of rivers or from springs.
purpose is 2 inches to a mile ; if therefore, Observe their situation, and the appear.
the sketch book be made 6 inches wide, ance ofthe surrounding country ; the best
and the leaves divided by lines into three means of crossing them. If they are di-
v ded by causeways, notice their breadth
equal parts,each division will be one mile,
which wil! be a sufficient scale for the pur and condition; if not, remark if cause
pose. ways can beeasily established, and whe
ist. Roads. The principal points to be ther the swamp can be drained, and whe
attended to in examining roads for military ther it is passable at any season of the year.
purposes, are, their direction; the vil Observe the points from which the cause
lages, countries, and rivers, which they ways can be uefended against the passage
pass through; the roads which cross of an enemy's column. Learn whether or
them ; their names and the seasons in not the swamps are subject to fogs ; and
which they are in best condition ; and if at what seasons they are most hurtful.
ever impassable; their breadth, whether 6. Of woods and forests. Remark their
variable or constant; their bottoms, of extent ; their situation ; their thickness
;
what principally formed;, their ascents^ whether the trees are lofty oi low: whe-
and descents, whether practicable for all ther there is much underwood. Observe
kinds of carriages. The enclosures may be if the different clumps form openings or
hedges, ditches, walls, or fences. If the passes ; and their extent ; whether their
roads requ re repair for the transport of ar sides are formed of thick wood or brush ;
tillery and other heavy carriages, observe whether their breadth is uniform, o'r
if the necessary materials are at hand. If widens at particular parts. Remark
they pass over rivers, remark whether by whether the ground ofthe forest be level
bridges or fords; if through marshes, or hilly,
swampy or dry. Observe the
whether by causeways or otherwise. If 2 nature and condition of the roads (for re
or more reads pursuing the same rout., and marks to be made on these, see the' article
by which ditferei t columns may march, roads -,) observe also the means the forest
at any part join or cross each other, it will alfbids of intrenching ; of making
fascines,
be necessary to observe, whether the march abbatis, Sec. Attend to the face ofthe
of the columns will be thereby impeded. country round the forests, whether culti
If they only cross each other, it will be vated fields or meadows: whether it af
sometimes possible in hollow ways, to fords positions; is intersected by rivulers,
throw a temporary bridge across the deep swamps or ravines.
est, by which one column may pass over Remark the castles, villages, towns,
and the other under the bridge, without &c. in the neighborhood ; and their dis
interrupting each others march. tances from the skirts of the wood.
2. Folds. A ford for cavalry ought not Go round the wood and examine its
to be deeper than four feet ; for infantry principal debouches ; observe the ravines,
not more than three feet. Observe the rivulets, roads, &c. issuing from it, and
banks of the ford at each side ; their form, learn their direction.
steepness, and height ; their situation as '
7. Heaths. Notice for what nature of
tothe turnings ofthe river. Their bot troops they are best calculated. The na-
tom, whether passable for carriages. Ob
1
ture of hedges and brush wood ; some
serve marks by which the ford may be I form a good breast woik. Observe the
readily found; points from which it may [directions of the rivulets, roads, and ra
be protected. Notice the rapidity of the vines. When the ground ofa heath is of
water; whether its height be variable; its j the common color, the roads are usually
direction, its breadth, and the means by igood : but when it is blackish and mixed
which the ford may be destroyed or ren with white sand, the roads are generally
dered impassable. ! impassable in winter seasons.
574, R E C RE C

8. Canals. For this article see also the How much grain or hay they yield per
observations on rivers. Observe their in acre.
tention ; the nature of the soil in which 13 Orchards. Observe whether ihey
they are dug, their breadth and depth; are thick planted and afford a
good cover ;
their locks; the craft found upon them ; their enclosures, whether wood fences,
the best means of protecting or destroying hedges, ditches, walls, Sec.
them: learn the countries they pass Bridges. Remark
14. their situat on ;
through. their length and breadth ; the materials
9. Rivers. Learn in what country they of which they are built; their strength,
arise, and where empty themselves ; the whether sufficient to bear artillery ; the
nature ofthe countries they run through, roads leading to them ; their situation,
and whether thev belong to us or the ene as to the turnings of the river : their
pur.
my. Learn the extent to which they are pose; if to connect towns and villages,
navigable ; and if they ever freeze over, the nature, direction, and breadth ofthe
wheth-r strong enough to bear troops and streets leading to them. Observe the
carriages. Notice the quality of the water, country around, whether flat or com
its course, currents, depths, and breadths. manding: study the best means of fortify
The banks and the beds of the rivers. Ob ing the bridge hea ; and observe the best
serve the nature and number of craft that and most expeditious modp by which the
navigate them ; and the mills upon their bridge may be destroyed, if necessary.
banks, whether of wind or water. Visit 15. Mountains, hills. Amongst high
the bridges and fords ; and make the pro mountains, such as the Alps, roads are
per remarks on their nature aud situation. very rare; iris seldom more than the val
Learn whether the rivers ever overflow lies that are inhabited and accessible for
their banks, and at what seasons ; and troops; observe their slopes, if steep or
whether or not this causes inundations rue'ged. Examine the postions: means
Observe the most favorable points for of gaining the summits: and note the
crossing, and the roads leading to these state of cultivation and general appearance

points. The turnings and windings of the of the vallies ; the pasturage, forage, cot
rivers, the form of their peninsulas ; and tages, villages, castles, roads, paths, and
the most favorable situations for throwing passes. Distinguish the principal chains
over bridges. If there are any wharves on of hills and their direction. Their relative
the banks, observe what craft can lie along h/tghts; whether they are sufficiently
side of them. extensive to form a line of defence ; their
If there are islands in the rivers, note communications; their strong points; po
their size, their banks ; whether inhabit sitions proper tor batteries, &c. Whether
ed, cultivated, woody, or barren ; and (practicable for cavalry and artillery.
whether they command the channel. r6 Coj/x. ifTheir nature; whetherbor-
Observe themountains and high grounds dered by sand hills ; surrounded by rocks,
near the rivers ; remark their distance which render their approach dangerous ;
from the banks, and the advantages, or or by shoals, which make their access im
disadvantages which they offer. Learn practicable; note the points and headlands
what branches or confluence of other rivers proper for the forts and batteries to defend
there are either above or below, the best the anchorage, ports, harbors, or other
situations for crossing. Examine the po accessible parts. I f there are any adjacent
sitions which the adjoining country affords isles, perhaps they will serve for the erec
an army to protect the passage of the river ; tion of advanced batteries, to form a bar
and whether in a perpendicular or parallel rier to the efforts of an enemy. Observe
direction ; and the routes by which three the nature of the shores, bays, roads for
or four columns may arrive at the place. shipping, &c. with the winds required to
10. Passes. Observe their breadth, go in and out the harbors; and whether
their length, and their situation; the na they are of easy access ; their advantages
ture of the adjacent country ; the best po and disadvantages, their size and depth ot
sitions to occupy to cover a retreat ; or to water. If a river empties itself on the
dispute the pass. How the troops would coast, observe the particular channel
be best arranged ; and the number that for shipping, and whether it can be de
would be required for this purpose. fended by any of the batteries. If the
11. Ravines, vallies. Observe the na coast is already fortified, observe all the
ture of the soil ; whether or of loose batteries, forts, or intrenchments, estab
rocky, lished for its defence, and the protection
flints. If the sides are rugged and steep,
whether they can be easily scarped off". of the anchorage, Sec. Examine the camps
The points that command them : whether and other military posts, which coyer
storms or floods are to be apprehended ; the principal points, and the interior
and at what seasons most expected. of the country. Estimate all the dangers
12. Cultivated lands. Notice their state to be run, and all the obstacles to be over
of cultivation : their productions; their come in adescent, and point out the means

time of harvest. Learn what quantity ot of augmenting them. Observe the time of
the
wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, or other the tide most favorable for approaching
grain they produce, over and above the ne [coast. Ascertain the number of artillery
of the inhabitants. and other troops constantly on the coast,
cessary subsistence
1 and the force that can be collected at a
RE C R E C 575

short notice ; and how soon they can be curing them. The advantages which the
drawn to any partic lar point attacked. ground vyould afford b tween the glacis
Examine the system of defence adopted, and the lines, either to the besiegers or
and endeavor to improve it. besieged} the means of establishing the
most certain communications between t he
17. Forts, redoubts. Remark their form,
whether ancient or modern ; whether they different quarters of the army, and the
are permanent or temporary; cLvated or means of cutting them off".
22. Positions. Every military position
low ; revetted or derm-revetted, with
stone, brick or turf. Whether the ditch ought to possess decided advantages of
fraized ! situation, and ought to be commanded in
is wet or dry ; or palisaded ; na-

tutal or artificial. Observe their situation ; ; no part of its front, Hank, or rear. All
the face ofthe adjacent country ; whether j commanding groundsought to be without
Therearefour prin
they efF'ctuady command the passes, or j the range of cannon.
protect the country intended.
Tne de- 1
cipal objects to be a* tended to in the choice
fence they are capable of making in their ot a position : ist. The advantages of the
,

of ground; 2d. the ground; 3d. the objects


present stute, and tlie improvements
which thev are susceptible. to be attained ; and, 4th. the communi

18 Castles, citadels. Theirsituation ;



cations with the rear. The front of a po
their form ; their extent ; their object ; sition should be intersected by rivers, ra
the protection they give the city; their \ vines, or broken ground, or any other ob
connection and communication with it stacles which can prevent the enemy ad
The present state of their defence, and the , vancing in order of battle, and oblige him
improvements of which they are suscepti- j to pass through defiles;; but a position be
ble. Their Souterraines. comes useless when the front is so covered
|
19 VilLges Observe their situation : j by obstacles that the army cannot advance
ascertain the number ot families they con- or move out of its camp when necessary ;

tain ; the nature of the land ; the quality j: but no obstacles can be too great on the
and quantity of their crops: their mar-
j flanks. All obstacles which cover a po
kets; tha suburbs that supply these mar- sition, or passes which lead to it, must
,

kets; tneir beasts of burthen: their flocks, ] be within the range of the artillery, or the
herds, poultry, &c. The number of their enemy will pass them unmolested. In a
'

ovens; quality of the water;


stile of flat country, where the ground does not
houses, barns, stables, and sheep walks. : afford commanding situations, a position
The situation ofthe church; the nature is only moreor less eligible, as being co
of the church yard, and its inclosures. j vered or perfected by obstacles ; these are
The wind and water mills. Observe very thick woods, in which there are very
whether the village is surrounded by few roads ; large rivulets which cannot
hedges, ditches, banks, or walls ; whether be forded or passed without bridges; nar
it can a*, easily intrenched. Its streets; row roads ; deep and broken ravines ;
roads leading to it ; and the face of the ground much intersected with hedges,
surround ng country. ditches, Sec. but it is essential that all
20. Cities not fortified. Their situation ; these obstacles should be under the fire
population; commerce; commodities; ofthe arrillery. It is always dangerous to
manufactures; the succors that may be occupy a position, which has its rear so
drawn from them, as to men, horses, Sec. covered by swamps, crossed by rivers or
|
Their squares and principal buildings. : ravines, Sec. as to render the retreat ofthe
The de.ence they are susceptible of; army difficult. The number of passes by
whethei they are surrounded by walls, which an army can retire must be examin
old towers, ditches, &c. Their gates, I ed and secured, and should never be less
ai.d the roads eading to them. The face than 5 or 6. , The rivers, brooks, &c. in
of the surrounding country. front ofa position, should never be de
21. Fortified tow ts. Their situation1 pended'
upon lora supply of water, as the
with rea ect to their position, and w,th enemy may cut them oft". The giound
for a camp should be too much inter
resp.ct to other towns in the neighbor-
not

hood, whether in th- first or second line; sected by hedges, ditches, or ravi.ies,
th- assistance which they can afford each which oicasion great intervals in the line,
other. The succors that may be drawn and obstruct the communications through
from thw*m, or that may bs thrown into th cam.).
them in case ofa siege. The direction which In an offensive position it is absolutely
such relief, whether of men or provisions, necessary that the army sh uld not be too
ou^ht to take, according to the side attack much confined by obstacles, but be at
ed ; wnether they will serve as depots or liberty to act in every direction; but in a
hospitals. The state of the fortifications defensive p sition, the fewer accessible
the
(Ve tne word fortification in the alphabet ;) points there are the better: and 'f
their nature; the strength of each front. natural difficulties in front and flank
The rivers in the neighborhood; the sur- are not sufficient to render an enemy's at
rounding country within the range ofthe tack dangerous, they must be increased by
The form of investment ; what re !oubts, intreiichments.abbatis, inunda
guns.
lines will be required considering the na tions, Sec Ihe obstacles on the llanks,
ture of the country, and the positions ; j shemld also be of such extent that tlrey
without the err:
and the means the country affords ot exe- 1 cannot be easily turned,
-
576 R E C R E C

my makes a very great circuit ; and conse ing the rendering and settlement of their ac .

quently expose his own flank, and weakens counts of bounties and premiums for recruits.
his line of communication. In case the I. Every recruit shall be inlisted, and
receive the first payment of his bounty ac
enemy detaches a body to attack a defen
sive position in the rear; the fg>nt. must cording to the form marked
(A.)
be sufficiently strong to enable the general II. E very officer employed in recruit
to oppose the enemy's detachment, by a ing, shall, at the expiation of each calen
from his own army. In dar month, make musters according to
strong body the form marked (B.) embracing all the
short, the enemy must not be able by any
manoeuvre to torce the army to quit
its recruits inlisted by him ; one set of which
The want of wood or water, or muster rolls he is regularly to transmit to
position.
the office of the paymaster of the army of
other supplies absolutely necessary for an
other advantage ol a the United States, at the seat of govern
army, renders every
be
position useless ; nor, can a position ment.

long tenable, that is far removed from its III. Every officer on quitting the re
depots ; and has not its intermediate posts cruiting service, or before, if it is by pro-
perfectly secure from rhe attacks of an authority required of him, shall state
enemy. These principles like all others Eer
is according to the form marked
accounts

in the ordinary affairs of war, are subject (C.)(D.) and transmit the same without
to those exceptions which the creative delay to the office of the paymaster of the
genius of the general may devise. Thus army of the Unittd S tates, at the seat ot go.
the first campaign of Bonaparte in Italy, vernment, or to the paymaster of the dis
was undertaken by an inferior force with trict in which he held his rendezvous ;
out magazines ; the general determination whoshall with all possible dispatch exa
was to seize those ofthe enemy ; the same mine and adjust them.
took place in the campaign in 1809, the
force hastily collected had no magazines, (A.)
but by the first battle he penetrated the STATE
centre, and cut off two of the corps of I born in aged
the Austrians, and took magazines ade years, feet inches high,
quate to six months subsistence from of complexion, eyes,
the Austrians. The general principles hair, and by profession a do
are nevertheless to be constantly regarded. have this day vo
hereby acknowlege to
For further remarks upon pos tions, see luntarily inlisted as a soldier in the army
Artillery in the Field,, and Amer. ofthe United States of America, for the
Mil. Lib. Article Reconnoitring. period of five years unless sooner discharg
To RECOVER arms, a position ofthe ed by proper authority ; do also agree to
firelock when the piece is held with the accept such bounty, pay, rations, and
lock in front of the left shoulder, and the clothing as is, or may be established by
sling to the front. The steadiness of sol law. And I do solemnly
diers is frequently proved by bringing them swear, that I will bear true faith and al
to t lie recover, after the word take aim. legiance to the United States of America,
Tobringtothe recover. SeeRscovER and that 1 will serve them honestly and
Arms. faithfully against their enemies or oppo-
RECRUITS, (Recrues, Fr.Jmen rais sers whomsoever; and that I will ob

ed for military purposesonthe first forma serve and obey the orders of the President
tion of corps, or to supply the places of of the United States, and the orders of the
such as are disabled, or have lost their officers appointed over me, according to
lives in the service. For particulars re the rules and articles of war.
specting the enlistment of recruits, see
Regulations.
Sworn and subscribed to,
RECRUITING, a term
prefixed to
certain corps and districts, which are spe
at this day of
18 before
cifically established for the recruiting ser
vice. Hence recruiting districts.
All recruits made for the regular army
ofthe U. States, are inlisted forfive years.
Inalmostevery service in Europe menare
enlisted for acertain number of years, ex
cept the ISritish, who inlist for life. Ex
perience has convinced the powers upon
the continent of Europe, ,that the system Received of of the United
of binding a man during the whole course States army, this
of his life to military subjection, is con
day of
18 dollars, in part of my bounty for
trary to every sound principleof ceconomy, inlisting into the army ofthe United Stalesfor
and effective service.
five yean.
The following are the established forms
and instructions for the recruiting service,
Signed duplicate receipts,
.'stablished by the United States. DOLLS.

Instructions to Recruiting Officers, respect.


Witness.
RE C REG 577

(B.J
MUSTER ROLL of a Company 0} under the command of

in the of tbe United States, commanded by

from when last mustered, to

To what time Remarks and altera


Datesofap-
tions since ihe ta'st
No. NAMES. Rank pointment engaged or in- NAMES
orinlistm't listed. Present. Muster.

RECAPITULATION.

c
c
c c 2 OJ
s c <
"n ra 0 'G ra
a. r-
O. 3
>
a
a
<D 0 c
U 3 to U 3S a.
[This recapitulation goes on the back of the
Return, and shouldptoperly appear on
Present fit foot duty, the head the
Sick present. of quarter-fold. ]
Sick absent,
On detachment,
On command,
On extra service,
On furlough.
'

Inconfinement,
Missing,
Deserted,
Dead,

(C
the
RECRUITING ACCOUNT of

=! 3 ^i
When, and in what
z
1 sts Bounty company or detach
-2. o o o S paid, and ment these recruits
o c
3 i ag. Bounty
c 3 50 I n C premium were first mustered
0 5- " g paid.
**
o
B
1
ra o
Ii>--
^3 allowed. atter their m-
2 present
2- I ist ment.
{* O

iiS.' <fo//. dolls cts dolls cts dolls dolls cts Remarks, &c.

fCf The paper [D.)


next page, is usually prepared or printed on the back of (C.)
4
5T& RE C RED

(D.)
The United States in Account Current (for beunties and premiums) "with Cr.

Date Dolls Cts. Date. Dolls. Cts

orbounties and premi By


ums allowed for For cash received ot
recruits, per within him on account of
account, bounties and pre
miums to recruits,
for advances made to the
following officers, on

account of bounties and


premiums to recruits
for which advances the
said officers are .

countable, viz.
To per receipt No.
I do hereby CER?i?v, upon my word anil
honor, as an officer and a gentleman, thar this re
cruiting account exhibits a faithful, accurate, and
true statement of all monies received and paid away
by me, on at count of bount es and premiums t
recruits, not heretofore accounted for ; and that the
balance of dollars, cents, stated in the
above account current, isdue from to

Given at in the state of


this day of
18

Recruit- horses, ate the horses brought before bastions were invented, and are by
up tor completing the regiments of horse, sr.me thought preferable to them. They
antl Hr goons, &c. are likewise called Ouvrages d scie, from
RECTANGLE Fr. rectangle. their resemblance to a saw.
RECTANGLE, ? -
. REDDITION d'une place, Fr. The
bee Angle-
RECTANG! LAR, $ surrenderof a besieged place.
RECTI LIGNE, Fr, rectilinear, or REDIGER, Ft: To draw out.
right lined. Rediger des memoires, E r. To d ra w
RECTILINEAR, J after the man- out memorials.
RECTI LlNEOUS,Sner, or consist REDINTECRATION, theactof re

ing of right lines. storing any single substance, from a da


RECUIT, Fr, A term used in the maged mixed body, to its former nature
French foundaries of artillery, signifying and properties. Thus col. Congreve, of
the annealing or
hardening of a carmon- the British artillery, by the redintegration
mould. of nitre from damaged gunpowder, has
R E C U L du canon, Fr. The recoil of a effected a vast saving in that article.
piece of ordnance. See Recoil. REDOUBT, (Redoute, Fr.) in fortifi
RECULADE, Ft: Theactof recoil cation, a square work raised without the
ing or tailing back. Rlacis of the place, about musquet shot
RECt'LER, Fr. To fall back. This from the town ; having loop-holes for the
Expression is used by the 1 renchin a figu small arms to fire and surround
through,
rative sense, viz. ed by a ditch.
Sometimes they are of
Reculer pour mieux sauter, Fr. To earth, having only a detence in front, sur

fall back or retreat, in order to return and rounded by a larapet and ditch. Both
advance with more energy the one and the other serve for detached
RED Ac. shot, shot made red hot, and in guards to interrupt the enemy's works;
that state thrown out ol cannon, against and are sometimes made on the angles of
the v.- sstls or magazines of an enemy. the trenches for covering the workmen
R E DCO AT, a familiar term for a British against the sallies of the garrison. The
6oldier. length of their sides may be about 20 toi
REDANS, in field fortification, axe a ses ; their parapets must have two or three

kind of indented works, lines, or faces, banquettes, and be about nine or ten feet
forming sallying and re-entering angles, thick. They are sometimes (in a siege)
flanking one another ; generally construe- called places of arms.
ted on the sides of a river which runs Redoubt, is also the name of a small
through a garrison town. They were used
RED REE 579

work made in a ravelin, of various forms. whether it he fiank or centre; the other
See Fortification. of the- line are faced towards the
portions
Redoubt, castle or donjon, a place point of formation ; and then quarter
faced wheeled to front or rear; as the
more particularly intrenched, and separated
or

from the rest of a dit h. There is general- columns is to be formed. The column upon
-

is the best and most effective of


ly in each of them a high position, from the centre, |
whence the country round the place may all the formations for columns of attack.
To be REDUCED, ina military sense,
be discovered. |
Detached redoubt, isawork made at to be taken off the establishment,
,
to cease

as soldiers. Whe.i a regi


some distance from the covert- way, much | to receive pay
in the same manner as a rave. in with fiank.. ment is reduced, the officers are generally
See Arrow. put upon half pay. Sometimes thecorps
,

Redoubts en cremaillete, differ from are reduced, and the officers remain upon
the close of a
all the rest, because the inside line of the full pay. This happens at
when the standing army ofthe coun
parapet is broken in such a manner as to war, ot bat
resemble steps of stairs, or teeth of a saw ; try is confined to a certain number
is derived the expression,
whereby this advantage is gained, that a talions.out Hence break. It the break, is
ofthe
greater fire can be brought to bear upon the in and
reduced ; out of tbe
defile, than if only a simple face was op- the liability of being
to it, and consequently the passage break, is the certainty of being kepi upon
posrd the establishment.
is rendered more difficult.

REDOUBTER, Fr. To be alarmed at. To be reduced to the ranks. 1 o be


Redouter les armes d'un ennemi, to be a- taken from a superior appointment in a
ot
larmedat the strength o> an enemy. regiment, and to be ordered to the duty
sometimes hap
REDOUTES de ter re, Ex. redoubts a common soldier. This
when a
that are hastily thrown up, and are made pens, by way of punishment,
himself.
with earth, for the purpose of securing serjeant or coporal misbehaves
entrenchments, circumvallations, passages REDUCT. SeeREDOuT.
A
of rivers, &c REDUCTION des troupes, Fr.
RnooMTZ& demaconnetie, Ft. redoubts reduction of the armed force of a coun
made of mason work. These are general ty-
REDUIRE, Fr. in drawing, to copy,
ly constructed in places where an enemy This ope
to reduce a plan or picture.
might derive advantage from establishing
himself; they are likewise built upon the ration differs from that of chalking out.
saliant angles of the glacis. ; The French use theexpression in various
Redoutes casematies, Fr. Casemated senses, viz.
Et. To copy an
redoubts. These are arched over and are Reduire en
grand,
"bomb proof. Those constructed for the original drawing, by giving it larger di-
defence of Gibraltar, and for the securi- mensions.
Reduire en petit, Fr. To copy an
ty of Dover Castle, are of this descrip
tion. original drawing, by giving it smaller di
Redoutes a machicoulis, Fr. redoubts mensions, which is literally to reduce it.
Redu ire un plan au petit pied, Ex. To
made of stone work, which are several
stories high. The highest story juts out make a copy of adrawing, in which every
part is faithfully represented, though
on
about one foot beyond the wall that sur
a small scale.
rounds or fronts the redoubt. a nook,
REDRESSER, Fr. in a military sense, REDU IT, Fr. literally means

or bye-place; ina military sense, it sig


to recover. To make straight again, ,

nifies a sort of citadel, which is extreme


viz.
Redressez vos armes, recover arms, tie- ly inconvenient to the inhabitants of the
dressex la ligne, redress the line. town, because it takes up more ground
that are regularly built, and is,
ToREDRlLL. To drill again. To than those
the first elements of at the same time, uncomfortable to the
put a soldier through because thev must be very much
military training. Every soldier on his troops, is by an
return from furlough, should be re. crowded. This word inexplained the following
drilled before he is permitted to act in the English lexicographer,
manner iReduct or Reduit, an advanta
ranksof his company. and
geous piece of ground, intrenched
.
, ,.

To REDUCE a place, is to oblige the


governor to surrender
it to the besiegers, Separated from the rest of the place, camp,
&c. for an army, garrison, Sec. to retire
by capitulation. to in case of surprize. Reduits are some
To RE D UC E the circle. To restore or
back a battalion or company, which times made for the purpose of securing
bring ot
to its original different posts in a town independent
has been formed in circle,
its citadel. These have been proposed by
position in line. To restore or the celebrated Vauban.
To reduce the square. a recess.
brinz back a battalion or battalions,
which Reduit, in architecture,
have been formed in
ahollow or oblong REED, an arrow.

situation in line or REEDIFIER, Fr. To rebuild


square, to their original
On the wvd form close column, RE-ENTERING angle, in fertifica.
column. towards
the front which the column
is to have is tion, is tha'. which tarns i'.s point
noted to jtand still by its proper officer,
580 R E F R E F

thecentreof the place. See Fortifi- formation, the commander, with his two
cation. leading platoons, wiff first enter it (i. e
R E F A I T, bets refait et remis a I'equerre, the new position) and direct the others to
Ft. An expression used among French regulate their flanks by them; and if
carpenters, and by the artificers belonging several battalions are passing the second
li; e, the new alignment is thus made
to the train, to
skriify any piece of wood
which has been planed and made perlectly easier for them.
It
square and level. frequently happens, that a height in
RE FEND, Fr. in architecture, a par. the rear is to be crowned by a retiring line.
tition wall, viz. Alur de tefend. In this case, each officer must not dress
To RE FORM, in a
military sense, is exactly to the platoon that pr. cedes him,
after some manoeuvre or evolution, to but in joining it he must halt, and arrange
bring a line to its natural order, by align his own in such a manner, that the slope
ing it on somegiven point. This frequent ofthe rising or ascent can be entirely seen
ly occurs in the passage of fines, Sec. viz. and commanded, which is here the great
When a line of several battalions hath object, and would not be attained, if the
passed another that remains posted, by troops were to adhere to a strait ht line.
retreating throu?h by files, it may be re To Reform, (Reformer, Ex.) is like
formed in the following manner : wise to reduce a corps of men, by either
To re- i orm by a flank battalion, on a disbanding the whole, or only breaking
central battalion, in an oblique position a part, and retaining the rest ; or some
When by a flank battalion, the line that time!, by incorporating them with othe:
has passed is fronted in column, and the re.iments.
several pivots are dressed correctly before RE FOR ME, Fr. reduced.
xvheeling up into line. To this effect, Officier re forme, Fr. An officer put
the commander ofthe head battalion will upon half-pay ; or seconded according
instantly place the pivots of his three first to the regulations of the old French ser
platoons in a true direct on, and order the vice.
officers of his other platoons to line on REFORMED officer. One whose
them ; himself remaining with the head troop or company being broke, is continu
platoon at the pointfi'appui, will seethat ed on whole or half-pay. He preserves
this iscorrectly done. The first battalion the right of seniority, and continues in the
thus steadied, will become a sufficient way of preferment.
direction for the second, and every other RFFOULER, Fr To ram down.
one, to prolong it by their adjutants; and REFOULOIR, Fr. A cannon ram
this operation, though successive from mer.

platoon to platoon, and from battalion to REFUGEE, (Refugei, Et.) See Emi
battalion, may be performed quickly and grant.

correctly; if the adjutants are timeously To REFUSE. A military phrase, sig


detached, and if the head of the column nifying to throw back, or to keep out of
be quickly arranged. that regular alignment which is formed
To re-form a first line on a central bat when troops are upon the point of engag
talion. In order to give the alignment ing an enemy. This often occurs in order
from a central battalion, after halting and to occupy a particular position, to
prevent
fronting, the platoon pivots of the given the enemy's designs on any particular part
battalion are from its head to be accurately of a line, or at least to make him take a
lined by its commander, in the true direc greater detour to effect his purpose; or
tion.- This battalion being placed, from that he may be obliged to align his own
which distances and dressings are taken, on a height which is occupied, and from
the others will instantly proceed to line which he may be flanked. When a first
their pivot fiank.s upon it: those that are line has passed through a second, and it
behind it, will readily do this; those that is found necessary to refuse a vving, the
are before it will fid more difficulty, as several platoons of that line must passac-
they muse take thei- distances from the pording to the wing which is to be re
rear; to facilitate this necessary object, fused. If the left, for instance, .stobe
their platoon officers will face to the di posted, and the right to be refused, the
recting battalion, and will then successive platoons may pass from their left by the
ly take their distances and covering from facing ofthe platoon tr- the left, and march
their then front; as soo> as each has ac ing to therequi ed position in succession ;
quired his true position, he will face the column will thereby have its left in
about and make his platoon join to and front, will be more readily directed on the
dress to him. The line will then be ready point d'appui, and the preservation ofthe
to form, by wheeling up to the pivot distances will be facilitated, as they wil!
flank. then be taken from the front. If the right
To re-form a
first line, that has passed is to be posted, the platoonsmay pass from
through a second which remain's palled, 'men their right ; but the movement into echel
oblique position. lon, and wheeling'into line is preferable to
When it is found necessary that the pas be reme
any mode, as errors can always
sing battalions, which constitute the first died in an instant, and without confusion.
line should take a new position not paral It mav happen where the passing line
lel to the second, or to their own original is to post one flank and refuse the other,
R E F R E F 581

distances | pivot marking time) and when he observes


that the officers will have their he
to take from behind ; halt the
whole at any his company square with the new line,
each gives the word forward, runs nimbly out
time after passing, and countermarch I and himself in front ofthe third left
the future places
platoon, which will then cause file of the first formed company, and when
formation to be taken from the front of the of his company have iheir feet
the men
column. to finish the last pace
ground ready
.

off" the
A retiring line may also refuse a wing, by to bring them into line, he gives the word
forming in line very soon after passing, mat k time, anddresses his
men close to the
and then taking up an oblique position to
outsiile ofthe r -lit ar-i of the cover.ng
th>* rear, by the echellon march, or some and then gives the word halt. Tak-
I
other of the modes prescribed. See Amer. serjeant: out ward flank ot his com
Mil Lib. ! I ing care that the
does not shut out the distant point
.

Frederic, surnamed the great, king ot pany


of dressing : he then places himself on the
Prussia, who had attentively studied the Ins ser
the right of his division, covered by
tactics of the ancients, first adopted
who quts his ground and briskly
method of refusing a wing in the forming jeant, th interval on the right ot

of an attack. This method has been since- passes through the word halt.
the best modern his division, at
succ ss:ully followed bv divison after .'ivision
In this manner
zemrals. It answers to a partial reserve
arrives in the new line ; and as the covering
ofa force which is always ready at com
of each ofthe other divisions ap
mand ; and in point of security, it is the; Serjeants
within 15 or 20 paces of the line.
reverse of what rhe French mean
in pi iter
j proach
or post it in a, thev runout to mark the points for their
un aile, to expose a wing,
com:>aiiie;>, face the point d'ap
precarious manner. The French during] respective as already diretted, and there remain
the whole of the action which was fought pui
the 21st of March, J 801, till the word mark timefront halt, when
in Egypt, on
the guides quit their places in front and
refused their right wing. Notwithstanding
take post on the flank or in the rear.
this orecaution they were defeated by the
I n forming line to the rear by the echellon
British. l. 1- le .u
march, (suppose on a 1-ft company) the

r

As a correct formation of the line by tne with regard to


same operation takes place
echellon march, whether it advance or
the covering Serjeants running out, to mark
retire in the presence of an enemy, is fir their
the points of dressing respective
generally resorted to when it is found neT
this difference, that
ofa line, it will divisions: but with
cessary to refuse any part of ti eh taking only about 3.4th
not appear superfluous to submit the fol i sead
thev are to take about one pace
lowing mode which is practised by the distance, distance ; face
more or less than the proper
French. corrected
point of appui, and are on
the
Formation ofthe line by the echellon march
the distant point, as before, by a proper
of divisions, by the cov ring Serjeants theguides
or
The commanders ot
in person on the left.
running out to mark the point
new
see the
alignment, for their respective divisions. companies will, as soon as they touch
of their companies
When the battalion changes position to proper front rank
the font on a fixed flank company, by thatp.irt of the line already formed, give
the word mark time, front, halt. Each
throwing forward the restof the battalion, officer dresses the men of hs platoon
the commander having determined the new them in
at the marked time, till he brings
lin.-, and wheeled a given company into
line with t he outside of "the left arm ot his
that line the named number of paces (say 4) then the
covering serjeant ; he gives wore
the remaining companies wheel two paces
The halt; taking post on the right of his com
on their right forward into echellon.
his serjeant, who quits
the second pany, covered by
guide or covering u-rjeaat of about his ground as before on the word halt.
company instantly moves out, takes
for his company, faces the It is to be observed, in order to prescrvs-
3 4th distance the proper interval, on the covering ser
d'appui, and places himself in such
point
a manner, that the outside
of his right arm jeant quitting his division to mark th*
will pass in line with the breast of the men point in the true line, the officer's place
H is is to be immediately fiU- d by a supernu
of the company already in the line. the rear, wh;rc
corrected, if necessary, on the d sunt merary or other man from
he is to remain till replaced by the officer,
point of formation by
a
proper person
On or covering serjeant.
placed on the right forthatpurpose. It is likewise to be observed, that in
the words form line and march being given
bv rhe commander, the guide covering or forming lim; to the front on a right divi
seri.-ant of th? third company
runs briskly sion, ihe dressing is close to, and on the
to cover
the] outside of the right arm of the covering
places himself so as
out
second guide or lac s the point
serjeant, serjeant ; and on forming the line forward
dress
order dis on a left company or division, the
d'appui; and takes the distant 3-4'h is close toandontheoutsideot the kit
tance, corrected
on the point by ing
The officer com arm. In forming line to the rear on a right
the person on the riy ht.
division, the dressing is on the right
arm :
marches on
manding the second company, left di
of the left flank and in forming line to the rear on a
ril he sees himself clear the left ai mot trie
he then gives the vision, the dressing is on
ofthe right company ;
word quarter face to the right, (his right covering serjeant.
582 REG R E G

Informing line to the rear, the officers, ment, which comes from the Latm regere,
or other persons appointed to correct the to govern. Hence a regiment is said to be
Serjeants on the distant point ot formation, governed by a colonel. M Beneron, a
move along <n the rear and correct the celebrated French etymologist, differs from
Serjeants, as they successively arrive to this explanation. He traces it from the
mark the points for their respective divi French rigime, which signifies
system,
sions. regimen, administration, and which 19
By the foregoing method of sending out again derived from the Latin regimen,
the covering Serjeants or guides to mark bearing the same import. Ina physical
the point in the new line for their respec acceptation of the term, regime is used
tive companies, that inaccuracy of dress to express any body that is
composed of
ing, which so often takes place when several others. But this is mere conjee-
forming line to the front ; and that very ture on his part.

great confusion and incorrectness, which Regiments were first formed in France
too frequently occur when forming tothe in the year 1558, and in England in the
rear, (particularly so, when the wheel year 1660.
into echellon is in any degree less than the Diomedary regiment, a corps raised
one eighth ofthe circle or four paces,) are by the French during their stay in Egypt.
entirely obviated. The men were mounted upon drom daiies.
REFUSER, Fr. For its application To quote the words of Mr. Morier, in
in a military sense, see To Refuse. his account ofa campaign with the Otto
Refuser, Fr. This word is used man armv in 1800, the dromedaries com

among the French as a sea-phrase, viz. posing this troop are made to go through a
le vaisseau a refuse'. The ship has missed number of evolutions, and when attacked,
the wind. they are formed into a hollow square :
REGAIN, Fr. in carpentry and ma they kneel, and by means ofa cord which
sonry, means the surplus of a piece of is Thrown round one of the knees, they
stone or wood when it proves too broad or are prevented from
getting up, and thus
too Ion., for any particular use, and must they afford a breast- work for the soldiers.
of course be taken off" It likewise means The same author observes in a note, page
after-grass or math. 59, that the most convenient and only
REG ALER, Fr. to level or make way of travelling in Egypt is upon dro
even. medaries. The traveller need not encum
REGIE, Ft. government, administra
-
ber himself with food for his nimal, as
tion . a very scanty allowance of beans suffices

REGIMENT, (Regiment, Fr.)aterm for many days journey. Travellers ride


applied to any body ot troops, which, if upon convenient saddles; and the animal
cavalry, consists of one or more squad is so docile, that he is guided only by
rons, commanded by a colonel ; and, if touching him with a small stick on the
infantry,of one or more battalions, each side that he is to turn. Some have a ring
commanded in the same manner. The through each nostril, which serves as a
squadrons in cavalry regiments are divided, bit to a bridle fastened to them. They
rometimes into six, and sometimes into walk very fast ; and their trot is swift, but
eight, nine, or ten troops. The batta very inconvenient.
lions of infantry are g'nerally divided Cape r ec 1 men ?. We have already
into ten companies. There is not, how mentioned under the article Hottentots,
ever, any fixed rule on this head ; as both (which see) that a proposal had been deli
cavalry and infantry regiments differ ac vered in to the British government to raise,
cording to the exigencies of service in time train, and discipline a certain number of the
of war, or the principles of economy in original inhabitants of the Cape of Good
time of peace. The German regiments Hope. This proposal, after considerable
frequently consist of aooo men : and the delay, and much deliberation, was finally
regiment ot Picardy in the old French accepted ; and a few days previoustothe
service had 6000. The French formerly sudden cessation of arms between England
made a distinction between the command and France. Sir John Dalrymple many
ing officer of a regiment of cavalry, and years ago proposed to the British govern
the commanding officer of a regiment of ment the raising of African corps for the

infantry. The former was stiled Mestre subjection of the West and East Indies,
de camp, the latter colonel as with us ; but and South America.
according to the establishment of the Malays rfciment, a corps which has
present French army, the term of regiment been raised by the British on the islands
is confined to the cavalry and artillery: and or. the coasts of Malacca, for thespeci-
and the name of half brigade is given to fic
purpose of doing duty in the island
the infantry. So that chief de brigade, of Ceylon.
chief of brigade, corresponds with our REGIMENTAL, anything belonging
colonel of a regiment of infantry. The to a regiment.
denomination ofcolonel is again establish Recimentaij/h/. See Staff.
ed in the French cavalry. REGIMENTALS, the uniform cloth.
With respect to the derivation of the ing of the army ; as a leather cap, coat,
word, it appears, that the best etymology waistcoat, breeches, stocks, shoes, boots,
is from the French word Rigie, manage- spats, spatterdashes, Sec.
REG REG 583

Regimental courts.martial. See contradistinction to fencibles, militia, or

Courts-M/vRtial. volunteer corps ; t ailed also tbe line.


Regimental bond. See Bono. To REGULATE, to adjust by rule or
RioitAzsTAi. parade. See Parade. method.
regi Regulatinc Battalion. See Paral
Regimental, belonging to a
lelism of a March.
ment.
Regimental orders.See Orders. R KG U L ATION, the act of regulating,
Regimental necessaries. By the Bri. or adjusting by rule or method.
tish mutiny act, is declared, that any per
it Regulation, generally usedin
a term

exchanging the British army to signify the regulated


son, buying, detaining, or any
articles called regimental neces*aries,or who price at which any commission, or salea
shall cause the color of the clothes to be ble warrant is p rmitted to be disposed of.
changed, shall forfeit 5/. Soldiers selling Tnese prices have been fixed by '.he king.
or exchanging them, are liable to military
For particulars see Military Finance, page
&c. 160
punishment, REGULATIONS, for the American
Regimental re ce 'pts for forage on ser
vice. Vouchers which must be produced army.
There is no coherent or consistent sys
by the contract -rs of an army to authorize
them to have their claims discharged by tem of regulations in existence for the mi
the commissary general, hisdeputis.
or litary establishment of the United Stares.
It is sensibly observed in page 32 of the The economv of military arrangement is as
British Commissary, that in every case essential as the discipline of the held, to
assure the effects of m litary operations.
there should, if possible, be only one
voucher for one issue. The mode of ac There should be a well digested system of
complishing this must be simple, and it is regulations, and upon that system should
be engrafted a staff, susceptible of adap
adopted by those who certainly have most tation to the peace or the war establish
experience ; for every German corps, or

German officsr, who draws forage, or any ment, to the smallest or the largest force.
other article, from the commissariat, sends The French have derived the greatest ad
a mere receipt. This prevents farther vantage from their regulations, which have
been formed by a well digested body of
writing or trouble, because the receipt
may be presented in the open field, and principles adapted to all circumstances,
is in itself a complete voucher. All that and the enforcement and execution of
is required, is, for the regiment to order which is always distinctly appropriated
its forage party to bring back the receipt, to the proper officers of the staff. At

if the quantitybe not obtained; and the present the regulations of the United
States army is confined to a few general
quarter- master, or foraging serjeant, to

receiptfor what he gets, if only orders from the war department, on detach
give a
ed points of service ; and of occasional
part can be had.
REG1R, Fr. to govern; to manage; orders of the commander in chief, issued
to take charge of, viz. upon some exigency, at periods ;
remote
and adopted into permanent use. In many
Regir des soldats ; to take charge of sol
diers. instances these regulations have been alter
RECLE, Fr. See Rule. ed by the war office, in others the circum
Vent recle, Fr. a trade wind. stances which gave rise to them have ceas
REGALEMEN. See Regulation. ed, and the regulations become obsolete or
REGRATTER, Fr. in architecture, inappropriate. In r8io, an attempt was
to scrape the outside ofa building. made, by the establishment of a quarter
Among engravers this word signifies to
master general'soffice, to commence some
re- touch a plate. thing like system; should this be ac
a

REGULAR. In geometry, a regular complished it may be beneficial, though


the want of information in the duties of
body is a solid, whose surface is composed
2 staff, particularly if those heretofore ar
of regular and equal figures, and whose
solid angles are all equal. ranged under the quarter-master .eneraPs
R E G U LA R attacks, in a siege, axe such department alone are to be adopted, that it
as are made inform; that is, by regular, is to be feared the system may remain de
approaches. See Attacks. fective, should the old English model, now
Regular, whenapplied tothe army, exploded by the British themselves, be
signifies those troops that are inlisted tor kept in view instead of the more enlarged
a regular period, do duty as soldiers and system introduced in modern wars. Thy
nothing else; contradistinguished from , treatise on the staff'by Grimuasd, contains
the best of regulations extant. It
those who are citizens occasionally exer body
cising the duties of soldiers ; thus the mi I has been translated,
and will form a part
litia are not ranked among the regulars, I ofthe American Military Library.
unless on actual service and well disci The following are among the princi^>.^,

Hence ] regulations in force at the beginning of the


plined, and fit for any service. '

reg lar troops,


or regulars. year 1810.
REGULARS,(7V./> Rigulieres, Fr.) I (General Orders.)
Those troops whose conditions ot enroll : Head Quarters,
ment are not limited to time or place,
in Fort W.nbington, May 22, '97.
To nrevent the necessity of reneTivmo,
534 REG REG

to establish
principle, without which and when employed in the service of of
there can be no permanent order, to define
ficers, they are to be paid one third ofa!
the rights of individuals, to exclude ca dollar per day, by the individual for whom
price, to promote economy, and preci th y work. To abstract a soldi, r trom
sion, to disseminate an uniformity of duty his professional duties, and to
and ofservice and to
subject him
throughout thcarmy, to the orders of
persons not attached to
impress the necessary ideas of subordi. the army, or to
impose upon him menial
nation and discipline, the following regula laborious services, isanabuse of authori
tions have been digested, and must be du ty, a breach of contract, and a deep injury
ly respected by all ranks. tothe service; because it authorizes ne
I. Precedence in command is attached gligence in the soldier^ and in effect des
to senority of corps, and the oldest com
troys his arms and clothes. This prac
mission subject to such deviations as the tice >s therefore
commander in chief may deem essential
positively prohibited.
VI I The annual
to the national weal, and the point of
.
clothing should be is
sued in the following manner.
honor is determined by the following
gra In the Southern States.
dation.
i. Guard ofthe On the first day of December, woollen
president.
a. The attack. overalls and vests, two shirts, two pair
3. Reconnoitring parties, and corps of shoes, and two pair socks.
observations. On the first day of April, the residue.
4. Foraging before the enemy.
In tbe middle and Eastern States,
5 Posts in the enemy's country.
6. National barriers. On the first day of November, woollen
7. Detachments and out posts. overalls and vests, two shirts, two
paii
8. Guard ofthe trenches. shoes, and two pair socks.
9. Van guards to the front. On the first day of May, the residue.
10. Rear guards in retreat. Where circumstances will permit, it is
ri. General courts-martial. to be drawn by the
paymasters of corps,
12. Guard ofthe commander in chief. under the orders ofthe commanding offi
13. G uardsof camp or garrison taken from cers, upon returns certified by thecaptains,
the line. or officers commanding
companies, who
14. All other guards mounted from the are to receive it, and are to be held
respon
grand parade. sible for the distribution ; extraordinary
15. Guards of general officers, and the arrangements will be applied extraordi
to
Staff" according to rank. nary cases.
16. Pickets. VIII. Company books and papers be
17. General fatigues. long to the company, and are never to be
18. Regimenral police. separated from it, therefore whenever an
Should a tour of service occur while an officer is taken from his company, by
officer is on any subordinate
duty, he shall promotion, transfer, or leave of absence,
be relieved, but the tour on which he was he is to deposit all the books and papers
engaged shall pass to his credit. If an belonging to it, with the officer next of
officer's tour for general court-martial, rank, taking duplicate receipts for the
picket, or fatigue, occurs while he is on same, one of which is to be lodged with
any other duty from the grand parade, he the paymaster, of his corps ; and whene
shall not be relieved, but is to stand for ver a man is transferred or ordered
upon dis
tlie next tour. tant service, ihe commanding officer of
II. In all services by detachment, the thecompany from which he is taken, will
corps are to furnish according to their be held responsible, that the date of his
strength, the longest off' the first on; but inlistment and a state of his accounts, as
in all cases of duty and ofservice where it to pay, clothing, arms, ammunition, and

may be found practicable, the troops are accoutrements, be transmitted to the com
to operate by companies, battalions, or manding officer of the corps, garrison, 01
regiments. $ttaehment, which he is to join : certifi
III. Marching off the grand parade, or cates of provision are always to accompany
swearing in on general court-martial, is to individual soldiers and non-commissioned
pass for a tour of duty. officers commands, from post to post.
IV. Return detachments not to be ex I X Servants to be taken by voluntary
.

cused from duty more than twodays. consent from the regiment, corps, or de
V. Police in conformity to the regula tachment, to which the officer served may
tions of Baron de Stuben. belong, in the following proportions, viz.
VI. Fatigues, general or particular, to! A lieutenant colonel commandant on du
be regulated by detail, and duty of eveiy ! ty, three, one without arms.
kind to be apportioned impartially. Major on duty, two, one without arms.
A soldier, by voluntary compact, be Captain commanding a post or battalion,
comes the servant ofthe state, but not two, one without arms.
the slave of any individual. Extra men Captain on ordinary duty, one with
are never to be drawn from the ranks, but arms.

by permission of the commanding officer , Subaltern on duty, one with arms.


of a district, department, or regiment ;
'
Surgeon on duty, two do.
REG REG

Surgeon's mate, one do XIV. As we have no chaplain, the


Quarter-master general with the army, tioops are ro oe
inspected by companies
two, one without arms. every Sunday, and
by regiments, b.t-
Paymaster gen. ral two, one without tahons, or detatchments, monthly ; when
arms. returns of inspection are to be made >ut
Subordinate staff, at the discretion of the agueably to the established for.., these
commanding officer. return are to be regula ly transmitted to
The servants of platoon officers are al tie com andt r in chief, u de the c r fi-
to acompany them on duty, and will cate of the commanding office's of com
ways
be included in the same detail : no officer panies, and the inspecting offis.er, who in
on furlough can be allowed more than one the absence oi the ii sp '-tor, s to be dp-
servant, and him without arms. pointed by the commanding officers of
This allowance is ahberal one, and but corps, posts, or detachments.
too sensibly impairs the strength of the XV. The appointment of adjutants and
line. If gentlemen will mess, as in all quaiter-maste s of corps, hertotore in the
ther armies, it will be found abundant; commander in chief, appertains of r.g ht
therwise they must employ domes, ics to to the lieutenant colonels commandant,
be fe-d, paid, and clothed from their privy who have the pow r of removal from
purses, as no further indulgence on the office. The iegimental payma-terselec-
part of the publ'c can be admitted. ! rive by the oflicers of the regiment, under
The commanding officers of corps, the orders ofthe colon?!.
posts, and detachments, will be held re XVI. The appointment of non-com
sponsible for th.- strict observance of this missioned officers, h. Id of great impor
order, and the viulation by whomsoever tance in all services, because it is the toot
or committed, will be followed of all subordination and discipline, has
Sermitted
y an arrest, and the sentence ofa general b en much neglected in ours. More cir
court-martial. cumspection on this interesting pont is
X. Four women per company complete, strictly enjoined, thecaptai or command-
ing officers of companies may recommend,
1
and in that ratio, are permitted to draw
provisions and no more ; washin? the but the appointment is in the colonel ot
clothes ofthe company is to be performed I commanding officer of the corps only .

by these women, at such price as the j XV 11 Reformation being the end of all
commanding officer of the regiment may !' punishments, a solefer s never to be pun
establish ; the officer commanding the ished whendrunk, but when found in that
company will beheld responsible that it is disgraceful situation, he is io be confined
fairly and impartially distributed, rating until he recover his senses, and is then to
an officer as four men ; mistresses or kept be* punishi-d.
women are prohibited to the officers
the XIII The residence of the regimemtal
habit is a vicious one, it is r-mignant to s'aff is at the had quarters ot the regiment,
the rules of society, it is burthensometo except the surgeons m-tes, who are sub
the service, ever pregnant with discord, ject to be detached.
ften afflictive to the meritorious soldier, al XIX. Stoppages of pay are to be rigor
ways disgraceful, and frequently destruc ously enforced for lost arms, ammunition,
tive to men of merit; the ceremony of mar- accoutrements, and clothing, winch can
ria.e heretofore performed by the officers not be satisfactorily accounted lor, it
of the arm>, is also strictly forbid. therefore becomes indspensible that com
XI. Discharges for services fully per pany and regimental books, as well as those
formed to be given by the commandants of the paymaster and quarter-master,
of regiments, upon the certificate of the should be kept with great x ctness, md .

captain or commanding officer of the com that councils of administration should sit
pany in winch the soldier served ; but in quarterly whenever practicable, to scru
all other cases by the comman ler in chief, tinize the regrnvnral accounts.
or superior authority retiring officers are

XX. Garrisons of posts are not to be
not to take off soldiers with them as varied, except by the officer whoestab-
waiters or in any other capacity ; a Con lishes them, or his superior, but subordi
trary practice has lost many valuable men nate officers commanding posts n thede-
to the service, and has perplexed thecom- |
partmeat, are to report monthly to the
panv accounts. |: head quarters ofthe regiment to which
XII. The power of granting furloughs !. thev belong.
is in th.- commander in chief, on the re XXI Commanding offices of posts r
commendation of the colonel or officer im | under the grade of field offio rs, are ro be
mediately commanding the applicant, un relieved annually, and majors biennially,
less where the authority of the president this rotation is founded in the principles oi
is interposed. justic and sound policy.
XIII. Suttling is restrcted to the per XXII. The use of cards and dice are
mission of the commander in chijf, or of strictly piohibited in camp or quarters,
ficer commanding a separate department, exce-pt for the ame of baekgamnon.
but no permission is to be granted, except XXI 1 1 In military n.sritutioiis the
to citizens ofthe United States of known forte of example is incalculable, no officer,

probity, and attachment to the govern therefore, off' duty, can be excused from
ment.
'
parades, regimental or general, except m

4 E
586 REG REG

a spectacle should we behold


case of actual sickness or confinement ; the ger.ee, what
officer who feigns sickness to elude duty, was every officer to move, with all the
is a dishonor to his cloth, and will beheld baggage and stock accumulated at the
in infamy : and should any officer or non several posts, we should look more like
commissioned officer, (be his command a horde of Tartars than a regular military

ever so diminutive,; betray such indolencj corps ; while such practices prevail the
and insensibility ot professional obligation, public service will be embarrassed and de-
-
as to omit one regular roll call, he shall layrd, and ineffct exposed to ttestruttive
be made an example to the army. consequences, they are therefore pro
These orders are to be read to rhe troops, hibited.
onthe first day ot the months of January ,
April, July, and October. (Extractof General Orders.)

Head Quarters,
(Extract ofGeneral Orders.)
Head Quarters, South West Point, September 1, 1801.
Besides the rolls of muster directed to
Loramiers, Jure i2, 1797.
To correct and extinyush the abuses be furrishe-d to the pay department, one
which have crept into the service, is an roll of each company or detachment of
the army, and 01 the regimental staff for
herculean task, yet the commander in
t emonthsof June and December annual
chief owes it to his own honor, to the
honor of the army, and to his country, to ly, are to be rra.osmi.t.d to the inspector
of riV army, at the city ot Washington, on
effect a reform, an" he calls upon his of
the first of January, and the first day of
fleers of every grade, for their co-0| erauon
in the arduous undertaking. July following such musters, in rhe same
manner that inspection and other returns
The spirit of cropping,* which is almost
are directed to be transmitted to him by
every where to be seen, is repugnant to
the onier of the 30th of Novemb-T last ;
trre principles of soldiership, destructive
for the strict observance of which all com.
to the service, and disgraceful to thosr who
indulge it; not less exceptionable is the manding officers will be hel 1 responsible.
practice of collecting and breeding live
stock in large quantities. (General Orders.)
The highest obligations of a soldier are Head Quarters,
bii fly compr s-d to be ever ready tomareh,
tofi*rlit, and to die, but the prnciples and Washington, jfuly 9, 1804*
condition of the former are at utter vari The opinion having prevailed that an
ance with th:s solemn text ; gentlemen officer may th'ow up his commission and
in commission must reflect, that it is to abandon the service at his discretion, the
them the private looks for example; the
general considers it his duty to correct a
national bounty is expended not to improve delusion so pregnant with mischief to the
the agricultural arts, but to instruct men in
public interest, and so subversive ot every
the use of aims ; the hoe and plough must principle of subordination and discipline;
be laid aside, and every moment from pro it is therefore to beclearly understood that
fessional duty, dr-voted to form, instruct, no officer, bearing a commission in the
and to train them in the glorious science United States, has the power to resign the
of war. It is for this noble purpose gen same, or quit the service with ut the
tlemen receive the pay and subs'srentv. of president's permission, or that of some
their country, and their honor is pledged subordinate duly authorized, and all of
for the performance. fences against this order are to be punished
Planting and improving of corn fields with rigor.
is prohibited; gardens, sufficient for the
accommodation of officers ai d soldiers, are (Extract of General Orders.)
proper and necessary, and it is obligatory
on all commanding officers to pay atten Head Quarters,
tion to this subject, the labor is however
to be done by detail; the idea of an officer's Natchitoches, Sept, 24, 1806.
farming for profit is inadmissible, as it To recover lost ground, and to revive
ten os to a netlecr of duty, a relaxation of the languishing principle of subordination,
discipline, abuse of the public service, I it is essential this little corps should recol
and the disgrace of the profession. lect tue rights and attributes of rank and
In marching from one p st of the con commission; agreeanly, therefore, to a
tinent to another, it is repugnant to every standing rule, which can never be dispens
ot 'econon-y and of justice, that ed with, without prejud ce to the service.
principle should
the ,'Ublic transport ;-rivate i>r The general can hold no communication
-

visions (other than groceries) or household on a prof-ssional topic, except in cas s of


furniture; if one officer is indulged in this public or personal grievai.ee-, butthrough
way, another is equally intitled to indul- the commanoant ot the post ; or com

* This term refers to a practice which found


manding officers ot corps, nor can these
its way into the ar my, in the western canton-
gentlemen receive any similar application
who had employed the soldiery in from their subalterns, but through their
meins, raising j:
crops of produce to the neglect of discipline. '; respective captains.
REG REG 587

(Extractof General Orders.) of the army, and in the delivery and distribu
tion and strafe to the gart'tsons on the
of fuel
Head Quarters,
sea coast and recruiting parties.
New Orleans, y.inuary 22, 1807. Barracks or Quarters.
It is deemed nnecessary to muster the
To the comman ling general, for him-
troops every mont:i, since ii rarely hap
.

self, four rooms and a kitchen.


pens that a payment is made for so short To his aid, one room.
a period : the general thereforedir cts that
To the quarter-master general, three
in future the several companies be mus
rooms and a kitchen, and two rooms for
tered on the last day of Feburarv, April,
offices and clerks.
June, August, October, and December, To ach field officer, two rooms.
and that each muster, comprise the casual
To the inspecror ofthe army, one room
ties of two months.
in audition to his allowance as a field of
ficer.
(Extract of General Orders.) To each captain, one room.
Head Quarters, To each of the regimental staff", one

New Orleans, March 31, 1807. room.


To a field officer, or a captain, when
The following regulations ar,to be con-
si iered of standing import, and are to oe commanding a separate post, inatldit.on,
a kitchen.
punctually observed until revoked. To iwo subalterns, one room.
All commanding offi ers are in person to
To every mess of eight officers, one
command tne daily parades of their res
room and a kitchen.
pective garrisons, unless prevented by in
disposition. Fuel.
The troips are to be exercised once a the first
From the first day of October to day
week in battalion, and by companies twice of April, ineaehyear.
a wet-k when the weather may permit, To the commanding general, two cords
without prejudice to the arms 01 thehealth and one half of wood per month.
of the men To the quarter-master general, twocords
Wlinevera superior officer shall visit
per month.
a post or arrison, it is the duty of the
.
To the inspector of the army, two cords
commanding officer immediately to wait per m-uith.
of the keys,
upon him, and make tender To each field officer, one and an half cord
reMms, reports, regulations, and instruc per month.
tions relative to the said post or garrison, To every commanding officer ofa garri
and receive his orders. son, one and an half cord per month.
Quarter guards are not permitted in gar 1
To every officer commanding a recruit
rison, nor are guards of quarters allowed, ing party, one cord per month.
except the commanding officer, and
to
j To every other commissioned officer,
those who are entitled to them by esta-
blished
j one cord per month
regulation. To every room occupied as barracks by
The guards are invariably to be exer- I eight non-commissioned officers, mu
cised by the officer ofthe day, when the sicians and privates, on cord per month.
,

weather may petmn, before they are: To a garrison barrack guard, halt a cord
marched off' the grand parade for their per month.
To officers and soldiers half of th afore

posts.
Awkward recruits are to be drilled daily said allowances of fuel from the first day
until perfected in the elements of their of April until the first dayofOctob r in
profession. every year, b it none for offices.
To the sick 111 h ispital, the allowance
(General Orders.) of wood is to be regulated by the sur
Head Quarters, geon.
The commanding general, under spe
New Orleans, April 15, 1807 cial circumstances, may by orders in
In all cases where men are disthargedi writing, enlarge or dimmish 'he foregoing
the full complement ot clothing to which allowances of fuel, and may by the like
they are miitled by law, is to be paid up orders, direct or withhold allowances of
out of the company stock. fuel or straw at such oiher posts as he
may judge expedient, in cases not provid
Inspectrr's Office, ed for by any special regulation.
No compensation in money to be made
Washington, January 21, 1810 in lieu of allowances of fuel, nor is any
The foregoing are true copies from the
compensation to be received by or paid to
orderly; books in this office. officers, in lieu of quarters or barracks.
A. Y. NICOLL,
Adjutant and Inspector, Straw.
1. One truss of straw weighing thirty
DEPARTMENT OF WAR. is allowed for <ach palliass for
BY THE six pounds,
the al At the expiration of sixteen
Riculations lobe observed in
two men.

jjdays, each palliass if to be refreshed with


hwances^for barracks or quarttrs to the officers
588 REG REG

ei^ht pounds. At the expiration of thirtv To every commanding officer, ofa gar
two davs, the whole straw is to be re- rison, consisting of one comiany, half a
movrd, and a fresh bedding oi one truss cord per month.
to be furnished, and so on, every suc To every other commissioned officer,
one third ofa cord per month.
ceeding period of sixteen and thirty two
days. To every room
occupied by eight men,
2. The same quantity of straw is al half a cord per month .

lowed for servants or batmen not soldiers, To a garrison or quarter guard, half a cord
and for washer- women attached to each per month.
company in the proportion of one washer- May 1, 1806.
Women to every seventeen non-commis-
sioned officers and privates. Regulations respecting certain sup.
3 Ti.e straw is to be changed for the plies and objects of special and extra ex.
s'ck in the hospital as often as may be pense.
deemed necessary : this necessity to be e- The several contractors, besides rations
termined by the sur.eon, or surgeon's
including atdent spirits and vinegar, shall
mace, in the absence of the surgeon.
only provide and furnish quarters, trans-
Requisitions for Fuel or Straw. pot laiion , foi age, fuel, strain, and stationery,
to recruitUg parties where there is inap
i. Requisitions for wood or straw, must
officer of the
State the number and rank of the officers ; propriate quarter-master
the number ofi on-commissioned officers, general's department to furnish the same.
The quarters intended, are those ofa tem
and privates, servants and batmen not sol
porary kind. The pjwer to
provide them
diers, and of washer-women for whom shall not ex end to the budding or repairing
demanded, and be certified by the com- of barracks. In what they furnish, they
m-ndant of the garrison, or recruiting
shall govern themselves exclusively by the
parry.
2. No wood or straw shall be drawn for regulations which have been established
officers, or wood or straw for by law or by the war department, and in
soldiers, cases to which no regulations apply, by
whilston furlough, or any allowance made
the orders of the particular commanding
to tnem for the same.
officer.
3. Whenever it shall appear that more
No repairs shall be made to any barracks
wood or straw has been drawn than there
or buildings which shall incur a disburse
were officers, soldiers, servants or batmen ment of money exceeding fifty dollars,
rot soldiers, and washer women actually but by an order of the secretary of wa..
present and nti led ther to ; the command As often as any matter which may re
ing ffics-r signing such requisition, shall be
1

held responsible for the value of the article quire any s.'ec alor extraexj ense can wait
without material injury to the service, for
drawn beyond the quantity adowed by
a communication to, and the direction of
these regulations, and shall have his name
the secretary of war, or the comma-iderof
and the circumstances of the case, re or-
the army; it is not to be undertaken till
ted to the secretary for the department of
War.
after such communication and direction
shall haye been had.
4. Requisitions thus signed, and the The quaiter-master his depu
receipts given by the officers, to whom general^
ties and assistants, are primarily charged
the articles cie'ivered tor consumption,
are
with making the disbursements in the
shall be produced as vouchers by the con When thereis no
cases abovementioned.
tractor, agent, or quarter-master, in the such officer, the agent ofthe war depart
settlement of his accounts.
ment in the vicinity shall do it. All or
As a smaller
quantity of fuel m iy suf ders for such disbursements must bedefi-
fice for the garrisons and recruiting parties nite and in writing, to be transmitted with
to the south wad than ordered by these
the accounts of them to the accountant of
regulations, th' ir commandants are en the war department; and all disburse
joined to regulate the demands for this ar ments mad in pursuance of these regu
ticle by the nature ofthe elimate.
lations must be substantiated by such
Given at the war office of the United
vouchers as shall be prescribed by the said
States in the 1 ity of Washington, this
accountant.
twety eighth day of April, A. D.
Given at the "war
office of the United
l8oi.
States in the city of Washington, this
HENRY DEARBORN,
twenty eighth day of April, A. D.
Secretary of War. 1801.
Additional relative HENRY DEARBORN,
regulations to fuel.
At all posts, garrisons, or recruiting Secretary of War.
rendezvous, tothe northward ofthe 39th
north latitude, should be allow Rules adopted by the president ofthe United
degree of States relative to promotions in the army.
ed addition to the present allowance of
in

Wcxxl, from ;he first day of October, to Promotions in the army of the United
thefi st day of April in each ytar; States, sh*ll hereafter be made agreeably
To each field officer, half a cord per to the regulations in force previous to those
month. of the 3d of September 1799, which were
REG REG 589

promulgated in general orders, dated the fortifications or


bridges, for a term not less
ninth of that month. than 40 days, Sundays
excepted, shall be
Promotions to thf rank of captain shal' allowed, for each day's actual labor, four
be made regimqntally, and to the rank ot teen cents, and one gill of
spirits each, in
major and lieutenant colonel in the lines ot addition to their pay and rations, and one
the an 'leryand infantiy respectively. of linen overalls, and one frock and
pair ;
The officer next in rank, will, on the if they shall be continued at work for 120
happening of a vacancy, be considered, days, Sundays excepted, they shall each
in ordinary cases, as the proper person to be allowed an additional frock, and an ad
fill the same; but this rule may be sub ditional pair of overalls.
ject to exceptions in extraordinary cases. Other non-commissioned officers and
Given at the "war office of tbe United privates, not artificers, who shall bj drawn
States, this twenty sixth day of May, from the artillery and infantry for constant
A. D 1 80 1
. and cf independence the labor on fortifications, roads, or bridges,
twenty fifth. for a term not less than 40 days, Sundays
HI.NRY DEARBORN, excepted, shall be allowed for each ciav's
Secretary of War. actual labor, en cents and one gill ot spi
rits each, in addition to their
pay and ra
The above rules for promotion in the in tions ; and if they shall be continued at
fantry and artillery, are applicable to the work for 120 davs, an additional frock and
ca airy and riflemen. pair of oveialls in like manner as the arti-
No officer will consider himself as filling I fie- is.
a vacancy until he receives notice thereof It shall be the d"ty ofthe officer com-
through ihe departure .t of war. j manding any such working party, to have
H. DEARBORN. a regular account, kept under his
inspec-
'
tion of every day's work performed
March 7, 1808. by
non-commissioned officer or pnv.ite,
jeach
; signed by the commanding officer, and to
Regulations respecting salutes.
j transmit monthly a fair abstract thereof to
Salutes from the forts in the several ports the paymaster ot the district in which the
j labor
and harbors of the United States shall, as j may be performed, which payinas-
a general rule, be of sixteen discharges
l ter will be authorised to draw the
money
from guns of a calibre not exceeding nine on the said abstracts, and pay the men ton-

or twelve pounders. fo mably therewith.


I
No salute shall be fired to foreign ships It is to be understood, that the extra
or vess-ds of war, but in return ; and in daily pay and allowance, is only to be
every such case, their salute shah be re
! given for actual day's work, and not to be
turned gun for gun. [granted, when from sickness or other
Each military post within the United causes, rhe work shall not actually be per.
States may fire a national salute on the formed.
morning of the fourth of July, annually; (Signed) H. DEARBORN,
and when there shall be a coll- ction of Secretwy of war.
citizens at, or within the immediate vi War department, June 25, 180 J.
cinity of a military post for the purpose of
celebrating the anniversary of American The above regulations, so far as they
independence, sixteen guns may be fired in respect allowances of extra clothing, are
the course of the feast. considered as being superseded by trie act
A national salute shall be fired on a vi '
fixing the military peace establishment,
sit to the post from the president or vice
I non-commissioned
wheh grants fatigue clothing to all the
president of the United States, or the go \ officers, musicians, and
vernor of the state in which the post may i of that establishment-, annually.
privates
be. H. DEARBORN.
A gun not exceeding a six poundar, March 7, 1808.
should be fired daily at reveille beating,
immediately after the break of day ; after The following tales are to govern in the al
which, no officer or soldier should remain lowance to officers for the transportation of
in bed. their baggage, when ordered on distant com-
Given at the war office of the United 1 mands.
States in the city of Washington, this A colonel 750 pounds.
tenth day of June, A D 1 So 1 , and
. .
Lieut, colonel, 600
in the twenty fifth year of American
Major, 500
independence. Captain, 400
(Signed). HENRY DEARBORN, First lieutenant, 300
Secretary of -war. Second do. 250
Ens-gn, 250
Regulations respecting extra pay, and Sun. eon, 500
allowance of soldiers, when ordered on con Surgeon's mate, 300
st ant laboi
, for
a term not less than 40 days. Each officer to be all -wed the usual and
1 ne non-commissioned officers and pn- customary prici-sof transportation by land
vatesoftheartillery or infantry who may be or water
per hundred, on the route which
drawn as artificers, to work constantly on shall be necessary for him to transport
590 REG RE G

himself and baggage, for as many hundred Foi any number of men, not exceeding
ashe is entitled to the transportation of, twenty, the compensation should not ex
by the regulations hereto annexed. An ceed the rate of two hundred dollar* a
average price by land, will not exceed two year, including mediciie; and for any
dollars per hundred for ioo m les, and bv number of men, not exceeding
thirty, the
water there are but few cases where a cer compensation should not exceed the rate
tain rate per cwt. is not known. of three hundred dollars a year, including
(Signed) H DEARBORN. medicine.
War department, June 23, 1801. In no instance, extraordinary cases ex
In addition to the foregoing regulations, cepted, should the compensation for me
there shall be allowed toeachoffi er, when dical assistance, for ashortr period than
ordered on general courts maptial, at the one month, exceed the rate of four dollars

rate of three dollars for every hundred pei day, exclusive of medicine
miles, for the transportation of his bag Charges for medical servii es, after the
gage. promulgation of these regulations, will
(Signed) H. D. require c rfficates, of the r having been
performed agreeable trureto.
regulating and ascertaining the
O di nance, April 2, 1806.
quantity of stationery -which each officer,
serving in the army of the United States, shall Regulations relative to returns of clothing.
->e entitled to receive annually. Itsha be the duty ol the commanding
To every officer commanding a separate officers of companies, to make out in
post, the garrison of which s >ail consist Decembei each year correct returns of
of, from one to two companies, twenty -
theclothing necessary for the r respective
quires of writing paper. companies for the succeeding year, includ.
To every officer commanding a separate inK what is on hand fit for service ; also
post, the garrison of which shall consist correct returns 01 all clothing on hand,
of, from three to five companies, thirty- noting sucii as is fit for use : the said re
six quires of writing paper. turns to be forwarded annually, by the 1st
To every officer commanding a separate diy of January, to the department of war,

post, one blank book containing two quires through the commanding officer of the
of paper. miliiary post, garrison, or encampment,
For the of the garrison of every se
use at which the officer making the r< turns is
parate post, ingredients suffkient to make stationed. The commanding officers of
two quarts of ink. companies, shall be responsible tor the
For the use of the garrison of ev> ry se correctness of their respective returns.
parate post, twenty dozen of wafers. War department, Dec. I, 1807.
For the use of the assistant military
agent, at every separate post, one blank Regulations to be observed by
officers
book containing two quires of paper. commanding detachments of the at my te be
For the use of every military company, embatked, on ship boatd.
and
whether in garrison or otherwise, two I The officer commanding the embark
.

quires of paper, and one blank book con ation, prior to the men'-, goin.: on board,
taining the same quantity. must
personally inspect the transports, to
For tire use of every other commission ascertain that the quantity of provisions
ed officer in the army, two quires of letter assigned, and every necessary accommoda-
paper, with a proportionate allowance of .-ion is provided.
ink, quills, and wafers. L 1 1 As soon as the troops are on board,
.

Done at the "war office of the U States, an officer from each


company wi-1 per-
this 2$tb day of Febtuay, 1802. |
sonally see, that the arms and accoutre
II. DEARBORN, ments, the clothing neatly packed 111 the
Secretary of war. knapsacks, logether with the hats, are to
be placed in order, and properly secured,
Regulations relative to the employment ef over their respective births, on the racks
physicians and pins ordered tor the purpose : the arms
In future, no surgeon, surgeon's mate, or are all to be provided with cloth tomuk.i.s ;

physician, not holding an appointment in they are to be oiled, and handled iaily,
thearmy of the United States, is to be em during the voyage, and are to be frequent
ployed on public account, by any officer or ly inspected by the officers, to prevent
other person whatever to act in the capa- their being injured by rust.
city of surgeon or physician, for any man III. The men must be allotted to births,
or men attached to the army, unless by in the order in whicii they roll in their
special agreement first entered into, in companies, and are to be divided into
which the compensation for medical ser messes by squads, with a non-commis
vice to be performed, shall be stipulated sioned officer the head of each, who is
at
in writing, either by the day or month. to be responsible for the good order -, nd
When the services required shall be cleanliness of ii ; particular attention must
such, as not to exceed the usual duties of be paid to the cooking, for which
purpose
a surgeon's mate, the compensation per two men must be detailed weekly from

month, should not exceed the pay and the company to attend to this duty, and
emoluments of a surgeon's mate. | it is essential that every other soldier.
R EG REI 591

should be from going to the To buy or sell at tbe


prohibited Regulation, to
cam boose. give or receive no more for a com ission

IV. An officer of the day will be ap than what has been settled the king's
by
pointed, whose duty it will he to ei, force j authority in the Butish service. When an
regularity, cleanliness and order anu ngst offici r is allowed to retire
from a regiment
the men ; to se that their provisions are with permission to sell, the one next for
'
well cooked and equally distributed ; and purchaseis supposed to pay the regulation
in case ot ne lect, in any instance, he must price ot Ins commission; bur it frequently
, immediately report the ciicunietance to happens that parties agree among thorn
the officer commanding, who will chastise s'. I VeS with
respect to terms ; ane. it some
the offender, if necessary. times oceurs, that young men ot interest
V. The men must not be permitted to and fortune step the regular promoti- ns of
go below during tire dav, except in case officers bv overbidding the market. This
of indisposition, or had weather; and traffic, so infamous in its principle, as well
the bedding must invariably be brought as nits abuses, was exhibited in an odious
on deck every morning, it not prevented light in the case of the duke of York and
by rain, ana taken down always before his courtesans in 1809.
sun set. Cavahy Regulations, specific in-
VI. To prevent accidents byKire, no instructions tor the fotmations and move
candles must be suffered below, but in lan ments of cavalry.

terns, and smoking between decks must Infan-ty Regulations. A svstemof


be on no account, permitt d. All lights \ tactics for infantry. The general principles
are to be x inguished at eight o'clock;
. 1 for the format ions and movements of caval
and the officers, to set an example of good ry and infantry being invariably the same,
j
order, should not indulee themselves in their more partcuiar explanation in several
sitting up beyond a reasonable hour. points, is to be found in the regulations
VII General parades ard calls of the for the infantry. See Ameiican
Military
roll are to be had at troop and retreat, with Library
arms and accoutrements, in good weather, Ge7.e7-a/ Regulations and orders. A
and without in bad; and on every Satur collection of certain general rules whuh
day, the commanding officer must make wen published for the Br tish army by
a complete
inspection of arms, accoutre authority on the 20ih 01 August, 1799, a,id
ment- and clotnii'g which are to be considered as the ground
VI 1 1 To ensure cleanliness, the men work of those instructions that generals
must be compelled to wash their heads c.mmanding distucts, and officers in the
and hands eveiy morning, and their feet command ot brigades
and regiments, forts

evening. or garrisons, may find it


every necessary 10 issue
IX. Aserj ant's guard must h: mounted to the troops under their respective com

daily, and sufficient number of sentries


a mands. To use the wods of the adjutant
posted, to enforce these regulation* ; and general, this publication does by no means
particularly one or more at the necessary, lomp.-ehend the whole detail which the
C3inboose and hatchways, with their side various duties and servicer,, and the interior
arms. economy and management of regiments
X. In case of coming to anchor, care may require. They are principally ex
must be taken to prevent the men having tracted from a book, intituled I he Rudi
and ments of War, which was
any communication with the shore; published by
attentionmust bev paid to prevent their N. Con-int in 1777, th y are directed to
b considered as th:- standing orders of the
purchasing l.quororgrecn fruit, from boats

coin ng along side. army at large. They cannot bealtered, or


Tire commanding officer is in sense he deviated
XI to co
any from, without
operate with the master of the trans-, ort, the king's or commander in chief's appro
in whatever may be necessary to promote bation. It is however to be observed, that
the voyage ; and in approaching a sail, he a bo-.k manifestly calculated for theinteri-

is positively forbid shesvinga single sol or management ot the


army, and conse-
dier on deck : the sentries are in suth case sequently a necessary companion to the
removed below. rules and
to be regulations, should have been
XII. Fhe mil are to be furnished with more specific Many circumstances,
two hints; twenty four rounds ot ball apparently insignificant in themselves,
cartridges, six in their cartridge
eacn : and, of course, unnoticed at
headquarters,
boxes, ami the residue patked .11 kegs. ,
grow into objects of serious discussion
These regulations are to be strictly 00- among the different regim.nts of the ser-
serv-.d 111 every particular ; and any officer 1 vice, both at home a..d abroad. It is an
who mav violate them, by omission or old maxim, that he who neglects small
commission, wiil be biought before a ge laults will soon fall into great offence s.
neral court martial. RE-1MBCDY. To re- i moody, is to
Given at Head Quarters, city of imbody a-.ain any regiment or corps that
Washington, Dee. 15, 1808 has b en disbanded. Thus, the English
This closes the wnole body of Regula militia is disbanded, and partially re-imbo-
tions for the U.i ted Sta es force, as far as

dieu for 28 days in every year during peace.
the Americans iror has becnable to collect REIN, that part of a bridle which cx-
them.
592 RE L REM

tends from the head of a horse to the hands RELEVER, Fr. to relieve. Hence,
of the ider, &c. Releveb une sentinetle, Ex. TorelievC
REINFORCE, in founding guns, that a sentry, by posting another soldier in his
part ofa gun next to the breech, which is room.
made strongei than the r st ofthe piece, RfleveR la garde, Ex. To relieve
in order to resist the force of the powder. guard.
There are generally two in each
piece-, cal RELIEF, Fr an order, given by the
led the first and second reinforce : the minister at war, to authorize an officer to
second is something smaller than the first, receive the arrears of pay which had accu
upon the supposition that when the pow mulated during his absence from, the regi
der is inflamed, and occupies a greater ment.
space, its forcf is diminished, which is not Relief, Fr. In architecture means
the case. See Cannon. the same as the termdoes when useu in
Reinforce nVg There are three in English
each gun, called the first, second, and RE LIEN, Fr. The broken grains of
third : they are flat mouldings, like tiat gunpowder which havenot parsed through
iron hoops, placed a' the breech end ofthe the sieve.
first and second reinforce, projecting from To R E L I E V E the guard, is to put fresh
the rest of the metal by about 1-4 of an men upon guard, which is gen. rally done
inch. every 24 hours.
REINFORCEMENT.^ /y^^ay. isan To R e l 1 e v t the trenches, is to rel eve the
addition of fresh troops to strengthen an guard ot the trenches, by appointing those
army, in order to enable it to go on with for that duty, who have not been there
an enterprise, &c. before, or whos. turn is next.
To REJOIN. To meet again. To To Relieve tbe sentries, is to put fresh
return. He left his regiment when it men upon that
duty from the guard, which
brjke up camp, but rejoined it again be is generally done every two hours, by a
fore the army marched into the enemy's corporal who attends the relief, to see the
country. pioper orders are delivered to the soldier
RF.JOUISSANCES publiques, Fr. who relieves.
Public rejoicings, or thanksgivings. Che-- RELIEVER, an iron ring fixed to a
valier Folard makes a curious and interest handle by means of a socket, so as to be
ing comment relative to this subject, in at right angles to it : it serves to disengage
one of his notes upon Polybius. He there the searcher of a gun, when one of its
in asserts, that the Te Deum, or thanks points is retained in a hole, and cannnot
giving to God, was as much practised be got out otherwise See Searcher.
among the heathens as it is among the A REMAIN, a term used among store.
moderns. keepers belonging to the board ot ordnance,
REITRES, Fr. a body of armed horse Sec. to express theactual quantity of stores
men, who came out of Germany, and en which is found at an outport, &c. when a
tered into the French service during the new
store-keeper is appointed.
reign of Henry HI. They were incorpo Remains of stores are ordered to be ta
rated with the carabineers. ken at all places at home, once in seven
RELAY ER, Ft. to relieve; to lessen years, as also at the expiration of a war. In
the labor of any particular set of men by foreign parts a remain is taken only on the
occasionally sending fresh workmen. appointment of a new store-keeper. See
RELAIS, Ft. a term used in fortifi Office of Ordnance, or Board of
cation to signify a space, containing some1 Ordnance.
feet in breadth, which is between the foot To REMAND, to send back ; as when
of the rampart and the scarp of the fosse. a soldier who has been brought out ot
pri
It serves as a convenient receptacle son, or the guard-house, for the purpose
for the earth that occasionally crumbles of being examined or tried, is ser.t back
off". without any thing final occurring relative
RELAY horses, in the artillery, are to his case.

spare horses that march with theartille.y To Remark, to take note of any thing.
and baggage, ready to relieve others, or to REMARKS. Army returns, regimen
assist in getting up a hill, or through bad tal statements, guard reports, Sec. have a
roads, &c. column allotted for remarks and observa
RF.LEASE. The commanding officer tions relative to extraordinary occurrences.
alone has the prerogative of releasing a REMBLA1, Fr. Earth collected to
prisoner from confinement, after he has gether for the purpose of making a bank
once been duly given in charge to the guard, way, Sec.
with hiscrimeor crimes stated in writing; REMBLAYER, Fr. To collect earth
or of remitting alter he has been aajudged together.
to suffer military punishment; except in REMBARQUER,.FV. Tore-embatk,
cases of a general court-martial, when the REMBOITER, Fr. The same as
general of the district in certain cases, and Emboiter. To replace, to put together.
the president of the United States in higher The latter term is used by the Frenr.n in
cases, can remit or mitigate. artillery and cavalrv manoeuvres. It is the
Cheval de R el a is, Fr. a hackney horse. correlativ to Dehotter ; to break off.
RELEVEE, Fr. The afternoon. REMETTEZ. vous. This term agrees
REN REP 593

with the phrase


as you -were, Se Remettre. two bodies of armed
men, who b long to
To take a former posirion, to return to the armie-s that are n hostile ouposi ion to
Original ground eacti other Thus, as in the former in
REME TTRE, Fr. to restore, to bring stance it serves to distinguish th casual
back again. It is frequently used in a d> termination ot a feud or difference trom
military sens.-, viz. Remettre un baiallion ; the pre-determined and scttl d plan of a
to restore t>r bring back a battalion to its du -1 ; so in the latter it marks the dittefc-
original formation ence between a skirmish, &c. and a re
REMIT. To lessen; as to remit a part gular battle.
of a sold'er's sentence. RENDER. Se-SuRRFNDER.
To REMONSTRATE, to make a re REN DEZVOUS, the place appointed
presentation of a caseorcase.-s wherein one for troops to assemble at It likewise
or more may consider themselves to be m.ans any particular s. ot that is fixed

aggrieved. uuon for two duellists to decide their quar


Military
may remonstrate
men

through their superior officers ; but where rel


the duty of the service is concerned, that R E N D E Z VO US, ; in a military sense,
duty must be first performed with cheer RENDEVOUS, S the- plate appoint
fulness and fidelity. ed by the general, where all the troops
REMONTER, Fr. To Remount. that compose the army are to meet at the
Remonter une compagnie de cavalerie, tune a
pointed, in ta.e ot an alarm.

Fr. To remount a troopof horse. Thi. plate should be fixed upon, accord
Remonter une riviere, Fr. To sad up ing to the situation of the ground, and tne
a river. sort of troops quartered in the village.

RE MORA, Fr. This word is some I nan open country it is easy to fix upon a
times written Rimora, and signifies ob^ta place of rendezvous, because the general
cle, hindrance. It comes from the Latin has whatever ground he thinks necessary.
Remera, a small fish,' which vvas supposed In tow. is and villages the largest streets,
by the ancients to impede the progress ot o aiket places, are very fit; but lei the
a ship. place be where it will, the troops must
RE MO RAL, Ft: an officer belonging assemble with ease, and be ready for the
to a galley, who has chare of the oars. prompt execution of orders.
7o REMOVE, to change the situation RENDU, Fr. Surrendered, given up.
of a
person. Soldat rendu, F- . This term is used
A REMOUNT, means a supply of to express the difference between a soldier
good and serviceable horses for the whole who deserts to theenemy, and one who
The fol lays down his arms In the former in
or
part of a cavalry regiment.
lowing instructions have been copied from stance he is called disetteur ; in the latter,
a compilation f English general and regi soldat rendu, it is somet mes used as a
mental orders, viz Theszeof thehoises for substitute, viz. Un rendu, a man who
the heavy cavalry must run from 15 hands has surrendered.
and 1 inch, to 15 3 ; and the age be 4 or RENEGADE, Pa deserter; any one
5 off", if possible; tne taking horses com ng RENEGADO, \ who goes over to the
four must be avoided as much as can be. enemy
No horse must be taken for the public ser RENFORCEMENT, Ft. a hollow
vice, unless he be very close and compact
in his make, very bioad across the loins, RENFORCE R, Fr. to reinf. rce, to

short and straight backed, close coupled, strengthen, tofort fy.


round barrelled, and well carcassed, wide R E N FO RT, Fr. * Reinforcement.
between the rider's thi.hs, deep at the Renfort, Fr a certai part or a can
non so called. See Rein, or ce.
girt and shoulders, and full, though not
heavy chested, with short jointed, clean, REPARATIONS dan, un regiment,
Ex. repair oi arms, necessa ies, camp equi
feony legs, and full furnished, with strong
thighs : the shoulders must lay well back ; page, &c.
the forehand rise so as to give the horse To RhtiEW ,(renouveier, Fr.)t repeat,
freedom ; and the head must be so set on as to begin afresn. Hence to rentw hostili
to admit of his getting his nose in. To this ties.
must be added, action, and good sound, Renewal Th- act of renewing, as
full feet, with open heels. No h rse must the renewal of hostilities.
be taken with flat feet, or any lamem-ss, RENVOI, Fr. Sending back ; any
Or visible detect. No heavy, flesh) leg thing returned.
lumbering horse must be taken on Chevaux de Renvoi, Fr. Returned
ged,
any account.
hurses.
To REMOUNT. To remount the ca REP ARTI R, Fr. To divide, to se
dragoons, is to furnish them with parate, to detach.
valry or

horses in the room of those which have REP AR\TlO*i des troupes, Fr. Dis
been either killed, disabled, or cast. tribution of troops in different quarters.
RENCON I RE, Fr. This word has REPERlOkV See Magazine.
REP LIER, se replter, F.. To fall
been adopted amongst us, and signifies
either a private quarrel, 1.1 winch indivi back, tor. treat. In miluaty movements,
to take a rear direction towards any parti
duals accidentally meet andnVht; or an
cular part of the line viz.
nnexpecied and irregular combat between
4 F
594 REP R E Q

Se Replier sur la droite, Ft. To fall l Reports are made daily, weekly, or
back upon the right, mont hi , according to circumstances.

REPLY After the prisoner's defence The various subordinate reports consist
before a court-martial, the prosecutor or ol
informant may reply, but without noticing | Report of a rear guard.
any matter tort L n to the specific crime or i Report of a barrack guard.
crimes expressed in the charge. Report of a quarter guard.
REPORT, sound; loudnoise, as that Report of a main guard and its depen
made by the discharge of a musquet or dencies, Sec. Sec.
cannon. In the column of remarks which must
REPORT. Spec fie statement of per accompany each of these re; orts, itis ne
sons and things. Although this word mav, cessary, for the person who signs, to spe
in some sense, be considered the same as cify all casualties and extraordinary occur
it far differs in military mat rences according to the
return, ye* so
particular nature
ters, that it is less comprehensive, and re of each report. The difterent hours at
lates more immediately to persons and which the grand rounds, visiting rounds,
occurrences than to things. and patroles went, must likewise be put
General officers report to the command down.
er in chief only. REPOS, Fr. Rest, ea e. It is used
The commander in chief's guard reports by the French as a word of comma d, viz.
to himsed'
by one of his aid-de-camps. Repos, Fr. a word of command which
Reports of cavalry are given in to the agrees with stand at ease.
senior generals ot cavalry ; and reports of Quartiers de Rfpos, Ft: Th se place6
infantrv. to the senior general officers ot are so called where troops remain for some
iiifantry On a march the fie d offitei of days to refresh themselves.
the piquet reports tothe general of the day Soldat repose sur l'arme, Fr. a soldier
who leads the column; and in camp to standing at ease with ordered arms.
the next superior officer to himself. A Reposez vous sur vos armes, Ex. Or
provost martial gives in his return of pri der arms.
soners, and reports to the general of the In REPOSE, (en tepos, Fr.) This
day. term, which is manifestly taken fiom the
Judge advocates, autin? in districts or gar- French, applies to troops that are allowed
risons, &c. send in the minutes of courts- to be stationary for any given period during
mattial, and report to the district general. an active campaign either through sick
Regimental surgeons report to their com ness, or from some other cause. Thu6
manding officers, and suigeons in districts, the 5th regiment being in repose, It was
ice. to the war office. judged expedient to order the 281b. to ad
Monthly Report. Every company in vance by forced marches.
the servii e of the United States, is re REPOSITORY, a placeor repertory,
quired to make a monthly inspection and in which any thing is preserved. Thus
report, according to forms furnished by the British Repository at Woolvsich, con
the adjutant and inspector. tains models of
every sort of warlike stores,
All troops belonging to the British ser weapons, and fortification: whether in
vice, the marines excepted, who report to vented by officers of the army or civilians,
the admiralty, report through their seve as well of other nations as of Britain, re

ral cemmanding officers, &c to the adju ceipts being given to preserve the title to
tant general and secretary at war, and to the inventor. The British Repository is
the commander in chief indebted to the ingenuity of colon. 1 Con-
Spen'al Report A special report is greve, for some of its most useful and
said to be made when the name of an offi important instruments of escalade, forti
cer is tiansmitted by his commander to the fication, and gunnery.
general of a district, independent of the
REPOUSSER, Fr. to drive back, to
regular itturns ; and some specific instance repel.
of misconduct is lad before him ; very offi- REpOUSSOIRS, Fr. Drivers, chis.
ceron his arrival from abroad with a regi sels.
ment or detachment of troops, must report Repoussoir, Fr. a small stick which
himself to the governor or commanding artificers and fire-workers use in making
officer of the seaport at which he arrives ; fire- pots and other works.
and every officer who takes his passage for REPRESA1LLES, Ft. Reprisals.
foreign service, must do the same previous REPRIMAND.aslighterkredofpun.
to his depart re. ishment somet mes inflicted on officers and
The senior officer in each recruiting non-commissioned officers. It consists in
quarter reports weekly to the field officer reproving or reprimanding them at the
of tht district, the number and strength of head of their respective regiments, troop,
the parties therein. The field officers or company, as the cases may be. A re.
commanding recruiting parties in districts, is sometimes inserted in the order-
repot t tothe adjutant and inspector, to finmand
y bor.ks.
whom all returns and reports are to be REQUISITION, (requisition, Fr.) A
transmitted by them, and net direct from term peculiarly used by the French during
'he recruiting officers. the course of their revolution, and appli
cable to most nations in its general import*.
RES RET 595

It signifies the act of exacting either men |! torily superseded. The name of the per
Hence il son is laid before thes crerary at war, who
or things forthe public service. with the approbation of the president, di.
Denrees, marchandises mises en riquisiiion ; |'1
necessar.esof life, goods, &c put in a state rects the adjutant and inspector to strike it
the 1st of the army.
of requisition, or subject to be disposed off
of forthe common good at a fixed price. The money which is respited upon the
Ft: muster-roll is accounted for by the account
Jeunes gens de la Requisition, war department, and placed to the
Young men required or called upon to of the
serve in the armv.
credit of the public by the paymaster-
REQUlSITiONNAIRE, Fr. A per general.
son liable to be put in a state of requisi
RESPONSIBILITY. The state of
tion. being answerable. All public officers,
RESERVE, corps de reserve, Fr. any civil or military, are in state of respon
a

elect body of troops posted by a general out sibility with respect to national
concerns

of the first line of action, to answer some RESPONSIBLE. Answerable; ac


of liable to be called upon.
specific or critical purpose, in the daythat countable;

battle The French likewise call Colonels of regiments are respor sible tor
body a corps de reserve, which is compos the discipline of their men ; and cap
and clothing
ed of the staff of the army, and moves tains for the interior economy
with thecommander in chief, from whom ot thcr companies.
in RESPONSION, Fr. A term used
it receives the parole or word ; but eve
In military orders signi-
ry other it is
respect by its own by the French
governed
general fying the same as charge ox redevance,
charge orservice. Thus each comman-
RESINE, Fr. Rosin.
RESOLUTION, in algebra, the so- dery pays certain sum, called somme de
a

lution of a problem. responsion, to its order in proportion to its


Resolution, (tisolution, Fr.) an m- value.
RESSERRER, to hem in; toconfine.
disper.siole quality of the mind, which
every general of an army should possess
Une garnison fort resserrie, a garrison nar
to its lull extent. It is the advice of all rowly watched by a besieging army, and
wise men, leisurely to digest plans, and kept within its walls.
calmly deliberate upon them; but when RESSORT, Fr. Sping. Elasticity.
once it becomes necessary to put them
into This word is used in various senses by the
execution, rhe person entrus'ed with com French, viz.
Dernier Res sort, Fr. the last shift.
mand, should be prompt and vigorous. Todo
RESOOM, Ind. Fees or dues. N'ugit que par ressort, Fr.
be in
To RESPITE, to suspend, to delay; nothing of one's own tree will ; to
from the- French respiter. fluenced, to be acted upon by others.
Fr. To want
To be muster-roll, to be
r e s p I T ed on the Manquer de ressort,
energv, vigor, &c.
suspended from pay, Sec. during which Un earactere qui a du res SORT, Fr. A
of promotion, pay,
peri <d all advantages :

Sec. are stopped. It is originally derived firm, ditermiue character.


RESSOURCE, Fr, Resource, shifty
from respite, which signifies delay, for
bearance, &c. Thus in Clarendon's history refuge.
of the civil wars we read, that an act pas Unhommede ressouRces, Fr. a man
sed for the satisfaction of the officers of who has resources within himself.
Un bomme plcin de Ressources, a man
the king's army, by which they were pro
mised payment in November following; full of resources, full of expedient;.
To REST arms, to bring the firelock to
till which time they wetetO'espite it, and
be contented, that ihe comm.ni soldiers the same position as in present arms.
See Manual.
and inferior officers should be satisfied up reversed. At mili
To rest upon arms
on their disbanding. At present to respite
reversed. The
means to deprive an individual ot all the tary funerals the arms are

at ached to his situation; in soldiers belonging to the firing party, rest


advantages of their firelocks, while
which sense it signifies much the same as upon the butt ends
the funer-1 service is performed, leaning
to suspend. .

with their cheeks, so as to turn from the


When an officer has exceeded his leave
of absence, and has not sent a satisfactory corPse- J, A
A
A

account of himself to his commanding


Rest upon your arms reversed! wora

of command which is used at military fu


officer, the latter reports him, in
an espe
of the district, nerals.
cial manner, to the general .

absent without RE ST ANT, Fr. the remainder ; what


by whom he is returned
It sometimes happens, that the is left.
leave T

colonel or commanding officer gives


direc RESTE, Fr. Remainder, viz. Le
on the inuster- reste des tteupes, the remainder of the
tions to have him noted
which case he is
10II of tne regiment; in troops.
or deprived of pay

Etre en reste, Fr To be in arrears.
said tobe respited
This is the first step towards suspension RENTER, Fr. to remain behind.
ter RETENUE, Fr. Stoppage; any thing
from rank and pay, which.ultimately
minates in a toial exclusion
rrom the ser. kept back.
being peremp- RET1AIRE, f>. SeeREii-v-airjE.
Mice, by the offending party
*

596 R E T RET

PETIARIUS, a kind of gladiator who histoiyof the war of the Jews against the
fou-ht in the amphitheatre du-ing the time Romans.
ot the Romans. He is thus described b> The intermediate
periods, since the days
Kennett, in his Roman Antiquities, pa^e of the Greeks and
Romans, and before the
274- modern era furnish various
examples on
The Retiarius was dressed in a snort this head. In 1219, GenghisKhan set all
coat, having a ftiscina or trident in his hisbattering rams to work, for the pur
left hand, and a net, from which hedenvcs pose of effecting a hreach in the walls of
h s name, in his ri Jit. With this he en Ottrar; but, to his great surprise, he no
deavored to entangle hi* adversary, that sooner entered the town, than he foun a
he might then with his trident easily dis fres line of entrenchments tint had been
he wore only a thrown up in the veiy heart of the
patch him: on his head wuh a broad ri
city.
He saw every street cut asunder with tem
hat tied under his chin
band .
, porary ditches, and eve ry house presented
RETIRADE,"*- Coupure, Fr. In f r- fresh obstacles : so much so, that he ex
tificarifn, a retrenchment, which is ge perienced more difficulty in si-bduing the
nerally made with two faces, forming a nhahitants after he had forced the walls,
rentrant angle, and is thrown up in th than hadocci rred in practisin; the breach.
body o a work tor the purpose of reeeiv. When the emperor Charles V. laid siege
to Merz in
ing troops, who may dispute th ground 1552, -the duke de Guise, who
inch by inch. When the first means o* was governor of the town, instantly
adopt
r. sistance have bien destroyed, others art ed the necessary precautions to defend it
substituted by cutting a ditch, and lining to the last He built a new wal! behind
it with a parapet. The tetiraae sometimes theom- against which the principal attack
cons. sis of nothing more than rows of was directed ; and when the breach was
fascines filled with earth, stuffed gabions, made, the besiegers found themselves ob-
barrels or sand bags, with or without a -tinately. opposed afresh, within a short
dtch, and either fenced w.th palisadoes, space ofthe ground they had carried. In
or left without them. conscience of this unexpected check,
Whenever it becomes absolutely neces the enemy's troops grew disheartened ; and
sary toquit the head or side of a work, the their want ot confidence soon convinced
whole of it must, on no account, be aban the emperor that the place could not be
doned On the contrary, whilsi sonic taken. The siege was unexpectedly rais
dcternrned troops kc.'p the enemv in ed, and the preservation of the town was
chick, I'thsrsmust be actively employed entirely owing to the wise precautions that
in throwing up retirades, which may flank had been adopted by the duke de Guise.
each other, and in cutting a ditch in front In 174a, marshal Broglio, being closely
Ir is p-trticularly incumbent upon the en besieged in the city of Prague, threw up
gineer officer to assist in works of this sort, retrenchments within the walls, and pre
and every office r and soldier should z a- pared to make a most vigorous resistance.
lously co operate with him. A slight An occasion, however presented itself, of
kiowlege of field fortification will on thesr which he took advantage, that rendered
otcasions give a decided advantage. The any further 1 recautions useless. He made
a vigorous sortie and forced the
bo.tyof a retirade should be raised as high enemy to
as possible, and several fougasses should raise the sie^e.
be laid beneath it, forthe purpose ot blow RETIRED List, a list on the British
ing up the groimd on which the enemv marine establishment upon which super
may have established himself. annuated offictrs are placed.
Retirades as practised by the ancients : Officers who retire in the East India
these were wals hasr ly run up brhiiiu company service The India company have
breathes thai were made by the hitterim res ived, that an officer, (in his military

irains. The able comment tor upon Po- capai ity) after twenty years actual service
lybius observes, that in no instance, olid in I dia, coming to Europe on leave, will
th" skill of tie great m> n ot aniiquitv be allowed to retire on the pay of his rank,
appear in so conspicuous a light, as in the provided he signifies his intention of so
various chitants to which they resorted doing, w thin twenty months after his
for the preservation of a town. Their arrival. Officers on leave who are desi
ingenuity and resolution intreased in pro rous of retiring, and who declare their

portion as thedanger approached. Instead inte tion to that effect, within twelve
of offering to capitivlate as the moderns monthsfrom theirarrival, will be permit-
tut to retire on the pay of the rank they
generally do, when a pract'uable broth
has been opened by a besieging enemy, mav be entitled to at that per od. An ofli-
the ancients, in that emergency, collected c r having complet d 22 years actual re.

all tne.r vigor, had recourse to various s>denc in India, will b. allowed to retire

on the full pa> of his rank, directly on his


stratagem*, ami waited b-hind the reti
rades or temporary retrearstogive the. ne- leavinu India
my a warm a-'d obstinate rec prion Cae RETOURS de la mine, Fr. returns of
sar, in his Commentaries, has given a am'ne Se- Gallery.
nvnute description of the manner in which Retours de la tranchie, Ex. returns of
these ret.rad-s were constructed; and we a rrench. In fortification, the several
find them mentioned by Jusephus, in his windings and oblique deviations of a trench
RET RET 597

which are drawn, in som- measure, pa throw up retrenchments of a saliant and


rallel to the sides of the pla-e attacked, rentranr narure.
in oreler to avoid being enfiladed, or having In construct n.: these ifferent retrench
the shot of the enemy scour along the ments it m.. st b>- an invariable rule, to
length of the line. On account of these get as n as possible ro the
ar
ar.mets of .

d ffer -nt returns a considerable interval is the bastions and to the.r ruins, in o'-der to
opened between trie h.'ad and the tail ol batter those in fla k ana re.ir, who should
the trench, which, were the lines di attem, t to sea e, and at the same time r0
rected, w.-uld not be at any great distance be out of the reach of ihe besieger's ord
from ach other. nance.

RETRAITE, Fr. See Retreat. When the headot the breach is so much
R e t r a i t e dans les montagnes, Ex. The laid open, that the besieger's cannon an .

act of fading back or retreating among the scour all above u, small mine* most be
mountains. prepared beneath, and a retr.-m hment be
Faire retraite, Fr. To retire, to instantly thrown up in the body of the
fall hack. bastion.
Battre la retraite, Fr. Tobeatthe To RETREAT. To make a retrograde
tap- too. movement. Ar army or bodv of men are
Se battre en retr aite, Fr. To main siid to retrear when they turn th ir backs
tain
a running fight. upon the enemy, or are retiring from rhe
RETRAITE, Fr. certain appoint ground they occupied : hence,
every march
ments which were given during the French in withdrawing fiom the
enemy is called
monarchy to infantry officer*, wh.n they a retreat.
retired from the active duties of their pro Ti at retreat which is do- e in sight of an
fession, to afford them means of support. active enemy, who pursues with a supe
The pensions wfrch were settled upon rior force, is the one we particularly allude
cavalry officers were like wis* distinguisned to in this place ; being, with reason, look
by the same term. ed upon as the gloty ofthe profession.
Retraite, Fr. See Relais. It is a manoeuvre the most nelcate, ami
RETRANCHEMENS.Ff. See Re- fittest to display the prudence, genius,
TR i NCHMENTS. .
courage, and address, of an offi er who
RetRanCHEME|S particuliers qu'on commanels : the records of all ages testify
fait sur la tite des briches d'une place assie- it, and historians have never been so lavish
gee, Ex. Particular retrenchments, which of eulogiums as on the subject of the bril
are made in front of breaches that have liant retreatsof their heroes. 1 r it be im
been effected in the walls of a besieged portant, it is no less difficult to regulate,
on account of the
town. variety of circumsran-
I', is always necessary, that retrench ces, each of which demands different
ments of this description should have the princples, and an almost endless detail.
figures rentrant angles, in order, that
of Hence a good retreat is este med, by ox-
they may not only fiank the breaches, but peienced offic rs, the masrer piece ofa
be capable of lerending themselves. general. He should therefore be well ac
A besieging enemy, seldom or ever, at- quainted with the situation of the coun
temots a breachthe flanked angle of a
at try through which he intends to make it,
bastion, because it must be seen bv the and careful that nothing is omitted to make
two flanks ot the neighboring bastions, it sate and honorable. General Moreau's
and be perpetually xposed to the fire of

retreat in 1796 has rendered his name
the casemates of the town. Nevertheless immortal. The three most celebrated
should the breach be actually effected, r. - modern retreats have been theonealready

trenchments minht be thrown up, in the mentioned, that 01 Prague, and that of
same manner that horn- works are con general Macdonald in Italy.
structed, for '.he purpose of flanki git. Retreat, is also a beat of the drum,
If the breach should be inaiie in th face at the firing of the evening gun ; at whicii
of the bastion, (which usually happens, the drum-major, with all the drums ot
because that quarter can be seen by the the battalion, except such as are upor.
garrison from one side only) retrenchments duty, be.its from the camp colors on the
in the shape of rentrant angles must be right to those on the left, on the parade
constructed. of encampment : the drums of ail the
Breaches are seldom atrempted at the guaids beat llso ; the trumpets at the same
angle of the epaulement, because tht time s ending at the head of their respec
part of the astion is the most solid and
i tive troops. This is to warn the soldiers
compact, and the most exposed to the fir.. to forbear firing, and the sentinels to chal

from the urtain to that of the opposite


.
lenge till the break of day, when the re
flank, and to the reverse discharge, or fire veille is beat. The retreat is likewise
from the rear Add to this, that the called setting the watch.
storming party would >e .ailed in fiank and Chequered RE TREAT, ritraite en iche-
rear, not only from the simple bistion, quier, Fr. It is so called from the several
but likewise from the casemates. 1 1, how- tomoonent parts of a line 01 battalion,
ev. r, a breach should be effected in that which retreat and face in the
alternately
quarter, it would become necessary to presence of an enemy, exhibiting the fa-
598 RET R E T

jure of the chequered squares upon a chess rally all things that can cover the men,
board. and stop the enemv; but it smoreap.
All manoeuvres of a corps retiring, are phcable to a ditch bordered with a para.
infinitely more difficult to be performed pet ; and a post thus fortified, is called a
-w.rh order, than those in advancing. retrenched post, or strongpost Retrenchments
.

They must be more or less accomplished an either eemral or particular.


by chequered movements ; one body by General Retr fnchme nts, are a kind
its numbers or position, facing and pro of n. w lefence made in a place
besieged,
tecting the retreat of another ; and if the to cover the
defendants, wh- n the enemy
enemy presses hard, the whole must pro becomes master of a lodgment on the for-
bably front in time and await him : as the tifi< ation, that they may be in a condition
ground narrows or favors, different parts of disputing 'hegrourd inch by inch, and
of rhe corps must double; mouths of de of putting a stop tothe enemy's
progress,
files and advantageous posts must be pos in expectation of relief; as, if the
besieg
sessed; by degrees the different bodies er's attack a teraille 01 the place, which
must diminish their fronts, and throw they ju geth weakest, either by its being
themselves into columnof match when it ill nanke> i, or com anded by some neigh-

can be done wi h safety. borii g ground ; then the besieged make a


The chequered tetreat by the alternate great retrenchment, inclos nt all that part
battalions or half battalions of a line going which they judge in most din. er. These
to the rear, while th" others remain halt sht-uld be fortified w.th bastions and demi-
ed, cover them, and in their turn retire in bastions, surrounded by a good ditch coun
the same manner, is the quickest mode of termined, a. d highei than the works of
refusing a part of a corps to the enemy, 'he place, that thev may command the
and at the same time protecting its move old works, and
put the besiegers to infinite
ment, as long as it continues to be made trouble in covering themselves.
nearlv parallel to the first position. Particular RETRENCHMENTS, or
In the chequered retreat, the following retrenchments within a baston, (retrenche-
rules must be observed : the battalions of mens dans ut bastion, Fr. j Retrenchments
the division nearest to the eU'iny, will of this description must reach from one
form flanks as soon as there is nothing in Hank to another, or fiom one casemate 'o
their front to cover them ; but the other another. It is only in full bastions that
divisions will not have any flanksexcept to retrenchments can be thrown up to ad
the outward battalion of each. The bat vantage. In empty bastions you can o. ly
talions always pass by their proper inter have recourse to retirades, or temporary
vals, and it is a rule in retiring, that the barricadoes above the ramparts. The as
left of each shall always pass the right of' sailants may easily carry them by means
the neighboring one. Whatever advan

of hand grenades, for these retrenchments
tage the around offers, those advantages never flank each other. It 'S necessary to
must be seized, without too critical an raise a parapet about five or six feet thick
observance of inteivals, or minute adhe before every retrenchment. It must be
rence to the determined distance of each five feet high, and thednchesas b oad aid
retreat The division next the enemy as deep as they can be made. There must
must pass in front, though the intervals also be small mines run out in various di
of the division immediately behind, and rections, tor ihe purpose of blowins: up the
any battalion that finds it necessary, must assailants should they attempt to force the
incline for that purpose. The retiring di retrenchments.
vision must step out, and take up no more RETURNS, ina military sense, areof
time than what is absolutely required to various sorts, but all tending to explain
avoid confusion. The division nearest the the state of the army, regiment, troop, or
enemy fires ; the flanks of its battalions company: namely, how many capable of
only fire when the enemy attempts to push i doing duty, on duty, sick in quarters,
through the intervals. When that divi barracks, infirmary, or hospital ; prisoners,
sion retires ic fires on, skirmishes by its absent with or without leave ; total ef
riflemen, and if they have none, by men fective; wanting to complete the esta
detached from the lighr companies, if any, blishment, &c See Regulations and
or from platoons formed of rear rank men Amer. Mil. Lib.
of one or two of the companies, and placed Returns of a mine, are the turnings
behind the flanks of tha battalions. Bit aid windings of the gallery leading to the
should any of its battalions be obliged to mine. See Gallery.
halt a id to fire, a shorter step must then Returns of a trench, the various turn
be taken by the line; and should the ene ings and windings whicii form the lines of
my threaten toenteratany of its intervals, the trench, and are, as near as they can be,
besides the fire of its flanks, such platoons made to avoid
parallel to the place attacked,
of the line behind it, as can with safety, being infiladed. These returns, when fol
must give it support. lowed, make a long way from the end of
RETRENCHMENT, in the art of the trench to the head, which going the
war, is any work raised to cover a post, and straight way is very short: but then the
men are exposed ; yet, upon a sally, the
fortify it against an enemy ; such as fas
cines loaded with earth, gabions, barrels, courageous never consider the danger, but
&c. filled with earth, sand bags, and gcne- getting over the trench with such as will
RET REV 599

follow them, take the shortest way to agent : any officer whose address is not
with his agent, will be considered as ab
repulse the enemy, and cut off their re

if sent without leave, and


treat possible. guilty of disobe
Any officer who shall knowingly make dience ot orders.
a false return to any his superior office i Officers upon half pay are, in likeman-
authorised to call for such returns, shall, ner, to leave their addresses at the war
upon being convicted thereof before a ge- office ; particularly so if they should leave
neal court-martial, be cashiered. the united kingdoms; and officers belong
Whoever shall be convicted of having ing to the militia are to leave their names,
designedly, or through neglect, omitted Sec. with the several adjutants of regi.
such returns, shall be punished ments.
sending officers of regiments or
according to the nature of the offence by Commanding
the judgment of a general cour'-niartia!. posts, the adjutant and
are to transmit to

To RETURN, ina militarv sense, to inspector half


an yearly return of quarters,
insert ihe names of such officers, as are on the ist of December, and the ist of

present'or absent on the stated periods for May, agreeable to the prii. ted form; like
the identification of their being with their wise a report of any march
performed by
regiments, on detachment, or absent with the corps under their orders.
or without leave. All returns, reports, and papers,
purely
r.^KETUtNEo To have one's name of a military and public nature, which
inserted in the regular monthly, fourteen are to be sent to the war office of the
of a regiment, ac United States, aie to be addressed, " To
days, or weekly state
the adjutant and inspector, Washington."
cording io circumstances; as to be returned
absent without leave ; to be repoited to the All official letters, iniendtd for the se
commander in chief, or to any superior cretary at war, should be transmitted,
officer, as being absent from the duty of under covers, addressed as above, to the
the corps ; either from having exceeded adjutant and inspector.
the leave given, or from having left quar To prevent an improper expence of
ters without the necessary permission. postage, all official letters and returns sent
To be returned upon the surgeon's list as to the adjutant and
inspector, "
are to be

unfit for duty, &c. from illness, &c. sent, under covers, addressed To the
Commanding officers of regiments or officer by name, with the title of ad
jutant and inspector, Washington,"
posts, in the British serv ce, are regularly at

to transmit to the adjutant and inspector's aid on the outside of the covers is to be
office the following returns : written in legible characters, " public
A monthly, on the ist of each month. service, and then the name and rank of
A return of officers, on the 14th of each the writer."
month. RETURN pistol. SeePisTOL.
A weekly state, to arrive on Mondays. Return bayonet. This term is some
To the war office. times used, but it is not technically cor
A monthly return, on the ist of each rect, as the proper word of command is
month. unfix bayonet.
A return of absent officers, on Return ramrod. See Manual.
the 14th
of each month. Return swords. See Sword.
Every officer commanding a REVEILLE, is the beat of a drum,
regiment,)
or detachment, on embarking for a foreign ! about break of day, to advertise the army

station, will transmit an embarkation re- that it is day light, and that the sentinels
'

turn to the adjutant-general's office, and forbear challenging.


to the war office, a cuplicateof which he! REVERS, Fr. Behind, in rear, at
will deliver to the general or officer com- the back of any thing.
Etre vu de rev ers, Fr. To be over
mandtnj. at the port from which he em
barks. looked by a reverse commanding ground.
On a regiment embarking, the com When a work, for instance, is command
ed by some adjacent eminence, or has been
manding officer is to transmit to the ad
of the so badly disposed, that theenemy can see
jutant-general's office, a return its terre-plcine, or rampart, that woik
recruiting parties he purposes to leave in
Great Britain, or Ireland, specifying their may be said to be overlooked, itre vu de
strength, their stations, and the officers revirs. The same term is applicable to a
trench when the fire of the besieged can
by whom they are commanded ; a dupli
cate of this return is to be trammitied to reach the troops that are stationed within
the inspector- :ei.eral of the recruiting it.
service in the Is'eot Wight. Rev ers de la trancbee, Fr. Literally
, All officers belonging to regiments on means the back part of the trench. It is
not actually employed on the ground which corresponds with that
foreign stations,
the recruiting service, are to report their of the border of the trench that
proportion
arrival from abroad, and ihe cause of their lies directly opposite to the parapet. One
thrown
absence, at the adjutant-general's office, or two banquettes aregeneraily up
and are to leave their atidiesses with their in this quarter, in order that the trench
and in case of their guard may make a stand upon the reverse
respective agents,
when it happens to be attacked by a sortie
changing their (daces of residence,
are

immediately to notice the same to their of the enemy.


600 REV R E W

REVERSE. A contrary ; an opposite ; ranee in <hat he krows to be the


uttering
as, the reverse, or outward wheeling fla k ; tact, fami'iar to the real soldier.
are-

which is opposite to the one wheeled to REVOCABLE, (rivocable, Fr.) That


or u.ron. See Pivot. may be recalled Nominations for appoint
Reve-si likewise signifies on the ments in the army, are made bv the
presi
lack, or behind : so we say, a -everse com dent of th United States, subject to the
See. concurrence ofthe senate, who, if
manding ground, a reverse battery, they
RFVERSKDarw. Arms are said to disagree, revoke the appointment.
c reversed when the butts ofthe pieces REVOLT, [rivolte, ti.) Mutiny; in.
areslung or held uo-s'.irds. surrection.
Reversed. U os.de down; as arms Revolter. One who rises against
r--- ;-.d. lawful authority; a deserter, Sec.
REVETEMENT, (revetement, Ex.) REVOI.TES, Ft. Rebels.
ir. a strong wall, bu It on the REVOLUTION, (rivotution, Fr ) A
fortification,
oi. -,Hc of the ramparf a.d parapet, to change in government, as the throwing
f pport the eat i, and prevent its toljing off the tyranny of Britain, bv theaeclara-
ii o the(,''e.,-, tion of independence, in 1776, and as the
\H.B.\r*. \ iMhNT du rampart, Ex. Reve- French revolution
tert'evi be-ioiigine' to the rampart. REVOLUTIONNAIRE, Fr. A
KEVF.'J'IR, Fr. To line, tocover, to fiend to the revolution.
fon fv Revolutionna ire, Fr. Anadjective
REVIEW, -revue, Ex.) In them litary o*' t.vo genders. Any thing belonging to
acceptation of the term, an nsiection of; the r volution. Hu.cs
the aopea arc-', and regular d sposition of A>mie Revolutionnaire. A revo-
a body of troops, assf-moled for that pur lutioi arv army ; such as appeared in
pose, is call d a review. France.
At all teviews, tne offic rs sho-ild be RhVOLUTIOVNER, Fr. To re-
armed, ready thei; xertite, I lutionize. To propagate principles ina
properly in vi

salute well, in *ood tim , and with j g oel country whic'- are subversive ot its ex. st
air; tn. ir uniiorm genteel, Sec. The men int: gov rnment.
s'noul-i be clean and well dressed; their REWARD, (recompense, Fr.) A re
accoutrements well out on: ve-y well compence iven for good perf rmed.
sized in the rail's; the Serjeants exert Twenty s illm. s are allowed by the mu
in their duty, drummers perfect in their tiny act, as a reward lor apprehending de

beatings, a- u rfic filers pi y correct. The serters.


manual performed in goon tune, arid with Military Rewards, (ricompenses mili-
lire ; rhe meii carry thrir arms well ; taires, Fr.) Th; original ir.stai.c- sof mi
march, whec, and form with exactness; litary rewards are to be found in the Gre
manoeuvres peito i>ed with regularity, cian and Roman histories. The ancients
both inqiick aod alow tim'.-. Theinten- did not, however, at first reconi pence
tion oi a review is, tokno^v the conelirjon military merit in any other way than by
of the troops, to s e that thy are com
erecting statues tn the memory, or present
plete, and ; ei orm sheii exe cis- andevo- ing them with triumphal crowns. The
I.iriiis veil See Movements, likewise warriors of that age were more eager to
Inspection. deserve public applause by extraordinary
To REVISE, (riviset, Fr.) To review ; feats of valor, by temperance and moral
to reexamine; tor -consider. I'h'S term virtue, than to become rich at tl> expence
is used in military matters, which relate ofthe st-ite They thirsted aftei glory ;
to the proceedings of a general or regimen but it was atre.r a species of glory which
tal court-mariiai. 1 1 sometm s happens was not in the least tarnishjd by the alloy

that the members are directed ro r. -assem of moder considerations.


ble for the purpose of revising part ofthe The services which individuals render
whole mass of the evidence that has been ed were distinguished by the kind of s'atue

brought before them, and of maiurelv that wa> erected, and its
accompanying
weighing afresh the substanceof the proof's decoratons, or by the materials and par
upon which they have formed their opi ticular forma:ion of the crow,, s that were
nion ai;d judgment. Great delicacy and presented.
discretion are required in those who have In process of time, the state or civil
authority to order a revision of this sort. government of a country, felt rhe piopri-
A court-martial outfit to b.* the moi.t in ety and justiceof securing to its defenders
dependent couit on ea.th. Interest, pre something more substantial than mere
judice, or partiality, h.s no business show and unprofitable trophies. It was
within its precincts An honest regard to considered, tnat men who had exposed
t uth, a sense ot the necessity of good their lives, and had been wounded, or
order and discipline, and a stubborn adhe were grown infirm through age, &c ought
rence to facts, constitut the code of mi- to be above want, and not only to have

litaiy laws and statutes Quirks, quib those comforts which thnugh their exer
bles,' aid e< as-'.ms, are as foreign to the tions millions were enjoying, but to be
genui'ie .iirir t of martial jurisdiction, as
placed in an independent and honorable
candor, manliness, and resolute perse ve- situation. The most celebiated of their
[
wairiors were consequently provided for at
RE W RE W 601

the public expence, and they had regular had been originally bestowed upon men of
claims made over to them, whicii were military merit, descended to their chil
answered at the treasury. dren, and weregradu dly lost in the aggre
Triumphal honors were likewise rec gate mass of inheritable property. Other
koned among the military rewards which 1 means were consequently to be resorted to
the ancients voted to their best generals. by the state, in order to satisfy the just
Fabius Maximus, Paul EmiliUs, Camil- 1 claims of deserving officers antl soldiers.
lus, and the Scipios were satisfied with The French, therefore, returned to the
this recompense for their services. With ancient custom of the Romans, and re
respect to old infirm soldiers, who were warded those, who distinguished them
invalided, they were provided for by re selves in war, by honorary marks of dis
ceiving, each a lot of ground, which they tinction.
cultivated and improved. Lands, thus Under the first race of French kings
appropriated, formed part of the republi may be found several instances of men of
can or national domains, or were d vided obscure condition having, by their valor,
amongst them in the conquered countries. obtained the rank and title of count, and
The Roman officer was rewarded for his even those of duke. Tiuse dignities, of
services, or for particular acts of bravery themselves, entitled the bearers to places
Jn three ways: 1st. By marks of honor of high command in the armies. The
or distinction, which consisted of two title of knight, most especially of knight
sorts, viz. Of that which was merely banneret, gave very high rank during the
ornamental to their own persons, or limit reign of Philip Augustus: and in the
ed to the investiture for life; and of that reigns of one or two of his predecessors,
which may be called rememarative, such as it was bestowed upon individuals who
statues, Sec. The latter descended to their behaved in a distinguished manner in the
posterity, and gave their families a certain field.
jank in the republic. 2dly. By pensions This species of reward did not cost the
or allowances, and 3dly. By a grant of public any thing. It was bestowed upon
lands which exceed, d the lots given to pri the individual by the general of the army,
vate soldiers. These lands, the property and consisted in nothing in re than a salute
of the veteran soldier, in process of time given by the latter on the field of battle,
became objects of solicitude among the by which he became knight banneret, and
Patricians and rich men ; they encroach was perfectly satisfied with the honor it
ed upon them, and often excited foreign conferred.
wars, in order to take away the citizens, This mode of rewarding individuals for
and in their absence, engross their lands ; great actions or long services, continued
this rapacity of the senators, was the true until men inlisted themselves for money,
cause of the agrarian lav>s, which has and the army was regularly paid, accord
generally been held up as a reproach to the ing to the several ranks of those who com
injured and not to the oppressors, and the posed it. At this period, however, it be
people in republics have been held forth as came expedient to have recourse to the
turbulent and inimical to personal proper second method which was adopted by the
ty, because the people of Rome sought to Romans to compensate individuals for ser
recover th.- lands of which they had been vices rendered to the state. The royal
despoiled by the avarice ofthe senate, and treasury was either subjected to the annual
by an inordinate spirit of speculation. claims of individuals, or to the payment
The Franks, who got possession of the of a specific sum, for having eminently
country which was formerly occupied by distinguished themselves under arms.
the Gauls, had, at first, noother method Notwithstanding this, honorary rewards
of recompensing their generals than by continued to be given, and the knighthood
giving them a certain proportion of land. conferred in the field by the kiss or salute
This grant did not exceed their natural of a general, which the French style acco
lives, and sometimes it was limited tothe lade, was practised until the 16th tentury:
time they remained in the service. It was usual, even during that century,
These usages insensibly changed, and to reward a soldier, who did a brave action,

by degrees it became customary for the


by some mark of distinction, that was
children of such men as had received grants given on the spot; by a crown madeof
bf national territory, to continue to enjoy grass or other verdure, which vvas placed
them; upon condition, however, that the upon his head by his comrades, or bj a gold
actual possessors of such lands should be ring, which his commanding officer put
liable to military service. Hence the ori upon his finger in the presence of the
gin of fiefs in France, and the consequent whole troop or company to which he be
of" milice des fieffis, or militia, longed. It sometimes happened, as in the
appellation
of men who held tneir lands on reiRn of Francis the first, that this mark
composed
condition of bearing arms when called of distinction was given by the general of
The French armies were for many the army.
upon.
in this manner ; and the Several brave men have been distin
years constituted
custom of rendering military service in guished with titles of nobility and armo
consideration of land tenure, only ceased rial bearings, which were conferred by
under Charles the Vllth. princes, in consequence of some singular
In nroccss of time, those lands which feat or exploit. There have been instap-
4 G
60* R E W RIB

ces recorded in the French history of ex maimed in action, by giving them certain
traordinary actions having been rewarded monastic allowances and lodging, Sec. in
the kings who commanded the difterent convents of royal institution.
upon spot by
in person. A soldier of merit was pecu Philip Augustus, king of France, first
liarly honored by Louis the Xlth, for formed the design of building a college or
bravery and good conduct in the field. soldiers who had been rendered infirm, or
That monarch took the collar of a military were grown old in the service.
Louis,
order off" his own neck, and placed it round surnamed the great, not only adopted the
the neck of Launay Mor villi er, as a re idea, but completed the plan in a grand
ward for great prowess and intrepidity. and magnificent style. Charles the se
Besides the gramineous crown and gold cond, on his restoration to the crown of
ring, which were thus given as marks of Great Britain, established Chelsea, and
honor and distinction^the private soldiers James the second added considerable im.
were frequently rewarded by small sums provements to this institution.
of money when they performed any par R E Z, Fr. A preposition which sig.
ticular feat or act of bravery. They were nifies close to, adjoining, level with.
likewise promoted from the ranks, and Rex. le metal in a right line with the metal,
made Serjeants or corporals. a phrase used in pointing guns, to discri

Honorary rewards and compensations minate between the real and artificial point
for service were not confined to individual blank ; it means on a level with the tops
officers and soldiers. Whole corps were ofthe base-ring and swell of the muzzle.
frequently distinguished in the same man As rex-pied, rex-terre. Dimoiir les forli.
ner. When stveral corps acted together, ficatiens, rex-pied, rex-terre. To level' the
and one amongst them gave signal proofs fortifications with the ground.
of gallantry and good conduct, that one Rf z-de-chausse'e, Er. The ground floor.
frequently took precedence of the othe s This term properly means the surface 01
in rank, or was selected by the sovereign floor of any building which is even with
to be his personal guard. Sometimes, the ground on which it is raised. It would
indeed, the king placed himself at the be incorrect 10 say Rex-dechaussie d'une
head of such a corps on the day of battl *, cave, ou du premier itage d'une maison ; the
thereby testifying his approbation of their ground floor of a cellar, or of the first
conduct, and giving a proof of his conn story of a house.
dence in their bravery. R H A G O O N , Ind. The twelfth month
It is now usual, in most countries, to which, in some respect, corresponds with
confer marks of distinction on those corps, February. It follows the month Magh,
that have formed part of any army that which agrees with January.
has signalized itself. Thus the kettle RHINE LAND rod, is a measure ot
drums, under the appellation of nacaires, twelve feet, used by all the Dutch engi
were given to some regiments, as proofs neers.
of their having behaved gallantly on try RHOMBUS, (Rbombe, Ft.) in geometry,
ing occasions. an oblique angled parallelogram, or a
Themilitary order of St. Louis, wliich quadralateral figure whose sides are equal
Louis the XI Vth in 1693, and parallel, but the angles unequal ; two
wascreatedby of the opposite ones being obtuse, and
and that of Maria Theresa. The modern
French legion of honor, instituted by Bo. the other two acute.

napartc, adopts and organizes into a most RIBAND, Rubande, Rubatt; Ft. This
influential and comprehensive military word is sometimes written Ribbon. A nar
and political system, all the usages of row web of silk which is worn for orna

pre-existing military orders ; and fixes ment.


degrees of rank under various denomina Riband cockade. The cockades which
tions, those thus decorated are preferred are given to recruits, and is commonly
for other trusts and honors. There are called the colors.
many other orders in different countries, RIBAUDE, Fr. Irregular, noisy, ill-
were only instituted for the purpose of mannered. This term is likewise used aa
rewarding militaty merit. Tlie Greeks a substantive, viz.
and Romans satisfied themselves with Un Ribaud, Fr. A noisy, ill-man
honorary rewards, or occasional compen nered fellow. It is an old French word,
sations. The moderns, particularly the which at present is seldom spoken in the
French and English, have placed military polished circles of life. In former times,
claims upon a more solid footing The as late indeed as during the reign of Philip

gratitude ofthe public keeps pace with Augustus, king of France, it was cur.
the sacrifices of individuals, and perma rent without carrying along with it any
nent provisions are made for those who particular reproach or mark of infamy.
are wounded or rendered infirm in the ser The foot guards, who did duty at the
vice. palace, were generally called ribauds, from
The Athenians supported those who the looseness of their morals; which by
had been wounded in battle, and the Ro degrees grew so very corrupt, that the
mans recompensed those that had served term, (harmless perhaps at first) was in
during a given period. The French kings sensibly applied to persons guilty of dis
reserved to themselves the privilege of honorable acts. Hence pick- pockets,
oroviding for individuals who had been thieves, cheats, Sec. were called ribauds.
not wait for their See Batte
On which account the provost of the ho- bursting.
ry.
telor town-housein Paris, was popularly
Ctiled roi des ribauds, ox provost of ribauds. Ricochet firing isconfined to any
not

This phrase prevailed until the reign of particular charge or e'eyarion; each must
according to the distance and differ
Charles the Vlth. vary
of level of the object to be fired at ;
Ribaud, Fr. adj. likewise means ence
on which it is
lewd, debauched, Sec. and particularly of the spot
Un homme Ribaud, ? Fr. A licen- intended the shot shall make the first
is under
Une femme R i b au de, $ tious man ; a bound. The smaller the angle
the
licentious woman. which a shot is made to ricochet,
and have
RIBAUDEQUIN, Fr. AwarliRema- loneei if will preserve its force
the less
effect, as it will sink so much and whose
in
chine instrument, which the French
or

anciently used. It was made in the form theground on whicn it boundsso ;


much less
of a bow, containing twelve or fifteen feet tenacity will of course present the ricochet
resistance to its In
in its curve, and was fixed upon the wall progress.
the angle ot
a fortification of any kind,
of a fortified town, for the purpose ef of
elevation should seldom be less than
10 ,
casting out a prodigious javelin, which a little
sometimes killed several men at once. to throw the shot ov r a parapet
It
According to Monstrelet, a French wri higher than the level of the battery.
or ribauderin, signified a the works should be of an extraordinary-
ter, ribaudequin, such
piece must be removed
to
the
sort of garment which was worn by the height, that it
soldiers when they took the field. situation, and have such charge,
or
can attain its object at this elevation,
R1BLEURS, Ft Vagabonds, debauch
.

140, other
at least under that of 13"
or
ed fellows that run about the streets, or and the
houses. wise the shot will not ricochet,
spend their nights in disorderly to The first
Soldiers who give themselves up carriages will suffer verv much.
called rib-
pillage gun in a ricochet battery
should be so
&c. in war time, are likewise of the
leurs, by way of reproach. placed as to sweep the whole length
at 3 or 4
RIBLER, Fr. To ramble, Sec. was rampart of the enemy's work, should
act of feet from the parapet, and the rest
formerly the verb, and rible rie, the Both as small an angle with
the parapetas
form
rambling, &c. the substantive. should
terms are now obsolete, except among the possible. For this purpose the gunsthe face
be pointed about 4 fathoms from
lower orders. In the
To ricochet, to of the work towards the inter o.
RICOCHER, Fr. the ob
batter or fire at a place with ricochet shots. ricochet of ordnance in the field,
jects to be fired at being principally
in
The author of a very valuable work enti should seldom
tled,Essai Giniral de Fortification, eld' At- fantry and cavalry, the guns as with
observes in a be efevated above 3 degrees;
taque et Defense des places, would be apt to
that in strict greater angles the ball
note to page 89, vol. 1, defeat the object in
but bound too high, and
analogy, we should say ricecheter ; tended. For ricochet practice, see
the
has made
use, which is above all rules, as Oun,
different pieces' of ordnance,
ricocher a technical term, whenever we
speak of the ricochets of cannon shot. Mortar, and Howitzer.
to put a
The face Battre en Ricochet, Ft:
Une faceR\GOCt\EE,Fr. sufficient of gunpowder in apiece
quantity
of which is fired at with
afoitification, effect,
with
of ordnance to carry the ball,
ricochet shots. This
bound, into the works that are enfiladed.
RICOCHET, literally means a
along
sort of firing is generally practised
a leap, such piece of stone or slate
as a flat
the whole extent of a face or
flank. I ne
makes when it is thrown obliquely along
the surface of a pool.
celebrated marshal Vauban first invented
-shots. He
the mode of firing ricochet
Ricochet, (ricochet, Er.) in gunnery, at the siege ot Ath,
is when guns, howitzers, or mortars,
are triedthe experiment
loaded with small charges, and elevatea
from five to twelve degrees, so that
when lnBaltr"e
un rempart a RICOCHET
Ft
shots.
To batter a rampart with ricochet
fired over the parapet, the shot or shell
It is RIDEAU is arising ground, or emi
rolls along the opposite rampart. a plain, sometimes
nence, commanding
called ricochet-firing, and the batteries
are

likewise <. aWedricochet-batteries This me. almost parallel to the works of a rideaus
place :
is a great disadvantage to have
thod of firing out of mortars, was first it which terminate on
a fortification;
Tried in i"^, at the military school of near when the
and with success. At the the counterscarp, especially
Strasburgh, fire from afar: they not only
com
battle of Rosbach in 1757. fe km& J enemy *
made mand the place, but facilitate the enemy
Prussia had several 6-inch mortars
and mounted on travel- approaches. .

with trunnions, a
line carriages, which fired obliquely
on RIDER, in artillery carriages, _piece tne
their horse, of wood somewhat higherthan broad,
Theencmy's lines, and amontst to that of the body
ot the
loaded with eight ounces of powder, and length equal
fifteen mi axle-tree, upon which the side pieces rest,
at an elevatiion of one degree the am
did execution ; for the in a four -wheel carriage, such as
which great
nutes,
with burn munition waggon, block carnage, ana
shells rolling along the lines,
fuzes, made the stoutest of theenemy [ sling waggon.
ing
604 RI F RIO

Rough Rider. See Rough. posing it not to shift its position, the more
RIDING- Master. In the cavalry, an violent and accurate will its flight be It
officer whose d ity it is to instruct the is necessary, that the sweep of the rifles
officers and soldiers in the management of should be in each part exactly parallel to
their horses. each other. See Robins on Gunnery, page
ToRIF'LE, to plunder; to rob. 328.
Rifle, the thread, ray, or line madein Parades, a gunsmith at Aix-le-Cha-
a rifled barrel. pelle, who was reputed to be
very inge
Rifled gun, } Arquebuse rayie, Ex. a nious in the construction of rifled barrels,
Rifled piece, > fire arm which has used to compress his barrels in the centre.
Rifleb barrel, ) 1 ne* or exiguous ca RIFLEMEN, experienced marksmen,
nals within its barrel that run in a virmi- armed with rifles. They formed the most
cular direction, and are more or less nume formidable force ofthe United States in the
rous, or more indented, according to the revolution, being posted along the Ameri
fancy of the artificer. With respect to can ranks, and behind hedges, Sec. for the
the word itself, it does not appear to bear purpose of picking off theBritish officers.
any other analogy to our common accepta They have proved equally fatal in the
tion of the verb, than what may be vul hands of the French during their revolu
garly applied to the common practices tion. Considerable improvemems are
of riflemen. It is, on the contrary, more daily made; and light infantry battalions,
immediately connected in sense and signi like the chasseurs of the French, should
fication with an old obsolete word to ray ; form a considerable portion of every army,
to streak : which comes from the French | and all infantry and cavalry should be
rayer. The rifled barrel possesses many J taught to act as riflemen, as well as artil-
advantages over the common one; whicii leris's.
advantages are attributed to the threads or Mounted R if l em e n
, are no other than
rays with which it is indented, These good riflemen, accustomed to horseman
threads are sometimes cut in such a man ship, mounted.
ner, that the line whichcommenceson the RIGHT, that whicii i^ ordered ; that
right side at the breech, terminates on the which justly belongs to one.
left at the muzzle; by which means the Rights, certain unalienable claims
ball acquires a rotary movement, revolv and privileges, which every individual,
ing once and a half round its own axis be civil as well as military, possesses in re
fore it quits the piece, and then boring gulated community. See Wrongs.
through the air with a spiral motion. It RIGOL. SeeCiRCLE.
is well known, that cannon balls and shot RING. A circle, an orbicular line.
out of common barrels are impelled in a j Ring of an Anchor. That part of ihe
line formed by the centre of the ball, and anchor to which the cable is fastened.
a compound of the projectile force ofthe RINGS, in artillery, are of various
explosion acted upon by the air and by- uses ; such as the
lashing-rings in travel
gravitation in its course; the ball has a ling-carriages, to lash the sponge, rammer,
tendency to rise upward to a certain extent and ladle, as well as the tarpauling that
after leaving the muzzle of the gun ; its covers the guns ; the rings fastened to the

particular motion is as if the ball had a breeching- bolts in ship-carriages; and the
transverse axis, and rolled forward in that shaft-rings to fasten the harness of the
axi9, in the manner that the wheels of a shaft-horse by means of a pin.
carriage roll ; and at the same time con RINGS ofa Gun Circles of metal,
tinue their progression forward. See of which there are five, viz.
Amtr. Mil. Lib. Base- ring, reinforce-ring, trunnion.ring,
The rifled barrels of America, during carnice-ring, and muxxle-ring. See Am.
the revolution, contained from 10 to 16 Mil. Lib.
rays or threads; some had as few as four. RINGLEADER. The head of any
Some persons have imagined, that those particular body of men acting in a riotous
of 16 rays were the best, from a supposi or mutinous manner.

tion that by the air collapsing in the seve To Ring. To make a sharp reverbe
ral grooves, the ball obtained more velo rating noise.
city. Mr. Robins, however, seems to Rinc Ramrod! A woid of command
differ in opinion, particularly with respect wiiich is sometimes used at private inspec
tothe depth of the grooves. He observes, tions, to try the bottom of the barrel of a
page 339 and 340, in his Tracts on Gun musquet.
nery, that whatever tends to diminish the RINGROD, Fr. A strong iron bar
friction of these pieces, tends at the same which is used in forges. It likewise
time to render them more complete; and means a thick pole with an iron ferrel.
consequently it is a deduction from hence, K INGRAVE.JV. Pantaloon breeches.
that the less the rifles are indented, the RIOT and Tumult. Sedition, civil in
bet.er they arc; provided they are just surrection, distmbance, Sec. A breach of
sufficient to keep the bullet from turning the
peace committed by an assembled
xound the piece. It 1 kewise follows, multitude.
that the bullet ought to be no larger than RIOTERS. Disturbers of the public
to he just pressed by the rifles, for the peace ; persons acting in open violation oi
easier the bullet moves in the piece, sup
R I V R I V 605

good order; raisit g or creating sedition, more easily effected The passage of a
&c. ford may be rendered
impractic. ble by
RIPOSTE, Fr. A parry and thrust. throwing whole trees in, by tables or plat
It likewise signifies in a figurative sense, forms covered with nails, and
by stakes.
a keen reply, a close retort. The two latter impediments are the most
RIPOSTER, or R1SPOSTER, Fr. dangerous. But stakes are not
easily fixed,
In fencing, to parry ar.d thrust. and are consequently seldom used. When
1 fords are embarrassed
RISBAN, Fr. In fortification, a flat by them, it requires
of ground upon which a fort is con some time and trouble to clear the river
piece ;
structed for the defence and security of a and it is equally difficult to get rid of
or harbor. It likewise means the the inconvenience that arises when wells
port
fort itself. The famous Risban, of Dun have been sunk. Whenever there is rea
kirk, was built entirely of brick and s'one ; son to
apprehend such obstacles, it is
having within its walls excellent barracks, always best to reach the ford at dusk. A
a large cistern well supplied with water, good resource in such cases, is to collect a
magazines tor stores, provisions, and am great number of empty casks or hogs
munition. A ready communication was heads, and lay over them either platforms
kept up with the town by means of the of boards or faggots of underwood and
jetee, which corresponded with the boards over them, upon which either ca
wooden bridge that joined the entrance valry or artillery may pass. Intervals
into the fort. The rampart was capable sufficient for the passage of the water
of receiving forty-six pieces of ordnance, must be left. The banks should be lined
which were disposed in three different I with riflemen to cover the passage ; light
alignements or tiers, owing to the trian guns and grape might be employed upon
gular figure of the fort ; so that a fire suitable ground.
could be kept up on all sides. When the prince of Conde in 1567, re-
To RISE. To break into commotions; I
solved to cross the river Seine, the roy-
1 alists who were on the
to make insurrections. opposite side, en-
Te rise. Ina military sense, to make I deavored to prevent his ; assage by throvv-
hostile attack : as the military rose against 1 ing
quantities ot madriers ot thick planks
their government. | that were nailed together, iron hoops aid
To rise. To obtain promotion. | water-cats nto the ford. The Hugo-
To rise from the ranks. To obtain pro nots or Protestants, however, were not

motion by degrees after having been in the | diverted from their purpose. Aubigne,
ranks as a private soldier ; a circumstance \a French writer, says, that on that occa-
which has happened to some of the best \ sion they placed 400 arquebusiers upon the
generals in the world. bank to protect the men that raked the
RISE. Increase of price; as the rise ford.
of commissions in the army upon the 1 This was certainly a singular method
! which was used to clear a ford, nor could
prospect of peace.
it be done without much difficulty, and
RISSALA, or RASSAULA, Ind. An
|
independent corps of cavalry. [no
inconsiderable share of danger. The
R1SSALDAR, Ind. The command 1 chevalier Folard has proposed a much
er of an independent corps of cavalry. safer, and a much easier way, by means
RIVAL, one who is in pursuit of the of grappling hooks, tied to long ropes,
same thing which another pursues. A j
which might be thrown into the ford.
competitor. I Yet even in this case, observes the writer,
Rival Powers. Nations are so called ^he object could not be accomplished if
when their relativesituationand resources j the river were broad, unless the persons
in men and money, Sec. enable them to 'employed in the undertaking, be under
the cover of so heavy a discharge of ord-
oppose each other. |
RIVERAINS, Fr. Persons who in 1 nance and musquetry, that the enemy
habit the banks of rivers. By a regulation would not be able to interrupt them, even
j
which was in force during the French from an intrenched position on the oppo
monarchy, all persons, so situated, were site bank.
obliged to leave a space 20 feet broad at With respect to caltrops, the removal of
least, between their houses or huts, and them, when properly distributed at the
the bank, for theconvenience of navigation. bottom of a fore!, must be attended with
A Stt of men, called baliseurs, were paid great difficulty ; for they must renderthe
to see this regulation strictly complied 1 passage absolutely impracticable, unless
with. ! they were to sink very deep into the mud
RIVER, (Riviere, Fr.) aland current land sand, and thus become useless. The
of water bigger than a brook. .men that first enter are in this case the
Fordable RIVER. A river which only persons incommoded, but the rest
may be passed without the assistance of may follow without much hazard.
In order to sound It sometimes happens, that the bottom
any floating machines. 1 (
the ford, and to ascertain the state of it, of a stream or rivulet is htm and gravelly ;
men on horseback are first ordered to cross. j when this occurs, the greatest precautions
'
effects of cal-
By that means you will be able to know must be taken to escape the
whether any obstacles have been thrown 'ttops, which would be extremely hurtful
Li the way by theenemy; for nothing is | to any persons that might attempt to cross.
606 ROC ROC

In order to obviate their mischievous con- I broad and lively flame, and is not extin
.aequences, and to render them in a man guished by water.
ner useless, a good stock of hurdles must ROCKETS. Composition.
be provided. The soldiers will hand these Old proportion. New proportion.
to one another, force them into the water, lbs. oz. lbs. oz.
and then cover them with stones. Salpetre 40

4
a

When one or two fords in a river are so Sulphur 10


0 12

situated, that several battalions cannot Charcoal 18

3 0
cross them
upon one front, it is then highly Composition foi the Stars.
prudent to throw a bridge over, either Mealed powder . o lb. 8oz.
.

above or below the ford ; for a swell may Seltpetre ...80


intervene and render it otherwise impassa Sulphur ...20
.

ble ; and to which, you have the advan Antimony 2 o

tage of getting a greater number of troops Isinglass dissolved o ,


31 .

over at once. Spirits of wine .1 pint. .

In order to effect a passage for his army Vinegar 1 quart. .

over the river Segre, Cassargavc directions Composition for rain to he?d sky rock
that ditches, thirty feet broad, should be ets, is the same as the abov^ for the rockets.
dug in such parts of the banks as might
with ease receive the water out of the
stream, and render it fordable. Having
accomplished this object, he found no
difficulty in reaching Peireius, who, be
ing in the dally fear of wanting provisions
and forage for his men, was on the eve of
quitting his position and marching for
wards.
The passage of the Granicus by Alex
ander the great, is likewise mentioned in
history, as an instance of bold enterprise.
But however celebrated that act may be
in ancient records, we shall not be thought
partial to the moderns when we state, that
she
passage of the river Holowitz by
Charles XII. ot Sweden, was equally
bold and well managed.
The passage of the Tagliamento by
Bonaparte during his campaign in Italy,
would be the most celebrated of modern
times, had not the passage of the Danube
in i8co, eclipsed all similar achievements
by the magnitude of the difficulties to be
overcome, and the astonishing success of
the means by which they were overcome.
RIVET, a fastening pin clenched at'
both ends, so as to hold an intermediate
substance with more firmness.
RIVETING-2>/(.-m, in gun carriages,
;mall square thin pieces of iron, through
which the ends of the bolts pass, and are
riveted upon them.
R1Z.AMEDAR, Ind. Anofficer.com-
manding a small body of horse.
RO, Ind. In Indian music means quick. Copper Ladles for filling Sky Rockets.
ROBE, courte, Ex. literally means a Length, 1 J the exterior diameter of the
.short gown. Provost-marshals, under- case.
bailiffs, vice-seneschals, theirlieutenants, Diameter, equals the interior diameter
and various other persons, occasionally of case.

employed in camps and garrisons, to assist Circumference, $ the interior calibre of


the military in maintaining internal good the case.
order and discipline, were formerly called Sky rockets are driven with composi
in F ranee officiers de tobe-courte. tion up to 4 1-2 exterior diameters of the
ROC, Fr. A rock. case from the choke; and 1-50!" adiame-
Roc de lance, Ex. In tournaments the ter above the composition with good clay.
wooden part of a lance is so called. They are bored and reamed up to 3 1-2
ROCHER, Fr. a large rock; derived diameters.
from roc, and generally bearing the same Dimensions of Sticks for Rockets. Ge
import. neral rules.
ROCHE feu, Fr. a solid composition, For rockets from 1-2 an ounce to one
whicii gradually consumes when it has pound, the stick musr be 60 diameters of
J>een lighted, but which emits a very i the rocket in length : for rockets from one
A

ROD ROL 607

pound and upwards fifty or fifty-twodia- English comedy, are specimens of this
meters. Their thickness at top about 1-2 character.
a diameter, and their breadth very little ROGUE'S March. See March.
more. Their square at bottom equal to ROH1LLAS, Ind. A tribe of Afghans
i-a the thickness at top. inhabiting the country north of the Gan
. a en ges, as far as Oude to the eastward.
ROI, Fr. King.
ROI d'a'mes, Ex. StcKiNc at arms.
c co
ROKER, Ind. Cash.
iPr. -.
c.
HI
ROLE, Fr. A muster roll, state, or
1
HO* return. The word Role is used among the
a
iPr.j-f. French indiscriminately, to signify either
the effective force of an army, or the actual
quantity of stores and ammunition which
i
in
I Pr. 2 the magazines contain.
ft.
To roll in duty, is when officers of the
in
2 Pr. same rank take their turns upon fluty
ft.
a o\ pursuant to some established roster, as
4 Pr. [3 t* captains with captains, and subalterns
with subalterns, and command according
'""
.S to the seniority of their commissions.
6 Pr.
<ii -f To roll. To continue one uniform
') > ) beat ot the drum, without variations, for
a certain length of time. When a line is
u

u poise point advancing in full front, or in echellons,


for any considerable distance, the music of
O
Pi
< the
cone one regulating battahon
may, at intervals,
be permitted to play for a few seconds at

Distancof the
o
a time, and the drums of the other batta
S

5
from of lions may be allowed occasionally to roll ;
drums, likewise roll when troops are ad
vancing to the charge.
Rockets of between 3 and 4 inches dia Long roll. A beat of drum by which
meter have been observed to ascend as
troops are assembled at any particular spot
high as iooo or 1200 yards; but the height ot rendezvous or parade.
of common rockets is between 450 and AIuster-RoLL, is a return, given by the
600 yards; and their flight usually short muster master, on which are written the
of 7 seconds. names of both officers and soldiers of the
Rocket as used in India. A most for regiment, troop, or company, with their
midable weapon aga:nst cavalry ; they are country, age, and service.
made of the hollow tube of the bamboo, Squad Roll. A list containing the
of a very large size, filled with the usual names ot each particular squad. Every
composition of rockets. The rod is only non-comm;ssioned officer and corporal,
a part of the same bamboo, the six eighths who is entrusted with the care and ma
or seven eighths of which is cut away, nagement ofa squad, must have a roll of
leaving the rod. See Fougette. this kind.
Rockets. See Laboratory. Sixe-RoLL. A list containing the
ROD. See Measuring. names of all tlie men belonging to a troop

RODS, or rammers, either of iron or or company, with the height or stature of

wood, to drive home the charges of mus-. each specifically marked. Every serjeant
a regular size-roll, and every cap
quets, carabines, and pistols. keeps
Ro d s , or sticks, fastened to sky-rockets, tain of a troop or company ought to have
to mAe them rise in a straie"ht line. one likewise.
RODOMONT, Fr. A bully. An Roll- Call. The calling over the names
unmilitarv character. of the several men who compose any part
Raire le Rodomont, Fr To bully, to of a military body. This necessary duty
talk loudly without possessing the real is done by the Serjeants of companies
spirit ofa man or soldier. morning and evening, in every well regu
RODOMONTADE, Fr. Rodomon- lated corps. Hence morning roll. call, and
tade. The act of bullying, vain boasting evening roll-call. On critical occasions,
or irrogating to ourselves qualities which and in services that require promptitude?
we do not possess. A French writer has and exertion, frequent roll-calls should be
that there cannot be
very justly observed, made.
a greater defect in th; character of an offi ROLLER. A small wheel placed at
cer than an overweening display of real or the foot of the hammer of a gun, or pis
fictitious talents. The word is derived tol lock, in oider to lessen the friction of
from one Rodornont, the hero or principal it against the hammer or feather spring.
chirac t.r in an old romance, who makes Roller likewise means a long piece of
himself conspicuously ridiculous in this wood which is rounded and made taper to
way. Sir John Falstaff and Bobadil in suit the regulated size of a military trail.
Roii.ru, lnsurgery, a long and broad
608 RON ROS

Rondes chexles Turcs, Fr. SeeTuRK-


ligature, usually madeof linen cloth, for
ROU NDS.
binding, surrounding, and containing the ISH
RONDELLE, Fr. a small round
parts of the human body, and keeping
them in their proper situation, thereby shield, which was
formerly used by light
armed infantry. It likewise means a part
disposing them to a state of health and
redintrei'ation. ofthe carriage of a gun.
ROLLERS, are round pieces of wood RONDELIERS, Fr. Soldiers who
of about nine inches diameter, and four were armed with rondelles, or small
feet long, used in moving pieces of artil wooden shields, covered with leather,
lery from one place to another.
were
anciently so called.
ROMAINE, Fr. A steelyard or ba ROPE. A cord; a string; a halter;
a cable ; a haulser.
lance for weighing things of various
weights bv one single weight, as from one Rope is always distinguished by its cir
cumference : thus a two inch rope means
single pound to 112 pounds.
Fr. To break. a rope of 2 inches in circumference.
ROMPRE,
Rom? r z un batlai/lon, Fr. In milita Rule for finding the weight of Ropes.
ry evolutions to break a battalion into a Multiply the square of the circumfe
rence in inches, by the length in fathoms,
given number of parts for the purpose of
and divide the product by 480 for the
defiles, Sec.
Rom p r e en colonne, Fr. To break into weightinewt. Seealso Drag ropes.
column. Rope of sand. A phrase in familiar
use to signify disunion, want of adhesion!
RONDACHE, Fr. A sort of shield
which the. French formerly used, and and continuity. Thus the colonel and
which is still carried by the Spaniards. the captains ofa regiment disagreeing may
RONDEL, in fortification, a round be called a rope of sand.
tower, sometimes erected at the foot ofa ROPES, of various lengths and thick
bastion. ness, according to the uses they are made
for ; such as drags for the gin, foi the
RONDES, Fr. See Rounds.
slii g cart and waggon, &c.
Ronde Major, Ex. Town-majors
round. So called from the town-major Drag. Ropes, according to the old prac
tice in the artillery, by which the soldiers
visiting the different quarters of a garri
son during the night. This round, in pulled the guns backwards or forwards,
some degree, corresponds with our grand
both at practice and in an engagement,
round. were of the following dimensions, viz.-^

Rondes roulantes, Ex. Rounds that For a 24-pounder, 54 feet long, w th


are made by officers, serjrants, or corpo
the loop-holes for the pegs included,
and 5 J inches in circumrerehce ; for 18
rals, over a certain part of the ramparts.
These agree with our visiting rounds. and 1 2- pounders, 48 feet long, and four
The French say, quivala? Who goes inches in circumference ; for 6 and 3-
there ? technically with us, Who comes pounders, 39 feet long, and r 7-8 inches
there ? in circumference. For 13 and 10-inch
Ronde d'officiet. Officer's round. howitzers, 45 feet long, and 6$ inches in
Chtmin des Rondes, Fr. A path mark circumference; for 8-inch howitzers, 48
ed out forthe convenienceof the rounds. feet long, and four inches in c'ucutnfe-
Ronde de gouvetneur, Ex. The gov rence; for all other howitzers, 35 feet
ernor's rounds. Ion,, and two inches in circumference.
The French method of ascertaining the These awkward and cumbersome ropes
are now superceded by the more improved
nature of the several rounds is by chal
and powerful method, of the bricoles,
lenging in the same manner that we do, which instead of drag ropes held each by
viz. qui va la? Who comes there ? This
must be said sufficiently loud for the main
several ; there is attached a single bncole or
guard to hear. He is instantly answered : rope with a hook and belt to each of several
ronde de governeur, governor's rounds; artillerists ; the number of bricoles is in
ronde major, major's round, or grand round, proportion to the calibre. See Bricoles
and so on, according to the nature of the and Pro longe. See Amer. Mil. Lib.
rounds. The sentry, who stands posted ROSETTE, an ornamental bunch of
near the guard-house, after having cried ribands, or cut leather, which was worn
out Demure id; stop there: or as we both by officers and soldiers in the British

say, stop round; cries out again, Caporal


service, on the upper part of their cuts.
Rosettes. Two small bunches of
hors dela garde, corporal turnout thegu<<r .'<
The corporal or officer of the guard witn ribands that are attached to the loops by
his sword drawn, according to the French which the gorget of an officer is suspended
Who comes upon his chest. The color of the riband
custom, repeats, quivala?
here. He is answered ronde, round. He must correspond with the facing of the

then says, avance qui a I' ordre ; let him uniform. The French use the same word.
ROhE-buds. See Nails.
advance who has the parole or counter
sign; or, as we say,
advance one, and give ROSTER, in military affairs, isaplan
or table, by wh ch the duty of officers,
the countersign.
Ronde des officiers depicquet, Fr. Piquet entire battalions, squadrons, or parts ofa
rounds.
1 company are regulated.
ROOM. Space ; extent of space, gtea.t
ROU ROU 609

er small. Any part of a building for the of steel, which fixed tothe
was formerly
accommodation of individuals; as barrack pans of blunderbusses and pistols, for the
room, orderly room; viz. theorderly room, purpose of firing them off".
me. sroom, guard room, soldier's rooms, Arquebuses et Pistolets a RoUET, Fr.
and store-room, for the duty of the re Blunderbusses and pistols to which a
giment. small wheel was attached. These fire
ROOMS. In a military sense are those arms are very little known ; some, how

pars of a building or barrack which by ever, are still to be found in European


specific instructions, the different bar arsenals, kept merely for curiositv.
rack masters must provide, and furnish ROUGES, boulets Rouges, Ex. Red-
for the accommodation ofthe troops. A hot balls.
schedule as published by authority de ROUGH Rider. A person who is in.
scribes the number of rooms allowed in dispensibly necessary in every cavalry re
barracks for the commissioned, warrant, giment. He is a sort of non-commission
and non-commissioned officers, and pri ed officer, and should always associate
vate men, in the British service, to be as with the Serjeants in preference to the
follows : private men.
Cavalry rooms. Field officers, each two Rough Riders are the assistants of the
rooms; captains, each one ditto; sub riding master, and one should always be
alterns, staff, and quarter-masters, each appointed to each troop. The necessary
one ditto; the
Serjeants of each troop of qualifications, for every Rough Rider (in
dragoo s, and the corporals ot each troop dependently ot a thorough knowlege of
of horse, one ditto ; eight rank and file, horsemanship) are activity, zeal, and good
one ditto; officer's mess, two ditto. conduct.
Field officers, each two
Infantry rooms. Every roughrider must provide himself
ditto; captains, each one ditto; two sub with a jacket for the riding school
proper
alterns, one ditto; staff", each one ditto; business, according to the pattern fixed
twelve non-commissioned officers, and upon in the regiment.
private men, one ditto ; officer's mess, To rough horses, a word in familiac
two ditto; serjeant- major, and quarter use among the dragoons to signify the act
master serjeant, one ditto. When there of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them
are a sufficient number of rooms in a bar to military purposes.
rack,, one may be allowed to each subal To rouch it, a cant word used among
tern of infantry See Regulations. signifying to face every soit
ROSTRAL Crown, Couronne Rosttale,
military
of
men,
hardship.
Fr. A crown which was bestowed upon ROULEAU, Fr. A cylindrical piece
that Roman sailor who should first leap of wood with iron ferrels at both ends,
on board an
enemy's ship. and with mortises fitted to the end of
ROSTRUM. A Latin word which the lever.
literally means the beak or bill of a bird, Rouleau de cartouche, Ex. A cylin
and figuratively the drical solid piece of wood, which is used
prow of a vessel.
There was in a public place in ancient in making cartridges ; by us called a
Rome, a tribunal ornamented with various Former, as it give the form to the car
prows ef ships, which the Romans had tridge-
taken from the Antiati. Theorators who ROULEAUX, Fr. Round bundles
harangued the people in public, mounted of fascines which are tied together. They
this rostrum. Hence the Roman phrase. serve to cover men, when the works are

To speak from above the rostra or prows. pushed close to a besieged town, or to
ROUAGE, ft. The wheel- work of mask the head of work. a

a carriage, Sec. ROULEMENS, Fr. The several rolls


Boisde Rouace, Fr. Timber to make which are beat upon a drum, as prepa*.
wheels with. rations for exercise, &c.
ROUANNE, Fr. A concave iron in
,
ROULER, Fr. To be subject to a fix
strument, which is used tor the purpose ed rosteraccording to rank and precedence;
of enlarging the hollow ofa pump. It ROUND. From the French ronde. In
likewise signtfisS a mark. An auger. military matters, a visitation; a personal
ROUANNER, Fr. To bore ; also to attendance through a certain circuk of
make casics. ground, to see that all is well. A round
ROUE, Fr. a licensed libertine. One consists, in the ordinary way, ofa detail-
whose principles of morality are consider ment from the main-guard, of an officer
or a non-commissioned officer and 6 men,
ably relaxed, but who is not sufficiently
vitiated in his manners to be excluded who go round the rampart of a garrison,
from society. The French make a fami to listen if any thing be stirring without
liar use of the term, and do not affix any the place, and to see that the sentinels be
de^reeof stigma to it. They say, on the diligent upon their duty, and all in order.
contrary, c'est un aimable roui ,- he is an In Strict garrisons the rounds go every
fellow. half hour. The sentinels are to challenge
agreeable gay
ROUE, Fr. Wheel. at a distance, and to port their arms as

Ex. An artificial fire


Roue de feu, the round passes. All guards turn out,
work. See Soleil Tournant. challenge, exchange the parole, and pre
Rotet, Fr. A small solid wheel made sent arms, &c.
4 H
610 'ROU ROU

Rounds, are ordinary and extraordi There is also a


species of subordinate
nary. The ordinary rounds are three : rounds which are performed ty a corporal
the town major's round, the grand round, and a tilt of men ; and which are in reality
and the visiting round. nothing more than a pattole. When chal
Manner of going the Rounds. When lenged they answer patrole rounds.
the town major goes his round, he comes The governor of a garrison can order
to the main-guard, and demands a ser the rounds to g. as often he may
as
judge
jeant and four or six men to escort him to expedient. Extraordinary rounds are re

the next guard; and when it is dark, sorted when any particular event ot
to

one of themen is to carry a light. occurrence is expected, and in cases of tu


As soon as the sentry at the guard per mult, Sec.
ceives the round com\n%, he shall give no- The going the rounds,
though gene
v tice to the guard, that they may be ready rally considt trie inferior duties
red among
to turn out when ordered ; and when the of military discipline, ought to be most
round is advanced within about 20 or 30 scrupulously attended to.
Turkish Rounds.
paces of the guard, he is to challenge The Turks are in
briskly ; and when he is answered by the the habit of going the rounds like other
serjeant who attends the round, town ma nations, for the purpose of ascertaining,
jor's round, he is to say, stand, round! and whether sentries are alert and vigilant on
port his arms : after which he is to call their posts. They call the rounds roi.
out immediately, serjeant, turn out the They start from the guard- house, and the
guatd! town major's round. Upon the person who goes them has no other wea
aentr) tailing the serjeant to turnout the pon of defence than a stick in his hand.
guard, he immediately draws up the men He is accompanied by a corporal who
in good order with shouldered arms, and carries a lantern. He observes whether
the officer places himself at the head of it, at his approach the sentry instantly cries
with his sword drawn. He then orders out, jedger Altab,xvhich signifies good God !
the serjeant and four or six men to advance It any sentry should be found asleep, or
towards the round, and challenge : the be backward in crying out jedget Allah,
serjeant of the round is to answer, town goou Goo, he is put in prison, and there
majot's round ; upon which the serjeant severely bastinadoed. The Turks never
of the guard replies, advance, serjeant, give a parole or countersign, in camp or
with the parole! at the same time order in garrison.
ing his men to rest their arms. The ser The design of rounds is not only to visit
jeant of the round advances alone, and the guards, and keep the sentinels alert,
gives the serjeant of the guard the parole but likewise to discover what passes in
in his ear, that none else may hear it ; the outworks, and beyond them.
during which period, the serjeant of the ROUND Robbin. The term is a cor
guard holds the point of his bayonet or ruption of ruban rand, which signifies a
sword at the other's breast. The serjeant round riband. It was usual among French
ot th" roi.Wthen returns to his post, wh 1st office, s, when they signed a remonstrance,
the serjeant of the guard, leaving his men to write their names in a circular
form,
to keep the round frmi advancing, gives so that it was
impossible to aseerUin
the parole to his officer. This being who signed first. Hence to sign a round
found right, the officer orders his ser robbin against any person, is for any
spe
jeant to return to his men ; says, advance, cific number of men to sign, one and all,
town major's round! and orders the guard a remonstrance against him. This usage
to port their arms ; upon which the ser has been perverted to the most seditious
jeant of the guard orders his men to purposes of insubordination ; and of itself
wheel back from the centre, and form a should cause the immediate dismission of
lane, through which the town major is to every officer concerned.
pass (the escort remaining where it was) Round Parade. See Parades.
and go up to the officer and give him the ROURA, Ind. A term used to ex
parole, laying his mouth to his ear. The press lorsi, sir, master, worship.
officer holds the point of his sword at the ROUSE. One of the bugle horn
town major's breast while he gives him soundings for duty. It is derived from
the parole. the German Word which signifies to turn
Grand Rounds. The rounds which out.
ore by general officers, governors,
gone ROUT. Confusion of an army or bo
commandan.s, or field officers. When dy ot mendeteatedor dispersed.
there are no officers ot the To Rout, toput tothe Rout. To de
day on piquet,
the officer of the main guard in garrison feat, to throw into confusion, &c.
may ,0 the grand rounds. ROUTE, [Route, Ex.) in military mat.
Visiting R >unds. Rounds gone by ten, an order to direct troops to march,
captains, subalterns, and the town majors the road they are to take, and an authority
of garrisons. to the magistrates to provide quarters tor
The grand rounds generally go at mid them.
night ; the vis ting rounds at ntermee-iate Pas de Route, Fr Stepping at ease,
periods, between sunset and the reveille or marching with the least possible res-
The grand rounds receive the ramie, and straint.
all other rounds give it to the guards.
<M Li- Ll.. .

R UF RUM 611

Marche Route, Fr. Routeof march. vibrating noise upon the drum. It is ge
The French use this term in contradis
nerally practised inpaying a military com
tinction to marche manoeuvre ; march in
pliment to a general officer, and at military
m mcttuvring. funerals.
ROUT'.ER, Fr. A ruttier. The In the British army a
lieutenant-general
French say figuratively c'est un vieux is entitled to three ruffles.
reutier ; he is an old stager. A major-general to two ruffles.
ROUTINE, Fr. This word has been A brigadier- general to one ruffle.
adopted by us in the same sense that it RUG, (couverture velue, Ex.) A coarse
is familiarly used by rhe French It sig nappy coverlet used for mean beds.
nifies capacity, or he faculty of arranging ; Each set of bedding which is provided
a certain method in business, civil or mi for reg men'al hospitals has one rug.
litary, which is as much acquired by habit RUILLER, F,. To establish marks
and practice as by regular stu.iy and for the purpose of rendering surfac.s and
rule. We say familiarly the routine of places correct.
business. RU1NE, Fr. Literally signifies ruin.
RO.'VERIN, Fr. Brittle iron, such It is used by the French in a warlike
as easily breaks when it is committed to sense.
the forge. Battre en Ruine, Fr. To defeat an
ROWANNA, Vid. A passport or cer- enemy in such a manner as to destroy all
tificate from the collector of ihe customs ; means of taking the field again.
Or
any other passp -rt. RUINES, Fr. Ruins.
ROWEL The pointed part of a RULE, in a general sense, government,
horseman's spur, which is made in a cir sway, empire. In a more confined one,
cular form, with raysorpoints likeastar. canon, precept, direction. Hence rules
ROX AN A, Ind. An Indian term ex- and regulations for the government of the
of great magnificence, resplen- army.
Sressive
ence. Te Rule. To govern, to command.
ROY, Ind. A Hindoo name for an RULE, Pan instrument by which
officer of the finances. RULER, S lines are drawn.
ROY Ahparapet, in fortification, a bank RULES and Articles. Und.r this term
ab">ut three toises broad, and six feet high, may be considered the mi itary code or
placed upon the brink of the rampart, laws of the United States, and the regu
towards the enemy : its use is to cover lations issued by the War Office.
those who defend the rampart. RULES and Regulations. See Regu
Ro t a l academy. See Academy. lations.

Roy a l Military College. See School. RUMB de vent, Ex. Point of thecom-
ROYALS, in arVllery, ate a kind of pass.
Small mortars, which carry a shell whose Rumb or Rum, Ex. The hold of a

diameter is 5. c inches. They are mount ship.


ed on beds the same as other mortars. RUMOR, a desultory, loose report of

ROZEENDAR, Ind. A person hold what may, or may not be.


ing yearly pension.
a To spread false Rumors, to circulate
ROZENADAR, Ind. One who re things without the foundation of reality.
ceives an allowance daily. Reports, Sec. axe sometimes circulated by-
ROZENAMA, Ind. Aday-book. means of spies, deserters, Sec. forthe pur

RUBBY, Ind A division ofthe year, pose of covering some particular design,
or intended operation. Rumors of this
containing the months of Chaite ox 3d
month, from the nth of Marcn to the kind should be cautiously listened to by
loth of April. Bysac or 4th month, from the comma, ding officer of the army
the nth of April to the nth of May. through which they arc spread. 1 1 some
times happens that individuals, through
Jret ox 5th month. Assafox 6th mo.ith,
from the 12th of J une to the 13th of July. wantonness, or from some other motive,
Savan or 7th month, in some manner, create alarms among their own people,

agrees with July and August. Baudhoon, by anticipating some looked for or dreaded
or the same as Jeet, from the nth of May event. This offence is not only punish
to the 12th of June. The other half of able by the civil law, but, being contrary
the year is called Kureef. to good order and discipline, is rigidly so
RUDIMENTS The first principles, in every army. A singular circumstanceof
the elements of any particular science. this kind occurred at Colthester, England,
Hence in 1797. During the alarm which univer
Rudiments of War. The first prin sally prevailed at that time, especially
ciples or elements of war ; as marching, along the coast of Essex, a serjeant be
wheeling; the drill, manual, and longing toa militia regiment, unwittingly,
facing,
platoon exercises, ma'rtceuvres, &c. Sec. for it is not supposed he did it wilfully,
RUE, Ft: Street. said in the hearing of some soldiers, that
RUFFLE. A term used among the the French "would dine at Ipswich en the
drummers to signify a .;ort of vibrating Sunday following ! This expression soon
sound, which is mad* upon a drum, and spread among the inhabitants ofthe place,
is less loud than the roll. and a formal com, laint was mar'e to the
Te beat a Ruffle. To make a low general of the district. Theottcnder hav=
612 RYE SAC

ing originally belonged to the line, and


bearing the best of characters, was so tar
considered, as not tobe tried by a general s
court-martial; but, for the sake of ex- J
ample, he was ordered to be escorted to
the church nearest to the coast, and on a SABLE, Fr. Sand.
Sunday to appear in the porch, and there ,
SABLONIEREoaSABLIERE. Any
ask pardon of the inhabitants for the spot fnm which sand is drawn. It like
'

alarm he had created. wise means a sand-pit.


To RUN the gantlope, (that is the SABORD, Fr. a port-hole.
gauntlet) to undergo a punishment which SABRE, (Sabre, Ex ) a kind of sword,
has been allotted for considerable of- ; or sametar, with a verv broad and
' heavy
fences in some foreign countries. When blade, thick at the back, and of a
a soldier is sentenced to run the gant
shape
falcated, or curved, but sharp at the point.
lope, the regiment is drawn out in two It is generally worn by heavy cavalry and
ranks facing each other : each soldier, dragoons. The grenadiers,
belonging to
having a switch in each hand, lashes the wholeof the French infantry, are like
the criminal as he runs along naked from wise armed with sabres. The blade is
the waist upwards. While he runs, the not so long as that of a small sword, but
drums beat at each end of the ranks. it is nearly twice as broad. French hus
Sometimes he runs 3, 5, or 7 times, ac. sars wear the curved sabres somewhat
cording to the nature of the offence. The longer than those ofthe grenadiers. The
major is on horseback, and takes care that broad straight sword is best adapted for
each soldier strikes the culprit. infantry of every kind.
RUNNING-/*-;*.- See Fire. SAtsRi-Tasche. From the German
RUPEE, a silver coin which varies in sabel, sabre, and tasche, pocket. An ap
its value according to the part of India in pointment or part of accoutrement of hus
which it is current. Rupees struck by sars, which consists of a pocket which is
the English, are generally worth half a suspended from the sword-belt on the left
dollar. side, by three slings to correspond with the
RUPTURE, a disease which disqua belt. It is usually otan
oblong shape.scol-
lifies a man from being admitted as a sol loped at the bottom, with a device in the
dier : but as some men are capable of pro centre, and a broad lace round the edge.
ducing and reducing a rupture with great The color of it always corresponds with
ease, they should not be discharged in that of the uniform.
slight cases, as by the use of a truss they SABRE R, Fr. To cut to
pieces.
may be enabled to do duty tor a long time. SAC d'une ville, Ex. The storming
Rupture. This word also signifies the and plunder of a town.
commencement of hostilities between any Met ire une ville a Sac, Fr. To
give a
two or more powers. town up to the plunder ofthe soldiers.
RUSE, Fr. Cunning, trick, ingenu Sac, Fr. a bag
ity. It is applied to military matters,
and signifies stratagem.
Sac^ d poudre, Ex. A bag of gunpow
der. These bags are
frequently used in
RUSER, Fr. To make useof strata war, for the purpose of intimidating an
gems : // est permis de Ruscr a la guerre ; enemy, and of setting fire to places.
it is lawful to make use of stratagems in They are of different sizes and dimen
sions ; some to be thrown
war. by the hand,
RUSES de guerre, Fr. Stratagems of and others out of a mortar. A French
war. See Stratagems. work, intituled le Bombardier Francois,
RUSSOOT, Ind. A tribe of Hindoos, gives a full account of both.
whose particular duty is the care of Sac a terre, Fr.
Sand-bags, or bags
horses. filled with earth.
RUSSUMDAR, Ind. A person de Sac a amorce, Fr. A small leathern
riving a particular perquisite. bag which is used for the purpose of car
RUSTRE, Fr. A lance so called, rying gunpowder to the different batteries
which "was formerly used in tournaments. to prime the
pieces.
R UTT I E R . A direction of the road Sac a laine Ex. A bag made of or
or course at sea. stuffed with wool and other soft materials.
RYET or Ryot, Ind. The general It is larger than a sand- bag. Every atmy
name given in India to cultivators ofthe should be provided with a certain
quan
ground. tity of these bags, in order to supply the
Rvet or Ryot Lands, Ind. Lands want of soil on critical occasions.
farmed out and cultivated by a tenant. Un havre Sac A knapsack. See
'

HavResack..
Cul de Sac, Fr. A street or passage
that has no outlet.
SACCADE, Fr. In the manege, a
violent check or jirk, which the horse
man gives his horse by drawing both the
reins very suddenly. This is practised
when the horse bears too heavy on the
fe

S AI SAL 613

hand but it ought to be done with great when the discharge is made
; directly
caution, as the frequency of it must even downwards, or from top to bottom.
tually spoil the horse's mouth. Saigner une Riviire, Ft To turn
SACHET, Fr. A pouch. It like the current of a river, by partially draw
wise signifies a bag in the diminutive ing elf some of its water.
sense. A satchel. SAILLANT, Fr. Salient. See Sa
Sachets de mitrallies, Ex. S mall bags lient Angle. This word, as well as
filled with grape-shot, which are after Saillie, signifies generally any part of a
wards fired from cannon, or thrown out of building that does not run up perpendicu
mortars. larly from its base, but projects or slopes
Sachets de ballas de plomb, Ex. Bags out.
Of bullets. St. GEORGE'S Guard, a guard of the
SACKS. See Bags. broadsword or sabre, used in warding off"
SACKERS. They who sack a town. blows directed against the head. See
SAC RE ou Sacrei, Fr. A name for Broadsword.
tnerly given to pieces of ordnance that La SAINTE barbe, Fr. The gun
carried balls of 4 to 5lb. weight. Each ner's room.

piece weighed from two thousand five SAKER, an old word for canncn. It
hundred to two thousand eight hundred carried shot of live pounds and a quar
a

pounds. The same as Saker. ter weight : the diameter of the bore was
SADDLE. The seat which is put three inches and 9-i6ths; the length
Uj on a horse for the accommodation of eight or nine feet. See Cannon.
the rider. SALAD E, Ft. This word literally
S A F E -g uard, in military affairs, a pro means sallad. It likewise signifies ahead
tection granted by a general, for some of piece. The French use it frequently in
the enemy's lands, houses, persons, &c. a figurative sense, viz
to preserve them from being insulted or Donner une S a lade a
quelqu'un, Ex.
plundered. See Guard. To give any one a good dressing.
SAFYNAMA, Ind. A certificate or Regiment Saiade, Fr. A term of
A
writing, specifying any matter of dispute, ridicule which the French frequently ap
which it is found necessary to have settled plied to small new- raised corps ; such as
or cleared up independent companies which were levi
SAGITTAL, belonging to an arrow. ed for rank only.
SAGIT1 ARIUS.orSAGITTARY. Se\LE. Stateof being venal ; price.
See Archer, Bowman. Sale of Commissions. The sale and
SAGO, Ind A tree ol the palm spe purchase of commissions is of general
cies. A flour is made from this tree, usage in the British service. Commis
which formed into bread and fresh baked, sions in the British army are sold for va
eats like hot roils ; when it grows stale it rious purposes ; sometimes to indemnify
becomes hard, and requires to be soaked individuals for their original purchase;
in water before it can be used. Three of sometimes, as was shewn in 1809, as the
the frees are found sufficient to give sus fund for paying princely prostitutes.
tenance for one man during a whole year ; SALIENT angle, in fortification, that
and an acre properly planted, will supply whose points turn from the centre ot the
food for one hundred for that period. place. See Forti fi cation.
SAGUM. A woollen garment, which SALLE d'armes, Fr. A fencing school.
was formerly worn by the Roman soldiers Salle d'armes aans un magaxin, Ex.
when they took the field. It is said that An armory or particular room where fire
the Gauls adopted the use of it. arms, Sec. are regularly disposed. Of
SAH, Ind. A banker. this description is the armory in the
SAHEB, Ind. (pronounced Salb.)
Tower.
Master, sir. SAL LES EE, Ind. Arbitration.
Jj A HOOKER, Ind. A merchant. SALLIS, bid. An arbitrator.
S Al GN E E du fosse, Fr. The act of SALLY. See Siege.
drawing off' the water which is in the SALLY-ports, or postern-gates, as they
ditch fosse
01 of a town or fortified place. are sometimes called, are those under

When this has been executed, clays or ground passages, which lead from the
hurdles covered with earth, or bridges inner to the outward works; such as from
made with reeds, must be thrown upon the higher flank to the lower, to the to-
the mud, to establish a firm footing. nailles, or the communication from the
Saignee de saucisson, E x. The act of middle of the curtain to the ravelin.
cutting off a part of a linen saucisson, When they are constructed for the pas
which is filled with gunpowder, forthe' sage of men only, they are made with
'
the moine or cy- steps at the entrance and outlet. They
purpose of introducin-,
lindrical tube, in order to set fire to a mine, arc about six feet wide, and 8 1-2 feet
SAIGNER unepie'ce, Ex. Anexpres- high. There is also a gutter or sewer
sion used in artillery when a piece of ord made under the sally-ports that are in the
nance, which is mounted on a carriage, has mieldle of the curtains, in order that the
its breech carried away by the violence of water which runs down the streets may
the explosion. This sometimes happens pass into the ditch ; but this can only be
I done when thev are wet ditches. When
614 SAL SAP

sally-ports serve to carry guns through Salut del'ipke, Fr. The sword sa
them for theout- works, instead of making lute.
them with steps, they must have a gra Salut de mer, Ex. The deference and
dual slope, and be eight feet wide. respect which are shewn at sea by ships*
SALA-MA-NAZEER./W. The sa- of inferior force to those of superior rate.
lutation of
victory. This is done by lowering the flag. The
SALOOTER, Ind. A farrier. British flag claims to be paramount to all
SALOOTEREE, Ind. Thebusiness others, and requires to be saluted by foreign
Of a farrier. ships at sea. This salute has been made
SALTING-eWf, in artillery, axe the subject of clauses in treaties.
boxes of about four inches high, and 2 1-2 SALUTE, a discharge of artillery, or
in diameter, for holding mealed powder, small arms, or both, in honor of some
to sprinkle the fuzes of shells, that they person ; the men presenting their arms.
may take fire from the blast of the pow The colors salute chief magistrates, and
der i 1 t he chamber ; but it has been found
.
generals commanding in chief; which is
that the fuze takes fire as well without done by lowerint the point within one inch
this operation, so that these boxes axe ofthe ground. In the field, when a regi
now laid aside. ment is to be reviewed by a general, the

SALTPETRE, Fr. SeeNiTRK. drums beat a march as he passes along the


SALTPETRE, or nitre, the principal line, and the officers salute one after ano
ingredient for making gunpowder ; it is ther, pointing their swords downwards.
found in great
plenty in some ofthe East-
India provinces, and in some parts of Eu
The ensigns salute together, by lowering
their colors. When the word of command
rope. The necessities of the French re to shoulder, is
given, the officers recover
volution, when attacked by all Europe, their swords, and the ensigns raise the
forced the French to have recourse to colors.
their chemists, to supply nitre which SAMBUCUS, (Sambuque, Fr.) An
could not be obtained from abroad ; they ancient musical instrument of the wind
scraped the walls and floors of their cel kind, resembling a flute. It probably
lars and vaults, and out of the washed derives its name from Sambucus, the
earth extracted nitre; they also extiacted Elder tree; being madeof that wood.
nitre from vegetable substances, such as Sambucus was also the name of an
the horse chesnut. In some natural caves ancient engine of war used by Marcellus
discovered in Kentucky, vast quantities, In besieging Syracuse. Plutarch relates
bufficient for every demand of war and that two ships were required to carry it.
commerce can be procured. See Gun- A minute description of this engine may
powder, Nitre, Sec. be seen in Polybius.
SALPETRIERE, Fr. A particular SAMPODAR, Ind. A treasurer ot
Spot in an arsenal where there are pits, cashkeeper.
Sec. for the purpose of making saltpetre. SAND, in military architecture. The
SALPETRIERS, Ft: Menemploy- best sand for good mortar, is that whose
ed in making saltpetre. grain is not too small, and must be clear
SALVE, Fr. A salute, a volley. It of the earthy particles. Sand found in
generally means a discharge of heavy ord rivers is esteemed the best, as having a
nance and other firearms in concert. coarse grain, and being free fiorn earth and
Salver de la meusqueterie, Ex. To mud. See Mortar.
lire
a volley, or discharge of
musquetry SAND, bags. See Bags.
only. Sand bags are made about 27 inches
Saluer du canon, Fr. To salute by long, and 15 diameter; 250 of these are
the discharge of ordnance. required for each fathom ol battery, or
Saluer de la voix, Fr. To huzza. about 1680 for two guns or mortars. See
To cry our, as vive le roi ! God save Tonnage.
the king! vive la tepublique! lor.g live SANGIAC. A situation or appoint
the republic ! This manner of saluting ment of dignity in Turkey. The San-
generally appertains to the mobof a coun giacs are governors of towns or cantons,
try, which lavishes its applause upon and take rank immediately after the Beg.
every man that happens to be in power. lerbeys, who are viceroys in that country,
It has, however, been customary, both in and give the name of Beglerbat or Begler.
Rome, Greece, France, and other coun bey to a militia which they support at their
tries, for whole battalions of soldiers to own
expence.
salute d vive voix ; in which case they SAHS-Culotte, Fr. A revolutionary
take off their hats, and give three term which was first given by the French
fene-a.iy
luzzas. to the national guards ; it was an unfortu
Sal ueR du pavilion, Fr. To salute nate effusion of contempt expressed by the
with the colors. queen as the militia passed along ; it soon
Saluer d boulet, Ex. To salute with became known, and was calculated to in
ball. crease popular antipathy against her. It
SALUT, Fr. The salute. means, literally, a man without breeches.
Salut^ sponten, Ex. The spontoor SAP, (Sappe, Fr. ) in sieges, is a trench,
salute. I or an approach made under cover, ten or

! twelve feet broad, when the besiegers


S AS SAU 615

come near the place, and the fire from the baund, worn by all Asiatics even to this
garrison grows so dangerous, that they are day ; they are of considerable use to the
not able to approach uncovered. soldier during fatigues or marches ; and
There are several sorts of saps : the sin the "girding up the
loins," as noted in
gle, which has only a single parapet ; the scripture, would be found now not an
double, having one on each side ; and the unwise practice for the soldier in action.
flying, made with gabions, Sec. In all The American cavalry tie the sash on
saps, traverses are left to cover the men. the left ; the infantry on the right side.
The sap generally commences about the The sashes for the Austrian army are
second parallel, and sometimes sooner; of crimson and gold; the Prussian army,
and if the fire of the besieged is much black silk and silver ; the Hanoverian were
slackened, may proceed both day and yellow silk; the Portugueze, crimson
night. The sappers are usually divided silk, with blue tassels. The modern
into brigades of 8, and sub-divided into French have their sashes made of three
divisions of 4 each ; being the greatest colors, viz. white, pink, and light blue,
number that can woik at the sap ar the to correspond with the national flag.
Same rime. The leading sapper excavates SATELLITE, (Satellite, Ex.) A per
18 ,nches deep, and as much wide; the son who attends on another, either for his
seconu, third, and fourth deepen the safety, or to be ready to execute his plea
trench, each in succession 6 inches, and sure.
widen it as much ; so that the four make a SATELLITES, Fr. Certain armed
trench of 3 feet wide and three feet deep ; men, of whom mention is made in the
after which the common workmen fol history of Philip Augustus, king of
low, and increase it 111 breadth and depth France. The word satellite itselr, which
equal to the other trenches. The sap may we
frequently find in ancient historians,
of 80 fathoms in 24
proceed at the rate signifies a guard or attendant about the
hours. As this work is very hard, the person of a prince. It is derived from
half brigades relieve each other every the Latin word satelles, which comes
hour, and each sapper in his turn tak~s from the Syriac term for a companion.
the lead. The whole brigade is relieved The sitellites of Philip Augustus were
at the end of 6 hours. It is always cus men selected from the militia of the
tomary in this dangerous work, to give country, who fought on foot and horse
the pay of those that are killed to the back. The servants or batm.n who at
survivors. Sappers are generally armed tended the military knights when they
with a helmet and breast plate. See went into action, were likewise called

Trenches, Parallels. satellites, and fought in their defence


SAPPERS, (Sappeurs, Fr.) are soldiers mounted or on foot.
belonging to the artificers or engineers, SATISFACTION. When an officer
whose business it is to Woik at the saps, or other person goes out to fight a duel
and for which they have an extraordinary with one whom he has offended, or by
pay. A brigade of sappers generally con whom he has been offended, he is said to
sists of eit;ht m n, divided equally into give or take satisfaction !
two parties. Whilst one of these parties SAUCISSE, ? in mining, is a long
is advancing the sap, the other is furnish SAUCISSON, 5 pipe or bag, made of
ing the gabions, fascines, and other neces cloth well pitched, or sometimes of lea
sary implements ; they relieve each other ther, of about ij inch diameter, filled
alternately. with powder, going from the chamber of
SARISSA.thePike. the mine to the entrance of the gallery.
SAROT, Fr. A sort of frock which It is generally placed in a wooden pipe,
was worn by the drivers of mules, and called an auget, to prevent its growing
other persons employed in the French damp. It serves to give fire to mines,
armies. caissons, bomb chests, &c.
SARRAZINE, Fr. SeeHERSE. Saucisson, is likewise a kind of
S A R D A R, Ind. A chief, a leader. fascine, longer than the common ones ; it
S A RAT. The breaking up or ending serves to raise batteries, and to repair

6f the rains, is so called in India. breaches. Saucissons are also used in


(SASCE, Ind The moon. making epaulements, in stopping passa
SASH A mark of distinction, gene ges, andin making traverses over a wet

rally made of crimson silk for the officers, ditch, Sec.


and of crimson mixed with white cotton Saucisson debrulot, Ex. A machine
for the serjeants. It is worn round the made use of to set fire co the different
waist. Sashes are erroneously said to compartments in a
fire-ship.
have been invented for the convenience %Auctss>onsd'artificc, Ex. Saucissons
and ease of wounded officers, in case any used in artificial fire work*.
of them were so badly wounded, as to Saucissons volans, Fr. Flying sau
render them incapable of remaining at cissons; a species of sky-rocket.
their they might be carried off with
posts, SAVE. conduit. A pass.
tne assistance of two men; out though SAUT, Ind. An hour.
they niiy have be-n so used, they are Saut, Fr. This word is used in hy
only an ancient remnant ot military or draulics to sicnifv a considerable fall of
nament, and correspond with the hummer. J water,such as the falls of Niagara, &c.
616 S C A S CH

SAUTE R, Fr. To leap. SCAlAHG.ladder. See Ladders.


Sauter. a I'arbordagt, Fr. To leap S C A L L O P, any segment of a circle.
the deck, To SCALP. To deprive the scull of
upon or on
any part of an
enemy's ship, for the purpose of board its integuments. A barbarous custom in
ing her. practice amongst the Indian warriors, of
Sauter en selle, Ft. To get on horse taking off the tops of the scalps ot the'
back. To jump upon your saddle. enemies sculls with their hair on.
They
SAUVE-garde, Fr. Sale-guard. Pro preserve them as trophies of their victo
tection. ries, and are rewarded by their chiefs,
Accerder des fsAiivz-gardes, Fr. To according to the number they bring
grant protections. in.
Envoy er une garde Sauve -garde, Ex. To SCAMPER,
en
(Escamper, Ex.) To run
To send out a party for the purpose of away precipitately.
escorting persons, or of protecting any SCARF. See Sash.
particular quarter. SCARLET, the national color for the
S a u v e qu i pent ! Fr. Let those escape dress of the British. The British aitillery,
.hat can. This expression is familiar to cavalry, and some of the litht infantry,
the French, it was employed in an early are clothed in blue ; rifle
corps in green ;
part ofthe revolution, by the royalists to and the cavalry for foreign service in light
pioduce panic in the ranks ofthe revolu blue. See Uniform.
tionary army ; and was used with success SCARPE. SeeEscARPE.
particularly in the corps under gen. Dillon SCEH OGR AP HY ,(Scenagraphe, Ft.)
in Flanders. The representation of a building, town,
SAVAN, Ind. The name of an In- &c. as it
appears in prospective or from
d'nn month, which corresponds with without, with all its dimensions and
July. shadows.
SAW. A denrated steel instrument SCHEDULE, an inventory, a list;
wifh which wood or metal is cut by at also something referred to by numbers or
trition. Each pioneer is provided with letters; as the oaths of the reciuit and
one. magistrate, marked A and B at the end of
SAYON, Fr. A kind of coarse habit the mutiny act.
in which soldiers were formerly clothed SCHOOL, (icole, Fr.) A house of
among the French. discipline and instruction; a place of li
SCABBARD, (Fourreau, Ex.) A case terary education; an university. It is a
commonly made of black leather, with a more general and
comprehensive term
ferrel at the end, in which a sword, sabre, than college or academy. The French
&c. may be sheathed. have made a great distinction on this head
BayonetScabbard. A leathern sheath with respect to their military institutions.
made in a triangular form to correspond Thus the great receptacle for military
with the shape ofthe bayonet. genius was called L'icole Militaire de
Scabbard-.>....o. A brass button or Paris ; the military school of Paris ;
hook by which the scabbard is attached whereas the subordinate places of instruc
to the frog ofthe belt. tions and the preparatory houses, were
The word scabbard has been sometimes termed colleges, viz. colleges de Soreze,
used in a figurative sense to distinguish Bnenne, Tivon, Rebais, Beaumont, Pont-
those persons who have obtained rank: le-roy, Vendome, Effiat, Pont-a-Mous-
and promotion in the army without see son, Tournon.
ing much hard service, from those who British Royal Military School or College.
have fought their way through all the , A new institution under the direction
obstacles of superior interest, &c. Hence of the commander in chief, for the time
the favourite expression of the late sir being.
William Erskine Some rise by the scab

This establishment consists of two de
bard, and some by the sword ! Which means partments :

more than we are at liberty to illustrate, The first, or senior department, is cal
but which may be easily applied to cases culated to instruct officers, who have al
in point. ready acquired a sufficient knowlege of
SCA LADE, from the French Escalade, regimental duties, &c. in the higher
a furious attack upon a wall or rampart, branches of their profession. Their at
contrary to form, and with no regularity, tention is particularly directed to those
frequentlycarried on with ladders, to in functions which relate to the quarter
sult the wall by open force. master-general's department in the field.
SCALE, a right line divided into equal The second, or junior department, is
parts, representing miles, fathoms, paces, meant for the education of
young men,
feet, inches, used in making plans
&c. who have not yet received any commis
upon paper; giving each line its true sions in the army, but who are intended
length, &c. See also Balance, Esca from early life for the profession of
lade, Sec. arms.
SCALENE, Fr. A term used in ge The following particulars constitute
ometry to
express a triangle whose three the general outline of this praise- worthy
sides and three angels are unequal to one institution:

another. The commander in chief for the time.


SCH SCH 617

being is always to be considered as the officersstudying in the senior department


chief governor of the establishment. He of the college; but at no other season of
is president of the supreme board of the year, except for a few
days, and then
the college; the members of which are only under circumstances and in cases of
the secretary at war, and such general mgent necessity.
and staff officers as the king may, from Senior department.
time to time, nominate. It is their pe The number of officers which can be
culiar province to see, that the regulations admitted, at a time, to the studies of
of the institution be duly observed, and the senior department, is limited to

30
unequivocally fulfilled, and that the whole and it is required, as indispensibly ne.
be conducted with economy and credit to cessary, that they should be perfectly
the country. conversant in all the details of
regimental
There is constantly resident in the col duty.
lege a governor and a lieutenant-governor, They must likewise have made them
who must both be military officers. The selves masters of the French language, be
former not under the rank of major- versed in mathematics, and in the science
general, and the latter not under that of of field fortification and castrametation
;
lieutenant-colonel in the line. Theseare and be well instructed in the
drawing of
the immediate functionaries ofthe place, military plans, Sec.
and to them is intrusted the entire direc Every thing which relates to the dif
tion ofthe establishment ; subject only to ferent branches belonging to the seniot
the instructions and orders that may oc department, is conveyed in French, in
casionally be issued from the supreme order that officers may be enabled to im
board of the college. prove the knowlege they acquire at the
At the head of each department are pla establishment, by reading with facility,
ced a commandant and a director of in thv military writers that are most in esti
struction. These must likewise be mi mation. The majority of such authors
litary men, and bear the king's commis being found among the French, that lan
sion. They are at all times accountable guage is, of course, most cultivated ; by
for their respective departments, being which means the first object of acquire
under the immediate control of the go ment will not only be obtained, but will
vernor and lieutenant-governor of the ensure to the general staff of the army a

college. disposable body of intelligent officers,


that
The commandants of departments, in are conversant in a continental tongue.
conjunction with the directors of instruc The instruction is not elementary ot
tion, form a collegiate board, at which given upon first principles only. The
the resident governor, or, in his absence, attention of the officers is directed to
the lieutenant-governor constantly pre higher branches, and the lessons they
sides. receive are exemplified by practice in the
Public examinations are made, at sta field ; by taking ground, Sec.
ted periods, by this board, in order to The particular and more immediate
ascertain the progress of learning, and duties, appertaining to the general staff;
the degrees of improvement. The pre to which the faculties of the mind are
sident and members of it likewise enter principally applied, consist in taking
into the interior economy of the place, (a coupd'oeil, ox at sight) military surveys
control the expenditure of the establish of ground without any mechanical pro
ment, and maintain the statutes of the cess, or aid of instruments; and to ex
college ; subject nevertheless to the
con press the same on paper with the most
trol and occasional direction of the su accurate perspicuity.
preme board, to which the collegiate one 11 is, therefore, necessary that the offi
is in every respect subordinate. cers of the seniot department should be
The staff" and other officers of each de able to judge of the advantages and dis

partment are under the immediate orders advantages of ground relative to offensive
of their respective commandants, who are and defensive operations ; to employ geo
metrical and trigonometrical operations on
enjoined to conduct their departments in
strict conformity to the existing rules and the ground ; to chuse the scite or position
of entrenchments and batteries, by which
discipline.
The establishment is founded upon every part of a
camp may be defended,
of the strictest economy ; and and its leading put d I'abri
avenues, &c.
principles de must likewise be
the expence of being at the institution, surprises. They
which
with all the advantages of theoretical masters 01 a
theory may be adapt
instruction and practical improvement, ed to every case in which field fortifica
does not exceed the necessary charges and tion can be employed: to trace camps on
disbursements to whic.i every officer is the ground, and to prick out the lines of
subject when he lives with his regiment. entrenchments, Sec. with dispatch and
It is a standing order ofthe institution, accuracy, in conformity to the strict rules
that officers must constantly appear in of tastr.unetation : to be thoroughly con
versant in the theory of camp out-duties,
uniform ; and they must in all respects
conform to the rules and regulations. and of the grand guards of armies : to
knowhowtoreconnottreground lora
Leave of absence is granted, during the given
months of December .and January, to number of columns uuving in route of
4 1
618 SCH SCH

march, and to place or distribute the same dispositions, whether with a view to their
with attention to the conveniences of fo encamping, or to
forming in order of
rage and water, and to the security of the battle.
magazines. To reconnoitre routes for the march of
To reconnoitre the route of a column several columns in retreat, fonhe purpose
in advancing, to estimate the labor of of forming columns of march according t
the circumstances of the retreat, and in
opening the several communications, to
calculate the number of artificers that are conformity to the ground to which they
retire.
requisite, and the time that is necessary to To regulate the retreat and relative
clear the route for the march of a column,
and to detail the same in an accurate man support of the rear guards attached to
the several columns.
nerupon paper.
To reconnoitre the route ofa column in In order to add practical knowlege t
specifying, in a clear and succinct
retreat, theory, and to adapt the observations of
manner upon paper, the several points in established military writers to local expe
retreat that favorable to each arm
are rience, every survey or
reconnoitring of
composing the guard, when they may
rear country, for the retreat oradvance of co
halt, and act as covering parties to the re lumns ; for offensive or defensive posi
treating column. tions ; for encampments, or the construc
To reconnoitre and take up ground for tion and erection of batteries, Sec. is made
a number of ttoops on a defensive po
given upon spots that are actually in the neigh
sition, andto place the same; to establish borhood of the establishment ; and every
a chain of posts, to construct batteries, object of instruction is applied to the local
throw upabbatis, and other means of de circumstance ofthe ground as it actually
fence, adapted to the particular circum- exisrs. It is required, that plans of these
utances of the ground made choice of for different surveys, &c. should at all times
the position. accompany and be given in with the lesson
To reconnoitre theground upon which of instruction.
any given number of troops might be en Officers of the senior department must
not only be well
camped under circumstances of aggres acquainted with these
sion. In taking this position for the pur particulars, but chey must further know
pose of acting offensively, particular atten how to regulate the cantonments of an
tion must be paid to the future move army.
ments of the army, by providing the To estimate the resources of a country,
readiest means of directing and support in green and dry forage, in cattle, grain,
ing its operations. horses, and carriages, together with the
Marches and movements constitute so population.
essential a branch in military tactics, that To draw out
plans of resources, general
on them almost wholly depends the issue plans of operations and subordinate ones
of a campaign. It is consequently ex of position, and of cantonments.
pected, that evf-ry officer belonging to the According to the season of the year,
senior department, should be able to and the state ot the weather, officers are
calculate the march of a column under all employed in acquiring the theory, or ap
the various and desultory circumstances plying in practice on the ground, the seve
which are attendant on the movements of ral points of instruction to which their
troops. He must accurately ascertain the attention has been directed.
ground, the defiles, the width of roads, It is required of them, individually, to
&t. the length ofthe several columns.
reconnoitre a given tract or line of country*
The hours occupied in marching, defiling, The military positions they take up, as
passing obstacles, &c must come within well as the
disposition they make of
this calculation. troops, whether in camp or in order of
It must be remarked, that this is a march, are invariably
represented by plans
route of march which has in view only in drawing, and all instruction is exem
to convey a body of troops from one posi plified by applications which are made in
tion to another, without being connected the field, and are adapted to the local cir
with military operations relative to the cumstances of ground. In order to ren
enemy der the different lessons familiar to the
To calculate the march of several co mind, and to make them practically easy,
lumns with respect to each other. imaginary marches are made from one
To reconnoitre routes for the march of supposed camp to another, and the vari
several columns in advancing; to form ous orders which relate to the movements
rhe columns of march so as to correspond of troops are given out and explained, as
with the field of battle whicii they are to it they were to be actually carried into
occupy, and to point out the routes by effect. Points of attack or defence are
which they are severally to arrive. The taken up, ambuscades are laid, and all the
remark which we have already made ap chicane of what the French so justly call
plies to this part likewise. le petite guerre, is entered into with as
To regulate an order of march, and to much promptitude and caution, as if the
ascertain the arrival of several columns ei.emy were in the neighborhood of the
on the field, with regard to the appropriate college. The manoeuvres of light troops
manner of deploying, and their relative are particularly practised ; and ths differ-
SCH SCH 619

" - ~
~

ent instructions which have been publish have died, or have been disabled in his
,

ed in French on that branch of military majesty's service, and are left in pecuniary
tactics by Mons. Jarry, are practically distress.
taught, as time and circumstances per The students are formed into fourcom-
mit. J panies; and proper persons are appointed
The elements of field fortification, and || for their care and superintendance.
*he higher branches of attack and defence, ll They are to wear an established uniform,
are not
only inculcated with the greatest '! and to be conducted as a military body

perspicuity, but they are reduced to prac regard being had to their youth, and cer
tice by
imaginary lines of circumvallation tain instructions adapted for its govern,
and contravallation ; by posts and posi ment.
tions suddenly taken, and quickly fortifi The course of study which is arranged
ed ; whilst the manifold feints and strata for this department is of a
preparatory
gems of war which have been practised nature, leading gradually to branches of
by the best generals, are locally attempt a higher class that are fitted for the staff;

ed, for the double purpose of applying and adding to classical knowlege, every
practice to established facts, and of seiz accomplishment that is required to form
ing some new idea that may grow out of the character of a perfect gentleman and
ancient practice. officer.
Whenever an officer has completed his The students are taught the several
studies, he is reported to the commander , branches of mathematics, field fortifica
in chief, as having qualified himself for tion, together with the general principles
the quarter-master-general's department ; of gunnery and artillery service. They
and returns to his regimenr, having had are instructed in drawing military plans,
his name previously registered ar the col military movements, and perspective.
lege, in order that he may be employed on They are also made acquainted with the
the general staff of the army when his first rudiments of war, the science of mi
services are required. litary manoeuvre, with geography and
When an officer wishes to be admitted history, as well as with the German and
to the military college, his application French languages. Professors and mas
must be addressed to the commander in ters are appointed to teach the Hindoo
chief, for the time being, through the and Persian tongues, as being immediate
m.dium of the colonel or commanding ly necessary ro the service of India.
officer of his regiment, who sends it, Masters are likewise provided to instruct
under cover, ro the official or public se cadets in the geography of India, and to
cretary at the Horse-Guards, with his make them familiarly acquainted with t
own certificate of the good conduct ofthe the local knowlege of the settlement for
applicant. which they are severally intended.
When an officer, thus admitted, is The directors of instruction are made
found deficient in any of the branches of particularly responsible for the proper
elementary knowlege, which he is ex management of the studio, and different
pected to have acquired previous to his elementary branches which constitute an
entrance into the senior department, he essential part ofthe establishment.
may have the advantage of instruction The professors and masters are em-

from the professors and masters of the ployed generally to instruct in both de
junior department. It would, however, partments, under the control of the chief
be more gratifying to all parties, were director.
such officers to qualify themselves betore The whole establishment, which has i
militarv knowlege and improvi-ment fori
they quit their corps.
The same allowances which are esta its basis, is conducted upon strict military \
blished for troops in barracks, are made to principles, and in scrupulous conformity !
officers who attend the instructions of the to the rules and discipline which are is- \
senior department. sued by authority for the government of
Every officer admitted to this depart the army at large
ment is required to have a horse to attend A sufficient number of masters are
his duty in the field, and regular rations constantly resident in the college, lor the
of forage, &c. are issued to him for his instruction of such students as may wish
to continue their classical studies. Fre
keeping.
The officers of the senior department quent lessons are given them on moral and
mess together, and their table is regulated natural philosophy
by specific statutes ofthe college. They are likewise taught riding, swim
Junior department .
ming, fencing, and tne sabre and sword
This department is calculated to re exercise.
ceive three hundred students from the The instruction of the department is
to sixteen. Fifty out of divided into two parts, forming a junior
age of fourteen
this number may be cadets of the hon. and senior division of study.
F.ast India company's service; one hun Public examinations are held in this
students
dred the sons of noblemen and gentlemen depanment, in order to removedivision
who are intended for the army ; one hun from the lower to the higher of
dred the sons of officers actually in the study ; and also for the purpose of grant
icrvieff j and fifty the sons pf officers who ing certificates to such ?.s are qualified tr
620 SCH SCH

act ascommissioned officers in the service, i board, and such others may, from time t
age under what is required by the I
at an time, be named.
present regulations of the army A secretary to the supreme board.
From th.s department students will A president to the college.

join the regimen s into which they seve The military SCHOOL at Paris, (icoL
rally enter; and after having obtained 'royale militaire de Paris, Fr.) This cele
some experience, through the brated establishment, which for so many
by going
different duties of a regimental officer, years supplied France with superior ta
they will be qualified to return to the lents, and to which Bonaparte is indebted
college, and to enter into the senior de tor the solid groundwork of that military
partment, if they are disposed to study the knowlege that has astonished and con
service of the general staff. quered Europe, owes its origin to Henry
The public examinations are held in IV. who first erected a public building
presence of one or more visitors or inspec in Anjou, for the free education of the
tor, nominated by the commander in I children of poor noblemen ; it was called
chief; and it is required, that they should the college of La Fleche, wherein one
be members of the supreme board of the hundred young boys of the above descrip
college. tion were supported, Sec. at the king's
The expence attending the education expence. They were there taught Latin
of a young gentleman in this department, and the liberal arts by the Jesuits, whose
is according to the foundation on which he learning, and aptitude at teaching others
is admitted to the college. to learn, have been so deservedly admired
The sons of noblemen and gentlemen in every quarter of the globe. This order,
pay 80/. per annum. however, having been banished out of
The sons of officers in service pay 40/. France in 1770, by Louis XV. because the
per annum ; and orphans, who are the numbers interfered with the government
sons of oflicers that have died in the ser (whilst all their crimes consisted in being
vice, or the sons of those that have been too virtuous to countenance the debauche
disabled and are straitened in circumstan ries of that weak monarch) ; thedirectior of
ces, are educated, cfothed, and maintain i the
college was entrusted to the secular
ed free of all expence. priests, and the number of students was
The board, clothing, and accommoda increased to 350. On this occasion it was

tion, are included in the several sums distinguished byapartic iar mark of royal
above specified. favor, and was called the royal college.
There are two vacations in the course of In addition to this provincial establish
twelve months, viz. At Christmas and

ment, Louis XV. instituted tire royal

Midsummer, for a term not exceeding one military school in the neighborhood of
month each vacation. Paris, where 250 young lads received a
The administration of the funds of the regular education under the most able
establishment, is under the direction of masters ; particularly in those branches
the collegiate board. which contributed to
military knowlege.
The accounts are balanced at the exp During their vacations, and at periods
ration of six months in every year, and are of intermission from classical pursuits,
. laid before the supreme board; at which they were attended and instructed by ex-
periods, repoits of progress made in the penenced officers. They generally re
several branches of literature and techni mained until the age of 18, and were
cal science, and of the public examina after that distributed among the different
tions, are made before the committee. regiments with appropriate commissions.
These documents, accompanied by well They were then distinguished by being
digested remarks and seasonable sugges- permitted to wear a cross, which was
tions, for the preservation ot good order, tied to a crimson piece of riband, and
&c and the improvement of the institu hung from a button- hole in their coat.
tion, are laid before the king by the com The cross, on one side, represented the
mander in chief, as president and governor figure of the Virgin Mary ; and on the
of the college. other, there was a trophy adorned with
The supreme board of the college is threefleurs delis They had likewisean
in the following manner : annual pension of 200 livres, (about 40
composed
The commander in chief for the time be dollars) which was paid them without
ing, president. deduction, until they obtained the rank of
Secretary at war. captain, provided they had a certificate
Governor. of good behaviour from the staff or etat
Mastcr.general of the ordnance. major of their corps. They received,
Governor of Chelsea college. moreover, when they quitted the school,
Quarter-master-general. a small kitt of linen, a hat, sword, and an
And two honorary members. uniform coat. They were replaced in
Barrack-master general. the military school by an equal number ol
Lieutenant colonel Le Marchant, as youths whe came from the college of La
lieutenant governor. Fleche, for that purpose, at the a*e of 13
General Jarry as commandant of the or 14
;rnior department Both these establishments underwent a
These arc the members of tlie supreme considerable alteration during rheadmU
SCH SCH 621

nistration of the count de St. Germain, |j person could be admitted Who was lame,
in April 1776. This minister persuaded | or other -vise deformed
; and certain proofs
Louis XVI. that great public benefit 1 of nobility were to be established and
given in, well
might be derived from increasing the proofs of property,
as as

numoer of these colleges, and admitting


vouched for by two gentlemen who lived
of his subjects. in the neighborhood of the applicant,
youths from every classtook and confirmed by the intendant of the
When these alterations place in the
royal military school, all the young men province, or by the governor. And in
that were 18 years old were incorporated order to afford the parents ample time to
with the regiments of gentlemen cadets. collect the necessary vouchers, the preli
These enjoyed all the advantages which minary consent of the king was forward
their predecessors had possessed; with ed to them six months before July, an
this exception, that they did not wear the nouncing that their children might be
uniform of their corps, nor the cross. presented to the college on the 7I1 of
Those lads who had not reached the pe September next following.
riod in question, were 1 dated in different The king's students, or those young lad::
milita for whom 700 Iivres(i5c dolls. )were annu
corps, and several remained in the
ry school who were afterwards provided ally paid out of his privy purse, were
for on another footing. The number of taught in the subordinate colleges, as in
men was gradually increased, not the military school at Paris, every thing
young
fresh arrivals from La Fleche, that could be useful to a military character,
only by
but by the admission of several others for besides music and other accomplish
whom a pension was paid by their
yearly ments. They were, moreover, regular
parents. The latter, were not, however, ly supplied with toils tor fencin.,, and
with mathematical and musical instru
;ntitled to any advantage o: indulgence
bevond what was generally alowed. ments. In order to excite emulation,
On the 28th of March 177% the king prizes and rewards were distributed ac
cording merit ; and an allowance tot
gave directions, that ten colleges should
to

be established, over the gates if each of pocket money was made in the following
which was written College Riyale Mill-
manner:
20 sols, or tod English per
far re,- royal military college Vhese col month, to each boy under twelve; and
sels ox 2od. to all above that age The
leges were under the immediate care and 40 ,

instruction of the Benedictine monks, royal pensions and a'lowances were paid
tnd other religious persons. every quarter, commencing on the ist of
The secretaty 01 state held the same April 1776. These payments were re
urisdiction over these colleges that he gulated by specific returns, which were
'possessed over La Fleche, and the mili- regularly forwarded on the 15th of each
tirv school at Paris. month preceding the expiration of the
There were always 50 at least, and quarter, to the secretaiy at war, and
were signed by the heads or superiors of
rever more than 60 young men placed for
ecucationin each qf these collegei, at the each college, accompanied by an exact
muster-roll of all the students. By di
expence of the king ; amounting innually
about 150 dollars. rection of the secretary at war, every spe
pe head to 700 livres, cies of necessary furniture and utensil mat
la this sum each student was supplied
was found for La Fleche, and the mili
win a blue coat with red cuffs, and
whte buttons, a blue surtout or great tary school at Paris, was distributed, in
coal, two white waistcoats, two pairs
of equal proportions, among the subordi
black breeches, twelve shirts, twelve nate colleges ; a preference, however,
was uiiforinly uven to the calls and ne.
handkerchiefs, six cravats, six night
l.ats, cessities of those two establishments^
caps, two dressing. gowns, two
of shoes, combs, and powder- The colleges that were appointed to pass
two piirs the final examination of students received
bag. These articles were, in the first a double quantity of each article.
instinct, to be provided by the youig
man's parents or friends, and when he Eveiy student who was admitted into
any of the subordinate colleges at eight
quitted, he was furnished with the same
articles at the expence of the college. or nine years old, vvas obliged to remain
there six years before he could appear at
Traveling expences, postage of letters, the final examinations ; that period being
&c. wire defrayed by the parents or
friends of the different students. The thought necessary to complete his educa
With respect to those who were
secretar/ of state's letter, conveying the tion.

king's approbation, was the voucher for entering into their tenth or eleventh year,
admission: but no child could be received and even those who were orphans, they
were not forced to fill the term of fix
unless he had previously learned to write had al
and read. Candidates for admission, un years instruction, provided they
derwent a jlose examination on the vjry ready acquired sufficient knowlege to

! entitle them favorable report bom


day they airived, and if they were found
to a

deficient in any of the necessary qualifica ! their superiors.


friends The king directed that the pensions for
tions, they were sent back to their
with directions not to return until the 50 students upon the establishment,
following, provided they got pro should be paid three months in advance
year
i>: trusted during that period No to the several colleges, lor the purpose of
pcrly
622 SCH SCH

enabling them to complete the necessary be paid, lost all pretensions to the notice
buildings, Sec. Each of those students of government if failed to give satis
allowed small separate apartment,
they
faction at this final hearing.
was a Proper re
with a key tothe door. They were dis- presentations of their incapacity were
tributi'd in a particular the made by the inspector of military schools
quarter of to the secretary of state, which
building, that they might be more easily represen
attended to; having no other communi tations were formally attested an t cor
cation with the honorary pensioners, or roborated by the opinion and judgment of
those who had an allowance from their the superior of the college of Brienne, in
parents, than what was absolutely ne order that an accurate account might be
cessary to carry on the public instruction given to his majesty, and that the parents
and discipline of the place. might be offictrily directed to send or
The college of Brienne, a small town come for their children.
in Champagne, vvas fixed upon for the The superior ox head of each subordi
admission of the young lads whose pen nate college was directed, fiom the ist
sions were paid by their parents. The of J uly 177B, to send, under cover to the
latter likewise defrayed the expences of socretary at war, an effective return of
the journey ; but they were entitled to those students that had finished th ir
the same indemnification that was after course of education, and were prepar-d
wards granted to trie king's students.
for examination. An order was then is
The same rules and method of instruction sued from the war-office for their attend
were pursued by the difterent colleges, in ance at the college of Brienne.
order that all the candidates might be The heads of colleges were enjoined to
brought together at the same time for transmit, annually, to the secretary of
examination. This examination was
made in the presence of the principal, and
the war department, an
analysis ofthe
various elenentary tracts which they had
under inspector of the schools, and of perused, accompanied by comments and
other literary men, who were appointed observation thereon, together with ori
by the secretary ot state for that purpose, ginal suggestions of their own. 600
and received izoo livres, or 250 dollars, livres, or 1250 dollars, were allowed
as a gratification for their attendance, be. out of" the annual revenue of the military
sides board and lodging at the king's ex- school at Paris, for the specific purpose
pence. The concours, or meeting for ex of rewarding those writers who sheuiej
amination, took place every year, and publish the best treatises relative to the
lasted from the ist to the 15th ot Septem military education of youth; and when
ber; the original one commencing in Sep this intent was fulfilled, the surplus 01
tember 1778. The young men that pass the sum entire was appropriated to tin
ed the examination to the full satisfaction purchauof books, which were equally dis
of these gentlemen, were placed in differ tributee among the difterent colleges,
ent
regiments, and received commissions each of which had a separate library lor
accordingly. the convenience and improvement ol tbe
The four best informed and most able students
of the young candidates, received pen The king left it to the discretion of tie
sions or temporary allowances in the fol differen: religious orders, to select sich
lowing manner : The two first got 150 person), as were best calculated to under

livres, between 6/. and 7/. sterling; and take the direction of the colleges, anc" to
the two next 100 livres, equal to 4/. odd chuse the difterent masters and professors.
per annum, until they were promoted to He reserved, however, to himself the
companies. They were further entitled power of displacing any of them, if, up
wear the ancient cross ofthe on mature and correct representation they
to military
school. If any of them quitted the ser were found inadequate to the trust.
vice before they had obtained the above The four professors, belonging to the
rank of captain, the pension ceased.

colleges in which the four successful can-


They likewise received, (in common with didites at the general examination had
all the other students that left the estab betn educated, received four golden me
lishment) 200 livres, between 8/. and 9/. dals, each worth ico livres, 25 dollars,
on their becoming lieutenants in the arms as a testimony of his majesty's
.
approba
The young men that were not found tion. The king's likeness was on one
sufficiently instructed to join a regular side of the medal, and on the otier was
corps, as gentlemen cadets, remained at engraved, Prix de bon Instructor ; the
the College de Concours, or college of ex good teacher's prize. With the laudable
amination, until the following year, when view of collecting the best ard most
they wereagain questioned as to every able masters, various rewards were ima
particular which regarded a military edu gined, and occasionally distribu ed among
cation. But, let their success on this the different persons employed in the in
occasion be what it might, they ceased to struction of" young beginners.
be entitled to those marks of distinction The different vacancies whicii occurred
and temporary allowances which were in consequence of the public examination
ivcn to the first successful candidates. that took place once a year, were regu-
Those boys, who were brought. by their larlv filled up at that period.
parent?, and for whom a pension was to The secretary of state transmitted, tb
SCH SCH 623

the heads of colleges a list, containing the quence to these public marks of royal
names of the young men that were to suc attention. In case of the secretary's
ceed. death or sickness, the
inspector-general
Louis XVI. exclusively of the 600 of the schools attended for the same well
students who were placed in the different judged purpose.
eoileges pursuant to the new regulations, On the 26th of July 1783, an order ap
restored the ancient foundation of La peared, by which the king directed, that
Fleche, which had originally been esta the young gentlemen who, by a former
blished by IV. for the benefit of regulation could only be admitted into the
Henry
100 poor
boys, who were of noble families, royal colleges between the ages ot eight
and whose parents had rendered some ser and eleven, should be received from the
vice to the state in the civil, military, or age of seven to that of ten. Orphans
ecclesiastical line. They were educated alone could be admitted as late as tlie full
accotding to the bent of their talents and completion of twelve years. The parents
disposition, and fitted to any of those of such children as had been approved ol
rofessions ; provisions and regulations by his majesty, were, without delay, to
aving bean made in the college of La send in proofs nd certificates of their no
Fleche for these purposes, which differed bility ; in failure wheieof one year after
from the general system pursued in the their nomination, they were deprived of
othermilitary colleges. the situation which ha'4 been destined for
Those boys, who at 13 or 14 years old, them.
discovered a partiality to civil or ecclesi No family could solicit a letter of ad
astical functions, left the subordinate mission for more than one child at a time ;
colleges, and repaired to La Fleche. and when it was granted, no application
Their number was limited to five, who could be made in favor of another child
might annually be admitted in conse until the first had (ompleted his educa
quence of an order for that purpose from tion, and was provdedfor in a regiment,
the secretary at war ; which order was or elsewhere.
obtained by their parents, on a represen The wisdom of tls regulation is mani
tation being made to him of their talents fest. It wascalciuted to prevent every
and dispositions, confirmed and vouched species of partialityind undue inliuence,
for by the inspector-general, and by the and it kept the dooopen for many a me
heads and superiors of each college. ritorious youth, th; might otherwise be
An extraordinary allowance was made deprived of the ad.ntages of this useful
by the king to enable these students to institution. Like very other system,
acquirea knowlege of law, and to become however, of that illfated monarchy, the
acquainted with every species of theologi principles were gnqally perverted; and
cal what was intended 1 a general good, be
learning.
These students were never permitted to came subservient tohe intrigues of Ver
leave college under a pretext of seeing sailles, the secret vwsot inspectors and
their friends or parents, however near the commissaries, and ie venal pliancy of
residence of the latter might be. individuals that act under them. This
The heads or superiors of each college evil was not confine to France. It has
transmitted every quarter to the secretary existed, and does stl exist in other na
of state for the war department, and to tions : the transacths in the case of the
the inspector general of schools, a minute duke of York, in cngtnd, shews the pro
account of the actual state ofthe college, fligate venality with hich the saleof mili
and of the progress which each student tary offices was ccnccted. So strict was
had made in the several branches of edu the regulation in Fnce to prevent any
cation. If any extraordinary occurrence monopoly of inure or patronage, that
happened, these communications were to particular instructia were issued to com
be made forthwith, and a: broken periods, missaries to repair io the different pio-
without waiting for the regular expiration vinces in which the veral colleges stood,
of three months. They were likewise in anJ to see that no udents were sent to
structed to communicate with the pa the general examinn at Brienne, who
rents of such children, as were paid for hadany brother or brhas under the same
by them, giving an account of their pro establishment.
gress in education, and stating what they On the 21st of Jiuiry 1779, the fol
had written on that subject to the secre lowing regulation apeaed for the better
tary of state. management and adanage of the stu
The inspector and under inspector- dents belonging to tl Fench royal mili
general went every year to the different tary school :

colleges, to examine personally into eve It was ordained, tat the privilege of
ry thing that concerned
the management being received asmeioirsof the military
of each institution, and to repoit accord orders of Notre Dam if Mont-Carmel,
ingly to his majesty. and St. Lazarus, ofjeusalem, which
Ihe secretary of state for the war de- had beeen hitherto vti, without dis
partment was directed by the king
to be tinction, to all the stdnts of the dif
distribution of ferent colleges, shoul i future be con
present at the annual
prizes, which were given in each college, sidered as the rewarcjo p-culiar merit,
in orti^r to give every ai '. and conse and be rendered thenrans of
exciting
624 SCH SCH

emulation among the gentlemen cadets of didates were obtiged to prove four degrees
the royal military school only. of nobility oh the father's side, and to
To this end the secretary of the war de produce the certificates by the
required
different colleges.
partment was instructed to give in a list Three out of the six
of six students who should have passed an received the cross, and became entitled
examination before the inspector-general, from the day of their admission to an an
with a minute account of their progress nual allowance of 100
livres,
or twenty
in the different art. and sciences, as well dollars, which they continued to enjoy
as general good conduct, natural
of their as long as
they remained in the service,
disposition, Sec. From this number and after they quitted it,
provided they
three were selected by the grand master, retiredfrom the causes
already stared. If
and were made knghts ofthe order, with a knight of the order of Notre Dame du

permission to wear the cross according to St. Carmel, did any singular act of bra
prescribed rules and regulations. A 11 tlie very, or discovered talents of superior
students that were so distinguished re military knowlege, on a
proper attesta
ceived from the revenue or funds of" the tion being produced of the same, signed
order an annual allowance of ioo livres, by th* general unicr whom he served, and
equal to about twenty dollars; which countersigned by the minister of war, he
sum was paid them exclusively ofthe 200 became knight of the order of St. Laza.
livres or forty dolUrs,which they got from rus, and by thus uniting the two orders,
the royal military school. They con preserved an uncontestable proof of the
tinued to receive the annual pension as service he had rendered.
Jong as they remained in the service ; and This regulation, however, did not in
if they were under thenecessity of retiring terfere with the ancient forms and rules of
through sickness, o" wounds, it was the royal military school, as far as they
continued to them curing their natural concerned those students who had already
lives. been received into two orders. It only
Whenever a studnt who had been went to restrict the number of such as

placed in a -regime*, and was entitled might lay claim to the particular marks
to wear the cross c' the royal military of distinction, &c. which were thereby
school, distinguishe himself on service granted to the newly admitted.
by some brilliant aeon, or gave an ex In these schools, and in those of the
traordinary proof o military knowlege, artillery noted below, is to be found the
he vvas recommend'l to the grand-mas true foundation of the military triumphs
ter, and on the artetarion of the general of France from 1792 to 1810.
commanding the arty, countersigned by The great military of school of France
the secretary at war he was instantly in is now established at Fontainbleau by
vested with the orcr of St. Lazarus.

Bonaparte.
Thus the re-union f these two crosses, The French had likewise a marin
(which could onlv happen in cases of school, (icole de marine), which was kept
singular merit, an under the circum at the expence of government, and was
stances already staid) would always bear regularly attended 10, in one of the de
undeniable testinwy of the service ren partments. There was also a ship, dis
dered by the indtviual. The pension, in tinguished by the name of school, (icole)
fact, would neith incur the suspicion which was regularly manned and equipped
of partiality, by h.ing been a mere sine- for the instruction "of young marines.
cure, nor the nonary mark, the impu There were several schools of artillery,
tation of undue iniience, and ill-applied icoies d'arti/lerie, distributed in different
patronage. parts of the kingdom, and supported at
In king's approba
consequence:" the the public charge. The five principal
tion, the tollowii specific regulation, ones were at La Fire, Metx, Grenoble^
relative to the Mont-Carmel,
orrs of Strasburgh, and Perpignan.
and St. Lazarus, f Jerusalem, was is They were under the direction of an
sued on the 2isbf January 1779, by inspector-general, who had the rank of
Louis Stanislaus ivier de Franks, bro a lieutenant -general in the
army. Each
ther to his majest and grand master of school was by three com
those orders, (thi present head of the
superintended
and
mandants, was composed of ordinary
Bourbons, who us the title of Louis and extraordinary commissaries belonging
XVIII ) to the artillery, of oflicers who had the
It was therein ated, that, in future, immediate direction of the levelling and
the order of NotcDame du Mont-Car pointing pieces of ordnance, andof volun
mel, should bftrved for such students teer cadets.
belonging thioyal military school,
to These schools were open throughout
as appvedof in eveiy respect,
had been the year; advantage
being taken of oc
contormably tope prescribed instruc casional tine wtather during the winter
tions on that hjl, for the purpose of months to practise and exercise. They
being admitted lights of the order. The were divided into schools of theory, icoies

mark by whichjey
consistedof all
were

similar to the
a cross
distinguished de thiorie, and into schools of practice,
e'cales de pratique.
one, already depbed, which was for The theoretical establishments were
merly worn by p students. The can-

for the immediate instruction of all o)fi>
SCI S C U 625

cors belonging to the engineer and the ar SCITI E, or SETIE, Fr. a smal
tillery departments. decked barge with Levant sails.
The practical schools were open indis SCORPION, (Scorpion, Ex.) a sort
criminately to all officers and soldiers. of long thick javelin or arrow, which was
There was also a particular school for used among the ancients. For a specific
the information of those persons who di description, see Vegetius and J ustus Lip-
rected their attention to mining and sap sius. The Cretans are supposed to have
ping ; this school was calletl L' icole des invented the scorpion.
Sappeurs. The miner's school. There SCIMITAR, a short crooked sword,
was likewise a school established at La more or less incuivated.

Fire, to which none but artillery officers To SCOUR, (Baltic a toute volie, Fr.)
could be admitted. The students con This term is frequently used to express
sisted of one company, whose number i the act of firing a
quick and heavy dis
never exceeded 50. They had the rank charge of ordnance or musquetry, fur the
of sub-lieutenants, and received a month purpose of dislodging an enemy. Hence

ly subsistence, amounting to forty French to scour the rampart or the covert way.
livres, a little more than seven dollars. It likewise signifies to clear, to drive
The school at Mezieres, which was away, viz. To scour the seas; Ecumer
established before the additional one at les mers, Ft. To scour the streets ; Ecu

La Fere, for the exclusive use and advan mer les rues ; also to run about in a loose
tage of the artillery, was calculated to desultory manner, as to scour the country.
receive 30 officers; and those who went To SCOUR a line, is to flank it, so as
from La Fere had the rank ot second to see directly along it, that a musquet
lieutenants, with 60 livres, something ball, entering at one end, may fly to the
more than ten dollars, as monthly sub other, leaving no place of security.
sistence. SCOUTS, are generally horsemen sent
It will naturally strike every observer, out before, and on the win.s of an
armyf
from these several establishments, which at the distance of a mile or two, to dis
were all supported by government, and cover the enemy, and give the general m

warmly patronised by the different reign account of what they see. See Vidfttis.

ing monarchs in France, that military sci SCREW, (Escrou, Fr.) One- of the
ence constituted one of the chief objects mechanical powers, which is defined a
of French policy ; and it is only bare jus right cylinder cut into a furrowed spiral.
tice to say, that their encouragement was Wilkins calls it a kind ef wedge, that is
not fruitlessly bestowed. All Europe multiplied or continued by a helical re
has testified to the effect; the neglect ot volution about a cylinder, receiving its
military science in other nations is equally motion not from any stroke, but from a
striking, and ougnt to produce more vectis at one end of if.
wise precautions. The Turks have Screws, in gunnery, axe fastened to
a military school, called the school for the cascable of light guns and howitzers,
the Agemolans, or young men attached by means of an iron bolt, which goes;
to the corps of Janizaries. This institu through a socket fixed upon the centre
tion was created by Amurat, for the pur transom, to elevate or depress the piece
pose of enuring a certain number of per with, instead of wedges.
sons to every possible hardship of military Screw of direction, {Vis de Pointage,
service. Ex.) The screw of direction, used in thd
Fencing School, (icole d'armes, Fr.) artillery, is formed ofa brass horizontal
Every trench regiment, when 111 bar roller, placed between the two cheeks of
racks or otherwise conveniently quarte red, the caniage. The trunnions of the roller
has a room allotted for the exercise of the move
upon two vertical iron pivots, which
small sword, the spadroon, Sec. Some are fixed against the interior sides of the

active clever serjeant or soldier is autho cheeks. By means of this screw the di
rised to teach his comrades, and to derive rection of pieces is either raised or lowered
what benefit he can from giving lessons with a regular movement, and in the
abroad. We need scarcely add, that some smallest space.
internal regulation of the kind would be The screw of direction, or Vis de Point-
highly advantageous to officers every age, is equally used for howitzers as well
where. as for heavy pieces ot ordnance. It has
SCIAGE, (BoisdeSciage, Ex.) Saw been invented by the French, and serves
ing. Wood that is proper to be sawed in in lieu of the Coins a Cremaillire,. or in
planks, or to be made fit tor any use in dented coins. So little progress has mili-
carpentrv. tarv science made in the United States,
SCIAGRAPHY, (Sciagraphe, Ex.) that there arc many old officers in the U.
The profile or section of a building to S.ates' service who know nothing even of
shew the inside thereof. this httle but important particular.
SCIE, Fr. a saw. Lock Screws. Small screws which
SCIENCE. Any art or species of are attached to the lock of a musquet.
knowlege; as military science, &c. SCULLCAP. See Helmet.
Science de la guerre, Fr. Military SCURVY, (Scorbut, Fr.) A disease
which
knowlege, or the science of w.r. to soldiers and seamen are peculi

arly exposed, from idleness, inattention.


4 K
626 SEC SEC

to cleanliness of person and food, eating vacant commission of the regiment in


salted meat and drinking bad water, Sec which he is seconded.
S C U T E or Canot, Fr. I n Dutch School, P tenure pour son
Second, Fr. To take
and Canot, is pronounced with us as if for a second.
Written cannoo. Any small boat which Les seconds ie cbte et d' autre se son
tues.
is used in navigation for the accommo Ft. Both the seconds were killed or the
;
dation ofa ship. seconds on eath side killed one another.
SEARCHER, an instrument used by It was very usual among the French rot
the founders to discover any flaws in the the seconds to make common cause with
bore ofcannon, &c. See Proof. their principals, and to fight upon the de.
To SEASON. Ina military sens*, to cease of the former. The practice is re
accustom, to enure. Soldiers are fre probated and out of date.
quently sent to Gibraltar in order to be To second, (seconder, Ft.) To aid or
seasoned for a hot climate. assist, to support.
Seasoned Troops. Troops that have Second covert way, that beyond the
been accustomed to climate, and are not second ditch. See Fortification.
so liable to become the victims of any Second ditch, that made on the out
endemical disoraer, as raw men must un side o; the glacis, when the ground is low,
avoidably be. The French use the word ', and there is plenty of water. See F or,
acclimater ; to get accustomed to a change tification.
of climate. Hence Troupes acclimateei ; Second Flanc, Fr. See Flank oblique
troops that have been seasoned. in Fortification.
SEAT of war. The country in which SECOUR1R une place, Fr. Tothrow
war is carryina on. succours into a besieged town or
place.
SECA*iT,(Secante, Fr.) A line which It sometimes signifies to force an investing
cuts another, or divides it into two parts. or attacking
army to raise the siegj.
See table at the end of the word Gun. SECRECY. In a military economy
this
rery.
Secant of an arch. In trigonometry, signifies quality is peculiarly requisite. It
fidelity to a secret; taciturnity
is a nght line drawn from the centre ot the inviolate; close silence. Officers, in
circle to the extremity of the tangent. particular, should be well aware of the
Secant of an angle. Supposing an importance of it, as the divulging of what
angle to be terminated by a base that is has been confidentially entrusted to them,
perpendicular to one of the sides, and especially on expeditions, might render
that the smallest side of the angle be taken the whole project abortive. The slight
for the radius or whole sinus, the great est deviation from it is
very justly con
est of the two sides of that angle will be sidered as a breach of honor, as scanda
ItS SC( 311 f lous conduct, unbecoming an officer and
SECOND, (Second, Ft.) The next a gentleman. I n official matters the per
in order to the first. The ordinal of two. ] son so offending is liable to the severest
The next in dignity, place, or station. punishment and penalty.
The French use the word Second in mili. SECRET, (Seciet, Fr.) Under this
tary matters, somewhat differently from word may be considered the caution and
.the English, viz. circumspection which every good gene.
Compagnie en Second, Fr. This li ral should observe during a
campaign;
terally means second company, but ac the feints he may think proper to make
cording to the old French regulations it for the purpose ot covering a projected
signifies a company which consists of half attack; and the various stratagems to
the number of men that other companies which he may resort to keep his own in
are composed of. This was however, tentions concealed, and to get at those of
applied tothe cavalry only. others.
Capita ine en Second ou reformi en pied, Secret. Kept hidden, not revealed.
or Lieutenant en Second, ditto, Fr. are Hence secret expedition, secret enter.
officers whose companies have been re prise, Sec. Secret atticles of a treaty,
duced, but who do duty in others, and being the correlative words to public ar
are destined to fill up the first vacancies. ticles.
We have borrowed the expression
to be seconded. When an officer
and||
is !
Secret, Fr. The spot chosen by
the captain of a fire ship to
say, se-
apply the
coudtd, he remains upon full pay, in the saucisson of communication.
British service, his rank goes on, and lie Secret expedition. Those are often
may purchase the next vacant step, with called such, which in fact are known to
out being obliged to memorial in the man the enemy before they are put in execu
ner that a half-, ay officer must. Should tion ; they should never be communicated
tha latter have taken a difference, he will to any other than the commander of the
find much difficulty in getting upon full troops, and the first naval officer, until
pay, and he can only avail himself of his they are in absolute readiness to act, and
standing in the army when the last object but a few hours before the enterprize is
is accomplished. So that a seconded oxh. put in execu tiou : no officer being allowed
cerstandsina more favorable light. He to open his instructions until he is eithx
is besides lively to be appointed to the at his destination) or at sea. See Exrs*
D1TIOM.
SEC SEL 627

i.1 i i

SECRETAIRE, Fr. The clerk be which is given to


troops who are under
longing to the Swiss regiments in the arms in wet weather.' To
bring your
old French service, was so called. He firelock tothe secure; ist, rhrow
your
acted likewise as quarter master serjeant, right hand briskly up, and place it under
and was Styled Musterscbriiber. the cock, keeping the niece
steady in the
Secretaire genital Fr.d 'artillerie, same position.
A place of trust, which, during the 3d Quit the butt with the left
hand,
French monarchy, was in the nomina and seize the firelock with it at the swell,
tion of the grand master. bringing the elbow close down upon the
SECRETARY at war, (Secritahe de hck : the right hand kept fat in this
guerre, Fr.) The first officer of the war motion, and the piece still upright.
department. 3d Quit the ri>ht hand, and bring it
Secretary of state. {Secretaire d'etat, down to your right side, throwing the fire
Fr. ) The secretary who has charge of lock nimbly down to the seeure; the left
the foreign relations. hand in a line with the waist-belt. In
To Secrete, to hide; to keep private; order to shoulder from the secure, you
to harbor; to conceal, Sec. By the ar must 1st, bring the firelock up to a
per
ticles of war it is provided, that if any pendicular line, seizing it with the right
person shall harbor, conceal, or assist hand under the cock.
any deserter from his majesty's service, 2d. Quit the left hand, and place it
knowing him to be such, the person so strong v. pon the butt.
offending shall forfeit, for every such of 3d. Qu t the right hand, and bring it
fence, the sum of five pounds. smartly down the right side.
SECTION. (Section, Fr.) from the SEDITION, in a military sense is to
Latin word sectio, which is derived from disobey ord rs; to cabal or form factions
zece, to cut, a part of a thing divided, or against the officer or offiters in command

the division itself. Such particularly are to looser, confidence ; to resist or < ppose
the subdivisions of a chapter, called also j orders, or to stir up mutiny. It is an
paragraphs a><d articles. Sometimes we offence in military law of the most fata!
and the term section divided into articles ; I character and always punished in a most
as in the articles of war. exemplary manner. See Mutiny.
SECTION. Section, Fr. A certain SEER, Ind. A weight nearly equal
proportion of a battalion or company, to a pound. Ind. the
When it is told off for military movements SEESAR, dewey season.
and evolutions. A section may consist SEEARISH,/W. A recommendation.
of four or any other number or files. SEEPEEYA, Ind. A triangle to
This relates to the infantry ; the cavalry which culprits are tied to be punished.
into ranks by three's, and after that in SEFFY, Ind. .A dynasty of Persia.
The SEGBANS. Horsemen among the
any number of files or sections.
French u-e the word section for the same Turks, who have care of the baggage be
purpose; and form their companies into longing
to cavalry regiments.
platoons, and divide their platoons into SEGMENT, a figure contained be
number of sections. tween a chord and an arch of the circle,
any
or so much of the circle as is cut off' by
SECTOR, (Secteur, Fr.) A mathe
matical instrument of great use in finding that chord.
the proportion between quantities of the SE] A, Ind. A fenced terrace.
same kind, as between lines and lines, SE1LLURE, (Sillage, eau, houage ou
surfaces and surfaces, &c. for which rea euiache, Fr.) terms used among the
son the French call it the compass of pro French to express the way a ship makes :
it corresponds with our n

You might also like