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h i g h l i g h t s
Masonry mortar is one of the most produced and used building materials in Havana, Cuba.
Different ne mixed recycled aggregates and llers were used for the masonry mortar production.
Mortars were made using either 100% natural or recycled aggregates with all types of different llers.
The physical, mechanical and durability properties were analyzed.
The adequate behavior of the recycled aggregate mortar is validated.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Masonry mortar is one of the most manufactured and used building materials in Havana, Cuba. The lack
Received 14 May 2013 of natural sand and the great quantity of demolition waste that exists in the city makes one realize the
Received in revised form 5 August 2013 potential benets of the use of this abundant waste material to create recycled ne aggregates for their
Accepted 29 August 2013
use in the production of masonry mortars. In this research work three types of ne mixed aggregate were
Available online 20 September 2013
used. These aggregates, which were the result of the crushing of demolition waste proceeding from the
three typical types of buildings in Havana, were used as a substitute for 100% of the natural sand used in
Keywords:
the production of masonry mortar.
Recycled ne aggregates
Masonry mortars
Due to the lack of natural ne aggregates Cuban regulations allow for the use of llers in the manufac-
Water retentivity ture of masonry mortars, in order to correct this defect. Three different types of ller were evaluated for
Mechanical and durability properties masonry mortar production; lime hydrate (commonly used in Havana) white slag ller (a by-product of
steel manufacturing) and limestone ller (natural). The masonry mortars were made using either 100%
natural or recycled aggregates with any of type of ller, they were tested after a 28 days period of curing
in a humidity room and their physical, mechanical and durability properties were analyzed. The results
obtained from the tests proved that the masonry mortars manufactured with a combination of recycled
ne aggregates and any of the three types of ller mentioned not only complied with the requirements
established in the Cuban regulation, but in the majority of cases the properties obtained from these mor-
tars were better than those mortars made with natural aggregate.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.049
I. Martnez et al. / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 384392 385
emphasizes the need for the development of treatment applica- Elements Results (wt.%)
tions that will contribute to the sustainable development of the Fe2O3 2.74
city. MnO 0.05
Moreover, there is a steelmaking industry within the city TiO2 0.29
(Antillana steel) that generates high volumes of waste slag. At pres- CaO 61.11
K2O 0.79
ent there is a large volume of slag accumulated around that indus- P2O5 0.14
try and it is estimated that it generates in the region of 18,500 tons SiO2 21.34
of slag annually [4], which could possibly be used as recycled Al2O3 5.89
aggregates or ller. MgO 1.68
Na2O 0.50
Many of the natural aggregate quarries near to the city are
beginning to run out of material as a result of over exploitation.
The consequence of this lack of materials is signicant as the
new quarries that supply the capital are increasingly more distant
Table 2
thus resulting in an increase in transportation costs [5]. Properties of llers used in the study.
Masonry mortars, which employ a lot of ne aggregates, are one
Physical properties Lime Hydrate Limestone Filler Slag
of the most used building materials within Havana. These mortars
(LH) (LF) (WS)
are widely employed in a variety of construction uses, such as wall
Density (kg/dm3) 2.1 2.58 3.2
rendering or for brick and block laying. The performance level of
Compacted volumetric weight 0.57 1.50 1.42
these masonry mortars is not required to be very high, conse- (kg/dm3)
quently allowing for the possibility of producing them with lower Material ner than 75 lm (%) 88 32 63
grade recycled ne aggregates in order to reserve the higher qual- Material ner than 45 lm (%) 27 7 37
ity natural aggregates for the construction elements that require
them.
The use of recycled aggregates from CDW for mortar production
ity properties of the mortars containing recycled aggregates were
is not as widely studied as its use in concrete manufacture. Cori-
determined, and the results obtained were compared with the val-
naldesi [6] analyzed the use of recycled ne aggregates obtained
ues required by the Cuban regulations governing their use, the
from waste concrete and ceramic bricks to create mortars that
ASTM equivalent and the values obtained from conventional ma-
would be employed as a bonding material for masonry brickwork.
sonry mortars, which were produced with natural aggregates.
She subjected the mortar to compressive and exural load tests in
order to determine its compressive and bonding strength. The re-
sults of her research showed that although the mortar produced 2. Materials
from recycled aggregates had less compressive strength than that
produced with natural aggregates, its bonding strength and its 2.1. Cement
behavior under tensile stress was better.
Portland P-350 cement was used, having a density of 3.12 g/cm3, specic sur-
Furthermore, with respect to other investigations, Silva et al. [7] face of 3089 g/cm2 and a compressive strength of 35 MPa at 28 days. The cement
concluded that 10% of ceramic ne incorporation improved most of came from the Mariel plant, located in the province of Artemisa, adjacent to Havana.
the mortar properties. Braga et al. [8], increased the incorporation This plant is the leading supplier of cement in Havana. Table 1 shows the chemical
of very ne concrete recycled aggregates up to 15%, which resulted composition of the cement.
Table 3 Table 5
Origin of recycled aggregates. Properties of both natural and recycled aggregates studied.
Nomenclature of the Principal Origin of the type of building Properties NA1 NA2 NA3 RA1 RA2 RA3
recycled aggregate composition material 3
Density (kg/dm ) 2.42 2.58 2.6 2.13 2.09 2.11
obtained
Water absorption (%) 3.77 2.55 1.3 4.71 7.45 6.27
RA1 Principally Housing with ceramic tiled roof and Bulk density (kg/dm3) 1.44 1.49 1.48 1.25 1.16 1.29
ceramic. compacted earth and limestone Fineness modulus 3.74 3.89 2.93 2.78 2.92 3.12
walls. The waste obtained is mainly Material ner than 0.074 mm 5 3 1 13 12 8
ceramic and silica. sieve (%)
RA2 Principally Housing with roof formed of steel
mortar and beams and concrete slabs and walls
ceramic. of ceramic brick.
RA3 Principally Housing with roof formed of Table 5 shows the physical properties of the natural and recycled aggregates
concrete. reinforced concrete and walls of used. The density and absorption capacity were determined by the Cuban regula-
concrete blocks. tion NC 186: 2002. Regulations NC 181: 2002 and NC 182: 2002 were employed
to determine the compacted volumetric weight and the percentage of material
passing through a sieve No. 200 (<75 lm), respectively.
As shown in Fig. 1 and Table 5, the recycled aggregates used possessed a greater
Table 4 amount of nes material (smaller than 0.075 mm) than the natural aggregates. This
Chemical composition of recycled aggregates. difference in the properties of recycled aggregates when compared with natural
ones has also been discovered by other researchers [11,1315], however it does dif-
Elements Composition (wt.%) fer from the values obtained by Vegas et al. [10].
RA1 RA2 RA3 It is necessary to emphasize the elevated neness modulus that the natural
sands NA1 and NA2 showed, due to the lack of ne material. Although NA3 aggre-
Fe2O3 4.93 4.03 1.71 gate had less neness modulus, the amount of nes (smaller than 75 lm) was 1%,
MnO 0.08 0.07 0.08 being the lowest of all the aggregates.
TiO2 0.38 0.24 0.17 The grading distribution of the recycled aggregates was more adequate than
CaO 26.09 46.76 65.3 that of natural sands (see Fig. 1), however in this research work the natural sands
K2O 0.83 0.68 0.37 were used as they are commercialized in Havana. Our ndings concluded that
P2O5 0.08 0.15 0.1 NA1 aggregate had a high absorption capacity. But due to Havanas close proximity
SiO2 47.43 31.16 13.24 to the quarry, NA1 aggregate is the natural sand most employed within this city and
Al2O3 13.29 7.82 3.42 it was considered important to evaluate it.
MgO 3.82 5.77 5.77 As detailed in Table 5, the water absorption capacity of the recycled ne aggre-
Na2O 2.21 1.10 0.2 gates was greater than that of the natural aggregates, this fact had also been noted
Ignition loss 0.86 2.22 9.64 in other studies [10,11,16,17].
for use as recycled aggregates and the larger retained material was crushed again. 3. Mortar manufacture and test procedure
This procedure was repeated until all of the CDW was crushed to recycled ne
aggregate.
3.1. Mortar manufacture
The chemical composition of the three types of recycled aggregates is described
in Table 4.
The Cuban regulation NC 175:2002 establishes the volumetric
2.3.2. Physical properties of the ne aggregates dosage for masonry mortars employed for different uses. The mor-
In addition to the recycled aggregates three types of natural aggregates were tars manufactured in this study were classied as type III mortars
also used, one from the quarry Victoria II (NA1) located in Havana, another from (bonding and rendering mortars used at ground level) and had a
the quarry La Reforma (NA2) located in Pinar del Rio (120 km from Havana) and volumetric dosage ratio of 1:6 (cement : aggregate). Nevertheless
the third originating from the quarry Arimao (NA3) in Cienfuegos (about 240 km
from Havana). Both the aggregates NA1 and NA2 were obtained from the crushing
due to the low percentage of ne material (ner than 75 lm) con-
of the rock at the quarries, NA3, however, is a natural river sand. Fig. 1 shows the tained in Cubas three commercially produced aggregates (see
particle size distribution of the aggregates used. Fig. 1) the volumetric dosage recommended in Havana for the
100
90
80
Percentage of mass passing
70
60
NA1
NA2
50
NA3
RA1
40
RA2
30 RA3
20
10
0
0 0,149 0,297 0,59 1,19 2,38 4,76 9,52
Sieve size (mm)
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of both the natural and recycled aggregates studied.
I. Martnez et al. / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 384392 387
Table 6
Characteristics of natural sand mortars.
in this research (See Table 8) were similar to those obtained in pre- Table 9
vious work [14]. The recycled aggregate mortars studied in this Physical properties of the hardened mortars.
investigation needed more water than the natural aggregate mor- Mortars Density (kg/m3) Water absorption (%) Porosity (%)
tars in order to obtain the same adequate consistency. Others stud- CM1-LH 2078 15.7 28.2
ies have found an improvement of consistency for mortars with up CM2-LH 2113 15 27.5
to 15% of ne concrete and incorporating 10% of ne ceramic CM3-LH 2086 13.8 25.3
aggregate [7,8]. RM1-LH 1864 23.3 35.2
RM2-LH 1840 25.4 37.3
RM3-LH 1976 20.7 33.8
4.1.2. Water retentivity CM1-LF 2128 14.9 27.6
Cuban regulation NC 175: 2002 recommends a minimum water CM2-LF 2152 13.1 24.9
CM3-LF 2125 13.3 24.9
retentivity value of 90%. Table 8 indicates the water retentivity val-
RM1-LF 1913 20.3 32.3
ues obtained from the mortars studied. RM2-LF 1888 22.7 34.9
It can be observed that all the mortars manufactured with recy- RM3-LF 1966 19.3 31.9
cled aggregates comply with the values for water retentivity estab- CM1-WS 2206 14.3 27.7
CM2-WS 2293 11.6 23.8
lished under Cuban regulations. The difference between all the
CM3-WS 2231 12.8 25.3
mortars after varying the composition of the aggregates or llers RM1-WS 1982 20.7 33.9
was minimum. The high quantity of nes contained in the recycled RM2-WS 1963 22.1 35.5
aggregate favoured water retentivity. The opposite was the case for RM3-WS 2008 18.8 31.8
the mortars produced with natural aggregates. They did not obtain
the minimum value required by the mentioned regulation due to
the scarcity of nes. The only exception being those mortars which density while the mortars manufactured with recycled aggregates
had been produced using lime hydrate as a ller, as this contained and white slag ller achieved similar densities to those made with
the highest percentage (88%) of material less than 75 lm. natural aggregates and lime hydrate.
Silva et al. [14] showed that the replacement of natural sand by
recycled brick aggregate improved the water retentivity of fresh
mortar, nevertheless, according to Vegas et al. [10], the retentivity 4.2.1.2. Absorption and porosity. The mortars manufactured with
of natural aggregate mortar was higher than that of mortar made recycled aggregates obtained a higher porosity and water absorp-
with 25% of recycled concrete ne aggregates. It must be noted, tion capacity than those produced with natural aggregates. All
however, that the recycled aggregates used in that research work the RM2 type mortars had the highest absorption capacity and
had a lower amount of nes material than that of natural porosity values. The elevated absorption capacity of the recycled
aggregates aggregate RA2 and the high w/c ratio that was employed in its
manufacture were the factors that inuenced in the behavior of
4.2. Properties of hardened state this mortar.
The mortars produced with slags (WS) as ller, whether they
4.2.1. Physical properties were made with natural or recycled aggregates presented the low-
4.2.1.1. Density. The density of the mortars manufactured with est porosity values.
recycled aggregates was less than that of mortars produced with Fig. 3 shows the relation between the aggregates absorption
natural aggregates (Table 9). This was due to the lower density of and that of the mortars.
the recycled aggregates, as other researchers dened [10,11,14]. The mortar made with highest absorption capacity recycled
According to Braga et al. [8] the mortar which incorporated 15% aggregates achieved the highest absorption capacity. Mortar pro-
of recycled concrete ne aggregates in its production had by far the duced with lime hydrate as a ller stood out as being more
best results. The reason for this was that the very recycled concrete absorbent.
ne aggregate lled part of the voids present in the mortar. Our research did not nd a direct correlation between material
With respect to the different llers used in the manufacturing of ner than 75 lm and the mortars water absorption capacity, as
the mortar, the mortars produced with white slag obtained higher described by Miranda et al. [13].
According to Dapena et al. [9], it is not possible to compact the
specimens with a w/c = 0.5 ratio when the mortars are made with
Table 8 50% of recycled sand. If the water-cement ratio had remained con-
Properties of fresh mortars.
stant in all the mortars produced in this research work, the recy-
Mortars Consistency (mm) Water retentivity (%) cled aggregate mortar would have been too dry to achieve an
CM1-LH 193 91.7 adequate compaction and consequently the physical properties
CM2-LH 185 92.3 would have been affected negatively.
CM3-LH 195 91.3
RM1-LH 189 92.2
RM2-LH 190 90.8 4.2.2. Mechanical properties
RM3-LH 187 91.1
4.2.2.1. Compressive and exural strength. According to Cuban regu-
CM1-LF 191 87.2
CM2-LF 188 87.7 lations NC 173: 2002 a minimum compressive strength of 5,2 MPa
CM3-LF 191 89.3 at 28 days is required for the type III mortars (mortars which are
RM1-LF 189 90.6 adequate for use at ground level, for either rendering or bonding)
RM2-LF 191 90.4 studied in this research work.
RM3-LF 190 90.1
CM1-WS 187 88.2
Table 10 shows the compressive strength values and the stan-
CM2-WS 190 87.4 dard deviation of the mortars studied. It can be observed that all
CM3-WS 192 88.5 of the manufactured mortars reach the minimum strength value
RM1-WS 188 91.5 required by the Cuban regulation.
RM2-WS 188 91.1
The mortars manufactured using natural aggregate or recycled
RM3-WS 194 91.8
aggregate and white slag ller obtained better compressive
I. Martnez et al. / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 384392 389
30
CM1-LH
CM2-LH
25 CM3-LH
RM1-LH
RM2-LH
Table 10 Table 11
Mechanical properties of the hardened mortars. Durability properties of the hardened mortars.
6 CM1-LH
CM2-LH
40% of ne recycled aggregate from ceramic waste by volume did sorptivity in comparison to those made with natural aggregates
not signicantly affect the properties of hardened strength mortar. using the same type of ller.
The obtained results are similar to those achieved by Silva et al.
[14], in which the mortars produced with a 100% of recycled aggre-
4.2.2.2. Bond strength. All the mortars achieved the minimum gates had a higher capillary absorption capacity than the natural
bonding strength of 0.2 MPa at 28 days required by Cuban regula- aggregate mortars, however the mortars produced with 50% of
tions for masonry mortar type III (see Table 10). recycled aggregates achieved lower values than the natural aggre-
The mortar NA3 produced with natural aggregates obtained the gate mortar.
best bond strength. This was probably due to the better grading The mortars manufactured with aggregate RA2 obtained the
size distribution of this aggregate. In a prior study [20] it reached highest capillary absorption due to this aggregates high absorption
results similar to those obtained in this research work using differ- capacity. The capillary pores were created by the evaporation of
ent Cuban natural aggregates. the free water existing in the mortars paste. In general the mortars
The mortars RM1 produced with recycled aggregate type RA1 manufactured with recycled aggregates required a greater quantity
(predominantly composed of ceramic material) reached the high- of water to achieve the necessary values of uidity. It was this
est bond strength of all the recycled aggregate mortars, indepen- greater quantity of water that produced the appearance of the
dent of the ller used in its production. Moreover those mortars higher quantity of capillary pores and as a consequence the in-
achieved higher values than those obtained by the CM1 mortars crease of the mortars capillary absorption. Fig. 4 shows the rela-
manufactured with Havanas most used aggregate NA1, due to tion between water absorption capacity and effective w/c ratio
the low quality of this natural aggregate. after the mortar has been subjected to 7 days of capillary suction
Miranda and Selmo [21] obtained bond strength values superior testing.
to 0.3 MPa. The results obtained in this study coincide in as much
that it was not possible to obtain a good correlation between the
4.2.3.2. Electrical resistivity. Table 11 shows the electrical resistivity
w/c ratio and the bond strength reached by the mortars.
values obtained for each of the mortars studied. The mortars pro-
Other studies show similar results of bond strength to those ob-
duced with RA1 aggregates presented the greater values of electri-
tained in the present work, Jimnez et al. [11], obtained 0.37 MPa
cal resistivity, independent of the type of ller used. The presence
0.45 MPa with a 1:7 mortar proportion using up to 40% of recycled
of high percentage of ceramic material (see Table 4) caused an in-
ceramic aggregate in substitution of natural aggregates. Silva et al.
crease of electrical resistivity.
[14] reached 0.4 MPa in mortars produced with 50% of recycled
aggregates using a 1:4 (cement: aggregate) mortar mix proportion.
The results obtained demonstrated elevated dispersions (see 4.2.3.3. Shrinkage. The length change (shrinkage) was higher in the
Table 10), mainly in the mortars where the highest bond strength mortars manufactured with recycled aggregates than in the mor-
was achieved. In the results obtained by Alves et al. [22] the bond tars produced with natural aggregates (Figs. 57). This perfor-
strength values of the specimens made with the same mortar suf- mance was also noted by Mesbah and Buyle-Bodin [23]. Silva
fered a high dispersion. In spite of these indications of dispersion, et al. [14], found an important increment of shrinkage in the results
the minimum values obtained in each of the mortars tested in this obtained from recycled mortars when comparing them with the
work reached the minimum value required by the Cuban results obtained from natural aggregate mortar.
regulation. The RM2-LH mortar suffered the highest shrinkage. This high
amount of shrinkage was due to the use of aggregates with a high
absorption capacity as well as the nest ller material. As Miranda
4.2.3. Durability properties and Selmo [24] dened that the high presence of ne aggregates
4.2.3.1. Capillary absorption. All the mortars produced obtained a (material < 75 lm) was the main factor that affects this property.
high suction capacity due to the high water-cement ratio used in The mortars manufactured with RA2 (RM2-LH, RM2-LF, RM2-WS)
all of the mortars manufactured (see Table 11). In general the mor- suffered the highest shrinkage. The water absorption of the recy-
tars manufactured with recycled aggregates obtained a higher cled aggregate RA2, the highest amongst the aggregates studied,
I. Martnez et al. / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 384392 391
-0,04
5. Conclusions
Drying Shrinkage (%)
-0,06
The conclusions obtained from the work carried out are the
-0,08 following:
-0,1
The mortars produced with the three types of recycled aggre-
gates employed achieved adequate properties and even improved
-0,12 on the properties obtained by mortars made with natural aggre-
gates. This improvement was due to both the adequate size grad-
-0,14
ing distribution of the recycled aggregates and the low quality of
-0,16 natural aggregates located in Havana, Cuba. The use of a higher
amount of ller (hydrated lime, limestone ller or white slag)
-0,18 was necessary in the mortars made with natural aggregates to
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
achieve acceptable compaction due to little nes in those
Age (days)
aggregates.
Fig. 5. Drying shrinkage of mortars produce with lime hydrate. According to fresh properties of mortars:
-0,04
due to higher water absorption capacity of those aggregates.
Nevertheless all the mortars obtained high values due to the
-0,06
water-cement relation.
-0,08
Both white slag and limestone ller can be used as a substitute
for lime hydrate in mortars manufactured with recycled aggregates
-0,1 without compromising the properties obtained in conventional
masonry mortars.
-0,12
-0,14
Acknowledgements
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Age (days) The authors would like to thank the Spanish Agency of Interna-
tional Cooperation for Development (AECID) and The Ministry of
Fig. 7. Drying shrinkage of mortars produce with white slag.
Exterior Affairs and Cooperation for the nancial assistance which
gave rise to this present research work. We would equally like to
make known the contribution of the construction materials labora-
resulted in the need for a higher volume of water in the mortars tory at the Centre of Studies of Construction and Architecture Trop-
interior. This additional need for water had an inuence on the ical (CECAT) and the Department of Construction Engineering at
shrinkage. On the other hand, as mentioned above, the mortars the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya.BarcelonaTech (UPC).
392 I. Martnez et al. / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 384392
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