ANSI/ASAE S376.

2 JAN1998 (R2010)
Design, Installation and Performance of Underground,
Thermoplastic Irrigation Pipelines

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ANSI/ASAE S376.2 JAN1998 (R2010)
Revision approved January 1998; reaffirmed March 2010 as an American National Standard
Design, Installation and Performance of Underground,
Thermoplastic Irrigation Pipelines
Developed by the ASAE Irrigation Water Supply and Conveyance
Committee, approved by the Soil and Water Division Standards
Committee; adopted by ASAE April 1975; reconfirmed December 1979,
February 1981; revised April 1982; reconfirmed December 1986,
December 1987; approved as an American National Standard June
1988; reconfirmed December 1988, December 1989, December 1990,
December 1991; reaffirmed October 1992; reaffirmed by ASAE
December 1992, December 1993, December 1994, December 1995,
Decmber 1996; revised January 1998; revision approved by ANSI
January 1998; revised editorially December 2000; reaffirmed by ASAE
February 2003, February 2004; reaffirmed by ANSI March 2004;
reaffirmed by ASABE January 2010; reaffirmed by ANSI March 2010.
Keywords: Irrigation, Pipelines, Thermoplastic, Underground
1 Purpose and scope
1.1 Purpose. Thermoplastic pipe is manufactured in several size
classifications from different materials of various grades, types and
formulations involving many different specifications. It is used for
applications other than irrigation where certain requirements often apply
to pipe used for a specific purpose. This Standard pertains to
thermoplastic pipe used underground for irrigation and is intended to:
1.1.1 Provide minimum guidelines for engineers and others in planning,
designing and specifying thermoplastic pipe commonly used for irrigation.
It is not intended as a complete specification nor to replace the judgment
of personnel familiar with site conditions or other controlling factors.
1.1.2 Consolidate applicable reference information and technical data in
readily available form.
1.1.3 Establish uniform standards for materials used in the manufacture
of thermoplastic irrigation pipe and to promote uniformity in classifying,
pressure rating, testing and marking the pipe.
1.1.4 Establish minimum requirements for the design, installation and
testing of pipelines which are necessary for the satisfactory performance
and safe operation of the irrigation system and to prevent damage to the
system.
1.2 Scope. This Standard applies to underground, thermoplastic
pipelines used in the conveyance of irrigation water to the point of
distribution and may or may not apply to potable water systems.
1.2.1 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe, standard dimension ratio -
pressure rated (SDR-PR). This Standard applies to underground
thermoplastic PVC (SDR-PR) pipelines 21 to 914 mm (0.5 to 36 in.)
nominal diameter with a pressure rating of 2170 kPa (315 psi) or less.
NOTE Nominal pipe size in millimeters is the actual outside pipe
diameter to the nearest millimeter for OD controlled pipe and the
actual inside diameter to the nearest millimeter for ID controlled pipe.
1.2.2 Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) plastic pipe (SDR-PR).
This Standard applies to underground thermoplastic CPVC (SDR-PR)
pipelines 21 to 394 mm (0.5 to 12 in.) nominal diameter with a pressure
rating of 2170 kPa (315 psi) or less.
1.2.3 Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) plastic pipe (SDR-PR),
schedule 40 or 80. This Standard applies to underground thermoplastic
CPVC (schedule 40 or 80) pipelines 21 to 394 mm (0.5 to 12 in.) nominal
diameter with pressures ratings determined in accordance with ASTM
F441, schedules 40 and 80.
1.2.4 Polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe, (SDR-PR). This standard applies to
ASABE STANDARDS 2010 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010
underground thermoplastic PE pipelines 21 to 1600 mm (0.5 to 63 in.)
nominal diameter with a pressure rating of 1750 kPa (254 psi) or less.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in
this text, constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication,
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision,
and parties to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below. Standards organizations maintain registers of
currently valid standards.
ASTM D1598, Test for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant
Internal Pressure
ASTM D1599, Test Method for Short-Time Hydraulic Failure of Plastic
Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
ASTM D1603, Test Method for Carbon Black in Olefin Plastics
ASTM D1784, Specification for Rigid Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds
ASTM D2122, Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic
Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D2152, Test Method for Degree of Fusion of Extruded Poly(vinyl
Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Molded Fittings by Acetone Immersion
ASTM D2239, Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SIDR-
PR), Based on Controlled Inside Diameter
ASTM D2241, Specification for Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure
Rated Pipe (SDR Series)
ASTM D2321, Practice for Underground Installation of Flexible
Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
ASTM D2444, Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resistance of
Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight)
ASTM D2466, Specification for Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe
Fittings, Schedule 40
ASTM D2467, Specification for Socket-Type Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
ASTM D2564, Specification for Solvent Cements for Poly(vinyl Chloride)
(PVC) Plastic Piping Systems
ASTM D2609, Specification for Plastic Insert Fittings for Polyethylene
(PE) Plastic Pipe
ASTM D2672, Specification for Joints for IPS PVC Pipe Using Solvent
Cement
ASTM D2774, Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic
Pressure Piping
ASTM D3035, Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (DR-PR)
Based on Controlled Outside Diameter
ASTM D3139, Specification for Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes Using
Flexible Elastomeric Seals
ASTM D3261, Specification for Butt Heat Fusion Polyethylene (PE)
Plastic Fittings for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe and Tubing
ASTM D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings Materials
ASTM F402, Recommended Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent
Cements, Primers, and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipe
and Fittings
ASTM F437, Specification for Threaded Chlorinated Poly(vinyl Chloride)
(CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
ASTM F438, Socket-Type Chlorinated Poly(vinyl Chloride) (CPVC)
Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40
ASTM F439, Socket-Type Chlorinated Poly(vinyl Chloride) (CPVC)
Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
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ASTM F441, Specification for Chlorinated Poly(vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) 3.8 Relation between standard dimension ratio, hydrostatic design
Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80. stress and pressure rating. The following expression, commonly
ASTM F442, Specification for Chlorinated Poly(vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) known as the ISO equation (from ISO 161/1-1978), is used to relate
Plastic Pipe, (SDR-PR) standard dimension ratio, hydrostatic design stress, and pressure rating:
ASTM F477, Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining
3.8.1 For OD based pipe:
Plastic Pipe
ASTM F493, Specification for Solvent Cement for Chlorinated Poly(vinyl 2S/PR1
Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM F714, Specification for Polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe (SDR-PR) or
Based on Outside Diameter
AWWA C905, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Water Transmission Pipe, 2S/P D o /t 1
Nominal Diameters 14 in. Through 36 in. where:
AWWA C906, Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Fittings, 4 in.
Through 63 in., for Water Distribution is hydrostatic design stress, kPa (psi);
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ISO 161/1-1978, Thermoplastic pipes for the transport of fluidsnominal
outside diameters and nominal pressuresPart 1: Metric series P is pressure rating, kPa (psi);
Do is average outside diameter, mm (in.);
t is minimum wall thickness, mm (in.);
R is dimension ratio, DR or SDR (equals D o /t for PVC, CPVC
3 Definitions
(SDR-PR), and other OD based pipe).
3.1 design area: The specific land area in which pipelines are planned
and located to serve as integral parts of an irrigation water distribution or
conveyance system, designed to facilitate conservation, use and 3.8.2 For ID based pipe:
management of water and soil resources, and which the supplier or 2S/PR1
designer and purchaser mutually understand to be irrigated.
3.2 irrigation system: All equipment required to convey water to or or
within the design area. 2S/P D i /t 1
3.3 irrigation pipelines: Includes the underground, thermoplastic
pipelines and appurtenances installed in an irrigation system. where R is dimension ratio, DR or SDR (equals D i /t for ID based pipe
such as some PE pipe).
3.3.1 high pressure pipelines. This term applies to underground,
thermoplastic pipelines that are closed to the atmosphere, and are
subject to internal pressures, including surge pressures of 550 kPa (80 4 Design criteria
psi) or greater. 4.1 Working pressure
3.3.2 low pressure pipelines. This term applies to underground 4.1.1 General. The pipeline shall have a pressure rating (see table 1)
thermoplastic pipelines that are used in systems subject to pressures of greater than the static or working pressure, plus surge pressure at any
less than 550 kPa (80 psi) or less. point in the system. If surge pressures are not known, pipe velocities
3.4 outlets: Appurtenances required to deliver water from the pipeline should be maintained to 1.5 m/s (5 ft/s) or less and the working pressure
to an individual sprinkler or to a lateral of sprinklers, to surface pipe shall not exceed 78% of the maximum allowable working pressure for the
located on the ground, to distribution pipe or laterals containing surface particular pipe, pressure rating and SDR or DR used. Table 2 provides
or subsurface emitters or tricklers, to surface valves, or to open ditches. information on the maximum allowable working pressure for a particular
3.5 hydrostatic design stress: The estimated maximum tensile stress pipe and SDR or DR used. The pipe pressure rating may be used when
in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation, due to internal a detailed hydraulic and water hammer analysis is performed. Maximum
hydrostatic water pressure, that can be applied continuously with a high allowable surge pressures for a particular pipe and SDR or DR used is
degree of certainty that the pipe will not fail. presented in table 3. For other SDR or DR, the surge pressure is
determined by:
3.6 pressure rating (PR): The estimated maximum pressure that water
in the pipe can exert continuously with a high degree of certainty that the Metric: P1440V[Et/(Et2 070 000D i )] 1/2
pipe will not fail. Inch-Pound: P63.5V[Et/(Et300,000D i )] 1/2
3.7 dimension ratio (DR) or standard dimension ratio (SDR): The where:
ratio of pipe diameter to wall thickness. P is surge pressure, kPa (psi);
3.7.1 For outside diameter (OD) based pipe, which includes polyvinyl V is sudden change in velocity, m/s (ft/s);
chloride (PVC), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) plastic pipe is modulus of elasticity of pipe material, kPa (psi);
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(SDR-PR) and some polyethylene (PE) pipe, the ratio is calculated by
dividing the pipes average outside diameter by the pipes minimum wall 2800 000 kPa (400,000 psi) for most PVC
thickness. The minimum wall thickness shall not be less than 1.52 mm 700 000 kPa (100,000 psi) for most PE;
(0.060 in.). Certain DR values have been selected as standard and given t is pipe wall thickness, mm (in.);
the designation standard dimension ratio (SDR). The SDR and DR Di is pipe inside diameter (ID), mm (in.).
values for PVC are rounded to the nearest 0.5.
3.7.2 For inside diameter (ID) based pipe, which includes some PE pipe, 4.1.2 Service factor. All pressure ratings are determined in a water
the ratio is calculated by dividing the average inside diameter of the pipe environment of 233 C (74.44.6 F), which is generally not exceeded
by the pipes minimum wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness shall by irrigation water. Where water temperature exceeds this limit, the
not be less than 1.52 mm (0.060 in.). The SDR values shall be rounded pressure rating must be decreased to allow for safe operation of the pipe
to the nearest 0.1. and fittings. Appropriate ASTM and AWWA standards and manufacturer
3.7.3 For chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) plastic pipe, Schedules literature should be consulted for recommended service factors.
40 and 80, SDR does not apply. Minimum thickness shall conform to the 4.2 Pipeline capacity. The design capacity of the pipeline shall be
requirements contained in ASTM F443. sufficient to provide an adequate flow of water for all methods of irrigation
planned.

2 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 ASABE STANDARDS 2010

 Table 1 Pressure ratings (PR) for nonthreaded thermoplastic pipe1) ,2)

PVC materials PE materials

(all pipe OD based) (pipe made to both OD & ID basis)

PVC 1120 PVC 2116 PVC 2112 PVC 2110 PE 3408 PE 3406 PE 2305
PVC 1220 PE 3306
SDR (or DR)3) PVC 2120 PE 2306

OD based ID based
pipe pipe kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi

5.3 1725 250 1380 200 1105 160

7.0 1380 200 1105 160 860 125
11.0 9.0 1105 160 860 125 690 100
13.5 11.5 2170 315 1725 250 1380 200 1105 160
17.0 15.0 1725 250 1380 200 1105 160 860 125 690 100 550 80 435 63
21.0 1380 200 1105 160 860 125 690 100 550 80 440 64
26.0 1105 160 860 125 690 100 550 80 440 64 345 50
32.5 860 125 690 100 550 80 435 63 345 50 275 40
41.0 690 100 550 80 435 63 345 50 275 40 215 31
51.0 550 80 435 63 345 50 275 40
64.0 435 63 345 50 275 40 205 30
81.0 345 50 275 40 205 30 170 25
93.55) 295 43
50 ft head 150 22
1)
For water at 23 C (73.4 F).
2)
Pressure ratings are determined by the ISO equation as shown in clause 3.8 using the hydrostatic design stress values shown in table 3.
3)
SDR is standard dimension ratio determined as shown in clause 3.7
4)
The dimension ratio 93.5 is non standard and is referred to as DR (dimension ratio).

4.3 Friction losses. For design purposes, friction head losses shall be 4.4 Flow velocity. The design water velocity in a pipeline when
no less than those computed by the Hazen-Williams equation using a operating at system capacity should not exceed 1.5 m/s (5 ft/s) unless
coefficient (C) equal to 150. special considerations are given to the control of surge or water hammer

Table 2 Maximum allowable pressure for nonthreaded thermoplastic pipes when surge pressures are not known1), 2)

PVC materials PE materials

(all pipes OD based) (pipes made to both OD & ID basis

PVC 1120 PVC 2116 PVC 2112 PVC 2110 PE 3408 PE 3406 PE 2305
PVC 1220 PE 3306
SDR (or DR) PVC 2120 PE 2306

OD based ID based
pipe pipe kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi

5.3 1240 180 995 144 795 115

7.0 995 144 795 115 620 90
11.0 9.0 795 115 620 90 495 72
13.5 11.5 1565 227 1240 180 995 144 795 115
17.0 15.0 1240 180 995 144 795 115 620 90 495 72 400 58 310 45
21.0 995 144 795 115 620 90 495 72 400 58 310 45
26.0 795 115 620 90 495 72 400 58 310 45 250 36
32.5 620 90 495 72 400 58 310 45 250 36 200 29
41.0 495 72 400 58 310 45 250 36 200 29 150 22
51.0 400 58 310 45 250 36 200 29
64.0 310 45 250 36 200 29 150 22
81.0 250 36 200 29 150 22 125 18
93.5 215 31
50 ft head 145 21
1)
Maximum allowable working pressure = pressure rating (PR) x 0.72 for SDR and DR pipe.
2)
For water at 23 C (73.4 F).

ASABE STANDARDS 2010 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 3

 Table 3 Maximum hydrostatic design stress for thermoplastic pipe

Standard Hydrostatic
ASTM code Type, code design stress2)
Compound classification grade designation1) psi mPa

PVC 12454-B I, 1 PVC 1120 2000 13.8

PVC 12454-C I, 2 PVC 1220 2000 13.8
PVC 14333-D II, 1 PVC 2120 2000 13.8
PVC 14333-D II, 1 PVC 2116 1600 11.0
PVC 14333-D II, 1 PVC 2112 1250 8.6
PVC 14333-D II, 1 PVC 2110 1000 6.9
PE IVC-P34 III, 4 PE 3408 800 5.5
PE IVC-P34 III, 4 PE 3406 630 4.3
PE IIIC-P33 III, 3 PE 3306 630 4.3
PE IIC-P23 II, 3 PE 2306 630 4.3
PE IIC-P23 II, 3 PE 2305 500 3.4
1)
Applies to compounds for pressure pipe
2)
long-term hydrostatic strength3)
Hydrostatic design stress=
2.0
3)
Long-term hydrostatic strength is determined by ASTM D1598, and ASTM D2837. In addition, recommended design stress values are issued by the Plastic Pipe
Institute, New York, NY, and are reissued periodically. Design stress values were issued in Technical Report TR-4, 1982.

and adequate protection from these pressures is provided (see clause
5.1.1 and table 4). Adequate pressure and/or air relief valves shall be
used with all velocities.
4.5 Outlets. Outlets shall have adequate capacity at the pipeline
working pressure to deliver the design flow to the distribution system at
the design operating pressure of the respective systems, i.e., sprinklers,
surface pipe, emitters, tricklers, etc.
4.6 Check valves. A check valve shall be installed between the pump
discharge and the pipeline where detrimental back flow may occur. It
shall be designed to close, without slamming shut, at the point of zero
velocity before damaging reversal of flow can occur.
4.7 Pressure relief valves. These shall be installed between the pump
discharge and the pipeline when excessive pressures can develop by
operating with all valves closed. Pressure relief valves or surge
chambers shall be installed on the discharge side of the check valve
where back flow may occur and at the end of the pipeline when needed
to relieve surge.

Table 4 Maximum, or cricital, surge pressure for thermoplastic pipe

Pipe SDR (or DR) Surge pressure1) per 0.3 m/s (1 ft/s) of sudden change in flow velocity

OD ID For pipe material of 2800 mPa For pipe material of 2100 mPa For pipe material of 700 mPa
Based Based (400,000 psi) modulus (300,000 psi) modulus (100,000 psi) modulus
(includes most PVC) (includes most PE)

kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi

5.3 195 28.1 170 24.3 95 14

7.0 175 25.1 150 21.7 85 12.5
11.0 9.0 155 22.5 135 19.5 75 11.2
13.5 11.5 140 20.3 120 17.6 70 10.2
17.0 15.0 125 18.0 110 15.6 60 9.0
21.0 110 16.1 95 13.9 55 8.0
26.0 100 14.4 85 12.5 50 7.2
32.5 90 12.9 75 11.2 45 6.4
41.0 80 11.4 70 9.9 40 5.7
51.0 70 10.2 60 8.8 35 5.1
64.0 65 9.1 55 7.9 30 4.5
81.0 55 8.1 50 7.0 30 4.0
93.5 50 7.5 45 6.5 20 3.2
Metric: 1) P1440 V[(Et)/(Et2 070 000 D i )] 1/2
English: P63.46 V[(Et)/(Et300,000 D i )] 1/2
where:
P is surge pressure, kPa (psi)
V is sudden change in velocity, m/s (ft/s)
E is modulus of elasticity of pipe material, kPa (psi)
2 800 000 kPa (400,000 psi) for most PVC
700 000 kPa (100,000 psi) for most PE
t is pipe wall thickness, mm (in)
D i is pipe inside diameter (ID), mm (in)
See also Seipt (1974).

4 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 ASABE STANDARDS 2010

Table 5 Sustained pressure test conditions for PVC plastic pipe1), 2) outlet diameters of less than 0.1 are permitted for continuously acting air
release valves. Adequate vacuum relief must still be provided. It is very
SDR Pressure required for test 3) important to select the correct air release or vacuum breaker valve and
(DR) to properly locate where needed. Air vacuum release valves shall be
used as follows (all valve diameters refer to the total cross-clauseal flow
PVC 1120 area of the vent or port outlet).
PVC 1220 PVC 2116 PVC 2112 PVC 2110 Pipe diameter, mm (in.) Minimum air-vacuum, release valve
PVC 2120 outlet, diameter, mm (in.)
102 (4) or less 13 (0.5)
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi 127203 (58) 25 (1)
254500 (1020) 51 (2)
51 1170 168 930 135 795 115 620 90
64 930 130 725 105 620 90 515 75 530 (21) or larger 0.1 pipe diameter
81 725 105 585 85 485 70 415 60
93.5 620 90
50 ft. 4.9 Draining. Provisions shall be made for draining the pipeline
head 570 83 completely where a hazard is imposed by freezing temperatures,
drainage is recommended by the manufacturer of the pipe, or drainage
1)
Requirements in addition to those listed in ASTM D2241.
of the line is specified for any reason. Where provisions for drainage are
2)
With water at 23 C (73.4 F)
required, drainage outlets shall be located at all low places in the line.
3)
The fiber stresses used to derive the test pressures are as follows: The outlets may drain into dry wells or to points of low elevation. If
drainage cannot be provided by gravity, provisions shall be made to
MPa psi
empty the line by pumping.
PVC 1120, PVC 1220, PVC 2120 29.0 4200 4.10 Flushing. Where provision is needed to flush the line of sediment,
PVC 2116 23.2 3360 a suitable valve shall be installed at the distal end of the pipeline.
PVC 2112 19.3 2800 Intermediate valves may be required at changes in pipe diameters in
PVC 2110 15.9 2300 order to achieve proper flushing velocities in all clauses of the pipeline.
4.11 Gate stands and float valve stands. When these are used in low
pressure pipelines not open to the atmosphere, refer to the criteria in
clauses 5.4.1 and 5.4.2.
4.7.1 Low pressure systems. Pressure relief valves may be used as
alternatives to serve the pressure relief functions of vents and stands
open to the atmosphere. They do not function as air release valves and
5 Special design criteria for low pressure principle
should not be substituted for such valves where release of entrapped air delivery pipelines open to the atmosphere
is required. 5.1 Stands, general. Stands shall be used to avoid air entrapment
4.7.1.1 Pressure relief valves shall have enough capacity to pass the full wherever water enters the pipeline, to prevent surge pressures, to avoid
pipe discharge with a pipeline pressure no greater than 50% above the collapse due to negative pressures, and to prevent pressure from
pressure rating of the pipe. exceeding the pressure rating of the pipe. Stands shall be supported on
a base adequate to support the stand, to support any loading on the
4.7.1.2 Pressure relief valves shall be marked with the pressure at which stand, and to prevent movement or undue stress on the pipeline. Stands
the valve starts to open. Adjustable valves shall be installed in such a shall be designed:
manner to prevent changing of the adjustment marked on the valve.
5.1.1 To allow at least 0.3 m (1 ft) of freeboard above design working
4.7.2 High pressure systems. The ratio of nominal size pressure relief pressure head. The stand height above the centerline of the pipeline
valves to pipeline diameter shall be no less than 0.25. Pressure relief shall be such that neither the static pressure head nor the design working
valves shall be set to open at a pressure no greater than 34.5 kPa (5 psi) pressure head plus freeboard shall exceed the pressure rating of the
above the pressure rating of the pipe or the lowest pressure rated pipe.
component in the system.
5.1.2 With the top of each stand at least 1.2 m (4 ft) above the ground
4.8 Air release and vacuum relief valves. Air release and vacuum surface, except for surface gravity inlets which shall be equipped with
relief valves shall be installed at all summits, at the ends, and at the trash racks and covers.
entrance of pipelines to provide for air escape and entrance.
Combination air-vacuum release valves which provide both functions 5.1.3 With downward water velocities in stands not to exceed 0.6 m/s (2
may be used. ft/s). The inside diameter of the stand shall not be less than the inside
diameter of the pipeline.
4.8.1 Air flow capacity. Valves having large orifices to exhaust large
quantities of air from pipelines when filling and to allow air to enter to 5.2 Pump stands. When the water velocity of an inlet exceeds three
prevent a vacuum when draining are required at the end and entrance of times the velocity of the outlet, the centerline of the inlet shall have a
all pipelines. Valves intended to release entrapped air only may have minimum vertical offset from the centerline of the outlet at least equal to
smaller orifices and are required at all summits. the sum of the diameters of the inlet and outlet pipes. The cross-clauseal
area of the stands may be reduced above a point 0.3 m (1 ft) above the
4.8.2 Low pressure systems (not open to the atmosphere). top of the upper inlet, but in no case shall the reduced cross clause be
4.8.2.1 Air-vacuum release valves shall be provided at each of the such that it would produce an average velocity of more than 3 m/s (10
locations described in clause 5.5.4. ft/s) if the entire flow was discharging through it.
4.8.2.2 The size of valve outlet for low pressure systems shall be as 5.2.1 Types. Pump stands shall be one of the following types:
specified in clause 5.6.2. 5.2.1.1 Steel cylinder stands.
4.8.3 High pressure systems. The ratio of air release valve diameter to 5.2.1.2 Concrete box stands with vertical sides, suitably reinforced.
pipe diameter for valves intended to release air when filling the pipe
should not be less than 0.1. However, smaller diameter valves may be 5.2.1.3 Non-tapered stands of concrete pipe, suitably reinforced.
used as a means of limiting water hammer pressures by controlling air 5.2.1.4 Non-tapered stands of reinforced concrete pipe, capped and
release where filling velocities cannot be controlled. Equivalent valve having a vent pipe meeting the requirements of clause 5.5.

ASABE STANDARDS 2010 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 5

 6
Table 6 Wall thickness and tolerance, in mm (in.), for PVC pipe: OD controlled
Nominal Average
Pipe Size Outside
Diameter
mm in. mm in. 50 ft head 100 ft head SDR 81 SDR 64 SDR 51 SDR 41 DR 32.5 SDR 32.5 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 17 SDR 13.5 SDR 11

4 1/8 10.29 0.405 IPS 1.520.51 1.520.51

(0.0600.020) (0.0600.020)
8 1/4 13.72 0.540 IPS 1.520.51 1.520.51
(0.0600.020) (0.0600.020)
10 3/8 17.14 0.675 IPS 1.520.51 1.550.51
(0.0600.020) (0.0610.020)
15 1/2 21.34 0.840 IPS 1.570.51 1.930.51
(0.0620.020) (0.0760.020)
20 3/4 26.67 1.050 IPS 1.520.51 1.570.51 1.980.51 2.410.51
(0.0600.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0780.020) (0.0950.020)
25 1 33.40 1.315 IPS 1.270.51 1.600.51 1.960.51 2.460.51 3.020.51
(0.0500.020) (0.0630.020) (0.0770.020) (0.0970.020) (0.1190.020)
32 1 1/4 42.16 1.660 IPS 1.520.51 1.630.51 2.000.51 2.490.51 3.120.51 3.840.51
(0.0600.020) (0.0640.020) (0.0790.020) (0.0980.020) (0.1230.020) (0.1610.020)
40 1 1/2 48.26 1.900 IPS 1.520.51 1.850.51 2.290.51 2.840.51 3.580.51 4.390.69
(0.0600.020) (0.0730.020) (0.0900.020) (0.1120.020) (0.1410.020) (0.1730.021)
50 2 60.32 2.375 IPS 1.850.51 2.310.51 2.870.51 3.560.51 4.470.53 5.490.68
(0.0730.020) (0.0910.020) (0.1130.020) (0.1400.020) (0.1760.021) (0.2160.026)
65 2 1/2 73.02 2.875 IPS 2.240.51 2.790.51 3.480.51 4.290.51 5.410.66 6.630.79
(0.0880.020) (0.1100.020) (0.1370.020) (0.1690.020) (0.2130.026) (0.2610.031)
80 3 88.90 3.500 IPS 2.160.51 2.740.51 3.430.51 4.240.51 5.230.64 6.580.79 8.080.99
(0.0850.020) (0.1080.020) (0.1350.020) (0.1670.020) (0.2060.025) (0.2590.031) (0.3180.039)

ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010

90 3 1/2 101.60 4.000 IPS 2.490.51 3.120.51 3.910.51 4.830.58 5.970.71 7.520.91 9.221.12
(0.0980.020) (0.1230.020) (0.1540.020) (0.1900.023) (0.2350.028) (0.2960.036) (0.3630.044)
100 4 114.30 4.500 IPS 1.790.51 2.790.51 3.510.51 4.390.51 5.440.66 6.730.81 8.461.02 10.391.24
(0.0700.020) (0.1100.020) (0.1380.020) (0.1730.020) (0.2140.026) (0.2650.032) (0.3330.040) (0.4090.049)
105.00 4.134 PIP 1.650.51 1.650.51 2.060.51 2.570.51
(0.0650.020) (0.0650.020) (0.0810.020) (0.1010.020)
125 5 141.30 5.563 IPS 2.210.51 3.450.51 4.340.53 5.440.69 6.730.81 8.310.99 10.461.24 12.651.55
(0.0870.020) (0.1360.020) (0.1710.021) (0.2140.027) (0.2650.032) (0.3270.039) (0.4120.049) (0.6060.061)
150 6 168.28 6.625 IPS 2.640.51 4.110.51 5.180.61 6.480.79 8.030.97 9.911.19 12.471.50 15.291.65
(0.1040.020) (0.1620.020) (0.2040.024) (0.2550.031) (0.3160.038) (0.3900.047) (0.4910.059) (0.6020.073)
156.00 6.140 PIP 1.780.51 1.780.51 1.930.51 3.050.51 3.810.51
(0.0700.020) (0.0700.020) (0.0760.020) (0.1200.020) (0.1500.020)

ASABE STANDARDS 2010

 Table 6 Wall thickness and tolerance, in mm (in.), for PVC pipe: OD controlled (continued)
Nominal Average
Pipe Size Outside
Diameter
in. in. 50 ft head 100 ft head SDR 81 SDR 64 SDR 51 SDR 41 DR 32.5 SDR 32.5 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 17 SDR 13.5 SDR 11

ASABE STANDARDS 2010

mm1) mm1)

200 8 219.08 8.625 IPS 3.430.51 5.330.64 6.730.81 8.431.02 10.411.24 12.901.55 16.231.95 19.942.41
(0.1350.020) (0.2100.025) (0.2650.032) (0.3320.040) (0.4100.049) (0.5080.061) (0.6390.077) (0.7850.095)
207.00 8.160 PIP 2.030.51 2.210.51 2.570.51 4.060.51 5.050.61
(0.0800.020) (0.0870.020) (0.1010.020) (0.1600.020) (0.1990.024)
250 10 273.05 10.750 IPS 4.270.51 6.650.79 8.411.02 10.491.27 12.981.55 16.051.93 20.242.44 24.842.99
(0.1680.020) (0.2620.031) (0.3310.040) (0.4130.050) (0.5110.061) (0.6320.076) (0.7970.096) (0.9780.118)
259.00 10.200 PIP 2.540.51 2.770.51 3.200.51 5.080.61 6.320.76
(0.1000.020) (0.1090.020) (0.1260.020) (0.2000.024) (0.2400.030)
300 12 323.85 12.750 IPS 5.050.61 7.900.94 9.961.19 12.451.50 15.391.85 19.052.29 24.002.29 29.463.58
(0.1990.024) (0.3110.037) (0.3920.047) (0.4900.059) (0.6060.073) (0.7500.090) (0.9450.114) (1.1600.140)
311.00 12.240 PIP 3.050.51 3.330.51 3.840.51 6.100.74 7.590.91
(0.1200.020) (0.1310.020) (0.1510.020) (0.2400.029) (0.2990.036)
350 14 355.60 14.000 IPS 8.661.22 10.921.32 13.671.63 16.922.03 20.902.51
(0.3410.048) (0.4300.052) (0.5380.064) (0.6660.080) (0.8230.099)
380 15 388.62 15.300 PIP 3.810.51 4.170.51 4.800.58 7.621.07 9.471.32 11.101.32 11.961.42 14.941.78 18.492.21
(0.1500.020) (0.1640.020) (0.1890.023) (0.3000.042) (0.3730.052) (0.4370.052) (0.4710.056) (0.5880.070) (0.7280.087)
400 16 406.40 16.000 IPS 9.911.40 12.501.5 15.621.87 19.352.31 23.902.87
(0.3900.055) (0.4920.059) (0.6150.074) (0.7620.091) (0.9410.113)
450 18 457.20 18.000 IPS 5.000.61 5.770.69 9.141.09 11.151.55 14.071.68 17.582.11 21.772.62 26.903.23
(0.1970.024) (0.2270.027) (0.3600.043) (0.4390.061) (0.5540.066) (0.6920.083) (0.8570.103) (1.0590.127)
475.00 18.701 PIP 5.080.61 5.870.71 9.301.30 11.581.63 13.561.63 14.611.75 18.262.18
(0.2000.024) (0.2310.028) (0.3660.051) (0.4560.064) (0.5340.064) (0.5750.069) (0.7190.086)
500 20 508.00 20.000 IPS 5.540.66 6.400.76 10.161.22 12.401.73 15.621.88 19.532.34 24.182.90 29.873.58

ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010

(0.2180.026) (0.2520.030) (0.4000.048) (0.4880.068) (0.6150.074) (0.7690.092) (0.9520.114) (1.1760.141)
550 21 559.99 22.047 PIP 5.990.71 6.910.84 10.971.52 13.671.91 16.001.93 17.222.06 21.542.59
(0.2360.028) (0.2720.033) (0.4320.060) (0.5380.075) (0.6300.076) (0.6780.081) (0.8480.102)
600 24 609.60 24.000 IPS 6.530.79 7.520.90 11.961.44 14.862.08 18.752.24 23.442.82 29.033.48 35.864.29
(0.2570.031) (0.2960.036) (0.4710.057) (0.5850.082) (0.7380.088) (0.9230.111) (1.1430.137) (1.4120.169)
629.99 24.803 PIP 6.760.81 7.770.94 12.341.73 15.372.16 18.012.16 19.382.34 24.232.92
(0.2660.032) (0.3060.037) (0.4860.068) (0.6050.085) (0.7090.085) (0.7630.092) (0.9540.115)
700 27 710.00 27.953 PIP 13.921.96 17.322.41 20.292.44 21.842.62 27.313.28
(0.5480.077) (0.6820.095) (0.7990.096) (0.8600.103) (1.0750.129)
750 30 762.00 30.000 IPS 18.592.59 23.442.82 29.373.51 36.274.34 44.835.38
(0.7320.102) (0.9230.111) (1.1540.138) (1.4280.171) (1.7650.212)
900 36 914.40 36.000 IPS 22.303.12 28.143.38 35.184.22 43.545.21 53.806.45
(0.8780.123) (1.1080.133) (1.3850.166) (1.7140.205) (2.1180.254)

7
 Table 7 Wall thickness and tolerance, in mm (in.), for PE pipe: ID controlled

Nominal pipe
size

mm in. SDR 19 SDR 15 SDR 11.5 SDR 9 SDR 7 SDR 5.3

16 1/2 1.520.15 1.520.51 1.520.51 1.750.51 2.260.51 2.970.51

(0.0600.020) (0.0600.020) (0.0600.020) (0.0690.020) (0.0890.020) (0.1170.020)
21 3/4 1.520.51 1.520.51 1.830.51 2.340.51 3.000.51 3.940.51
(0.0600.020) (0.0600.020) (0.0720.020) (0.0920.020) (0.1180.020) (0.1550.020)
27 1 1.520.51 1.780.51 2.310.51 2.970.51 3.810.51 5.030.61
(0.0600.020) (0.0700.020) (0.0910.020) (0.1170.020) (0.1500.020) (0.1980.024)
35 1 1/4 1.850.51 2.340.51 3.050.51 3.890.51 5.000.61 6.600.79
(0.0730.020) (0.0920.020) (0.1200.020) (0.1530.020) (0.1970.024) (0.2600.031)
41 1 1/2 2.160.51 2.720.51 3.560.51 4.550.51 5.840.71 7.720.91
(0.0850.020) (0.1070.020) (0.1400.020) (0.1790.020) (0.2300.028) (0.3040.036)
52 2 2.770.51 3.50.51 4.570.56 5.840.71 7.490.89 0.911.19
(0.1090.020) (0.1380.020) (0.1800.022) (0.2300.028) (0.2950.035) (0.3900.047)

63 2 1/2 3.300.51 4.190.51 5.460.64

(0.1300.020) (1.650.020) (0.2150.025)
78 3 4.090.51 5.210.51 6.780.81
(0.1610.020) (0.2050.020) (0.2670.032)
102 4 5.380.64 6.810.81 8.890.107
(0.2120.025) (0.2680.032) (0.3500.042)

154 6 8.100.97 10.261.22 13.381.60

(0.3190.038) (0.4040.048) (0.5270.063)

5.2.2 Vibration control. Construction shall ensure that the vibration
from the pump discharge is not transmitted to the stand. Vibration control
also applies to low pressure pipelines not open to the atmosphere when
pump stands are used.
5.3 Sand traps. Sand traps, when combined with a stand, shall have a
minimum inside dimension of 762 mm (30 in.) and shall be constructed
so that the bottom is at least 610 mm (24 in.) below the invert of the
outlet pipeline. The downward velocity of flow of the water in a sand trap
shall not exceed 0.08 m/s (0.25 ft/s). Suitable provision for cleaning sand
traps shall be provided.
5.4 Gate stands and float valve stands
5.4.1 Gate stands. Gate stands shall be of sufficient dimension to
accommodate the gate or gates, and shall be large enough to make the
gates accessible for repair.
5.4.2 Float valve stands. Float valve stands shall be large enough to
provide accessibility for maintenance and to dampen surge.
5.5 Vent requirements. Vents shall be designed into the system to
provide for the removal of air and protection from surge.
5.5.1 Vents shall have a minimum freeboard of 0.3 m (1 ft) above the
hydraulic gradeline. The maximum height of the vent above the
centerline of the pipeline must not exceed the working pressure of clause
4.1.1.
5.5.2 Vents shall have a cross-clauseal area of at least one-half the
cross-clauseal area of the pipeline (both inside measurements) for a
distance of at least one pipeline diameter up from the centerline of the
pipeline. Above this elevation the vent may be reduced to 51 mm (2 in.)
in diameter.
5.5.3 Vents shall be located as follows:
5.5.3.1 At the downstream end of each lateral.
5.5.3.2 At all summits of the line.
5.5.3.3 At points where there are changes in grade of more than 10
(18%) in a downward direction of flow.
5.5.3.4 Immediately downstream of any stand if the downward velocity in
the stands exceeds 0.6 m/s (2 ft/s).
5.6 Air-vacuum release valves
5.6.1 An air-vacuum release valve may be used in lieu of an open vent,
but either a vent or an air-vacuum release valve shall be provided at
each of the locations listed in clause 5.5.3.
5.6.2 Air-vacuum release valve outlets shall have a 51 mm (2 in.)
minimum diameter. The valves shall be used as follows:
Pipe diameter, mm (in.) Minimum air-vacuum release valve
outlet diameter, mm (in.)
152 (6) or less 51 (2)
178254 (710) 76 (3)
305 (12) or larger 102 (4)
NOTE Air-vacuum release valves shall not replace the open stand
required in clause 5.1.
6 Pipe materials
6.1 Compounds. This Standard covers pipe made from the compounds
that are listed and identified in this clause by code classification and that
are further defined and identified by hydrostatic design stress rating. The
respective pipe compound shall have an established long term
hydrostatic design stress rating as given in table 3 when tested in
accordance with clause 6.1.1. The compound shall meet the short term
test requirement denoted by its code classification and defined in the
relevant ASTM standards referenced in clause 6.2.
6.1.1 Sustained pressure. The pipe shall not tail, balloon, burst, or
weep as defined in ASTM D1598. The pipe shall be treated in
accordance with the following clause of the applicable ASTM:

8 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 ASABE STANDARDS 2010

6.1.1.1 PVC: ASTM D2241 at the appropriate test pressure given in
table 4 of that specification or table 5 of this Standard.
6.1.1.2 PE: ASTM D2239, ASTM F714-90, or AWWA C906-90.
6.1.1.3 CPVC: Schedule 40 and 80 ASTM F441 and SDR-PR of ASTM
F442.
NOTE Tests of pipe made with different diameters and wall
thickness but with the same material shall not be required to
reestablish long-term hydrostatic design rating since this is a
compound qualifying test.
6.2.1 PVC: ASTM D1784- 12454 B
12454 C
14333 D
6.2.2 PE: ASTM D3350- PE213333C (PE2406 standard PE code)
PE324433C (PE3406 standard PE code)
PE334434C (PE3408 standard PE code)
6.2.3 CPVC (SDR-PR and Schedule 40 and 80): ASTM D1784-Class
23447.
6.3 Rework materials. Clean rework material generated from the
manufacturers own pipe production may be used by the same
manufacturer, as long as the pipe produced meets all the requirements
of this Standard.
6.4 Physical requirements
6.4.1 Workmanship. The pipe shall be homogeneous throughout and
free from visible cracks, holes, foreign inclusions, or other defects. The
pipe shall be as uniform as commercially practicable in color, opacity,
density and other physical properties.
6.4.2 Dimensions and tolerances (tables 6 to 8)
6.4.2.1 Wall thickness. The wall thickness and tolerances shall be
determined in accordance with the appropriate clauses of ASTM D2122.
6.4.2.2 Diameters. The outside diameter or inside diameter of pipe shall
be determined in accordance with the appropriate clauses of ASTM
D2122.
6.5 PVC pipe requirements
6.5.1 Burst pressure (table 9). The minimum burst pressure shall be
determined in accordance with appropriate clauses of ASTM D2241.
6.5.2 Flattening. There shall be no evidence of splitting, cracking, or
breaking when the pipe is tested in accordance with ASTM D2241.
6.5.3 Extrusion quality. The pipe shall not flake or disintegrate when
tested in accordance with ASTM D2152.
6.5.4 Impact resistance. Pipes through 305 mm (12 in.) nominal
diameter shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D2444 using an 89 N
(20 lb), Type B Tup with a flat plate at 233 C (73.43.6 F) and shall crosses shall be made of material that is recommended for use with the
meet the test levels shown in table 10. The impact test shall be made on
new production pipe at the time manufactured.
6.6 PE pipe requirements
6.6.1 Thickness of outer layer. For pipe produced by simultaneous
multiple extrusion, that is, pipe containing two or more concentric layers,
the outer layer shall be at least 0.51 mm (0.020 in.) thick.
6.6.2 Bond. For pipe produced by simultaneous multiple extrusion, the
bond between the layers shall be strong and uniform. It shall not be
possible to separate any two layers with a probe or a knife blade so that
the layers separate cleanly at any point.
6.6.3 Carbon black. The pipe extrusion compound shall contain at least
2% carbon black when as tested in accordance with ASTM D1603, ASTM
D2239, or ASTM D3035. For pipe produced by simultaneous multiple
extrusion, this requirement shall apply to the outer layer.
6.6.4 Density. The polyethylene base resin (uncolored PE) in the pipe
compound shall conform to the requirements of ASTM D2239 or ASTM
D3035.
6.6.5 Burst pressure. The minimum burst pressure for PE plastic pipe
shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D2239 or ASTM D3035.
ASABE STANDARDS 2010 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010
6.6.6 Environmental stress cracking. There shall be no loss of
pressure in the pipe when tested in accordance with ASTM D2239.
6.7 CPVC pipe requirements
6.7.1 Burst pressure. The minimum burst pressure shall be determined
in accordance with the appropriate requirements in ASTM F441 for
Schedule 40 and 80 and ASTM 442 for SDR-PR. The tests will be in
accordance with appropriate clauses of ASTM D1599.
6.7.2 Flattening. There shall be no evidence of splitting, cracking, or
breaking when the pipe is tested in accordance with ASTM F441 for
Schedule 40 and 80 or ASTM F442 for SDR-PR and shall meet the test
levels shown in table 10 of this Standard. The impact test shall be made
on new production pipe at the time of manufacture.
6.8 Joints
6.8.1 General. All joints shall be constructed to withstand the design
maximum working pressures for the pipeline without leakage, and without
internal obstruction which could reduce its capacity below design
requirements, except that insert fittings for joining PE pipe are permitted.
Manufacturers recommendations for joining pipe shall be used when not
in conflict with requirements of clause 5.8.
6.8.2 Sockets and couplings
6.8.2.1 For PVC and PE pipe, the integral bell or separate coupling shall
meet the same strength requirements as the pipe. When joint assembly
requires use of separate couplings, one such coupling of the same size
and equivalent or greater pressure rating shall be furnished with each
length of pipe.
6.8.2.2 For CPVC pipe, socket type couplings shall be manufactured in
accordance with either ASTM F438 Schedule 40 or ASTM F439
Schedule 80.
6.8.3 Solvent cements. Safe handling of solvent cements shall conform
to ASTM F402.
6.8.3.1 PVC Pipe. Solvent cements for use with PVC pipe and fittings
shall meet the requirements of ASTM D2564. The pipe manufacturer
should be consulted for the type of cement and appropriate curing time
recommended for joining pipes.
6.8.3.2 CPVC pipe. Solvent cement shall be manufactured in
accordance with ASTM F493.
6.8.4 Rubber gasket joints. Rubber gasket joints shall perform to
ASTM D3139,
6.8.5 Plastic risers. Plastic risers shall have at least the same strength
as the pipe, including risers with use limited to subsurface attachment.
6.9 Fittings
6.9.1 General. All fittings, such as couplings, reducers, bends, tees and
pipe and shall be installed in accordance with the recommendations of
the manufacturer. Where fittings made of steel or other materials are
used in the line, appropriate protection for the material used shall be
provided.
6.9.2 Requirements. Fittings for IPS sized pipe shall meet all the
dimensional and quality requirements given in the following ASTM
standards: ASTM D2466, ASTM D2467, Schedule 80, ASTM D2609,
ASTM D2672, ASTM D3139, and ASTM D3261.
5.9.2.1 Threaded plastic fittings. Threaded plastic fittings shall be
manufactured in accordance with ASTM F437, Schedule 80.
7 Marking
7.1 General. The pipe shall be marked at intervals of not more than 1.5
m (5 ft). The metric marking shall not be required until metrics becomes
a national standard. Marking shall include the following:
7.1.1 The nominal pipe size, e.g., 114 mm (4 in.).
7.1.2 The pipe OD sizing system when applicable (IPS, IP, or PIP), e.g.,
PIP.
9
 10
1)
Table 8 Diameters, wall thickness and tolerances for PE pipe in IPS sizing system: OD controlled

Pipe outside diameter 2)

Minimum wall thickness

Nominal Actual outside DR 32.5 DR 26 DR 21 DR 17 DR 15.5 DR 13.5 DR 11 DR 9.3 DR 9 DR 7

pipe size diameter

mm in. mm in.

15 1/2 21.34 0.840 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.930.51 2.290.51 2.360.51 3.050.51
(0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0760.020) (0.0900.020) (0.0930.020) (0.1200.020)
20 3/4 26.7 1.050 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.790.51 1.980.51 2.410.51 2.870.51 2.970.51 3.810.51
(0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0680.020) (0.0780.020) (0.0950.020) (0.1130.020) (0.1170.020) (0.1500.020)
25 1 33.4 1.315 1.570.51 1.570.51 1.600.51 1.960.51 2.130.51 2.460.51 3.050.51 3.580.51 3.710.51 4.780.58
(0.0620.020) (0.0620.020) (0.0630.020) (0.0770.020) (0.0840.020) (0.0970.020) (0.1200.020) (0.1410.020) (0.1480.020) (0.1880.023)
30 1 1/4 42.2 1.660 1.570.51 1.630.51 2.010.51 2.490.51 2.720.51 3.120.51 3.840.51 4.520.53 4.670.56 6.020.71
(0.0620.020) (0.0640.020) (0.0790.020) (0.0980.020) (0.1070.020) (0.1230.020) (0.1510.020) (0.1780.021) (0.1840.022) (0.2370.028)
40 1 1/2 48.3 1.900 1.570.51 1.850.51 2.290.51 1.840.51 3.120.51 3.580.51 4.390.53 5.180.81 5.360.64 6.880.84
(0.0620.020) (0.0730.020) (0.0900.020) (0.1120.020) (0.1230.020) (0.1410.020) (0.1730.021) (0.2040.024) (0.2110.025) (0.3710.033
50 2 60.3 2.375 1.850.51 2.310.51 2.870.51 3.560.51 3.890.51 4.470.53 5.490.68 6.480.79 6.710.81 8.611.04
(0.0730.020) (0.0910.020) (0.1130.020) (0.1400.020) (0.1530.020) (0.1760.021) (0.2160.026) (0.2550.031) (0.2840.032) (0.3390.041)
80 3 88.9 3.500 2.740.51 3.490.51 4.240.51 5.290.64 5.740.69 6.580.78 8.080.97 9.551.14 9.881.19 12.701.52
(0.1080.020) (0.1350.020) (0.1670.020) (0.2060.025) (0.2260.027) (0.2590.031) (0.3180.038) (0.3760.045) (0.3890.047) (0.5000.60)
100 4 114.3 4.500 3.510.51 4.390.53 5.440.85 6.790.81 7.370.89 8.461.02 10.391.24 12.291.47 12.701.52 16.391.96
(0.1380.020) (0.1790.021) (0.2140.026) (0.2650.032) (0.2900.035) (0.3330.040) (0.4090.049) (0.4840.058) (0.5000.060) (0.6430.077)
125 5 141.3 5.563 4.340.53 5.440.66 6.730.81 8.310.99 9.121.09 10.461.24 12.851.55 15.191.83 15.701.88 20.192.41
(0.1710.021) (0.2140.026) (0.2650.032) (0.3270.039) (0.3590.043) (0.4120.049) (0.5060.061) (0.5980.072) (0.6180.074) (0.7950.095)
150 6 168.3 6.625 5.180.61 6.480.79 8.000.97 9.911.19 10.851.30 12.471.50 15.291.83 18.082.16 18.692.24 24.092.90
(0.2040.024) (0.2550.031) (0.3150.038) (0.3900.047) (0.4270.051) (0.4910.059) (0.6020.072) (0.7120.085) (0.7360.088) (0.9460.144)
200 8 219.1 8.625 6.730.81 8.431.02 10.441.24 12.881.55 14.121.70 16.231.96 19.912.39 23.552.82 24.332.92 31.293.73
(0.2650.032) (0.3320.040) (0.4110.049) (0.5070.061) (0.5560.067) (0.6390.077) (0.7840.094) (0.9270.111) (0.9580.115) (1.2320.147)
250 10 273.1 10.750 8.411.02 10.491.27 13.000.061 16.051.93 17.632.11 20.222.44 24.822.97 29.363.53 30.333.63 39.014.67

ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010

(0.3310.040) (0.4130.050) (0.5120.061) (0.6320.078) (0.6940.083) (0.7960.096) (0.9770.117) (1.1560.133) (1.1940.143) (1.5360.184)
300 12 323.8 12.750 9.961.19 12.451.50 15.241.85 19.052.29 20.902.51 23.982.87 29.443.53 34.824.19 35.994.32 46.255.56
(0.3920.047) (0.4900.059) (0.6070.073) (0.7500.090) (0.8230.099) (0.9440.113) (1.1590.139) (1.3710.165) (1.4170.170) (1.8210.218)
350 14 355.6 14.000 10.951.32 13.871.65 16.940.080 20.932.51 22.942.74 26.343.15 32.333.89 38.234.60 39.524.75 50.806.10
(0.4310.052) (0.5380.065) (0.6670.080) (0.8240.089) (0.9030.108) (1.0370.124) (1.2730.153) (1.5050.161) (1.5560.187) (2.0000.240)
400 16 406.4 16.000 12.501.50 15.621.88 19.352.31 23.902.87 26.213.15 31.103.61 36.954.45 43.695.23 45.165.41 58.066.96
(0.4920.059) (0.6150.074) (0.7620.081) (0.9410.113) (1.0320.124) (1.1850.142) (1.4550.175) (1.7200.206) (1.7780.213) (2.2850.274)
450 18 457.2 18.000 14.071.68 17.582.11 21.772.62 26.903.29 29.493.53 33.864.06 41.554.98 49.155.88 50.806.10 65.307.85
(0.5540.066) (0.7690.092) (0.8570.103) (1.0590.127) (1.1610.139) (1.3330.160) (1.6360.196) (1.9350.232) (2.0000.240) (2.5710.308)
500 20 508.0 20.000 15.621.88 19.532.34 24.182.90 29.373.58 32.773.94 37.624.52 46.185.54 54.646.55 56.446.76 72.578.71
(0.6150.074) (0.7690.092) (0.9520.114) (1.1760.141) (1.2900.155) (1.4810.178) (1.8180.218) (2.1510.258) (2.2220.267) (2.8570.343)
550 22 558.8 22.000 16.942.06 21.492.59 26.623.20 32.873.94 36.044.32 41.404.98 50.806.10 61.107.21 62.067.44 79.839.58
(0.6770.081) (0.8460.102) (1.0480.126) (1.2940.155) (1.4190.170) (1.6300.195) (2.0000.240) (2.3860.284) (2.4440.293 (3.1430.377)
6 24 609.6 24.000 18.752.25 23.442.82 29.033.48 35.884.29 39.324.72 45.165.41 55.426.65 65.567.87 67.748.13 87.1010.44
(0.7380.089) (0.9230.111) (1.1430.137) (1.4120.169) (1.5480.186) (1.7880.213) (2.1820.262) (2.5810.310) (2.6670.320) (3.4290.411)
1)
OD based PE pipe is also made in the metric sizing system, based on ISO 161/1-1978. Specifications for this pipe can be obtained from the Plastic Pipe Institute, New York, NY
2)
Wall thickness variability in any diametrical cross section shall not exceed 12% when calculated in accordance with ASTM D2122

ASABE STANDARDS 2010

Table 9 Burst pressure requirements for PVC plastic pipe 1), 2) recommended by the pipe manufacturer. Where required by regulations
or local conditions, the sidewalls above the top of the pipe shall be
Minimum burst pressure3) sloped. Minimum trench widths below the top of the pipe are presented
in table 11.
SDR (DR) PVC 1120 PVC 2116 8.2.3 Trench depth. The trench depth should be determined with
PVC 1220 PVC 2112 consideration given to requirements imposed by trench bottom, pipe size
PVC 2120 PVC 2110 and cover conditions (see clauses 8.2.1 and 8.7). The depth shall be
sufficient to ensure placement of the top of the pipe 0.25 m (10 in.) below
kPa psi kPa psi the frost line unless the requirements of clause 4.9 are satisfied.
8.2.4 Safety. Provisions shall be made to ensure safe working
51 1790 260 1380 200
conditions where unstable soil, trench depth or other conditions impose
64 1380 200 1105 160
a safety hazard to personnel working in the trench.
81 1105 160 860 125
93.5 965 140 8.3 Placement
50 ft. 8.3.1 General. Special handling and an awareness of temperature
head 875 127 effects on thermoplastic pipe are needed to prevent permanent distortion
and pipe damage when handling during unusually warm or cold weather.
1)
Requirements in addition to those listed in ASTM D2241. Prior to any backfilling beyond light backfill for shading, and prior to
2)
With water at 23 C (73.4 F). connecting to other facilities, the pipe shall be allowed to come to within
3) a few degrees of the temperature it will reach after complete covering.
The fiber stresses used to derive the test pressures are as follows:
MPa psi The pipeline shall be installed to provide protection from hazards
PVC 1120, PVC 1220, PVC 2120 44.1 6400
imposed by traffic crossing, farming operations, freezing temperatures, or
soil cracking. If the pipe is assembled above ground, it should be lowered
PVC 2116, PVC 2112, PVC 2110 34.5 5400
into the trench with care to prevent dropping or damaging the pipe or its
joints. The cement manufacturers recommendations for minimum curing
time shall be followed prior to moving or pressurizing the pipe. Treatment
such as dragging or excessive bending which could cause excessive
7.1.3 The ASTM numeric designation for sizing systems other than PIP, joint stressing, displacement or pull-out should be avoided.
e.g., ASTM D2241. 8.3.2 Deflection and bending. The pipe shall be installed in a manner
7.1.4 The type of plastic pipe material in accordance with the to ensure that excessive deflection in elastomeric seal joints and
designation code, e.g., PVC 1120. excessive bending of the pipe do not occur during installation. Bending
7.1.5 Pressure rating stresses should be avoided, and at no time should the pipe be blocked
or braced to hold a bend. The pipe manufacturer should be consulted for
7.1.5.1 Low pressure pipe. The pressure rating shall be shown in psi maximum permissible deflection limits and minimum pipe bending radii.
and/or in feet of head; e.g., 152 kPa (22 psi) 15.2 m (50 ft) head.
8.3.3 Connection to a rigid structure. Where differential settlement
7.1.5.2 SDR pipe. The pressure rating in psi for water at 23 C (73.4 could create a concentrated loading on a pipe or joint, as at the
F); e.g., 1379 kPa (200 psi) @ 23 C (73.4 F), or the standard connection of a buried pipe to a rigid structure such as a stand, extra
dimension ratio as calculated in clause 2.8; e.g., SDR 21, or both: e.g., care should be taken to compact the foundation and bedding adjoining
1379 kPa (200 psi) @ 23 C (73.4 F) SDR 21. the structure. Use of a flexible joint within 460 mm (18 in.) of the
7.1.6 The manufacturers name or trademark and code. structure, or one half of the pipe diameter, whichever is longer, is
recommended.
7.1.7 Pipe intended for the conveyance of potable water shall also
include the seal or mark of the laboratory making the evaluation for this 8.3.4 Bell holes for rubber gasket joints. When the pipe being
purpose, spaced at intervals specified by the laboratory. installed is provided with rubber gasket joints, bell holes shall be
excavated in the bedding material to allow for the unobstructed assembly
of the joint. Care should be taken that the bell hole is no larger than
8 Installation requirements necessary to accomplish proper joint assembly. When the joint has been
8.1 General. The thermoplastic pipe shall be installed in accordance made, the bell hole should be carefully filled with initial backfill material
with the manufacturers recommendations. If these are not available, to provide adequate support of the pipe throughout its entire length.
then for pipe 152 mm (6 in.) diameter or less, ASTM D2774 or this 8.4 Thrust blocking
Standard shall be followed. Recommendations in ASTM D2321 may also 8.4.1 General. Thrust blocking prevents the line from moving. Blocking
be followed. is essential with rubber gasket joints and merits evaluation with all pipe
8.2 Trench construction materials. Thrust blocking should be considered to absorb unequal forces
8.2.1 Trench bottom. The trench bottom should be continuous, firm, created by expected and potential changes in flow direction and at
relatively smooth and free of rocks or other hard objects larger than 13 changes in pipe alignment. The thrust block transfers this load from the
mm (0.5 in.) in size. Where ledge rock, hard pan or boulders are pipe to a wider load bearing surface. Thrust blocks are required at the
encountered, the trench bottom shall be undercut and filled with bedding following locations.
material, using sand or compacted fine-grained soils to provide a 8.4.1.1 Where the pipe changes the direction of the water (i.e., ties,
minimum depth of bed between the pipe and rock of 100 mm (4 in.). elbows, crosses, wyes and tees).
Where unstable trench bottom conditions are encountered, stabilizing 8.4.1.2 Where the pipe size changes (i.e., reducers, reducing tees and
methods and materials to provide adequate and permanent support shall crosses).
be used.
8.4.1.3 At the end of the pipeline (i.e., caps and plugs).
8.2.2 Trench width. The width of the trench at any point below the top
of the pipe should not be greater than necessary to provide adequate 8.4.1.4 Where there is an in-line valve.
room for joining the pipe and compacting the initial backfill. The trench 8.4.2 Placement. The thrust block must be formed against a solid trench
width should be sufficient to provide adequate room for joining the pipe wall that has been excavated by hand. Damage to the bearing surface of
in the trench, if this is necessary; filling and compacting the side fills; and the trench wall may result from excavation by mechanical equipment.
snaking the pipe from side-to-side along the bottom of the ditch, if The size and type of thrust block depends on pipe size, line pressure,

ASABE STANDARDS 2010 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 11

 12
Table 10 Impact requirements for PVC pipe1)

Nominal pipe size 50 ft. head DR 93.4 SDR 81 SDR 64 SDR 51 SDR 41 SDR 32.5 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 17 SDR 13.5

in. mm Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf Nm ftlbf

1/2 21 IPS 35 25
3/4 27 IPS 50 36 50 36
1 33 IPS 50 38 50 38 50 38

1 1/4 42 IPS 70 50 70 50 70 50 70 50
1/2 48 IPS 70 50 70 50 70 50 70 50 70 50

2 60 IPS 85 63 85 63 85 63 85 63 85 63

2 1/2 73 IPS 85 63 85 63 85 63 85 63 85 63
3 89 IPS 100 75 100 75 100 75 100 75 100 75
3 1/2 102 IPS 100 75 100 75 100 75 100 75 100 75

4 114 IPS 70 50 110 80 135 100 135 100 135 100 135 100
105 PIP 40 30 40 30 95 70 95 70
5 141 IPS 120 90 150 110 150 110 150 110 150 110

6 168 IPS 80 60 135 100 165 120 165 120 165 120 165 120
PIP 40 30 40 30 40 30 110 80 110 80

ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010

8 219 IPS 95 70 135 100 175 130 175 130 175 130 175 130
207 PIP 40 30 40 30 40 30 120 90 120 90
10 273 IPS 110 80 150 110 190 140
259 PIP 80 60 80 60 80 60 135 100 135 100

12 324 IPS 135 100 150 110 205 150

311 PIP 135 100 135 100 135 100 150 110 150 110
1)
When tested in accordance with ASTM D2444 using an 89 N (20 lb) type B tup with a flat plate at 23 C (73.4 F) on new production pipe at the time of manufacture.

ASABE STANDARDS 2010

 Table 11 Minimum trench width below top of pipe 8.5.3.2 Hand or mechanical backfilling. Initial backfill in contact and
immediately surrounding the pipe shall be of finegrained material; free
Approximate trench width from rocks, stones, or clods greater than approximately 19 mm (0.75 in.)
diameter and earth clods greater than approximately 50 mm (2 in.)
diameter. The backfill shall be tamped in layers not to exceed a 150 mm
Pipe size minimum mechanical minimum water
compaction compaction (6 in.) lift. Layered compaction shall occur around the pipe and to at least
152 mm (6 in.) above the top of the pipe. The backfill material shall be
sufficiently tamped to permit thorough compaction, under and on each
mm in. mm in. mm in.
side of the pipe, to provide support free from voids. Care should be taken
to avoid deforming, displacing, or damaging the pipe during this phase of
102 4 400 16 410 16 the operation.
152 6 450 18 460 18
8.6 Final backfill
203 8 510 20 510 20
8.6.1 After pipeline testing (clause 9), final backfill shall be placed and
254 10 860 34 560 22 spread in approximately uniform layers in such a manner as to fill the
305 12 910 36 610 24 trench completely so that there will be no unfilled spaces between the
356 14 970 38 660 26 earth fill and parent material. Final backfill shall be free of large rocks,
381 15 990 39 690 27 frozen clods and other debris greater than 75 mm (3 in.) in diameter.
457475 18 1370 54 910 36 8.6.2 Rolling equipment or heavy tampers shall not be used to
508 20 1420 56 970 38 consolidate the final backfill until after the minimum depth of cover has
been placed, or where the pipe has a wall thickness less than that of DR
610630 24 1520 60 1070 42
or SDR-41.
710 27 1600 63 1140 45
8.7 Minimum depth of backfill or soil cover
8.7.1 General. Where minimum or required depth of soil cover cannot
be normally achieved, extra earth fill may be placed over the pipeline to
provide the minimum depth of cover. In such cases, the top width of the
type of fitting, degree of bend and type of soil. Thrust block size can be fill shall be no less than 3 m (10 ft) and the side slope no steeper than
calculated by the procedures shown in figure 1. 4 horizontal to 1 vertical. The minimum depth shall be as follows:
8.4.3 Side thrust on curves. An outward pressure exists on all Pipe size, mm (in.) Minimum depth of cover, mm (in.)
deflections from a straight line. Generally, good soil properly tamped is 1364 (0.52.5) 460 (18)
sufficient to hold side thrust. If the soil is unstable, blocking should be
76102 (34) 610 (24)
placed against the pipe on the outside radius on each side of a gasket
coupling. Do not thrust block the coupling itself. 102 ( 4) 760 (30)
8.4.4 Construction of thrust blocks. Thrust blocks are anchors placed
between the pipe or fittings and the solid trench wall. The recommended
blocking is concrete having a calculated compressive strength of at least 8.7.2 Minimum cover for load applications. At least 760 mm (30 in.)
20.7 mPa (3000 psi). Thrust blocks should be constructed so the bearing cover over the top of the pipe shall be provided before the trench is
surface is in direct line with the major force created by the pipe or fitting subjected to wheel-loads or traffic, for both low pressure and high
(see fig. 1) . The earth bearing surface should be undisturbed with only pressure pipe.
the simplest of forms required. 8.8 Maximum depth of cover. The maximum depth of cover for low
8.5 Initial backfill pressure pipe shall be 1.2 m (4 ft). For other classes of pipe, the pipe
manufacturer should be consulted for maximum depths of cover greater
8.5.1 General. The pipe shall be uniformly and continuously supported than approximately 1.2 m (4 ft).
over its entire length on firm stable material. Blocking shall not be used
to change pipe grade or to intermittently support pipe across excavated
clauses.
8.5.2 Special considerations. Special consideration must be given to 9 Testing
soils, backfilling, and bedding procedures for 457 mm (18 in.) diameter 9.1 General. Low pressure pipelines shall be thoroughly and completely
and larger low pressure pipe to ensure protection of the pipe under the water pressure tested for strength and leakage to the intended operating
maximum loading conditions to which it may be subjected. Special or static water pressure before backfill operations are undertaken. If it is
engineering design and soils analysis may be needed to determine the necessary to partially backfill the line before testing to hold the line in
supportive strength of the soils intended for use as backfill. place, the partial backfill shall be undertaken as specified in clause 8.5.
8.5.3 All low pressure pipelines shall be water-strutted or filled with water Only the body of the pipe clauses shall be covered with all joints and
prior to backfilling. The backfill shall be compacted to the required or an connections left uncovered for inspection. High pressure pipelines may
adequate density for all low pressure pipe. Either the water packing be tested after backfilling.
method, clause 8.5.3.1, or hand or mechanical backfilling methods, 9.2 Filling. The line shall be slowly filled with water. The velocity of the
clause 8.5.3.2, may be used for backfill consolidation. water input shall not exceed 0.2 m/s (1 ft/s). Adequate provision shall be
8.5.3.1 Water packing. When water packing is used, the pipeline must made for air release while filling, taking care to bleed all entrapped air in
first be filled with water, all air removed, and the pipe kept full during the the process. The pressure shall be slowly built up to the maximum design
backfill operation. The initial backfill material shall be as specified in working pressure. Pressurizing should take at least ten minutes for
clause 8.5.3.2. The backfill, before wetting, shall be 300 to 450 mm (12 pipelines 102 mm (4 in.) and smaller in diameter and having a test
to 18 in.) deep over the top of the pipe. Water packing is accomplished pressure of 690 kPa (100 psi) in a test clause of 305 m (1000 ft). For
by adding water in such quantity as to thoroughly saturate the initial larger diameters, longer lines and higher pressures, proportionately
backfill. While the soil is saturated, rods, shovels, concrete vibrators or longer build-up times shall be used.
other means may be used to help consolidate the backfill around the 9.3 Inspection. The pipeline shall be inspected in its entirety while the
pipe, taking care not to float the pipe. The pipeline shall remain full until maximum working pressure is maintained. Where leaks are discovered,
after final backfill is made. The wetted fill shall be allowed to dry until firm they shall be promptly repaired and the line retested.
enough to walk on before final backfill is begun.

ASABE STANDARDS 2010 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 13

9.4 Flow capacity. It shall be demonstrated by testing that the pipeline 11 Certification
will function properly at design capacity. At or below design capacity,
11.1 General. All materials shall conform to these minimum
there shall be no objectionable surge or water hammer.
requirements and to the tests prescribed in the applicable ASTM
9.5 Objectionable flow conditions. Objectionable flow during testing standards.
conditions shall include continuing unsteady delivery of water, damage to
11.2 Certification. When required, the pipe shall be certified by a
the pipeline, detrimental overflow from vents or stands, or sudden or
qualified testing laboratory for compliance with the requirements set out
rapid changes in flow velocity at either start-up or shutdown including
in this Standard.
emergency shut-off, particularly in lines appreciably longer than 305 m
(1000 ft).

12 Plans and specifications

10 Basis of acceptance 12.1 General. Plans and specifications for construction of underground
thermoplastic irrigation pipelines shall be in keeping with this Standard
10.1 Requirements. The acceptability of the pipeline shall be
and shall describe the requirements for application of the practice to
determined by inspections to check compliance with all the provisions of
achieve its intended purpose.
this Standard with respect to the design of the line, the pipe and
appurtenances used, and the minimum installation requirements.

Annex A Seipt, W.R. 1974. Water hammer considerations for PVC pipeline in
(informative) irrigation systems. Transactions of the ASAE 17(3): 417423.
Bibliography
The following documents are cited as reference sources used in
development of this Engineering Practice:

14 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 ASABE STANDARDS 2010

Step 1. Multiply the pipe design working pressure by the value selected Based on side thrust per 689 kPa (100 psi) pressure per degree of deflection.
from the following table for the appropriate pipe size to obtain total pipe
For diameters 406 mm (16 in.) Diameters = 406 mm (16 in.)
thrust in N (lbf):
PIPELINE THRUST FACTORS 1)2) N lbf N lbf
a 0.0270 2.2686 0.0056 1.0660
Pipe Size Dead End of Tee 90 Elbow 45 Elbow 1 b 1.8317 1.8334 2.0931 2.1007
22 2 Elbow
NOTE Multiply side thrust from table by degrees of deflection times
mm in. N lbf N lbf N lbf N lbf kPa (psi) divided by 100 to obtain total side thrust in N (lbf).
38 1.5 19 2.9 27 4.2 15 2.3 7 1.2 TYPICAL THRUST BLOCKING AND ANCHORING DETAIL
51 2 29 4.6 42 6.5 23 3.5 11 1.8
64 2.5 43 6.7 61 9.4 33 5.1 17 2.6
76 3 63 9.8 90 13.9 48 7.5 25 3.8
89 3.5 83 12.8 117 18.1 63 9.8 32 5.0
102 4 105 16.2 148 23.0 80 12.4 41 6.3
127 5 159 24.7 226 35.0 122 18.9 62 9.6
152 6 225 34.8 317 49.2 172 26.7 88 13.6
203 8 381 59.0 539 83.5 292 45.2 148 23.0
254 10 590 91.5 839 130 452 70 231 35.8
305 12 832 129 1174 182 635 99 325 50
1)
Based on thrust per kPa (psi) pressure
2)
Blocking for cross may not be needed with long branch lines

Thrust for sizes of pipes not listed may be approximated by:

Thrust, (N/lbf) = a [pipe dia., mm (in.)]b
For diameters 406 mm (16 in.)
1
Dead End of Tee 90 Elbow 45 Elbow 22 2 Elbow

N lbf N lbf N lbf N lbf

a 0.0220 1.3023 0.0319 1.8555 0.0176 1.0054 0.0081 0.5163

b 1.8359 1.8337 1.8317 1.8306 1.8275 1.8302 1.8469 1.8270

For diameters = 406 mm (16 in.)

1
Dead End of Tee 90 Elbow 45 Elbow 22 2 Elbow

N lbf N lbf N lbf N lbf

a 0.0046 0.6175 0.0066 0.8656 0.0035 0.4706 0.0018 0.2442

b 2.0931 2.0987 2.0925 2.1013 2.0940 2.1000 2.0934 2.0948
Step 2. Determine the bearing strength of the soil from the table below
and divide it into the total thrust obtained in Step 1 to get the area
needed, m2 (ft2 ).
BEARING STRENGTH OF SOILS
Soils and safe bearing loads kPa lbf2

Sound shale 480 10,000

Cemented gravel and sand difficult to pick 190 4,000
Coarse and fine compact sand 140 3,000
Medium claycan be spaded 96 2,000
Soft clay 48 1,000
Muck 0 0
SIDE THRUST ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE
Pipe Size Side thrust-per degree

mm in. N lbf

38 1.5 23 5
51 2 35 8
64 2.5 52 12
76 3 76 17
89 3.5 100 22
102 4 126 28
127 5 192 43
152 6 271 61
205 8 458 103
254 10 712 160
305 12 1001 225

Figure 1 Thrust blocking and anchors for underground irrigation pipe-lines

ASABE STANDARDS 2010 ANSIASAE S376.2 JAN1998 R2010 15