ASAE S248.

3 MAR1976 (R2005)
Construction and Rating of Equipment for Drying Farm Crops

American Society of Agricultural Engineers

ASAE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are

dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological
systems. ASAE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the
American Society of Agricultural Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope
of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil
and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food
and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and
waste management.

NOTE: ASAE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory
only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASAE
assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of these ASAE
Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with
applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for
protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents.

This standard may be designated ANSI/ASAE. If so, this standard is an American National
Standard. Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the
requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by
the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.

CAUTION NOTICE: In the case that this standard is an ANSI/ASAE standard, this American
National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the
American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm,
revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive
current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards
Institute.

Copyright American Society of Agricultural Engineers. All rights reserved.

ASAE-The Society for engineering in agricultural, food, and biological systems

2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659, USA ph. 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852,
hq@asae.org
ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 (R2005)
Construction and Rating of Equipment for Drying Farm
Crops
Developed and approved by the Crop Dryer Manufacturers Council of the
Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute July 1962; subsequently
approved by the ASAE Electric Power and Processing Steering
Committee August 1962; adopted by ASAE as a Tentative Standard
December 1962; revised editorially April 1964; revised and reclassified as
a full Standard December 1964; revised February 1971, March 1976;
reconfirmed December 1980, December 1981, December 1982;
reconfirmed by the Food and Process Engineering Institute Standards
Committee December 1987, December 1988, December 1989,
December 1990, December 1991; reaffirmed December 1992, December
1993, December 1994, December 1995; reaffirmed January 2001,
December 2001, February 2005; revised editorially February 2005.
1 Purpose
1.1 This Standard is intended to promote uniformity and consistency in
the terms used to describe, rate and evaluate crop dryers, dryer
components, and crop dryer operation.
1.2 This Standard is intended to promote efficiency and safety in the
design, construction, and use of heated-air crop dryers.
1.3 This Standard gives minimum requirements. Where local codes are
more stringent, they should be followed.
2 Scope
2.1 This Standard refers to equipment in which heated air or artificially
generated radiation is used to reduce the moisture content of grain, hay,
and other farm crops. These units, hereinafter referred to as dryers,
include the batch type units, continuous-flow type units, heated-air units
and supplemental-heat units and fans.
2.2 Within the scope of this Standard a dryer shall be understood to
include the grain-holding compartment in which the product is confined
while being dried, together with its source of heat or radiation, fuel
supply, fuel transmission system, burner, vaporizer, heat exchanger, air
moving device (AMD), control system, power source, materials handling
system, and AMD tube or other discharge ducts which are integral parts
of the basic dryer.
3 Compliance definitions
3.1 Compliance definitions. The accepted definitions of shall,
should, and approved, as included in this Standard, are: Protection Association, NFPA No. 90-A, Installation of Air Conditioning
3.1.1 Shall is intended to indicate requirements.
3.1.2 Should is intended to indicate recommendations, or that which is
advised but not required.
3.1.3 Approved or approval refers to listing by a nationally 4.1.10 Provisions for expansion or contraction shall be provided if
recognized testing laboratory or agency.
4 General construction
4.1 General. Dryers and related equipment shall be built with regard to
the hazard inherent in the equipment operating at elevated temperatures,
the hazard occasioned by overheating the product, the hazard of open
flames, the hazard in incomplete combustion of direct-fired devices, the
hazard to the operator from mechanical equipment and high
temperatures, and with regard to the promotion of safety and reliable
operation over the expected life of the equipment.
ASAE STANDARDS 2005 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
4.1.1 Combustible materials shall not be used in the construction of
dryers where that material will be subjected to sustained temperatures in
excess of 74 C (165 F).
4.1.2 Dryers designed for outdoor use shall be so constructed or
anchored that they will safely withstand wind pressures or snow loads to
which they may be normally subjected.
4.1.3 Dryers shall be equipped with appropriate safety shields, guards,
and screens. Intake openings for drying air shall be equipped with not
greater than 13 mm (0.5 in.) screen openings which shall be readily
accessible for cleaning.
4.1.4 Dryers of the direct-fired type shall have combustion-air intake
openings so located that foreign material is not likely to enter the
combustion chamber. Where that is not practical, such openings shall be
provided with a screen. Where foreign material is likely to enter the
primary air to the burner, this intake should be screened. Such screens
shall be readily accessible for cleaning.
4.1.5 All dryers designed to recirculate a portion of the exhaust air shall
employ an approved means of removing combustible material from the
air in the recirculation duct. In a direct-fired dryer using fuel oil or solid
fuels, a target plate or other effective means shall be used to minimize
the possibility of burning materials entering the drying chamber.
4.1.6 Interior surfaces of all dryers shall be designed to facilitate
cleaning.
4.1.7 Access doors or openings shall be provided to permit inspection,
cleaning, maintenance, and the effective use of extinguishers or hose
streams in all parts of the dryer and connecting spouts or conveyors. All
access doors which permit personnel entry shall be provided with
hardware which will permit manual opening without tools from either side
of access doors, except for access openings in spray dryers and cyclone-
type dryers where the use of inside hardware will interfere with the proper
operation of the dryer.
4.1.8 All wiring shall comply with National Fire Protection Association
Standard NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code (American National
Standard, C-1, National Electrical Code). Electric motors shall be
installed so that adequate ventilation is provided, in accordance with
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code.
4.1.9 Clearance requirements and means of venting furnaces shall be in
accordance with standard practice.
NOTE: For provisions on clearances in venting, refer to: National
Board of Fire Underwriters, National Building Code; National Fire
and Ventilating Systems of Other Than Residence Type; NFPA No.
211, Chimneys, Flues and Vents; Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. UL-
731, Oil Fired Heaters, and UL-795, Commercial Industrial Gas
Heating Equipment.
necessary to prevent damage.
4.1.11 Outside surface temperatures of dryer housing should be
maintained at less than 93 C (200 F) where adjacent to combustible
material. Where insulating material is used, it shall be so installed that it
will not absorb moisture.
4.2 Noise level. Consideration should be given to design factors
influencing noise emissions and every effort should be made to keep
noise levels at a minimum.
561
4.2.1 Each manufacturer shall have available the sound power level
rating in decibels and shall make available octave sound power levels on
request.
4.2.2 The sound power level rating shall be obtained from octave sound
power levels measured in accordance with Air Moving and Conditioning
Association Standard AMCA 300-67, Test Code for Sound Rating Air
Moving Devices.
4.3 Pollutant emission level. Consideration should be given to design
factors influencing particulate emissions and every effort should be made
to keep particulate emission levels at a minimum. Each manufacturer
shall have available the particulate emission level rating as soon as
reliable test standards are developed.
5 Heat-producing devices
5.1 General clearance requirements and means of venting furnaces
shall be in accordance with standard practice.
NOTE: For provisions on clearances in venting, refer to: The National
Board of Fire Underwriters, National Building Code; National Fire
Protection Association NFPA No. 90-A, Installation of Air Conditioning
and Ventilating Systems of Other Than Residence Type; NFPA No.
211, Chimneys, Flues and Vents; Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., UL-
731, Oil Fired Heaters, and UL-795, Commercial Industrial Gas
Heating Equipment.
5.2 Gas-fired devices
5.2.1 Gas burners shall be designed so that the normal function of the
automatic gas-control valves cannot be manually bypassed.
5.2.2 Gas burners and associated mixing equipment shall be suitable for
the service intended as follows:
5.2.2.1 For heat content of the gas used.
5.2.2.2 For the operating pressures listed on nameplate.
5.2.2.3 Capable of maintaining flame stability throughout the turn-down
range.
5.2.2.4 Designed with the required safety interlocks.
5.2.3 Approved methods of ignition shall be employed.
5.2.4 Electrical operation of the valves shall be of common
characteristics of cycle, frequency and voltage.
5.2.5 Gas-fired infrared generators may be used. Adequate clearances
shall be provided to assure safe surface temperatures for the product
being dried.
5.2.6 Methods of ignition of gas-fired devices
5.2.6.1 Pilots
5.2.6.1.1 Continuous and interruptible gas pilots
5.2.6.1.1.1 If a continuous or interruptible pilot is employed, it shall be
suitably interlocked to insure a pre-purge of at least 15 seconds or 4
complete air changes of the plenum chamber and duct prior to an ignition
attempt of the pilot.
5.2.6.1.1.2 Trial for ignition shall not exceed 90 seconds.
5.2.6.1.1.3 The construction of all safety pilots shall be such that in the
event of breakage or failure of the flame sensing device they shall fail
safe.
5.2.6.1.1.4 The input to the pilot(s) shall not exceed 21.10 MJ/h (20 000
BTU/h) or 3 percent of the maximum input to the main burner as fired,
whichever is greater.
5.2.6.1.1.5 Pilot burners not automatically lighted shall be fixed in place
so that they can be safety lighted manually.
5.2.6.1.1.6 Main flame supervision is mandatory where any part of the
main burner is more than 0.91 m (3 ft) from the point of supervision of the
pilot along the path of flame travel or run. Main flame supervision shall
also be required if the main flame cannot be observed from the point of
manual start up. The main flame supervision is necessary with any
burner that can supply gas through a channel or part that is not
immediately adjacent to a proved pilot.
562 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
5.2.6.1.1.7 The pilot shall be proved before gas is admitted to the main
burner.
5.2.6.1.1.8 Flame response timing shall not exceed 90 seconds.
5.2.6.1.2 Standing pilot. Pilot supervision is mandatory.
5.2.6.2 Direct spark ignition
5.2.6.2.1 If direct spark ignition is employed, it shall be suitably
interlocked to insure a pre-purge of at least 15 seconds or 4 complete air
changes of the plenum chamber and duct, prior to an ignition attempt.
5.2.6.2.2 The high voltage ignition spark shall ignite the main flame
within 4 seconds after the gas reaches the main burner(s) parts.
5.2.6.2.3 The trial for ignition of the main flame shall not exceed 90
seconds.
5.2.6.2.4 Flame failure response timing shall not exceed 90 seconds.
5.2.6.2.5 The ignition transformer shall not be energized until
combustion air supply and circulating air flow is proved. Air flow sensing
devices such as pressure switches, sail switches, and differential
switches shall be of the approved type.
5.2.6.2.6 Main flame supervision shall be located so as to prove ignition
across the entire face of the burner.
5.2.7 The gas or vapor handling components shall have a working
pressure rating in accordance with the following:
5.2.7.1 For natural gas and liquid propane gas, twice the maximum
available safety monitored supply pressure.
5.2.7.2 For liquid propane systems, at least 1.72 MPa (250 psi) from
point of supply connection to and including the pressure regulator
downstream of the vaporizer.
5.2.7.3 All components downstream from the vaporizer shall be
designed to withstand the maximum vapor temperature that is
encountered with the system.
5.3 Electrically heated devices. All types of heating devices that use
electrical energy for heat shall comply with the following requirements:
5.3.1 Induction or dielectric heating systems which employ
high-frequency electrical energy may be used for dryers.
5.3.2 Infrared heating systems may be used for dryers.
5.3.2.1 Infrared lamps shall not be used where combustible dust may be
present or where accumulation of combustible dust may form on surfaces
of the lamps.
5.3.2.2 Infrared lamps of suitable focal length shall be used to assure
safe surface temperatures for the product being dried. Instruction
concerning replacement of lamps should include necessary warning and
be a part of the permanent label.
5.3.3 Resistance-type heating systems may be used for dryers.
5.3.4 All internal wiring of electrically heated devices shall conform to the
requirements contained in NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code.
5.4 LP-gas vaporizers and vaporizer-burners for direct-fired
application. The vaporizer section of vaporizer-burners used for dryers
shall be constructed as follows:
5.4.1 Vaporizer-burners shall have a minimum design pressure of 1.72
MPa (250 psi) with a factor of safety of 5.
5.4.2 The vaporizer section shall be protected by a hydrostatic relief
valve, located where it shall not be subjected to temperatures in excess
of 60 C (140 F), and with a pressure setting such as to protect the
components involved but not lower than 1.72 MPa (250 psi). The relief
valve discharge shall be directed upward and away from the component
parts of the vaporizer burners. Fusible plugs shall not be used.
5.4.3 A means shall be provided for manually turning off the gas to main
burner and pilot.
5.4.4 Vaporizing-burners shall be provided with an automatic safety
device to shut off the flow of gas to the main burner and pilot in the event
pilot is extinguished. See Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions in Grain
ASAE STANDARDS 2005
Elevators and Bulk Grain Handling Facilities, NFPA No. 61B, for ignition
and combustion controls applicable to vaporizing-burners associated with
grain dryers.
5.4.5 Pressure regulating and control equipment shall be so protected as
not to be subject to temperatures above 60 C (140 F), unless it is
designed and recommended for use by the manufacturer for a higher
temperature.
5.4.6 Pressure regulating and control equipment located downstream of
the vaporizing section shall be designed to withstand the maximum
discharge temperature of the hot vapor.
5.4.7 The vaporizer section of vaporizer-burners shall not be provided
with fusible plugs.
5.4.8 Dryers utilizing vaporizing burners shall be equipped with
automatic devices both upstream and downstream of the vaporizing
section. These devices shall be installed and connected to shut off in the
event of excessive temperature, flame failure and if applicable,
insufficient air flow.
5.4.9 Vaporizing-burners shall not raise the fuel pressure above the
design pressure of the vaporizing section.
5.4.10 The vaporizing-burner or the appliance in which it is installed shall
be permanently and legibly marked with the maximum burner input J/h
(BTU/h) and the name or symbol of the manufacturer.
6 LP gas systems
6.1 Piping, tubing and fittings
6.1.1 Pipe. Pipe shall be wrought iron or steel (black or galvanized),
brass or copper and shall comply with 6.1.1.1 through 6.1.1.4.
6.1.1.1 Wrought iron pipe. ANSI B36.10, Wrought-Steel and Wrought-
Iron Pipe.
6.1.1.2 Steel pipe. ASTM A53, Specification for Welded and Seamless
Steel Pipe.
6.1.1.3 Brass pipe. ASTM B43, Specification for Seamless Red Brass
Pipe, Standard Sizes.
6.1.1.4 Copper pipe. ASTM B42, Specification for Seamless Copper
Pipe, Standard Sizes.
6.1.2 Tubing. Tubing shall be steel, brass or copper and shall comply
with 6.1.2.1 through 6.1.2.3.
6.1.2.1 Steel tubing. ASTM A539, Specification for Electric-Resistance-
Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines.
6.1.2.2 Brass tubing. ASTM B135, Specification for Seamless Brass
Tube.
6.1.2.3 Copper tubing
6.1.2.3.1 Type K or L: ASTM B88, Specification for Seamless Copper
Water Tube.
6.1.2.3.2 ASTM B280, Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air
Conditioning and Refrigerator Field Service.
6.1.3 Pipe and tubing fittings. Fittings shall be steel, brass, copper,
malleable iron or ductible (nodular) iron, and shall comply with 6.1.3.1
and 6.1.3.2.
6.1.3.1 Pipe joints in wrought iron, steel, brass or copper pipe may be
screwed, welded or brazed.
6.1.3.1.1 Fitting used with liquid LP-Gas, or with vapor LP-Gas at
operating pressures over 0.86 MPa (125 psi) shall be suitable for working
pressure of 1.72 MPa (250 psi).
6.1.3.1.2 Fittings used with vapor LP-Gas at pressures not exceeding
0.86 MPa (125 psi) shall be suitable for a working pressure of 0.86 MPa
(125 psi).
6.1.3.1.3 Soldering or brazing filler material shall have a melting point
exceeding 538 C (1000 F).
6.1.3.2 Tubing joints in steel, brass or copper tubing shall be made with
approved gas tubing fittings and may be flared, soldered or brazed.
ASAE STANDARDS 2005 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
6.1.3.2.1 Fittings used with liquid LP-Gas, or with vapor LP-Gas at
operating pressures over 0.86 MPa (125 psi) shall be suitable for a
working pressure of 1.72 MPa (250 psi).
6.1.3.2.2 Fittings for use with vapor LP-Gas at pressures not exceeding
0.86 MPa (125 psi) shall be suitable for a working pressure of 0.86 MPa
(125 psi).
6.1.3.2.3 Soldering or brazing filler material shall have a melting point
exceeding 538 C (1000 F).
6.1.4 Installation of piping, tubing, and fittings
6.1.4.1 LP-Gas normally is transferred into containers as a liquid, but
may also be conveyed as a liquid or vapor under container or lower
regulated pressure. Piping shall comply with the following:
6.1.4.1.1 Vapor LP-Gas piping with operating pressures in excess of
0.86 MPa (125 psi) and liquid LP-Gas piping shall be suitable for a
working pressure of at least 1.72 MPa (250 psi).
6.1.4.1.2 Vapor LP-Gas piping subject to pressures of not more than
0.86 MPa (125 psi) shall be suitable for a working pressure of at least
0.86 MPa (125 psi).
6.1.4.2 Pipe joints may be threaded, flanged, welded or brazed using
pipe and fittings complying with 6.1.1 and 6.1.3. Threaded joints,
including joints threaded and back welded, shall comply with the
following:
6.1.4.2.1 For LP-Gas vapor at pressures in excess of 0.86 MPa (125 psi)
or LP-Gas liquid, Schedule 80 or heavier pipe or nipples shall be used.
6.1.4.2.2 For LP-Gas vapor at pressures of 0.86 MPa (125 psi) or less,
Schedule 40 or heavier pipe shall be used.
6.1.4.2.3 Welded joints shall be made with suitable types of welding
fittings or flanges for the service in which they are to be used and shall
be at least Schedule 40 pipe.
6.1.4.3 Tubing joints may be flared, soldered or brazed using tubing and
fittings, and solder or brazing material complying with 6.1.2 and 6.1.3.
6.1.4.4 Piping in systems shall be run as directly as is practicable from
one point to another, and with as few restrictions, such as ells and
bends, as conditions will permit, giving consideration to provisions of 6.2.
6.1.4.5 Provision shall be made in piping including interconnecting of
permanently installed containers, to compensate for expansion,
contraction, jarring and vibration, and settling. Where necessary, flexible
connectors complying with 6.2 should be used.
6.2 Hose, hose connections and flexible connectors
6.2.1 Hose, hose connections and flexible connectors shall be fabricated
of materials resistant to the action of LP-Gas both as liquid and vapor. If
wire braid is used for reinforcement it shall be of corrosion resistant
material such as stainless steel.
6.2.2 The correctness of design, construction and performance of hose
shall be determined by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., their nationally
recognized testing laboratory or approval of authority having jurisdiction.
6.2.3 Hose, hose connections, and flexible connectors used for
conveying LP-Gas liquid or vapor at pressures of 0.0345 MPa (5 psi)
shall comply with 6.2.3.1 and 6.2.3.2.
6.2.3.1 Hose shall be designed for a minimum bursting pressure of
120.66 MPa (1750 psi) [2.41 MPa (350 psi) working pressure] and shall
be identified LP-Gas or LPG at not greater than 3 m (10 ft) intervals.
6.2.3.2 Hose assemblies after the application of connections shall be
capable of withstanding a test pressure of not less than 4.83 MPa (700
psi).
6.2.4 Flexible connections used in piping systems shall comply with
6.2.1, 6.2.2, and 6.2.3 for the service in which they are used and shall be
installed in accordance with manufacturers instructions. Flexible
connectors in lengths up to 914 mm (36 in.) may be used for liquid or
vapor piping, or portable or stationary tanks to compensate for
expansion, contraction, jarring and vibration, and settling. This is not to
be construed to mean that flexible connectors shall be used if provisions
were incorporated in the design to compensate for these effects.
563
6.2.5 Hose and hose connections subjected to regulated pressures not
greater than 0.345 MPa (5 psi) shall be designed for a bursting pressure
of not less than 0.86 MPa (125 psi).
6.2.6 A shut-off valve shall be provided in the piping immediately
upstream of the inlet connection of the hose. When more than one such
appliance shut off is located near another precautions shall be taken to
prevent operation of the wrong valve.
6.3 Relief valves
6.3.1 A hydrostatic relief valve shall be installed in each section of piping
(including hose) in which liquid LP-Gas can be isolated between shut-off
valves so as to relieve to a safe atmosphere the pressure which could
develop from the trapped liquid. The start-to-discharge pressure setting
of such relief valves shall not be in excess of 3.45 MPa (500 psi).
6.3.2 Shut-off valves shall not be located between a safety relief device
and the container, unless the arrangement is such that the relief device
capacity flow will be achieved through additional relief devices which
remain operative.
6.3.3 Relief shall be away from component parts of the equipment and
operating personnel, and shall not terminate in or beneath any part of the
equipment if below 1.8 m (6 ft).
6.3.4 Safety relief valves shall be so designed that the possibility of
tampering will be minimized. Externally set or adjusted valves shall be
provided with an approved means of sealing the adjustment.
6.3.5 Fail safe automatic safety shut-off valve
6.3.5.1 Two automatic safety shut-off valves shall be installed in series
and wired in parallel if one fail-safe type is not used.
6.3.5.2 On vaporizer-burners the fail-safe valve shall be installed up-
stream of the vaporizer section.
6.4 Testing. All piping, tubing and hose shall be tested after assembly
and proved free from leaks at not less than normal operating pressure.
7 Control equipment
7.1 General. Control equipment shall be of such construction and design
and so arranged that required conditions of safety for the operation of the
heat-producing device, the dryer, and the ventilating equipment used will
be maintained.
7.2 Minimum fire-safety controls for dryers
7.2.1 Automatic recycling-type control systems shall not be used.
Control systems shall be of the type that requires manual resetting after
shut-down for an unsafe condition.
7.2.2 Dryers in which the dried product moves automatically from the
dryer to the storage building shall have an approved maximum
temperature thermostat located in the exhaust air stream, or other
approved device, which will prevent the transfer of fire from the dryer to
the storage building.
7.2.3 Dryers in which the dried product moves manually from the dryer
into a storage building should have one or more approved maximum
temperature thermostats located in the exhaust air stream, or other
approved devices, which will prevent the transfer of fire from the dryer to
the storage building. The operation of these controls shall shut off all heat
being supplied to the dryer and should stop the movement of air through
the dryer, interrupt the flow of the product into and away from the dryer;
and sound an audible alarm.
7.2.4 Dryers of combustible construction or containing combustible trays
shall have a thermostat set to prevent the combustible material from
reaching sustained temperatures in excess of 74 C (165 F). Such
controls shall shut off all heat being supplied to the dryer; shall permit the
continued movement of unheated air through the dryer and shall sound
an audible alarm.
7.2.5 A control device of suitable design shall be provided which will cut
off all heat being supplied to the dryer should the movement of air
through the dryer be stopped. For AMD driven directly by electric motors,
this may be an electrical device at the motor, and in all other instances
564 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
a device which proves air flow. Drum or rotary dryers which do not
employ air flow are exempt from this requirement.
7.2.6 A maximum temperature thermostat shall be located between the
heat producing device and the dryer or shall be located in the heat
producing device.
7.3 Minimum fire safety controls for heat producing devices
7.3.1 The circuitry shall be so designed that there will not be an
automatic restart after an unsafe shutdown.
7.3.2 All safety devices and safeguarding sequences shall be automatic
in operation following initial ignition of the pilot and main flame for
devices burning liquid or gaseous fuel. Trial for ignition of main flame or
flame failure shall not exceed 90 seconds.
7.3.3 The fuel supply to gas pilots shall be automatically shut off in the
event the pilot is extinguished.
7.3.4 Circuitry for safety shut-off valves, combustion safeguards,
pressure switches, maximum-temperature thermostats, electrical
interlocks, and other controls, shall be arranged to provide fail-safe
operation.
7.3.5 All electric power for the operation of the dryer and its controls
shall be supplied by the same source, or shall be interlocked to
accomplish the same as a single circuit or feeder.
7.3.6 Pre-ventilation of the combustion chamber and dryer shall be
accomplished by a control installed on the heating device, for direct-fired
dryers employing gaseous fuels, which will prevent ignition and flow of
fuel before the fan has provided 4 air changes of the plenum chamber.
7.4 Manual controls for heat producing devices. In addition to the
automatic controls required, each installation using either gaseous or
liquid fuels shall have a quick-acting, manually operable valve in the fuel
supply line ahead of all dryer fuel equipment and outside any enclosures.
7.5 Electrical control enclosures
7.5.1 Exposed control. All controls directly exposed to the elements
shall be of weather-resistant construction.
7.5.2 Housing of electrical controls
7.5.2.1 All electrical controls not inherently of the weather-proof type
shall be enclosed in weather-resistant construction.
7.5.2.2 The control box shall provide for separation of the electrical
controls from all gas controls. Gas valves, strainers, reliefs, etc., shall not
be located in the electrical control box.
8 Holding capacity of batch dryers
8.1 The holding capacity of a batch dryer shall be defined as the
volumetric capacity of the structure containing the product to be dried
when the structure is filled to the normal operating level. It may be
expressed in m3 (bushels), based on 28.4 bushels/m3.
9 Basis for stating drying capacity of batch and
continuous-flow grain dryers
9.1 Drying capacity shall be stated as the number of wet bushels of grain
dried per hour, wet basis, using clean, yellow corn as the standard grain
and shall include the following:
9.1.1 Moisture reduction from 25.5 percent to 15.5 percent, or 20.5
percent to 15.5 percent.
9.1.2 The drying air temperature used in rating the dryer shall be stated.
Based on a 10 C (50 F) ambient, the rating temperature shall not
exceed that at which the dryer will operate continuously without damage
to grain or machine.
9.1.3 Inclusion of time to cool to 15.6 C (60 F) [i.e. within 5.6 C (10 F)
of ambient temperature].
9.1.4 Loading and unloading time shall not be included in the rating for
batch dryers. This shall be so stated in all published data.
9.1.5 Ratings of other grains shall be on a similar basis.
ASAE STANDARDS 2005
10 Burner ratings
10.1 Direct fired LP and natural gas
10.1.1 Maximum inlet gas pressure shall be stated on the nameplate.
10.1.2 The burner rating shall be indicated on the nameplate and in
descriptive material in joules (BTU) per hr input at rated manifold gas
pressure with a specified orifice.
10.2 Convertible units (LP to natural)
10.2.1 Natural gasLP vapor burner. On burners designed to burn
either natural gas or LP vapor, the changing of the orifice shall constitute
the only conversion necessary to switch from one gas supply to the
other.
10.2.2 Natural gasliquid LP burners. Dryers utilizing liquid burners
shall be designed so that the burner and fuel train assembly can be
dismounted and a natural gas burner and fuel manifold be mounted
without major alterations to the remainder of the dryer.
11 Testing and rating of air moving devices (AMD)
11.1 All air moving devices (AMD) used for crop drying or aeration shall
be tested and rated in accordance with Air Moving and Conditioning
Association, Inc., Bulletin 210, Standard Test Code for Air Moving
Devices.
11.2 Testing AMDs only. Only AMDs as equipped for production shall
be used in tests. AMDs intended for use as individual or separate units
shall be tested and rated with all screens, guards, mounting structure,
etc., in place as equipped for operation.
11.3 Testing AMDs for heated air units. AMDs intended for use in
heated air units shall be tested and rated with all screens, guards, fan
tube extension, burner, plumbing, controls, and all other equipment which
comes in contact with the air stream, in place as used in operation. All
optional equipment shall also be in normal operating arrangement.
11.4 Rating curves and charts on AMDs and heated-air units
11.4.1 All rating curves shall show cfm air flow, static pressure, brake
horsepower, total and basic efficiency per AMCA Standard Test Bulletin
No. 210-67, and shall specify which regular and optional equipment was
installed.
11.4.2 All published performance charts shall show cfm air flow and
brake horsepower of each static pressure point shown.
11.4.3 Ratings expressed on compliance certificates shall be as noted in
Section 13.
11.5 Log sheets. Log sheets are to be used in such form as to suit the
testing procedure, as long as they are in keeping with the code
requirements.
11.6 Test supervision. All AMDs and heated-air unit tests should be
supervised and certified by a registered engineer or recognized test
authority.
12 Electric motor ratings and applications
12.1 Motor types
12.1.1 Single-phase motors shall be capacitor-start induction-run,
capacitor-start capacitor-run, or repulsion-start induction-run on belted
applications only.
12.1.2 Three-phase motors shall be squirrel cage induction motors.
12.2 Motor enclosures. The following motor enclosures, as approved
by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association Standard, NEMA
MG 1, Motors and Generators, may be used:
12.2.1 Drip-proof, equipped with rodent screens.
12.2.2 Totally enclosed non-ventilated.
12.2.3 Totally enclosed, fan-cooled.
12.2.4 Totally enclosed, air-over.
12.2.5 Dustproof or explosion-proof.
ASAE STANDARDS 2005 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
12.3 Motor loading
12.3.1 The maximum load imposed on motors shall be such that the
temperature in the windings shall not exceed that permitted in NEMA
standards. The motor horsepower loading shall not exceed the motor
horsepower rating on nameplate multiplied by service factor.
12.3.2 For air-over applications, the motor nameplate shall clearly state
that air-over motor must be installed in air streams.
12.4 Motor controls. Motor controls shall meet the requirements of
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code.
12.4.1 Each motor shall be protected against running overcurrent
(overload) by one of the following means:
12.4.1.1 A separate over-current (overload) device, such as
dual-element fuses, adjustable or non-adjustable circuit breakers,
thermal relays or thermal-trip motor switches which are responsive to
motor current shall be used. This device shall be rated or selected to trip
at not more than 115 percent of the maximum-load current of the motor.
12.4.1.2 A thermal protector, integral with the motor, approved for use
with the motor which it protects on the basis of service factor and
prevention of dangerous over-heating of the motor due to overload or
failure to start shall be used. If the motor-current-interrupting device is
separate from the motor and its control circuit is operated by a protective
device integral with the motor, it shall be so arranged that the opening of
the control circuit will result in interruption of current to the motor.
12.4.2 Where devices other than dual element fuses are used for motor-
running overload protection, the minimum allowable number and location
of over-current units, such as trip coils, relays, or thermal cutouts, shall
be as follows:
12.4.2.1 One in either ungrounded conductor to all single-phase motors.
12.4.2.2 One in each of the ungrounded conductors to all three-phase
motors.
12.4.3 Magnetic starter size shall be selected on the basis of maximum
horsepower or ampere rating of the motor.
12.4.4 Enclosures
12.4.4.1 Controls located outdoors shall be in National Electrical
Manufacturers Association, Standard III or IV enclosures on NEMA
I enclosures if mounted in a weatherproof housing or shelter.
12.4.4.2 Controls attached to units and mounted in weatherproof
housing may be NEMA O open starters.
12.5 Electric wiring
12.5.1 Internal wiring. All conducting non-current-carrying material and
enclosures attached to or part of the unit shall be electrically bonded
together and connected to the proper grounding conductor of the electric
supply system.
12.5.2 Electric supply wiring and protective devices should comply with
NFPA Standard No. 70, National Electrical Code.
12.5.2.1 Wire, service entrance, and fusing shall be sized according to
maximum operating current of unit.
12.5.2.2 Voltage drop between motor and power meter should be limited
to 3 percent.
12.5.2.3 All units shall be grounded directly to service neutral through
power cable: Single-phase, 120-v and 240-v, with 3-wire connections;
and three-phase with 4-wire connections.
12.6 Electronic generators on engine or tractor-driven units
12.6.1 Generators shall be equipped with copper grounding wire or strip
solidly bonded to generator frame and attached to copper ground rod by
approved clamp or other fastener, with a suitable label or tag stating that
ground rod must be driven into ground when unit is operating. Grounding
shall be in accordance with NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code.
12.6.2 When pre-wired electric outlets are provided on the generator,
they shall be of the 3-wire, polarized type with ground connections.
12.7 Motor nameplates
12.7.1 A nameplate shall be provided for each electric motor showing
565
the following minimum data for the maximum loading to which the motor
is subjected in the particular application:
MAX RATE HP.......................................@ RPM.......................................
PHASE..........................CYCLES..........................VOLTS..........................
AMPS ...................................@ FULL LOAD S. F. ...................................
MOTOR RATINGS FOR AIRSTREAM
APPLICATION ONLY* ...........................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
....................AMP MAX AT....................VOLTS MAX
*Where applicable fill in type of application (airstream onlyintermittent duty).
13 Compliance certificates
13.1 Compliance certificates shall be applied only by the original
equipment manufacturer. When a certificate of compliance is displayed
on a crop dryer or AMD, information specified in paragraphs 13.2 through
13.5 shall be included. Data may be in the form of decals, metal plates,
or other suitable materials. Size, color, etc., shall be established by the
manufacturer. Arrangement of data shall be as shown in paragraphs
13.2, 13.3, and 13.4.
13.2 Data for batch and continuous-flow dryers. The following
minimum data shall be included with compliance certificates for batch or
continuous-flow dryers as applicable:
MODEL...............................................TYPE...............................................
GRAIN HOLDING CAPACITY....................CU FT....................BUSHELS
TYPE OF FUEL ..........................................................................................
BURNER RATING...............................................................BTU/HR MAX,
OR..........................................................................GAS FUEL/HR MAX
OR: .............................................GAS FUEL/HR AT 200 F TEMP RISE
FAN RATING ..........................................CFM AT 2 IN. WC PRESSURE
IN PLENUM
RATED FAN SPEED ..........................................................................RPM
BRAKE HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENTS AT RATED
SPEED:
MAX AMD ONLY...........................................................................HP
MAX CONVEYOR SYSTEM .........................................................HP
TOTAL MAX ..................................................................................HP
TOTAL ELECTRICAL POWER
REQUIREMENTS ............................................................KW MAX
.............................AMP MAX AT .............................VOLTS
13.3 Data for heated-air units and supplemental-heat units. The
following minimum data shall be included with compliance certificates for
heated-air units as applicable. Where burners and AMD units are
furnished separately, individual certificates shall be applied to each and
shall include only the appropriate data.
MODEL...........................................
TYPE OF FUEL ..........................................................................................
BURNER RATING.........................................BTU/HR MAX FUEL INPUT
OR: ...........................................................................GAS FUEL/HR MAX
AMD RATING......................................................CFM AT 1 IN. OR 2 IN.
WC PRESSURE AT DISCHARGE
RATED FAN SPEED.............RPM
AMD BRAKE HP MAX: HP FROM 0 IN. WC TO ........................IN. WC
TOTAL ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENT .......................KW MAX
....................................AMP MAX AT....................................VOLTS MAX
13.4 Data for drying and aeration AMDs. The following data shall be
566 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
included on compliance certificates for all fans used with unheated air for
drying or aeration:
MODEL...........................................
AMD RATING.......................................................CFM @ 1 IN. OR 2 IN.
WC PRESSURE AT DISCHARGE
RATED SPEED..................RPM
AMD BRAKE HP MAX: HP FROM 0 IN. TO................................IN. WC
TOTAL ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENT .......................KW MAX
13.5 Motor nameplates. Nameplate data as specified in paragraph 12.7
shall appear for each motor used on drying and aeration equipment. This
data may be included with the compliance certification data, or may be
attached separately to each motor in a location clearly visible to the
operator.
13.6 Instructions. Manufacturers whose equipment bears a compliance
certificate shall provide printed instructions for installation and operation
of units.
14 Installation recommendations
14.1 Fuel supplies and electrical connections, up to the point of
connection with the dryer where applicable shall comply with the
following standards of the National Fire Protection Association:
NFPA NO. 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil Burning Equipment.
NFPA No. 54, Standard for the Installation of Gas Appliances and Gas
Piping.
NFPA No. 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquified
Petroleum Gases.
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code.
14.2 The fuel line from the natural gas meter to the fuel train inlet of the
dryer shall be sized and installed to meet American National Standard,
Z83.1, Installation of Gas Piping and Gas Equipment on Industrial
Premises and Certain Other Premises.
Appendix A
A.1 Definitions are intended to relate only to this Standard and its
application:
Air-moving device (AMD): A revolving, wheel-type, mechanical
device used to move air for drying or aeration. For the purposes of
this Standard, an AMD shall include the wheel or blade assembly,
mounting structure and casing, but may or may not include a power
source.
Aeration: The purposeful movement of air at a low rate through a
product to maintain or improve product quality. Air flow rates usually
do not exceed 0.08 cubic meters per minute per cubic meter of
product (0.1 cubic feet per minute per bushel of product) through a dry
product and 0.80 cubic meters per minute per cubic meter of product
(1 cubic foot per minute per bushel of product) through a wet product.
Ambient temperature: The temperature of the surrounding air.
Approved: The use of approved or approved-type refers to listing
by a recognized testing agency or laboratory.
Available heat: In drying a harvested crop, the quantity of heat in air
that can be utilized in evaporating water from the product.
Batch: A quantity of a harvested crop put into a bin or container on
a repetitive basis specifically for treatment, such as drying.
Blending: The process of mixing two or more different products
together, such as grains and supplements, to obtain desired food
ratios, or the process of mixing different quantities of the same
product with different moisture contents to obtain a final mass with a
uniform moisture content.
Bushel:
ASAE STANDARDS 2005
 One bushel by volume equals to 1.25 cubic feet.
One dry bushel is that weight of grain defined by government
grain standards as a standard unit for trading at a specific mois-
ture (e.g. 56 pounds at 15.5 percent w. b. for No. 2 corn).
A wet bushel is the weight of wet grain which when dried will give
one dried bushel as specified in paragraph above (e.g. 63.5 lb of
25.5 percent w. b. corn).
Casing: The outer enclosure surrounding the entire heat exchanger
and confining the air being heated.
Combustible material: Combustible refers to a material or structure
which can burn. Combustible is a relative term. Many materials which
will burn under one set of conditions will not burn under other. For
example, structural steel is not combustible, but fine steel wool is
combustible. The term combustible is not related to any specific igni-
tion temperature.
Conduction: Transmission through or by means of a conductor,
distinguished in the case of heat from convection and radiation.
Control: Any component of a dryer, or dryer heat source, so designed
to affect or limit any normal or abnormal condition of the drying
operation.
Convection: Transference of heat or electricity by moving masses of
matter, as by currents in gases and liquids caused by differences in
density, or by electrically charged particles across a spark gap.
Cooling stage: The time required to move a cooling zone entirely
through a product mass.
Cooling zone: That portion of the product mass in storage where the
product temperature of the crop is falling during aeration.
Cubic meters per minute (CFM): Volumetric measure of quantity of
flow. (CFM is the most common customary measure.)
Curing: A form of conditioning as opposed to simple drying in which
a chemical change occurs, such as in tobacco, sweet potatoes, etc.,
to prepare the crop for storage or use.
Cycling burner: Type of operation wherein application of maximum
heat is periodic such as cycling between high fire and low fire, cycling
between high fire and a constant pilot; and cycling from high fire to
off, then restarted to high fire by constant or intermittent ignition.
Dehydration: The rapid removal of moisture, usually to a very low
level.
Depth factor (Df): When drying with air, a depth which would contain
enough product that, if all the theoretical heat available for drying
could be used, it would all dry to equilibrium in a period of time equal
to the time required for the fully exposed product to dry half-way to
equilibrium.
Dryer: A unit which provides the conditions for removing moisture
from a product.
Dryer, batch: Any dryer wherein the product to be dried is placed in
the dryer, the complete drying or drying and cooling operation
performed, and then removed for storage or further processing.
Usually it is self-contained comprising a drying compartment, either
horizontal or vertical, to contain the product being dried while heated
air is forced or drawn through it from a central portion usually called
a plenum chamber. Cooling is usually carried out in the same manner.
Integral conveying equipment provides for loading and unloading the
dryer. Also included are the AMD, burner, and control system. Batch
dryers are usually portable, but may be stationary.
Dryer, circulating: A batch dryer equipped to circulate or mix the
product during the drying and cooling period.
Dryer, concurrent flow: A type of continuous flow dryer wherein the
product being dried moves in the same direction as drying air. Some-
times referred to as parallel flow.
Dryer, continuous-flow: Any dryer wherein the product to be dried is
in continuous movement through the dryer and air movement is
continuous, in contrast to batch operation.
ASAE STANDARDS 2005 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
Dryer, counter-flow: A type of continuous-flow dryer wherein the
product being dried moves in one direction and the drying air moves
in the opposite direction.
Dryer, cross-flow: A type of dryer wherein the flow of air is trans-
verse to the direction of flow of the product being dried.
Dryer, direct-fired: Type of dryer in which the products of combustion
come into direct contact with the product being dried.
Dryer, fluidized or spouted bed: A dryer where the product is in
suspension, or is moved through the dryer by the drying and/or the
cooling air.
Dryer, indirect-fired: Type of dryer in which the products of combus-
tion do not come in contact with the products being dried.
Dryer, in-storage: A dryer in which the drying bin or compartment is
also used to store the product after it is dried.
Dryer, self-contained: Any dryer manufactured as a package unit
consisting of the drying and cooling chamber, necessary heat or
radiation source, all AMDs and duct work, along with the necessary
controls and product handling equipment. These dryers may be either
fixed or portable.
Dryer, tunnel: A type of dryer wherein the product being dried is
conveyed through a tunnel-like chamber. It may be continuous or
batch-type.
Drying: The removal of moisture from a product, usually to some
predetermined moisture content.
Drying air: The air being passed through the product which is being
dried.
Drying air temperature: The temperature of the air entering the
product being dried.
Drying front: The divisional layer between the dried and undried
products in drying systems.
Drying time maximum permissible: The maximum elapsed time that
may be used to complete the drying of any portion of the product
without undesirable change in quality.
Drying zone: The band or layer of product in which most of the drying
is occurring at any instant.
Electrical induction: Act or process by which an electric conductor
becomes electrified when near a charged body.
Equilibrium moisture content: The moisture content of a product
when it is in equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere.
Equilibrium relative humidity: The relative humidity of air
surrounding a product in equilibrium with a given moisture content.
The air and product are at the same temperature.
Fail-safe control: A control designed so that a malfunction of any of
its components will stop the operation of the device or equipment
controlled by it.
Fuel train: The fuel train, mounted on the grain dryer structure and
connected to the gas burner, includes all piping components of fuel
flow control and safety shut-off valves.
Heat exchanger: A device used to transfer heat from one fluid stream
to another without intermixing.
Heating-air drying: Use of forced ventilation with the addition of heat
for removing moisture.
Heated-air unit: Basic heated-air-producing unit including AMD,
burner system, and electrical system. It is usually coupled to drying
structure by means of a flexible duct. It may have transport chassis
and wheels for portability.
Insulating fitting: A type of fitting designed to prevent galvanic
current flow when used between two dissimilar metals.
Joule (BTU): A measure of quantity of heat. One joule will raise the
temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius. (One BTU will
raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.)
Line pressure: The pressure of the fuel in the supply line to the dryer.
567
 LP-gas: A mixture of gaseous petroleum products normally stored
and transported as a liquid under pressure. The principal constituents
are propane and butane.
Modulate (as applied to crop drying in reference to regulation of
fuel in continuous flow): Automatically governing the rate of fuel
flow by a control which is temperature-sensitive in order to maintain a
constant temperature at the location of the sensing device.
Moisture content (dry basis): For products, expressed as
percentage, by weight, of water in the product divided by dry matter.
weight of water in product
Moisture content, percent=(100)
weight of dry matter
Moisture content (wet basis): For agricultural producers, usually
expressed as percentage, by weight, of water in the product, wet
basis.
weight of water in product
Moisture content, percent=(100)
weight of dry matter+water
Natural gas: A gaseous hydrocarbon, odorless and flammable, found
in its natural state in particular geologic formation as a product of
decomposition of organic matter. The composition is chiefly of the
methane series with varying amounts of other components such as
carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium often being present.
Orifice: The opening through which gas is admitted to the burner.
Pascal (psipounds per square inch or inches of water column):
A measure of pressure or stress. Assumed to be gage pressure
unless followed by the term absolute.
Pilot-continuous: The pilot remains lit during the time power is
supplied to the burner.
Pilot-interruptible: The pilot is lit during the time combustion is being
established. When combustion is established the pilot is deenergized.
Pilot-standing: The pilot is manually lit and remains lit until manually
shut off.
Plenum: An air chamber maintained under pressure (positive or
negative) usually connected to one or more distributing ducts in a
drying or aeration system. The term is also used to designate the air
chamber under the perforated floor in a grain bin and the pressure
chamber between grain columns in some types of batch or continuous
dryers.
Pressure regulator: A mechanical device which reduces the fluid
(liquid or gas) pressure to a relatively constant delivery pressure while
the inlet pressure may vary and while the volume of gas may also
vary.
Pressure system: Method of air movement in which air is forced
through the product with the air duct or ducts at a pressure above
atmospheric pressure. It is called a pushing or forcing system of air
movement.
Pre-ventilation: As applied to crop dryers, the term refers to clearing
or purging the plenum chamber or duct of any volatile gases prior to
ignition of the burner. It is usually accomplished by a device which
insures that the fan must operate for a certain period of time before
ignition will be permitted.
Radiation: The process by which energy is emitted from molecules
and atoms owing to the internal changes. Also the combined
processes of emission, transmission, and absorption of radiant
energy.
Recirculation: As applied to crop dryers, the term refers to the return
of a portion of the exhaust air to the air intake of the dryer, or to the
return of underdried grain to the dryer or container from which it was
removed.
Relative humidity: A measure of the moisture content of air
expressed as a percentage. It is the ratio of the weight of water vapor
in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum
568 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
quantity of water vapor which the same volume of air could hold at the
same temperature.
Static pressure: A measure of air pressure usually expressed in
pascals [inches of water column (WC)].
Steady state: Condition when the operation or process reaches equi-
librium.
Suction system: Method of air movement in which the air is moved
through the product with the air duct or ducts at a pressure lower than
atmospheric. It is also called an exhaust system of air movement.
Supervision: Continuous monitoring to react automatically to flame
failure so as to shut off gas flow to the unit.
Supplemental heat: Any heat added to that already present in the
atmosphere to obtain a limited temperature rise, usually less than
11 C (20 F), to accomplish drying within the maximum permissible
drying time to prevent spoilage.
Temperature rise: As applied to crop drying, the term refers to the
difference between ambient temperature and the temperature of the
drying air resulting from the addition of heat by the dryer burner.
Tempering: Equilization of moisture or temperature throughout the
product. Bringing a product to a desired moisture content or tempera-
ture for processing.
Time of drying: The elapsed time from the start of the drying process
to the instant the drying front arrives at any point or place in the
product.
Time of one-half response: Time required to dry fully exposed prod-
ucts halfway to equilibrium.
Turning: The process of moving a product through the air within a bin
or storage structure, or from one bin or storage structure to another.
Valve, excess-flow: A check valve which permits flow of fluid in
either direction but which limits excessive flow in one direction. If the
designated flow rate is exceeded, the valve automatically closes.
Valve, pressure-relief: A valve designated as a safety device to
open, and remain open, to discharge a fluid whenever the fluid pres-
sure reaches the start-to-discharge setting of the valve. When the fluid
pressure drops below this setting, the relief valve automatically closes.
Valve, quick-acting: A manually operated valve specially designed to
accomplish rapid shut-off to fuel flow to dryer.
Valve, solenoid: A valve which is opened or closed by a solenoid
(electromagnet). In the normally closed type, for example, the valve is
opened by the solenoid but closed by a return spring and held closed
by the fluid pressure upstream from the valve.
Vapor pressure (fuel): Commonly taken to mean saturated vapor
pressure which is the vapor pressure of a vapor in contact with its
liquid form. An example is the pressure in an LP-gas storage tank.
The term is also used for the pressure of the vaporized fuel being fed
to the burner orifice.
Vaporizer: In an LP-gas system, the vaporizer is a heat exchanger
wherein heat is supplied to change the liquid fuel to vapor, ready for
combustion. The vaporizer may be integral with the burner so that part
of the heat of combustion is used for vaporization.
Vaporizer-burner: An integral vaporizer-burner unit, dependent upon
the heat generated by the burner as the source of heat to vaporize the
liquid fuel.
Velocity of air flow for conditioning:
Apparent velocity in meters per minute (feet per minute): The
rate of air flow determined by dividing the quantity of air flow in cfm
by the cross-sectional area.
Average velocity: The rate of air travel through product void
space. It is determined by dividing the apparent velocity by the
product void space expressed as a decimal. The average velocity is
always greater than the apparent velocity.
Traverse time: The in-product travel time of air from entrance to
any point, usually expressed in seconds.
ASAE STANDARDS 2005
 Ventilation: Air movement through space.
Ventilation front: The locus of all points of equal traverse time in
the product being conditioned.
Void space: The space between particles in a bulk of stored crop,
usually expressed as percent of total volume.
Weatherproof: So constructed or protected that exposure to the
weather will not interfere with safe operation.
A.2 A partial list of testing laboratories of agencies follows:
A.2.1 All testing laboratories approved by Air Moving and Conditioning
Association, Inc., 205 West Touhy Avenue, Park Ridge, Illinois
60068.
A.2.2 Canadian Standards Association, 235 Montreal Road, Ottawa 7,
Ontario, Canada.
A.2.3 Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation, 1151 Boston-Providence
Turnpike, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062.
A.2.4 Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 207 E. Ohio St., Chicago, Illinois
60611.
Cited Standards:
AMCA 210.67, Standard Test Code for Air Moving Devices
AMCA 300-67, Test Code for Sound Rating Air Moving Devices
ANSI B36.10, Wrought-Steel and Wrought-Iron Pipe
ANSI Z83.1, Installation of Gas Piping and Gas Equipment on Industrial
Premises and Certain Other Premises
ASAE STANDARDS 2005 ASAE S248.3 MAR1976 R2005
ASTM A53, Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
ASTM A539, Specification for Electric Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel
Tubing for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines
ASTM B42, Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Size
ASTM B43, Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes
ASTM B88, Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube
ASTM B135, Specification for Seamless Brass Tube
ASTM B280, Specifications for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Condi-
tioning and Refrigerator Field Service
NBFU, National Building Code
NEMA MG1, Motors and Generators
NFPA No. 31, Standard for Installation of Oil Burning Equipment
NFPA No. 54, Standard for Installation of Gas Appliances and Gas
Piping
NFPA No. 58, Storage and Handling of Liquified Petroleum Gases
NFPA No. 61B, Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions in Grain Eleva-
tors and Bulk Grain Handling Facilities
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code
NFPA No. 90A, Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems of
Other than Residence Type
NFPA No. 211, Chimneys, Flues and Vents
UL 731, Oil Fired Heaters
UL 795, Commercial Industrial Gas Heating Equipment
569