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e work:-
Design Philosophy:-
The design of 1V-- 10.37m right span culvert is carried as per the procedure out lined
below:-
Step1:-
The design discharge was fixed after arriving discharge based on the following methods:-
b.By Area-Velocity method using Manning's equation for arriving at the flow velocity
and area by considering actual cross-section of the channel.
Step2:-
b.Bottom of deck level was fixed based on HFL and road formation levels on both sides.
The vertical clearence and afflux are verified.
d.Normal scour depth with reference to HFL was calculated using Lacey's equations
e.After arriving at the Maximum scour depth,bottom level of the foundation was fixed
below the maximum scour depth
Step3:-
a.As per the recommendations of IRC 6:2000,IRC class A live load required for bridges
and culverts of medium importance is selected.
c.Based on the trial pit particulars and soil test reports,type of foundation was selected.
e.The deck slab is proposed as per the MOST drawing Nos.BD 3-74&BD 4-74
f.The dirt wall is proposed as per the drawings given in Plate No.7.25 of
IRC:SP20-2002(Rural roads manual)
Design of Abutments
I)Design Parameters:-
1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Impact load
4.Wind load
5.Water current
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings
7.Buoyancy
8.Earth pressure
9.Seismic force
10.Water pressure force
As per clause 202.3,the increase in permissible stresses is not permissible for the
above loading combination.
1.Dead Load:-
699.20KN
719.00KN
W1 W1
3 Front 0 0 0
batter(W3)
514.998 405.85
x)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment&1st footing w.r.t bottom of 1st footing
S.No Description Load in KN Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st Moment
footing
3 Front batter 0 0 0
613.998 606.86
xi)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No Description Load in KN Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd Moment
footing
718.938 838.01
Eccentricity = 0.155m
xii)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No Description Load in KN Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd Moment
footing
Eccentricity = 0.000m
2.Live Load:-
1.10
2.7t
3.20
11.4t
1.20
11.4t
4.30
6.8t
3.00
6.8t
3.00
6.8t
3.00
6.8t
The IRC Class A loading as per the drawing is severe and the same is to be considered as per
clauses 207.1.3&207.4
Y
475
11.4t
11.4t
Portion to be loaded
with 5KN/m live
load
10000 11380
6.8t
6.8t
5500
X
2925 3525
The ground contact area of wheels for the above placement,each axle wise is
given below:-
Assuming 0.475m allowance for guide posts/kerbs and the clear distance of vehicle from
the edge of guide post being 0.15m as per clause 207.1,the value of 'f' shown in the figure will
be 0.625m
Hence,the width of area to be loaded with 5KN/m2 on left side is (f) = 0.625m
4.15m
The total live load on the deck slab composes the following components:-
586.86KN
1 57 0.875m 49.88KNm
2 57 0.875m 49.88KNm
3 57 2.675m 152.48KNm
4 57 2.675m 152.48KNm
5 34 0.875m 29.75KNm
6 34 0.875m 29.75KNm
7 34 2.675m 90.95KNm
8 34 2.675m 90.95KNm
= 2.631m
Eccentricity = 0.594m
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t x-direction(At right angle to the travel of vehicles)
1 57 11.005m 627.29KNm
2 57 11.005m 627.29KNm
3 57 9.805m 558.89KNm
4 57 9.805m 558.89KNm
5 34 5.505m 187.17KNm
6 34 5.505m 187.17KNm
7 34 2.505m 85.17KNm
8 34 2.505m 85.17KNm
586.855 4185.06KN
= 7.131m
Eccentricity = 2.441m
Y
Location of Resultant
2631
10000 11380
2631
10000 11380
7131
5500
X
Assuming that the live load reaction acts at the centre of the contact area on the abutment,
300
185
300
815
815
815
815
740
The eccentricty of the line of action of live load at bottom of abutment = 0.815m
The eccentricity in the other direction need not be considered due to high section modulus in transverse
direction.
3.Impact of vehicles:-
Further as per clause 211.7 of IRC:6--2000,the above impact factor shall be only
50% for calculation of pressure on piers and abutments just below the level of bed block.There
4.Wind load:-
The Wind pressure acting on deck system located at that height is considered for design.
As per clause 212.3 and from Table .4 of IRC:6---2000,the wind pressure at that
hieght is=
59.48 Kg/m2.
Further as per clause 212.4 of IRC:6---2000 ,300 Kg/m wind force is considered to be
Hence,the wind force acting at 1.5m above the road surface = 16.50KN
The location of the wind force from the top of RCC raft footing = 5.97m
For the purpose of calculation of exposed area to water current force,only 1.0m
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC raft footing = 4.47m
The breaking effect of vehicles shall be 20% of live load acting in longitudinal
direction at 1.2m above road surface as per the clause 214.2 of IRC:6--2000.
force can be assumed to be transmitted to the supports of simply supported spans resting on
58.69KN
The location of the tractive force from the top of RCC raft footing = 5.67m
7.Buoyancy :-
As per clause 216.4 of IRC:6---2000,for abutments or piers of shallow depth,the
dead weight of the abutment shall be reduced by wieght of equal volume of water upto HFL.
The above reduction in self wieght will be considered assuming that the back fill
behind the abutment is scoured.
29.96Cum
8.Earth pressure :-
The coefficient of active earth pressure exerted by the cohesion less back fill on
'2
Ka = Sin(a+Q)
sina sin(a-q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
Ka = 0.6
The hieght of abutment above GL,as per the preliminary section assumed = 2.700m
12.96
2.700
29.16 12.96
74.36 82.6695
Height from the bottom of the wall = 1.11m
0.69
44.19
2.700m
1.11m
60.81
2.20
0.62
Total earth pressure acting on the abutment P = 408.97KN
9.Siesmic force :-
As per clause 222.1 of IRC:6---2000,the bridges in siesmic zones I and II need not be
designed for siesmic forces.The location of the slab culvert is in Zone-I.Hence,there is no need to
HFL 2.200m
3.70
BFL -1.500m
37.00kn/sqm
Total horizontal water pressure force = 376.48KN
a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,back fill scoured with live load on span)
Vertical forces acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN -0.740 0.00
3 Reaction due to live load with impact factor---(Wheel 466.66KN -0.740 0.000
loads+UDL)
4 Impact load 0.00 0.00 0.00
1884.79
Horizontal forces acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
About x-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
22.77
223.41
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
S.No Type of load Intensity in Eccentricity/Lever Stress at upstream
KN (P) arm edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
116.66
Hence safe.
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN -0.740 0.00
3 Reaction due to live load with impact factor 466.66KN -0.740 0.000
About x-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
16.42
205.52
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 16.42 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm 2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
107.94
Hence safe.
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN -0.815 0.00
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 515.00KN 0.310 0.000
3 Reaction due to live load with impact factor 466.66KN -0.815 0.000
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
About x-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
1.96
236.46
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
115.81
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 128.67 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,back fill intact with no live load on span)
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN -0.740 0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Type of load Intensity in Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the
KN section considered).
(m)
About x-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 98.09 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
ii)On top of 2nd footing
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN -0.74 0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
About x-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 104.13 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN -0.74 0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
About x-axis:-
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of 1st footing b = 2.50m
Depth of 1st footing d = 6.25m
Area of the footing = A = 15.625 m2
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 91.56 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
a)Load Envelope-III:-(The Canal is dry,back fill intact with live load on span)
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN 0.82 0.00
3 Reaction due to live load with impact factor 466.66KN 0.82 0.000
1965.87KN
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
368.54KN
Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,,
b)Load Envelope-IV:-(The Canal is running upto HFL with no live load on span)
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN 0.82 0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Abutment
Abutment
Dead Load:-
Wt.of abutments
Footing-I = 198.00Kn
Footing-II = 209.88Kn
Wt.of abutments = 1030.12Kn
Total 2836.39Kn
Live Load:-
15.00m
Centre of gravity of loading from 1st 11.4t load =
= 4.33m
Eccentricity = 2.545m
Max.stress = 13.31Kn/Sqm
Min.stress = -4.27Kn/Sqm
Max.Stress = 40.91Kn/Sqm
Min.Stress = 23.33Kn/Sqm
Hence safe.
Design of Raft:-
The raft will be analysed as a continuous beam of 1m width with the loading
as shown below:-
822
189
Top steel:-
Mu/bd2 = 2.023
Bottom steel:-
Mu/bd2 = 0.465
Hence provide 12mm dia HYSD bars@ 100mm c/c spacing at bottom
and provide 25mm bars at 120mm c/c at top
Area = 840.00sqmm
Adopting 12mm dia bars,the spacing required is = 134.57mm
Hence provide 12mm dia bars @ 125mm c/c spacing at top& bottom as distribution steel
Effective depth = 300-50-6 = 0.244m
300-50-6 = 24.4
Area = 3.60sqcm
3.00m
1.1304
0.785
Data:-
Ka = Sin(a+Q)
sina sin(a-q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
Ka = 0.33
5.13m
F G
C
1.20m 3.20m
356.4
5.13m
3400.7 356.4
10540.72 19567.2
18.86
5.125m
1.86m
86.14
0.50m
0.13
Total earth pressure acting on the wall per 1m length P = 10540.72Kg
It acts at a hieght of
from the base
Stability calculations:-
Load(Kg)
42696.65Kg
Factor of safety against sliding =(uFxW)/Ph = 2.14 >1.5 Hence,the structure is safe
Design of heel:-
TOTAL 35126.88Kg/m
The upward pressure distribution below the base slab is as given below:-
F G
7454.27Kg/sqm
11953.3
Total upward pressure force on heel portion due to soil reaction = 23853.57Kg/m
Mu/bd2 = 1.297
The critical section for beam shear is at distance of 'd' from the face of the support
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.39
0.39>0.28
Mu/bd2 = 4.743
The critical section for beam shear is at distance of 'd' from the face of the support
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.474
0.474>0.24
Provide 10mm bars at 300mm c/c vertically on the outer face to support horizontal rods
Design of Toe:-
TOTAL 5500.00Kg/m
The upward pressure distribution below the base slab is as given below:-
F G
7454.27Kg/sqm
11953.3
Total upward pressure force on heel portion due to soil reaction = 13607.75Kg/m
Mu/bd2 = 1.284
The critical section for beam shear is at distance of 'd' from the face of the support
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.402
0.402>0.24
5.13m
5.13m
0.00m
1800Kg/Cum
M25
Fe415
30
86.14
0
15
1600Kg/sqm
7500Kg/sqm
0.60m
25N/sqmm
415N/sqmm
2500Kg/Cum
2400Kg/Cum
0.50m
3.20m
0.50m
0.15m
1.20m
356.4Kg/sqm
3400.7Kg/sqm
9975.37Kg
3405.70Kg
0.12m
10540.7Kg/m
1.86m
1.28 2450.40
1.47 3288.55
2.200 12100.00
2.80 82955.26
1.33 4529.57
105323.78
1.86m -18517.76
86806.02
here is no uplift
Hence safe
18517.76Kgm
105323.78Kgm
167.4666666667
334.9333333333
Data:-
Ka = Sin(a+Q)
sina sin(a-q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
Ka = 0.7
The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:-
693
5.165m
5965.58
0.45
G.L
50.4
1.75m
5.2
54.6
3.20m
0.60m 3.80m
0.70m 4.40m C
Stability calculations:-
Load(Kg)
Note:-From the factors of safety and also from the Max.&Min.stresses,it can be inferred that,though the section is safe
it is very uneconomical.
Load(Kg)
1.75m
4129.125
Load(Kg)
Note:-From the factors of safety and also from the Max.&Min.stresses,it can be inferred that,though the section is safe
it is very uneconomical.
Total Active earth pressure = 18985.46
Moment of the centroid of the above force about the base of the stem of the
retaining wall =
35767.85 Kg-m
Design of beam:-
Moment of the centroid of the earth pressure force about the bottom of the
beam =
41463.48 Kg-m
MT = 43902.51 Kg-m
Hence,provide 2-12mm dia bars at top and bottom and provide 3-12mm dia
bars to be cranked at pile locations and stirrups at 200mm c/c spacing
Design of piles:-
Sliding force:-
Resisting force:-
Kp = 1/Ka = 1.43
5.165m
3.865m
3.415m
1.75m
1650Kg/Cum
M15
0.45m
3.20m
3.80m
0.60m
4.40m
0.70m
30
54.6
0
15
0.60m
8000.0Kg/Sqm
Q+q)sin(Q-b)
5965.58Kg/sqm
12108.31Kg/sqm
14623.15Kg/sqm
0.83 3443.72
1.97 25083.85
2.20 12038.40
2.20 16262.40
2.88 25283.14
3.95 7557.04
4.25 9603.62
3.38 49493.15
148765.32
1.88m -22811.57
125953.75
here is no uplift
inferred that,though the section is safe
0.83 3443.72
1.97 25083.85
2.20 12038.40
2.20 16262.40
0.450 100.24
0.150 77.96
2.88 25283.14
3.95 7557.04
4.25 9603.62
3.38 49493.15
148943.52
f action of resultant
0.58m 2107.57
1.88m -22811.57
128239.52
here is no uplift
Data:-
Ka = Sin(a+Q)
sina sin(a-q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
Ka = 0.3
The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:-
Pressure due to
Surcharge load = 324
324
3.865m
2087.10
0.50
15
1.44m
3.865
90
0.50
Design of wall :-
Mu/bd2 = 1.171
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.42 N/sqmm > 0.42
30
90
0
15
0.60m
25N/sqmm
415N/sqmm
2.50m
0.50m
0.20m
n(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
2087.10Kg/sqm
5105.66Kg/m
1367.33Kg/m
<2.8 N/sqmm(As per Table
20 of 1S 456)
eel required
eel provided
ally provided)
Hydraulic design
Hydraulic Particulars:-
Discharge Calculations:-
Assuming the stream to be truly alluvial,the regime width is equal to linear waterway required for the drain.
Hence,as per Lacey's silt theory,the regime width W = 4.8Q 1/2 = 4.8*6.690.5 = 12.42m
The actual top width is much less than the above regime width.Hence,the stream is quasi-alluvial in nature.
As per IRC:SP--13,the ventway calculations for quasi-alluvial streams are as given below:-
In alluvial streams,the actual width of the stream should not be reduced,as it results in enhanced scour
depth and expensive training works.
Hence No.of vents required as per the width of the stream at H.F.L= 0.7425
As per the clause 101.1.2 of IRC:5--1985,the design discharge should be increased by 30% to ensure adequate
margin of safety for foundations and protection works
The Minimum Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is considered as 80 KN/m2 at a depth of 1.75m below LBL
Hence open foundation in the form of raft is proposed at a depth of 1.75m below LBL,ie,at a level of
Cut-off walls and aprons are not required from scour depth point of view
uvial in nature.
ced scour
o ensure adequate
8.90Cumecs
1.00
0.89
1.24m
1.86m
3.06m
-0.86m
1.110m
-1.500m