PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN 287

ANCIENT HISTORIC TABLES FOR KOREA,

JAPAN AND CHINA

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

300 B.C. - 0 B.C. 3000 B.C. - 300 B.C. 221 B.C.

Early Iron Age. New Stone (Neolithic) China unified under
The first clear Age in Japan (J omon Qin Shih-huang
reference to Puyeo Period). .
concerns events
of about the 4th century 300 B.C. - A.D. 300 202 B.C. - A.D. 8
B.C. (Lee, 1984: 21). Bronze-Iron Yayoi Former Han
Period. ( ) Dynasty.
108 B.C.
King Ugeo of 202 B.C. - 195 B.C.
Choseon destroyed Reign of Gao-zu .
by Wu-di. Establish-
ment of Le-lang A. D. 57 180 B.C. - 157 B.C.
Commandery of Han Hou-Han-shu Reign of Wen-di .
China. records the presentation
of tribute by the Nu
57 B.C. State of Wa in
(Keoseogan) Hyeokkeose A. D.57 and the grant 141 B.C. - 87 B.C.
ing of ribbon-seal Reign of Wu-di .
establishes Silla by Guang-wu di .
[Saroguk ]. In 1784 a gold seal A.D. 8 - A.D. 23
was found in a field on Wang Mangs
37 B.C. Shikano-shima, Xin Dynasty.
King Tongmyeong northern Kyushu,
[Chumong ] bearing the inscription
establishes of King Nu of Wa (Wei)
Koguryeo. of Han . A.D. 25 - A.D. 220
Some believe it a Later Han
18 B.C. forgery and some accept ( ) Dynasty.
King Onjo estab- it as the seal mentioned
lishes Paekche. in Hou-Han-shu.
288 HISTORIC TABLES

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

A.D. 25 - A.D. 57
A.D. 32 Reign of Guang Wu-di
King [Taemusin ] .
of Koguryeo sends tributes
to Guang-wu di (A.D. 25- A.D. 58 - A.D. 76
57) and is recognized as Ming-di
King by Han China. introduces Buddhism.

A.D. 204 - A.D. 220 A.D. 220 - A.D. 280

Gong-sun rulers take Three Kingdoms
over Le-lang and period .
establish Tai-fang
Commandery in A.D. 206. A.D. 220 - A.D. 265
Wei Dynasty.
A.D. 239
A.D. 238 Queen Himiko A.D. 239 - A.D. 248
Wei takes over Liao- of Yamaichi Visit of the Chinese
dong, Le-lang and despatches Nashonmi to envoys to Northern
Tai-fang. Tai-fang. Wei designates Kyushu .
Himiko Queen of Wa.
A.D. 247
A.D. 246 A.D. 240 Governor Wang Qi
Wei-zhi records that Governor of Tai-fang of Wei arrives at Tai-
Governor of Tai-fang, sends Imperial fang.
Gong Zun , rescripts and ribbon
is killed in a battle [ap- seal to Himiko.
parently against King A.D. 265
Koi (A. D. 234 - 286) A.D. 269 Wei dynasty falls in
of Paekche according Okinaga-Tarashi-hime A.D. 265 and Western
to Samguk-sagi.] (Jingu ) dies Jin (A.D.265-
(according to Nihongi). 316) inherits Le-lang
A.D. 313 and Tai-fang in
Le-lang falls to Koguryeo A.D. 280.
and Tai-fang disappears.
PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN 289

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

A.D. 343 - A.D. 344 A.D. 269 - A.D. 389 A.D. 280 - A.D. 297
King [Kojilmi] of Kaya Missing Two Sex- Chen Shou of
receives the title of agenary Cycles in Western Jin compiles
general and King of Nihongi. Wei-zhi .
Pon State from
a certain Chinese Court A.D. 303
(according to Nan-Qi-shu). The era of Five
Barbarians and
A.D. 346 A.D. 300 - A.D. 375 Sixteen Kingdoms
Xian-bei conquers Puyeo Early Tomb begins.
[5th century B.C. - Period.
A.D. 346]. A.D. 317 - A.D. 420
The year after the fall
of Loyang , the
A.D. 346 - A.D. 375 the capital of Western
Reign of King Keun Jin, by Xiong-nu, a
Chogo [Yeo-Ku], Jin prince establishes
beginning the age of Jin Eastern Jin at
family queens (Lee Nanking . [One
1984: 37). Koheung A.D. 247-A.D. 413 of the so-called six
compiles Seogi (A No contact between Southern Dynasties
History of Paekche). Wa and China. that had their
capitals at Nanking
A.D. 364 between A.D. 222 and
Three men of Paekche visit A.D. 589:Wu
Thak-sun (Tak-sun) . (A.D. 222-280),
Eastern Jin
A.D. 369 (A.D. 317- 420),
Mong-na Keun-cha Liu Song
, Sa-sa Nokwe, Sa- (A.D. 420-479), Nan
paek [and] Kaero assemble Qi (A.D. 479-
at Thak-sun. Paekche 502), Liang (A.D.
conquers Ma-han in 502-557), and Chen
the south. King Keun (A.D. 557-589).]
Chogo and Crown Prince
[Keun Kusu] bid farewell
290 HISTORIC TABLES

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

to Mong-na Keun-cha
and the others. A.D. 354, 356, 369,
371 The Eastern Jin
A.D. 371 was obsessed with the
King Kogugwon of idea of reconquering
Koguryeo (A.D. 331-371) the North China but
is killed by Crown Prince its various wars
of Paekche. against the barbarians
A.D.372 brought no permanent
A.D. 372 King Keun Chogo of gains.
King of Paekche Yeo-Ku Paekche sends a seven-
[Keun Chogo branched sword
] receives the (that was manufactured A. D. 370-A.D. 372
title of Zhen-dong jiang- in A.D. 369 Reign of Jian-wen-di
jun , Governor ) to Homuda-wake of Eastern Jin.
of Le-lang from the .
Court of Eastern Jin
(according to Jin-shu A.D. 386-A.D. 534
). To-ba tribe of
Xian-bei establishes
A.D. 377 Northern Wei in
King Keun Kusu of A.D. 386. The
Paekche led thirty capital is moved
thousand soldiers and A.D. 375 - A.D. 475 from Da-tong in
attacked Koguryeo. Middle Tomb Period northern Shansi to
Loyang in
A.D. 375 - A.D. 384 A.D. 493-494.
King of Paekche called [One of the so-called
Su [representing Keun Northern Dynasties
Kusu ], sends : Northern Wei
tributes to the Court of A.D. 390 (A.D. 386-534),
Eastern Jin (according to Enthronement of Eastern Wei
Liang-shu). (Homuda-wake). (A.D. 534-550),
Western Wei
A.D. 384 (A.D. 535-557),
Buddhism is transmitted Northern Qi
PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN 291

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

to Paekche from Eastern A.D. 390 - A.D. 550 (A.D. 550-577),

Jin ( ). Protohistoric Asuka Northern Zhou
period. (A.D. 557-581).]

A.D. 396
King Kwanggaeto A.D. 391
of Koguryeo Wa crosses over the sea
(A.D. 391-413) puts to help Paekche.
Paekche army to rout.

A.D. 397
King Asin [or
Ahwa, who was born at a
detached palace in
Hanseong ] of
Paekche forms a friendly
alliance with Wa and sends
crown prince Cheonji
to Wa (Samguk-sagi).

A.D. 399
King Asin conscripts an A.D. 303 - A.D. 436
army to invade Koguryeo, The era of Five
and many people flee to Barbarians (the fourth
Silla to escape conscrip- century invaders of
tion (Samguk-sagi). North China) and
Sixteen Kingdoms
A.D. 400 continues. As
King Kwanggaeto central government
annihilates Wa troops in disintegrates, thinking
Imna Kara area. men turn away from
Confucian tradition
A.D. 402 and begin to be
Paekche sends an envoy interested in the old
to Wa and acquires Taoist problem of
a big bead (Samguk-sagi). the individuals
relationship to nature.
292 HISTORIC TABLES

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

A.D. 403 A.D. 404 - A.D. 405 Buddhism also makes

An envoy comes to A-chik-ki arrives a rapid progress. Its
Paekche from Wa and from Paekche in A.D. greatest patrons are
King receives it with 404 and Wang-in the emperors of the
profound welcome in A.D. 405. Northern Wei
(Samguk-sagi). dynasty. North China
is completely overrun
A.D. 405 A.D. 405 by barbarians, and
Paekche King Asin The Heir Apparent to south China is
[Ahwa] dies and crown Paekche King Asin, incapable of restoring
prince Chonji comes who has stayed in Wa imperial unity.
back from Wa with Homuda-wake
(Samguk-sagi). since A.D. 397, returns
to Paekche to become
A.D. 405 - A.D. 420 King Cheonji
Reign of King Cheonji in (Nihongi).
Paekche who receives
the title of Zhen-dong A.D. 405
jiang-jun in Lord Yutsuki [Kung-
A.D. 416 from the Court weol ], ancestor of the
of Eastern Jin (according Hata family, arrives from
to Song-shu) and then is Paekche with people of
promoted to da-jiang- jun one hundred and twenty
in A.D. 420 by districts.
Gao-zu (A.D. 420-422)
of Liu Song.
A.D. 409
A.D. 409 Achi no Omi ,
Wa sends an envoy to ancestor of the Yamato
Paekche with a gem that Aya , arrives with
emits light in the dark, people of seventeen
and the King Cheonji districts.
gives a cordial reception
(Samguk-sagi). A. D. 413
A Wa ruler presents
A.D. 417 gifts to An-di
King Chang-su of of Eastern Jin .
PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN 293

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

Koguryeo constructs A.D. 421 A.D. 420 - A.D. 479

the King Kwanggaetos Wa King San sends General Liu Yu
stele at Kuknae-seong. envoy to Song court. of Eastern Jin usurps
the throne and
A.D. 427 establishes the Liu
Koguryo moves its A.D. 438 Song Dynasty.
capital from Kuknae- Wa King Chn
Seong to (brother of San) receives
Pyeongyang. the title of King
of Wa, An-dong jiang A.D. 429 - A.D. 439
A.D. 428 jun from Wen Fan Yeh of Liu
An envoy comes to di (A.D. 424-453) of Song compiles Hou
Paekche from Wa with 50 Liu Song (according to Han-shu .
attendents (Samguk-sagi). Song-shu).

A.D. 455 - A.D. 475 A.D. 439

Reign of King Kaero A.D. 461 The Southern and
in Paekche. Lord Konji (brother Northern dynasties
of Paekche King Kaero) period begins in
arrives in Wa. China. [In the south,
A.D. 458 one general after
The Court of Liu Song A.D. 462 another seized the
gives the titles of Wa King Ko throne from the weak
King and jiang-jun receives the title of heirs of the preceding
to eleven members of An-dong jiang-jun usurper, and there
Paekche royal family from Shi-zu were constant and
(according to Song-shu). of Song. unsuccessful wars
with the barbarian
A.D. 475 A.D. 475 - A.D. 700 states of the North
King Kaero of Paekche Late Tomb Period. China. In the north,
dies at the Royal Capital Northern Wei
Hanseong in a A.D. 478 unified the North
battle against Koguryeo. Wa King Bu China Plain in A.D.
Paekche moves its receives the title 439.]
capital from Hanseong of An-dong da-jang
to Kongju . -jun .
294 HISTORIC TABLES

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

A.D. 479 A.D. 479 A.D. 479 - A.D. 502

The second son [Mata] Bu is promoted to Southern Qi
of Prince Konchi returns Zhen-dong da-jiang-
to Paekche from Wa to jun . No
become King Tong-seong contact between Wa
(A.D. 479 - 501). and China during A.D.
479 and A.D. 600.
A.D. 501 - A.D. 523 A.D. 502 - A.D. 557
Reign of King Munyeong Liang Dynasty
in Paekche.

A.D. 523 - A.D. 554 A.D. 531 - A.D. 571 A.D. 534 - A.D. 550
Reign of King Seong Reign of Kimmei. Eastern Wei
(Myeong ) in Paekche.
A.D. 535 - A.D. 557
A.D 545 Western Wei
King Syeong-Myeong
of Paekche sends an A.D. 550 - A.D. 577
A.D. 538 image of Buddha. Northern Qi
Paekche moves its capital
from Kongju to Puyeo A.D. 550 - A.D. 710
(Sabi). Historic Asuka A.D. 557 - A.D. 581
period. Nothern Zhou .

A.D. 552
Paekche sends an
A.D. 562 image of Buddha and A.D. 557 - A.D. 589
Kaya is destroyed volumes of Sutras. Chen Dyansty
by Silla.

A.D. 565 A.D. 589 - A.D. 617

Silla establishes formal A.D. 588 Sui Dynasty
diplomatic relationship Coustruction of
with Chinese dynasties. Hokoji
begins.
PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN
KOREA
A.D. 588
Paekche sends to Wa
Buddhist priests, temple
carpenters, men learned
in pottery, a painter, etc.
A.D. 612 - A.D. 614
Koguryeo repulses three
great Sui invasions.
A.D. 644 - A.D. 659
Koguryeo repulses a
series of Tang invasions.
A.D. 654 - A.D. 661
Reign of King (Taejong) Taika Reform
Muyeol
in Silla.
A.D. 660
Puyeo (Sabi) falls
to Silla-Tang
allied forces.
A.D. 661 - A.D. 681
Reign of King Munmu
in Silla.
295
JAPAN CHINA
A.D. 592
Soga Umako A.D. 600
assassinates Sushun . Chinese sources note
a Japanese envoy
A.D. 593 - A.D. 622 at the Sui Court.
Reign of Shotoku
Daishi (A.D.
574 - 622) who builds A.D. 608 - A.D. 609
Shitennoji . Japanese envoy
escorts Chinese
A.D. 607 envoy back to China.
First official envoy
to the Chinese [Sui]
Court is A.D. 618 - A.D. 907.
dispatched. Horyuji Tang Dynasty
is built.
A.D. 626 - A.D. 649
A.D. 630, 653, 654 Reign of Tai-zong
659, 665, 667, .
Embassies to Tang
China .
A.D. 645 A.D. 649 - A.D. 683
Reign of Gao-zong
. .
A.D. 661 - A.D. 672
Reign of Tenji .
A.D. 662
A.D. 663 Tang empire stretches
Annihilation of Wa from the China Sea
army at Paekchon all the way to the
River . (Paekche borders of Persia.
castle of Chu-yu
surrenders to Tang
forces.)
296 HISTORIC TABLES

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

A.D. 668 A.D. 670 A.D. 674

Koguryeo falls to Silla- Wa changes its name Persian king
Tang allied froces. into Japan (Nippon). Yazdgard III sends
(Samguk-sagi, I.128) Prince Firuz asking
for aid in repelling
A.D. 672 the Arabs.
A.D. 676 Jinshin Disturbance
Unification of Korean A.D. 676
peninsula by Silla. A.D. 672 - A.D. 686 Tang China withdraws
Reign of Temmu . its forces from
Korean peninsula.
A.D. 669 - A.D. 701 A.D. 686 - A.D. 697
About ten Japanese Reign of Jito. She com-
Embassies to Silla pletes the construction
(No Japanese Embassies of the first capital city
to China). of Yamato Wa,
Fujiwarakyo , A.D. 684 - A.D. 705
A.D. 698 - A.D. 926 in A.D.694. Reign of Zetian
Former Koguryeo general Wu-hou .
Tae Cho-yeong A.D. 701 Empress proclaims
establishes Chin in Taiho-gwannen that the dynasty has
A.D. 698 and Tang that commemorates changed from Tang
recognizes the new the discovery of gold in to Zhou , and
kingdom in the Tsushima Taiho settles into new
name of Bohai codes are issued. capital Lo-yang
in A.D. 713. .
A.D. 702, 717, 733,
A.D. 698 - A.D. 720 752, 759, 761, 762, A.D. 705 - A.D. 710
Reign of King Ko 777, 779 804, 838, Zhong-Zong
in Palhae (Bohai). Embassies to Tang restores Tang, and
China resumed. returns the court to
A.D. 702 - A.D. 737 Chang-an .
Reign of King Seongdeok A.D. 708
in Silla, enjoying Discovery of copper
unaccustomed domestic in Musashi (First
tranquility. Year of Wado ).
PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN 297

KOREA JAPAN CHINA

A.D. 710 - A.D. 712

A.D. 710 Reign of Rui-zong
Gemmei moves .
from Fujiwarakyo in
Asuka to Heijokyo
A.D. 727 beginning the Nara A.D. 712 - A.D. 756
King Mu of Palhae period (A.D. 710-794). Reign of Xuan-zong
sends an envoy to Japan, Many oshu is . In A.D. 748, he
saying that it has restored compiled in this period. falls deeply under the
the old area of Koguryeo influence of the
and A.D. 712 imperial concubine
succeeded the old custom Kojiki is Yang Gui-fei .
of Puyeo . completed.
A.D. 755 - A.D. 763
A.D. 720 Rebellion of An Lu-
A.D. 737 - A.D. 793 Nihongi shan .
King Mun of is completed.
Palhae brings Liao-
dong peninsula under A.D. 794
its dominion. Kammu moves to A.D. 805 - A.D. 820
Heiankyo Under Xian-zong
beginning the Heian , Tang regains a
peirod (A.D. 794-1185). great deal of its
A.D. 809 - A.D. 826 power.
Reign of King Heondeok A.D. 815
shojiroku
in Silla. Shinsen-
is compiled.
298 HISTORIC TABLES

DYNASTIC LINEAGES OF THE THREE KINGDOM (Wang *)

PAEKCHE KOGURYEO SILLA

1. 18 B.C. - A.D. 28 1. 37 B.C. - 19 B.C. 1. 57 B.C. - A.D. 4

Onjo Tongmyeong Hyeokkeose

2. A.D. 28 - 77 2. 19 B.C. - A.D. 18 2. A.D. 4 - 24

Taru Yuri Namhae

3. A.D. 77 - 128 3. A.D. 18 - 44 3. A.D. 24 - 57

Kiru Taemusin Yuri

4. A.D. 128 - 166 4. A.D. 44 - 48 4. A.D. 57 - 80

Kaeru Minjung Talhae

5. A.D. 166 - 214 5. A.D. 48 - 53 5. A.D. 80 - 112

Chogo Mobon Pasa

6. A.D. 214 - 234 6. A.D. 53 - 146 6. A.D. 112 - 134

Kusu Taejo Chima

7. A.D. 234 7. A.D. 146 - 165 7. A.D. 134 - 154

Saban Chadae Ilseong

8. A.D. 234 - 286 8. A.D. 165 - 179 8. A.D. 154 - 184

Koi Sindae Atalla

9. A.D. 286 - 298 9. A.D. 179 - 196 9. A.D. 184 - 196

Chaekkye Kogukcheon Peolhyu

10. A.D. 298 - 304 10. A.D. 196 - 227 10. A.D. 196 - 230
Punseo Sansang Naehae

11. A.D. 304 - 344 11. A.D. 227 - 248 11. A.D. 230 - 247
Piryu Tongcheon Chobun
PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN 299

PAEKCHE KOGURYEO SILLA

12. A.D. 344 - 346 12. A.D. 248 - 270 12. A.D. 247 - 261
Kye Chungcheon Cheomhae

13. A.D. 346 - 375 13. A.D. 270 - 292 13. A.D. 262 - 284
Keun Chogo Seocheon Michu

14. A.D. 375 - 384 14. A.D. 292 - 300 14. A.D. 284 - 298
Keun Kusu Pongsang Yurye

15. A.D. 384 - 385 15. A.D. 300 - 331 15. A.D. 298 - 310
Chimnyu Micheon Kirim

16. A.D. 385 - 392 16. A.D. 331 - 371 16. A.D. 310 - 356
Chinsa Kogukweon Heulhae

17. A.D. 392 - 405 17. A.D. 371 - 384 17. A.D. 356 - 402
Asin(Ahwa) ( ) Sosurim Naemul

18. A.D. 405 - 420 18. A.D. 384 - 391 18. A.D. 402 - 417
Cheonji Kogukyang Silseong

19. A.D. 420 - 427 19. A.D. 391 - 413 19. A.D. 417 - 458
Kuisin Kwanggaeto Nulchi

20. A.D. 427 - 455 20. A.D. 413 - 491 20. A.D. 458 - 479
Piyu Changsu Chabi

21. A.D. 455 - 475 21. A.D. 491 - 519 21. A.D. 479 - 500
Kaero Munja (Myeong) Seoji
( )
22. A.D. 475 - 477 22. A.D. 519 - 531 22. A.D. 500 - 514
Munju Anjang Chijung

23. A.D. 477 - 479 23. A.D. 531 - 545 23. A.D. 514 - 540
Samgeun Anweon Peopheung
300 HISTORIC TABLES

PAEKCHE KOGURYEO SILLA

24. A.D. 479 - 501 24. A.D. 545 - 559 24. A.D. 540 - 576
Tongseong Yangweon Chinheung

25. A.D. 501 - 523 25. A.D. 559 - 590 25. A.D. 576 - 579
Munyeong Pyeongweon Chinji

26. A.D. 523 - 554 26. A.D. 590 - 618 26. A.D. 579 - 632
Seong (Myeong) ( ) Yeongyang Chinpyeong

27. A.D. 554 - 598 27. A.D. 618 - 642 27. A.D. 632 - 647
Wideok Yeongnyu Sundeok

28. A.D. 598 - 599 28. A.D. 642 - 668 28. A.D. 647 - 654
Hye Pojang Chindeok

29. A.D. 599 - 600 29. A.D. 654 - 661

Peop Muyeol

30. A.D. 600 - 641 30. A.D. 661 - 681

Mu Munmu

31. A.D. 641 - 660 31. A.D. 681 - 692

Yija Sinmun

*Silla: 1. Keoseogan 2. Chachaung 3. - 16. Isagum

17. - 21. Maripkan 22. - 31. - 55. Wang
LIST OF EMPERORS 301

DATE OF THE FIRST 28 SOVEREINGNS ACCORDING

TO THE CHRONICLE, NIHONGI

Number in the Birth and death

traditional count Sovereign dates Reign dates

1 Jimmu 711 BC - 585 BC 660 BC - 585 BC

2 Suizei 632 BC - 549 BC 581 BC - 549 BC
3 Annei 567 BC - 511 BC 549 BC - 511 BC
4 Itoku 553 BC - 477 BC 510 BC - 477 BC
5 Kosho 501 BC - 393 BC 475 BC - 393 BC
6 Koan 427 BC - 291 BC 392 BC - 291 BC
7 Korei 342 BC - 215 BC 290 BC - 215 BC
8 Kogen 273 BC - 158 BC 214 BC - 158 BC
9 Kaika 208 BC - 98 BC 158 BC - 98 BC
10 Sujin 148 BC - 30 BC 97 BC - 30 BC
11 Suinin 69 BC - AD 70 29 BC - AD 70
12 Keiko 13 BC - AD 130 71 - 130
13 Seimu 84 - 190 131 - 190
14 Chuai 149 - 200 192 - 200
15 201 - 310 270 - 310
16 Nintoku 290 - 399 313 - 399
17 Richu 339 - 405 400 - 405
18 Hanzei 352 - 410 406 - 410
19 Ingyo 374 - 453 412 - 453
20 Anko 401 - 456 453 - 456
21 Yuryaku 418 - 479 456 - 479
22 Seinei 444 - 484 480 - 484
23 Kenzo 450 - 487 485 - 487
24 Ninken 449 - 498 488 - 498
25 Buretsu 489 - 506 498 - 506
26 Keitai 450 - 531 507 - 531
27 Ankan 466 - 535 531(4) - 535
28 Senka 467 - 539 535 - 539

NOTE: The dates shown have been converted from the lunar civil calendar
used in Nihongi. The nonreigning empress Jingu, consort of Chuai (14), has
not been included in this list. Source: KEJ (2. 203)
302 PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN

LIST OF EMPERORS AND REIGNING EMPRESSES

Number in Year of
traditional Birth and Reign enthrone-
count Sovereign death dates dates ment1

1 Jimmu2
2 Suizei
3 Annei
4 Itoku
5 Kosho
6 Koan
7 Korei legendary emperors
8 Kogen
9 Kaika
10 Sujin
11 Suinin
12 Keiko
13 Seimu
14 Chuai

15 late 4th to early 5th century

16 Nintoku
17 Richu first half of the 5th century
18 Hanzei

19 Ingyo
20 Anko mid-5th century

21 Yuryaku
22 Seinei
23 Kenzo latter half of the 5th century
24 Ninken
25 Buretsu

26 Keitai
27 Ankan first half of the 6th century
LIST OF EMPERORS 303

Number in Year of
traditional Birth and Reign enthrone-
count Sovereign death dates dates ment1

28 Senka

29 Kimmei 509-571 531 or 539-571

30 Bidatsu 538-585 572-585
31 Yomei ?-587 585-587
32 Sushun ?-592 587-592
*33 Suiko 554-628 593-628
34 Jomei 593-641 629-641
*35 Kogyoku 3 594-661 642-645
36 Kotoku 597-654 645-654
*37 Saimei 594-661 655-661
38 Tenji 626-672 661-672 (668)
39 Kobun 648-672 672
40 Temmu ?-686 672-686 (673)
41 Jito 645-703 686-697 (690)
42 Mommu 683-707 697-707
*43 Gemmei 661-722 707-715
*44 Gensho 680-748 715-724
45 Shomu 701-756 724-749
*46 Koken 4 718-770 749-758
47 Junnin 733-765 758-764
*48 Shotoku 718-770 764-770
49 Konin 709-782 770-781
50 Kammu 737-806 781-806
51 Heizei 774-824 806-809
52 Saga 786-842 809-823
53 Junna 786-840 823-833
54 Nimmyo 810-850 833-850
55 Montoku 827-858 850-858
56 Seiwa 850-881 858-876
57 Yozei 869-949 876-884 (877)
58 Koko 830-887 884-887
59 Uda 867-931 887-897
304 PAEKCHE OF KOREA AND THE ORIGIN OF YAMATO JAPAN

* Empresses.
1
Year of formal enthronement when later than first year of actual reign.
2
The first 14 sovereigns are considered legendary rather than historical by
modern scholars: traditional reign numbers are given here for convenience
because they are still often used. The traditional reign dates given in the
chronicle Nihon shoki for these soverigns and for sovereigns 15 through 28
are rejected as impossibly early; however, the latter (15-28) are accepted as
historical figures. The approximate dates given here for sovereigns 15 through
28 are based on recent archaeological evidence and on citations in Chinese
and Korean sources.
3
Kogyoku (35) later reigned as Saimei (37).
4
Koken (46) later reigned as Shotoku (48).

NOTE: The life and reign dates in this table have been carefully corrected for
discrepancies between the Japanese lunar and Western solar calendars. In
some instances they may differ from the tables in standard Japanese reference
works, where the calendar conversion is often approximate. The reign dates
of Suiko, for example, are often given as 592-628.

Source: KEJ (2. 202)