EE1049-MINOR PROJECT

On
IMPROVEMENT LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH
ENHANCEMENT
USING STFCL FOR DFIG BASED WIND TURBINE

Submitted by
SANLAP NANDI [REG NO: 1051220060]
SHREYA SATISH PAI [REG NO: 1051220063]
R.ARVIND [REG NO: 1051220065]
GABRIEL SEBASTIAN [REG NO: 1051220084]

B.Tech, ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

MR. P.SRINIVASAN , M.E
(Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

RAMAPURAM CAMPUS, CHENNAI-600089
APRIL 2017
 SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled IMPROVEMENT LOW-VOLTAGE

RIDE-THROUGH ENHANCEMENT USING STFCL FOR DFIG BASED
WIND TURBINE is the bonafide work of SANLAP NANDI [REG NO:
1051220060], SHREYA SATISH PAI [REG NO: 1051220063], R.ARVIND
[REG NO: 1051220065], GABRIEL SEBASTIAN [REG NO:
1051220084], who carried out the project work under my supervision.
Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein
does not form any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a
degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other
candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mr. P.Srinivasan, M.E Mrs. S.Nithya, M.E

GUIDE Head Of Department
Asst. Professor, Department Of EEE
Department of EEE
 DECLARATION

I hereby declared that the entire work contained in this project report
entitled IMPROVEMENT LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH
ENHANCEMENT USING STFCL FOR DFIG BASED WIND TURBINE
has been carried out by me at SRM University , Ramapuram Campus, Chennai-
600089, under the guidance of Mr.P.Srinivasan, M.E, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

PLACE: CHENNAI

DATE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I place on regard out deep sense of gratitude to our beloved chancellor

Dr.T.R.PACHAMUTHU, for providing us with the request infrastructure
throughout the course.
I convey our sincere thanks to our Dean Dr.SUBBIAH BHARATHI,
for his interest and support.
I take the privilege to extend my hearty thanks to the vice principal
(Academics) Dr.UDHAYA KUMAR and Vice Principal (Admin)
Dr.J.JAGADEESAN, for his suggestions and support.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to The Head of the
Department Mrs.S.NITHYA, for providing clarity to the vision and wings to
my dream.
I thank my guide Mr.P.SRINIVASAN for their timely help and
guidance throughout the overall process of the project.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to God and all staff
members of the department of Electrical and Electronics who gave many
suggestions from time to time that made the project work better and well
finished. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents and friends for the
support, concern and prayers, which was a major factor in the completion of this
project.
 ABSTRACT
The increasing wind power generation has made the power systems more

and more sensitive to various grid faults, which resulted in new grid codes. One

of the most important grid codes is the low voltage ride through (LVRT), which

requires the wind energy conversion systems to remain connected to the grid

during voltage dips. Voltage dips mainly occur when large loads are connected

to the grid or the results of grid faults like lightning strikes and short circuit

events.

In this project, a LVRT strategy for a wind turbine driven doubly fed

induction generator (DFIG) with switch type fault current limiter (STFCL) is

proposed. Doubly fed induction generators employing these technologies have

some significant advantages over conventional generators, such as light weight,

low cost, small size, import and export of reactive power and it occupies close

to 50% of the wind energy market. To overcome the LVRT issues, STFCL can

be used. The STFCL is composed of snubber capacitor, a fault energy

absorption bypass, isolation transformers, fault current limiting inductors. It can

be inserted in series with stator branches on occurrence of grid faults, which can

limit the rotor over current and weaken the rotor back electromagnetic force

voltage. It can also absorb the excessive energy stored in the stator during LVRT

with the fault absorption bypass so as to prevent the semiconductor switches

from overvoltage.

Table of Contents
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE............................................................................................................

DECLARATION............................................................................................................................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................

LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................VIII

LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................

LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS.........................................................................................................

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1 GENERAL..................................................................................................................2
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT.............................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY.........................................................................................

CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS............................................................................................

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM................................................................................................11

3 .2 PROPOSED SYSTEM................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 4: WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM........................................................

4.1 WIND POWER.............................................................................................................16

4.2 WIND TURBINE........................................................................................................17
4.3 VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE.....................................................................18
4.4 ROTATION PRINCIPLE...........................................................................................19
4.4.1 DRAG PRINCIPLE...........................................................................................19
4.4.2 LIFT PRINCIPLE..............................................................................................20
4.5 PITCH CONTROL..................................................................................................20
4.6 DRIVE TRAIN...........................................................................................................22
4.7 GEAR BOX...............................................................................................................22
4.8 DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR...........................................................23
4.8.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION......................................................24
 4.8.2 BACK TO BACK POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER..............................30
4.9 TRANSFORMER......................................................................................................32
4.10 FEATURES OF DFIG CONNECTED WPP............................................................32
CHAPTER 5: GRID INTEGRATION AND LVRT REQUIREMENTS................................

5.1 GRID INTEGRATION ISSUES OF DFIG...................................................................35

5.2 GRID CODES...........................................................................................................36
5.3 LVRT REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................38
5.4 LVRT ISSUES...........................................................................................................39
CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM MODEL..............................................................................................

6.1 MODELING OF WIND TURBINE DRIVEN DFIG...............................................41

6.2 WIND TURBINE MODELING.................................................................................41
6.3 MODELING OF DFIG.............................................................................................42
CHAPTER 7: SIMULATION RESULTS..................................................................................

7.1 SIMULATION DIAGRAM...........................................................................................51

7.2 WIND TURBINE AND DFIG MODEL...................................................................51
CHAPTER 8:EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS............................................................................

EXPERIMENT 1:................................................................................................................54
WIND SPEED=20M/S AND PITCH ANGLE=90DEGREE..................................................
EXPERIMENT 2:................................................................................................................56
WIND SPEED=32.5M/S, PITCH ANGLE=90DEGREES.....................................................
EXPERIMENT 3:................................................................................................................58
WIND SPEED=1M/S, PITCH ANGLE=90DEGREES..........................................................
CHAPTER 9: HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................

9.1 HARDWARE EXPLANATION....................................................................................61

9.1.1 MOTOR GENERATOR COUPLING....................................................................61
9.1.2. INVERETER.........................................................................................................62
9.1.3 BATTERY...............................................................................................................63
9.1.4 SWITCH-TYPE FAULT CURRENT LIMITER (STFCL)....................................64
9.1.5 PWM GENERATOR...............................................................................................65
FIG 9.6 PWM GENERATOR (ADRINO FLEXI BOARD)............................................66
9.2 HARDWARE RESULTS...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION.................................................................................................
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................

List Of Figures

Fig. No. Name Of Figure Page

No.
3.1 Existing Model of DFIG 19

3.2 Block Diagram of STFCL Incorporated in a DFIG 21

4.1 Power Curve 29

4.2 DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System 32

4.5 Power Electronics Converter 40

5.1 Low Voltage Ride Through Requirement 47

6.1 Generic Model of WPP 50

6.2 Equivalent Circuit of DFIG 54

6.3 abc to dq Transformation 57

7.1 Simulation Diagram 60

7.2 Wind Turbine 61

7.3 DFIG Model 61

8.1 Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind 63

speed=20m/s and Pitch Angle=90degrees
8.2 Power Graph Of output at wind speed=20m/s and Pitch 63
Angle=90degrees
8.3 Fault Condition in Multimeter 64

8.4 Fault Condition and Rectified Graph 64

8.5 Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind 65
speed=32.5m/s and Pitch Angle=90degrees
8.6 Power Graph Of output at wind speed=32.5m/s and 65
Pitch Angle=90degrees
8.7 Fault Condition And Fault Rectification Conditions 66

8.8 Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind 67

speed=1m/s and Pitch Angle=90degrees
8.9 Power Graph Of output at wind speed=1m/s and Pitch 67
Angle=90degrees
8.10 Fault Condition And Fault Rectification Conditions 68

8.11 Fault Condition And Fault Rectification Condition 68

Graph Of STFCL
9.1 Hardware Image 69

9.2 Motor Generator Coupling 69

9.3 Inverter 70

9.4 Battery 71

9.5 Switch-Type Fault Current Limiter (STFCL) 72

9.6 PWM Generator (Adrino Flexi Board) 73

9.7 CRO Output of Hardware 74

 List Of Tables

Table No. Name Of Table Page No.

3.1 Comparison Between Crowbar Protection And STFCL 23

Protection
 List Of Abbriviations

WEC Wind energy conversion

LVRT low voltage ride through

DFIG doubly-fed induction generator

STFCL switch type fault current limiter

RSC Rotor Side Converter

SSC Stator Side Converter

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

The ratio between renewable energy sources to conventional sources

is steadily increasing in many electric energy systems. This leads to

introduction of more stringent rules to connection of these facilities to the grid.

Wind energy conversion (WEC) is the most mature and the most widespread of

renewable technologies at the moment. In order to integrate wind farms into the

grid, they are requested to follow directives from a central electricity authority

and participate in frequency control rather than to produce as much power as

dictated by available wind. Reactive power and voltage control requirements are

also becoming more stringent, as well as fault tolerance requirements like low

voltage ride through (LVRT).

The utilization of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in modern

variable-speed wind turbines has increased rapidly due to their operational and

economic features. It operates within a range of -30% to +40% of its rated

speed. The increased penetration of wind energy into the power system has

resulted in the power system operators revising the grid codes to regulate and

control the operation of these renewable resources and minimize their impact on

the system. A special focus in these requirements is drawn to the wind turbine

LVRT capability which addresses primarily the ability of the wind turbine to

remain connected to the network during grid faults also they can contribute to
voltage support during and after the fault. Under the new grid codes, the wind

turbine generators (WTG) should remain connected to the grid during a voltage

dip for specific period. However, the direct connection of the generator stator to

the grid has made the DFIG very sensitive to grid disturbance. An abrupt change

in the stator voltage will result in dc and negative sequence stator ux and

induce high back electromagnetic force (EMF) voltage in the rotor circuit. The

rotor back EMF voltage exceeds the voltage rating of the rotor-side converter

(RSC) and makes the RSC lose control over rotor current under severe voltage

dip conditions. When the voltage dip occurs on the terminal of the DFIG the

stator flux cannot follow the rapid change in the stator voltage and a dc

component in the stator flux appears and the stator flux vector becomes almost

stationary. The rotor keeps rotating and the machine slip increase, which create

an overvoltage and overcurrent in the rotor. Due to these high transient currents

and overvoltage during this LVRT event, special protection techniques are

needed to protect the DFIG during these events. In this paper the LVRT strategy

for a DFIG with a switch type fault current limiter (STFCL) is presented.

STFCL is composed of fault current limiting inductors, isolation transformer, a

snubber capacitor, a diode bridge, a semiconductor switches and a fault energy

absorption bypass. The DFIG based WECS is one of the most popular WECSs,

which occupies close to 50% of the wind energy market mainly due to its

outstanding advantages such as light weight, low cost and small size.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

To study and analyse the performance of wind power plant with DFIG
To model the wind turbine using pitch control mechanism
To model the wind turbine generator (doubly fed induction generator) to

check the performance under low voltage ride through conditions

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
1) Wenyong Guo, Member, IEEE, Liye Xiao, Shaotao Dai, Xi Xu, Yuanhe

Li, and Yifei Wang Evaluation of the Performance of BTFCLs for

Enhancing LVRT Capability of DFIG IEEE Trans On Power

Electronics, vol. 30, no. 7,pp. 3623-3636 , July 2015

This paper present DFIG is very sensitive to grid disturbance mainly

due to the direct connection of the generator stator to the grid. Upon occurrence

of a grid fault, dc and negative-sequence stator flux will be induced. Bridge-

type fault current limiters (BTFCL) bypass resistor (BR) has the best stator

flux, stator current, rotor current, and electromagnetic torque oscillation

damping performance because of the damping effect provided by the BR. It is

connected in the stator circuit and BR absorbs the majority of the current

harmonics during normal operation by compensating the power loss and

eliminates the voltage spikes on the stator terminals.

2) Dejan Raca practical implications of low voltage ride through

requirements on wind turbine power conversion Trans On

electronics, vol.14, no.2, pp. 3-11, December 2010.

In this paper practical challenges of low voltage ride through (LVRT)

requirements on design of windturbine (WT) power conversion system are

discussed. Reactive power and voltage control requirements are also becoming

more stringent as well as LVRT. In order to integrate wind farms into the grid,

they are requested to follow directives from a dispatch center and participate in

frequency control rather than to produce as much power as dictated by available

wind. LVRT requirements is mandated by some grid codes like

Spanish.P.O.Grid codes define requirements for point of common coupling

(PCC) and that the turbine must connected to the grid during voltage sags.

DFIG is most challenging with respect to LVRT.

3) G Tsourakis, C.D.Vournas simulation of low voltage ride through

capacity of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generator

European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC), 2006.

In this paper the behaviour of the DFIG is investigated.Active

crowbar is used to provide LVRT capability by short circuiting the rotor

temporarily. DFIG is beneficial for voltage stability.A typical LVRT that wind

generators are required to withstand between 0.15 and 0.6 pu. Crowbar prevents

PEC and DFIG from the overcurrent. This LVRT capability of the DFIG allows

also the reactive support to the network even during the fault conditions.

4) Xiangwu Yan,Giri venkataramanan, Yang wang, Qing dong and Bo

 Zhang Grid fault tolerant operation of a DFIG wind turbine

generator using passive resistance network IEEE Trans On Power

Electronics, vol. 26, no. 10,pp. 2896-2905 Oct 2011.

This paper present Passive resistive network (PRN) consisting of

shunt and series elements applied at the stator side of DFIG. Crowbar is

connected in the rotor side of DFIG ,the drawbacks of this is loss of system

controllability and increases spike in the current also the overtorque cannot be

eliminated by the rotor crowbar circuit. PRN presented for the purpose of

damping synchronous frame stator flux oscillations. And it is capable for DFIG

low voltage ride through at the voltage sag down to 5% of the nominal voltage.

It is aimed for providing an over damped response for stator flux transient.

5) Nagy Y. Abed, Senior Member, IEEE, M. M. Kabsha, and Gabr M.

Abdlsalam, Low Voltage Ride-Through Protection Techniques for

DFIG Wind Generator Power and Energy Society General

Meeting (PES), vol. 20, no. 21, pp. 226-231, July2013.

In this paper five LVRT methods for protection of DFIG during low

voltage events are implemented and compared. The five methods are Crowbar,

DC Chopper, series dynamic resistances, and two hybrid methods that combine

DC chopper with Crowbar and DC chopper with series dynamic resistances

respectively. Due to the rapid increase of penetration level of wind generation

connected directly to the bulk power system grid, a new grid codes have been

issued that require Low-Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability for wind

turbines so they can remain online and support the electric grid post fault

events instead of instantaneous tripping. This capability will increase the

stability of the network and reduce generation shortage after the fault clearance.

Each utility has its own grid codes for this LVRT. These methods were tested

under different types of fault. The series dynamic resistor (SDR) protection

method has a better performance with various grid faults.

 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

As the penetration level increases, grid operators in all regions have

put forward higher standards in connecting the wind power with the power

system, related to active and reactive power capability, voltage operating ranges

and low voltage ride through (LVRT). The LVRT is considered to be the biggest

challenge in wind turbines design and manufacturing technology. To enhance

the capacity of wind farms LVRT will definitely increase the cost of wind farm

projects. The more common wind turbine implementations are variable speed,

for it has the advantages of higher energy capture, less mechanical stress,

constant energy output and lower noise, compared with the constant speed

turbines.

Fig. 3.1 Existing Model of DFIG

So the mainstream model is based on variable speed constant frequency (VSCF)

doubly fed induction control technology wind turbines. In general, the wind

turbine is connected to wind generator then it is connected to the grid system.

The DFIG has become the most widely used VSCF wind turbines. The model of

DFIG is shown in Fig.3.1. Due to the strong coupling between the stator and

rotor, the transient currents on the stator are reflected on the rotor windings,

during a fault. The transients can also result in a rise in the dc bus voltage and

the machine side converter current. The active and reactive power will oscillate,

more seriously it will also cause the rotor circuit over-voltage and over-current.

Over-current can damage converters, as well as, the generator's rotor windings

may be damaged by the over-voltage.

3 .2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this proposed system, a low voltage ride through strategy for a

doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with switch type fault current limiter

(STFCL) is proposed. The STFCL is composed of snubber capacitor, a fault

energy absorption bypass, isolation transformers, fault current limiting

inductors. It can be inserted in series with stator branches on occurrence of grid

faults, which can limit the rotor over current and weaken the rotor back
electromagnetic force voltage. The STFCL can also absorb the excessive energy

stored in the stator during LVRT with the fault absorption bypass so as to

prevent the semiconductor switches from overvoltage. The STFCL limits the

fault current and rotor back-EMF.

Doubly fed induction generators employing these technologies have

some significant advantages over conventional generators, such as light weight,

low cost, small size, and import and export the reactive power. It occupies close

to 50% of the wind energy market. The feasibility of the proposed approach is

validated by simulation studies on a typical 1.5-MW windturbine-driven DFIG

system.

Fig: 3.2 Block Diagram of STFCL Incorporated in a DFIG

This paper introduces the STFCL into the eld of wind power

generation. The STFCL can protect not only the RSC from over current and

over voltage but also the gearbox from over torque. The major advantage of the
STFCL is its outstanding LVRT enhancing capability. The DFIG can ride

through the most serious grid fault under well protection with the help of the

STFCL.

Crowbar Protection For DFIG STFCL Protection For DFIG

An active crowbar is a Disadvantages compared
crowbar that can remove to the previous circuits is
the short circuit when the higher cost, increased
transient is over thus power consumption and
allowing the device to higher minimum
resume normal operation. triggering voltage. The
Active crowbars use a size may also be bigger
transistor, gate turn of since the MC3423 is not
(GTO) thyristor or forced available in any package
commutated thyristor smaller than SO8.
instead of a thyristor to The STFCL can also
short the circuit. absorb the excessive
Disadvantages of crowbar energy stored in the
circuits is higher cost, stator during LVRT with
increased power the fault energy
consumption and higher absorption bypass so as
minimum triggering to prevent the
voltage. The size may semiconductor devices
also be bigger since the from
MC3423 is not available overvoltage.
Compared with the
in any package smaller
crowbar circuit, the major
than SO8.
advantage
of the STFCL is its
outstanding LVRT-
 enhancing capability.
Table 3.1 Comparison Between Crowbar Protection And STFCL Protection

CHAPTER 4

WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

4.1 WIND POWER

Wind energy generation has been experiencing the largest growth

among renewable sources. Renewable energy is a green source of energy that is

clean, freely available and sustainable in nature. India is the worlds fifth largest

producer of wind power with a total installed capacity of 23762.81 MW as of

June 2015. For renewable energy, the total installed capacity of 36470.64 MW

with wind power contributing 23762.81 MW, Solar 4060.65 MW, Bio energy

4418.55 MW and Small hydro 4101.55 MW as of June 6 2015.

Various types of wind power plants (WPP) are manufactured in India

from type A to type D currently, there are 18 large WPP companies

manufacturing 46 models of capacities ranging from 250kw to 2.5MW. In the

wind sector alone, there can be a saving of million tons of CO 2from being

spread into the atmosphere every year. Advantages of Wind Power are:

The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured

efficiently.
Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause
 greenhouse gases or other pollutants.
A wind power project has least investment in manpower and has the

fastest payback period.

Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use

wind turbines to produce their own supply.

Single households to small towns and villages can make good use of

range of wind turbines available today.

Fuel cost is zero and Operation and maintenance cost is very low

4.2 WIND TURBINE

Wind turbines can be categorized based on the orientation of their

spin axis into

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT)

Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT)

In horizontal-axis wind turbines, the orientation of the spin axis is parallel

to the ground. The nacelle supports the rotor hub that holds the rotor blades and

also houses the gearbox, generator, and, in some designs, power converters. The

industry standard HAWT uses a three blade rotor positioned in front of the

nacelle, which is known as upwind configuration. In vertical-axis wind turbines,

the orientation of the spin axis is perpendicular to the ground. The turbine rotor

uses curved vertically mounted air foils. The generator and gearbox are

normally placed in the base of the turbine on the ground.

 On comparing, HWAT has many advantages over VAWT. The HAWT

features higher wind energy conversion efficiency due to the blade design and

access to stronger wind, but it needs a stronger tower to support the heavy

weight of the nacelle and its installation cost is higher. Horizontal-axis turbines

dominate today's wind market, especially in large commercial wind farms.

4.3 VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE

Wind turbines can also be classified into fixed-speed and variable-

speed turbines. As the name suggests, fixed-speed wind turbines rotate at almost

a constant speed, which is determined by the gear ratio, the grid frequency, and

the number of poles of the generator. The maximum conversion efficiency can

be achieved only at a given wind speed, and the system efficiency degrades at

other wind speeds. The fixed-speed turbine generates highly fluctuating output

power to the grid, causing disturbances to the power system. This type of

turbine also requires a sturdy mechanical design to absorb high mechanical

stresses.

On the other hand, variable-speed wind turbines can achieve

maximum energy conversion efficiency over a wide range of wind speeds. The

turbine can continuously adjust its rotational speed according to the wind speed.

The tip speed ratio, which is the ratio of the blade tip speed to the wind speed,
can be kept at an optimal value to achieve the maximum power conversion

efficiency at different wind speeds. To make the turbine speed adjustable, the

wind turbine generator is normally connected to the utility grid through a power

converter system. Furthermore, the smoother operation provided by the

controlled generator reduces mechanical stress on the turbine, the drive train

and the supporting structure. Due to the above reasons, variable-speed turbines

dominate the present market. Advantages of variable speed wind turbine are:

High-energy conversion efficiency and increased wind energy output.

Improved power quality use of converters

Reduced mechanical stress and lesser acoustic noise

4.4 ROTATION PRINCIPLE

Drag principle

Lift principle

4.4.1 Drag Principle

The least efficient method of rotating the wind turbine rotor is the

drag principle.
4.4.2 Lift Principle

The modern electricity producing large WPP works on the principle

of lift. The lift principle is applicable to streamlined objects .objects designed to

minimise the drag forces are called streamlined because the lines that flow

around them follow smooth, stream- like lines such as the shape of fish,

fuselage and wing sections of aircrafts, helicopters and the wind turbine blade

aerofoil.

4.5 PITCH CONTROL

It is also called pitch regulated. In this, the rotor blades are almost

infinitely pivotable in the opposite direction to the active-stall blades from 0 0 to

900 in longitudinal axis. The salient features of pitch controlled WPPs:

The greatest advantage is the increased energy capture than the

stall WPPs.

These are self-starting and controlled start up is possible.

In contrast to stall regulated WPPs, the rotor blade profile for

pitch regulated WPPs is not so critical

Pitching can also be used for frequency control, mainly when

over frequencies occur and also ,during under frequencies

 It helps the wind farm to withstand voltage dips, as pitching

limits the mechanical power on the main shaft resulting in greater

grid elasticity.

The power curve of a wind turbine follows this relationship between

cut-in wind speed (the speed at which the wind turbine starts to operate) and the

rated capacity, approximately .The wind turbine usually reaches rated capacity

at a wind speed of between 12-16 m/s, depending on the design of the

individual wind turbine.

Fig: 4.1 Power Curve

At wind speeds higher than the rated wind speed, the maximum

power production will be limited. The power output regulation can be achieved

with pitch-control. Hence, a wind turbine produces maximum power within a

certain wind interval that has its upper limit at the cut-out wind speed. The cut-
out wind speed is the wind speed where the wind turbine stops production and

turns out of the main wind direction. Typically, the cut out wind speed is in the

range of 20 to 25 m/s. The main wind direction experience wind speeds of 15

m/s, the last row may get only 10 m/s. Hence, the wind turbines in the first row

will operate at rated capacity, 1500 kW for the turbine in Figure 4.1, whereas

the last row will operate at less than rated capacity.

4.6 DRIVE TRAIN

Connecting the rotor to the generator is the drive train. In larger wind

turbine systems, the drive train includes gearing to increase the speed of rotation

from the rotor into the generator. Small turbines do not have this feature; the

drive train for these systems is simply a connecting shaft.

4.7 GEAR BOX

The large WPPs run at a low speed in the range of 10 RPM to 20

RPM depending on the rotor diameter. Hence, Many WPPs mounted with high

speed generators require a gearbox to step up the speed to render the electric

power grid compatible at 50 Hz. The gearbox used in geared large wind turbines

is one of the single most, heaviest and expensive components. The generator

converts the slow speed rotation of the wind turbine rotor on one side to high
speed shaft on the other side to match the high speed of electrical generator

shaft. If the synchronous speed of the electrical generator is 1500 RPM and if

the rated WPP rotor speed is taken as 30 RPM, then a generator ratio of

approximately 50: 1 will be necessary.

4.8 DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR

The DFIG is a wound-rotor high speed induction generator. Wind

turbine driven DFIG is also called as type C WPP. It combines an advantages of

robustness of induction generator as well as the variable speed features of

synchronous generator.The power electronic converter consists of two voltage

source converters connected back-to-back.Wind power plant operates within

the range of -30% to 40% of the rated speed. DFIG has a slip power of 40%.The

power rating for the DFIG is normally in the range of a few hundred kilowatts

to several megawatts. The stator of the generator delivers power from the wind

turbine to the grid and, therefore, the power flow is unidirectional. However, the

power flow in the rotor circuit is bidirectional, depending on the operating

conditions.
 FIG: 4.2 DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System

The power can be delivered from the rotor to the grid and vice versa

through rotor-side converter (RSCs) and grid-side converters (GSCs), a DFIG

wind energy system can harvest more energy from the wind than a fixed-speed

WECS of the same capacity when the wind speed is below its rated value.

4.8.1 Working Principle and Operation

The DFIG is still characteristically an induction generator.

Whenever a conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux, then emf induced in

that conductor. The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate

of flux linkage. This is called electromagnetic principle. In DFIG since both the

stator and rotor windings are connected to the grid and participate in the energy

conversion process, they are termed as doublyfed. Unlike the wound rotor

induction generator (WRIG) in type B WPP where the rotor power is

dissipated as heat energy in the passive resistors, in type-C WPP, the slip power

in the DFIG rotor circuit is recovered, treated, transformed and sent onwards to

the grid through a partial scale( one-third of the rated power) back-to back

power electronic converter (PEC). It is possible to control the reactive power

production and allow voltage regulation and magnetisation of the machine by

the rotor, regardless of the grid voltage.

The aerodynamic torque Taero from the wind turbine rotor acts on the

front end of the gearbox while the generation torque T gen from the DFIG side

acts on the rear end of the gearbox resulting in the torsion of the high speed

shaft. The DFIG usually has a synchronism which can speed upto 2000 RPM

and it connected to the rotor axis through a gearbox. Leading and lagging power

factors can be achieved by overexciting or under exciting the rotor of the DFIG.

By control of the PEC output voltage with respect to the grid voltage, the PEC

appears as a generator or absorber of reactive power. Since the frequencies keep

on changing for every change in wind speed, there is a separate torque- speed

characteristic of DFIG. The stator carries the grid frequency current.

In the event of a grid disturbance, since there is a direct connection of

DFIG stator to the grid, undesirable stator dynamics may arise leading to

excessive torque transients on the gearbox and slow speed shaft. The rotor
windings carry the slip frequency currents. Only the power flow from the rotor

windings of the DFIG is converted by a PEC and fed to the grid.

The active power P always goes out from the stator and is put into the

grid, independent of the operation state either super synchronous or sub

synchronous, whereas the rotor absorbs power when operating as motor (at sub

synchronism) and delivers it when operating as a generator (at super

synchronism).

The reactive power operational point of rotor side converter (RSC)

and grid- side converter (GSC) of the PEC are fully decoupled so that reactive

power Q (which is finally provided to the grid) can be independently controlled

by the GSC. The PEC uses vector control techniques for decoupling the

mechanical and electrical rotor frequencies from the grid networks so that the

electrical stator and rotor frequencies can be matched, independent of the

mechanical rotor speed, thereby controlling both active and reactive power.

The basic aim of WPP control system is to

Control the WPP speed for maximum power point

tracking(MPPT)

Limit the power in case of high wind speeds.

 Control the reactive power interchanged between the WPP

generator and the grid.

The difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual

speed (N) of the rotor is called as slip.

NsN
slip s= 100
Ns (4.1)

The rotational speed of the rotating magnetic field is called as

synchronous speed.

120 f
Ns= ( rpm )
p (4.2)

Where,

f = frequency of the supply

p = number of poles

4.8.1.1 Sub synchronous operation

 The PEC enables the DFIG to generate power because it has a

bidirectional power flow. At positive slips, during lower than rated wind speeds

the DFIG is said to operate at sub synchronous speed. It seems that negative

resistance is inserted into the rotor circuit to make up the energy deficit, i.e., the

PEC borrows power from the grid.

Ps Pm Ps Ps

Pr Ploss Ploss
Pr

Motoring Generating
S >0
Pr absorbed
Pr delivered
r < s Ps delivered
Ps absorbed

Fig 4.3 Sub Synchronous Mode

Where Pm, Ps, Pr are the mechanical, stator, and rotor power respectively.

s, r the synchronous and rotor speed respectively.

The borrowed power along with the low speed shaft energy passes

into the stator that is connected to the grid as if the stator appears to be

supplying 130% of the power to the grid. It is seen that the generator rotor has

borrowed 30%, leaving the line with 100% for the theoretical lossless DFIG.
When the power flow is in the reverse direction, the grid side PEC acts as a

converter and the rotor side PEC acts as an inverter.

4.8.1.2 Super synchronous operation

When the wind speeds up the rotor beyond the rated speed, DFIG is

said to operate at super synchronous speeds. The extra power is then spilled

away by pitching the rotor blades out of the wind. Simultaneously, the PEC in

the rotor circuit compensates the difference between the mechanical and

electrical frequency of the WPP by injecting a current into the rotor circuit with

a variable frequency. In this mode, the stator of the DFIG delivers the power

directly to the grid. At the same time, power also flows from the DFIG rotor to

the grid through PEC, i.e., positive resistance is inserted. In this condition, the

grid side controller works as a converter recovering the slip power from the

rotor side controller which works as an inverter supplying power to the grid. At

super synchronous mode, both the stator and rotor power add up to convert the

mechanical power to the electrical power.

Ps Pm Ps Pm

Pr Ploss Pr Ploss

S <0

Motoring Generating
r > s
Pr delivered
Ps delivered
 Pr absorbed

Ps absorbed

Fig 4.4 Super Synchronous Mode

Neglecting losses, the rotor power handled by the PEC can be represented as

Protor =s P stator
(4.3)

(Negative sign is for super synchronous speed)

Pgrid
If is the total power from the DFIG to the grid, then

Pgrid =Protor + Pstator =Pstator s Pstator ( 1s ) (4.4)

Mechanical power is represented as

1s
Pmec h=Protor =P stator +P rotor
s (4.5)

Higher the slip, larger will be the electrical power that is either

absorbed or delivered through the DFIG rotor.

4.8.2 Back To Back Power Electronic Converter

The DFIG rotor connected to the grid through a three phase, variable

frequency, bidirectional, back to back, four- quadrant PEC is controlled by

vector controlled techniques. Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG),

corresponds to a variable speed controlled wind turbine with a wound rotor

induction generator (WRIG) and a partial-scale power converter (rated

approximately at 30% of nominal generated power) on the rotor circuit as

shown in Fig.4.5

The use of power electronic converters enables wind turbines to

operate at variable (or adjustable) speed, and thus permits to provide more

effective power capture than the fixed-speed counterparts. So, it can be control

the reactive power in either capacitive or inductive quadrant. This can be

achieved by changing the firing angle of the RSC. The GSC generates or

absorbs reactive power.

Fig: 4.5 Power Electronics Converter

 The partial-scale power converter is composed of a back-to-back four-

quadrant AC/DC/AC converter design based on insulated gate bipolar

transistors (IGBTs), whose power rating defines the speed range (typically

around 30% of the synchronous speed). Moreover, this converter allows

controlling the reactive power compensation and a smooth grid connection. The

partial-scale power converter makes this concept attractive from an economical

point of view.

4.9 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy

between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force across a conductor

which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Commonly, transformers are

used to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating current in electric power

applications. There are two types of transformer present. One is step up

transformer and another one is step down transformer. On a step-up transformer

there are more turns on the secondary coil than the primary coil. A step down

transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the primary coils.

4.10 FEATURES OF DFIG CONNECTED WPP

 The positive features of are DFIG connected WPP substantial as

compared to the constant speed WPPs. These are as follows:

While the WPP varies in speed due to the varying wind speed, the control

of the rotor voltage enables the DFIG to remain synchronised with the

grid.

The DFIG must not necessarily be magnetised from the electrical grid; it

can be magnetised from the rotor circuit too.

The DFIG with the four quadrant converter in the rotor circuit enables

decoupled control of active and reactive power of the generator.

As the rotor voltage is controlled by a PEC, DFIG is able to import and

export the reactive power, thus providing the necessary reactive power

compensation for smoother grid connection.

The PWM-based PEC also contributes to frequency regulation.

DFIGs are increasingly equipped with grid fault-ride-through capabilities

and have the ability or potential to contribute passively and actively to

manage under frequency events on the grid.

It contributes to the overall power system inertia, as the machine stator

windings are still grid connected. System efficiency is improved due to

the low rating of the PEC and here is a lesser acoustic noise.
 CHAPTER 5

GRID INTEGRATION AND LVRT REQUIREMENTS

5.1 GRID INTEGRATION ISSUES OF DFIG

The concept of DFIG for variable-speed wind turbine provides the

possibility of controlling the active and reactive power, which is significant for

grid integration. On the other hand, vector control of the DFIG enables the

decoupling between active and reactive power as well as between the torque and

the power factor. Hence, unique features of grid supporting are expected. Owing

to the new policies of recent grid codes, wind farms are required to remain grid

connected during grid faults for a certain time so that they can directly

contribute with active and reactive power to the grid. This leads to support the

overall system stability. On the other hand, wind turbines are separated from the

grid following grid faults leading to loss of an undesirable portion of power

generation. However, large penetration of wind energy into the grid leads the

spinning reserve to have less time to react to the power imbalance resulting

from load variations or wind speed fluctuations. Hence considerable frequency

deviations can be expected in the system. Then, grid voltage support by wind

generators is essential for eliminating these impacts. Basic control strategies for
support the grid was conventionally achieved by controlling the behaviour of

either the Rotor Side Coveter (RSC) or the Grid Side Converter (GSC) or both

of them to maintain the generated active and reactive power of the DFIG during

the fault period. Old grid integration scenarios recommend to separate wind

generators from the grid when their terminal voltage level decreased below 80%

of its nominal range. Since these scenarios are not acceptable with the

increasing penetration wind power plants, recent grid codes demanded that grid

integrated wind farms must withstand voltage dips to a certain percentage of its

nominal voltage for a specified duration. Accordingly, wind turbines are usually

considered as active components facilitating grid support when required.

For severe thermal impacts, on the other hand, wind turbines can be

separated from the grid and then resynchronized shortly after a few hundreds of

milliseconds. These grid codes assisted different possible voltage control

strategies for regulating the terminal voltage DFIG wind turbines during

normal/abnormal operation.

5.2 GRID CODES

All around the world, the grid codes vary in scope and specific details
from one jurisdiction to another. In order to regulate wind farms, all areas have

developed specifications according to their relevant technical situations. Central

Electricity Authority, Govt of India has established Wind Power System

technical requirements. The main requirements are summarized below:

Active power: It provides a clear requirement that wind farms

must have the ability to regulate the active power, and to control

their active power output in accordance with the dispatching

department directives.

Reactive power: The wind farms are required, in any way, to

guarantee a certain amount of reactive power regulation capacity.

The power factor range is typically between 0.9(lag) to 0.98(lead).

Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT): In the event of a voltage

drop, the turbines are required to remain connected for a specific

amount of time before being allowed to disconnect. This

requirement is to ensure that there is no loss of generation for

normally cleared faults. Disconnecting a wind generator too

quickly could have a negative impact on the grid, particularly with

large wind farms.

To maintain the power factor of the generating station within

limits of 0.95 lagging to 0.95 leading

Generating units shall be capable of operating in the frequency

 range of 47.5 to 52 Hz.

To deliver the rated output in the frequency range of 49.5 to 50.5

Hz.

Wind generating stations connected at voltage level of 66 kv and

above shall remain connected to the grid

5.3 LVRT REQUIREMENTS

The key basis for putting forward the LVRT requirement is the specific

characteristics and configurations of the grid, which is the wind farm connecting

with. In addition, the capacity of wind farms also plays a leading role. From the

diagram something can be clearly found, grid code varies according to the need.

As per the Indian grid code wind turbines are allowed to disconnect as low as

0.15 p.u. Variable wind speed leads to variable wind power generation, which

creates the voltage fluctuations.

The required LVRT behaviour is defined in grid codes issued by the

transmission system operators in order to maintain system stability.Low Voltage

Ride Through (LVRT) is one of the most dominant grid connection

requirements to be met by Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS).

 Fig: 5.1 Low Voltage Ride Through Requirement

5.4 LVRT ISSUES

In presence of grid voltage dips, a mismatch is produced between the

generated active power and the active power delivered to the grid.

Voltage dips occurs, when large loads are connected to the grid or a result

of grid faults like lightning strikes or short circuits.

Because of the significant share of renewable, if too many generating

plants disconnect at the same time the complete network could break

down, a scenario is also called a blackout.

When a grid voltage dip appears, power-generation plant should support

the system during fault condition by injecting reactive power and to

remain connected in the grid.

 CHAPTER 6

SYSTEM MODEL
6.1 MODELING OF WIND TURBINE DRIVEN DFIG

Fig: 6.1 Generic Model of WPP

6.2 WIND TURBINE MODELING

P
The mechanical power ( W ) extracted from wind energy is

computed as a function of the air density ( ), the swept area (A), the wind

C
speed ( ) and the power coefficient factor ( p ) as,

1
Pw = A 3 C p
2 (6.1)

Where the tip speed ratio () is expressed as a function of the blade length (R)

and the blade angular velocity (b) as,

b R
(6.2)
v

The relations among the developed electrical torque (T g), the mechanical torque

(Tm) and the extracted aerodynamic torque (Tw) can be described as functions of

the angular velocities of the wind turbine rotor ( r) and the generator shaft (g)

as,

d r
T w T m=J r (6.3)
dt

d g
T mT g=J g (6.4)
dt

Where the constants Jr, Jg are wind turbine rotor inertia and generator
shaft inertia respectively.

6.3 MODELING OF DFIG

It is important to note that three phase asynchronous machine

equations are transformed into direct and quadrature d-q axis as well, in order to

develop nth order models for specific applications whereby higher order models

are used for studies requiring high degree of accuracy. Lower order models are

used for simplicity and are achieved after certain conditions and assumptions.

The transformation into two-phase components and subsequently rotating all

variables into a synchronous (d-q) reference frame enables linking of the

synchronous frame to the stator or rotor flux of an induction machine and also

used in vector control. Some form of modelling needs to be done to ascertain

these torsional oscillations, as they may influence the PEC operations both

during faults and a short while after the grid faults have been removed. Based

on the concept of a rotating reference frame and projecting currents on such a

reference, such projections are referred to as d-axis and q-axis components. In

flux-based rotating frames, changes in the

d-axis component of current lead to the changing of reactive

power

q-axis component vary the active power.

This allows independent control of active and reactive power of the stator

implemented through RSC control, an important aspect of the DFIG concept.

DFIG can be represented electrically by an equivalent circuit (see fig

6.2). The PEC influence represented by the varying rotor voltage (V r/ s)

which is a function of slip s, is added to the common T circuit of the SCIG. This

equivalent circuit includes the magnetisation losses and is valid for one

equivalent star (Y) phase and for steady state calculations. In case of the delta

() connected DFIG, it can be represented by an equivalent star (Y)

representation.

r
1
(6.5)

s=

Where

1= stator frequency

r = rotor speed

2= slip frequency

Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law in fig 6.2 and using X s =j 1 Ls

and Xr =j1Lr give the following equations:

 V s=R s I s+ j 1 L s + j 1 Lm ( I s + I r + I m )
(6.6)

V r Rr
= I r + j 1 Lr I r+ j 1 Lm ( I s + I r + I m ) (6.7)
s s

0=R m I rm + j 1 Lm ( I s+ I r + I m )
(6.8)

Vs = stator voltage

Is= stator current

Rs = stator resistance

1= stator frequency

Vr= rotor voltage

Ir= rotor current

Rr= rotor resistance

Rm=magnetising resistance

s= slip

Ls=stator leakage inductance

Lr= rotor leakage inductance

Lrm= magnetising resistance current

Lm= magnetising inductance

Vr/s = varying rotor voltage

Er/s = varying generating voltage

 Fig: 6.2 Equivalent Circuit of DFIG

Furthermore, if the air gap, stator and rotor fluxes are defined as,

m=Lm ( I s + I r + I rm)
(6.9)

s=L s I s + Lm ( I s + I r + I rm ) =Ls I s + m
(6.10)

r=Lr I r + Lm ( I s + I r + I rm ) =Lr I r + m
(6.11)

Where

m
= air gap flux

s
=stator flux

r
=rotor flux

Then the equations become

V s=R s I s+ j 1 s
(6.12)
 V r Rr
= I r + j 1 r (6.13)
s s

0=R m I rm + j 1 m
(6.14)

The stator flux of the DFIG can also be determined by the following expression:

V sR s I s
()dt
t
(6.15)
s= s 0+
0

After determining the apparent and active power that is fed to the

DFIG through the stator and rotor circuit, the mechanical power produced by

the DFIG can be determined.

If Pgrid is the total power from the DFIG to the grid, then

Pgrid =Protor + Pstator =Pstator s Pstator =Pstator (1s ) (6.16)

Mechanical power is represented as

1s
Pmec h=Protor =P stator +P rotor
s (6.17)
Transformation from 3-phase stationary (a, b, c) to 2-phase stationary (ds, qs)

axes

Stator Voltage:

V ds=i ds R s + s qs
(6.18)

V qs=i qs R s + s ds
(6.19)

Rotor Voltage:

d
V dr =i dr Rr S r qr +
dt dr (6.20)

d
V qr=i qr Rr S r dr +
dt qr (6.21)

Flux linkage:

qs=Ls i qs + Lm i qr
(6.22)

ds=Ls i ds + Lm i dr
(6.23)

qr=L s i qr + Lm iqs
(6.24)

dr=L s i dr + Lm i ds
(6.25)
 Fig: 6.3 abc to dq Transformation

In these equations Rs, Rr, ls and lr are respectively the resistances and

inductances of the stator and rotor windings, lm is the main inductance is the

ds qs dr ds
rotor speed. Vds, Vqs, Vdr, Vqr, ids, iqs, idr, , , , are the direct and

quadrate components of the space phasors of the stator and rotor voltages,

currents and flux respectively.

The active and reactive powers at the stator are defined as:

Ps=V ds i ds + V qs i qs
(6.26)

Qs=V qs i ds V ds iqs
(6.27)

The active and reactive powers at the rotor are defined as:
 Pr=V dr i dr +V qr i qr
(6.28)

Qr=V qr i dr V dr iqr
(6.29)

The electromagnetic torque is expressed as:

( ds i qs qs i ds )
3P (6.30)
T e=
22
 CHAPTER 7

SIMULATION RESULTS
7.1 SIMULATION DIAGRAM
Fig 7.1 Simulation Diagram

This is the Simulink model of wind turbine driven doubly fed induction

generator is connected to the grid and the simulation results are shown below.

7.2 WIND TURBINE AND DFIG MODEL

Fig 7.2 Wind Turbine

Fig. 7.2 shows the simulation diagram of wind turbine connected to the

drive train. The wind is the input given to the turbine, through the drive train it

gets speed up and matches the DFIG speed. The generator torque Tm is

produced. The wind turbine is designed with pitch control mechanism.

Fig 7.3 DFIG Model

Fig. 7.3 shows the simulation diagram of DFIG where the stator is

directly connected to the grid and rotor is connected through the power

electronic converter.
 CHAPTER 8

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
 For finding different operating conditions of LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-
THROUGH ENHANCEMENT USING STFCL FOR DFIG BASED WIND
TURBINE different Experiments were conductors monitoring different
parameters.

Experiment 1:

Wind Speed=20m/s And Pitch Angle=90degree

Wind speed of 20m/s and pitch angle of 90 degree is considered to be average
amount of wind parameters that is available in India.

Fig 8.1. Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind speed=20m/s and Pitch
Angle=90degrees

Fig8.2. Power Graph Of output at wind speed=20m/s and Pitch Angle=90degrees

Fig 8.3. Fault Condition in Multimeter

Fig 8.4 Fault Condition and Rectified Graph

Experiment 2:

Wind Speed=32.5m/s, Pitch Angle=90degrees

Wind speed of 32.5m/s and pitch angle of 90 degree is considered to be
maximum amount of wind parameters that is available in India.

Fig 8.5. Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind speed=32.5m/s and Pitch
Angle=90degrees

Fig8.6. Power Graph Of output at wind speed=32.5m/s and Pitch Angle=90degrees

Fig 8.7. Fault Condition And Fault Rectification Conditions.
Experiment 3:

Wind Speed=1m/s, Pitch Angle=90degrees

Wind speed of 1m/s and pitch angle of 90 degree is considered to be minimum
amount of wind parameters that is available in India.

Fig 8.8. Voltage and Current Graph of output at wind speed=1m/s and Pitch Angle=90degrees

Fig8.9. Power Graph Of output at wind speed=1m/s and Pitch Angle=90degrees

Fig 8.10. Fault Condition And Fault Rectification Conditions.

Fig 8.11. Fault Condition And Fault Rectification Condition Graph Of STFCL.
 CHAPTER 9

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
9.1 HARDWARE EXPLANATION

Fig.9.1 Hardware Image

9.1.1 Motor Generator Coupling

Fig.9.2 Motor Generator Coupling

A motorgenerator (an MG set) is a device for converting electrical power to

another form. Motorgenerator sets are used to convert frequency, voltage, or
phase of power. They may also be used to isolate electrical loads from the
electrical power supply line. Large motorgenerators were widely used to
convert industrial amounts of power while smaller motorgenerators (such as
the one shown in the picture) were used to convert battery power to higher DC
voltages.

9.1.2. Invereter

Fig 9.3 Inverter

A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes

direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output
voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the
specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power
is provided by the DC source.
9.1.3 Battery

Fig.9.4 Battery

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical

cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices. A battery
has a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The
terminal marked positive is at a higher electrical potential energy than is the
terminal marked negative. The terminal marked negative is the source of
electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy
to an external device.

The battery used in this project is 12V 7.5 A Lead Acid Battery. This
battery is used to store the power produced by the wind turbine and to provide
DC power to the inverter when necessary.
9.1.4 Switch-Type Fault Current Limiter (STFCL)

Fig.9.5 Switch-Type Fault Current Limiter (STFCL)

The STFCL is composed of fault-current limiting inductors, isolation

transformers, a diode bridge, a semiconductor switch, a snubber capacitor, and a
fault energy absorption bypass. The presented STFCL can insert fault-current-
limiting inductors in series with the stator branches on occurrence of a grid
fault, which can limit the rotor overcurrent and weaken the rotor back
electromagnetic force voltage simultaneously. The safety and controllability of
the rotor side converter can thus be guaranteed. The STFCL can also absorb the
excessive energy stored in the stator during LVRT with the fault energy
absorption bypass so as to prevent the semiconductor devices from overvoltage.
9.1.5 PWM Generator

Fig 9.6 PWM Generator (Adrino Flexi Board)

A PWM generator is used to provide the reqiured pulse to the gate of mosfet to
operate the circuit. The PWM generator used here is Adrino Li2 Flexi board
with a Atmel Mega8 microprocessor. It is used for providing a pulse of 0.08sec
to the mosfet gate for the operation of the STFCL.
9.2 Hardware Results

Fig9.7 CRO Output of Hardware

CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

LVRT issue in wind turbine driven DFIG leads to disconnection of

wind turbine from grid. This is mainly due to power electronic converter which

is sensitive to the low voltage problems. If voltage dip occurs at the grid side, it

affects the generator causing the mismatch between the power being produced

and delivered to the grid. To overcome this issues STFCL can be implemented

whereas it has outstanding LVRT enhancing capability. Therefore the wind

turbine remains connected to the grid under this issue. The STFCL inserts fault-

current-limiting inductors into the stator branches upon occurrence of a grid

fault, which helps weaken the rotor back EMF voltage and reduce the rotor

overcurrent. The LVRT capability of RSC is therefore effectively strengthened.

It absorbs the excessive energy stored in the stator and helps prevent

semiconductor devices from overvoltage during the LVRT process and also help

the DFIG to ride through the most serious grid fault, which will not request

much additional cost. An understanding of wind turbine driven DIFG is made

by conducting a detailed simulation study from the developed Matlab/ Simulink

model for various operating conditions.

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