Hydraulic Turbine I

Hydraulic turbine
Introduction
Fluid machines are the machines that convert the fluid energy to mechanical/electrical energy or vice
versa.
Hydraulic turbine uses the potential and kinetic energy of water and converts into usable mechanical
work. In other words, hydraulic turbine is a prime mover that uses the energy of flowing water and
converts it into the mechanical energy (in the form of rotation of the runner).
Pump adds energy to fluid while turbine extracts energy from fluid. The mechanical energy thus
produced is used to run an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of hydraulic turbine.
The hydraulic turbines are also known as ‘water turbines’ since the medium used in them is water.
Hydro power is a conventional renewable source of energy which is clean, free from pollution and
generally has no harmful effect on environment. However following factors are major obstacles in the
utilization of hydropower resources.
 Large investment
 Long gestation period, and
 Increased cost of power transmission
Reaction turbines
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and
gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be
fully submerged in the water flow.
Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines. They are used in low and medium head applications. In
reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both fixed and moving blades.
Impulse turbines
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine's curved blades
which change the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on
the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the
diverted water flow is left with diminished energy.
Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy
by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the
turbine doesn't require a housing for operation.
Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications.
TURBINE EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT PART FLOW CONDITIONS
Classification
1. According to the head and quantity of water available
 Impulse turbine ...requires high head and small quantity of flow.
 Reaction turbine ...requires low head and high rate of flow, medium head and medium flow.
2. According to the name of the originator:
 Pelton turbine ...named after Lester Allen Pelton of California (U.S.A). It is an impulse type of
turbine and is used for high head and low discharge.

 Francis turbine ...named after James Bichens Francis. It is a reaction type of turbine from
medium high to medium low heads and medium small to medium large quantities of water.
 Kaplan turbine ...named after Dr. Victor Kaplan. It is a reaction type of turbine for low heads and
large quantities of flow.
3. According to action of water on the moving blades:
 Impulse turbine-Pelton turbine
The pressure of liquid does not change while flowing through the rotor of the machine. In Impulse Turbines pressure
change occur only in the nozzles of the machine. One such example of impulse turbine is Pelton Wheel.
 Reaction turbine- Francis turbine, Kaplan and propeller turbines
The pressure of liquid changes while it flows through the rotor of the machine. The change in fluid velocity and
reduction in its pressure causes a reaction on the turbine blades; this is where from the name Reaction Turbine may
have been derived. Francis and Kaplan Turbines fall in the category of Reaction Turbines.
4. According to direction of flow of water in the runner:
 Tangential flow turbines (Pelton turbine) the water strikes the runner tangential to the path of
rotation.
 Radial flow turbine (no more used)
 Axial flow turbine (Kaplan turbine) water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft.
 Mixed (radial and axial) flow turbine (Francis turbine) the water enters the blades radially and
comes out axially, parallel to the turbine shaft. Modem Francis turbines have mixed flow
runners.
5. According to the disposition of the turbine shaft:
Turbine shaft may be either vertical or horizontal. In modern practice, Pelton turbines usually
have horizontal shafts whereas the rest, especially the large units, have vertical shafts.
6. According to specific speed:
The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar turbine that
would develop 1 kW under 1 m head. All geometrically similar turbines (irrespective of the sizes)
will have the same specific speeds when operating under the same head
1
N P2
Ns= 5
4
H
Where,

N = the normal working speed,
P = power output of the turbine, and
H = the net or effective head in meters.
Turbines with low specific speed turbines works under high head and low discharge conditions, while
high specific speed turbines works under low head and high discharge conditions.
Difference between impulse and reaction turbine
Aspects Impulse Turbine Reaction turbine
Conversion of fluid All the available energy of fluid is Only a portion of the fluid energy is
energy converted into kinetic energy by converted into KE before fluid enters
nozzle the runner
Changes in pressure The pressure is constant (atmosphere) Water enters the runner with an
and velocity throughout the action of water on excess of pressure and then both
runner. velocity and pressure change as
water pass through runner.
Action of water on Blades are only in action when they Blades are in action all the time.
blades. are in front of nozzle
Admittance of water Water may be allowed to enter a part Water is admitted over the
over the wheel or whole of the wheel circumference circumference of the wheel
Water tight casing Water tight casing required Not necessary
Extent to which water Runner and blades are not completely Water completely fills all the
fills the wheel/turbine filled or covered by water passages between the blades
throughout the operation of the
turbine
Installation unit Always installed above the tail race. Unit may be installed above or below
No draft tube is used. the tail race – use of draft tube is
made.
Relative velocity of When water glides over the moving Since there is continuous drop in
water blades, its relative velocity either pressure during flow through the
remains constant or reduces slightly blade passages, the relative velocity
due to friction. increases.
Flow regulation Flow regulated by needle valve fitted Flow regulated by guide vanes.
into the nozzle
Comparison of turbines

Pelton Francis Kaplan
Operating head (m) 100-1700 80-500 Upton 400

Maximum power 55 40 30
output (MW)
Best efficiency 93 94 94
Regulation mechanism Spear nozzle and Guide vanes, surge tank Guide vanes, surge tank
deflector plate
Criteria for selection of turbine
S. N Type of Head H(m) Specific Speed ratio Max. Remarks

Turbine Speed(Ns) (Ku) Hydraulic
efficiency (%)
1 Pelton: 0.43 – 0.48 89 Employed for
1 Jet Up to 2000 12 to 30 high head
2 Jets Up to 1500 17 to 50
4 jets Up to 500 24 to 70
2 Francis: 0.6, 0.9 93 Full load
High head Up to 300 80 to 150 efficiency high,
Med. head 50 to 150 150 to 250 part load
Low head 30 to 60 250 to 400 efficiency lower
than Pelton
Propeller and 4 to 60 300 to 1000 1.4 to 2 93 High part load
Kaplan efficiency; high
discharge with
low head.

Pelton Turbine
Introduction
It is an impulse turbine, named after Lester Allen Pelton who invented it in 1880. Here pressure energy is
converted into kinetic energy when water is passed through nozzle and impulse force on the bucket
rotates the runner, producing mechanical energy. The runner is fixed on a shaft, and the rotational
motion of the turbine is transmitted to a generator by the shaft.
Pelton turbines are suited to high head (100 – 1700 m), low flow applications. Typically to work this type
of turbine, water is piped down a hillside so that at the lower end of the pipe it emerges from a narrow
nozzle as a jet with very high velocity. The Pelton turbine can be controlled by adjusting the flow of
water to the buckets. In order to stop the wheel a valve is used to shut off the water completely. Small
adjustments, necessitated by alterations in the load on the generator, are more safely made by a device
which deflects part of the water jet away from the buckets.
Construction
Design of Pelton wheel turbine:
The Pelton Turbine has a circular disk mounted on the rotating shaft or rotor. This circular disk has cup
shaped blades, called as buckets, placed at equal spacing around its circumference. Nozzles are arranged
around the wheel such that the water jet emerging from a nozzle is tangential to the circumference of
the wheel. Number of nozzles placed around the wheel depends upon the available water head and
operating requirements.

Component Parts: Construction and Operation

Penstock:
It is a large sized conduit which conveys water from high level reservoir to the turbine. It is made up of
wood, concrete or steel. Penstock is provided with control valves to regulate the water flow. Trash racks
are provided at inlet to prevent debris from entering into it.
Spear and nozzle:
At the downstream end, penstock is fitted with nozzle that converts hydraulic energy into high speed jet.
Spear is provided at the nozzle to regulate water flow and obtain a good jet of water at all loads. Spear is
so arranged that it can move forward or backward thereby decreasing or increasing the annular area of
the nozzle flow passage.
The movement of spear is controlled either manually by a hand wheel or automatically by governing
mechanism.
Runner with buckets:
The runner is a circular disk carrying number of cup-shaped buckets which are placed at equal spacing
around its circumference. Runner is generally mounted on the horizontal shaft with bearings and the
buckets are either casted integrally with the disk or fastened separately. Buckets are made up of cast
iron, bronze or stainless steel. Inner surface of the buckets are polished to reduce frictional resistance to
the water jet.

Each bucket has a splitter which distributes the striking jet equally into two halves of hemispherical
bucket. There is a cut in the outer rim (notch) of each bucket. This notch is provided to make the jet
face the bucket only when it has come into proper position with respect to the jet. This position occurs
when face of the bucket and axis of the jet are approximately at 90 degree to each other. Maximum
driving force will be exerted on the disk when the jet gets deflected through 180 degree. But it practice
angular deflection is limited to about 165-170 degree. This is to ensure that the water jet while leaving
one bucket does not strike the back of the succeeding bucket.
Casing:
Outflow from the buckets is in the form of strong splash which scatters in all direction. To prevent this
and guide water to tail race, a casing is provided around the runner.
Governing mechanism:
Speed of turbine runner is required to be maintained constant so that the electric generator coupled to
the turbine shaft runs at constant speed under varying load condition. This task is accomplished by a
governing mechanism that automatically regulates the quantity of water flowing through the runner in
accordance with any variation in the load.
Working
The Pelton Turbine has a circular disk mounted on the rotating shaft or rotor. This circular disk has cup
shaped blades, called as buckets, placed at equal spacing around its circumference. Water is transferred
from a high head source through penstock which is fitted with nozzle, through which the water flows out
at high speed jet. A needle spear moving inside the nozzle controls the water flow through the nozzle.
All the available potential energy is thus converted into kinetic energy before the jet strikes the bucket
of runner. The pressure all over the wheel is constant and equal to atmosphere, so that energy transfer
occurs due to purely impulse action.
The Pelton turbine is provided with a casing which prevents the splashing of water and guides the water
to tailrace.
When the nozzle is completed closed by moving spear, the water striking the runner is reduced to zero
but runner due to inertia continues revolving for a long time. In order to bring the runner to rest in a
short time, a nozzle(brake) is provided which directs the jet on the back of the buckets; this jet of water
is called braking jet.
The speed of the turbine runner is kept constant by a governing mechanism that automatically regulates
the quantity of water flowing through the runner in accordance with variation of load.
Each bucket has a splitter which distributes the striking jet equally into two halves of hemispherical
bucket. There is a cut in the outer rim (notch) of each bucket. This notch is provided to make the jet

face the bucket only when it has come into proper position with respect to the jet. This position occurs
when face of the bucket and axis of the jet are approximately at 90 degree to each other.
Maximum driving force will be exerted on the disk when the jet gets deflected through 180 degree. But
in practice angular deflection is limited to about 165-170 degree. This is done to ensure that the water
jet while leaving one bucket does not strike the back of the succeeding bucket. The inlet angle of the jet
is in between 1 degree and 3 degree but it is assumed zero in all calculations.
Combine spear and deflector operation to control turbine
4. Calculations Velocity D-1:

Efficiency
Hydraulic efficiency
The hydraulic losses due to the liquid friction and local resistances are accounted for by hydraulic
efficiency which is defined as the ratio of power developed at the turbine runner to the power supplied
by the water jet at the entrance of the turbine.
power developed by theturbine runner

ηH=
power supplied by water jet at the inlet of turbine
ρaV 1 ( V w 1+ V w 2 ) u
¿
ρghQ a
= 90~95
Mechanical Efficiency
Power developed by a turbine runner (buckets) is decreased by mechanical losses caused by

 friction between the rotating parts(shaft and the runner),
 friction between the stationary parts(bearing and sealing) and
 friction in the elements that transmit power.
Due to this power available at the turbine shaft is less than the power developed by turbine runner.
power available at theturbine shaft shaft power

ηM= =
power developed by the turbine runner bucket power ( power developed by runner)
P
¿
ρaV 1 ( V w 1+ V w 2 )∗u
= 97~99
Volumetric Efficiency
The total quantity of water issued from the jet does not strike the turbine buckets. Some water misses
the buckets and passes into the tail race without doing any useful work. The leakage loss is accounted
for by volumetric efficiency which is defined as..
volume of water actually striking the runner

ηV = the turbine ¿
total water supplied by the jet ¿
Qa Q−q
¿ =
Q Q
= 97~99
Overall Efficiency
The overall efficiency is defined as
power available at turbine shaft shaft power

ηo = water jet ¿=
power available ¿ water power
P
¿
ρgHQ
= 85~90
Where H is the net head in meters and Q is the total discharge in m 3/s supplied by jet.
hO= hH ´h M ´h V
Hydraulic electric plant efficiency:

 hHE = hG´ hO
 hHE = Pout of HE / rgHQ
Pelton turbines in Nepal

 The major power plant having Pelton turbine are
1. Kulekhani first (30x2)MW

2. Puwa khola (3x2)MW
3. Sundarijal (300x2)KW
4. Pharping (250x2)KW
5. Khimti (12x5)MW
6. Chilime (11X2)MW
7. Adhikhola (1.7x3)MW
8. Piluwa-turgo (1.5x2)MW
Francis Turbine
Reaction Turbine:
 It runs by the reaction force of the exiting fluid.
 PE and kinetic energy of the fluid come to stationary part of Turbine and partly changes PE
into KE.
 Moving part (runner) utilize both PE and KE.
 It works above atmosphere.
 It will be fully immersed in water.
 It has draft tube.
 Eg. Francis turbine.

Francis Turbine Introduction
Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by James B.
Francis. In earlier stages of its development, Francis turbine had a purely radial flow runner; the flow
passing through the runner had velocity component only in plane normal to the axis of the runner. The
modern Francis turbine is, however, a mixed flow unit in which the water enters the runner radially at its
outer periphery and leaves axially at its center. Francis turbine is most widely used in the hydroelectric
power plant where large quantity of water is available at lower and medium head (20 – 700m).
The head acting on the turbine is partly transferred into kinetic energy and the rest remains as pressure
head. There is difference of pressure between the guide vanes and the runner which is called the
reaction pressure and is responsible for the motion of the runner. That is why Francis turbine is also
known as reaction turbine. Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction
on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate.
In Francis turbine the pressure at inlet is more than that at the outlet. This means that the water in the
turbine must flow in closed conduit. Unlike the Pelton type where the water strikes only a few of the
runner blades at a time, here the runner is always full of water. The moment of runner is affected by the
change of both the potential and kinetic energies of water. After doing work the water is discharged to
the tail race through a closed tube of gradually enlarging section known as draft tube. It does not allow
water to fall freely to tail race level as in the Pelton turbine. The free end of the draft tube is submerged
deep into the tail race. Entire water passage from head race to the tail race is totally closed; does not
communicate with the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
Different Parts
Penstock: It is a large sized conduct which conveys water from the upstream reservoir to the turbine
runner. Because of large volume of water flow, size of penstock required for a Francis turbine is larger
than that of a Pelton turbine. Trash racks are provided at the inlet of the penstock in order to obstruct
the entry of debris into the penstock.
Spiral / scroll casing: It constitutes a closed passage whose cross section area gradually decreases along
the flow direction area is maximum at inlet and nearly zero at exit.
Guide vanes / wicket gates: These vanes direct the water into the runner at an angle appropriate to
design. They direct the flow just as the nozzle of the Pelton wheel. They are fixed in position i.e. do not
rotate with the rotating runner. It is operated by hand wheel or automatically by governor.
Governing mechanism: It changes the position of guide vanes to affect the variation in water flow rate,
when the load conditions on the turbine change.

Runner and runner blades: The driving force in the runner is both due to impulse and reaction effects.
Runner blade no. = 16 ~ 24.
Draft tube: After passing through the runner, the water is discharged to the tail race through gradually
expanding tube called the draft tube. The free end of the draft tube is submerged deep into the tail
race. Entire water passage from head race to the tail race is totally closed; does not communicate with
the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
It is gradually expanding tube which helps easy discharges water, passing through runner to the tail race.
Thus it helps to reuse of the exit water.
Construction

Working
 Water under pressure (from reservoir and penstock) enters the runner from the G/Vs towards
the center in radial direction and discharges out of the runner axially.
 Energy of water transfer to rotational energy of runner then rotation of shaft.
 There is a difference of pressure between the G/Vs and the runner which is called reaction
pressure and is responsible for the motion of the runner.
 The pressure at inlet is more than outlet.
 Water flow through the spiral casing.

 Water release from a draft tube submersed in water for easy release and reuse of exit water.
Francis Turbines are generally installed with their axis vertical. Water with high pressure enters the
turbine through the spiral casing surrounding the guide vanes. The water looses a part of its pressure in
the volute (spiral casing) to maintain its speed. Then water passes through guide vanes where it is
directed to strike the blades on the runner at optimum angles. As the water flows through the runner its
pressure and angular momentum reduces. This reduction imparts reaction on the runner and power is
transferred to the turbine shaft.
If the turbine is operating at the design conditions the water leaves the runner in axial direction. Water
exits the turbine through the draft tube, which acts as a diffuser and reduces the exit velocity of the flow
to recover maximum energy from the flowing water.
4.Calculations Velocity D
Fig shows he runner and the velocity diagrams for an inward flow reaction turbine. The general
expression for the work done with usual notations according to the Euler moment equation is given by
Work done=ρQ ( V w 1 u1 ±V w2 u2 )
wQ
Work done= ( V w 1 u 1 ± V w 2 u2 )
g

Where Q= discharge through the runner, m3/s
The maximum output under given conditions is obtained when Vw2=0
Thus the maximum work done is given by:
wQ
Work done= ( V w 1 u 1)
g
= 85~90
Efficiency:
It accounts for the friction loss at bearings and the power absorbed by the governing mechanism. It is
defined as the ratio..
power available at the turbine shaft shaft power

ηM= =
power developed by the turbine runner bucket power ( power developed by runner )
P
¿
ρQ ( V w 1 u1 ± V w 2 u 2)
Hydraulic electric plant efficiency

ηo = the water ¿=
ρQ ( V w 1 u1 ± V w 2 u 2)
¿
ρgHQ
= 85~90
hO = hH ´h M
= 80~90
Volumetric Efficiency:
Qa
❑V = =100
Q
Overall Efficiency
It considers both the hydraulic and mechanical losses.

hHE = hG´ hO
hHE = Pout of HE / rgHQ
Advantages and disadvantages of a Francis turbine over a Pelton wheel
Advantages:
 Variation in the operating load can be more easily controlled.

 The ratio of maximum and minimum operating heads can be even two.
 The operating head can be utilized even when the variation in the tail water level is relatively
large when compared to the total head.
 The mechanical efficiency of Pelton wheel decreases faster with wear than Francis turbine.
 The size of the runner, generator and power house required is small and economical if the
Francis turbine is used instead of Pelton wheel for same power generation.
Disadvantages:
 Water which is not clean can cause very rapid wear in high head Francis turbine.
 The overhaul and inspection is much more difficult comparatively.
 Cavitation is an ever present danger.
 The water hammer effect is more troublesome with Francis turbine.
 If Francis turbine is run below 50 percent head for a long period it will not only lose its efficiency
but also the cavitation danger will become more serious.
Propeller turbine
Axial flow reaction turbine:
Water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of shaft, the turbine is known as axial flow turbine. The
shaft of an axial flow reaction turbine is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is made larger which is
known as hub. The vanes are fixed on the hub and it acts as runner for axial flow reaction turbine. Two
important axial flow reaction turbines are
 Propeller turbine
 Kaplan turbine
In these turbines all parts such as spiral casing, stay vanes, guide vanes, control vanes and draft tube are
similar to mixed flow reaction turbines in design. But the water enters the runner in an axial direction
and leaves axially. The pressure at the inlet of the blades is larger than the pressure at the exit of the

blades. The energy transfer is due to the reaction effect, ie the change in the magnitude of relative
velocity across the blades.
In axial flow turbines the number of blades are fewer and hence loading on the blade is larger. Small
contact area causes less frictional loss compared to mixed flow turbines.
The water coming out from guide vanes undergoes a whirl which is assumed to satisfy the law of free
vortex (Vw =C/r). Whirl is largest near the hub and smallest at the outer end of blade. Hence the blade is
twisted along its axis.
Introduction: Propeller turbine
Propeller turbine is an axial-flow reaction turbine used for heads between 4 m to 80 m. Propeller turbine
consists of axial flow runner with four to six blades of air-foil shape. The runner is generally kept
horizontal, i.e. the shaft is vertical. The blades resemble the propeller of ship and are fixed and non-
adjustable. The spiral casing and guides blades are similar to those in Francis turbine.
Construction
Consists of
 Shaft
 Axial flow runner
o Hub
o Air-foil shape blades

 Spiral casing
 Draft tube
WORKING
Propeller
 Water enters the runner in the axial direction and leaves axially.
 The pressure at the inlet of the blade is larger than at the exit of the blades.
 Energy transfer is due to the reaction effect of pressure differences.
EFFICIENCY
Hydraulic Efficiency
power developed by the turbine runner

ηH=
power supplied by water

ρQ ( V w 1 u1 ± V w 2 u 2)
¿
wQH
Where, w= weight density of water

H = head, m
Q = Discharge, m 3/s
u1= Peripheral velocity of runner
ηM= =
power developed by the turbine runner bucket power ( power developed by runner)
P
¿
ρQ ( V w 1 u1 ± V w 2 u 2)
It is due to bearing friction etc .
Overall Efficiency
The overall efficiency is defined as
power available at turbine shaft shaft power

ηo = water jet ¿=
P
¿
ρgHQ
= 80~90
h O= hH ´h M
FEASIBILITY STUDY
 Propeller turbines are generally not used in Nepal.
 There is possibility of using this turbine where there is high flow rate and low head such as the
plain land area of Nepal.
 Since, this turbine has narrow range of output unlike Francis and other turbines , this makes it
less usable in changing parameter conditions.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages Disadvantages
 Fabricated with low cost.  Less part load efficiency.

 Smaller contact area cause less friction.  Absence of adjustable blades.
 Low frictional losses since small number  The loading on the blades are large due to
of blades. few number of blades
 The Kaplan or propeller type turbines can
be mounted at almost any angle, but this
is usually vertical or horizontal.
 Have fewer blades than of Francis turbine
so has less spacing of trash bars and
impurities.
CONCLUSION
 Best suited for full load conditions.
 Can be installed when low head and high flow rate is available.
 Can be used where low cost and ease of fabrication are priorities.
 Full load efficiency is very good than part load efficiency.
Kaplan Turbine
Introduction:
It is an axial flow reaction turbine invented by Prof. Kaplan. A propeller turbine is quite suitable when
the load on the turbine remains constant. At part load its efficiency is very low; since the blades are
fixed, the water enters with shock and eddies are formed which reduces the efficiency. This defect is
removed in Kaplan turbine. In Kaplan turbine the runner blades are adjustable and can be rotated about
pivots fixed to the boss of the runner. The blades are adjusted automatically by servomechanism so that
at all loads the flow enters them without shock. Thus high efficiency is maintained even at part load. The
servomotor cylinder is usually accommodated in the hub.
Kaplan turbine has purely axial flow. Usually it has 4 to 6 blades having no outside rim. It is also known
as a variable-pitch propeller turbine since the pitch of the turbine can be changed because of adjustable
vanes. It behaves like a propeller turbine at full-load conditions.
Kaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the world in high-flow, low-head power production. It
is equivalent to Propeller Turbine at full load.

Kaplan turbine is high speed turbine and is used for smaller heads; as the speed is high, the number of
runner –vane is small. Accordingly the runner diameter becomes relatively small and the rotational
speed more than two times higher than for a Francis turbine for the corresponding head and discharge.
 In this way the generator dimensions as well become comparatively smaller and cheaper.
 The comparatively high efficiencies at partial loads and the ability of overloading is obtained by a
coordinated regulation of the guide vanes and the runner blades to obtain optimal efficiency for
all operation
 Kaplan turbine efficiencies are typically about 90%, but may be lower in very low head
applications.
Construction:
 Runner: 4~6 blades
 generally horizontal runner and vertical shaft
 Spiral casing
 Guide vanes
 Draft tube
 Governings
Working:
 Water enters the runner in the axial direction and leaves axially.
 The pressure at the inlet of the blade is larger than at the exit of the blades.
 Energy transfer is due to the reaction effect of pressure differences.

Propeller
Efficiency:
hH = power developed by the T runner /water power
=P/wQH
Where, w= weight density of water
H=head, m
Q=Discharge, m3/s
hM = power available at Turbine shaft / power developed by the Turbine runner
= shaft power / bucket power (power developed by runner)
= P / [rQ (Vw1u1 ± Vw2u2)]
 It is due to bearing friction etc

Overall Efficiency
 hO= power available at the turbine shaft / power available from the water jet
= shaft power / water power
= P / rg HQ
 hO= hH ´h M
= 80~90%
Feasibility Study:
 It is used in Gandak HPP in Nepal.
 There is possibility of using this turbine where there is high flow rate and low head such as the
plain land area of Nepal.
 Since, this turbine has better part flow efficiency it has wide range of scope in for variable load
and without reserver.
Advantages Disadvantages
 For same power deliver it is more  The loading on the blades are large due to
compact. few number of blades
 Part load efficiency is good.  Not suitable for high head and low flow.
 Low frictional losses since small number  Very expensive to design, manufacture
of blades. and install.
 Have fewer blades than of Francis turbine  Cavitations problems
so has less spacing of trash bars and
impurities.
 High RPM.
 Good efficiency for high flow and low
head
Crossflow turbines

Cross flow turbine also known as Michell-Banki , have largest market share in small turbines. The design
of a crossflow turbine is simple compared to other turbines which make it interesting for developing
countries. Turbine can be easily installed with limited constructional expenses. Another major advantage
of crossflow turbine is that it can be used for very wide range of head and flow rates.
Unlike most water turbines, which have axial or radial flows, in a crossflow turbine the water passes
through the turbine transversely, or across the turbine blades.
Fig. shows the cross section area of crossflow turbine. The rectangular intake to the turbine is fitted with
guide vanes to regulate the flow. Water is directed into the full length of the runner and passes through
the center striking the blades twice, imparting most of its kinetic energy before leaving the turbine.
The length of the runner can theoretically be increased to any value without changing the hydraulic
characteristics of turbine. Doubling runner length doubles the power output at the same speed. At high
heads the runner tends to be impact. The lower the head, longer it becomes for given power output.
Reasons for their suitability for Nepal:
 No highly trained and skillfull man power needed to manufacture and maintain crossflow
turbines.
 Easy to repair and maintain
 Material easily available in market
 No casted baldes needed
 Partflow efficiency better than pelton turbine
 Suitable for medium head for rivers of hilly region.
Advantages:
 Effective head can be increased by fitting draft tube

 Efficiency maintainable at low flow.
 Suitable for a wide range of head and power
 Simple in design and fabrication
 Free of cavitation
 Runner length can be adjusted

Hydraulic Turbine I

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hydraulic Turbine I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hydraulic turbine

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

TURBINE EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT PART FLOW CONDITIONS

 Impulse turbine ...requires high head and small quantity of flow.

2. According to the name of the originator:

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

3. According to action of water on the moving blades:

 Impulse turbine-Pelton turbine

 Reaction turbine- Francis turbine, Kaplan and propeller turbines

4. According to direction of flow of water in the runner:

 Radial flow turbine (no more used)

5. According to the disposition of the turbine shaft:

6. According to specific speed:

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Difference between impulse and reaction turbine

Aspects Impulse Turbine Reaction turbine

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Operating head (m) 100-1700 80-500 Upton 400

Criteria for selection of turbine

S. N Type of Head H(m) Specific Speed ratio Max. Remarks

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Design of Pelton wheel turbine:

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Spear and nozzle:

Runner with buckets:

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Combine spear and deflector operation to control turbine

4. Calculations Velocity D-1:

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

power developed by theturbine runner

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

power available at theturbine shaft shaft power

volume of water actually striking the runner

power available at turbine shaft shaft power

Hydraulic electric plant efficiency:

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

 hHE = Pout of HE / rgHQ

Pelton turbines in Nepal

1. Kulekhani first (30x2)MW

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

The maximum output under given conditions is obtained when Vw2=0

Thus the maximum work done is given by:

power available at the turbine shaft shaft power

Hydraulic electric plant efficiency

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

hHE = Pout of HE / rgHQ

Advantages and disadvantages of a Francis turbine over a Pelton wheel

 Variation in the operating load can be more easily controlled.

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Introduction: Propeller turbine

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

 Energy transfer is due to the reaction effect of pressure differences.

power developed by the turbine runner

Lecturer: Dr. Rajendra Shrestha. Note prepared by Ram Krishna Singh

Where, w= weight density of water

It is due to bearing friction etc .

power available at turbine shaft shaft power

 Propeller turbines are generally not used in Nepal.