Professional Documents
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On
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT: EARTHQUAKES AND
LANDSLIDES
A report submitted for the partial fulfillment for the award of
Submitted by
SOURAB DESAI
4NI14CV097
Under the guidance of
Ms. Kanchana M S
Assistant Professor
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that SOURAB DESAI bearing the USN: 4NI14CV097 has successfully
carried out the seminar work, topic entitled APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING
IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT: EARTHQUAKES AND LANDSLIDES in Vth
Semester Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering. The seminar report satisfies the
academic requirements prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree during the year
2016 - 2017.
External viva
Examiners: Signature with date
1.
2.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to express my sincere appreciation for the assistance rendered
to me by all those who helped me in completing seminar. At the outset, I express my deep
sense of gratitude and respect towards our guide Ms. Kanchana M S, Department of civil
engineering, National Institute of Engineering, Mysore. I am very grateful to her for her
expertise and guidance that I received while collecting data on the subject and throughout the
study. In this regard, I find myself lucky to have her as our guide. I thank her for teaching me
the proper style and technique and presentation.
It is a great pleasure for me to express my gratitude towards those who were involved in
completion of my seminar report. I whole heartedly thank our HOD, Dr. N SURESH, for his
support. The various information and sources I used my report completion find place in my
report.
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 DISASTER 5
1.2 DISASTER MANAGEMENT 6
3. EARTHQUAKES 9
4. LANDSLIDES
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1. Introduction
1.1 DISASTER
Disaster is a natural or man-made (technological) hazard resulting in a event of
substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or
drastic change to the environment.
NATURAL DISASTERS
EARTHQUAKES
LANDSLIDES
FLOODS
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CYCLONES
VOLCANOES
1.2DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster management can be defined as the discipline and profession of applying
science, technology, planning, and management to deal with extreme events.The emphasis of
disaster management is prevention and loss reduction.
The application of remote sensing and GIS has become a well developed and
successful tool in disaster management, as we have our location observation programmes and
the requisite for hazard mitigation and monitoring rank high in the planning of new satellites.
GIS allows for the combination of different kinds of data using models. It allows for the
combination of the different kinds of spatial data with non-spatial data, attribute data and use
them as useful information in the various stages of disaster management.
Various disasters like earthquake, landslides, flood, fires, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and
cyclones are natural hazards that kill lots of of people and destroy property and infrastructure
every year. The rapid increase of the population and its increased concentration, often in
hazardous environment, has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters.
Among the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned
growth propagation non-engineered constructions which make the disaster prone areas sheer
vulnerable, slow communication, poor budgetary allocation for disaster prevention,
developing countries suffer more or less unceasingly by natural disasters.
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2. Importance of Remote Sensing in Disaster Management
Since the first Earth Resource satellite, LANDSAT-1, was launched in 1972, we have
come a long way in terms of improved sensors with better spatial and temporal resolutions.
Different satellites and sensors can provide unique information about properties of
the surface or shallow layers (top soil layer) of the Earth. For example, measurements of the
reflected solar radiation give information on albedo, thermal sensors measure surface
temperature, and microwave sensors measure the dielectric properties and hence, the
moisture content, of surface soil (Portmann and Mendel, 1997, Rombach and Mauser, 1997)
or of snow.
The impact of natural disasters can be reduced through a proper disaster management,
including disaster prevention (hazard and risk assessment, land use planning and legislation,
building codes), disaster preparedness (forecasts, warning, prediction) and rapid and
adequate disaster relief (OAS, 1990; UNDRO, 1991). Mitigation of natural disasters can be
successful only when adequate knowledge is obtained about the expected frequency,
character, and magnitude of hazardous events. Some types of disasters, like, floods or
earthquakes may originate very rapidly and may affect large areas. The use of synoptic earth
observation methods has proven to be especially suitable in the field of disaster management.
In a number of countries, where warning systems and building codes are more advanced,
remote sensing of the earth has been found successful to predict the occurrence of disastrous
phenomena and to warn people on time.
About 95 % of the natural disaster related deaths occur in the developing world, where
more than 4200 million people live. Economic losses attributable to natural hazards in
developing countries may represent as much as 80% of their gross national product. In India
for example natural catastrophes have taken the lives of 1.6 million people since 1960, and
caused over 16 billion US$ losses (Munich Reinsurance Company, 1998), mainly due to
drought, famine, tropical cyclones, floods and earthquakes. However, disasters are not
inevitable all over the world (Dutta and Herath, 1999).
Planning
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
PLANNING:
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o It provides the framework for planners and disaster managers to view spatial data by
way of computer based maps.
MITIGATION:
PREPAREDNESS:
RESPONSE:
o Provide accurate information on exact location of an emergency situation.
o Time saving during the determination of trouble areas (Quick response).
o Used as floor guide for evacuation routes.
RECOVERY:
o Mapping level of damage.
o Information related to disrupted infrastructure, no. of persons dead or injured and
impact on environment.
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3. EARTHQUAKES
Earthquake occurred in the recent past have raised various issues and have forced us
to think about the disaster management. It has become essential to think right from planning
stage to completion stage.
Remote sensing techniques can add-up to the information available through seismic
techniques. Generally, the faults associated with earthquakes can be identified on good
resolution satellite imagery, whereas the volcanic related earthquakes are not all that obvious
(Richards, 1982). For this purpose land use and geological maps can give vital pointers
towards potential earthquake zones. Satellite sensors that are active in the visible and near
infrared spectral band would be useful. Though IRS (IRS-1D Handbook, 1997), NOAA
(www.usgs.gov), SPOT (www.SPOTimage.fr), LANDSAT (www.nasa.gov) and IKONOS
(www.spaceimaging.com) all of them collect the required data, LANDSAT imageries are
more popular because of the long historical data archives of the satellite and its cost
effectiveness. Conventionally, aerial remote sensing (airborne radar) would be thought as
more effective to delineate unconsolidated deposits sitting on fault zones, upon which most
of the destruction occurs, and to identify areas where an earthquake can trigger landslides but
now with 1m resolution satellite imageries professionals are very hopeful to apply more and
more of remote sensing techniques.
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MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE RECOVERY
SATELLITES
USED
Building stock Measuring strain Planning routes Identifying sites PALSAR
assessment. accumulation. for search and for rehabilitation IKONOS 2
rescue. INSAR
Hazard Damage SPOT
mapping. assessment. IRS
Evacuation
planning.
Deformation
planning.
(Source: http:/www.spaceimaging.com/carterra/applications/disaster/mozambique.htm)
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(Source: http://www.isro.gov.in)
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4. LANDSLIDES
A landslide is the movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope. They result
from the failure of the materials which make up the hill slope and are driven by the force of
gravity. Landslides are known also as landslips, slumps or slope failure.
An area with a potential landslide hazard usually has some evidence of previous
occurrences. An examination of stream traces frequently shows deflections of the bed course
due to landslides. Typical features that signify the occurrence of landslides include, chaotic
blocks of bedrock whose only source appears to be upslope, crescentic scarps or scars whose
horns point downward on a normal - looking slope, abnormal bulges with disturbed
vegetation at the base of the slope, large intact beds of competent sedimentary or other
layered rock displaced down dip with no obvious tectonic relationship and mudflow tongues
stretching outward from the base of an obviously eroded scar of relatively unconsolidated
material.
The spatial resolution required for the recognition of most landslide features is
about 10 m (Richards, 1982). However, the recognition depends to a great extent on the
ability and experience of the interpreter and is enhanced by the availability of stereoscopic
coverage, which can be expensive to acquire. Although large block landslides can be detected
on LANDSAT MSS and TM imagery, SPOT PAN Imagery could be preferred with its 10 m
resolution or IKONOS 4 m multispectral image would still be better. Thermal IR scanner is
particularly useful during the night, due to the maximum temperature difference between the
terrain and the ground water, in locating seepage areas that lubricate slides. However,
limitations like, low altitude required for reasonable spatial resolution, the large number of
flight lines required for the large area involved, and the geometrical distortions inherent in
the system restrict the use of thermal IR scanner. X-band SAR can be marginally useful in a
stereo mode because of its ability to define some larger textures related to landslides. In some
cloud-prone environments SAR may be the only sensor that can provide interpretable
information.
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MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE RECOVERY SATELLITES
USED
Risk modelling Monitoring rainfall Damage Mapping PALSAR
Hazard and slope stability. assessment. affected areas. IKONOS 2
mapping. INSAR
Spatial planning. SPOT
Digital IRS
elevation Suggesting
models. management
practices.
(Source: http://www.zrc-sazu.si/pic/pub/log/log.htm)
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SPOT multispectral image acquired after a landslide on 29 November 2000
(Source: http://www.zrc-sazu.si/pic/pub/log/log.htm)
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Perspective view of the area -A merged SPOT pan-multispectral image is
draped over a DEM
(Source: http://www.zrc-sazu.si/pic/pub/log/log.htm)
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5. CONCLUSION
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