Professional Documents
Culture Documents
for
Water Supply and Sanitation Sectors
April 2008
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For the preparation of this report, even a dedicated team of professionals had remote chance
of success unless it was provided guidance, encouragement and wherever needed due criticism was
also given. Additionally it was also important to have open communication and dialogue with the
client to deal with many issues that may arise during the writing of the report. The consultant
working on this report got this support from the PSU; therefore, I would like to thank Mr. Abdullah
Khan Sumbal, Programme Director, Punjab Devolved Social Services Program, P&D Department
Government of the Punjab for his commitment to the Programme and for vigorous interest in the
finalization of this report. I am also thankful to Mr. Sarfraz Ahmad, and Mr. Qurban Ali Shah, both
Assistant Directors in PDSSP for their valuable suggestions extended by them during the meetings in
the PDSSP office. I would like to acknowledge here that the section of the report covering service
delivery standards was prepared by Mr. Naveed Alauddin and Mr. Khalid Majeed of the Urban Unit,
P&D Punjab. I am thankful to them for their very valuable contribution.
I am also grateful to my friend Mr. M. Kaleem, Director, PHED (North) for his valuable
suggestions and assistance provided to me for completion of this report. Mr. Shaukat Ali, Additional
Secretary Technical HUD & PHED, Mr. Sajjad Haider Bukhary, Chief Engineer, North, PHED, Mr.
Abdus Sattar Khan Lillah, Director PHED, Mr. Zahid Hussain, Project Director, Punjab Community
Water Supply and Sanitation Project Lahore were all generous in sharing of ideas and gave me many
valuable suggestions that resulted in tremendous improvement in this report.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector ii
ACRONYMS
AC Alternating Current
ADB Asian Development Bank
ASTM American Society of Testing Materials specification
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BSS British Standard Specification
CBOs Community Based Organizations
CFU Colony Formation count Unit of Bacteria
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
DFID Department for International Development, UK
DWF Dry Weather Flow
E-Coli Escherichia Coliform
EPD Environment Protection Department
Housing Urban Development & Public Health Engineering
HUD&PHED Department
JTU Jackson Turbidity Unit
KI Key Indicators
LLR Low Level Reservation
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
MPN Maximum Probable Number
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector iii
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
SDS Service Delivery Standards
TCU True Colour Units
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
UV Ultraviolet
WASA Water and Sanitation Agency
WHO World Health Organization
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector iv
PREFACE
The need for clean drinking water and safe sanitation is a universal human need; however,
mere access to water supply and sanitation services is not enough unless the quality of such
services is also of acceptable standards and comes at an affordable price.
Efficient service delivery is one of the main concerns of all levels of governments in the
world. The Government of the Punjab realizing the need of improving service delivery has given
importance to introducing improvements in the service delivery in social sectors including water
supply and sanitation .The Punjab Devolved Social Services Programme (PDSSP), one of the
major development intervention of the Provincial Government that is being implemented with the
financial support of ADB and DFID, has undertaken a comprehensive study of water supply and
sanitation service delivery and design standards. The study is aimed at review of existing situation
of water supply and sanitation services both in the rural and urban centers of the province besides
indicating best practices and standards followed internationally and to make recommendations for
improvements in both technical as well as service delivery standards.
The water supply and sanitation standards mainly comprise of technical and service
delivery standards for water supply, wastewater (collection and disposal) and solid waste
management. The provision of these services to the people is the responsibility of TMAs /City
District Governments as envisaged under PLGO 2001. The Punjab Public Health Engineering
Department is acting as technical resource base for TMAs, in addition to performing its role of
execution of development schemes in the sector to enhance the coverage that would help the
government in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the sectors of WSS.
To accomplish the task a review of existing service delivery and design standards of water
supply and sanitation sector was carried out during the month of July, 2007. Discussions were held
with technical staff of PHED to see the gaps and impediments in adoption of minimum affordable,
acceptable and practicable service delivery and design standards for water supply and
sewerage/drainage. Similar discussions were also held with concerned staff of solid waste
management of City District Government Lahore for sanitation sector.
Information on water supply and sanitation practices followed in various countries has been
studied and incorporated in the report. Based on, over three decades long experience in this field,
recommendations have been made by the consultant. It is hoped that the report will, Insha Allah, be
helpful to the concerned departments in improving service delivery
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ II
ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................. III
PREFACE ............................................................................................................... VV
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................ 1
1.1 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2
1.2 SITUATION ANALYSIS IN PUNJAB 2
1.2.1 Drinking Water.................................................................................................................................. 22
1.2.2 Sanitation........................................................................................................................................... 33
1.2.3 Storm Water Drainage....................................................................................................................... 44
1.2.4 Waste Water Treatment..................................................................................................................... 44
1.2.5 Solid Waste Management.................................................................................................................. 44
1.3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SERVICE DELIVERY 6
1.3.1 Drinking Water.................................................................................................................................. 66
1.3.2 Waste Water ...................................................................................................................................... 77
1.3.3 Drainage ............................................................................................................................................ 88
1.3.4 Waste Water Treatment..................................................................................................................... 99
1.3.5 Solid Waste Management.................................................................................................................. 12
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector vi
2.4.6 Total Dissolved Solids ...................................................................................................................... 26
2.4.7 Nitrates & Nitrites ............................................................................................................................. 27
2.4.8 Fluoride ............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.4.9 Chloride............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.4.10 Copper............................................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.11 Iron.................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.12 Sulphates........................................................................................................................................... 29
2.4.13 Arsenic.............................................................................................................................................. 30
2.4.14. Chromium ........................................................................................................................................ 31
2.5 INTERNATIONAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 31
2.5.1 Water Quality Standards of WHO..................................................................................................... 31
2.5.2 Indian Water Quality Standards ........................................................................................................ 33
2.5.3 US-EPA Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality .............................................................................. 35
2.5.5 Modifications proposed in Water Quality Standards......................................................................... 39
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector vii
SECTION 3.4 REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE:- 62
3.4.1 Location of Disposal Works.............................................................................................................. 62
3.4.2 Design Period .................................................................................................................................... 63
3.4.3 Design Flows..................................................................................................................................... 64
3.4.4 Velocity at Design Flow.................................................................................................................... 66
3.4.5 Spacing of Manholes......................................................................................................................... 66
3.4.6 Minimum Size of Sewers .................................................................................................................. 67
3.4.7 Earth Cover ....................................................................................................................................... 68
3.4.8 Pipe Roughness Co-efficient ............................................................................................................. 68
3.4.9 Outfall Works.................................................................................................................................... 68
3.4.10 Bedding of Sewers ........................................................................................................................... 69
3.4.11 Class of Pipe .................................................................................................................................... 69
3.4.12 Pipe Reinforcement.......................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.13 Slope of Sewer Lines ....................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.14 Design Flow of Drainage ................................................................................................................. 70
3.4.15 Design of Outfall Works.................................................................................................................. 73
SECTION 3.5 REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR DRAINAGE 75
3.5.1 Open Surface Drains in Streets ......................................................................................................... 75
3.5.2 Review of Standards for Brick Pavement ......................................................................................... 76
SECTION 3.6 STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
77
3.6.1 Standards/Design Criteria for Oxidation Ponds ................................................................................ 77
3.6.2 Standards/ design criteria for stabilization ponds.............................................................................. 77
3.6.3 Standards/Design Criteria for Facultative Ponds............................................................................... 80
3.6.4 Standards/Design Criteria For Maturation Ponds.............................................................................. 80
3.6.5 Standards/Design Criteria for Aerated Lagoons................................................................................ 81
3.6.6 Standards/Design Criteria for Oxidation Ditches.............................................................................. 82
3.6.7 Standards/Design Criteria for Trickling Filters ................................................................................. 83
3.6.8 Standards/Design Criteria For Activated Sludge Process ................................................................. 84
3.6.9 Standards/Design Criteria For Detritus Tanks................................................................................... 86
3.6.10 Standards/ Design Criteria for Skimming Tanks ............................................................................. 86
3.6.11 Standards/Design Criteria For Septic Tanks ..................................................................................... 86
3.6.12 Standards/Design Criteria for Imhoff Tanks.................................................................................... 87
3.6.13 Standards/Design Criteria for Humus Tanks ................................................................................... 88
SECTION 3.7 STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE 89
3.7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 89
3.7.2 House Storage ................................................................................................................................... 90
3.7.3 Single Container System ................................................................................................................... 90
3.7.4 Multiple Bin System.......................................................................................................................... 90
3.7.5 Street Dust Bin .................................................................................................................................. 90
3.7.6 Transport of Solid Waste................................................................................................................... 91
3.7.7 Disposal of Solid Waste .................................................................................................................... 92
3.7.8 Example for Design of Compost ....................................................................................................... 94
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector viii
CHAPTER-4 RECOMMENDATIONS ON SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS95
4.1 Service delivery standards 95
95
4.2 Purpose of setting service delivery standards 95
4.3 Key indicators 95
4.4 Application of water and sanitation standards 95
4.5 How to use the service delivery standards 96
4.6 STANDARDS FOR WATER SUPPLY 98
4.6.1 Standard-1:Access, Quantity, Availability and Affordability ........................................................... 98
4.6.2 Standard-2: Water Quality............................................................................................................... 100
4.6.3 Standard 3: Operations and Maintenance........................................................................................ 101
4.6.4 Standard-4: Complaint Redressal.................................................................................................... 101
4.7 STANDARDS FOR VECTOR CONTROL 102
4.7.1 Standard-1: Individual, Family Protection and Chemical Control Safety ....................................... 102
4.7.2 Standard-2: Physical, Environmental and Chemical Protection Measures...................................... 103
4.7.3 Standard-3: Complaint Redressal.................................................................................................... 104
4.8 STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE 105
4.8.1 Standard-1: Access.......................................................................................................................... 105
4.8.2 Standard-2: Treatment and Disposal ............................................................................................... 105
4.8.3 Standard-3: Operations and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 105
4.8.4 Standard-4: Customer Services and Complaint Redressal .............................................................. 107
4.9 STANDARDS FOR DRAINAGE 107
4.9.1 Standard-1: Access.......................................................................................................................... 107
4.9.2 Standard-2: Treatment and Disposal ............................................................................................... 108
4.9.3 Standard-3: Operations and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 108
4.9.4 Standard-4: Customer Services and Complaint Redressal .............................................................. 109
4.10 STANDARDS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 109
4.10.1 Standard-1: Storage and Collection ............................................................................................... 109
4.10.2 Standard-2:Transportation ............................................................................................................ 112
4.10.3 Standard-3: Treatment and Disposal.............................................................................................. 113
4.10.4 Standard 4: Emergency Response.................................................................................................. 114
4.10.5 Standard-5: Awareness Campaigns ............................................................................................... 115
4.10.6 Standard-6: Customer Services and Complaint Redressal............................................................. 115
4.11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK 117
4.11.1 Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................... 117
4.11.2 Evaluation....................................................................................................................................... 117
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document reviews the existing service delivery and technical standards in the water
supply and sanitation sector with a view to identify gaps and suggest ways and means to plug these
gaps; while developing new technical standards in view of the higher service delivery standards
being expected both in urban and rural communities in accordance with the international best
practices.
Three consultative sessions were held with the following three stakeholders: Public Health
Engineering Department Punjab that is responsible for construction of water supply and sewerage
schemes primarily in the rural areas. In the PLGO 2001 Tehsil Municipal Administrations have been
delegated the municipal functions including water supply and sanitation in the province. In cities,
City District Governments through WASAs are working for providing these facilities. Therefore the
feedback from all the three stakeholders was incorporated in the report. Additionally, one
consultative and brain storming session was held with PHEDs panel of Senior Engineers. Second
such consultative session was held with Director Sewerage WASA Lahore. Similarly, detailed
discussion was held with Executive District Officer (Municipal Services) and District Officer, Solid
Waste Management of the City District Government of Lahore as the subject of Solid Waste
Management is the responsibility of this Department and not that of WASA.
This report covers background and development of technical standards of WSS sector.
Chapter-1 deals with situation analysis of service delivery and the remaining Chapters delineates the
technical standards for water supply, sewerage, drainage liquid and solid waste management, which
are subdivided into different sections. The final part of the report outlines the proposed service
delivery standards for the sub-sectors of WSS.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 1
CHAPTER-1
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTORS A
SITUATION ANALYSIS
1.1 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
Water is essential to human existence. The issue of water quality and its guaranteed
availability to all people regardless of income or social status is one of the most pressing challenges
facing the world community today. Every year, some 3.4 million people, mostly children, die from
diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Over half of hospital beds
in the world are filled with people suffering from water borne diseases. Many countries of the region
including Pakistan are already facing water stress. Yet, investments to provide people with safe
drinking water and sanitation facilitations have fallen seriously behind demand. The UN Millennium
summit in 2000 agreed to a set of development targets known as Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).
The goal 7 of the MDGs (ensure environmental sustainability ) includes to half by 2015 the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water, The World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD) held at Johannesburg in 2002 added an additional target of
halving by 2015 the proportion of people who lack access to basic sanitation.
Although 96% of rural and 98% of the urban population of the province has access to
improved water sources within 2 Km of the household1, it cannot be inferred that water is safe or
that the quantity is adequate. As reported in PIHS 2001-02, only 18% of the total population of
Punjab is covered by tap water (i.e. 50% urban and 5% rural). Of the total 30,000 rural settlements in
Punjab, only about 33% of the population has so far been provided with adequate supply of safe
drinking water through tap-water system. Until recently, the rest of the rural Punjab relied on often
distant sources of unsafe water, such as brackish, polluted/contaminated, scare water, uncovered
wells, rivers, and canals or rain-fed ponds and on an average spends 1/3rd of daily time for women
and children, and 5 percent of their monthly income to purchase water. The bulk of the supply of
water is through hand pumps (88 percent) of which 19 percent have been motorized (PIHS 2001-02).
1
Punjab MICS 2003-04
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 2
As per PLGO 2001, the responsibility of provision of water supply and sanitation services
rests with TMAs and City District Governments. Prior to the promulgation of PLGO 2001, rural
water supply schemes on implementation/commissioning by PHED were handed over to beneficiary
communities through their representative water user Committees. Committees/CBOs for
maintenance and operation while urban water supply and sewerage schemes were required to be
maintained and operated by the concerned urban local council (except in case of 5 large cities
Rawalpindi, Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad and Gujranwala where WASAs exist).
One of the most important indicators in the service delivery of a water supply system is the
average number of hours / day water is supplied to households during a month. The recommended
target for developing countries is 24 hours a day. The situation of drinking water supplied to
households per day as studied by PMDFC in 13 TMAs of Punjab (Ahmed Pur Sial, Attock, Bhalwal,
Chakwal, Chiniot, Daska, Duniapur, Jhelum, Kasur, Liaqatpur, Lodhran, Mailsi and T.T Singh),
during 2006-07, revealed that water was provided on an average of up to 4 hours/day.. In case of
WASA at Rawalpindi the figure is not very high at 5 hours/day whereas at Multan and Faisalabad
the same figure is at 8 hours/day and for Lahore at the highest of 16 hours/day2. It is also noteworthy
that main source of drinking water for Lahore is ground water abstraction through tube wells by
WASA. These tube wells are operated for an average duration of 16 hours to provide water at an
average rate of 80 gpcd. This is the highest figure among the eight Mega cities of Asia including
Karachi, Dhaka, Calcutta, Manila, Bangkok, Jakarta, Seoul and Singapore3.
1.2.2 Sanitation
Access to sanitation at the household level can be measured through the availability and type
of sanitary toilet facilities inside the house. In urban areas of the Punjab, 96 percent of households
have installed flush latrines. In rural areas, less than one third (31 percent) of the households have the
same facilities, while the remaining two thirds have no toilet facilities within the premises of their
houses (PIHS-2002). Furthermore, the coverage of sanitary facilities is reported to be highest in
major cities (98%) and other urban areas (92%) and lowest in rural areas (43%) (MICS-2004).
Waste water disposal outside the houses is another important consideration in sanitation
particularly with regards to environmental degradation and likely water contamination. Less than
half (43%) of Punjabs population has proper waste water disposal facilities (sewerage system
connected with main line, or sewerage connected with open drains or septic tanks), ranging from
95% in major cities to 77% in other urban and 26 % in rural areas ( MICS-2004).
2
Draft Data Book of Punjab WASAs 2007, (Benchmarking for Performance Improvement in Punjab WASAs)
3
Environmental Profile of Lahore, by Engr. M.P. Aftab, Vice President NESPAK (2005) published by Pakistan
Engineering Congress, June, 2005.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 3
1.2.3 Storm Water Drainage
Storm water drainage has also become a major environmental concern particularly in urban
areas of the province. The situation becomes worse in the monsoon which normally extends from
July to September. It is not only an issue for low lying areas but also for some developed localities.
The situation is exacerbated by dumping of solid waste into drainage system, which is very common.
Except for some of the major cities, where WASAs are in operation, all other cities are without a
storm water drainage system or have under designed or partially combined drainage/sewerage
system. In both the cases, the areas remain un-drained for a considerable time period particularly in
rainy season.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 4
Only 15 % of solid waste produced in
SOLID WASTE COLLECITON AND
the province is properly disposed of i.e. DISPOSAL IN LAHORE
collected by any municipal institution, and
Average per capita solid waste generation in Lahore
disposed of by solid waste management
city ranges between 0.50 to 0.55 kg/day. On this
department or a private company vehicle from basis it is estimated that 3200 Ton/day of solid waste
is generated. The existing solid waste collection
homes. The percentage ranges from 66% in system is not very effective and some of the solid
major cities to 33% in other urban areas and waste generated in the city finds its way into open
drains, sewers, streets or in open areas. It is estimated
only 1% in rural settlements4. that only 70% of the solid waste is collected. The
City District Government intends to adopt
composite method of solid waste disposal at
A majority of hospitals, both in the Mehmood Booti Land fill site.
public and the private sector in the Punjab
Source:(Engineering News Pakistan Engineering Congress, June 2005)
dispose of their solid waste improperly.
According to doctors, the conventional method of disposal of hospital waste is dangerous for the
public as well as those engaged in its disposal. Although The Hospital Management Rules were
introduced in the year 2005, but unfortunately these could not be effectively implemented. Under
these Rules, yellow-bagged waste shall be disposed of after burning by burial in a land fill or through
any other method approved by the Federal or Provincial agencies concerned. The Rules, further say
that radioactive waste shall either be disposed of in a land fill site or incinerated. The Provincial
Government in collaboration with Federal Government is in the process of installation of incinerators
in 19 district headquarters hospitals of the Province.
4
MICS, 2003-04
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 5
1.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTORS IN HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
1.3.1 Drinking Water
Right from the beginning of mankind on earth water is an important issue for survival of the
human race. In primitive times water for drinking purpose, bathing, clothing and washing was taken
from e natural sources such as rivers, streams and springs. Throughout the history of mankind the
main sources for drinking have been as under:-
c) Pacca Wells
The Dug Wells, as the Kaccha Wells were generally known, were prone to collapse over time
and the supply of water would thus get suspended till the obstruction was removed. The alternative
used for averting this problem in wells was use of stone masonry and then brick masonry. With the
passage of time and with the increase in prosperity amongst the people, it allowed them to construct
pacca wells with bricks to the desired depth of water. In some of places in Punjab this practice is still
in vogue.
d) Hand Pumps
In the 18th century, with the help of Boring Machines, boring was carried out in the ground
and using filter and pipe water was pumped out by what were called hand pumps.
e) Tube wells
The water extracted from deep aquifers is free from pollution. Therefore, with the help of
boring rigs, deep tube wells are being installed almost everywhere in Punjab. Normally, the water
pumped out from deep ground water aquifers, when tested chemically and bacteriologically is found
fit for drinking purposes by humans.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 6
g) Water through Battery of Taps
An alternate to the ground tanks is the installation of a battery of taps on a bigger diameter
pipe and placing these at suitable places preferably scattered all over the community for even benefit
to all the community.
The e waste water was collected at one common place, in the community at one side, or two
or more ponds depending upon the slope and the topography of the area.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 7
d) Disposal through Closed Drains
Open drains are still used in most part of the Punjab to dispose of wastewater. However as
these drains were a potential source of diseases, so they were covered. Now it is difficult to clean
covered drains.
1.3.3 Drainage
Drainage is considered to be an important area of sanitation. In our local context drainage
means house drains and street drains used for the disposal of wastewater out of the house and further
out of the community. Its other major usage is for disposal of storm water from the roofs, courtyards
and streets, during and after rains. Various types of drainage used are briefly described as under:-
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 8
Storm water Drainage in Southern Punjab
In Southern Punjab the intensity of rainfall is less and hence the sewers are designed
with a provision to carry rainwater as well as sewer.
a) Septic Tanks
These are used in semi-urban areas or in isolated buildings where complete treatment is not
feasible. The septic tank combines two processes: sedimentation takes place in the upper portion of
the tank and accumulated sludge undergoes anaerobic decomposition. The effluent coming out from
a septic tank is further treated before disposal.
b) Oxidation Ponds
In shallow ponds with a depth of 4-5 feet, the sun rays penetrate into the water and with the
help of surface wind which is a source of oxygen, biodegrade the organic matter and the bacteria,
releasing oxygen.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 9
i. Anaerobic Ponds
Wastewater enters in one pond and leaves that pond in diagonally opposite direction, in order
to increase the path of the settling particles to enter the second pond. An arrangement is made
for inlet of water without disturbance to the water already in the pond. This first pond is
called an anaerobic pond. Basically, it is a wastewater pond, which does not have dissolved
oxygen and anaerobic bacteria break down the organic matter in the wastewater.
This method of treatment of wastewater is suitable for giving complete treatment to sewage
coming from a small community. The main units are long, narrow channels having length
from 150 to 1000 m with width of 2 to 5 m and depth of 2 to 4 m. Air is given to the
wastewater with the help of rotators. After a period of about 12 to 15 hours the rotators are
stopped and supernatant effluent is taken away for further processing. The main advantage of
this system is that its cost is almost less than one third of the conventional system and space
required for it is also less than one tenth of that required for the Oxidation Ponds.
d) Trickling filters
A trickling filter is a bed of crushed stones, gravel or slag of large size; to which settled
sewage is applied on the surface. The applied sewage trickles down forming a thin zoological film
over the surface of the filtering media. Both suspended and dissolved solids come in contact with this
film. In aerobic conditions it results in the reduction of BOD,. ammonia and organic nitrogen etc. . In
warm climate the efficiency of this process is greater and hence the removal of BOD is higher. The
BOD removal to the extent of 75 to 90 per cent is achieved in this process.
The advantage of activated sludge process is that its initial cost is less than trickling filters.
Smaller area of land is required. The effluent is clear and free from odor. It gives freedom from fly
nuisance. Its results are very good. It gives very high efficiency. There is over 90 per cent removal of
BOD and total solids. The disadvantages are that its operational cost is very high; and the process is
very sensitive and requires the presence of a skilled attendant.
f) Disinfection of Wastewater
Final treatment focuses on removal of disease-causing organisms from wastewater. Treated
wastewater can be disinfected by adding chlorine or by using ultraviolet light. Treatment systems
often add a chlorine-neutralizing chemical to the treated wastewater before stream discharge.
Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals and as no
chemicals are used, the treated water's taste is more natural and pure as compared to other methods.
UV radiation causes damage to the genetic structure of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens,
making them incapable of reproduction. The key disadvantages of UV disinfection are the need for
frequent lamp maintenance and replacement and the need for a highly treated effluent to ensure that
the target microorganisms are not shielded from the UV radiation. Advanced treatment is necessary
in some treatment systems to remove nutrients from wastewater. Chemicals are sometimes added
during the treatment process to help settle out or strip out phosphorus or nitrogen. Some examples of
nutrient removal systems include coagulant addition for phosphorus removal and air stripping for
ammonia removal.
Wastewater treatment processes require careful management to ensure the protection of the
water body that receives the discharge. Trained and certified treatment plant operators measure and
monitor the incoming sewage, the treatment process and the final effluent.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 11
1.3.5 Solid Waste Management
The waste produced by a society can be categorized in many ways. Solid waste is generally
made up of objects or particles that accumulate on the site where they are produced. Solid waste can
be divided into the following categories:-
a) Municipal Waste
Municipal solid waste consists of all the material that people in a region no longer want
because they are broken, spoiled, or have no further use. It includes waste from household,
commercial areas and institutions etc.
b) Industrial Waste
It is the waste from industries. This waste may be of different types depending upon the kind
of industry and this waste may also have different chemicals in it.
c) Hazardous Waste
Hazardous wastes are those that can cause harm to human beings or the environment. The
definition of hazardous wastes varies from one country to another. One of the most widely used
definitions is as follows: the waste that cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or
an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or pose a substantial present
or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported,
disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Incineration can be used to destroy a variety of wastes. A hazardous waste incinerator can be
used to burn organic wastes but it is unable to destroy inorganic wastes up to 99.99 per cent. The
relatively high cost of incineration compared with landfill and concerns for the safety of the
surrounding areas in case of accidents have kept incineration from becoming a major method of
treatment or disposal.
After treatment any remaining hazardous wastes are typically disposed of on land by burying
into the land.
i. Hospital Waste
It is waste from medical complexes, dispensaries, and hospitals and it typically
consists of material from operation theaters, used syringes, blood and blood soaked clothes
etc. This waste contains pathogenic bacteria and it should not be mixed with other household
waste.
Fine dust 28 %
Cinder 26 %
Ash 15 %
Cans and tins 4%
Putrescible matter 14 %
Glass and crockery 3%
Rag 2%
Bone 1%
Miscellaneous matter 7%
The separation of solid waste at the source facilitates the disposal but increases the cost of
collection because special equipment and workers are necessary to collect each type of material. The
period after which the solid waste is collected from the house is called frequency. The frequency of
collection of solid waste mainly depends on the quantity of the solid waste and time of the year.
Efficient and satisfactory collection may be undertaken by planning the collection system and routes,
training labour and maintaining equipment. The frequency of collection is decided carefully to avoid
nuisance from odor and fly breeding. In posh areas and business centers the solid waste should be
collected daily except holiday. Any irregularity in collection service contributes to the nuisance and
hazard, which result in poor sanitary conditions. The collection in the cities should be done during
the regular working day. In business centers, collection at night is most convenient.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 13
1.3.5.3 Transportation of Solid Waste
In selecting vehicles, the most important considerations are the size of the vehicle, loading
height, type of solid waste kerb or carry-out pick-up service, and manpower needed for its operation
etc. The equipment should be provided with suitable covers to prevent the exposure of the contents.
The commonly used vehicles are side loaded or rear loading type. It should be ensured that they
vehicle is watertight.
A team should consist of even number of loaders. Smaller teams are required for collection of
solid waste from the houses. A single driver, loader team is sufficient for especially designed trucks,
where the truck performs most of the functions by itself and there is minimum requirement for
intervention by the loader.
The route to the disposal site should be selected such that the distance hauled by the fully
loaded vehicle should be as short as possible. After collecting information about number of houses to
be visited, time required to serve various portions of the route, capacity of the truck, etc adjustment
is made for economical use of labour and equipment.
In small and medium cities of Punjab, the solid waste is collected and disposed of at the
disposal sites directly. In big cities the disposal site is usually too far and the cost of haulage by one
truck from the place of collection to the disposal site is too much and also not practicable. In such
cases, first the solid waste is collected at some suitable intermediate places and some of the activities
like separation and segregation of material is carried out. The recyclable material is sent to the
factories as raw material. The solid waste remaining is transported to its final place of disposal.
The separation of solid waste is absolutely essential. From primary screen the dust is
removed by a fine mesh and the clean cinder is removed using a garbage extractor. A magnetic
separator or a magnetic pulley then separates the iron metals. Other useable material such as glass,
paper, rags, metals, etc may be separated at the picking belt. The remaining solid waste may then be
discharged into an incinerator or into a loading hopper to transport to the landfill site or for
composting
a) Sanitary Landfill
For sanitary land filling, a trench is excavated; the solid waste is filled up to a depth of 2-3
meters, and then compacted by bulldozers. The microorganisms naturally present slowly decompose
the organic matter into carbon dioxide and water. In addition to that methane gas is lost to the
atmosphere. The sanitary land filling is a simple, effective and cheap method of solid waste disposal.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 14
The land area required for a landfill is normally 2.55.0 hector per year for a population of
100,000 persons. The method is very suitable for rural communities, hotels and camps etc.
b) Composting
Composting is very similar to the sanitary land filling. The decomposable organic matter is
composted to produce a stable material, which may be used as manure for growing crops. The
composted material is dark and stable humus with some fertilizer value. There are two main
methods of composting i.e. open window composting and mechanical composting. The first process
takes 6-10 weeks while the second method takes 3-6 days.
c) Incineration
This is the most scientific method of disposal of combustible solid waste. In this process
bacteria are destroyed and the non-combustible ashes, metals, etc, are created, which may cause
some minor sanitation problems. The incinerators may produce heat due to combustion, which may
be sold.
In the incinerator the chimney exhausts the gases into the atmosphere. The height of the
chimney should be such that adequate diffusion with air takes place, and the fly ash problem is also
minimized. For best results, smoke should be to a minimum and the ash should be removed at
regular intervals.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 15
CHAPTER-2
This chapter contains review of existing technical standards for water supply sector followed
in Punjab with modifications proposed to meet the current and future requirements. The review and
proposed refinements are based on detailed scrutiny of the service delivery and technical standards
followed by national and international agencies, and the group discussions held with the technical
personnel of provincial government line departments and recommendations made during such
consultative sessions.
30%
3% Fresh
caps and surface and Water on Earth
groundwater. Practically
speaking all the usable Ice Caps
69%
Quality of drinking water plays a pivotal role in the selection, design and implementation of
water supply schemes both for urban and rural areas. In order to determine if the water is fit for
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 16
drinking purposes testing, not only, for colour, taste, odour, quantity of total dissolved solids but also
tests for bacterial contamination and pollution are to be carried out.
In the Punjab, more than 90 % of drinking water is obtained from groundwater based sources
such as tube wells, open wells, hand pumps, infiltration galleries, etc. Contrary to general perception,
deep ground water is not necessarily always free of bacterial contaminants and hence the
concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in parts per million (PPM) is considered an
important factor for determination if the water is fit for drinking. Under WHO guidelines water with
dissolved solids less than 500 PPM is considered safe for human consumption. However, these limits
are relaxed to include up to 1000 PPM and even 1500 PPM depending upon the local field
conditions, the type of solutes (cations and anions) in the water and the resistance developed by the
local inhabitants. For example, presence of Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) in water creates no
problem as they are relatively human friendly as compared to Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg)
which generally have a laxative effect, and their presence in water is not desirable.
The major cations in water are Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium whereas the
major anions present in water are Bi-Carbonate, Carbonate, Sulfate and Chloride. These major
cations and anions are found in about 99% of water around us and provide basic characteristics to
water making it suitable or otherwise for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes. On the other
hand, the remaining around 1 % solutes and contaminants (human friendly and even with medicinal
effect when within permissible limits) also play a very important role in determining the suitability
or otherwise of water for drinking purposes.
Likely effects of various contaminants on the quality of water and human health are given in
Table 2.1:
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 17
Table 2.1
Effect of Various Contaminants on Water Quality and Human Health
Effect under Normal and Excessive Concentration on Health
Substance When present within When in Excess
Permissible Limits
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 18
Sheikhupura and Sialkot. Of these samples, 90% were sourced from tube wells alone. The study
revealed that:
B Most of the water quality parameters were beyond permissible limits; and
B Highest percentage of unsafe water sources was observed in Kasur, Lahore, Multan,
Sargodha and Sheikhupura, where none of the source was found safe either due to
bacteriological or chemical contamination.
The quality of drinking water and its monitoring is therefore of prime concern to the end
users and the people responsible for managing delivery of drinking water to the public. The three
WASAs i.e. at Lahore, Rawalpindi and Faisalabad and the three PHED testing laboratories, one at
the provincial headquarters Lahore, and remaining two regional laboratories at Rawalpindi and
Multan have mostly been engaged in analyzing water samples for developing drinking water sources
for public water supplies in rural and urban areas, and regular monitoring of water quality was hardly
ever done. In the year 2006-07, the Provincial Government of the Punjab started setting up water
testing laboratories at each district to enhance water testing and monitoring capabilities.
Table - 2.2
PSQCA Drinking Water Quality Standards
Maximum Concentration
No. Characteristics Unit Acceptable Allowable
a. Physical Requirements
1 Turbidity NTU 5 25
2 Colour TCU 5 50
3 Taste & Odour - Unobjectionable
4 pH - 7.0-8.5 6.5 - 9.2
b. Chemical Requirements
1 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 1000 1500
2 Chloride mg/l 200 600
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 19
Maximum Concentration
No. Characteristics Unit Acceptable Allowable
3 Sulfate mg/l 200 400
4 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l - 10
5 Total Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 20 500
6 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l Nil Nil
7 Total Ammonia mg/l 0.1 0.5
8 Hydrogen Sulfide mg/l Unobjectionable odour
9 Fluoride mg/l - 1.5
10 Iron mg/l 0.3 1.0
11 Zinc mg/l 5 15
12 Manganese mg/l - 0.5
13 Copper mg/l - 1.5
14 Calcium mg/l 75 200
15 Magnesium mg/l 50 150
16 Alkyl Benzyl Sulfates mg/l 0.5 1
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 20
2.3.2 PHED Water Quality Standards
The Punjab PHED Design Criteria notified by the provincial government in the year 1998,
contains some 18 water quality parameters. they are indicated in Table No.2.3 and most of them
relate to aesthetic quality and are nearly equivalent to the WHO drinking water standards (1971).
Table - 2.3
The above drinking water standards notified in the province are silent on the limits for
bacteriological contaminants, limits of toxic substances and the water quality monitoring aspects.
The most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water is microbial
contamination and its control must always be of paramount importance because microbial
contamination of major urban supplies has the potential to cause large out breaks of waterborne
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 21
diseases. The PHED claims to follow WHO standards as far as bacteriological contamination is
concerned. These bacteriological standards for drinking water are mentioned below:
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 22
2.4 REVIEW OF EXISTING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
In establishing and monitoring drinking water quality standards one should have the
knowledge of health risks that are associated with varying concentration of the contaminating
substance in drinking water. A review of some important water quality parameters is given below:
2.4.1 Colour
The colour of drinking water is usually due to the presence of coloured organic matter
associated with the humus fraction of soil. Colour is strongly influenced by the presence of iron and
other metals, either as natural impurities or as
COLOUR
corrosion products. It may also result from the
contamination of the water source with industrial Standards
Colours above 15 TCU (true colour units) PSQCA : 5 TCU (Max. acceptable)
Taste and odour in drinking water may be indicative of some form of pollution or of some
malfunction during water treatment or distribution. The cause of changes in tastes and odours of
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 23
drinking water should be investigated and appropriate health authorities need to be consulted,
particularly if there is a sudden or substantial change. Any unusual taste or odour might be an
indication of the presence of potentially harmful substances.
The taste and odour of drinking water should not be offensive to the consumer. However,
there is an enormous variation in the level and quality of taste and odour that are regarded as
acceptable. As per PHED criteria of 1998, the standard of colour is that it must be unobjectionable.
This is in line with WHO Drinking Water Quality Standards 1971. No health-based guideline value
for taste and odour is recommended in WHO Guidelines, 2004.
2.4.3 Turbidity
TURBIDITY
Turbidity in drinking water is caused
by the presence of suspended or colloidal Standards
2.4.4 pH
Although pH usually has no direct impact on consumers, it is one of the most important
operational water quality parameters. Careful attention to pH control is necessary at all stages of
water treatment to ensure satisfactory water clarification and disinfection. For effective disinfection
with chlorine, the pH should preferably be less than 8. The pH of the water entering the distribution
system must be controlled to minimize the corrosion of water mains and pipes in household water
systems. Failure to do so can result in the contamination of drinking water and can have adverse
effects on its tastes, odour, and appearance.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 24
The optimum pH required of water will vary in different supplies according to the
composition of the water and the nature of the construction materials used in the distribution system,
but it is often in the range 6.5 8.5. Extreme values of pH can result from accidental spills, and
treatment breakdown. Highest desirable and maximum permissible values of pH i.e. 7.0 to 8.5 and
6.5 to 9.2 respectively are the existing standards of pH published in PHED Design Criteria, 1998.
The ISO has also published the same values. These standards are same as the WHOs Drinking Water
Quality Standards 1984.
2.4.5. Hardness
Traditionally, hardness is a measure of
HARDNESS
capacity of water to react with soap. Hardness
is predominantly due to calcium and Standards
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 25
2.4.6 Total Dissolved Solids
The total dissolved solids (TDS) in water comprise inorganic salts. The principal ions contributing to
TDS are carbonates, bicarbonates, chloride, TDS
India : 45 mg/l -
Nitrates are present in soil, most sub-
soil waters and in plants & vegetables; PSQCA : 10 mg/l -
however the levels of nitrates in polluted
PHED : Not defined -
water are invariably much higher than the
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 26
levels of nitrites..
It is well know that nitrates ingested in the human body are absorbed in the upper
gastrointestinal tract and converted into nitrites by the intestinal bacteria. This is relatively more
likely to happen in infants. The Nitrite reacts with hemoglobin (red blood cells containing ferrous)
and produces methaemoglobin (blood containing ferric ions), which has very low affinity for
oxygen. This condition of human body is called Cyanosis in which the colour of infant babies
becomes blue. This is known as Infantile Methaemoglobinaemia, and can also cause death if the
condition persists for a long period. For nitrates (NO3) and nitrites (NO2) guideline values of 50 mg/l
and 3 mg/l have respectively been given by WHO in 2004; however PHED has not defined any
standard for concentration of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water.
2.4.8 Fluoride
FLUORIDES
Higher concentration of fluorides is often
Standards
associated with ground water sources
located in areas with fluorides-bearing USEPA : <4.0 mg/l
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 27
2.4.9 Chloride
CHLORIDE
High concentrations of chloride give an
Standards
undesirable taste to water. The taste thresholds for
USEPA : 250 mg/l
chloride concentration are in the range of 200 to
300 mg/l for sodium, potassium, and calcium China : 250 mg/l
2.4.10 Copper
The presence of copper in water supply may COPPER
2.4.11 Iron
The anaerobic ground water may contain ferrous iron in concentrations of up to several
milligrams per liter without discoloration or turbidity in the water. On exposure to the atmosphere,
however, the ferrous iron oxidizes to ferric iron, giving an objectionable reddish-brown colour to the
water. Iron also promotes the growth of iron bacterial, which derive their energy from the
oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron and in the process deposit a slimy coating on the piping.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 28
At level above 0.3 mg/l, iron stains
IRON
laundry and plumbing fixtures. There is usually
Standards
no noticeable taste at iron concentrations below
USEPA : 0.3 mg/l
0.3 mg/l, although turbidity and colour may
China : 0.3 mg/l
develop. Iron concentrations of 1.0 to 3.0 mg/l
Philippines : 1.0 mg/l can be acceptable for people drinking anaerobic
India : 0.1 mg/l (acceptable), well-water. Therefore, the present standard of
1.0 mg/l (Max.)
1.0 mg/l (max. permissible) iron contamination
PSQCA : 0.3 mg/l (Max. acceptable),
1.0 mg/l (Max. allowable) in drinking water followed by PHED is in line
with some other countries.
PHED : 0.1 mg/l (Highest Desirable)
1.0 mg/l (Max. permissible)
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 29
2.4.13 Arsenic
Arsenic is a naturally occurring inorganic element, found in soils and ground water. It is introduced
into underground drinking water sources
ARSENIC (AS)
primarily through the dissolution of naturally
occurring minerals and ores. Untreated effluents
of Agro chemical industries may also cause
Standards
arsenic contamination to drinking water
sources. Ingestion of large quantities of arsenic China : 0.05 mg/l
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 30
2.4.14. Chromium
Chromium is very toxic. It makes compounds of potassium di-chromate (K2 Cr2 O7) and
chromic acid after solving in water. Chromium is
CHROMIUM (Cr)
used as oxidizing reagents for dyeing,
electroplating, leather processing and in textile Standards
industry. These industries emit chromium in their
USEPA : 0.10 mg/l
effluents. If such effluents are discharged into
receiving water bodies used as source of drinking Phillpines : 0.05 mg/l
standard of 0.05 mg/l. The drinking water quality standards in vogue in the province do not include
chromium which may be added with 0.05 mg/l concentration in drinking water as acceptable level.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 31
Table - 2.4
Water Quality Standards of WHO
(Concentration mg/l)
WHO WHO WHO WHO
Sr.
Parameters Guidelines Guidelines Guidelines Standards
No.
2004 1993 1984 1971
i) Aluminium 0.2 - 0.2 -
ii) Arsenic 0.01 (p) 0.01 0.05 0.2
iii) Cadmium 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.01
iv) Chloride n.d. - 250 600
v) Chlorine 5.0 5.0 - -
vi) Chromium 0.05 (p) 0.05 0.05 -
vii) Copper 2.0 2.0 (p) 1.0 1.50
viii) Cyanide 0.07 0.07 0.1 0.05
ix) Fluoride 1.5 1.50 1.50 0.6-0.8
x) Iron n.d. - 0.30 1.0
xi) Lead 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.1
xii) Manganese 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.5
xiii) Mercury 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
xiv) Nickel 0.02 0.02 - -
xv) Nitrate (NO3) 50 10 10 45
xvi) Nitrite (NO2) 3.0 3.0 (p) 1.0 -
xvii) pH n.d - 6.5-8.50 6.5-9.2
xviii) Sulphate n.d - 400 400
xix) TDS n.d - 1000 1500
xx) Total Hardness n.d - 500 500
xxi) Turbidity n.d. - - 5 JTU
xxii) Uranium 0.015 (p) - - -
xxiii) Zinc n.d. - 5.0 15
(p) Provisional, (n. d.) Not determined
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 32
2.5.1.1 Bacteriological Qualities
Source / Organisms Guideline Value
a. All water intended for drinking (E. Coli Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample.
or thermo tolerant Coliform bacteria).
b. Treated water entering the distribution Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample.
system (E. Coli or thermo tolerant
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample. In
Coliform and total coliform bacteria).
the case of large supplies, where sufficient
c. Treated water in the distribution system
samples are examined, must not be present in
(E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform and
95% of samples taken throughout any 12-month
total coliform bacteria)
period.
Table - 2.5
Indian Water Quality Standards
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 33
B The figures indicated under the column Acceptable are the limits up to which the
water is generally acceptable to the consumers.
B Figures in excess to those mentioned under acceptable render water not acceptable
but still may be tolerated in absence of alternative and better source but up to the
limits indicated under column Marginal above which the supply will have to be
rejected.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 34
2.5.3 US-EPA Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality
The tables 2.6 to 2.8 give the US-EPA guidelines for drinking water quality.
Table - 2.6
Inorganic Chemicals
Table - 2.7
Other Parameters
Table - 2.8
Disinfectants
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 35
2.5.4 Water Quality Standards in different countries
Water quality standards in different countries are given in Table 2.9 to Table 2.11.
Table - 2.9
Water Quality Standards of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand & Philippines
Substances Unit Indonesia Singapore Malaysia Thailand Philippines
Chemical Quality
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 36
Microbiological Quality
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 37
Substances Unit Japan China H.Kong Korea Taiwan
18-Mercury mg/l - 0.001 0.001 ND -
Table 2.11
Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Australia, Argentina, Mexico, Canada
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 38
Substances Unit Saudi Australia Argentina Mexico Canada
Arabia
15-Manganese mg/l 0.05 2 0.1 0.05 -
17-Nitrate mg/l - 45 45 10 45
18-Nitrite mg/l - 0.01 0.1 - 3.2
19-Selenium mg/l - 0.01 - 0.05 0.01
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 39
2.5.5.1 Physical and Chemical Parameters
Table 2.12
PHED WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 1998
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 40
2.5.5.2 Microbiological Standards
B In all water intended for drinking purpose E-Coli count must be zero in any 100 ml;
B no water sample should contain more than 10 Coliforms organisms in 100 ml of any
two consecutive samples or; and
B in case of large water supplies, in 95% of samples examined throughout the year,
Coliform organisms should be absent in 100 ml of sample.
Table 2.13
Maximum interval and Minimum Number of Samples
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 41
CHAPTER-3
3.1 BACKGROUND
The Punjab Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) was established in 1961 under
West Pakistan with headquarter at Lahore. At that time the Department was administrated by a Chief
Engineer with other offices at different places in the then West Pakistan.
To begin with the PHED was a part of B&R Department of the Government and Sir Inam-
Ullah Khan, the then Chief Engineer/Secretary to Government of West Pakistan, issued certain
Technical Memos for different components of Public Health Engineering to serve as standards for
various activities that the Department was to undertake. These were the first standards set for the
PHED for working in water supply, sanitation and drainage sectors.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 42
3.2.1 Methodology for the Revision
The proposed changes are based on past experience and proven at site solutions that emerged
from the field during the monitoring and evaluation of the two ADB projects i.e. PRWSSP and
PCWSSP in which more than 1000 integrated water supply and drainage schemes were constructed
and operated successfully.
As the situations stands now, there is no Design Criteria or technical standard notified for
wastewater treatment plants and solid waste management. This is for the first time that technical
standards for wastewater treatment plants and solid waste management are being proposed in this
document.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 43
SECTION 3.3
As per PHED Design Criteria 1998 the The same mathematical formula should be used
population projection are to be determined for population projection for a particular
according to the following expression:- community using annual growth rate of that
village/city indicated in the latest District Census
n
Pn = Po (1+r) Report. However, if population growth rate of
that particular city / village is not mentioned in
Where: the District Census Report, then for the purpose
of design, the population growth rate of the
Pn = Projected population by the end of nth year
respective TMA should be used.
Po = Population of base year, year of known
population
r = Population growth rate per year to be taken
from related District Census Reports.
n = No. of years, counted from base year i.e. design
period
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 44
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and Modification
Proposed
Treatment Works
There are generally two types of water treatment methods
being used for water supply schemes based on canal water
sources;
Source:
WHO, 1974, Slow Sand Filtration.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 45
Rapid Sand Filter Plants
Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and
other granular media to remove particles and
impurities that have been trapped in a floc through
the use of flocculation chemicals - typically salts of
aluminum or iron. The water and flocs flows
through the filter medium under gravity or under
pumped pressure and the flocculated material is
trapped in the sand matrix.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 46
supply schemes is 10 years. machinery. However, it is not possible for pumping
machinery to work for 10 years without proper
maintenance and repair and replacement of the
pumping unit is necessary after every 10 years of
its operation.
Distribution System Distribution System
The existing standard for the Design Period of The existing 20 years standard for the design
Distribution system and rising mains is 20 period of distribution system is quite in accordance
years. The capacities of distribution system with international norms. It is added that the water
are to be based on peak hour demand while supply distribution network capacities should be
tube wells and rising mains are to be based on based on peak hour demands.
maximum day demands.
Population up to 100,000
The existing water consumption rates for
communities living in plain areas of the Province
with population below 100,000 persons should be
modified as follows. However, in hilly areas and
those areas of the Province where sources of
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 47
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
drinking water are scarce, the water consumption
rates should be flexible i.e. 3 to 5 gpcd or more
depending on the availability of drinking water
from the proposed source of water supply.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 48
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
400,000-500,000 65 gallons
500,000-600,000 70 gallons
600,000-700,000 75 gallons
700,000-800,000 80 gallons
>800,000 85 gallons
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 49
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
modifications Proposed
existing standard of terminal pressure pressure i.e. 8 meters (minimum) being
is 25 feet (8meters) (minimum) followed for the design of rural water
supplies is reasonably adequate.
Therefore, no modification is proposed.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 50
3.3.7 Cover Over Pipes
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
modifications Proposed
3 feet of earth cover for all sizes of pipes is An earth cover of 3 feet (about one meter)
being followed except in hilly areas. should be provided over laid water supply
However all road cuts are to be filled in with pipe lines of all sizes except in hilly areas.
pit sand / river sand. Road cuts are to be backfilled with pit/river
sand.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 51
3.3.9 Fire Hydrants
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
modifications Proposed
Fire hydrants to be provided in urban / semi Fire hydrants are to be provided in urban and
urban areas. The capacity of fire hydrants to semi urban and rural areas. The minimum
deliver water should not be less than 7 size of the fire hydrant should be 2.5 inches
gallons per second. (50 mm).
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 52
3.3.11 Air Valves and Washout
b) Washouts:-
At the lowest points to wash out
all kinds of debris.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 53
3.3.12 Overhead Reservoirs
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
modifications Proposed
The existing criteria for the design of over Following modifications are proposed in the
head reservoir are as under:- existing technical standards for provision of
elevated / overhead reservoir and storage
reservoirs:-
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 54
3.3.13 Pumping Machinery
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
modifications Proposed
a) Spare parts, tools are recommended a) Spare parts, tools are to be provided.
to be provided.
c) Working hours for Tube wells: c) Working hours for Tube wells:
- Rural 8-12 hours To be on safe side, while deciding
- Urban 16 hours about the pumping hours of the
pumping machinery at tubewells one
should have the information / data
about underground lithology and
hydro geological regime and water
bearing aquifer. This is necessary to
ascertain the safe yield which can be
drawn at a rate less than the
replenishment and thereby maximum
pumping hours can be fixed. For
large well fields such evaluation of
ground water potential should be
carried out. However for small
community water supply schemes the
following pumping hours may be
taken.
i) Rural areas:-
It has been observed that although
schemes are designed on 812
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 55
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
modifications Proposed
hours, but practically the community
runs the tube wells only for 46
hours. If complete metering is done,
which has other benefits also, the
scheme hardly runs for 4 hours. So 4
hours are recommended as working
hours for rural areas. Provided the
design of the scheme remain
economical and hydro geologically
safe and continuous pumping do not
affect the quality of water.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 56
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
modifications Proposed
For population 16 hours For population 18 hours
Above 25,000 persons Above 100,000 persons
3.3.14 Chlorination
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
modifications Proposed
0.1-PPM residual at the farthest end of the The existing standard to maintain 0.1 mg/l as
distribution system. Hypo-chlorination may residual chlorine level at the farthest end is
be provided where chlorine gas is not easily quite adequate and is in line with
available. international practices. In case of town/cities
where chlorine gas cylinders are available,
gas chlorination is advisable. In areas where
chlorine gas is not available, simple
hypochlorinators are recommended to be
provided otherwise use of chlorine solution
for disinfection is recommended. For
monitoring the concentration of residual
chlorine in the field, the concerned
agencies/department should procure and
make use of comparators or chlorine kits.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 57
3.3.15 Ground Water Storage
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 58
3.3.17 Slow Sand Filtration
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Amendments Proposed
i) Raw water storage i) Raw water storage
50% of 21 days average During 15 to 21 days of annual canal
closure periods the per capita supply
should be considered as 50% and the
capacity of raw water storage tanks /
sedimentation tanks should be
accordingly worked out. Minimum
number of sedimentation / raw water
storage tanks should be two.
iv. Effective size of sand (d10) iv. Effective size of sand (d10)
From top of Gravel to 1 feet = 0.300.35 mm From top of Gravel to 1 feet =0.300.35 mm
1 to 2 feet = 0.25-0.30 mm 1 to 2 feet = 0.25 0.30 mm
Top layer 9 inches =0.180.22 mm Top layer 9 inches = 0.18 0.22 mm
Minimum Minimum
Depth of water over the sand = 3-4 feet Depth of water over the sand =3-4 feet
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 59
Existing Design Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Amendments Proposed
Velocity of water in under drainage system Velocity of water in under drainage system
should not be more than 0.75 ft/seconds. should not be more than 0.75 ft/seconds.
The gravel should be placed over the The gravel should be placed over the
under drains but not within 2 feet from under drains but not within 2 ft from the
the side walls, so that only sand will rest side walls, so that only sand will rest in
in the 2 feet zone along sides of the the 2 ft zone along sides of the filters.
filters.
The outlet systems will be provided with The outlet system will be provided with
telescopic arrangement of pipes to adjust telescopic arrangement of pipes to adjust
required flow of filtered water according required flow of filtered water according
to varying resistance in filter media. The to varying resistance in filter media. The
difference in inlet and outlet will be kept difference in inlet and out let will be kept
24-30 inches. 2430 inches.
Care must be taken to provide air vent
pipes to avoid air locking of filter beds.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 60
3.3.18 Water Metering
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 61
SECTION 3.4
REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE:-
The technical standards for sewerage system include the prescribed directions, requirements,
explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various features of the work to be done, or
manner and method of performance.
ii) The sewers will be designed as Partially ii) The sewers will be generally
Combined System allowing surcharging designed as partially combined
of the system for some time. system allowing surcharging of the
system for some time depending upon
the financial capability of the
sponsoring agency.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 62
3.4.2 Design Period
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
i) Civil works including sewers 20 years i) The design period for Civil works
and sewers should be 25 years. There
are a number of considerations for
selecting design period of sewers and
allied civil work, which includes
expansion trends, economies of scale
and financial position of the
sponsoring / client institutions. It has
however been observed that sewers
laid in various cities of the province
for the last more than 30 years are
still functioning well. In view of the
present economic condition of the
country it is advisable to use 25
years as design period for sewers and
allied civil works.
iii) Sufficient area for the Disposal Station iii) Sufficient area for the disposal
iv) Master Plan for Sewerage Scheme vi. Master plan should be prepared for
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 63
3.4.3 Design Flows
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
a) The sewage contribution of the water a) The sewage flow contribution of the
consumed will be as follows: water supplied will be as follows:
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 64
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
d) Multiply the average daily rate by the d) Multiply the average daily flow by
peak factor to calculate maximum dry the peak factor to calculate the
weather flow. maximum dry weather flow.
Take 50% of peak flow in Northern areas and Take 50% of peak flow as storm water
allowance in case of the Northern Zone; and
Take 33% of peak flow in Southern areas take 33% of peak flow as storm water
allowance in the Southern Zone.
The storm water allowance for urban areas in Proper arrangements for connecting storm
north and south zone will be subject to the water drainage appurtenances and sewerage
condition that proper arrangement for connecting system are to be adequately provided.
storm water drainage appurtenances and
sewerage system are adequately provided.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 65
3.4.4 Velocity at Design Flow
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
(In difficult situations) = 2.00 feet/second Desirable minimum velocity= 2.5 ft/second
Desirable minimum =2.50 feet/second In difficult situations = 2.0 ft/second
Maximum in hilly area =7 feet/second Maximum in hilly areas = 7 ft/second
c) Where-ever drop is more than 3 feet, c) Where-ever drop is more than 3 ft,
drop manhole should be constructed drop manhole should be constructed.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 66
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
d) Sewer above Sub-soil water level d) Sewers above sub soil water level
Size of Size of
Depth Manhole Depth Manhole
Sewer Remarks Sewer Remarks
(Feet) (Feet) (Feet) (Feet)
(Inches) (Inches)
912 Up to 2 x 2 Masonry 912 Up to 2 x 2 Masonry
4 1:3 4 1:3
9-21 47 4 dia Cement 9-21 47 4 dia Cement
mortar mortar
2430 820 5 dia Up to 8 ft 2430 820 5 dia Up to 8 ft
depth 9 depth 9
inches inches
Masonry Masonry
From From
3342 820 6 dia 8 ft to 15 ft 3342 820 6 dia 8 ft to 15 ft
depth depth
f) For depth more than 10 feet, RCC slab f) For depth more than 10 ft, RCC slab
will be placed at 7 ft from invert and
will be put at 7 feet from invert and then
then 4 ft dia masonry will be
4 feet dia masonry will be constructed up constructed up to surface.
to surface.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 67
3.4.7 Earth Cover
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
2.5 feet over crown of the sewer. A 3.0 ft earth cover should be provided
above crown of the sewer. However, in case
of sewer laid under road crossings, sand will
be filled to provide cover instead of earth.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 68
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 69
3.4.12 Pipe Reinforcement
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
As per ASTM specifications (as amended by As per BSS and ASTM specifications (as
PHED) amended by PHED)
Q = CIA Q = CIA
Where:- Where:-
Q = Discharge in cusecs Q =Discharge in cusecs
C = Run Off Co-efficient C = Run off coefficient
I = Rain fall intensity I = Rainfall intensity
A = Drainage area in acres A = Drainage area in acres
Type of Surface Run off Co- Type of Surface Run off Co-
efficient efficient
Water tight roof surface 0.70 0.95 Water tight roof surface 0.70 0.95
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 70
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
Portland cement streets 0.80-0.95 Portland cement streets 0.80-0.95
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 71
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
Industrial Industrial
Light 0.50-0.70 Light 0.50-0.70
Heavy 0.50-0.80 Heavy 0.50-0.80
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 72
3.4.15 Design of Outfall Works
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
Outfall Pumping Stations are proposed to be Outfall pumping stations are proposed to be
designed to cater for the maximum peak load designed to cater to the maximum peak load
plus a 50% stand-by (50% of peak load) plus a 33% stand by (33% of peak load).
Capacity Capacity
i) Present average flow (if it be less than, i) Present average flow (if it is less
of ultimate average) or ultimate than of ultimate average) or
average. ultimate average.
ii) Present and ultimate peak flows ii) Present and ultimate peak flows.
(Coarse screens with 2 inches mesh
should be installed on the screening
chamber).
Type of Pumps Type of pumps
The pumps would be located in dry well adjacent The selection of sewage pumping units should be
to collecting sumps with at least 10 minutes made keeping in the following
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 73
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
Stand by arrangements:-
For safeguard against power failure, at least
33% pumping capacity will have additional
Electric Power Generator (diesel driven).
This is in addition to the normal electric
power driven 33% stand by capacity,
prescribed above.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 74
SECTION 3.5
REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR DRAINAGE:-
The technical standards for drainage works include the prescribed directions, requirements,
explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various features of the work to be done, or
manner and method of performance.
ii. Tega only to be provided along house at ii. Tega is only to be provided along
starting length without drain house at starting reach.
iii. 4 in. Drain on one side if street width is iii. Standard type-1 drain should be
less than 6 ft. provided on one side of the street if
streets width is less than 6 ft.
However, for wider streets, drain to
drain distance should not be more
than 16 feet from outer edge of
reimbursement on both sides but not
exceeding 16 feet.
iv. Precast drains instead of situ type are to iv. Precast drains should be preferred
be preferred. instead of in-situ type.
v. Proper toe wall to be constructed at the v. Proper toe walls are to be constructed
outfall point at the outfall points.
vi. Existing ponds to be eliminated as far as vi. Existing ponds to be eliminated as far
possible as possible.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 75
Existing Technical Parameters Review of Existing Parameters and
Modifications Proposed
vii. Convert existing ponds into oxidation vii. The existing ponds should preferably
ponds preferably be converted into oxidation ponds.
viii. Provide screen before sullage collecting viii. Provide screen before sullage
pit collecting pits.
ix. Reduce the number of collecting pits as ix. Reduce the number of collecting pits
far as possible as for as possible.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 76
SECTION 3.6
STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS
As for as wastewater treatment is concerned, there is no existing treatment plant in Punjab
except a treatment plant at Faisalabad and an oxidation pond at Bahawalnagar. All other wastewater
treatment plants are in Karachi (Trickling Filters), Peshawar (Stabilization Ponds) and Islamabad
(Activated sludge). Almost all of them are abandoned or working at very low capacity with very low
efficiency.
However there are no standards or any design criteria for the design of water treatment plants.
Most of them were constructed as either pilot projects or by the foreign consultants as per their own
design criteria. This is the first time that some kind of design criteria is being given for the design of
different treatment plants for wastewater.
L=2*B
BOD Removal up to 90 %
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 77
biological treatment should follow an anaerobic pond. The design criteria for each of the above three
ponds are given below:
(b) Volumetric loading rate (in term of BOD5 or volatile solids as g/m3/d)
Volumetric loading is expressed in term of grams BOD5 per cubic meter per day.
BOD removal 80 %
The BOD5 removal efficiency also depends on the ambient air temperature.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 78
A comparison is given below for theoretical BOD5 reduction with respect to time at a
particular temperature.
Table - 3.1
Theoretical BOD5 Reduction at 22 Degree Centigrade
It is clear from the above table that BOD5 increases at a regular interval of 5% with the
increase in time.
It has been observed that the actual BOD reduction is a function of retention time, which is clear
from the following table:
TABLE - 3.2
Actual BOD5 Reduction as a Function of Retention Time
Retention Time BOD5 Reduction
(Days) (%)
1 50%
2.40 60%
5 70%
The above table reveals that after five days the BOD is reduced up to 70%. From the above
two tables a comparison can be drawn for BOD reduction with the temperature and time separately.
The following table gives a combined comparison of BOD reduction with respect to the temperature
and retention time.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 79
TABLE - 3.3
Table Showing Relationship Between
Anaerobic Pond Temperature, Retention Time and BOD5 Reduction
Coliform Removal 99 %
Volume Evaporation 10 %
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 80
No. of Maturation Ponds Retention Time (Days)
The aerated lagoons are used frequently for treating industrial wastes.
5
An aerated lagoon or aerated basin is a holding and/or treatment pond provided with artificial aeration to
promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 81
3.6.6 Standards/Design Criteria for Oxidation Ditches6
Depth 1-1.5 m
Removal of BOD 98 %
This method is used for treating small wastes from industries like pharmaceuticals, canning,
dairy, etc., located in densely populated areas.
6
In some areas, where more land is available, sewage is treated in large round or oval ditches with one or more
horizontal aerators typically called brush or disc aerators which drive the mixed liquor around the ditch and provide
aeration. These are oxidation ditches, often referred to by manufacturer's trade names such as Pasveer, Orbal, or
Carrousel. They have the advantage that they are relatively easy to maintain and are resilient to shock loads that often
occur in smaller communities (i.e. at breakfast time and in the evening).
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 82
Oxidation Ditch at Pelican Bay State Prison in Northern California, USA.
There are two types of trickling filters. Design parameters for both of them are given below:
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 83
Organic Loading 900-2200kgBOD5/ha-m of filter
media/Day
A conventional or standard rate filter plant is very useful in medium towns and industrial
cities requiring full treatment of sewage.
A high rate filter plant is very useful for industrial cities requiring full treatment of sewage,
i.e. both Municipal and Industrial sewage.
In big cities with large sized plants, the Activated Sludge plant is better.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 85
3.6.9 Standards/Design Criteria for Detritus Tanks
Flow Velocity 0.09 m/second
Skimming tanks are not provided in hot climate for treatment plants. They may be provided
in particular industrial towns or at colder hill stations like Murree, where the greasy material may
congeal easily.
7
A septic tank, the key component of a septic system, is a small scale sewage treatment system common in
areas with no connection to main sewerage pipes provided by local governments. Septic systems are a type of On-Site
Sewage Facility (OSSF).
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 86
Inlet from the top of the sewage line 30 cm
They are best suited for isolated rural areas, and for isolated hospitals, buildings,etc.
8
The Imhoff tank, named for German engineer Karl Imhoff (18761965), is a chamber suitable for the reception and
processing of sewage. It may be used for the clarification of sewage by simple settling and sedimentation, along with
anaerobic digestion of the extracted sludge.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 87
Length of Tank up to 30 m
Width of Vent 60 cm
Imhoff tanks are useful only for small cities and institutions.
The Humus is collected and dried on sludge beds. If the filtered effluent is disposed of on
land, the humus tanks are not necessary.
9
A humus tank is also sometimes called secondary settlement tank or final settlement tank and is a tank in
which settable solids or humus is separated from the effluent after it has been through biological treatment or biological
reactor.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 88
SECTION 3.7
STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
3.7.1 Introduction
There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely-used concepts include:
Waste hierarchy - the waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which
classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization
strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
MostFavoredOption
LeastFavoredOption
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 89
Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party
pays for the impact caused to the natural environment. With respect to waste management,
this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal
of the waste.
These dustbins are also called TEMPORARY DUSTBINS and theye may be manufactured of
Cast Iron or Mild Steel. They should ideally be water tight and rust resistant. Two handles on each
side should be welded for lifting the street dustbin and emptying into the municipal SWM vehicle for
transport to the transfer station or landfill site. This dustbin should be emptied at night or early in the
morning at 5-6 O clocks.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 90
THE SIZE OF THE STREET DUSTBIN MAY BE KEPT AT 150 LITERS.
LOW LOADING LINE MAY BE KEPT NOT MORE THAN 1.4 METER
The van should ideally have hydraulically operated ram, which is loaded from side. It should
be closed from all sides and the garbage collected should not be visible. Additionally it should be
protected from wind.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 91
3.7.6 Disposal of Solid Waste
The standards for each type of solid waste disposal system are different and they are given
below:
3.7.6.1 Tipping
Each layer of solid waste must not be more than 2 m.
The layer of earth on solid waste should not be more than 20 to 25 cm.
The height of the layer from the surrounding land should not be more than 6m.
For preventing the papers and other light debris screens should be provided.
In this method the solid waste is converted to harmless material by biological action.
3.7.6.2 Incineration
This system is useful for the solid waste which has comparatively less moisture
content and greater calorific value.
The heat such produced may be used for raising steam and running turbines to
produce electric power for pumping sewage or compressing air.
The ashes left after the incineration of the solid waste are 25% to 40% of the original
weight of garbage. These are easy to deal with for further disposal.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 92
3.7.6.3 Composting
This is best of all the processes and its product is useful.
This process is best suited to Punjab conditions. This process is recommended for
small and medium towns of Punjab.
The site selected for composting should be away from the town.
This system is suitable for large cities, 2 to 3 sites may be selected to avoid transportation at
one site.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 93
3.7.7 Example for Design of Compost
For a town with a population of 10,000 following dimensions are recommended for the whole
year:
The manure prepared by composting must be sieved with 12 mm sieve to exclude broken
glass, small stones, brickbats etc. Necessary arrangements should be made for diverting the rainwater
from the trenches.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 94
CHAPTER-4
SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS
Service delivery standards indicate the quality or objective of a service that a local
government aims to achieve and maintain, measured in terms of the corresponding indicators.
S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Results oriented
T - Time bound
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 95
4.5 HOW TO USE THE SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS
The Standards have been divided into the following main sections:
Water Supply
Vector Control
Sewerage
Drainage
Solid Waste Management
Standards:
These indicate the level at which the services would be operated and maintained by a local
government.
Key Indicators:
The key indicators numerically measure the standards for a service. They also provide a basis
of comparison of services amongst various local governments. This comparison can be used to
determine ranking of the local governments based on their performance.
In this document, the key indicators have been divided into the following three levels. This
division has been done to facilitate local governments to progressively improve their services from a
minimum to an excellent level thus instilling a sense of competition amongst them.
i) Minimum:
This indicates the minimum level of the service which should be provided by the local
government to its customers.
ii) Progressive:
The local governments which are in a position to provide services above the minimum
level should strive to meet the progressive indicators.
iii) Excellent:
This is the highest level of indicators for service delivery which can be attained by a
local government.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 96
Guidance Notes:
These notes provide necessary explanations about service delivery standards as well as
indicators.
Solid Waste
Water Supply Vector Control Sewerage Drainage
Management
Standard 2: Physical,
Environmental and Standard 2: Treatment Standard 2: Treatment Standard 2:
Standard 2: Quality
Chemical Protection and Disposal and Disposal Transportation
Measures
Standard 3: Customer
Standard 3: Treatment
Standard 3: O&M Services and Complaint Standard 3: O&M Standard 3: O&M
and Disposal
Redressal
Standard 5: Awareness
Campaign
Guidance Notes for Guidance Notes for Guidance Notes for Guidance Notes for
Standards Standards Standards Standards
Standard 6: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Standard 4: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 97
4.6 STANDARDS FOR WATER SUPPLY:-
Everyone has the right to clean and potable water. This right is recognized in international
legal instruments and provides for sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable
water for personal and domestic uses. Providing access to sufficient quantity of potable water at
affordable rates to meet basic needs of customers is of crucial importance for a local government.
Key Indicators
i.) Access
ii) Quantity
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Quantity of water 15 liters 20 litres 25 litres
from non-piped
source per person per
day
Quantity of water 20 litres 25 litres 30 litres
from communal stand
post per person per
day
Average quantity of 20 litres 80 litres 160 litres
water per person per
day at household
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 98
level
Delivery of potable Within 12 hours Within 8 hours Within 4 hours
water to customers in
areas where the water
supply has been
interrupted
Time required to fill a 4 minutes 3 minutes 2 minutes
10 litre container
iii) Availability
iv) Affordability:-
Guidance Notes
i) Equitable Access
This means that every individual in a society must have equitable access to sufficient
quantity of water regardless of his/her sex, caste, creed or affiliation.
iii) Quantity
The quantity of water to be supplied to an area depends on a) source of water, b)
location of the area and c) water demand. Maximum quantity can be provided in case of
piped water supply based on a tube well drilled in sweet water zone.
iv) Availability
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 99
The availability of water is a function of source of water, financial position of water
providing agency, and water demand. Ideal standard for availability of water is 24/7, which
means that water is available round the clock, seven days a week. In Punjab, the availability
in case of piped water supply varies from 4 hours to 14 hours. By using underground water
tanks and overhead reservoirs, availability can be increased by the customers to 24 hours.
v) Affordability
Affordability relates to rates which are charged for using water. Recovery of cost of
service is of primary consideration while setting tariffs. However, paying capacity of
consumers plays a significant role in deciding tariffs.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Appearance Colour Colourless Colourless
acceptable to
consumers
Taste Taste acceptable Tasteless Tasteless
to consumers
Odour Odourless Odourless Odourless
Contamination Water free from Water free from Water free from
bacterial bacterial bacterial
contamination contamination contamination
Guidance Notes
i) Quality
The quality of water needs to be in accordance with the WHO or PHED Water
Quality Standards. In areas where it is difficult to stick to the WHO Standards, the water
providing agency should ensure provision of water having quality acceptable to consumers.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 100
4.6.3 Standard 3: Operations and Maintenance
Regular operation and maintenance to ensure uninterrupted water supply to the users will be
carried out.
Guidance Notes
i. O&M:
This has a direct impact on delivery of water supply. An efficient O&M system
results in improved performance and greater customer satisfaction. Water providing agencies
should try to implement preventive maintenance schedules to follow a proactive approach to
O & M.
Key Indicators
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 101
Change of faulty 14 days 7 days 3 days
meters and removal
of illegal connections
Processing time for 72 hours 48 hours 24 hours
applications and
installation of new
connection
Processing time for Within 6 weeks Within 4 weeks Within 2 weeks
application and
installation of a new
fire hydrant
Processing time for Within 6 weeks Within 4 weeks Within 2 weeks
application and
relocation of fire
hydrant
Investigation and Within 14 days Within 7 days Within 2 days
resolution of water
ponding on private
property and water
pressure complaints.
Processing resolution Within 14 days Within 7 days Within 2 days
of complaints
regarding water
contamination
Guidance Notes
An effective complaint redressal system results in improved service delivery and enhanced
customer satisfaction. Water providing agencies should try to maintain a database of complaints
received from various localities. This will help them in planning targeted capital investments.
Key Indicator
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Awareness campaign Annually Biannual Quarterly
Presentation to Quarterly bimonthly Monthly
schools on
water, sanitation, and
environmental
education
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 102
Guidance Notes
i) Awareness campaign:
The awareness campaign, amongst others, will include information about the
following:
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Fly and mosquito Quarterly Bimonthly Monthly
spray
Fumigation Biannually Quarterly Bimonthly
Vector breeding sites Annually Biannually Quarterly
are inspected and
modified
Guidance Notes
i) Spray and Fumigation:
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 103
4.7.3 Standard-3: Complaint Redressal
An effective and efficient system for redressal of complaints related to water supply will be
established.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Timing of Customer 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Round the clock
Services Centre
Referral time for Within 24 hours Within 12 hours Within 2 hours
complaints
Redressal time for Within 48 hours Within 24 hours Within 6 hours
complaints
Observance of 60% of 75% of complaints 90% of
response time complaints complaints
(referral and
redressal)
Processing time for 72 hours 48 hours 24 hours
applications and
spray and fumigation
Guidance Notes
i. Customer Services and Complaint Redressal:
An effective customer services and complaint redressal centre results in improved
service delivery and enhanced customer satisfaction. Local governments should try to
maintain a database of complaints received from various localities. This will help them in
planning targeted capital investments.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 104
4.8 STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE
An effective and efficient sewerage, treatment and disposal system with maximum coverage
to satisfy customer needs supported by quick complaint redressal mechanism will be provided.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Access to sewerage 100 houses 50 houses 25 houses
Guidance Notes
i. Access:
The units which do not fall in any cluster will make arrangement for properly designed
soakage pits keeping in view environmental considerations.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Location of treatment 0.5 Km 1 Km 1.5 Km
plant
Extent of treatment to 11 mg per litre 8 mg per litre 6 mg per litre
maintain dissolved
oxygen in water
bodies
Location of disposal 0.5 Km 1 Km 1.5 Km
stations
Guidance Notes
i. Treatment and Disposal:
Appropriate level of treatment brings contamination levels of sewage within the limits
prescribed by National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs).
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 105
Regular operation and maintenance to ensure uninterrupted flow of sewage will be carried
out.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
De-silting of sewer lines After every Annual Biannual
two years.
Attendance to Sewer overflows/ Within 48 Within 24 Within 8
blockages/ smells/ damage hours hours hours
Attendance to sewer blockages Within 24 Within 12 Within 4
on private property hours hours hours
Replacement of broken or Within 72 Within 48 Within 24
missing manhole covers hours hours hours
Rehabilitation of sewer lines Within 3 Within 2 Within 1
(main) weeks weeks week
Rehabilitation of sewer lines Within 3 Within 2 Within a
(branch) months months month
Replacement of worn out pumps Within a week Within 2 days Within 12
and motors hours
Guidance Notes
i. O&M:
An efficient O&M system results in improved performance and greater customer
satisfaction. Sanitation agencies should try to implement preventive maintenance schedules to
follow a proactive approach to O & M for reduction in operational costs. .
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 106
4.8.4 Standard-4: Customer Services and Complaint Redressal
A rapid response customer services and complaint redressal system for improved service
delivery and customer satisfaction will be established.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Timing of Customer Services 8 a.m. to 4 8 a.m. to 8 Round the
Centre p.m. p.m. clock
Capturing of all telephone NIL NIL immediately
queries with regards to
engineering service faults
Key Indicators
*Appropriate arrangement for final disposal of waste water will be made by the dwellers of housing
units in consultation with the concerned Local Government.
Guidance Notes
i. Access to storm water drainage system:
Public access to an appropriately designed and operated drainage system ensures
quick disposal of storm water and reduces ponding. This has an effect on vector control.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 107
ii. Access to waste water drainage system:
Public access to adequate waste water drainage system, in areas without sewerage
system, facilitates quick conveyance of waste water to the nearby connecting sewers,
treatment facilities or disposal sites.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Location of treatment 0.5 Km 1 Km 1.5 Km
plant
Extent of treatment to 11 mg per litre 8 mg per litre 6 mg per litre
maintain dissolved
oxygen in water bodies
Location of disposal 0.5 Km 1 Km 1.5 Km
stations
Guidance Notes
i. Treatment and disposal:
Storm and waste waters contain suspended particulates and other contaminants,
therefore, they require treatment before disposal into water receiving bodies.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 108
Guidance Notes
i. O&M:
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Timing of Customer 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Round the clock
Services Centre
Referral time for Within 24 hours Within 12 hours Within 2 hours
complaints
Redressal time for Within 48 hours Within 24 hours Within 6 hours
complaints
Observance of 60% of 75% of complaints 90% of
response time complaints complaints
(referral and
redressal)
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
At source storage of solid waste Households Households, Households,
and healthcare commercial commercial,
establishment and healthcare healthcare and
s to use establishment educational
containers / s to use establishment
bags containers / s use
bags containers /
bags
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 109
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Manual street sweeping in On alternate Once a day Twice a day
commercial areas days (before 9.a.m) (before 9 a.m
(before 9 a.m) & before 4
p.m)
Manual street sweeping in Once a day Once a day Twice a day
residential areas (without door- (before 10 (before 7 a.m) (before 7 a.m
to-door collection) a.m) & before 4
p.m))
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 111
Guidance Notes
i. At source storage:
The concept of at source storage of solid waste is promoted to avoid continuous
littering of streets and roads. A behavioral change campaign is generally needed to bring this
change at the community level.
The communal storage points are located at easily accessible places for public
facilitation.
v. Observance of indicators:
This helps the waste management agency in monitoring and evaluation of key
indicators, which assists in planning desired improvements in service delivery.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 112
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Proper covering of 50 % of the open 75 % of the open 100 % of the
waste transportation vehicles during vehicles during 80 open vehicles
vehicles to avoid 80 % of the % of the times during 90 % of
littering of roads and times during a during a year. the times during
streets year. a year.
Route The The transportation The
transportation vehicles, as far as transportation
vehicles, as far possible, will not vehicles will not
as possible, will pass through pass through
not pass through congested areas congested areas
congested areas
Guidance Notes
i. Covering of Waste Transportation Vehicles:
While plying on city roads, uncovered open trucks / tippers cause littering of roads
and streets by light blowing objects. This problem can be minimized by covering the trucks /
trippers with tarpaulin sheets or nets.
ii. Route:
Transportation of waste through congested areas is avoided to reduce littering of roads
and streets, inconvenience to general public, and time and fuel savings.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Location of waste Minimum Minimum distance Minimum
treatment / disposal distance of 2 of 3 kilometers distance of 4
facilities kilometer from from residential kilometer from
residential area. area. residential area.
Record keeping of Weekly On alternate days Daily
quantity of waste
received at treatment
/ disposal facilities
Cleanliness of access Twice a week On alternate days Daily
roads
Length of access Less than 5 Less than 3 Less than 2
road from the main kilometers kilometers kilometers
road to the treatment
/ disposal facility
Observance of the 70 % of the 80 % of the times 90 % of the
indicators times during a during a year. times during a
year. year
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 113
Guidance Notes
i. Treatment:
This would include facilities viz. composting, recycling plants and incinerators.
ii. Disposal:
It includes landfill sites.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Cleaning of roads Within 8 hours Within 4 hours Within 2 hours
after rains / floods /
dust storms during
day time.
Cleaning of roads Before 12 Noon Before 9 a.m Before 7 a.m
after rains / floods /
dust storms during
night.
Removal of animal Before 12 Before 9 p.m Before 6 p.m
waste / offals etc. midnight
during Eid-Ul-Azha.
Observance of the 75 % of the 85 % of the times 90 % of the
indicators times during a during a year. times during a
year. year.
Guidance Notes
i. Emergency Response:
Prompt response by a local government in case of emergencies greatly helps in image
building of the agency, as well as improving citizen/customer satisfaction.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 114
ii. Emergency Arrangements:
Local governments are required to ensure necessary arrangements to meet various
emergencies. This may include provision of additional transport facility for removal of
animal waste / offal during Eid ul Azha.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Awareness campaign Annually Biannual Quarterly
Presentation to educational Quarterly bimonthly Monthly
institutions on solid waste
management
Guidance Notes
i. Awareness:
Creating awareness amongst the people helps in improving their understanding of
sustainable solid waste management. This, in the long run, facilitates the operation of local
government besides positively impacting health and environment.
Key Indicators
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
Timings of Customer 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. 7 a.m. to 11 p.m.
Services Centers
Timings of customer 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. 7 a.m. to 11.p.m. Round the clock
care centers during
special events like
Eid-Ul-Adha,
Muharram-Ul-Haram
etc.
Redressal of Within 3 months Within 2 months Within one
complaints about month
noise, dust, odor,
traffic, appearance
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 115
Indicator Minimum Progressive Excellent
and increase in
vectors from waste
treatment and
disposal facility
Guidance Notes
i. Customer Services and Complaint Redressal:
An effective customer services and complaint redressal centre results in improved
service delivery and enhanced customer satisfaction. Local governments should try to
maintain a database of complaints received from various localities. This will help them in
planning targeted capital investments.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 116
4.11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK
An effective monitoring and evaluation framework is essential to ensure that services
provided by the local governments are in accordance with the standards notified by the HUD &
PHED.
4.11.1 Monitoring:
Monitoring involves collecting information regarding compliance to service delivery
standards and assessing required changes for improvements.
4.11.2 Evaluation:
It is the assessment of the overall impact of service delivery to determine the effectiveness of
the services.
M&E Framework for ensuring effective implementation of Standards and Key Indicators is
provided in the figure below.
The standards key indicators will be prepared in consultation with major stakeholders and
notified by HUD & PHED. This would ensure uniform application of standards throughout the
province. The local governments will adopt one of the three levels of indictors (minimum,
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 117
progressive and excellent) in accordance with available resources, socio-economic level of the area
and customer needs.
The local governments will make necessary arrangements for bringing their service levels in
accordance with the adopted standards and indicators. The standards and indictors will be given wide
publicity for awareness of the consumers. At the same time the local governments will also put in
place an effective monitoring and evaluation framework to ensure that services follow standards and
indicators. The monitoring and evaluation framework will also include feedback from the customers,
which will be obtained through customer surveys.
During the implementation if the local governments find that changes are required to be made
in the indicators to suit their local requirements, they will inform the HUD & PHED accordingly.
The HUD & PHED will make necessary changes in the indicators after obtaining feedback of other
stakeholders.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 118
ANNEX-1 LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED / WHO
CONTRIBUTED TO THE REPORT
HUD & PHE DEPARTMENT:-
1. Mr. Khizar Gondal Secretary, HUD&PHED
2. Mr. Shabbir Ahmad Special Secretary, Govt. of the Punjab
3. Mr. Shabbir Ahmad Qureshi Chief Engineer (South)
4. Syed Sajjad Haider Bukhari Chief Engineer (North)
5. Mr. Shoukat Ali Additional Secretary (Tech)
6. Mr. Zahid Hussain Project Director,PCWSS Project.
7. Mr. Abdul Sattar Khan Lillah Director (A & W)
8. Mr. Khalid Saeed Superintending Engineer, PHE Circle,
Lahore
9. Mr. Nasir Abbas Assistant Director (Technical)
10. Mr. Sajjad Ahmad Bhatti Assistant Director (P&D)
11. Mr. Shahid Latif Executive Engineer
12. Mr. Nasir Iqbal Executive Engineer
13. Mr. Khalid Zia Cheema Executive Engineer
14. Mr. Zahid Javed Research Officer, Central Testing Lab.
15. Hafiz Fateh Muhammad Jr. Research Officer, Central Testing Lab.
16. Mr. Shamshad Gohar Ground Water Specialist, PCWSS Project
17. Mr. Kevin Taylor Consultant, PHED
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 119
REFERENCES
4. PHED, Design Criteria for Water Supply Sewerage & Drainage Schemes (1998) Lahore
(Pakistan).
6. WHOs Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd Edition (2004) World Health
Organization.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 120