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There are two types of particles, bosons and fermions. Bosons have symmetric wave
functions under particle exchange and fermions have anti-symmetric wave functions
under particle exchange
E n ( n 1 / 2)
(n=0, 1, 2, 3----0
k/m
is the classical frequency
Let us start with system of N particles, the general Hamiltonian is defined as,
2
N
pi
H V ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ,......x N )
i 1 2 mi
2 2
p p
H 1 2 V (r1 , r2 )
2m1 2m2
2 2
p CM p
H rel V (r )
2M 2m V ( r ) V (r1 r2 )
If
Separation into the free motion of the center of mass and the relative motion between
particles is possible if V is a central potential that depends only on the relative distance
between particles, rather than their absolute position. This situation is present when the
Hamiltonian is invariant under a uniform translation of all particles
ri ri a
and H remain the same
i) All Electrons, all neutrons, all protons, etc.. are indistinguishable except for spin (iso-
spin) degrees of freedom
b) Two particles that are identical in every respect can still be identified as separate by
their spin projection
And H(1,2)=H(2,1)
The eigen states of P12 are the symmetric and anti-symmetric combinations of the
eigen states of the N-body Hamiltonian
N-body
N
H Hi
i 1
2
p
H i i V ( xi )
2m
HU E (1,2,..........N ) EU E (1,2,......N )
So,
E=E1+E2+E3+E4-------------EN
U E1 1 ( x1 ) U E1 1 ( x 2 ) U E1 1 ( x N )
1
U (1,2,3,........N )
A
U E2 2 ( x1 ) U E2 2 ( x 2 ) U E2 2 ( x N )
N!
U E N N ( x1 ) U E N N ( x 2 ) U ENN ( x N
2 2 2 k 2
H (x y 2 )
2m x 2 y 2 2
E1
Non-degenerate
E 2 2
Double-degenerate
E3 3
Triple-degenerate
Part 2.
There are two types of particles, bosons and fermions. Bosons have symmetric wave
functions under particle exchange and fermions have anti-symmetric wave functions
under particle exchange
1. Systems consisting of identical particles of half-odd integral spin (1/2, 2/3, ) are
described by anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions Fermi-Dirac Statistics)
Consider N spin particles that do not interact with each other, but only with an
external potential
2 2 n 2
En
2mL2
2 2 2
n 2 nx n y nz
2 2
E total 3N / 5 / 3
10m
e pV occupationnumber e ( Ev N v )
v
n1, n 2 , nf
exp[ ( j )n j
j
Occupation number =
1
( j ) 1
e
=