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Solution:

There are two types of particles, bosons and fermions. Bosons have symmetric wave
functions under particle exchange and fermions have anti-symmetric wave functions
under particle exchange

For the harmonic oscillator V(x) = (1/2)kx2,

The allowed energy is

E n ( n 1 / 2)
(n=0, 1, 2, 3----0

k/m
is the classical frequency

Let us start with system of N particles, the general Hamiltonian is defined as,

2
N
pi
H V ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ,......x N )
i 1 2 mi

For two body problem,

2 2
p p
H 1 2 V (r1 , r2 )
2m1 2m2

Where r1, and r2 are the position vector

2 2
p CM p
H rel V (r )
2M 2m V ( r ) V (r1 r2 )
If

Separation into the free motion of the center of mass and the relative motion between
particles is possible if V is a central potential that depends only on the relative distance
between particles, rather than their absolute position. This situation is present when the
Hamiltonian is invariant under a uniform translation of all particles

ri ri a
and H remain the same

This symmetry of the Hamiltonian leads to the conservation of momentum

Now come to the question,

Identical Particles: The following points pertain to indistinguishable particles:

i) All Electrons, all neutrons, all protons, etc.. are indistinguishable except for spin (iso-
spin) degrees of freedom

a) This is a purely quantum mechanical property

b) Two particles that are identical in every respect can still be identified as separate by
their spin projection

A Hamiltonian for indistinguishable particles must be completely symmetric in the


coordinates of the particles

V ( r1 , r2 ) Vr2 , r1 )

And H(1,2)=H(2,1)

In such case, p12 has a eigen value of +,-1(linear parity)

The eigen states of P12 are the symmetric and anti-symmetric combinations of the
eigen states of the N-body Hamiltonian

N-body

N non- interacting fermions in a potential well

N
H Hi
i 1
2
p
H i i V ( xi )
2m

Since the particle are independent and non-interacting

HU E (1,2,..........N ) EU E (1,2,......N )
So,

E=E1+E2+E3+E4-------------EN

U E1 1 ( x1 ) U E1 1 ( x 2 ) U E1 1 ( x N )
1
U (1,2,3,........N )
A
U E2 2 ( x1 ) U E2 2 ( x 2 ) U E2 2 ( x N )
N!
U E N N ( x1 ) U E N N ( x 2 ) U ENN ( x N

If N=2 , i.e two particle system,

Then only four terms are present in the determinants

Thus the total energy involved contain four terms,

Our Hamiltonian function is in the form of

2 2 2 k 2
H (x y 2 )
2m x 2 y 2 2

The energy of three lowest states, are

E1
Non-degenerate

E 2 2
Double-degenerate

E3 3
Triple-degenerate
Part 2.

There are two types of particles, bosons and fermions. Bosons have symmetric wave
functions under particle exchange and fermions have anti-symmetric wave functions
under particle exchange

As per the Pauli exclusion principle:

1. Systems consisting of identical particles of half-odd integral spin (1/2, 2/3, ) are
described by anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions Fermi-Dirac Statistics)

2. Systems consisting of identical particles of integral spin (1, 2, ) are described by


symmetric wave functions (Bosons Bose-Einstein Statistics)

Consider N spin particles that do not interact with each other, but only with an
external potential

The corresponding eigen functions

U E ( x, y, z ) (2 / L) 3 / 2 Sin ( n1x / L) Sin (n 2y / L) Sin (n3z / L)

2 2 n 2
En
2mL2

2 2 2
n 2 nx n y nz

2 2
E total 3N / 5 / 3
10m

Particle function for boson is given by


Q exp( E v )
v

Where v denotes the state with Nv particles and energy Ev

e pV occupationnumber e ( Ev N v )
v


n1, n 2 , nf
exp[ ( j )n j
j
Occupation number =

pV ln( Occupationnumber ) ln[ 1 e


( j )
]
j

For ideal bose particle, average number of occupation number

1
( j ) 1
e
=

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