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Participants will understand the structure of GSM system and the protocol
used.
5. Radio Technique
Cellular are designed to operate with groups of low power radios spread out over
the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located
near them. The area served by each group of radios is called a Cell.
Downlink and Uplink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies, this
kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots, several slots make
up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
Macro Cell
In the beginning, High-power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS
covers a wider area, but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So it can only
provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with
high capacity. At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to
improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity
of the network.
o GSM 900
o DCS 1800
450.4~457.6 Fd(n)=Fu(n) +
GSM 450 Fu(n)=450.6 + 0.2(n-259) 259<=n<=293
460.4~467.6 10
478.8~486 Fd(n)=Fu(n) +
GSM 480 Fu(n)=479 + 0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340
488.8~496 10
824~849 Fd(n)=Fu(n) +
GSM 850 Fu(n)=824.2 + 0.2(n-128) 128<=n<=251
869~894 45
E-GSM 880~915 Fu(n)=890 + 0.2n 0<=n<=124 Fd(n)=Fu(n) +
900 925~960 Fu(n)=890 + 0.2(n-1024) 975<=n<=1023 45
R-GSM 876~915 Fu(n)=890 + 0.2n 0<=n<=124 Fd(n)=Fu(n) +
900 921~960 Fu(n)=890 + 0.2(n-1024) 955<=n<=1023 45
1850~1910 Fu(n)=1850.2 + 0.2(n- Fd(n)=Fu(n) +
DCS 1800 512<=n<=810
1930~1990 512) 80
o MS = ME + SIM
Identity (IMSI)
(TMSI)
o TC :Transcoder
o SM :Sub Multiplexer
o Provide Pb and Gb
interface
GPRS Backbone
NSS
OMC
o Call Processing
o Interface Management
o Billing
White List
Black List
Grey List
If NOT found
CELL
SERVICE AREA
PLMN Service area
MSC Service area
Location Area..
CELL
CI : Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to identify
the cells within an LAI.
The Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) is a code used in GSM to uniquely identify a
base station. The code is needed because it is possible that mobile stations
receive the broadcast channel of more than one base station on the same
frequency.
NMSI
IMSI
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies them to the HLR.
TMSDI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber on the air interface is
kept secret.
The TMSI consist of 4 bytes (8 Hex Numbers) and determined by the operator.
IMEI
The International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) looks more like a serial number
which distinctively identifies a mobile station internationally. This is allocated by the
equipment manufacturer and registered by the network operator, who stores it in the
Entrepreneurs-in-Residence (EIR). By means of IMEI, one recognizes obsolete, stolen, or
non-functional equipment.
Logical Channels are determined by the information carried within the physical channel.
Logical channels used to carry data and signaling information. Different logical channels
are mapped in either direction on physical channels.
Speech Data
DCCH BCH
CCCH
DCCH
DCCH is assigned to a single wireless connection for
measurement and handover purpose.
SDCCH ACCH
SDCCH : Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel
ACCH : Associated Control Channel
SACCH : Slow Associated Control Channel
FACCH SACCH FACCH : Fast Associated Control Channel
SDCCH
SACCH DCCH
FACCH DCH
TCHF
TCH
TCHH
FCCH
BCCH SCH
CCH BCCH
PCH
CCCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCCH SACCH
DCH FACCH
TCHF
TCH
TCHH
Power Off
FCCH Search for frequency correction burst
SCH Search for synchronous burst
BCCH Extract system information
Idle Mode
PCH Monitor paging message
RACH Send access burst
AGCH Allocate signaling channel
SDCCH Setup the call Dedicated Mode
SDCCH Allocate voice channel
TCH Conversation
FACH Release the Call
Idle Mode
o Packet logic channel (PDCH) can be combined via the following three modes:
Mode 1 : PBCCH + PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH;
o With the increase of traffic, packet public channel should be configured in the
cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted.
o In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same BCCH and
CCCH in the cell. In case, only combination mode 3 is needed in the cell.
TDMA Frame
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL CHANNEL
TDMA Frame
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL CHANNEL
5W
8W Both downlink and uplink power
settings can be controlled
independently and individually.
Battery Saving
Interference reduction
RX Delay
TX Delay
o Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
o What is Diversity?
3G IMT-2000 2
Mb/s