2.4.8.

Bernoulli Equation deduced from the First Law of Thermodynamics for

Open Systems
A1 A2

V1 A 1 V2 A 2
1 1 V1 A 1
m 2 2 V2 A 2
m
v1 T2 v2
Q 0 ; W
0
z2
z1

The mass flow rate conservation equation for steady - state flow conditions is:

1 V1 A1 2 V2 A 2 m
1 m
2 m
ct (}

Gustav Zeuner and Stodola have written the First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems in
1848, in the form:
W V2 V2
Q m 2 h 2 2 g z 2 m 1 h 1 1 g z1
2 2

Considering the flow conditions in the tube, namely:

adiabatic flow, Q
=0

no shaft work done, W =0

the above equation becomes:
V22 V2
h2 g z 2 h 1 1 g z1
2 2

with h2 = u2 +p2 v2 ; h1 = u1 +p1 v1 ; z2 = z1

V22 V12
u 2 T p 2 v2 u 1 T p1 v1
2 2

Note that for flow of liquids

flow with small variation of pressurewe have
1
u2 = u1 v2 = v1 = v = = 0.001 m3/kg

p 2 V22 p1 V12
Bernoullis equation (1717)
2 2

with = H 2O = 1000 [kg/m3]