1 - Welcome Lecture

Digital Image
Processing
Lecture # 1
1/96
Course Info
Subject Digital Image Processing
Instructor Brig Dr Javaid Iqbal
Teaching Assistant LD Qasim
Text book Digital Image Processing by R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods,
Addison Wesley, Second Ed., 2002.
Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB by R. C. Gonzalez and R.
E. Woods
Reference book Matlab Manuals, Next slide
Prerequisite Linear algebra, Matrices manipulation
DSP topics like convolution, filtering and FFT
Working knowledge of Matlab
Mode of teaching Lectures, Practical
Grading (a) Quizes
(b) Written and programming assignments
(c) Project
(d) Written Exam
2/96
Reference Books
Practical Computer vision using C by
J.R.Parker.
Algorithm for Image Processing and Computer
Vision by J.R.Parker.
A Simplified approach to Image Processing,
Classical and modern techniques in C by
Randy Crane.
3/96
Course Objectives
Develop an understanding of basic image processing
techniques through lecture, study, and exercises
Develop a fluency with a digital image processing
(DIP) software (Matlab Toolbox).
Implement dip project which demonstrates your
ability to integrate the mathematical theory with the
practical issues
4/96
Development of DIP
1920s: Image transmission
Transatlantic picture
transmission
London New York
1960s: Space program
Moon picture by Ranger 7
Enhancement by computer
1979: X-ray imaging (CT)
Nowadays: Low cost computing
Lots of DIP applications
5/96
Why do we process images?
Enhance and restore images
Remove scratches from an old photo
Improve visibility of tumor in a radiograph
Extract information from images
Measure water pollution from aerial images
Measure the 3D distances and heights of
objects from stereo images
Facilitate picture storage and transmission
Efficiently store an image in a digital camera
Send an image through mobile phone (MMS)
Prepare for display or printing
Adjust image size
Halftoning
6/96
Photo Restoration
Restoration
process
Damage Image Restored Image
7/96
Image Enhancement- Improving picture quality.
8/96
Image Enhancement
Highlighting features of interest.
9/96
10/96
Image Enhancement
Initial image Final image
Example taken from microscopy.berkeley.edu/courses/dib

11/96
Image Restoration
12/96
Image Restoration
Restoration of image from Hubble Space Telescope
Faulty image of Saturn Recovered image
13/96
Extraction of settlement area from aerial image
14/96
Photo colorization
Original B/W Image Colorized Image Original Image Colorized Image
15/96
Image Compression
Original JPEG 27:1
16/96
Image Compression
Original JPEG2000 27:1
17/96
Face Detection
18/96
Face Tracking
19/96
Face Morphing
-Coloring
20/96
-Structuring
Fingerprint recognition
X X
21/96
Personal Identification using Iris Recognition
1983 2000
National Geographics: Afghan Girl

22/96
Character Recognition
Extract
Rotate
Segment
Classify
Parseno
23/96
Classification of DIP and Computer Vision
Processes
Low Level Processes (DIP)

image in -> image out
Image Processing/Enhancement.
Functions: image pre-processing like noise reduction, contrast
enhancement, image sharpening.
Medium Level Processing (DIP and computer vision)

image in -> measurements or attributes (edge sharpening) out
Image Analysis
Functions: Segmentation, Classification / recognition of objects
High Level Processing (computer vision)

image in -> high-level description out
Image Understanding, Make sense of recognized object
Calculate relative distances between objects
24/96
Image Processing Steps
Physical world
Image acquisition
Imaging
Digitization, quantization and
compression
Enhancement and restoration Image Processing
Image segmentation Imaging Analysis
Feature selection/extraction (Computer Vision and
Image representation Pattern recognition)
Image interpretation Image understanding
(Computer Vision and
Pattern recognition)
Physical action
25/96
Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Representation
Image
&
Acquisition Description
Object
Problem Domain Recognition
Color
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
26/96
Processing:
Image Acquisition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Representation
Image
&
Object
Color
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
27/96
Processing:
Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Representation
&
Acquisition
Description
Object
Color
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
28/96
Processing:
Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Image
Enhanceme Segmentation
nt
Representation
Image
&
Object
Color
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
29/96
Processing:
Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain &
Color Image Description
Image Compressio
Processing n
30/96
Processing:
Segmentation
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Acquisition & Description
Object
Color
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
31/96
Processing:
Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Mark
Image boundary Representation
and
Acquisition measure & Description
distance
Object
Color Image
Image
Processing Compression
32/96
Processing:
Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Acquisition & Description
Object
Color
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
33/96
Processing:
Image Compression
Image Morphological
Image Segmentati
Enhancement on
Representation
Image
&
Object
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
34/96
Processing:
Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Representation
Image &
Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Color
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
35/96
Typical DIP System
Frame Grabber
38/96 USB Firewire
Typical DIP System
39/96
Examples of Fields that use DIP
Varied application
Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
Automated Industrial Inspection
Nuclear medicine
Medical Diagnostics
Remote Sensing
Weather Prediction
Military reconnaissance
Astronomical Observations
Image database management
Biometrics
Finger Prints
Iris etc.
41/96
Applications of DIP
Categorization according to image sources
Electromagnetic (EM) band Imaging
Gamma ray images
x-ray band images
ultra-violet band images
visual light and infra-red images
micro-waves and radio waves
Non-EM band Imaging
Acoustic (sound) and ultrasonic images
Electron Microscopy
Computer-generated synthetic images
42/96
EM Spectrum
EM spectrum divided into 7 groups
Spectral bands grouped according to energy per photon
43/96
EM Spectrum
44/96
Applications of DIP
EM band imaging
Gamma-ray imaging
Nuclear medicine, astronomical observations.
X-ray Imaging
Medical diagnostics (CAT scans, x-ray scans), industry,
astronomy.
Ultra-violet imaging
Fluorescence microscopy, astronomy,
Visible & Infrared-band imaging (most widely used)
Light microscopy, astronomy, remote sensing, industry,
law enforcement, military recognizance, etc.
Micro-wave and radio band imagery
Radar, Medicine (MRI), astronomy
45/96
Applications of DIP
Non-EM band imaging
Acoustic imaging (hundreds of Hz)

Geological exploration (oil exploration)
Ultrasound imaging (millions of Hz)
Industry and medicine especially in obstetrics, determine the health of
the fetal development
Electron microscopic imaging
Used to achieve magnification of 10,000x or more
(Light microscopy is limited to around 1000x)
46/96
Medical Diagnostics
One problem with the human body is that it is opaque, and
looking inside is generally painful. In the past, exploratory
surgery was one common way to look inside the body, but
today doctors can use a huge array of non-invasive
techniques. Some of these techniques include things like
X-rays
MRI scanner
CAT scan
ultrasound and so on.
47/96
Tomography
48/96
Tomography
Cross-sectional imaging of an object from the data, collected
by illuminating the object from many different directions.
The impact of this technique in diagnostic medicine has been
revolutionary, since it has enabled doctors to view internal
organs with unprecedented precision and safety to the
patient.
Fundamentally, tomographic imaging deals with
reconstructing an image from its projections.
49/96
Head CT scan
50/96
Applications of DIP
EM band imaging
Gamma-ray imaging
X-ray Imaging
astronomy.
51/96
Gamma-Ray Imaging (1)
Nuclear medicine
Bone Scan
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
Single photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT)
Cardiovascular imaging
Astronomical observation
Cygnus Loop
52/96
Gamma-Ray Imaging
Nuclear medicine (Bone Scan)

Inject radioactive isotope that
emit gamma rays.
Images are produced from
emissions collected by using
gamma-ray imaging.
55/96
Gamma-Ray Imaging
Nuclear medicine (PET

Scan)
Tumor
56/96
Applications of DIP
EM band imaging
Gamma-ray imaging
X-ray Imaging
astronomy.
61/96
X-ray Imaging (2)
Medical Diagnosis
X-rays
Angiography
Computerized Axial Tomography
Astronomy
Cygnus Loop
Industrial Applications
62/96
X-rays - Discovery
As with many of mankind's monumental discoveries, X-ray
technology was invented completely by accident. In 1895, a
German physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen made the
discovery while experimenting with electron beams in a gas
discharge tube. Roentgen noticed that a fluorescent screen
in his lab started to glow when the electron beam was turned
on. This response in itself wasn't so surprising -- fluorescent
material normally glows in reaction to electromagnetic
radiation -- but Roentgen's tube was surrounded by heavy
black cardboard. Roentgen assumed this would have blocked
most of the radiation.
63/96
X-rays
Roentgen placed various objects between the tube
and the screen, and the screen still glowed. Finally,
he put his hand in front of the tube, and saw the
silhouette of his bones projected onto the fluorescent
screen. Immediately after discovering X-rays
themselves, he had discovered their most beneficial
application.
64/96
X-ray Imaging
Medical Diagnosis
X-rays
66/96
X-ray Imaging
Medical Diagnosis (Computerized Axial Tomography)
A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken
from different angles; The pictures are created by a
computer linked to an x-ray machine
67/96
CAT
68/96
Image Processing Examples
Medical Imaging: Computer Aided
Tomography (CAT)
69/96
Scanned liver slice
70/96
X-ray Imaging
Medical Diagnosis - Angiography
Coronary angiography is an X-ray examination of
the blood vessels or chambers of the heart. A very
small tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood
vessel in your groin or arm. The tip of the tube
is positioned either in the heart or at the beginning
of the arteries supplying the heart, and a special
fluid (called a contrast medium or dye) is injected.
This fluid is visible by X-ray, and the pictures that
are obtained are called angiograms.
71/96
Angioplastry
72/96
X-ray Imaging
Industrial Applications
Circuit boards checked for
cracks, missing components etc
73/96
Applications of DIP
EM band imaging
Gamma-ray imaging
X-ray Imaging
astronomy.
76/96
Visible & Infrared Imaging
Light microscopy
Anticancer medicine(250x)
Cholesterol (40x)
Microprocessor (60x)
Nickel oxide film (600x)
CD (1750x)
Organic superconductor(450x)
78/96
79/96
80/96
Applications of DIP
EM band imaging
Gamma-ray imaging
X-ray Imaging
astronomy.
81/96
Imaging in the radio Band MRI (5)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a method of
obtaining images of the interiors of objects,
especially living things such as humans and
animals.
It employs radio-frequency (RF) waves and intense
magnetic fields to excite atoms in the object under
evaluation.
82/96
MRI Scanner
83/96
Image Processing Examples
Medical imaging: Averaging MRI slices for knee image
87/96
Imaging in the radio band.
88/96
Applications of DIP
Non-EM band imaging
Acoustic imaging (hundreds of Hz)

Geological exploration (oil exploration)
Ultrasound imaging (millions of Hz)
Industry and medicine especially in obstetrics, determine the health of
the fetal development
Electron microscopic imaging
Used to achieve magnification of 10,000x or more
(Light microscopy is limited to around 1000x)
89/96
Application Study - Summary
(Medical Imaging)
MRI system.
CT Scan system.
X-Ray system.
Bone Scan
Ultra Sound
X-Rays for dentist.
92/96
(Inspection & Quality Assurance)
Glass inspection system.

Plastic inspection system.
Wood inspection system.
Fruit inspection system.
Vegetable inspection system.
X-ray inspection system.
93/96
(Industry)
Packaging industry.
OCR.
Face Recognition.
Finger Print Recognition.
Surveillance system (security system).
Quality Control
95/96

1 - Welcome Lecture

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 - Welcome Lecture

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Digital Image

Damage Image Restored Image

Highlighting features of interest.

Example taken from microscopy.berkeley.edu/courses/dib

Restoration of image from Hubble Space Telescope

Faulty image of Saturn Recovered image

Original B/W Image Colorized Image Original Image Colorized Image

Original JPEG 27:1

Original JPEG2000 27:1

National Geographics: Afghan Girl

Low Level Processes (DIP)

Medium Level Processing (DIP and computer vision)

High Level Processing (computer vision)

Acoustic imaging (hundreds of Hz)

Nuclear medicine (Bone Scan)

Nuclear medicine (PET

Acoustic imaging (hundreds of Hz)

Glass inspection system.

You might also like