1.1 General: The Design and Development of No Smoke Stove Using Biomass

THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NO SMOKE STOVE USING BIOMASS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Household energy use and biomass in developing countries have gained a tremendous
interest in the past decade. Gender issues in particular, have put stoves on the agenda
to policy decision makers and opened up for large scale implementation of new
energy efficient stoves.
Stoves based on pyrolytic gasification technology may hold the key to alleviate
several third-world defined challenges. One of them being deforestation, another is
sustainable and efficient agricultural practice, and third is health related diseases
occurring as a result of toxic fumes spreading in enclosed kitchen environments.
Pyrolytic gasification stoves are energy efficient units with low levels of emissions. In
some cases, less than 50% fuel consumption and 90% emissions reductions have been
reached, compared to existing practice. These stoves possess a great flexibility with
regard to choice of biomass. Residual waste products within forestry and agriculture
are often used as feedstock for these units. In addition to heat, pyrolytic gasification
units turn the biomass into a product expected to be in high demand in future
agricultural practice.
The Green Solution Concept permits low income households, farmers and
communities :-
1. To use solid waste biomass as fuel for cooking.

2. To live in a less polluted and healthier kitchen environment.
3. To produce biochar for use on land used by the farmer or community.
4. To enable reduced costs on biomass.
ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 1

Today, India counts as the third-largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing
power and is expected to grow to 60 per cent of the size of the US economy by 2034.
Experiencing such a booming economy brings several challenges, which India will
have to face in the coming years. Among those is the population explosion. This puts
disquieting pressure not only on the economic infrastructure of the nation, but also
raises the issue of environmental sustainability. With its high population density,
stressed ecological systems and substantial dependence on natural resources, the
country is very vulnerable to climate change. Using LPG for cooking is common
practice in the commercial sector in India.
Up to now, there have been no easily accessible alternative fuels available in India
and there is a strong dependency on LPG. LPG stoves are on every street corner.
There, as well as in schools, colleges, hostels, company canteens and hospitals, food
is cooked in huge utensils with gas processed from petroleum. LPG is the most
commonly used fuel for cooking in urban areas in India. One LPG stove emits 9.69
tonnes of CO2 per year.
The present project, which will be implemented Energy-efficient biomass cookers as

well as biomass pellets are being produced and distributed in order to displace
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), thereby reducing the CO2 emissions. Moreover, the
project has several benefits for the locals involved in the supply chain of the project.
FIGURE 1.1 LPG CYLINDERS

1.2 BIOMASS
1.2.1 WHAT IS BIOMASS ?
Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. Biomass
can be used as a source of energy and it most often refers to plants or plant-based
materials that are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic
biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to
produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion
of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly
classified into :- Thermal, Chemical, and Biochemical methods.
FIGURE 1.2 PLANT BARK
1.2.2 BIOMASS SOURCES
Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the time when
people began burning wood to make fire. Even today, biomass is the only source of
fuel for domestic use in many developing countries. Biomass is all biologically-
produced matter based in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The estimated biomass
production in the world is 104.9 petagrams (104.9 10 15 g about 105 billion metric
tons) of carbon per year, about half in the ocean and half on land.
Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today, examples include forest
residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips
and even municipal solid waste. Wood energy is derived by using lignocellulosic
biomass (second-generation biofuels) as fuel. Harvested wood may be used directly as
a fuel or collected from wood waste streams to be processed into pellet fuel or other
forms of fuels.

The largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor or "black liquor", a waste
product from processes of the pulp, paper and paperboard industry. In the second
sense, biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or
other industrial chemicals, including biofuels.
FIGURE 1.3 BIOMASS SOURCES
1.2.3 BIOMASS AS AN ENEERGY SOURCE
The term "biomass" refers to raw organic material used to generate a number of
energy resources, including heat, liquid or gaseous fuels, and electricity. Chemical
energy stored in biomass can be converted to heat through combustion (burning).
Biomass can be converted to liquid or gaseous fuels or can be used to generate
electricity in the same way that coal is used. The electricity generated can be sent to
energy consumers via electric transmission systems. These applications can be at a

small scale (e.g., to cook or make hot water in individual buildings) or at a large scale
(e.g., to generate ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, or electricity for general distribution).
Biomass materials are used since millennia for meeting myriad human needs
including energy. Main sources of biomass energy are trees, crops and animal waste.
Until the middle of 19th century, biomass dominated the global energy supply with a
seventy percent share (Grubler and Nakicenovic, 1988). Among the biomass energy
sources, wood fuels are the most prominent. With rapid increase in fossil fuel use, the
share of biomass in total energy declined steadily through substitution by coal in the
nineteenth century and later by refined oil and gas during the twentieth century.
Despite its declining share in energy, global consumption of wood energy has
continued to grow. During 1974 to 1994, global wood consumption for energy grew
annually by over 2 percent rate (Figure 1). Presently, the biomass sources contribute
14% of global energy and 38% of energy in developing countries (Woods and Hall,
1994). Globally, the energy content of biomass residues in agriculture based industries
annually is estimated at 56 exajoules, nearly a quarter of global primary energy use of
230 exajoules (WEC, 1994).
FIGURE 1.4 RENEWABLE ENERGIES

1.2.4 STATUS OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN INDIA
Biomass contributes over a third of primary energy in India. Biomass fuels are
predominantly used in rural households for cooking and water heating, as well as by
traditional and artisan industries. Biomass delivers most energy for the domestic use
(rural - 90% and urban - 40%) in India (NCAER, 1992). Wood fuels contribute 56
percent of total biomass energy. Consumption of wood has grown annually at 2
percent rate over past two decades.
Estimates of biomass consumption remain highly variable since most biomass is not
transacted on the market. Supply-side estimates of biomass energy are reported as :-
fuelwood for domestic sector- 218.5 million tons (dry), crop residue- 96 million tons
(estimate for 1985) and cattle dung cake- 37 million tons. A recent study estimates
demand in India for fuelwood at 201 million tons. Supply of biomass is primarily
from fuels that are home grown or collected by households for own needs. The
Government sponsored social forestry programme has added to fuel-wood supply to
the tune of 40 million tons annually.
1.2.5 TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS
Modern biomass supply has to be driven by the dynamics of energy market. Supply of
biomass at a competitive cost can be ensured only with a highly efficient biomass
production system. Productivity of crops and trees depend critically on agro climatic
factors. To enhance biomass productivity, the MNES is supporting nine Biomass
Research Centers (BRCs) in nine (of the fourteen) different agroclimatic zones in
India with an aim to develop packages of practices of fast growing, high yielding and
short rotation (5-6 years) fuelwood tree species for the degraded waste lands in these
zones. Some centers have existed for over a decade. Packages of practices for 36
promising species are prepared. Biomass yield of up to 36.8 tons per hectare per year
is reported from some promising fuel-wood species.
Since the knowledge of these package of practices has remained limited within the
research circles, their benefits remains to be realized. The mean productivity of farm
forestry nationally is very low at 4.2 tons per hectare per year. Exploitation of
bioenergy potential is vitally linked to the adequate land supply. While the use of
cultivable crop land for fuel remains controversial under the "food versus fuel"

debate, there exists a vast supply of degraded land which is available cheaply for fuel-
wood plantations. The estimates of degraded land vary from 66 million hectares
(Ministry of Agriculture, 1992) to 130 million hectares (SPDW, 1984). With improved
biomass productivity and efficient energy conversion, it is feasible to sustain a
significant share of biomass in total energy use in India by utilizing a fraction of this
degraded land for biomass plantation.
1.2.6 FUTURE OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN INDIA
Biomass use is growing globally. Despite advancements in biomass energy

technologies, most bioenergy consumption in India still remains confined to
traditional uses. The modern technologies offer possibilities to convert biomass into
synthetic gaseous or liquid fuels (like ethanol and methanol) and electricity. Lack of
biomass energy market has been the primary barrier to the penetration of modern
biomass technologies. Growing experience with modern biomass technologies in
India suggests that technology push policies need to be substituted or augmented by
market pull policies.
Short-term Policies (1 to 5 years): i) enhanced utilization of crop residues and wood

waste, ii) information dissemination, iii) niche applications (e.g. remote and biomass
rich locations), iv) technology transfer (e.g. high pressure boiler), v) co-ordination
among institutions, vi) demonstration projects, vii) participation of private sector,
community and NGOs, viii) waste land development, and ix) subsidy to biomass
technologies to balance the implicit subsidies to fossil fuels.
Medium Term (5 to 20 years): i) R&D of conversion technologies, ii) species

research to Match agroclimatic conditions, iii) biomass Plantation, iv) scale economy
based technologies, v) Local Institutional Developments, and vi) removal of
distortions in fossil energy tariffs.
Long term (over 20 years): i) Infrastructure, ii) multiple biomass energy products
(e.g. gas, liquid, electricity), iii) institutions and policies for competitive biomass
energy service market, and iv) land supply for biomass generation.

1.3 MOTIVATION
There are four main motivators for use of pyrolytic gasification stoves in developing
countries :-
1. Health issues related to reduced emissions.
2. Reduced deforestation and reduced biomass consumption.
3. Climate change mitigation and adaption.
4. Biochar production.
On top of the list is the immediate effect of improved health. WHO has issued several
publications documenting the high third world death rates caused by pollutants from
open fire and air polluting stoves. The current cooking practice is dubbed "killer in the
kitchen" as women and children are directly exposed to pollutants during cooking.
The high death rates and disease incidents have caused much indignation and rage as
industrialized countries have paid little attention to this basic third world problem.
The heightened interest to reduce these problems has made possible the formation of
The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GAAC) and unprecedented funding levels
from several countries have helped the organization move rapidly and with strength.
The organization aims high and seeks introduction of new stoves with 90% reduction
in air pollutants and 50% reduced biomass consumption, all compared to existing
practice.
Climate change issues have put focus on efficient use of biomass. With little
economic access to fossil fuels such as LPG and kerosene, the world populations are
relented to use biomass for cooking and other household energy. This practice is most
often linked to deforestation and other climate change effects. New stoves have higher
thermal efficiencies causing less biomass to be used for cooking.
The gender effect from less biomass consumption is seen as reduced time for women
spent on biomass collection. New efficient stoves will indirectly effect changes in
social structures and exemplifies why stove introduction need to be viewed in a value
chain perspective.

Lastly the motivation for introduction of stoves with pyrolytic gasification technology
is founded in the possibility to produce biochar. The Peko Pe stove is a solution
provider for small scale farmers, seeking a biochar production unit for agricultural use
of biochar on their own farm. The qualities of biochar are reduced fertilizer use and
increased crop-yields. Both of these factors are income generators for local farmers.
The society on a whole benefits from more sustainable farming practices.
FIGURE 1.5 CHULHA USED IN VILLAGES
1.4 PROJECT BENEFITS
The project leads to a reduction of CO2 while making a significant contribution to

sustainable development in the region :-
1. The farmers from whom biomass will be sourced will get profit as an increase
in income.
2. The community benefits from labour generated in rural areas, since the jobs
remain with the poor.
3. Cost savings are being enabled, as the price of biomass pellets is lower
compared to LPG, which can lead to fuel cost savings of more than 50 per cent
compared to commercial LPG.
1.5 THE FEATURES OF BIOMASS STOVES

The Biomass Stove allows locals to be less dependent on LPG and to receive a real
sustainable alternative. For that, the supply of pellets plays a crucial role. The biomass
fuel pellet technology is a densification technology where post-harvest biomass is
processed (dried/ shredded/pulverised) and compressed into 1012 mm pellets. The
hot pellets that are coming out of pellet machines are cooled and packed into bags.
These highly compressed biomass fuel pellets enable the use of the Biomass Stove.
The biomass cook stoves are being manufactured for a long service life with
minimum maintenance needed. With proper maintenance and repair services, the
Biomass Stoves can last more than 15 years. With regard to emissions, a significant
reduction can be achieved as the use and combustion of fossil fuels is reduced. To be
precise one stove saves twelve tonnes of greenhouse gas per year.
FIGURE 1.6 A MODEL OF BIOMASS STOVE

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Many numbers of research papers, other documents and articles have already been
thoroughly studied and reviewed by the members of the project. The data obtained
and conclusion acquired from these puts us in position to start with the design and
development of our project. The literature survey of the project is as follows :-
1. Philip L loyd, Harold Annegarn and Crispin Pemberton-Pigott in their paper on

Towards a standard for clean solid-fuelled cookstoves have argued that the primary
purpose of the global clean stove initiative is to reduce exposure to smoke and carbon
monoxide from cooking fires. In the process of deriving a standard test protocol for
clean solidfuelled cookstoves that could guide investment in candidate technologies,
they argue that the reference point for evaluating candidate fuel/technology
combinations should be the local business-as-usual cooking practice. This is in direct
conflict with the consensus approach of the Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves,
which seeks to standardise product performance testing using a single cooking cycle,
a standard pot and a standard fuel, an approach which fails to take into account locally
available fuels and local cultural practices. They argue that it is possible to devise a
culturally sensitive standardised test protocol that is locally relevant. It would provide
better guidance to investors in the clean stove market as to which technologies to
support than any standardized test. It seems that such an approach would permit the
rational development of test procedures for clean solid-fuelled cookstoves which can
be adapted to the huge range of fuels and cooking cycles employed worldwide, and
more likely allow stoves to evolve that will perform in line with user expectations.
According to them when cellulose is heated above 250C in the absence of significant
air, it starts to break down. It appears that the cellulose chains first decompose into
sugars, and then the sugars decompose by two separate routes, the one yielding
predominantly volatile organic compounds, and the other gases and char. If the
heating is slow, char is the primary end product and smoke production is low.
However, if the heating is rapid, the first reaction dominates with tars (low

condensation temperature organic compounds) and soot some of the primary

products. This leads to a conceptual model for the combustion of solid cellulosic
material in an ordinary bottom-lit fire. When heated by fire from below, the outer
surface of the fuel is initially heated rapidly and smoke is emitted. Soon, the outer
surface is coated with ash and char and the rate of heat transfer to the inner raw
material drops with a corresponding drop in smoke production. At the same time, the
local temperature reaches the point at which volatiles emitted from the surface can
ignite and any smoke produced is burned. As the fire proceeds, the core of the fuel
continues to react slowly producing char, until there is only a small region in the
centre of the fuel which remains unburned. At this point the rate of heating from the
surrounding hot char increases, and limited quantities of smoke are again produced.
FIGURE 2.1 TYPICAL RECORD OFSMOKE EMISSION FROM A SIMPLE

BIOMASS FIRE
2. K. Dastoori, M. Kolhe, C. Mallard and B. Makin in their paper on Particulates

removal by electrostatic precipitation in a small scale biomass combustion stove
have told that it is widely accepted that burning wood combustion contributes to air
pollution. Small-scale biomass combustion is a considerable source of indoor and
outdoor air pollution. Biomass combustion generates a high concentration of particles
which can strongly affect human health. Clearly, it is important to reduce atmospheric
emissions of the biomass energy sector from the small scale wood based combustion
system, to safeguard the environment and to enable the sector to grow. Most of the

particulates in the exhaust gas can be filtered through an electrostatic precipitator

system.
They have designed an electrostatic precipitator using a concentric cylindrical

geometry which can easily by retro-fitted into a small scale combustion stove. The
configuration is such that the high voltage electrode is positioned along the centreline
and the outer diameter is at ground potential. Voltages up typically - 50kV are applied
which generate negative corona ions and by a collision process the combustion
particles become negatively charged and migrate to the outer cylinder where they are
collected.
FIGURE 2.2 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR SYSTEM

FIGURE 2.3 CORONA DISCHARGE
3. Kendall S. Thacker, McCall Barger and Christopher A. Mattson in their paper

on A global review of end user needs: Establishing the need for adaptable
cookstoves have explained that the need for improved cookstoves and their
widespread adoption remains high since nearly three billion people in the world
depend upon coal or biomass as their main source of energy. They concluded that
improved cookstoves can reduce air emissions up to 90% and can save a large
quantity of time and costs associated with the collection and consumption of biomass

fuels. They have also told the factors causing variable cookstove use in a chart.
FIGURE 2.4 VISUAL DEPICTION OF DIFFRENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT

COOKSTOVE USE
4. Pushpa, K.S. in his paper on Factors associated with the adoption of improved
cookstoves in southern parts of India has explained that the overall objective of the
study is to assess the level of adoption of the Improved Cook Stoves in the study
locale and the factors promoting or precluding its adoption.
The findings reveal the significance of user evaluation of the technology and apt
technology modification prior to its dissemination for making the stoves user friendly.

FIGURE 2.5 LEVEL OF ADOPTION OF IMPROVED COOK STOVES
CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
3.1 FORMULATION AND PRESENTATION OF PROBLEM
3.1.1 THE GREEN SOLUTION CONCEPT

We have targeted the household energy sector in developing countries through its
Green Solution Concept. The concept provides a framework for using pyrolytic
gasifiers as a new change mechanism.
FIGURE 3.1 CIRCULAR VALUE CHAIN OF GREEN SOLUTION CONCEPT
The Peko Pe stove (Biomass stove) is one part in a set of linked elements. The
concern is the selection of suitable waste biomass, sourced in a sustainable life cycle
perspective. The concept includes biochar and the possibility for increased
agricultural yields and related income through carbon offsets. Agriculture and
Sustainable Forest Management is a natural part of the concept. The concept
addresses a cluster of other development priorities including health, gender issues and
natural resources management and climate change.
An important pre-requisite of the concept is the availability of local biomass resources

suitable for use in pyrolytic gasifiers. The concept is relevant for other energy sources
such as biogas, ethanol, wind and solar, either as a combination of energy units or as a
modified concept to suit particular areas or needs.
3.1.2 OBJECTIVES OF BIOMASS STOVES

1. Development of a SMOKELESS STOVE for villages.
2. Use of biomass for burning of fire.
3. A permanent solution to those who cannot afford LPG cylinders (a better and
clean way of cooking).
4. Improving health of family who prepare their food by using traditional stoves
in villages.
5. Women Empowerment - Our project helps in improving health of village

women by developing their kitchen by a new concept ( Villages are cultural
heritage of India ).
3.1.3 THE BIOMASS STOVE
The Peko Pe stove converts biomass to a smokeless flame for use in cooking, heating.
It is a micro charcoal kiln designed for use in low income households in developing
countries. Its principal feature is a smokeless flame. The stove's products are heat and
biochar. The Peko Pe is a pyrolytic gasification unit, which accepts a wide range of
different types of biomass, such as corn cobs, chopped wood, a variety of nut shells,
straw, etc. The stove belongs to the stove category of TLUD-ND (Top Lit Up Draft
Natural Draft).
The stoves flexibility with regard to biomass allows end-users to choose between
different sources of biomass, many of these categorized as waste products. The simple
design and construction, based on natural draft combustion principles and assembled
in an uncomplicated manufacturing process, makes the stove easily accepted by local
tinsmiths. The Peko Pe combines the processes of gasification and pyrolysis.
Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil fuel based

carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
This is achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures (>700 C),
without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam.

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated

temperatures in the absence of oxygen (or any halogen). It involves the
simultaneous change of chemical composition and physical phase, and is
irreversible. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire"
and lysis "separating".
The characteristics of pyrolytic gasifiers are that the outputs of charcoal and
combustible gases are separated in time and place. This leaves an opportunity to
collect the charcoal for other purposes after cooking on the combustible gases.
FIGURE 3.2 SMOKELESS FLAME OF BIOMASS STOVE
3.1.4 FUEL FOR THE BIOMASS STOVE
Use of solid biomass as a fuel in the biomass should adhere to the following
characteristics :-
1. Biomass should be dry, which means a moisture content of preferably below

10%. Any water in the fuel will have to be evaporated at the expense of heat
availability for the actual cooking. High moisture content also influences stove
operation as well.
2. The biomass should be energy-dense. If the fuel has low energy density, the
same cooking tasks requires the burning of much higher volumes. This may
result in inconveniences for the user. The user either has to accept a much
larger stove (batch feed) or a very cumbersome cooking process (frequent
refuelling continuous feed stove).
The mentioned Green Solution Concept emphasizes that biomass should not compete
with resources allocated for food production. Examples are land, water, labour,
fertiliser etc., or any higher value use, such as a building material.
Other qualifying factors are :-
The biomass should not negatively impact biodiversity of the locality.

It must generate profits at relevant sublevels of the value chain.
It must be sustainably managed so that it truly may be identified as a
renewable energy source.
FIGURE 3.3 DIFFRENT TYPES OF BIOMASS
Crop residues from agriculture are the largest source of non-timber biomass fuel.
Common types are :-
straw, stem, stalks, leaves, husk, shells, peels, lint, stones, pulp, stubble, etc. which
come from cereals (rice, wheat, maize or corn, sorghum, barley, millet), cotton,
groundnut, jute, legumes, coffee, cacao, olive, tea, fruits (banana, mango, coco,
cashew) and palm oil.

Advantages of Crop Residue :-
Agricultural residues are available for free or at low cost.

Application of waste products in energy devices is first rate waste
management.
Residues are often available close to the household.
Agricultural residues are easier to lit than wood and charcoal.
Agricultural residues substitute or compliment firewood and puts less stress on
timber resources.
Disadvantages of Crop Residue :-
Agricultural residues require appropriate stoves to burn well, e.g. Biomass

stoves.
Agricultural residues are bulky and require more storage space.
These are often limited to seasonal availability of crops.
They may have shorter burn time per volume or weight of fuel. i.e. for the
same cooking task, more fuel is required as compared to wood.
If agricultural residue contains large proportions of oils or protiens, the
burning properties change (e.g. smoke) and need to be addressed with an
appropriate stove technology.
COMPARISION OF DIFFRENT BIOMASS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SPECIFIC

ENERGY :-
BIOMASS SPECIFIC
ENERGY(MJ/KG)
CANE SUGAR 9.6
SEED CASING 14.6
ANIMAL DUNG 10-15
DRIED PLANTS 10-16
WOOD FUEL 16-21
RICE STRAW 10.08
RICE HUSK 12.6

TABLE 3.1 SPECIFIC ENERGIES OF DIFFRENT BIOMASS
BIOMASS USED :-
The biomass used by us in the project is RICE HUSK.
1 ton of Rice paddy produces 220 kg Rice Husk.
1 ton Rice Husk is equivalent to 410- 570 kWh electricity.
Calorific value = 3000 kcal/kg.
Moisture content = 5 12%.
3.2 SOLUTION APPROACH
The project on our topic "The design and development of no smoke stove using
biomass" was completed under the following steps :-

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS AND
SPECIFICATIONS
3.3.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

The software used for the designing of the project is CATIA V5. CATIA
(An acronym of computer aided three-dimensional interactive application) is a
multi-platform software suite for Computer Aided Design (CAD), computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided engineering (CAE), PLM and 3D, developed
by the French company Dassault Systmes.
DESIGN OF THE STOVE USING CATIA :-
1. Design of the outer cylinder of the stove -
FIGURE 3.4 CATIA DESIGN OF OUTER CYLINDER
2. Design of the inner cylinder of the stove -

FIGURE 3.5 CATIA DESIGN FOR INNER CYLINDER
3. Design of air holes in inner cylinder -
FIGURE 3.6 CATIA DESIGN FOR HOLES IN INNER CYLINDER
4. Design of fan position on the outer cylinder -

FIGURE 3.7 CATIA DESIGN FOR FAN ON OUTER CYLINDER
5. Design of top of the stove -
FIGURE 3.8 CATIA DESIGN FOR TOP OF THE STOVE
3.3.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

SELECTION OF MATERIAL
The main requirement of the stove is a light weight and strong material, so following
materials are used to meet the requirements of the development process of various
parts of Biomass Stove
1. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR OUTER AND INNER CYLINDERS :-

The material selected for making the outer and inner cylinders, i.e. the outer
cover and the combustion chamber is TIN. The reasons for selecting TIN are -
a. Light in Weight.
b. It is soft.
c. Superior Malleability.
d. Excellent corrosion resistance.
2. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR FRAME AND STORAGE UNIT :-
The material selected for making the frame of the complete stove is
ALUMINIUM and for making the storage chamber is WOOD. The reason for
selecting ALUMINIUM are -
a. Good machinability.
b. Light in weight.
c. High strength and superior malleability.
d. Excellent corrosion resistance.
FIGURE 3.9 OUTER AND INNER CYLINDER OF THE STOVE
3.4 IMPLEMENTATION
3.4.1 COMPONENTS OF BIOMASS STOVE
1. Inner cylinder (combustion chamber).

2. Outer cylinder.

3. The hand crank mechanism for electricity generation.

4. Belt drive.
5. Dynamo.
6. Battery (as a storage device).
7. Thermoelectric generator.
8. Fan.
9. Fan speed regulator.
10. Stove frame.
FIGURE 3.10 OUTER AND INNER CYLINDERS OF THE STOVE

FIGURE 3.11 THE HAND CRANK MECHANISM
FIGURE 3.12 FAN USED FOR AIR SUPPLY IN COMBUSTION CHAMBER

3.4.2 WORKING OF THE PROJECT
FIURE 3.13 LAYOUT OF THE STOVE'S PARTS
At the outset, the stoves combustion chamber (1), which is duly lined with high-
temperature fire cement, is filled with the biomass fuel pellets. 50100 grams of fire
starter (paper/cardboard/oil-soaked cloth) is placed on top of the pellets. As the fire
starts, the direct current (DC) blower (2) gives primary and secondary air within a few
seconds. Once the top of the fuel bed is lit, it releases volatile gases, which are burnt
by primary air, and consequently smokeless combustion starts. The utensil (6) is
placed on the stove for cooking. The DC blower receives 12 V of power from the
alternating current (AC) to DC convertor (3), which is attached to the grids AC
power of 220 V (4). This AC to DC convertor (3) is also attached to a 12 V DC 7 Ah
battery so that in case of a grid power failure the stoves air blower automatically
receives power from the battery. After some time, the fuel pellets disintegrate into ash
and fall into the ash chamber (5), which holds the ash from 5-6 working hours.

FIGURE 3.14 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF STOVE WORKING
In the above schematic diagram the complete airflow is explained from both the
bottom hole (primary hole) and secondary holes. This air flow is the main reason
which stops the smoke generation during the burning of biomass. The reason for no
smoke generation is the proper oxygen supply provided by the help of the fan at the
place of biomass burning. This makes the flame of the stove similar to that of the
flame produced in a LPG cylinder.

FIGURE 3.15 SOME IMPORTANT PROCESSES AND PART OF THE BIOMASS

STOVE

3.4.3 DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE

BIOMASS STOVE
3.4.3.1 MAKING OF INNER AND OUTER CYLINDER OF STOVE
The inner and outer cylinders of the stove are made of TIN. The reason for using the
tin sheets is that they are light in weight and can be easily rolled into cylinders. The
process used in providing the tin sheets the cylindrical shape is called SHEET
METAL PROCESS.
Sheet Metal is simply metal formed into thin and flat pieces. It is one of the
fundamental forms used in metalworking, and can be cut and bend into a variety of
different shapes. Sheet metal is generally produced in sheet less than 6mm by
reducing the thickness of a long work piece by compressive forces applied through a
set of rolls. This process is known as rolling and began around 1500 A.D. Sheet
metals are available as flat pieces or as strip in coils. It is characterized by its
thickness or gauge of metal. The gauge of the metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 8
gauge. The higher the gauge, the thinner the metal is. There are many different metals
that can be made into sheet metal. Aluminium, brass, copper, cold rolled steel, mild
steel, tin, nickel and titanium are just a few example of metal that can be made into
sheet metal.
For making the tin sheet into cylinder the combined interacting forces, as the portion
of the flat surface adjacent to the interior of the tube is indented toward the middle of
the tube and then outward forward the axis of the tube, and the other bent portions of
the flat piece and the tube are all forced toward the axis of the tube, drives these five
thicknesses of metal against each other from inside and out, forming a "dry" joint so
tight that welding or solder is not needed to strengthen or seal it.
Now for joining the flat circular tin structure to the top of the inner cylinder
(combustion chamber), so that support for the utensils can be provided, it is riveted on
the top side of the inner cylinder. This also helps in working as a lid for outer cylinder
and the holes for secondary air are also provided on it.

FIGURE 3.16 INNER AND OUTER CYLINDER OF THE STOVE
Springback in bending of sheet :-
Because of the metal's elastic properties, it wants to decompress on the inside radius
and return to its flat shape on the outside radius, which causes springback. Also know
as elastic recovery, springback is present in all metal bending operations.
FIGURE 3.17 SPRINGBACK ACTION

The dimensions of the stove are :-
1. Outer cylinder length 508 mm.
2. Inner cylinder length 406.4 mm.
3. Outer cylinder diameter 304.8 mm.
4. Inner cylinder diameter 127 mm.
These dimensions are taken because the air passage supply good amount of air
due to these dimensions and fans can be easily installed on the outer surface for
proper air supply. These dimensions make it easy to carry, as bulky product is
difficult to take anywhere. These dimensions make the stove more convenient for
cooking process as compared to the normal cooking stove.
FIGURE 3.18 DIMENSIONS OF THE STOVE

3.4.3.2 MAKING OF HAND CRANK MECHANISM FOR

ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Crank mechanism :-
A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating

motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to convert circular motion
into reciprocating motion, or vice versa. The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft,
or a separate arm or disk attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a
rod, usually called a connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in
a circular motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear
sliding motion.
The term often refers to a human-powered crank which is used to manually turn an
axle, as in a bicycle crank set or a brace and bit drill. In our project case a person's
arm serves as the connecting rod, applying reciprocating force to the crank. There is
usually a bar perpendicular to the other end of the arm, often with a freely rotatable
handle or pedal attached.
FIGURE 3.19 SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

The hand crank arrangement :-
For making the hand crank mechanism the rotating handle of the sewing machine is
removed from the complete machine. The end which is fixed on the frame if fixed on
the aluminium frame and the rotating end (i.e. circular disc) is welded to a pulley.
FIGURE 3.20 SEWING MACHINE HANDLE
The pulley is welded on the above shown handle. The welded process used for
welding is GAS WELDING. Gas welding or oxy - acetylene welding is a very old
technique of welding. It consists of two cylinders, one is filled with oxygen and other
with acetylene. These two gases are mixed in a mixing chamber and from there
brought in the welding torch through which a welding flame is initiated by burning
the gas coming out of the torch. Now this flame usually have a temperature of about
3100c. The welding flame melts the electrode and also heats up the metal and
welding is done as the two metal pieces are joined.
Now a days gas welding is not much used. But we have used this technique because it
was not easy to weld the pulley to the rotating handle by help of the electric arc
welding and the weld made by it was also not that strong as we have obtained from
the as welding. The joint to be made is circular which was easily welded by the gas
welding technique as the welding torch can be easily moved to the required position.

FIGURE 3.21 GAS WELDING TORCH
FIGURE 3.22 WELDING OF PULLEY ON THE HANDLE PART

3.4.3.3 MAKING OF HAND POWERED GENERATOR
Hand cranks are great ways to drive machines with the help of muscle power. The
mechanics of hand powered generators are not too complicated. They work like other
generators, except the initial energy is provided by your arm rather than from steam
by burning coal or a flowing river. A generator is basically an electric motor working
in reverse. Both are based on principles of magnetism discovered by physicist
Michael Faraday.
Faraday discovered in 1831 that passing a conductive wire through a magnetic field
produced an electric current in the wire. By spinning a coil of wire around a magnet,
he found that he could create a steady current. Thus, he could convert energy used to
spin the coil into electrical energy. This principle powers generators that run on
gasoline or diesel fuel, as well as the massive turbines in modern power plants, where
the coils are turned by falling water or steam generated by burning coal or igniting
nuclear reactions.
It's even possible to scale such a generator down so it fits in a travel gadget you can
keep in your pocket. Instead of gasoline, steam, or falling water, the coils are turned
by you. When you turn the crank on the side of the generator, the coils move around
the magnet and generate current.
Some very simple hand generators don't have voltage regulators in them, so using
them with sensitive equipment can be problematic. For example, if you connected one
to a light bulb and turned the crank very fast, you could burn out the filament in the
bulb. However, most modern hand-powered generators that are intended for use with
a specific gadget do have the ability to regulate voltage so the device will work
properly with it.
Similarly in our project we have used the hand crank mechanism as the generator to
produce the electricity. The pulley of the hand crank is connected to a Dynamo by the
help of a belt drive which is further connected to a rechargeable battery. When the
handle is rotated the dynamo produces current which further charges the battery.

FIGURE 3.23 HAND POWRED GENERATOR.
3.4.3.4 MAKING OF BELT DRIVE
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating
shafts, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power
efficiently, or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have
a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel. In a two pulley
system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one direction (the same if on
parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is
reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a source of
motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to continuously
carry a load between two points.
Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not be
axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and
pulleys. The demands on a belt drive transmission system are large and this has led to
many variations on the theme.

They run smoothly and with little noise, and cushion motor and bearings against load
changes, albeit with less strength than gears or chains. However, improvements in belt
engineering allow use of belts in systems that only formerly allowed chains or gears.
Power transmitted between a belt and a pulley is expressed as the product of

difference of tension and belt velocity :-
P = ( T1 - T2 ) V
where, T1 and T2 are tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively.
They are related as :-
T1 / T2 = e
In our project the belt drive is used to connect the shaft of the hand crank pulley with
the pulley of the dynamo. This helps in electricity generation for the charging of the
battery.
FIGURE 3.24 BELT DRIVE

3.4.3.5 BATTERY
A rechargeable battery, storage battery, secondary battery or accumulator is a type of

electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many
times, while a non-rechargeable or primary battery is supplied fully charged, and
discarded once discharged. It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The
term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores energy through a reversible
electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many different
shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to
stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of
electrode materials and electrolytes are used, including leadacid, nickel cadmium
(NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer
(Li-ion polymer).
Rechargeable batteries initially cost more than disposable batteries, but have a much
lower total cost of ownership and environmental impact, as they can be recharged
inexpensively many times before they need replacing. Some rechargeable battery
types are available in the same sizes and voltages as disposable types, and can be used
interchangeably with them.
FIGURE 3.25 12 VOLT RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

3.4.3.6 MAKING OF THE FRAME OF THE STOVE
The frame of the stove is made of the aluminium pipes. These pipes are light in
weight and there is a chamber made of wood inside these frames in which the biomass
is stored.
FIGURE 3.26 BUYING OF ALUMINIUM PIPES
FIGURE 3.27 FRAME OF THE STOVE

3.4.4 WORKING OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR
A thermoelectric generator (TEG), also called a Seebeck generator, is a solid

state device that converts heat flux (temperature differences) directly into electrical
energy through a phenomenon called the Seebeck effect (a form of thermoelectric
effect). Thermoelectric generators function like heat engines, but are less bulky and
have no moving parts.
Thermoelectric generators could be used in power plants in order to convert waste

heat into additional electrical power and in automobiles as automotive thermoelectric
generators (ATGs) to increase fuel efficiency. Another application is radioisotope
thermoelectric generators which are used in space probes, which has the same
mechanism but use radioisotopes to generate the required heat difference.
Thermoelectric materials generate power directly from heat by converting

temperature differences into electric voltage. These materials must have both
high electrical conductivity () and low thermal conductivity (k) to be good
thermoelectric materials. Having low thermal conductivity ensures that when one side
is made hot, the other side stays cold, which helps to generate a large voltage while in
a temperature gradient. The measure of the magnitude of electrons flow in response to
a temperature difference across that material is given by the Seebeck coefficient (S).
FIGURE 3.28 WORKING OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR

In the project we have used this device to charge the battery which runs the fan for
proper air supply near the biomass burning. Here we have only placed one
thermoelectric generator but an array can also be used in series.
The device is placed on the surface of the stove from the hot side and on the cod side
we have made a box of tin which is filled with water, this creates the temperature
difference used to generate the electricity.
FIGURE 3.29 TESTING OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR TO CHECK THE

CURRENT GENERATION

3.4.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ALL THE CONNECTIONS MADE

IN THE PROJECT
FIGURE 3.30 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.4.6 FINAL IMAGES OF THE BIOMASS STOVE
FIGURE 3.31 FRONT OF THE BIOMASS STOVE
FIGURE 3.32 TOP OF THE BIOMASS STOVE

CHAPTER 4
RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 CALCULATION OF FAN SPEED
There are different calculations of the fan speed on the basis of regulator. The
regulator used a 7 - speed regulator. Thus, on each regulator speed the speed of the fan
is taken out by the help of a device called ANEMOMETER.
FIGURE 4.1 ANEMOMETER
The anemometer is placed in front of the fan which we have used for air supply in the
stove. As the fan moves the fan of the anemometer is placed before it and it also starts
rotating because of the air released by the fan used by us. Now as the anemometer fan
rotates we get reading on the digital screen about the speed of the fan used by us.
The reading can be taken in any unit require. For example - m./sec. ; km./hr. ; etc.

4.2 OBSERVATION TABLE OF FAN SPPED
S.NO REGULATOR SPEED OF FAN SPEED OF FAN

. SPEED (M./SEC.) (KM./HR.)
1 SPEED 1 2.4 9.6
2 SPEED 2 2.5 9.8
3 SPEED 3 2.6 9.9
4 SPEED 4 2.6 9.9
5 SPEED 5 2.9 10.2
6 SPEED 6 2.9 10.5
7 SPEED 7 3.0 11.0
TABLE 4.1 DIFFERENT FAN SPEED AT DIFFRENT REGULATOR SPEEDS
Above observation table contains all the necessary reading taken during the testing
period. We have seen that as the speed of the fan increases, the intensity of the flame
of the stove also increases.
FIGURE 4.2 FLAME INTENSITY OF THE STOVE
4.3 CALCULATION OF VOLTAGE GENERATED BY THE

THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR
We have tested the thermoelectric generator for 10 minutes keeping it on the one side
near flame and on the other side near cool water by creating two sink. And we have
found that :-

One thermoelectric generator, generates around 1.2 volts to 1.5 volts

electricity. Thus, we have to use an array of about 12 to 12 generators in
series for charging our battery completely again during the cooking
process.
FIGURE 4.3 TESTING OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR
4.4 RESULT
The biomass stoves are better than the traditional stoves and also the LPG cylinders.
The reasons are :-
1. They are cheaper than the LPG connection and the cost of cooking is also
reduced on the long term period.

2. They do not produce any smoke as it is produced in the traditional cooking

stoves.
FIGURE 4.4 BIOMASS STOVE
4.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
4.5.1 ADVANTAGES

1. A new method to support our respected President Shri Narendra Modi's

Ujjwala yojna.
2. There is a very large range of choices for the biomass to be used.
3. The cost of biomass is very less and in village areas it is almost free.
4. They are handy, so can be taken anywhere as per the situation.
5. Women empowerment ( as women are the house maker so improving their
health, as there is no smoke generation ).
6. Available to poorer section of the society easily.
7. To live in a less polluted and healthier kitchen environment.
8. Reduce deforestation.
9. A green solution of cooking.
10. Saving of fossil fuels as they are left in very limited amount.
4.5.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. Initial cost around Rs. 4,000.

2. Requires dry biomass, i.e. not more than 10% moisture content.
3. Biomass must be energy dense.
4. Battery must be charged before cooking process.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Carbon offset markets can provide a valuable means to support the further
dissemination of improved cook stoves in developing countries. Offset markets can
bring new sources of private sector finance into projects and help to establish
standards for monitoring and accountability, to recognized needs for cook stove

projects. In addition, the methodologies developed for offset projects can also be
used for NAMAs and other forms of carbon finance, in particular those that involve
payment for performance in reducing GHG emissions, to further expand
implementation. Nevertheless, this review suggests there remains considerable room
for improvement in how offset methodologies account for the climate benefits of
improved cook stoves.
Our review of lessons learned and conversations with market actors and researchers
has identified the following needs and potential directions for future research :-
Require accounting of uncertainty in estimates of emission reductions. Prior work has

documented that uncertainty in the estimates of fuel usage, emission factors and
fNRB can be large (Johnson et al. 2010), yet current methodologies do not require
accounting for uncertainty. This could be addressed in methodologies by requiring
that the IPCC recommendations for uncertainty from the Good Practice Guidance and
Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories be applied to project emission
reductions calculations.
Currently the CDM methodology does not provide adequate default baseline
fuelwood consumption values. Development of additional default factors could reduce
uncertainty and further standardize estimates of baseline emissions. In 2012, the CDM
SSC WG found the variability in existing data estimates made development of default
values unfeasible. Further work will depend on the availability of new research to
address
existing data gaps. Track the application, and review the integrity, of the new CDM
default factors for fNRB. As discussed above, there are reasons to believe that the
current default factors, which imply that over 80% of all biomass use is non-
renewable in the large majority of countries assessed, could overstate the fraction of
non-renewable biomass in some project circumstances. Application of community and
sub-national modelling assessments should be encouraged to validate and improve
upon these values. Refine approaches to incorporate the use of data loggers in project
monitoring: While it is generally assumed that new stoves replace old stoves for all
cooking needs, observations suggest that this is not the case. Monitoring under the
CDM currently requires that traditional stoves either be disposed off or continue to be
monitored to determine ongoing usage. Ongoing monitoring of traditional stove use

presents a challenge. Some have proposed using data loggers, to measure real fuel
usage in households and gauge the new stoves impact. However, further refinement
is needed on how best to incorporate data loggers into monitoring plans and
quantification of emission reductions in methodologies. Revisit the use of fossil fuel
CO2 emission factors as surrogates for biomass combustion. Under the CDM
methodology, CO2 emissions factors for cook stoves are based on fossil fuel
emissions, justified as the substitution fuels likely to be used by similar users. This
approach may result in a large under-crediting of cook stove projects and deserves
further evaluation and review. Consider non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions, under
the CDM methodologies, methane and nitrous oxide emissions are not considered, as
they are under the Gold Standard methodology. Omission of these gases may not only
result in under-crediting of cook stove projects, limiting their implementation, but
could also lead to incorrect judgments about the relative benefit of different stoves.
Despite challenges in estimation methods for these gases, further research is needed to
consider conservative ways to incorporate these emissions into current methodologies.
Develop approaches to incorporate Black carbon can make up a large portion of the
climate impact of cook stove use, and yet it is not currently considered by carbon
market methodologies. The site-specific and complex nature of black carbon emission
impacts complicates their inclusion, new approaches will be needed that may differ
radically from those currently used in project-based carbon accounting. The Climate
and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) in which many countries and organizations
(including SEI) participate, could provide a forum through which to pursue new
methods.
CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

With serious concern globally and in India on the use of fossil fuels, it is important for
India to start using renewable energy sources. India is the 7th largest country in the
world spanning 328 million hectares and amply bestowed with renewable sources of

energy. Among the renewable energy sources, biomass plays a vital role especially in
rural areas, as it constitutes the major energy source to majority of households in
India. Biomass energy is the utilization of organic matter present and can be utilized
for various applications.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) provides Central Financial
Assistance (CFA) in the form of capital subsidy and financial incentives to the
biomass energy projects in India. CFA is allotted to the projects on the basis of
installed capacity, energy generation mode and its application etc. Financial support
will be made available selectively through a transparent and competitive procedure.
6.1 SCOPE FOR MODIFICATION
1. An array of thermoelectric generator can be used in series to charge the battery

during the cooking process.
2. Some new materials can be used to reduce the production cost of the project.
3. New technology can be used instead of a fan to stop smoke emission in future,
if any.
4. It can be subsidized by government for supplying it to poorer section of the
society.

1.1 General: The Design and Development of No Smoke Stove Using Biomass

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THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NO SMOKE STOVE USING BIOMASS

1. To use solid waste biomass as fuel for cooking.

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 1

The present project, which will be implemented Energy-efficient biomass cookers as

FIGURE 1.1 LPG CYLINDERS

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 2

1.2.1 WHAT IS BIOMASS ?

FIGURE 1.2 PLANT BARK

1.2.2 BIOMASS SOURCES

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 3

FIGURE 1.3 BIOMASS SOURCES

1.2.3 BIOMASS AS AN ENEERGY SOURCE

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 4

FIGURE 1.4 RENEWABLE ENERGIES

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 5

1.2.4 STATUS OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN INDIA

1.2.5 TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 6

1.2.6 FUTURE OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN INDIA

Biomass use is growing globally. Despite advancements in biomass energy

Short-term Policies (1 to 5 years): i) enhanced utilization of crop residues and wood

Medium Term (5 to 20 years): i) R&D of conversion technologies, ii) species

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 7

1. Health issues related to reduced emissions.

2. Reduced deforestation and reduced biomass consumption.

3. Climate change mitigation and adaption.

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 8

FIGURE 1.5 CHULHA USED IN VILLAGES

1.4 PROJECT BENEFITS

The project leads to a reduction of CO2 while making a significant contribution to

1.5 THE FEATURES OF BIOMASS STOVES

FIGURE 1.6 A MODEL OF BIOMASS STOVE

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 10

1. Philip L loyd, Harold Annegarn and Crispin Pemberton-Pigott in their paper on

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 11

condensation temperature organic compounds) and soot some of the primary

FIGURE 2.1 TYPICAL RECORD OFSMOKE EMISSION FROM A SIMPLE

2. K. Dastoori, M. Kolhe, C. Mallard and B. Makin in their paper on Particulates

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 12

particulates in the exhaust gas can be filtered through an electrostatic precipitator

They have designed an electrostatic precipitator using a concentric cylindrical

FIGURE 2.2 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR SYSTEM

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 13

FIGURE 2.3 CORONA DISCHARGE

3. Kendall S. Thacker, McCall Barger and Christopher A. Mattson in their paper

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 14

FIGURE 2.4 VISUAL DEPICTION OF DIFFRENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 15

FIGURE 2.5 LEVEL OF ADOPTION OF IMPROVED COOK STOVES

3.1 FORMULATION AND PRESENTATION OF PROBLEM

3.1.1 THE GREEN SOLUTION CONCEPT

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 16

FIGURE 3.1 CIRCULAR VALUE CHAIN OF GREEN SOLUTION CONCEPT

An important pre-requisite of the concept is the availability of local biomass resources

3.1.2 OBJECTIVES OF BIOMASS STOVES

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 17

1. Development of a SMOKELESS STOVE for villages.

2. Use of biomass for burning of fire.

5. Women Empowerment - Our project helps in improving health of village

3.1.3 THE BIOMASS STOVE

Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil fuel based

ME DEPARTMENT, SRMGPC, LUCKNOW Page 18