SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY

A Seminar report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
by

AKHIL (13071A0212)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology

Bachupally, Nizampet (S.O)

Hyderabad-500090
 VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology

Bachupally, Nizampet (S.O),Hyderabad-500090

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is Certified that the SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY which is a study topic done by
G.AKHIL(13071A0212) in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, during the
year 2016-2017. The Seminar has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements.

Seminar Inchargers Seminar Co-ordinators

HOD EEE

1.Mrs S.Poornima Dr J. Bhavani

Dr K.Anuradha
2.Mr M.Shiva Teja

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
1
WHAT IS SMART GRID
3
CHARACTERISTICS
5
SMART GRID NEEDS
9
RELIABLITY
14
ADVANTAGES
18
SMART METERS
20
CONCLUSION
24
REFERENCES
26

Abstract
The development and implementation of a smart
grid for power supply is one of the pressing issues
in modern energy economy, given high national
priority and massive investments, although the entire
subject is still in its infancy stage. The smart grid
delivers electricity from producers to consumers
using two-way digital technology, and allows control
of appliances in the consumers' houses and of
machines in factories to save energy, while reducing
costs and increasing reliability and transparency.
Such a modern electricity network is promoted by
many governments as a way of handling energy
independence, global warming and security of
supply.. A smart grid includes an intelligent
monitoring system that keeps track of all the
electricity that flows in the system. When electricity
cost is low, the smart grid can offer the customer to
run intensive consumption household appliances,
such as washing machines, or processes in plants
that operate at flexible hours. On the other hand,
smart grid at peak hours can, in coordination with
the client, turn off selected appliances and machines
to reduce demand.
 INTRODUCTION
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to
consumers using two-way digital technology to control
appliances at consumers' homes to save energy,reduce
cost and increase reliability and transparency. It is
capable of assessing its health in real-time, predicting
its behavior, anticipatory behavior, adaptation to new
environments, handling distributed resources,
stochastic demand, and optimal response to the smart
appliances. It is a tool that allows electric utilities to
focus onevolving true business drivers by enabling cost
containment, end-to-end power delivery control, and a
more secure infrastructure. The grid is considered to
have observability with nodes data integration and
analysis to support advances in system operation and
control. This includes power delivery integration and
high level utility strategic planning functions. The
existing transmission and distribution systems use
techniques and strategies that are old and there is
limited use of digital communication and control
technology. To achieve improved, reliable and
economical power delivery information flow and
secure integrated communication is proposed .The
 Smart Grid with intelligent functions is expected to
provide selfcorrection, reconfiguration and restoration,
and able to handle randomness of loads and market
participants in real time, while creating more complex
interaction behavior with intelligent devices,
communicationprotocols, standard and smart
algorithms to achieve complex interaction with smart
communication and transportation systems.

The Smart Grid is planned to have the

following keycharacteristics:

Self-healing:A grid, which is able to rapidly detect, analyze,

respond andRestore from perturbations.

Empower and incorporate the consumer: The ability to

incorporateconsumer equipment and behavior in the design and
operation of the grid.

Tolerant of attack: A grid that mitigates and stands resilient to

physicaland cyber security attacks.

Provides power quality needed by 21st century

users: A grid thatprovides a quality of power consistent with
consumer and industry needs.
 Accommodates a wide variety of generation options:
A grid thataccommodates a wide variety of local and regional
generation technologies(including green power).

Fully enables maturing electricity markets: Allows

competitive marketsfor those who want them.
Optimizes assets: A grid that uses IT and monitoring to
continuallyOptimize its capital assets while minimizing operations
and maintenancecosts. Overall, the Smart Grid design goals are to
provide grid observability; createcontrollability of assets, enhance
power system performance and security; andreduce costs of
operations, maintenance, and system planning. Benefits of theSmart
Grid with bring forth the following:

Improved system performance meters.

Improved ability to supply information for rate cases, visibility of
utility
operation / / asset management
Availability of data for strategic planning, as well as better support
for
digital summary
More reliable and economic delivery of power enhanced by
informationflow and secure communication.
Life cycle management, cost containment, and end-to-end power
delivery is
improved in the smart grid design.
Improved ability to supply accurate information for rate cases- with
compounding impact in regulatory utilities.
Input visibility of utility operation to asset management.
 Impact access to historical data for strategic planning.

WHAT IS SMART GRID

A SMART GRID deliverselectricity from supplier to consumers

using two- waydigital technology to control appliances at
consumers homes to save energy,reduce cost and increase reliability
and transparency. It overlays the electricity
distribution grid with an information and net metering system.
Power travels fromthe power plant to your house through an
amazing system called the powerdistribution grid.Such a
modernized electricity networks is being promoted bymany
governments as a way of addressing energy independences, global
warmingand emergency resilience issues. Smart metersmay be part
of smart grid, but alonedo not constitute smart grid
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps
track of allelectricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the
use of superconductivetransmission lines for less power loss, as well
as the capability of the integratingrenewable electricity such as solar
and wind. When power is least expensive theuser can allow the
smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as
washingmachines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary
hours. At peak times itcould turn ofselected appliances to reduce
demand.

FUNCTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE SMART GRID

ARCHITECTURE:For the functional scope of the Smart Grid
architecture[2], eight functional scenarios have been defined.
A short
description of each case is provided in the
followingsubsections.
1)Variable-Tariff-Based Loa
The key idea of this is a variable price profile given to the customer day
aheadbefore the delivery by a retailer. This profile is considered fixed
aftertransmission to the customer and, as such, the customer can rely on it.
The priceprofile will look different for each day, reflecting market
conditions that vary from day to day.These variations will likely further
increase with expandinggeneration from fluctuating sources like wind power
and photovoltaics.Generally, this concept allows for integration of loads as
well as of generationunits at the customer site as it is up to the customer
which devices are allowedto be managed according to the variable tariff. To
enable in-home energymanagement, a suitable domestic system is required
together with an automatichome management device coupled to an
intelligent meter.

2)Energy Usage Monitoring and Feedback

In the Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, the European
Commissionestimates the EU-wide energy saving potential of households at
approx. 27%.As one important measure for realizing this potential, the action
plan states thatawareness must be increased in order to stimulate end-
customer behaviouralchanges. A timely display of energy consumption is
expected to have positiveeffects on energy savings. Personalized and well
targeted advice on how to saveenergy can further help exploit the savings
potential. A portal or display thatcombines information about present and
past consumption, comparisons toaverage consumption patterns, and precise
suggestions how to further lowerconsumption, which are tailored personally
to the customer, is expected to bethe most effective way of realizing the
targeted increase in households energyefficiency.

3)Real-time Portfolio Imbalance Reduction

This function is rooted in the balancing mechanism as used by
TransmissionSystem Operators (TSOs) throughout the world. In this context,
a wholesalemarketparticipant, that is responsible for a balanced energy
volume position, iscalled a Balance Responsible Party (BRP). These parties
have an obligation toplan or forecast the production and consumption in their
portfolio, as well asnotify this plan to the TSO. Deviations of these plans
may cause (upward ordown-ward) regulation actions by the TSO. The TSO
settles the costs for theused reserve and emergency capacity with those BRPs
that had deviations fromtheir energy programs. On average this results in
costs

for the BRP referred toas imbalance costs. This business case scenario
focuses on the balancing actionsby a BRP in the near-real time (i.e. at the
actual moment of delivery).Traditionally, these real-time balancing actions
are performed by power plantswithin the BRP portfolio. The key idea of this
function is the utilization ofreal-time flexibility of end-user customers to
balance the BRP portfolio

4)Offering (secondary) Reserve Capacity to the TSO

Taking the previous function one step further, the BRP uses these VPPs
to,additionally, bid actively into the reserve capacity markets.

5)Distribution System Congestion Management

This function is aimed at the deferral of grid reinforcements and
enhancementof network utilization to improve the quality of supply in areas
with restrictedcapacity in lines and transformers. The Distribution System
Operator (DSO)avoids infrastructural investments and optimizes the use of
existing assets byactive management using services delivered by smart
houses. By coordinateduse of these services, end-customer loads can be
shifted away from periods atwhich congestion occurs and simultaneousness
of local supply and demand canbe improved.

6)Distribution Grid Cell Islanding in Case of Higher-

System Instability
The main principle of this is to allow the operation of a grid cell in island
modein case of higher system instability in a market environment. The
scenario hastwo main steps, the first occurring before a possible instability
and involveskeeping a load shedding schedule up-to-date. The second step is
the steadyislanded operation. The transition to the island mode is automatic
and neitherend users nor the aggregator interferes with it. The system
manages the energywithin the island grid and it is considered that all nodes
within the islanded gridwill participate in the system.

Black-Start Support from Smart Houses

The most important concept of this function is to support the black
startoperation of the main grid. It is assumed that after the blackout the local
grid isalso out of operation. The main goal is to start up quickly in island
mode andthen to reconnect with the upstream network in order to provide
energy to the system.

Integration of Forecasting Techniques

The volatility of the production level of distributed generators, like
renewable and CHP, makes forecasting a necessary tool for market
participation. Themarket actor with the lowest forecasting error will have the
most efficientmarket participation. Moreover, the usage of intelligent
management tools forhandling the information about the uncertainties of
large-scale wind generationwill improve the system-wide operational costs,
fuel and CO2 savingsThe Smart Grid architecture under development must
interact with these forecastingtools and additionally ensure accurate data
collection for these tools.

SMART GRID AND ITS NEED

Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few
facts aboutour infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the
modern civilization, acomplex society with often conflicting energy
needs-more electricity but fewerfossil fuels, increased reliability yet
lower energy costs, more secure distributionwith less maintenance,
effective new construction and efficient disasterreconstruction. But
while demand for electricity has risen drastically, itstransmission is
outdated and stressed. The bottom line is that we are exacting more
from
grid that is simply not up to the task.

POWERSYSTEM

HOW SMART SHOULD A SMART

POWER GRID
The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user
hardware, from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters.
Theyuse that to better balance supply and demand, in part by dropping
demand duringpeak usage hours.Taking advantages of information
technology to increase the efficiency of the grid, the
delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a
smart move. Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables
bothelectrical utilities and consumer to be much more efficient.
A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic
terms,it also enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from
period ofpeak demand to those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals
means workingwith consumers who have smart meters to see exactly how
much electricity isbeing used at any particular time. This facilitates two-way
communication betweenutility and consumer. So they can cooperate in
reducing peak demand in a way that its advantageous to both. And it allow
to the use of two way metering so thatcustomer who have a rooftop solar
electric panel or their ownwindmill can sellsurplus electricity back to the
utility.

1.Intelligent :Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting

power to prevent or minimize apotential outage; of working autonomously
when conditions required resolutionfaster than humans can respond and co-
operatively in aligning the goals ofutilities, consumers and regulators
.
2. Efficient:Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand
without addinginfrastructure.

3. Accommodating:Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source

including solar and wind aseasily and transparently as coal and natural gas:
capable of integrating anyand all better ideas and technologies energy
storage technologies. For e.g.-as they are market proven and ready to come
online.

4. Motivating:Enable real-time communication between the consumer

and utility, soconsumer can tailor their energy consumption based on
individual
preferences, like price and or environmental concerns.
5. Resilient: Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it
becomes moredecentralization and reinforced with smart grid security
protocol.

6. Green :Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a

genuine pathtowards significant environmental improvement

TECHNOLOGY USED IN SMART GRID

The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other
applications such asmanufacturing and telecommunications and are
being adapted for use in gridoperations. In general, smart grid
technology can be grouped into five key areas

1.Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they
havebeen developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In
mostcases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct
networkconnection. Areas for improvement include: substation automation,
demandresponse, distribution automation, supervisory control and
dataacquisition(SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh
networksand other technologies, power- line carrier communication s and
fiberoptics.Integrated communication will allow for real time
control,information and data exchange to optimize system reliability,
assetutilization, and security.

2.Sensing and measurement

core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoringequipment
health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support.Technologies
include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) andmeter reading
equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic linerating(typically based
on online reading by distributed temperature sensingcombined with Real
time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature
measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced
switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, andDigitalprotective
relays.

3.Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that
record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets(smart socket) and other smart
gridenabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during
times of peak demand.

4.Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power
electronics,and diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities
and characteristics of grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories
include: flexible alternating current transmission system devices, high
voltage direct current, first and second generation superconducting wire,high
temperature superconducting cable,
distributed energy generation andstorage devices ,composite conductors, and
intelligent appliances.

REDUCTION OF LOSSES IN GRID

TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM
Transmission system comprises of transmission towers,
conductors,insulators and switchgear protection system transmits
power fromgenerating station to any particular distribution
substation.Distribution system comprises of feeder towers, poles and
insulators etc.which distribute power fromdistribution substation to
any particular area.Parameters influencing T&D system:

1) Transformer
2) Transmission line
3) Distribution line
TRANSFORMER LOSSES:-there is two type of losses in transformer
losses
a) IRON LOSSES:-The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field
in transformersteel core. It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresisloss + eddy current loss
b) COPPER LOSSES:The total power loss taking place in the winding of
transformer iscalled as copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses
.Cu losses =I12R1+ I22R2Now,

ENERGY CONSERVATIONTECHNIOUES
1.ENERGY CONSERVATION IN
TRANSMISSIONSYSTEMTransmission losses can be reduced as
follows:-

1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce urs
from this surely the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or
bundled conductors or ACSR conductors. And even this method is been
adopted and also successful.

ACC ACSR CONDUCTOR

2) BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS:This can be done by following

methods-
A) By using voltage controllers
B) By using voltage stabilizer
C) By using power factor controller

STABILIZER POWER FACTOR CONTROLLER

2.ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQ UES IN

TRANSFORMERTransformeris a static device. It does not have any
moving parts. So, a transformer is free from mechanical and frictional losses.
Thus, it faces only electrical losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency
of conventionaltransformer is high around 95-98%.Thus, energy
conservation opportunities for transformer are available only in design and
material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase efficiency
of system.

A.OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER:The

environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly
61billion K WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer
losses.Study of typical grid system showed that, power transformer
contributes nearly40% to 50% of total transmission and distribution
losses.Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as
recommended byREC), the overall efficiency of transformer can be increased
and its losses can bereduced. The load loss may be even reduced by using
thicker conductors.

Transformer ratings Reduction in losses at 38% loading

25KVA 685-466W
63KVA 1235-844W
100KVA 1760-1196W

B.IMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF

TRANSFORMER:This is nothing but the reducing No-Load losses or Core
Losses. They can be reduced by following methods:-
BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMER :By using superior
quality or improved grades of CRGO (Cold RolledGrain Oriented)
laminations, the no-load losses can be reduced to 32%.

BY USING AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER:Transformer with superior

quality of core material i.e. amorphous alloy iscalled Amorphous
Transformers. Amorphous alloy is made up of Ironboron-silicon alloy.
The magnetic core of this transformer is made withamorphous metal,
which is easily magnetized / demagnetized. Typically,core loss can be
7080% less than itsMolten metal mixture when cooled tosolid state at
a very high speed rate, retain a random atomic structure that isnot
crystalline. This is called Amorphous.
3)ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMThisis done by considering following points:-

1)BALANCING OF PHASE LOAD:As a result of unequal loads on

individual phase sequence, components causes over heating of transformers,
cables, conductors motors.Thus, increasing losses and resulting in the
motormalfunctioning under unbalanced voltageconditions. Thus, keeping the
system negative phase sequence voitage within limits, amount of savings in
capital (saving the duration of equipment )as well as energy losses. Thus, to
avoid this losses, the loads are distributed evenly as is practical between the
phases.

2)POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT:Low power factor will lead

to increasedcurrent and hence increase losses and will affect the voltage. The
power factor at peak is almost unity. However, during off peak hours, mainly
(11 am to 3 pm ) the power factor decreases toaround 0.8, this may be due to
following reasons,
Wide use of fans.
Wide industrial loads.
Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors.
Less use of high power factor loads like lightubg etc.

SMART METERS
A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that
identifies consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and
communicates that information back to the local utility for
monitoring and billing, a process known as telemetering.

These meters includes additional functions to power measurement

such as communication, data storage, remote programming, and
time-of-use rates ,and are intended to be deployed as advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI) solution. Smart meters are the next
generation of electricity and gas meters. smart meter will empower
customer to make choices on how much energy they use. Supplier
will install two-way communication system that display accurate
real time information on energy use in the home to the consumer and
back to the energy supplier.
Advantages Of Smart Grid-
Reduces the cost of blackouts.
Helps measure and reduces energy conservation and costs.
Help businesses to reduce their carbon footprints.
Opens up new opportunities for tech companies meaning more
jobs created.

Disadvantages Of Smart Grid

Biggest concern: it has security and privacy.
Two-way communication between power consumer and provider
and sensors so it is costly.
Some type of meter can hacked.
HACKER-
Gain control of thousand even millions, of meters.
Increases or decreases the demand of power.
Not simply a single component .various technology components
are used are software, system integrators,the power generators.

Future
In the new future, will not be any vast development.
Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the
smart grid from every business to every home just like the internet.
RELIABILITY
Renewable resources, while supplementing the generation capability of the
gridand addressing some environmental concerns, aggravate the reliability
due to theirvolatility. Demand response and electric storage resources are
necessary foraddressing economics of the grid and are perceived to support
grid reliabilitythrough mitigating peak demand and load variability. Electric
transportation
resources are deemed helpful to meeting environmental targets and can be
used to
mitigate load variability. Balancing the diversity of the characteristics of
theseresource types presents challenges in maintaining grid reliability
Reliability has always been in the forefront of power grid design and
operation dueto the cost of outages to customers. In the US, the annual cost
of outages in 2002 is estimated to be in the order of $79B [5] which equals
to about a third of the totalelectricity retail revenue of $249B [6]. A similar
estimate based on 2008 retailrevenue would be of the order of $109B. Much
higher estimates have beenreported by others. The reliability issues in
modern power grids are becomingincreasingly more challenging. Factors
contributing to the challenges include:Aggravated grid congestion, driven
by uncertainty, diversity and distributionof energy supplies due to
environmental and sustainability concerns. Thepower flow patterns in real-
time can be significantly different from thoseconsidered in the design or off-
line analyses.More numerous, larger transfers over longer distances
increasing volatilityand reducing reliability margins. This phenomenon is
aggravated by energymarkets.
The grid being operated at its edge in more locations and more oftenbecause of:
Insufficient investment and limited rights of way
Increasing energy consumption and peak demand creating contention for
limited transfer capability
Aging infrastructure
 Maximizing asset utilization driven by modern tools for
monitoring,analyzing and controlConsolidation of operating entities giving
rise to a larger foot print withmore complex problems and requiring
smaller error margins and shorterdecision times. This problem may be
aggravated by depletion of experiencedpersonnel due to retirement, etc.

DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

The reliability problem also arises due to faults occurring in
the system. A set of advanced automation functions is
developed to combat this problem. These new distribution
management functions can be summarized as follows:
1)The Fault Diagnosis and Alarm Processing Function:This function is
automatically triggered immediately after the occurrence of a fault.
It produces adiagnosis of events on the basis of a set of pre-defined
scenarios (a comparison of the remote information flow is made
with the patterns predefined by experiencedoperators). The
diagnosis produces an analysis of the type of fault enabling the
operator to quickly understand what happened in the network under
its control. The function can also detect missing remote control
signals.

2)The Fault Location Function:After detecting and analyzing the fault,

it is necessary to find the location of the fault. The goal of this
function is to quickly determine the section of the feeder where the
fault occurred. This is performed by analyzing the information sent
from fault indicators to the control center. Operators can then
intervene and isolate the fault area by remotely opening the
corresponding switches. The degree of accuracy depends on the
density of fault indicators on the MV network.

3)The Service Restoration Function:After locating the fault, this

function finds all the plans allowing powerrestoration to lost
customers of the non-faulted section of the feeder whileconsidering
technical constraints. Each plan consists of a series of actions,
(opening/closing of switching devices) leading to power restoration.

CONCLUSION
With the increasing world population, thereby
increasing demand, and depletingresources the need to
be smartand efficient in our energy usage has become
animperative. Implementation of Smart Grid concept
would go a long way in solvingmany of the present
energy issues and problems. The whole network needs
to beupgraded to meet the requirements i.e. at
transmission as well as distribution level.Researches are
going on to find the optimal solution and new
technology to makeall the desired characteristics
possible. Smart Meters, Smart Homes, Smart City and
so on would constitute the Smart Grid. As the new
technologies would be invented and existing ones
boosted up to meet the desired specifications the Smart
Grid would become a reality and change the whole
energy pattern throughout the world.

Resources of information
Articles
Energy Conservation Through Energy Management
- byProf. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)
WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power
- by Syed Khadeerullah(Electrical India magazine, January
2008)
Magazine of Electrical India 2010
Websites:-
www.nima.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com
www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com